gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
X‐Ray Computed Tomography Imaging of Breast Cancer by using Targeted Peptide‐Labeled Bismuth Sulfide Nanoparticles (2011)

Enhanced visualization of breast cancer in X-ray computed tomography was achieved by using Bi2S3 nanoparticles of 10 nm diameter modified to display a tumor targeting peptide (LyP-1, CGNKRTRGC). Accumulation within the tumor was increased by 260 % over non-labeled nanoparticles.
An integrated optical channel waveguide-CCD transversal filter (1980)

Operation of an integrated optical channel waveguide array-CCD transversal filter is reported. Channel waveguides formed in V-grooves couple directly to the sensor elements of the four phase, double polysilicon CCD. Experimental results include a CCD transfer inefficiency of 1.0 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> and a filter transfer function having good agreement with theoretical results.
Census and survey of the visible internet (2008)

Prior measurement studies of the Internet have explored traffic and topology, but have largely ignored edge hosts. While the number of Internet hosts is very large, and many are hidden behind firewalls or in private address space, there is much to be learned from examining the population of visible hosts, those with public unicast addresses that respond to messages. In this paper we introduce two new approaches to explore the visible Internet. Applying statistical population sampling, we use censuses to walk the entire Internet address space, and surveys to probe frequently a fraction of that space. We then use these tools to evaluate address usage, where we find that only 3.6% of allocated addresses are actually occupied by visible hosts, and that occupancy is unevenly distributed, with a quarter of responsive /24 address blocks (subnets) less than 5% full, and only 9% of blocks more than half full. We show about 34 million addresses are very stable and visible to our probes (about 16% of responsive addresses), and we project from this up to 60 million stable Internet-accessible computers. The remainder of allocated addresses are used intermittently, with a median occupancy of 81 minutes. Finally, we show that many firewalls are visible, measuring significant diversity in the distribution of firewalled block size. To our knowledge, we are the first to take a census of edge hosts in the visible Internet since 1982, to evaluate the accuracy of active probing for address census and survey, and to quantify these aspects of the Internet.
Induction of Cellulase by Gentiobiose and Its Sulfur-Containing Analog in Penicillium purpurogenum (1992)

Cellulase induction by beta-glucodisaccharides was investigated by using non-cellulase-induced mycelia of Penicillium purpurogenum P-26, a highly-cellulase-producing fungus. Gentiobiose induced significant amounts of cellulase compared with cellobiose when nojirimycin was added to the induction medium to inhibit extracellular beta-glucosidase activity. Thiogentiobiose (6-S-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-6-thio-d-glucose), a sulfur-containing analog of gentiobiose, was more effective for cellulase induction than gentiobiose even in the absence of nojirimycin. Thiogentiobiose appeared to be a gratuitous inducer since it was not metabolized during cellulase induction. Gentiobiose was formed from cellobiose by the intracellular beta-glucosidase of P. purpurogenum. These findings indicate that gentiobiose is an active inducer of cellulase for this fungus and may possibly be formed by intracellular beta-glucosidase from cellobiose.
Electron paramagnetic resonance study of x-ray and gamma-ray irradiated peptides in the solid state. (1969)

The following dipeptides have been irradiated with60 Co γ-rays in liquid nitrogen: glycyl-L-phenylalanine, glycyl-L-tyrosine, glycyl-L-tryptophane, L-phenylalanyl-glycine, L-tyrosyl-glycine, L-tryptophyl-glycine, L-alanyl-L-phenylalanine, L-alanyl-L-tyrosine, L-analyl-L-tryptophane, L-phenylalanyl-L-alanine, L-tyrosyl-L-alanine, and L-tryptophyl L-alanine. Their EPR spectra have been recorded at - 180 or - 160°C and at room temperature. Detectable free radicals are formed at low temperature only on glycine and alanine and are of the types - $\dot{{\rm C}}{\rm H}_{2}$ and - $\dot{{\rm C}}{\rm H} ({\rm CH}_{3})$ respectively. Upon warming to room temperature the EPR signals of peptides containing glycine or alanine in the N-terminal position change to mostly unresolved spectra. For the C-terminal peptides, L-Phe-Gly and L-Tyr-Gly, warming results in a spectrum attributed to a $-{\rm NH}-\dot{{\rm C}}{\rm H}-{\rm COO}^{-}$ radical, while for L-Phe-L-Ala, L-Tyr-L-Ala and L-Trp-L-Ala a spectrum believed to re...
Hormonally mediated negative regulation of human pro-opiomelanocortin gene expression after transfection into mouse L cells. (1985)

We report results indicating that expression and hormonally controlled negative regulation of the human pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene in mouse fibroblasts can be accomplished by the placement nearby of a simian virus 40 enhancer sequence. Expression resulting from correctly initiated transcription required the enhancer in cis both in cells stably transfected with the POMC gene and in a transient expression assay with constructs that fused that POMC promoter region to the protein-coding region of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (TK) gene. Negative regulation of POMC transcription by glucocorticoids was demonstrated in transiently infected cells by assaying for TK activity encoded by the POMC-TK fusion constructs and by quantitative S1 nuclease mapping. The sequences responsible for such regulation were shown to be contained within a DNA segment that extends 670 base pairs upstream from the cap site for POMC mRNA.
In Situ Observation of Halogen-Transport Atomic Layer Epitaxy of GaAs in Inert Carrier Gas System (1993)

Atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) using GaCl source in an inert carrier gas system is investigated by means of two in situ monitoring methods: gravimetric method and surface photo-absorption (SPA) method. It is shown that the growth of a monomolecular layer unit occurs in the inert carrier gas system as well as in the H 2 carrier gas system. In the SPA measurement, the reflected light intensity during GaCl supply and subsequent inert gas or H 2 purge is stronger in the inert carrier gas system than that in the H 2 carrier gas system. Based on these results, reaction mechanisms are proposed for the two systems.
<title>Comparison and evaluation of retrospective intermodality image registration techniques</title> (1996)

All retrospective image registration methods have attached to them some intrinsic estimate of registration error. However, this estimate of accuracy may not always be a good indicator of the distance between actual and estimated positions of targets within the cranial cavity. This paper describes a project whose principal goal is to use a prospective method based on fiducial markers as a 'gold standard' to perform an objective, blinded evaluation of the accuracy of several retrospective image-to-image registration techniques. Image volumes of three modalities -- CT, MR, and PET -- were taken of patients undergoing neurosurgery at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. These volumes had all traces of the fiducial markers removed, and were provided to project collaborators outside Vanderbilt, who then performed retrospective registrations on the volumes, calculating transformations from CT to MR and/or from PET to MR, and communicated their transformations to Vanderbilt where the accuracy of each registration was evaluated. In this evaluation the accuracy is measured at multiple 'regions of interest,' i.e. areas in the brain which would commonly be areas of neurological interest. A region is defined in the MR image and its centroid C is determined. Then the prospective registration is used to obtain the corresponding point C' in CT or PET. To this point the retrospective registration is then applied, producing C' in MR. Statistics are gathered on the target registration error (TRE), which is the disparity between the original point C and its corresponding point C'. A second goal of the project is to evaluate the importance of correcting geometrical distortion in MR images, by comparing the retrospective TRE in the rectified images, i.e., those which have had the distortion correction applied, with that of the same images before rectification. This paper presents preliminary results of this study along with a brief description of each registration technique and an estimate of both preparation and execution time needed to perform the registration .
Vaccine Dose Alters Immunodominant Epitopes and Cytokine Profile in Response to the Acinetobacter baumannii rOmpA Vaccine (52.12) (2012)

Abstract Background: The rOmpA vaccine protects mice from lethal infection caused by extreme-drug-resistant (XDR) Acinetobacter baumannii. The role of dose and epitope in immunology of the rOmpA vaccine was explored. Methods: The rOmpA vaccine was epitope-mapped using overlapping peptides to stimulate splenocytes from mice administered varying vaccine doses. B cell epitopes were mapped by peptide immunoblotting. Results: Vaccination with rOmpA plus Al(OH)3 adjuvant induced IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17+ splenocytes. Epitope mapping revealed distinct T cell epitopes that induced IFNγ+, IL-4+, and IL-17A+ splenocytes. B cell and T cell epitopes had only partial overlap, and the overlapping epitopes induced more potent IL-4 responses from splenocytes than IFN-γ responses. More than twice as many peptides induced IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 responses when used to active splenocytes from high dose (100 µg) vaccinated mice versus low dose (3 µg) vaccinated mice. The IFN-γ:IL-4 ratios induced by each peptide varied depending on the dose of whole protein used to vaccinate the mice. Conclusions: rOmpA dose alters the epitope profile of responding lymphocytes, with higher vaccine doses resulting in epitope spreading. Furthermore, each individual epitope may stimulate a different cytokine profile from responding lymphocytes depending on the dose of vaccine used to immunize the mice.
Transcellular and paracellular tracer chloride fluxes in Necturus proximal tubule (1978)

Necturus proximal tubule lumen was filled with solutions of Na36Cl or [36Cl]tetramethylammonium ([36Cl]TMA) and the tracer disappearance was measured. With these tracers it was possible to differentiate between chloride fluxes across the cellular and the extracellular shunt pathways. Since it was previously shown that chloride does not enter tubule cells from the lumen unless Na is also present in the lumen, the [36Cl]TMA disappearance rate gave the shunt flux of chloride while the Na36Cl disappearance rate gave the sum of the transcellular and the shunt fluxes. The transcellular tracer chloride flux was unaffected by changes in the transepithelial potential difference, and the rate constant for the chloride flux from lumen to cell was identical to that previously reported for luminal sodium entry. These observations support the conclusion that a coupled transport of NaCl, in an electrically silent form, occurs across the luminal membrane of the Necturus proximal tubule cell. Shunt chloride flux was directly proportional to the electrical driving force, indicating diffusional chloride movement out of the lumen into the shunt pathway.
Signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio estimation for wireless communication systems: Methods and analysis (2004)

Abstract The Signal‐to‐Interference‐plus‐Noise Ratio (SINR) is an important metric of wireless communication link quality. SINR estimates have several important applications. These include optimizing the transmit power level for a target quality of service, assisting with handoff decisions and dynamically adapting the data rate for wireless Internet applications. Accurate SINR estimation provides for both a more efficient system and a higher user‐perceived quality of service. In this paper, we develop new SINR estimators and compare their mean squared error (MSE) performance. We show that our new estimators dominate estimators that have previously appeared in the literature with respect to MSE. The sequence of transmitted bits in wireless communication systems consists of both pilot bits (which are known both to the transmitter and receiver) and user bits (which are known only by the transmitter). The SINR estimators we consider alternatively depend exclusively on pilot bits, exclusively on user bits, or simultaneously use both pilot and user bits. In addition, we consider estimators that utilize smoothing and feedback mechanisms. Smoothed estimators are motivated by the fact that the interference component of the SINR changes relatively slowly with time, typically with the addition or departure of a user to the system. Feedback estimators are motivated by the fact that receivers typically decode bits correctly with a very high probability, and therefore user bits can be thought of as quasipilot bits. For each estimator discussed, we derive an exact or approximate formula for its MSE. Satterthwaite approximations, noncentral F distributions (singly and doubly) and distribution theory of quadratic forms are the key statistical tools used in developing the MSE formulas. In the case of approximate MSE formulas, we validate their accuracy using simulation techniques. The approximate MSE formulas, of interest in their own right for comparing the quality of the estimators, are also used for optimally combining estimators. In particular, we derive optimal weights for linearly combining an estimator based on pilot bits with an estimator based on user bits. The optimal weights depend on the MSE of the two estimators being combined, and thus the accurate approximate MSE formulas can conveniently be used. The optimal weights also depend on the unknown SINR, and therefore need to be estimated in order to construct a useable combined estimator. The impact on the MSE of the combined estimator due to estimating the weights is examined. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004
RoleofInterleukin-1 inAugmenting SerumNeutralization of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (1987)

thandosamples fromnormal controls. Thesefindings suggested thattheincreased neutralization mightreflect an acute-phase responseandraised thequestion ofwhether itmightbeunderthecontrol ofinterleukin-1. To answer this question, we studied theneutralization oflipopolysaccharide inserum samples drawnfromrabbits before and after theadministration ofcrudeinterleukin-1, prepared fromactivated macrophage supernatants, and recombinant humaninterleukin-1. Crudeinterleukin-1 induced a5.7-fold increase inserum neutralization 24 h after intravenous injection, andcloned interleukin-1 induced a 3.0-fold increase (Ps 0.01and0.05, respectively). Inindividual rabbits givenidentical dosesofcrudeinterleukin-1 on a weightbasis, the serum-neutralizing ability correlated significantly withthree activities ofinterleukin-1: rise intemperature (r2 = 0.558; P s 0.01), decrease inserum iron(r2 = 0.534; P c0.01), andincrease inserum copper(r2 = 0.323; P s 0.05). We conclude thattheincrease inneutralization ofbacterial lipopolysaccharide byserum samples drawnfrompatients withinflammatory states ismediated, atleast inpart,byinterleukin-1, presumably through theinduction ofacute-phase serum proteins. Forthelast50yearstherehasbeeninterest inhost mechanisms ofprotection against thetoxic effects ofbacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS).Earlystudies usedLPS
Differential coupling of dopaminergic D2 receptors expressed in different cell types. Stimulation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis in LtK- fibroblasts, hyperpolarization, and cytosolic-free Ca2+ concentration decrease in GH4C1 cells. (1990)

Dopaminergic D2 receptors are widely regarded as typical inhibitory receptors, as they both inhibit adenylyl cyclase and decrease the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) by activating K+ channels. A D2 receptor has recently been cloned (Bunzow, J. R., Van Tol, H. H. M., Grandy, D. K., Albert, P., Salon, J., Christie, M. D., Machida, C. A., Neve, K. A., and Civelli, O. (1988) Nature 336, 783-787) and expressed in two different cell lines, pituitary GH4C1 cells and Ltk- fibroblasts, where it has been shown to induce inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. We have investigated the additional effector systems coupled to this receptor. The responses observed in the two cells lines, which express similar levels of receptors (0.5-1 x 10(5)/cell), were surprisingly different. In GH4C1 cells D2 receptors failed to affect phosphoinositide hydrolysis and induced a decrease of [Ca2+]i. This latter effect appears to be mediated by hyperpolarization, most likely due to the activation of K+ channels. In striking contrast, in Ltk- fibroblasts the D2 receptor induced a rapid stimulation of inositol(1,4,5)-trisphosphate (+73% at 15 s) followed by the other inositol phosphates, and an immediate increase of [Ca2+]i due to both Ca2+ mobilization from internal stores and influx from the extracellular medium. In both GH4C1 and Ltk- cells, the D2 receptor response was mediated by G protein(s) sensitive to pertussis toxin. The increases of inositol trisphosphate and [Ca2+]i observed in Ltk- cells required dopamine concentrations only slightly higher than those inhibiting adenylyl cyclase (EG50 = 25, 29, and 11 nM, respectively) and were comparable in magnitude to the responses induced by the endogenous stimulatory receptor agonists, thrombin and ATP. The results demonstrate that in certain cells D2 receptors are efficiently coupled to the stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis. The nature of receptor responses appears therefore to depend on the specific properties not only of the receptor molecule but also of the cell type in which it is expressed.
Uterus Transplantation and Surrogacy in Japan: a Country in which Surrogacy is Prohibited (2011)

Women who undergo hysterectomy due to uterine malignancy, benign disease or postpartum hemorrhage and those with congenital uterine infertility due to a uterine or vaginal defect (Rokitansky syndrome) cannot have a child in Japan because surrogate conception is not permitted. This may be a serious impediment to their marriage, relationship and quality of life. To restore fertility, uterine implantation has been proposed as assisted reproductive technology (ART), as a successor to surrogate conception without the associated ethical problems, and fundamental studies are ongoing. The attitudes toward surrogacy and uterine implantation were investigated by analysis of comments of maternity nurse students, who are likely to play a leading role in maternal management. The results showed that many students answered "I cannot say yes or no" to the question "Would you want to have a child by a surrogate mother or uterine implantation?". Only 1 (7.7%) and 5 (38.5%) of 13 student nurses answered positively to wanting a child by a surrogate mother and by uterine implantation, respectively. In this article, we evaluate the responses of the Japanese maternal nurse students and discuss the current status and restrictions on surrogacy in Japan.
3D multispectral imaging system for contamination detection (2019)

The 3D multispectral imaging system proposed in this contribution realizes simultaneous detection of contaminants and 3D localization. The imaging system is composed of a digital pattern projector, a stereo-vision setup of two multispectral filter wheel cameras, and an external light source. A calibration procedure is developed to estimate simultaneously stereo camera parameters and light source parameters. For an acceleration of image acquisition, the entire spectral range is split into two parts which are captured from two different camera views and merged using structured light. The usefulness of the proposed system is demonstrated with an example of cutting oil detection. For this the fluorescence effect is utilized, and specular reflections are filtered out based on the estimation of illumination geometry. Experimental results show that the surface areas with cutting oil could be reliably distinguished from workpieces using the proposed algorithms.
Mode characterization of rectangular core fiber (2017)

A few-mode fiber prototype having a rectangular core geometry is experimentally characterized for its modal delays and field profiles by time-gated interferogram analysis. Excellent agreement between experimental and numerical simulations is established.
OVERHEAD REDUCTION IN THE NETWORK COMMUNICATION FOR WEB COMPUTING (2000)

One major source of overhead for conventional network communication is the involvement of operating system to allow for virtual sharing of the network interface card among applications and its processing of the UDP/TCP/IP headers on behalf of applications. The involvement of operating system results in overheads such as extra write/read operations to the kernel buffer through which each inbound/outbound messages should pass. Another overhead comes from scheduling which may hinder immdiate sending or receiving of messages to and from network interface buffer. Recently, U-Net over Fast Ethernet [9] addressed this problem and proposed a new scheme which circumvents the operating system in processing the network communication. However, since the approach has removed IP header and provides multiplexing in the ethernet layer, it is only applicable to an ethernet LAN. In this paper, we define a new protocol by which messages are allowed to move across routers and the virtual sharing of network interface card is supported with minimal overhead. In a word, we extended the U-Net over Fast Ethernet [9] beyond routers to WAN and hence opening a new way to exploit vast amount of computing resources all over Internet. With our protocol, cluster computing over any part of WAN is realizable as far as total delay caused by intervening routers is tolerable to the application. As a justification of our approach, we show a small part of WAN containing a router exhibits latency comparable to (differ by less than 1 ms) that of a shared ethernet. Another motivation for our approach is the observation that the aggregate bandwidth of two subnets (part of WAN) is greater than that of a single subnet (LAN). With same number of hosts, each connection will experience more available bandwidth with the part of WAN than the LAN. The experiment over WAN involving a router shows reduction of latency comparable to that of U-Net over Fast Ethernet.
IQ Gain Imbalance Measurement for OFDM Based Wireless Communication Systems (2006)

In this paper, IQ gain imbalance for OFDM based multi-carrier modulation techniques is studied. The effect of gain mismatch in IQ modulator will be investigated on the system and receiver performance. Estimation and measurement of IQ gain mismatch at the receiver using baseband digital signal processing techniques will be discussed
Hybrid ionogel electrolytes for high temperature lithium batteries (2014)

Hybrid ionogels fabricated using 1 M LiTFSI in <italic>N</italic>-butyl-<italic>N</italic>-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMPTFSI) crosslinked with ladder-like structured poly(methacryloxypropyl)silsesquioxane (LPMASQ) were investigated as high temperature ionogel electrolytes for lithium ion batteries.
Investigations of α-Siloxy−Epoxide Ring Expansions Forming 1-Azaspirocyclic Ketones (2004)

The construction of 1-azaspirocyclic cycloalkanones using a siloxy−epoxide semipinacol ring expansion process was examined. Functionalized 1-azaspiro[5.5]undecan-7-ones (1-azaspirocyclic cyclohexanones) proceeded in high chemical yields with complete diastereoselectivity using titanium tetrachloride as the Lewis acid promoter. The formation of functionalized 6-azaspiro[5.4]-decan-1-ones (1-azaspirocyclic cyclopentanones) proceeded in high chemical yield with little diastereoselectivity. Modification of reaction parameters such as the Lewis acid promoter or the nature of the silyl ether allowed for the preferential formation of either (“anti” or “syn” 1,2 alkyl shift) diastereomeric product. An explanation for the different reactivity profiles between the cyclobutanol silyl ethers and cyclopentanol silyl ethers is provided.