gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
What Do We Mean When We Say Nanomedicine? (2022)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEEditorialNEXTWhat Do We Mean When We Say Nanomedicine?Luis M. Liz-MarzánLuis M. Liz-MarzánMore by Luis M. Liz-Marzánhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6647-1353, Andre E. NelAndre E. NelMore by Andre E. Nelhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5232-4686, C. Jeffrey BrinkerC. Jeffrey BrinkerMore by C. Jeffrey Brinkerhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7145-9324, Warren C. W. ChanWarren C. W. ChanMore by Warren C. W. Chanhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5435-4785, Chunying ChenChunying ChenMore by Chunying Chenhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-0315, Xiaodong ChenXiaodong ChenMore by Xiaodong Chenhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-1664, Dean HoDean HoMore by Dean Hohttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7337-296X, Tony HuTony HuMore by Tony Huhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5166-4937, Kazunori KataokaKazunori KataokaMore by Kazunori Kataokahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8591-413X, Nicholas A. KotovNicholas A. KotovMore by Nicholas A. Kotovhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6864-5804, Wolfgang J. ParakWolfgang J. ParakMore by Wolfgang J. Parakhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1672-6650, and Molly M. StevensMolly M. StevensMore by Molly M. Stevenshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7335-266XCite this: ACS Nano 2022, 16, 9, 13257–13259Publication Date (Web):September 27, 2022Publication History Published online27 September 2022Published inissue 27 September 2022https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.2c08675https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c08675editorialACS PublicationsCopyright © 2022 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views7157Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (952 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Biomaterials,Materials,Nanomaterials,Nanomedicine,Nanoparticles Get e-Alerts
14.4: Optimization of Black Color in Electronic Paper Using Cholesteric Liquid Crystals (2012)

Abstract Simulating the reflectance of electronic paper (e‐paper) using cholesteric liquid crystals, we found that the e‐paper's black color was tinged red with the light reflected on the electrode. To make the black color achromatic, we optimized the interfacial reflectance of electrodes by changing their thickness. Finally, we developed some new e‐paper improved black color.
Effect of Thermodynamic Interactions on Reactions at Polymer/Polymer Interfaces (2003)

We have examined the effect of monomer structure on amine−anhydride reactions at a polymer−polymer interface. The thermodynamic interaction parameter χ was varied by changing the backbone chemical structure, holding molecular weight constant. To eliminate the effects of mixing, experiments were performed with bilayer thin films of end-functional polymers. Using a combination of size exclusion chromatography with fluorescent labeling, we measured the extent of reaction of anhydride-terminal poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene with amine-functional polystyrene, polybutadiene, poly(ethylene/ethylethylene), and poly(dimethylsiloxane). Interfacial structure was observed by atomic force microscopy. Both the conversion to block copolymer and the degree of interfacial roughening are suppressed with increasing χ. This suppression may be related to reduced solubility of the reactive homopolymers in the formed block copolymer and to decreased interfacial volume for reactions to occur. Viscosity does not play a significant role in these studies. In melt blends of similar polymers prepared in a cup-and-rotor mixer, the rate of reaction and extent of conversion also generally decrease with increasing χ. The rates are up to 100 times faster, suggesting that convection sweeps away block copolymer that forms at the interface. These results indicate that thermodynamic interactions play a significant role in determining rates of reaction at polymer interfaces.
3--D Motion Analysis and Synthesis from Inertial Gyroscopes and Image Data (2004)

Reference CVLAB-CONF-2004-001 URL: http://cvlab.epfl.ch/publications/publications/2004/CasanovaDJAF04.pdf Record created on 2006-02-03, modified on 2017-05-12
Separating Test Artifacts from Material Behavior in the Oxidation Studies of HfB 2 –SiC at 2000°C and Above (2012)

Oxidation characteristics of HfB 2 ‐15 vol% SiC prepared by field‐assisted sintering was examined at 2000°C by heating it in a zirconia‐resistance furnace and by direct electrical resistance heating of the sample. Limitations of the material and the direct electrical resistance heating apparatus were explored by heating samples multiple times and to temperatures in excess of 2300°C. Oxide scales that developed at 2000°C from both methods were similar in that they consisted of a SiO 2 / HfO 2 outer layer, a porous HfO 2 layer, and a HfB 2 layer depleted of SiC . But they differed in scale thicknesses, impurities present, scale morphology/complexity. Possible test artifacts are discussed.
Influenza Viruses (2007)

Abstract Influenza viruses cause mild to potentially lethal respiratory disease. Here we summarize the molecular virology of influenza viruses, i.e. the coding strategies, the replication cycle and the functions of the viral proteins.
Ketoconazole activates chloride and fluid secretion by Necturus gallbladder at low pH. (1996)

Necturus gallbladder epithelium, normally a reabsorptive epithelium, was stimulated to secrete chloride and fluid by the combined effects of ketoconazole and a reduction in perfusate pH to 7.0. The reversal in the direction of net fluid transport was accompanied by inhibition of the conductance of the apical cell membrane to sodium, potassium, and a striking stimulation of the conductance to chloride. The results are consistent with a previously unidentified mechanism for regulation of the apical cell membrane transport properties of reabsorptive epithelia.
Parallel Programming of an Arbitrary Feedforward Photonic Network (2020)

Reconfigurable photonic mesh networks of tunable beamsplitter nodes can linearly transform $N$-dimensional vectors representing input modal amplitudes of light for applications such as energy-efficient machine learning hardware, quantum information processing, and mode demultiplexing. Such photonic meshes are typically programmed and/or calibrated by tuning or characterizing each beam splitter one-by-one, which can be time-consuming and can limit scaling to larger meshes. Here we introduce a graph-topological approach that defines the general class of feedforward networks and identifies columns of non-interacting nodes that can be adjusted simultaneously. By virtue of this approach, we can calculate the necessary input vectors to program entire columns of nodes in parallel by simultaneously nullifying the power in one output of each node via optoelectronic feedback onto adjustable phase shifters or couplers. This parallel nullification approach is robust to fabrication errors, requiring no prior knowledge or calibration of node parameters and reducing programming time by a factor of order $N$ to being proportional to the optical depth (number of node columns). As a demonstration, we simulate our programming protocol on a feedforward optical neural network model trained to classify handwritten digit images from the MNIST dataset with up to 98% validation accuracy.
Effect of Mn Doping on the Electronic Structure of ZnGa2O4 with Spinel-Type Structure (2001)

Abstract The electronic structures of ZnGa2O4 and ZnGa2O4:Mn are calculated by the discrete variational Xα method on model clusters. For ZnGa2O4, it is found that Zn–O and Ga–O bondings are not perfectly ionic but partially covalent. When a central Zn atom of the cluster is replaced with a Mn atom, the new energy states originating from Mn 3d orbitals appear in the energy gap. The energy levels of t2 up-spin states and e down-spin states seem to relate to the green emission.
Locus Coeruleus as a vigilance centre for active inspiration and expiration in rats (2018)

At rest, inspiration is an active process while expiration is passive. However, high chemical drive (hypercapnia or hypoxia) activates central and peripheral chemoreceptors triggering reflex increases in inspiration and active expiration. The Locus Coeruleus contains noradrenergic neurons (A6 neurons) that increase their firing frequency when exposed to hypercapnia and hypoxia. Using recently developed neuronal hyperpolarising technology in conscious rats, we tested the hypothesis that A6 neurons are a part of a vigilance centre for controlling breathing under high chemical drive and that this includes recruitment of active inspiration and expiration in readiness for flight or fight. Pharmacogenetic inhibition of A6 neurons was without effect on resting and on peripheral chemoreceptors-evoked inspiratory, expiratory and ventilatory responses. On the other hand, the number of sighs evoked by systemic hypoxia was reduced. In the absence of peripheral chemoreceptors, inhibition of A6 neurons during hypercapnia did not affect sighing, but reduced both the magnitude and incidence of active expiration, and the frequency and amplitude of inspiration. These changes reduced pulmonary ventilation. Our data indicated that A6 neurons exert a CO<sub>2</sub>-dependent modulation of expiratory drive. The data also demonstrate that A6 neurons contribute to the CO<sub>2</sub>-evoked increases in the inspiratory motor output and hypoxia-evoked sighing.
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension and transverse sinus stenosis: a modelling study (2006)

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a syndrome of unknown etiology characterized by elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). Although a stenosis of the transverse sinus has been observed in many IIH patients, the role this feature plays in IIH is in dispute. In this paper, a lumped-parameter model is developed for the purpose of analytically investigating the elevated pressures associated with IIH and a collapsible transverse sinus. This analysis yields practical predictions regarding the degree of elevated ICPs and the effectiveness of various treatment methods. Results suggest that IIH may be caused by a sufficiently collapsible transverse sinus, but it is also possible that a stenosed sinus may persist following resolution of significant intracranial hypertension.
Theoretical Prediction of Experimental Jump and Pull-In Dynamics in a MEMS Sensor (2014)

The present research study deals with an electrically actuated MEMS device. An experimental investigation is performed, via frequency sweeps in a neighbourhood of the first natural frequency. Resonant behavior is explored, with special attention devoted to jump and pull-in dynamics. A theoretical single degree-of-freedom spring-mass model is derived. Classical numerical simulations are observed to properly predict the main nonlinear features. Nevertheless, some discrepancies arise, which are particularly visible in the resonant branch. They mainly concern the practical range of existence of each attractor and the final outcome after its disappearance. These differences are likely due to disturbances, which are unavoidable in practice, but have not been included in the model. To take disturbances into account, in addition to the classical local investigations, we consider the global dynamics and explore the robustness of the obtained results by performing a dynamical integrity analysis. Our aim is that of developing an applicable confident estimate of the system response. Integrity profiles and integrity charts are built to detect the parameter range where reliability is practically strong and where it becomes weak. Integrity curves exactly follow the experimental data. They inform about the practical range of actuality. We discuss the combined use of integrity charts in the engineering design. Although we refer to a particular case-study, the approach is very general.
Bridging racemic lactate esters with stereoselective polylactic acid using commercial lipase catalysis (2013)

A productive and enantioselective hydrolysis of racemic mixtures of lactate esters with commercial Candida rugosa lipase was performed. This step contributes to a novel envisioned route for stereoselective PLA production by combining recent chemocatalytic developments with this biocatalytic contribution, foreseeing two separate L- and D-lactate enantiomer streams. A study of the hydrolysis kinetics identified an unexpected rate determining step at the origin of an unprecedented ester reactivity order.
Nuclear Receptors Homo sapiens Rev-erbβ and Drosophila melanogaster E75 Are Thiolate-Ligated Heme Proteins Which Undergo Redox-Mediated Ligand Switching and Bind CO and NO (2009)

Nuclear receptors E75, which regulates development in Drosophila melanogaster, and Rev-erbbeta, which regulates circadian rhythm in humans, bind heme within their ligand binding domains (LBD). The heme-bound ligand binding domains of E75 and Rev-erbbeta were studied using electronic absorption, MCD, resonance Raman, and EPR spectroscopies. Both proteins undergo redox-dependent ligand switching and CO- and NO-induced ligand displacement. In the Fe(III) oxidation state, the nuclear receptor hemes are low spin and 6-coordinate with cysteine(thiolate) as one of the two axial heme ligands. The sixth ligand is a neutral donor, presumably histidine. When the heme is reduced to the Fe(II) oxidation state, the cysteine(thiolate) is replaced by a different neutral donor ligand, whose identity is not known. CO binds to the Fe(II) heme in both E75(LBD) and Rev-erbbeta(LBD) opposite a sixth neutral ligand, plausibly the same histidine that served as the sixth ligand in the Fe(III) state. NO binds to the heme of both proteins; however, the NO-heme is 5-coordinate in E75 and 6-coordinate in Rev-erbbeta. These nuclear receptors exhibit coordination characteristics that are similar to other known redox and gas sensors, suggesting that E75 and Rev-erbbeta may function in heme-, redox-, or gas-regulated control of cellular function.
Investigation of EMI response for magnetically susceptible rough surfaces (2006)

Magnetic and electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensing have been identified as two of most promising technologies for the detection and discrimination of subsurface metallic objects, particularly unexploded ordnances (UXO). In magnetic sensing, the principle of detection is that the sensor measures a distortion of the Earth's magnetic field caused by ferrous objects/ordnance. Similarly, in EMI, the sensors are detecting signals that are produced by induced and permanent magnetic polarizations. While these sensors can detect ferrous objects, they also find many other magnetic anomalies in the close vicinity. Soils, which contain small magnetic particles, called magnetically susceptible soils, can produce EMI responses, and therefore they can mask or modify the object's EMI response. These soils are a major source of false positives when searching for UXO using magnetic or EMI sensors. Studies show that in adverse areas up to 30% of identified electromagnetic (EM) anomalies are attributed to geology. Therefore, to enhance UXO detection as well as discrimination in geological environments the effects of the magnetic soils on the magnetic and EMI signal demands studies in detail. In this paper, the method of auxiliary sources (MAS) is applied to investigate the EMI response from magnetically susceptible rough surfaces. Several important physical phenomena such as the interaction between surface irregularities, modeled as multi hemitoroidal objects, surface roughness and antenna elevation effects are studied and documented. The numerical results are checked against available measurement data.
Effects of Endothelin-1 on Optic Nerve Head Blood Flow in Cats (1996)

We determined the effects of endothelin-1 on optic nerve head (ONH) blood flow in anesthetized cats. Endothelin-1 (50-2500 pmol) injected into the vitreous produced a dose-related and sustained decrease (22 +/- 6% by 500 pmol and 36 +/- 11% by 2500 pmol) in the ONH blood flow. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) remained, however, unchanged. In contrast, intravenous (i.v.) injected endothelin-1 (0.004-0.4 nmol kg-1) produced a dose-related and short-lasting increase in the ONH blood flow; its maximum increase by 0.4 nmol kg-1 was 135 +/- 34%. Endothelin-1, at 0.4 nmol kg-1, i.v., produced a transient decrease followed by a more sustained increase in BP, but had no remarkable effect on HR. The increase in ONH blood flow by i.v. injection of endothelin-1 was abolished by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 5 mg kg-1 min-1, i.v.). The suppression of blood flow by L-NAME was reversed by the addition of L-arginine (50 mg kg-1 min-1). Pressor responses to endothelin-1 (0.4 nmol kg-1, i.v.) were augmented in the presence of L-NAME, but reversed in combination with L-arginine. These findings suggest that i.v. injection of endothelin-1 causes NO release from endothelial cells which increases ONH blood flow, whereas intravitreal injection of endothelin-1 decreases ONH blood flow by its vasoconstrictive effect. Different populations of ET receptors on vascular smooth muscles or endothelial cells would reflect the opposing effects of endothelin-1.
Learning Equivalence Classes of Bayesian Networks Structures (2013)

Approaches to learning Bayesian networks from data typically combine a scoring function with a heuristic search procedure. Given a Bayesian network structure, many of the scoring functions derived in the literature return a score for the entire equivalence class to which the structure belongs. When using such a scoring function, it is appropriate for the heuristic search algorithm to search over equivalence classes of Bayesian networks as opposed to individual structures. We present the general formulation of a search space for which the states of the search correspond to equivalence classes of structures. Using this space, any one of a number of heuristic search algorithms can easily be applied. We compare greedy search performance in the proposed search space to greedy search performance in a search space for which the states correspond to individual Bayesian network structures.
Multiple Key-cast over Networks (2023)

The multicast key-dissemination problem over noiseless networks, introduced by Langberg and Effros [ITW 2022], here called the ``key-cast'' problem, captures the task of disseminating a shared secret random key to a set of terminals over a given network. Unlike traditional communication, where messages must be delivered from source to destination(s) unchanged, key-cast is more flexible since key-cast need not require source reconstruction at destination nodes. For example, the distributed keys can be mixtures of sources from which the sources themselves may be unrecoverable. The work at hand considers key dissemination in the single-source, multiple-multicast network coding setting, i.e., the ``multiple key-cast'' problem. Here, distinct keys are to be simultaneously transmitted from a single source node to multiple terminal sets, one shared random key per multicast set. Scenarios include the secure setting, in which only the source and intended destinations gain information about a given key; and the non-secure setting in which the only requirement is that the knowledge of one key does not reveal information about another. In both settings, we present combinatorial conditions for key dissemination and design corresponding multiple key-cast schemes. In addition, we compare the multiple key-cast rate with and without the restriction of source reconstruction, the former corresponding to traditional forms of communication; key-cast achieves a strict advantage in rate when source reconstruction is relaxed.
Interleukin-3 is a differentiation factor for human basophils (1989)

The effect of recombinant human (rh) cytokines, interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-4 (IL-4), granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), interferon-alpha (IF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IF-gamma), and the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on differentiation and function of metachromatic cells (MCS) was studied. Among all cytokines tested, rh interleukin-3 (rhIL-3) selectively induced a significant formation of MCS (IL-3: 1.1 +/- 0.6 x 10(5) v control: 0.02 +/- 0.15 x 10(5) MCS/mL suspension) and dose dependent increase in formation of intracellular histamine (IL-3, 100 U/mL: 95 +/- 23 ng/mL v control: 1.8 +/- 0.8 ng/mL) in a bone marrow suspension culture system (analyzed on day 14 of culture). Besides MCS, formation of eosinophils was observed in this culture system in the continuous presence of rhIL-3, whereas IL-3 pulse-stimulation for three hours and subsequent exposure to control medium induced growth of MCS but not of eosinophils. By combined immunofluorescence/toluidine blue staining, MCS were found to express a cell surface marker profile that corresponds to the immunological phenotype of peripheral blood basophils (MY-7(CD13)+, VIM12(CD11b)+, VIM2+, MAX1-, MAX24- and YB5B8-). Furthermore, cultured MCS expressed surface membrane receptors for IgE and could be triggered for nontoxic histamine release by a monoclonal anti-IgE antibody. To evaluate a possible influence of IL-3 on basophil function, studies were extended to freshly obtained blood basophils (healthy volunteers, n = 3). However, like all other cytokines tested, rhIL-3 failed to induce basophil histamine release. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that IL-3 is a differentiation factor for human basophils.
Bicyclic azetidines kill the diarrheal pathogen Cryptosporidium in mice by inhibiting parasite phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (2020)

<i>Cryptosporidium</i> is a protozoan parasite and a leading cause of diarrheal disease and mortality in young children. Currently, there are no fully effective treatments available to cure infection with this diarrheal pathogen. In this study, we report a broad drug repositioning effort that led to the identification of bicyclic azetidines as a new anticryptosporidial series. Members of this series blocked growth in in vitro culture of three <i>Cryptosporidium parvum</i> isolates with EC<sub>50</sub> <sup>'</sup>s in 1% serum of <0.4 to 96 nM, had comparable potencies against <i>Cryptosporidium hominis</i> and <i>C. parvum</i>, and was effective in three of four highly susceptible immunosuppressed mice with once-daily dosing administered for 4 days beginning 2 weeks after infection. Comprehensive genetic, biochemical, and chemical studies demonstrated inhibition of <i>C. parvum</i> phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (<i>Cp</i>PheRS) as the mode of action of this new lead series. Introduction of mutations directly into the <i>C. parvum pheRS</i> gene by CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing resulted in parasites showing high degrees of compound resistance. In vitro, bicyclic azetidines potently inhibited the aminoacylation activity of recombinant <i>Ch</i>PheRS. Medicinal chemistry optimization led to the identification of an optimal pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile for this series. Collectively, these data demonstrate that bicyclic azetidines are a promising series for anticryptosporidial drug development and establish a broad framework to enable target-based drug discovery for this infectious disease.