gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Candidate Variables and Indicator for Lake Nutrient Criteria (2010)

Nutrient state variables are those variables that can be used to evaluate water quality and trophic status or predict eutrophication of a water body and are the basis of lake nutrient criteria in different regions. This paper presents the process and approaches of nutrient variables selection. The nutrient variables (phosphorus and nitrogen), biological variables (organic carbon, chlorophyll, transparency, macrophyte, biological community structure), and a series of related variables (trophic state indices, autotrophic index, temperature, pH, conductivity and land use) were introduced and analyzed completely. The situations of nutrient variables selection in U.S. States were reviewed, and some principles about selecting variable were proposed. Nutrient variables involve necessarily the indicators of overenrichment and lake geographic differences, and possess the characteristics of relatively stability, ecoregion and eutrophication prediction. Finally, several suggestions of nutrient criteria indicator selection for lakes in China were put forward.
SN2-Palmitate Improves Crying and Sleep in Infants Fed Formula with Prebiotics: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial (2017)

Background and Aim: Palmitic acid (PA, C16:0), one of the major saturated fatty acids in human milk fat being 17-25% of the fatty acids, is esterified mainly at the SN2-position (SN2-palmitate). Contrary in vegetable oils, which are commonly used as fat source in infant formulas, PA is esterified mainly at the outer positions, i.e, SN1 and SN3 positions, resulting in reduced fat absorption and harder stools. SN2-palmitate and prebiotics have been shown to improve digestion and reduce stool hardness. Our aim was to study the potential effects of SN2-palmitate in addition to prebiotics in formula-fed Chinese infants. Methods: 171 healthy term infants were included (within 14 days from birth) in the study. Formula-fed infants were randomly assigned to receive either SN2-palmitate containing formula (INFAT®, Advanced Lipids), (n=57) or a Control formula (n=57). The two study formulas (Biostime, China) differed only in the ratio of PA at the SN2-position (43% vs. 13%). A similar group of breastfed infants (n=57) was included as a reference. Results: The pattern of crying and sleep differed between the formula-fed groups. Fewer infants in the SN2 group cried at 12 weeks (23.2% vs. 45.5%, p&lt;0.05); they had fewer crying episodes (2.0 vs. 3.6, at 6 weeks, p&lt;0.05 and 1.0 vs. 2.2 at 12 weeks, p&lt;0.02) and the duration of crying was lower (25.1 vs. 41.3 min at 6 weeks, p&lt;0.05 and 11.2 vs. 21.2 min at 12 weeks, p&lt;0.01) similar to the crying pattern of breastfed infants. Moreover, the infants in the SN2 group had longer daily sleep duration. Conclusions: SN2-palmitate formula improves crying and sleeps patterns in addition to prebiotics in the first weeks of life. Thereby, SN2-palmitate improves the well-being of formula-fed infants and consequently the quality of life of their parents, further emphasizing the importance of SN2-palmitate for infant nutrition.
Establishing a Threshold for Surgery in Recurrent Acute Rhinosinusitis (2012)

Because of possible confusion with upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), the authors have adopted an approach similar to that adopted by the Rhinosinusitis Task Force (RTF). Given the average number of URTIs suffered by adults annually is 1.4 to 2.3, they suggest adding 2 to the threshold number of episodes similar to the RTF guideline for RARS. From a productivity perspective, surgical intervention may be a viable consideration if patients have suffered from 6 episodes per year. However, the effects of surgery are expected to last longer than the 19 months observed in the literature, implying that the breakeven threshold is likely lower than projected. Discussion with the patient must include a rational consideration of the burden of disease, overall patient quality of life, and risks of surgery.
X-ray cone-beam imaging of the entire spine in the weight-bearing position (2018)

X-ray cone-beam (CB) imaging is moving towards playing a large role in diagnostic radiology. Recently, an innovative, versatile X-ray system (Multitom Rax, Siemens Healthcare, GmbH, Forchheim, Germany) was introduced for diagnostic radiology. This system enables taking X-ray radiographs with high flexibility in patient positioning, as well as acquiring semi-circular short CB scans in a variety of orientations. We show here that this system can be further programmed to accurately scan the entire spine in the weight-bearing position. Such a diagnostic imaging capability has never been demonstrated so far. However, we may expect it to play an important clinical role as clinicians agree that spine diseases would be more accurately interpretable in the weight-bearing position. We implemented a geometry that provides complete data so that CB artifacts may be avoided. This geometry consists of two circular arcs connected by a line segment. We assessed immediate and short-term motion reproducibility, as well as ability to image the entire spine within a Rando phantom. Strongly encouraging results were obtained. Reproducibility with sub-mm accuracy was observed and the entire spine was accurately reconstructed.
Structure and transformation of low‐temperature phases of 1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoyl glycerol (2004)

Abstract Polymorphic transformations of 1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoyl glycerol (SOS) at low temperatures (10 °C–30 °C) have been studied by time‐resolved synchrotron X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements at small and wide angles. Three structures have been identified: α‐phase structure forms by quenching to 10 °C from the liquid state, a metastable structure formed simultaneously with α‐phase and γ‐phase formed at 30 °C during α‐melt‐mediated crystallisation as well as at the pre‐melting temperature (22.5 °C) of the α‐phase when the coexistence of two phases (α and γ) is observed. The metastable structure produces three broad peaks in XRD patterns at small angles (one strong and two weak peaks corresponding to d ‐spacings of ∼4 nm, ∼12 nm and ∼1.5 nm respectively) and a peak in X‐ray diffraction patterns at wide angles (0.42 nm). A model is proposed for the metastable structure based on a combination of double‐ and triple‐chain packing of SOS molecules due to the similar length of alkyl chains (stearoyl and oleoyl) in the molecules.
Trimodality therapy for patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: A comprehensive surveillance, epidemiology, and end results analysis (2022)

The significant difference in overall survival seen with TMT suggests this may be an effective treatment approach for select patients.
Designing inhalable metal organic frameworks for pulmonary tuberculosis treatment and theragnosticsviaspray drying (2020)

Inhalable metal organic framework (MOF) aerosols have been developed via spray drying as a therapy for multi-drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB). The CuPOA<sub>2</sub> (pyrazinoate acid) MOFs can be tailored to exhibit a respirable mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 2.6 μm. This method is repeated to manufacture Gd<sub>0.1</sub>Cu<sub>0.9</sub>(POA)<sub>2</sub> MOFs for inhalable theragnostics.
Molten‐Salt‐Assisted Self‐Assembly (MASA)‐Synthesis of Mesoporous Metal Titanate‐Titania, Metal Sulfide‐Titania, and Metal Selenide‐Titania Thin Films (2013)

Abstract New synthetic strategies are needed for the assembly of porous metal titanates and metal chalcogenite‐titania thin films for various energy applications. Here, a new synthetic approach is introduced in which two solvents and two surfactants are used. Both surfactants are necessary to accommodate the desired amount of salt species in the hydrophilic domains of the mesophase. The process is called a molten‐salt‐assisted self‐assembly (MASA) because the salt species are in the molten phase and act as a solvent to assemble the ingredients into a mesostructure and they react with titania to form mesoporous metal titanates during the annealing step. The mesoporous metal titanate (meso‐Zn 2 TiO 4 and meso‐CdTiO 3 ) thin films are reacted under H 2 S or H 2 Se gas at room temperature to yield high quality transparent mesoporous metal chalcogenides. The H 2 Se reaction produces rutile and brookite titania phases together with nanocrystalline metal selenides and H 2 S reaction of meso‐CdTiO 3 yields nanocrystalline anatase and CdS in the spatially confined pore walls. Two different metal salts (zinc nitrate hexahydrate and cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate) are tested to demonstrate the generality of the new assembly process. The meso ‐TiO 2 ‐CdSe film shows photoactivity under sunlight.
Wavelength-dependent modulation effects of light-emitting diodes in multiple-subband passive optical networks (2002)

Summary form only given. Although for moderate data rates and 100% modulation depth, LED BER performance is similar to that of a semiconductor laser, this issue becomes cloudy under partial modulation. For subcarrier-modulated LEDs, the partial modulation unveils spectral hinging which makes subband modulation depths depart from nominal values. Interference measurements showing the relation between the subband wavelength of a subcarrier-modulated LED interferer and the level of BER floors of a baseband modulated LED were confirmed by a simple theory.
Diversity in Requirement of Genetic and Epigenetic Factors for Centromere Function in Fungi (2011)

A centromere is a chromosomal region on which several proteins assemble to form the kinetochore. The centromere-kinetochore complex helps in the attachment of chromosomes to spindle microtubules to mediate segregation of chromosomes to daughter cells during mitosis and meiosis. In several budding yeast species, the centromere forms in a DNA sequence-dependent manner, whereas in most other fungi, factors other than the DNA sequence also determine the centromere location, as centromeres were able to form on nonnative sequences (neocentromeres) when native centromeres were deleted in engineered strains. Thus, in the absence of a common DNA sequence, the cues that have facilitated centromere formation on a specific DNA sequence for millions of years remain a mystery. Kinetochore formation is facilitated by binding of a centromere-specific histone protein member of the centromeric protein A (CENP-A) family that replaces a canonical histone H3 to form a specialized centromeric chromatin structure. However, the process of kinetochore formation on the rapidly evolving and seemingly diverse centromere DNAs in different fungal species is largely unknown. More interestingly, studies in various yeasts suggest that the factors required for de novo centromere formation (establishment) may be different from those required for maintenance (propagation) of an already established centromere. Apart from the DNA sequence and CENP-A, many other factors, such as posttranslational modification (PTM) of histones at centric and pericentric chromatin, RNA interference, and DNA methylation, are also involved in centromere formation, albeit in a species-specific manner. In this review, we discuss how several genetic and epigenetic factors influence the evolution of structure and function of centromeres in fungal species.
Role of trace impurities in the photovoltaic performance of solution processed small-molecule bulk heterojunction solar cells (2012)

The final step in the preparation of ppp-DTS(PTTh222)222 involves end capping of the PT-DTS-PT core with 2-hexylbithiophene units via a microwave assisted Stille cross coupling reaction. Methyl transfer (instead of 2-hexylbithiophene transfer) can occur leading to the formation of (MePT)DTS(PTTh22). Although (MePT)DTS(PTTh22) is difficult to separate from the ppp-DTS(PTTh222)222 product via column chromatography, it is readily extracted using hexanes solvent to give absolute ppp-DTS(PTTh222)222. Trace impurities of (MePT)DTS(PTTh22) in BHJ solar cells fabricated from synthesis batches of ppp-DTS(PTTh222)222 significantly influence the photovoltaic properties, causing a ∼50% reduction in efficiency and affecting all of the relevant device parameters (Jsc, Voc and FF). From a broader perspective, despite molecular design, the suitability of a material for efficient devices is often only determined by trial and error in the device processing laboratory. As shown by the data presented in this publication, promising materials found to be unsuitable for device applications may suffer from highly dilute impurities that act to increase carrier recombination.
Domain adaptive object detection (2013)

We study the use of domain adaptation and transfer learning techniques as part of a framework for adaptive object detection. Unlike recent applications of domain adaptation work in computer vision, which generally focus on image classification, we explore the problem of extreme class imbalance present when performing domain adaptation for object detection. The main difficulty caused by this imbalance is that test images contain millions or billions of negative image subwindows but just a few image subwindows containing positive instances, which makes it difficult to adapt to changes in the positive classes present new domains by simple techniques such as random sampling. We propose an initial approach to addressing this problem and apply our technique to vehicle detection in a challenging urban surveillance dataset, demonstrating the performance of our approach with various amounts of supervision, including the fully unsupervised case.
Ring inversion process for a series of 3,5‐dialkyl‐1‐oxa‐3,5‐diazacyclohexanes: 1H DNMR study and semiempirical calculations (2010)

Abstract The ring inversion process for a series of 3,5‐dialkyl‐1‐oxa‐3,5‐diazacyclohexanes was studied using proton dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H DNMR) spectroscopy in conjunction with semiempirical calculations. At low temperature, the ring methylene protons decoalesced into two AB spin systems in a 2:1 ratio. Lineshape simulations of the DNMR spectra provided first‐order rate constants for magnetic exchange. The energy barrier for each inversion reaction was calculated from the respective rate constants. In general, as the size of the N ‐alkyl group increased, the barrier to ring inversion decreased. A similar trend was seen in semiempirical calculations that modeled the ring inversion process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Cube Attacks on Tweakable Black Box Polynomials. (2008)

Abstract. Almost any cryptographic scheme can be described by tweakable polynomials over GF (2), which contain both secret variables (e.g., key bits) and public variables (e.g., plaintext bits or IV bits). The cryptanalyst is allowed to tweak the polynomials by choosing arbitrary values for the public variables, and his goal is to solve the resultant system of polynomial equations in terms of their common secret variables. In this paper we develop a new technique (called a cube attack) for solving such tweakable polynomials, which is a major improvement over several previously published attacks of the same type. For example, on the stream cipher Trivium with a reduced number of initialization rounds, the best previous attack (due to Fischer, Khazaei, and Meier) requires a barely practical complexity of 255 to attack 672 initialization rounds, whereas a cube attack can find the complete key of the same variant in 219 bit operations (which take less than a second on a single PC). Trivium with 735 initialization rounds (which could not be attacked by any previous technique) can now be broken with 230 bit operations. Trivium with 767 initialization rounds can now be broken with 245 bit operations, and the complexity of the attack can almost certainly be further reduced to about 236 bit operations. Whereas previous attacks were heuristic, had to be adapted to each cryptosystem, had no general complexity bounds, and were not expected to succeed on random looking polynomials, cube attacks are provably successful when applied to random polynomials of degree d over n secret variables whenever the number m of public variables exceeds d + logdn. Their complexity is 2 d−1n + n2 bit operations, which is polynomial in n and amazingly low when d is small. Cube attacks can be applied to any block cipher, stream cipher, or MAC which is provided as a black box (even when nothing is known about its internal structure) as long as at least one output bit can be represented by (an unknown) polynomial of relatively low degree in the secret and public variables.
New Bone Formation with Teriparatide [Human Parathyroid Hormone-(1–34)] Is Not Retarded by Long-Term Pretreatment with Alendronate, Estrogen, or Raloxifene in Ovariectomized Rats (2003)

With the ready availability of several osteoporosis therapies, teriparatide [human PTH-(1-34)] is likely to be prescribed to postmenopausal women with prior exposure to agents that prevent bone loss, such as bisphosphonates, estrogen, or selective estrogen receptor modulators. Therefore, we evaluated the ability of once daily teriparatide to induce bone formation in ovariectomized (Ovx) rats with extended prior exposure to various antiresorptive agents, such as alendronate (ABP), 17 alpha-ethinyl estradiol (EE), or raloxifene (Ral). Sprague Dawley rats were Ovx and treated with ABP (28 microg/kg, twice weekly), EE (0.1 mg/kg per d), or Ral (1 mg/kg per d) for 10 months before switching to teriparatide 30 microg/kg per d for another 2 months. Analysis of the proximal tibial metaphysis showed that all three antiresorptive agents prevented ovariectomy-induced bone loss after 10 months, but were mechanistically distinct, as shown by histomorphometry. Before teriparatide treatment, ABP strongly suppressed activation frequency and bone formation rate to below levels in other treatment groups, whereas these parameters were not different from sham values for EE or Ral. Trabecular area for ABP, EE, and Ral were greater than that in Ovx controls. However, the trabecular bone effects of ABP were attributed not only to effects on the secondary spongiosa, but also to the preservation of primary spongiosa, which was prevented from remodeling. After 2 months of teriparatide treatment, lumbar vertebra showed relative bone mineral density increases of 18%, 7%, 11%, and 10% for vehicle/teriparatide, ABP/teriparatide, EE/teriparatide, and Ral/teriparatide, respectively, compared with 10 month levels. Histomorphometry showed that trabecular area was increased by 105%, 113%, 36%, and 48% for vehicle/teriparatide, ABP/teriparatide, EE/teriparatide, and Ral/teriparatide, respectively, compared with 10 month levels. Teriparatide enhanced mineralizing surface, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate in all groups. Compression testing of vertebra showed that teriparatide improved strength (peak load) and toughness in all groups to a proportionately similar extent compared with 10 month levels. These data showed a surprising ability of the rat skeleton to respond to teriparatide despite extensive pretreatment with ABP, EE, or Ral. Therefore, the mature skeleton of Ovx rats remains highly responsive to the appositional effects of teriparatide regardless of pretreatment status in terms of cancellous bone area or rate of bone turnover.
Front cover: Diet during Pregnancy is Implicated in the Regulation of Hypothalamic RNA Methylation and Risk of Obesity in Offspring (2018)

Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2018, 62, 1800134 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800134 Parental diet restriction regulates hypothalamic DNA cytosine methylation (5mC) and RNA adenosine methylation (m6A) and the risk of obesity in offspring. Parental diet alters hypothalamic appetite signals that coordinate epigenetic changes regulating the expression of genes implicated in obesity. Further details about this study can be found in article number 1800134 by Assam El-Osta and co-workers.
Analysis of Slotted Aloha with multipacket messages in clustered surveillance networks (2012)

This work presents an analysis of a cluster of finite population of low cost sensor nodes operating in a p-persistent S-Aloha framework with multipacket messages. Using this analytical framework, we consider the issue of partitioning the nodes and available frequencies into groups so as to maximize the system throughput. Assigning the nodes and frequencies into “groups” is important because the size of the group impacts the tradeoff between the benefits of frequency diversity and the cost of collision on the shared medium imposed by the nodes in a group. We study this tradeoff through analytical and numerical results and show how the correct choice of group sizes can vary depending on various factors like the ratio of nodes to frequencies and the overall system load.
More than a ligand: PD-L1 promotes oncolytic virus infection via a metabolic shift that inhibits the type I interferon pathway (2022)

ABSTRACT Targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has transformed the field of immune-oncology. While conventional wisdom initially postulated that PD-L1 serves as the inert ligand for PD-1, an emerging body of literature suggests that PD-L1 has cell-intrinsic functions in immune and cancer cells. In line with these studies, here we show that engagement of PD-L1 via cellular ligands or agonistic antibodies, including those used in the clinic, potently inhibits the type I interferon pathway in cancer cells. Hampered type I interferon responses in PD-L1-expressing cancer cells resulted in enhanced infection with oncolytic viruses in vitro and in vivo. Consistently, PD-L1 expression marked tumor explants from cancer patients that were best infected by oncolytic viruses. Mechanistically, PD-L1 suppressed type I interferon by promoting a metabolic shift characterized by enhanced glucose uptake and glycolysis rate. Lactate generated from glycolysis was the key metabolite responsible for inhibiting type I interferon responses and enhancing oncolytic virus infection in PD-L1-expressing cells. In addition to adding mechanistic insight into PD-L1 intrinsic function and showing that PD-L1 has a broader impact on immunity and cancer biology besides acting as a ligand for PD-1, our results will also help guide the numerous efforts currently ongoing to combine PD-L1 antibodies with oncolytic virotherapy in clinical trials. Once sentence summary PD-L1 promotes oncolytic virus efficacy.
Inhibitors of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase in fibroblasts from diverse patients with impaired insulin action: evidence for a novel mechanism of postreceptor insulin resistance. (1993)

Insulin resistance is a major feature of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. This resistance appears to involve molecules, apart from the insulin receptor, that are capable of altering its function. Previously, we reported that dermal fibroblasts from a female patient with insulin resistance and noninsulin-dependent diabetes produced an inhibitor of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity. We have now studied inhibitors in fibroblasts from four additional patients (one male and three females) with severe insulin resistance. Although clinical features were diverse, these patients had in common normal fasting glucose values, with fasting and postprandial hyperinsulinemia. The fibroblast insulin receptor content was within the normal range, but both basal and insulin-stimulated tyrosine kinase activity in fibroblast extracts were markedly decreased compared to those in extracts of fibroblasts from nondiabetic subjects. Studies revealed that these fibroblasts contained a glycoprotein inhibitor of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity. This inhibitor was not found in extracts of either similar insulin-resistant patients with normal insulin receptors or insulin-resistant patients with insulin receptor abnormalities. The inhibitor was not adsorbed with antiserum to either tyrosine phosphatases or fetuin. These studies thus suggest that one or more unique inhibitors of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase are present in fibroblasts of certain patients with severe insulin resistance. The presence of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in target cells, therefore, may constitute a novel mechanism of postreceptor insulin resistance.