gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Variable dielectric constants by structured porosity for passive ceramic components (2005)

In this paper, different densities within a ceramic are used to provide a wide, continuous range of cofirable dielectric constants for high frequency applications. Cofiring different ceramic materials together to make a single, unified structure to obtain different dielectric constant combinations is quite difficult due to phase stability issues and shrinkage mismatches. However, using various levels of porosity in order to alter the effective dielectric constant in the same material allows cofiring of different dielectric constants into a single unit. Since the structure is made from a single material, the varying porosities can be made compatible. Large scale aligned porosity using a microcellular structure allows for an extremely wide range of dielectric constants, ranging from 90 to 9.15, while maintaining a low loss tangent. Examples using the cofiring of the different density ceramics include a stratified medium cavity resonator and a buried dielectric resonator internal to a microcellular substrate.
Photoconductivity and charge-carrier photogeneration in photorefractive polymers. (2002)

We have studied photogeneration, transport, trapping and recombination as the governing mechanisms for the saturation field strength and the time response of the photorefractive (PR) effect in PVK-based PR materials, utilizing xerographic discharge and photoconductivity experiments. Both the charge carrier photogeneration efficiency and the photocurrent efficiency were found to be independent of chromophore content, suggesting that the chromophore does not participate in carrier generation and trapping. The photoconductivity gain factor G defined as the number of charge carriers measured in photoconductivity in relation to the number of carriers initially photogenerated as determined by the xerographic experiments is found to be much smaller than unity, which indicates that the mean free path of the photogenerated charge carriers is less than the grating period. Photoconductivity data can be explained over 3 orders of magnitude in field, assuming a field-independent trap density. Based on the photoelectric data, PR response times have been predicted by Yeh's model for the build-up of space or by calculating the time, which is necessary to fill all traps by photogenerated holes. Only the latter model can reasonably well explain the observed field dependence of the PR growth time, suggesting that trap-filling essentially controls the PR onset behavior.
Comparing common still image quality metrics in recent High Dynamic Range (HDR) and Wide Color Gamut (WCG) representations (2020)

There are an increasing number of databases describing subjective quality responses for HDR (high dynamic range) imagery with various distortions. The dominant distortions across the databases are those that arise from video compression, which are primarily perceived as achromatic, but there are some chromatic distortions due to 422 and other chromatic sub-sampling. Tone mapping from the source HDR levels to various levels of reduced capability SDR (standard dynamic range) are also included in these databases. While most of these distortions are achromatic, tone-mapping can cause changes in saturation and hue angle when saturated colors are in the upper hull of the of the color space. In addition, there is one database that specifically looked at color distortions in an HDR-WCG (wide color gamut) space. From these databases we can test the improvements to well-known quality metrics if they are applied in the newly developed color perceptual spaces (i.e., representations) specifically designed for HDR and WCG. We present results from testing these subjective quality databases to computed quality using the new color spaces of J z a z b z and IC T C P , as well as the commonly used SDR color space of CIELAB.
A Gaussian framework for modeling effects of frequency-dependent attenuation, frequency-dependent scattering, and gating (2002)

For a wide range of applications in medical ultrasound, power spectra of received signals are approximately Gaussian. It has been established previously that an ultrasound beam with a Gaussian spectrum propagating through a medium with linear attenuation remains Gaussian. In this paper, Gaussian transformations are derived to model the effects of scattering (according to a power law, as is commonly applicable in soft tissues, especially over limited frequency ranges) and gating (with a Hamming window, a commonly used gate function). These approximations are shown to be quite accurate even for relatively broad band systems with fractional bandwidths approaching 100%. The theory is validated by experiments in phantoms consisting of glass particles suspended in agar.
Electronically Controllable Impedance for tuning of active metamaterials (2011)

Increasing population density and the consequential increased demand of electrical energy require the integration of electrical infrastructure for power distribution into residential areas and buildings. In order to meet the installation standards regarding the critical value of field emissions, the magnetic stray field of the electric equipment needs to be shielded. One shielding option is to realise an active shield in the form of a metamaterial, (a concept known from high-frequency engineering). A metamaterial is in this case composed by an array of base units, each one containing a LCR-resonator and a control unit called Electronically Controllable Impedance (ECI). The ECI consists of a 4-quadrant power converter with integrated measurement and control units for emulating an arbitrary impedance. The ECIs are used to tune the LCR resonators such that the metamaterial exhibits a paramagnetic or diamagnetic behaviour when excited by an external field. Thereby, each single LCR-resonator's resonant frequency is adjusted to the excitation frequency and the resonator's quality factor Q is optimally selected. This paper shows different realisations of an ECI and proposes an ECI control algorithm to tune the resonant frequency and to adjust the quality factor Q of the resonators. Furthermore, an experimental verification of the ECI concept is provided.
Degradation of  T Cell Receptor (TCR)–CD3-ζ Complexes after Antigenic Stimulation (1997)

T cell activation by specific antigen results in a rapid and long-lasting downregulation of triggered T cell receptors (TCRs). In this work, we investigated the fate of downregulated TCR- CD3-zeta complexes. T cells stimulated by peptide-pulsed antigen-presenting cells (APCs) undergo an antigen dose-dependent decrease of the total cellular content of TCR-beta, CD3-epsilon, and zeta chains, as detected by FACS(R) analysis on fixed and permeabilized T-APC conjugates and by Western blot analysis on cell lysates. The time course of CD3-zeta chain consumption overlaps with that of TCR downregulation, indicating that internalized TCR-CD3 complexes are promptly degraded. Inhibitors of lysosomal function (bafilomycin A1, folimycin) markedly reduced zeta chain degradation, leading to the accumulation of zeta chain in large Lamp1(+) vesicles. These results indicate that in T cell-APC conjugates, triggered TCRs are rapidly removed from the cell surface and are degraded in the lysosomal compartment.
Multiscale Maxwell–Schrödinger modeling: A split field finite-difference time-domain approach to molecular nanopolaritonics (2009)

We present a combined finite-difference time-domain/linear response approach for modeling plasmon/molecule systems. The self-interaction of the molecule is avoided by splitting the fields and currents into two parts: those due to the molecule and those from everything else. This approach is suitable for describing surface plasmons on metal nanostructures interacting in the near field with nearby dipolar molecules or semiconductor nanostructures. The approach is applied to three collinear 5 nm diameter gold nanoparticles; the results demonstrate that a nearby molecule strongly affects surface plasmon transfer along the array. Specifically, an xy oriented molecule situated midway between the second and third nanoparticles exhibits a symmetric Fano-type inference effect. Transmission of incident x-polarized energy from the second nanoparticle to the third is enhanced over a frequency range below the molecular resonance, and partially scattered into y-polarized currents for frequencies above. At the molecule's resonance frequency, the magnitude of the resulting y-current is approximately 20% of the x-current.
Force sensing submicrometer thick cantilevers with ultra-thin piezoresistors by rapid thermal diffusion (2003)

One of the most important requirements for a cantilever-type sensor to obtain high force sensitivity is small thickness. By using current micromachining technology it is possible to produce cantilevers of submicrometer thickness. Where self-sensing piezoresistive cantilevers with submicrometer thickness are concerned, it is necessary to use a technology which can create ultra-thin (<100 nm) piezoresistors on a cantilever surface. This work demonstrates for the first time the application of a relatively simple, rapid thermal diffusion method by using spin-on glass film to fabricate sub-100 nm piezoresistors on an ultra-thin single-crystal silicon cantilever. Compared to other shallow junction fabrication methods, which involve implantation or deposition of a doped layer, this method is advantageous since no damage is created in the crystal structure and no toxic gas or hazardous material is used during the process. Besides, this technique can be applied by using low-cost rapid annealers, which can be readily found in most laboratories. By using this method, piezoresistive cantilevers with stiffness in the range of 0.001 N m−1 with sub-100 nm thick piezoresistors are fabricated, and a complete characterization of the fabricated cantilevers is performed.
Bicicletta a pedalata assistita e metodo per il controllo di una bicicletta a pedalata assistita (2012)

La presente invenzione si riferisce ad una&#13;\nbicicletta (1) a pedalata assistita che comprende&#13;\nuna prima (5’) ed una seconda (5’’) ruota; un&#13;\ngruppo di pedalata (6) meccanicamente disaccoppiato&#13;\nda dette prima (5’) e seconda (5’’) ruota mediante&#13;\nil quale un utilizzatore può fornire una potenza di&#13;\npedalata (Wped); un motore elettrico (8)&#13;\nmeccanicamente accoppiato con almeno una di dette&#13;\nprima (5’) e seconda (5’’) ruota in grado di&#13;\nassorbire una potenza di motore (Wmot); un&#13;\ndispositivo generatore (9) idoneo a generare una&#13;\npotenza di dispositivo generatore (Wgen) elettrica&#13;\na partire da detta potenza di pedalata (Wped),&#13;\nposto in una relazione di scambio energetico con il&#13;\ngruppo di pedalata (6) e con il motore elettrico&#13;\n(8); un dispositivo di accumulo di energia (10)&#13;\nposto in una relazione di scambio energetico con il&#13;\nmotore elettrico (8) e con il dispositivo&#13;\ngeneratore (9); un sistema di controllo (11)&#13;\ncomprendente un modulo per il controllo della&#13;\npotenza richiesta al dispositivo generatore (Wgen)&#13;\nda fornire al motore elettrico (8) e/o al&#13;\ndispositivo di accumulo (10); un sensore di battito&#13;\ncardiaco (26) idoneo a generare un segnale&#13;\nrappresentativo del battito cardiaco. Il modulo per&#13;\nil controllo della potenza elettrica richiesta al&#13;\ndispositivo generatore (Wgen) è operativamente&#13;\ncollegato al sensore di battito cardiaco (26) ed è&#13;\nconfigurato in modo tale da determinare la potenza&#13;\nelettrica richiesta al dispositivo generatore&#13;\n(Wgen) in funzione del segnale rappresentativo del&#13;\nbattito cardiaco.&#13;\nLa presente invenzione riguarda inoltre un metodo&#13;\nper il controllo della bicicletta a pedalata&#13;\nassistita.
Kinetics and Reactor Modeling of VFA Ketonization for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production (2022)

Ketonization of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced via arrested methanogenesis of wet waste represents the only unit operation of wet waste upgrading to sustainable (net-zero or negative life cycle CO2 emissions) aviation fuel not currently in industrial practice. Ketone product yields of close to 100% have been obtained during gas-phase reactions of VFAs over oxide catalysts at the laboratory scale, but design of an industrial ketonization reactor requires understanding of the impacts of reactant and product partial pressures, deactivation, and heat and mass transport phenomena on observed ketonization rates. Our work leverages rigorous kinetic analysis of ketonization processes to inform reactor scale-up efforts through packed-bed reactor modeling. We first present results of a kinetic study of ketonization of a model VFA, hexanoic acid, over an industrial ZrO2 catalyst performed in a packed-bed microreactor in conditions free of significant heat or mass transfer gradients. Major findings of the analysis include: (i) hexanoic acid saturates all catalyst active sites at relatively low partial pressure (~10 kPa) and (ii) ketonization products 6-undecanone, water, and CO2 inhibit reaction rates. Kinetic data are used to fit a rate expression quantifying the functional dependence of ketonization rate on partial pressures of VFA reactants and ketone, water, and CO2 products. A packed-bed reactor model describing vapor-phase hexanoic acid ketonization over ZrO2 extrudate catalysts is developed based on the kinetic model. The effects of (i) bed- and pellet-scale mass- and heat-transfer limitations and (ii) axial pressure drop guide our development of recommendations for optimal sizing, temperature, and influent flow composition of an industrial-scale ketonization reactor. The quantitative understanding of VFA ketonization developed in this study represents an advance toward derisking the VFA ketonization step of wet waste upgrading to sustainable aviation fuel.
Optical detection of oral carcinoma via structured illumination fluorescence lifetime imaging (2018)

In this work, we compare standard wide-field fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and structured illumination FLIM (SI-FLIM) as methods for the early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Our technique, SI-FLIM, provides depth dependent fluorescence lifetime information of the oral epithelium, isolating the endogenous fluorophore of interest, NADH, from interfering fluorescence generated mainly by collagen in the lamina propria. Male golden Syrian hamsters (<i>Cricetus auratus</i>) were used as the animal model for OSCC. They were treated with a carcinogen, 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), for a twelve-week period by applying the DMBA suspended in mineral oil to their cheek pouches 3 times per week. The progression of OSCC was monitored over a 12-week period with imaging beginning at the 6<sup>th</sup> week. The cheek pouch with lesions was imaged in a 3x4 grid (twelve total images), with each section of the grid being correlated with histopathological analysis. The NADH fluorescence channel, as a diagnostic indicator, was compared for both SI-FLIM and widefield FLIM. ROC analysis, in the task of distinguishing between mild dysplasia and normal tissue, showed that SI-FLIM (AUC&equals;0.83, se&equals;0.07) may be a better indicator for early cases of mild dysplasia when compared to widefield FLIM (AUC&equals;0.63, se&equals;0.07) with statistical significance.
Solvent-Resistant Organic Transistors and Thermally Stable Organic Photovoltaics Based on Cross-linkable Conjugated Polymers (2011)

Conjugated polymers, in general, are unstable when exposed to air, solvent, or thermal treatment, and these challenges limit their practical applications. Therefore, it is of great importance to develop new materials or methodologies that can enable organic electronics with air stability, solvent resistance, and thermal stability. Herein, we have developed a simple but powerful approach to achieve solvent-resistant and thermally stable organic electronic devices with a remarkably improved air stability, by introducing an azide cross-linkable group into a conjugated polymer. To demonstrate this concept, we have synthesized polythiophene with azide groups attached to end of the alkyl chain (P3HT-azide). Photo-cross-linking of P3HT-azide copolymers dramatically improves the solvent resistance of the active layer without disrupting the molecular ordering and charge transport. This is the first demonstration of solvent-resistant organic transistors. Furthermore, the bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaics (BHJ OPVs) containing P3HT-azide copolymers show an average efficiency higher than 3.3% after 40 h annealing at an elevated temperature of 150 °C, which represents one of the most thermally stable OPV devices reported to date. This enhanced stability is due to an in situ compatibilizer that forms at the P3HT/PCBM interface and suppresses macrophase separation. Our approach paves a way toward organic electronics with robust and stable operations.
Low Complexity Decoder Side Motion Vector Refinement for VVC (2019)

Inter picture prediction is an essential component of today's hybrid video codecs. In order to reduce the motion vector signaling overhead, a merge mode with subsequent decoder side motion vector refinement (DMVR) is current under investigation for the first working draft of the standardization activity on Versatile Video Coding (VVC). While the DMVR method searches the refined MVs at the decoder side, it heavily increases the decoding complexity and the memory bandwidth requirements. To address these issues, a novel low complexity DMVR scheme is proposed in this paper. The low complexity DMVR approach refines the initial MV from the merge mode by searching the block with the smallest matching cost in the previous decoded reference pictures. The proposed low complexity improvements are added to a previously proposed bilateral matching-based DMVR approach. Experimental results obtained with the VTM 2.0 reference software, after integrating our approaches, show that the previously proposed DMVR provides an average luma BD-rate reduction of 4.59% with 32% additional decoding time and the proposed low complexity DMVR provides an average luma BD-rate reduction of 1.67% with only 6% additional decoding time when using the random access configuration.
Supplementary Figures S1 - S16 from Evolution of Neoantigen Landscape during Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure S1. Computed Tomographic (CT) findings in patient CGLU116. Supplementary Figure S2. CT findings in patient CGLU127. Supplementary Figure S3. CT findings in patient CGLU161. Supplementary Figure S4. Tumor burden kinetics. Supplementary Figure S5. Neoantigen-specific TCR expansion in stimulated T cell cultures for patient CGLU127. Supplementary Figure S6. Neoantigen-specific TCR expansion in stimulated T cell cultures for patient CGLU161. Supplementary Figure S7. Loss of heterozygosity analyses for patient CGLU116. Supplementary Figure S8. Loss of heterozygosity analyses for patient CGLU117. Supplementary Figure S9. Loss of heterozygosity analyses for patient CGLU127. Supplementary Figure S10. Loss of heterozygosity analyses for patient CGLU161. Supplementary Figure S11. TCR clonality analyses for patients CGLU127 and CGLU161. Supplementary Figure S12. TCR clonality analyses for a responder and a non-responder to PD-1 blockade. Supplementary Figure S13. PD-L1 expression in responsive and resistant tumors. Supplementary Figure S14. Eliminated mutations for case CGHN2. Supplementary Figure S15. Comparison of five methods for estimation of tumor purity. Supplementary Figure S16. CD8+ T cell density in resistant tumors.&lt;/p&gt;
Screening för kolorektal cancer - Evidensläge, metoder och utmaningar : Implementeringen varierar stort mellan olika länder (2018)

Convincing data demonstrate that screening reduces mortality in colorectal cancer. International organizations and national authorities recommend implementation of colorectal cancer screening programs. There are several different primary methods for screening, including tests of blood in feces, sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy, all with their inherent advantages and disadvantages. The majority of programs utilizes fecal occult blood test as primary screening method followed by colonoscopy. Colonoscopy as a primary screening method has the advantage of directly removing precancerous lesions and ongoing studies evaluates the role of colonoscopy as a primary screening method for colorectal cancer. Challenges for implementation of screening in Sweden include limited access to colonoscopy resources and problems to reassure quality control. This article summarizes current evidence for colorectal cancer screening, as well as methods and requirements for implementation.
Treatment Trends and Outcomes for Patients With Lymph Node–Positive Cancer of the Penis (2018)

In hospitals reporting to the NCDB, only 66.8% of patients with LN+ penile cancer received an LND. While chemotherapy use has increased since 2004, rates remain low (52.8% for patients with N3 cancer). Receipt of LND, but not chemotherapy or radiotherapy, is associated with overall survival. This may reflect the aggressive natural history of penile cancer as well as the inherent analysis limitation of a relatively small sample size. These data highlight opportunities to improve adherence to guideline-recommended care.
Inhibition of pituitary hormone exocytosis by a synthetic peptide related to the rab effector domain (1993)

GTP-binding proteins of the rab family are believed to function at several steps in intracellular vesicular transport. We examined the effects of a rab-related peptide in permeabilized pituitary cells, in which exocytosis can be triggered by distinct Ca(2+)-dependent or Ca(2+)-independent pathways. We report that a synthetic peptide of 18 amino acids related to the rab effector domain, rab3AL (30-47) inhibited luteinizing hormone (LH) and growth hormone (GH) exocytosis triggered by either pathway. Ca(2+)-stimulated LH and GH release were inhibited by more than 80% and 50%, respectively, by 100 microM peptide. The peptide (100 microM) also inhibited LH and GH exocytosis stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate plus cAMP by more than 45% and 80%, respectively. The effect was sequence-specific since a second peptide, lacking the first 3 amino acids but otherwise identical failed to inhibit exocytosis. These results suggest that a protein of the rab family is involved in regulated pituitary hormone exocytosis, and they identify 3 amino acids of the putative rab effector domain which may be functionally important in exocytosis.
Fault protection analysis in low voltage DC microgrids with PV generators (2015)

Because of the multiple power sources involved, fault protection is one of the most critical issues in micro-grids. If a micro-grid including a PV installation is connected to the grid by means of a front end converter, multiple possible cases of fault may occur. It is a typical feature of such configuration that, depending on fault resistance and location, fault currents from the AC grid may pass unlimited through the converter and contribute to the fault. Most general purpose converters are not able to interrupt fault currents in all situations. A specific protection system is then required to ensure fault clearance and maintain safety. Two possible philosophies for such a protection system are described in this paper, one based on future solid state circuit-breakers, and one based on electromechanical devices complemented by front end converter design modification. Advantages and drawbacks are discussed.