gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Time‐refraction optics with single cycle modulation (2023)

We present an experimental study of optical time-refraction caused by time-interfaces as short as a single optical cycle. Specifically, we study the propagation of a probe pulse through a sample undergoing a large refractive index change induced by an intense modulator pulse. In these systems, increasing the refractive index abruptly leads to time-refraction where the spectrum of all the waves propagating in the medium is red-shifted, and subsequently blue-shifted when the refractive index relaxes back to its original value. We observe these phenomena in the single-cycle regime. Moreover, by shortening the temporal width of the modulator to ∼5-6 fs, we observe that the rise time of the red-shift associated with time-refraction is proportionally shorter. The experiments are carried out in transparent conducting oxides acting as epsilon-near-zero materials. These observations raise multiple questions on the fundamental physics occurring within such ultrashort time frames, and open the way for experimenting with photonic time-crystals, generated by periodic ultrafast changes to the refractive index, in the near future.
Two case study scenarios in banking: a commentary on The Hutton Prize for Professional Ethics, 2004 and 2005 (2007)

The ‘Hutton Prize for Professional Ethics’ of The Chartered Institute of Bankers in Scotland is awarded annually to the author of an essay that addresses most convincingly the question, ‘what do you now do?’ in response to an ethically sensitive, case‐study scenario. This paper makes available the Scenarios from 2004 and 2005, together with commentary thereon. Scenario 2004 stresses the importance of moral imagination and empathy. It addresses borrowing arrangements for a mother and daughter where illness has created past and continuing problems and there is the possibility that a wealthy relative will be made an unwitting guarantor. Scenario 2005 explores the boundaries inhibiting an opportunity for showing ‘mercy’ by one employee for another. Particular attention is paid to the difficulties that practising this ethical virtue could cause in a professional context, including tracing back to similar ambiguities discernible within foundational texts for Christian ethics.
Microfabricated Thermally Isolated Low Work-Function Emitter (2014)

In this paper, we report low work function mechanically and thermally robust microfabricated thermionic emitters. Conformal deposition of polycrystalline-silicon carbide (poly-SiC) was used to form stiff suspension legs with U-shaped cross sections, which increased the out-of-plane rigidity and helped to maintain a micrometer-scale gap between emitter and collector. The structurally robust poly-SiC suspended structure was coated with a thin tungsten layer to improve adhesion of a work function lowering coating (BaO/SrO/CaO). The measured emitter work function was 1.2 eV and emission current density was >0.1 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , which are promising for applications such as thermionic energy converters.
User-perceived performance of Web-browsing and interactive data in HFC cable access networks (2002)

Using analysis and simulation, we study the performance of Web-browsing and interactive data applications as perceived by the users of shared packet access networks. We use end-to-end page delays to characterise the user experience, and introduce a measure called equivalent circuit rate (ECR). The ECR for a user of a shared packet access network is the dedicated access circuit bit rate required to achieve the same user experience. Our analysis uses a simple closed queueing network model. The theoretical results agree well with simulations of TCP-based Web browsing workloads sharing an HFC cable data channel. We show that the mean page delay, ECR, and the number of users that can be supported are described using simple parameters that scale very well for different user and network rates. Our work also provides an effective comparison of shared and dedicated access at the application level.
Clinical Testation of Effectiveness of Gallimune Vaccine 407 ND+IB +EDS+ART (Vaccine Against Newcastle Disease, Infectious Bronchitis, Egg Drop Syndrome and Rhinotracheitis) in Poultry in Farm Conditions (2009)

The recurrence of the syndromes and multietiological diseases confirms that even a small amount of stress or a slight metabolic disequilibrium may be potential disease factors which may lead to economic loss. Certain major factors must be taken into account during a survey of potential risks for respiratory diseases: the presence of respiratory pathogenic or partially pathogenic viruses, an increased number of secondary pathogenic agents, the common bacterial flora, any disequilibrium occured in the environment or various immunosupresive factors.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioisomerism‐Dependent TLR7 Agonism and Antagonism in an Imidazoquinoline. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
High precision calorimetric apparatus for studying electrolysis reactions (1990)

We have developed a low cost continuous flow labyrinth calorimetric system which attains 0.3% accuracy in absolute energy balance and has a minimum sensitivity of 20 mW. This system is ideally suited to measure the energy balance of electrolytic reactions for output powers ranging from 0 to at least 25 W. By employing a catalyst to recombine the gaseous reaction products, the electrolysis cell can be operated as a closed system, thus eliminating many uncertainties associated with calorimetric measurements on open cell electrolytic processes. Careful calibrations using different electrical heater configurations inside the calorimeter demonstrate insensitivity to temperature gradients and local heating. We present measurements of energy balances of electrolytic reactions using Pd and Pt cathodes in 0.1 M LiOD in D2O as electrolyte. No anomalies are observed in the energy balance of either sample.
Effect of Short-Duration Low-Magnitude Cyclic Loading Versus Immobilization on Tendon-Bone Healing After ACL Reconstruction in a Rat Model (2011)

Short-duration low-magnitude cyclic axial loading of the anterior cruciate ligament graft in the postoperative period is not detrimental to the strength of the healing tendon-bone interface but appears to be associated with greater inflammation and less bone formation in the tunnel in this rat model.
Supplementary Table 4 from A Diverse Array of Cancer-Associated <i>MTOR</i> Mutations Are Hyperactivating and Can Predict Rapamycin Sensitivity (2023)

&lt;p&gt;XLSX file 12K, All activating MTOR mutations from this study are listed&lt;/p&gt;
A new enzyme by rational design - the incorporation of a single His residue enables efficient thioester hydrolysis by human glutathione transferase A1-1 (2004)

A strategy for rational enzyme design is reported and illustrated by the engineering of a protein catalyst for thiol-ester hydrolysis. Five mutants of human glutathione (GSH; gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly) transferase A1-1 were designed in the search for a catalyst and to provide a set of proteins from which the reaction mechanism could be elucidated. The single mutant A216H catalyzed the hydrolysis of the S-benzoyl ester of GSH under turnover conditions with a k(cat)/K(M) of 156 M(-1) x min(-1), and a catalytic proficiency of >10(7) M(-1) when compared with the first-order rate constant of the uncatalyzed reaction. The wild-type enzyme did not hydrolyze the substrate, and thus, the introduction of a single histidine residue transformed the wild-type enzyme into a turnover system for thiol-ester hydrolysis. By kinetic analysis of single, double, and triple mutants, as well as from studies of reaction products, it was established that the enzyme A216H catalyzes the hydrolysis of the thiol-ester substrate by a mechanism that includes an acyl intermediate at the side chain of Y9. Kinetic measurements and the crystal structure of the A216H GSH complex provided compelling evidence that H216 acts as a general-base catalyst. The introduction of a single His residue into human GSH transferase A1-1 created an unprecedented enzymatic function, suggesting a strategy that may be of broad applicability in the design of new enzymes. The protein catalyst has the hallmarks of a native enzyme and is expected to catalyze various hydrolytic, as well as transesterification, reactions.
P-161 Cost-Effectiveness of Colectomy with IPAA versus Colectomy with Permanent End-Ileostomy for Crohnʼs Colitis (2013)

The economic burden of Crohn’s disease (CD) in the US exceeds 15 billion dollars annually with a significant portion of these costs related to surgery. Twenty percent of patients with CD have disease isolated to the colon. Traditionally, in medically refractory cases these patients undergo total colectomy with end-ileostomy (EI) or subtotal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis. Recently, ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) has been found to be an effective option for this population. We determined the cost effectiveness of different surgical strategies in the management of medically refractory Crohn’s colitis. We used a lifetime Markov model with 1 year cycles to simulate quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and cost comparing 2 different surgical strategies: total colectomy with permanent EI versus colectomy with IPAA. After undergoing EI, patients could move between the following health states: permanent EI without treatment, permanent EI on infliximab, and additional surgery (Fig. 1). In the IPAA strategy, patients could move between remission without treatment, remission on infliximab, acute pouchitis, and pouch resection with EI at which point they would move between the health states in EI (Fig. 1). One-way sensitivity analysis and tornado analysis were performed. We used the third-party payer perspective for the analysis. The EI surgical strategy was more cost effective than IPAA, with an incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $13,080 per QALY gained. We identified the following variables of importance in our model: 1) the cost of the EI surgery, 2) the cost of ostomy care, and 3) the cost of infliximab. One-way sensitivity analysis showed that if the costs associated with EI surgery were greater than $67,000 (base case: $53,600), then IPAA became cost-effective with an ICER of $9,029 per QALY gained. All other variations of the model maintained EI as the more cost effective strategy. In patients with medically refractory CD isolated to the colon, colectomy with permanent EI is more cost-effective than IPAA unless the costs associated with the EI surgery exceed $67,000.
Broadband Watt-Level Mid-Infrared Fiber-Coupled Variable Optical Attenuator (2013)

Direct intensity modulation of laser systems in the mid-infrared is marred by instabilities in power output, emission wavelength, and mode profile. In particular, emission characteristics of current implementations of quantum cascade lasers are especially susceptible to modulations in the driving current. We present a broadband mid-infrared variable optical attenuator with large dynamic range and sub-millisecond response time. The modulator has demonstrated 52 dB dynamic range (limited by the detector noise) and <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${&gt;}{\rm 1}~{\rm kHz}$</tex></formula> frequency response, and has been tested at various wavelength covering 3.5–4.8 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\mu{\rm m}$</tex></formula> . The system is composed of a piezoelectric controlled tilt-mirror that images the laser beam into a mid-infrared transmitting optical fiber. The use of broadband anti-reflection optics in the system maintains a high throughput of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${&gt;}{90\%}$</tex></formula> . Power handling of the system has been confirmed up to 4 W (limited by the laser output power).
A Method To Evaluate Lost-Circulation Materials—Investigation of Effective Wellbore-Strengthening Applications (2014)

Summary With increased drilling activity in deeper, harsher, and more-complex environments, controlling nonproductive time during drilling is critical to lowering the cost of well construction. Lost circulation (LC), one of the main contributors to nonproductive time, is a widely discussed topic drawing industry attention, as is evident from recent publications and forums/workshops on the topic. The literature on LC reveals several means of mitigation, ranging from the simple use of lost-circulation materials (LCMs) to the use of gunk/chemical sealants and methods for altering near-wellbore stresses (stress caging or wellbore strengthening). There is a subtle difference between LC and wellbore strengthening, and any research should help facilitate a better understanding of the two. Presented previously (Kumar et al. 2010; Savari et al. 2012) were novel insights into LCMs for wellbore-strengthening applications. Continuing the research effort, this paper discusses another approach for designing LCMs to withstand higher wellbore pressures within a fracture. A property of plug-breaking pressure (PBP) was determined for different LCM combinations by use of a permeability-plugging apparatus (PPA) with tapered slots. LCM combinations with differing mechanical properties behaved differently compared with PBP data. Particles, such as ground marble, alone were not able to plug the tapered slot, and hence the PBP was zero. By use of the previous work described by Savari et al. (2012), the addition of resilient graphitic carbon (RCG) helped with plugging the tapered slot, with a PBP of approximately 900 psi. Adding fibers to the LCM combination was also evaluated. Plugging did not improve when fibers were added only to one other type of particulate LCM. But, the combination of ground marble, RGC, and specific fibers was found to provide the most-efficient plugging, with the highest PBP of approximately 2,100 psi. This work confirms that all LCMs are not equal and that the LCM type plays a role in terms of both plugging and “toughness” to better withstand displacement pressures. It also validates that, most of the time, combinations of LCMs work more effectively compared with the use of only one type. The novel PBP data on different LCM combinations can provide a qualitative comparison of their ability to withstand displacement and/or failure pressures when designing LCM combinations in wellbore-strengthening applications.
Water Distribution Systems: Simulation and Sizing (1990)

This new book and diskette provides detailed instructions on how to find and implement the lowest cost pipe combinations for water distribution systems. It also provides steady state and extended period simulation, as well as fundamentals of pipe sizing. This book and program (WADISO-Water Distribution Simulation and Sizing) are the only tools needed for solving pipe size based on cost. Written by experts at the water plant and the university, it's practical, easy-to-use, and a time-saver. All water utility personnel, water consultants, and university professors will find Water Distribution Systems to be invaluable.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrol in Radical Cyclizations on Sugar Templates. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Effects of carrier transport on relative intensity noise and critique of K factor predictions of modulation response (1992)

The maximum possible intrinsic modulation bandwidth in semiconductor lasers is conventionally written in terms of the K factor. Although this is often sufficient in bulk lasers, it is usually not true in quantum well lasers where carrier transport can significantly affect the high speed properties. Analytical expressions are presented, which include the effects of carrier transport, for the modulation response and the relative intensity noise in quantum well lasers. It is shown that in the presence of significant transport effects, the K factor is not an accurate measure of the maximum possible intrinsic modulation bandwidth.
Subspace Estimation From Incomplete Observations: A High-Dimensional Analysis (2018)

We present a high-dimensional analysis of three popular algorithms, namely, Oja's method, GROUSE and PETRELS, for subspace estimation from streaming and highly incomplete observations. We show that, with proper time scaling, the time-varying principal angles between the true subspace and its estimates given by the algorithms converge weakly to deterministic processes when the ambient dimension n tends to infinity. Moreover, the limiting processes can be exactly characterized as the unique solutions of certain ordinary differential equations (ODEs). A finite sample bound is also given, showing that the rate of convergence towards such limits is O(1/√n). In addition to providing asymptotically exact predictions of the dynamic performance of the algorithms, our high-dimensional analysis yields several insights, including an asymptotic equivalence between Oja's method and GROUSE, and a precise scaling relationship linking the amount of missing data to the signalto-noise ratio. By analyzing the solutions of the limiting ODEs, we also establish phase transition phenomena associated with the steady-state performance of these techniques.
Hyperglycosylated Stable Core Immunogens Designed To Present the CD4 Binding Site Are Preferentially Recognized by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies (2014)

Major obstacles to developing an effective HIV-1 vaccine include the variability of the envelope surface glycoproteins and its high-density glycan shield, generated by incorporation of host (human) glycosylation. HIV-1 does harbor highly conserved sites on the exposed envelope protein surface of gp120, one of which is the virus receptor (CD4) binding site. Several broadly neutralizing antibodies elicited from HIV patients do target this gp120 CD4 binding site (CD4bs); however, gp120 immunogens do not elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies. In this study, we targeted the CD4bs by conformational stabilization and additional glycan masking. We used the atomic-level structure to reengineer gp120 cores to preferentially present the cysteine-stabilized CD4bs and to mask (by glycan) nonneutralizing determinants. Importantly, glycan masking did successfully focus antibody responses to the CD4bs; however, the elicited CD4bs-directed antibodies did not neutralize HIV or bind to unmodified gp120, presumably due to the structure-guided modifications of the modified gp120 core.
Hypofractionated Versus Standard Fractionated Radiotherapy in Patients With Early Breast Cancer or Ductal Carcinoma In Situ in a Randomized Phase III Trial: The DBCG HYPO Trial (2020)

Moderately hypofractionated breast irradiation of node-negative breast cancer or DCIS did not result in more breast induration compared with standard fractionated therapy. Other normal tissue effects were minimal, with similar or less frequent rates in the 40-Gy group. The 9-year locoregional recurrence risk was low.
Oxidative stress in NPC1 deficient cells: protective effect of allopregnanolone (2008)

Niemann-Pick C disease (NPC) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the abnormal function of NPC1 or NPC2 proteins, leading to an accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and glycosphingolipids (GSLs) in the lysosomes. The mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology in NPC disease are not clear. Oxidative damage is implicated in the pathophysiology of different neurological disorders and the effect of GSL accumulation on the intracellular redox state has been documented. Therefore, we determined whether the intracellular redox state might contribute to the NPC disease pathophysiology. Because the treatment of NPC mice with allopregnanolone (ALLO) increases their lifespan and delays the onset of neurological impairment, we analysed the effect of ALLO on the oxidative damage in human NPC fibroblasts. Concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation were higher in fibroblasts from NPC patients than in fibroblasts from normal subjects. Fibroblasts from NPC patients were more susceptible to cell death through apoptosis after an acute oxidative insult. This process is mediated by activation of the NF-kappaB signalling pathway. Knockdown of NPC1 mRNA both in normal fibroblasts and in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells caused increased ROS concentrations. ALLO treatment of fibroblasts from NPC patients or NPC1 knockdown cells reduced the levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation and prevented peroxide-induced apoptosis and NF-kB activation. Thus, these findings suggest that oxidative stress might contribute to the NPC disease and ALLO might be beneficial in the treatment of the disease, at least in part, due to its ability to restore the intracellular redox state.
Synthese von 6,8‐Dimethyl‐1H‐thieno[3,4‐e][1,4]diazepin‐2(3H)‐onen (1977)

Abstract Ausgehend vom 2,5‐Dimethylthiophen ( 1 ) wird die Synthese der 6,8‐Dimethyl‐1 H ‐thieno‐[3,4‐ e ][1,4]diazepin‐2(3 H )‐one 10 beschrieben. Einige spektroskopische Daten der Reaktionsprodukte werden angegeben.
Characteristics of Insulin and Epidermal Growth Factor Stimulation of Receptor Autophosphorylation in Detergent Extracts of Rat Liver and Transplantable Rat Hepatomas* (1984)

Insulin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) share a number of metabolic actions, including stimulation of protein synthesis and growth in certain tissues, and activation of apparent receptor tyrosine kinase activities. We have shown that insulin and EGF promote the phosphorylation of a number of intracellular proteins in common, suggesting that some of the shared metabolic actions of these hormones might be due to shared effects on protein kinases or phosphatases. We, therefore, compared the effects of these hormones on their respective membrane receptor autophosphorylation reactions in detergent extracts prepared from rat liver microsomes. Under appropriate conditions, ligand-promoted receptor autophosphorylation could be observed without further receptor purification. Insulin-and EGF-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation exhibited differing requirements for divalent cations and optimum ATP concentrations, and were enhanced by detergsnt extraction of the membranes. Insulin-promoted receptor autophosphorylation occurred on a tyrosine residue. In liver microsomal extracts prepared from rats exposed to various dietary conditions, insulinstimulated receptor autophosphorylation was enhanced in extracts prepared from starved or diabetic animals when compared to those prepared from fed or fasted-refed animals. Experiments with extracts from several transplantable rat hepatomas of varying degrees of differentiation indicated that both insulin binding and insulin-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation were remarkably preserved in all tumors; in contrast, EGF binding and EGF-induced receptor autophosphorylation were diminished or absent in all tumors studied. These studies suggest that the relationship between insulin-mediated receptor phosphorylation and subsequent metabolic events might be profitably studied in these tissues. (Endocrinology114: 141, 1984)