gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dry-plasma-free chemical etch technique for variability reduction in multi-patterning (Conference Presentation) (2017)

Scaling beyond the 7nm technology node demands significant control over the variability down to a few angstroms, in order to achieve reasonable yield. For example, to meet the current scaling targets it is highly desirable to achieve sub 30nm pitch line/space features at back-end of the line (BEOL) or front end of line (FEOL); uniform and precise contact/hole patterning at middle of line (MOL). One of the quintessential requirements for such precise and possibly self-aligned patterning strategies is superior etch selectivity between the target films while other masks/films are exposed. The need to achieve high etch selectivity becomes more evident for unit process development at MOL and BEOL, as a result of low density films choices (compared to FEOL film choices) due to lower temperature budget. Low etch selectivity with conventional plasma and wet chemical etch techniques, causes significant gouging (un-intended etching of etch stop layer, as shown in Fig 1), high line edge roughness (LER)/line width roughness (LWR), non-uniformity, etc. In certain circumstances this may lead to added downstream process stochastics. Furthermore, conventional plasma etches may also have the added disadvantage of plasma VUV damage and corner rounding (Fig. 1). Finally, the above mentioned factors can potentially compromise edge placement error (EPE) and/or yield. Therefore a process flow enabled with extremely high selective etches inherent to film properties and/or etch chemistries is a significant advantage. To improve this etch selectivity for certain etch steps during a process flow, we have to implement alternate highly selective, plasma free techniques in conjunction with conventional plasma etches (Fig 2.). In this article, we will present our plasma free, chemical gas phase etch technique using chemistries that have high selectivity towards a spectrum of films owing to the reaction mechanism ( as shown Fig 1). Gas phase etches also help eliminate plasma damage to the features during the etch process. Herein we will also demonstrate a test case on how a combination or plasma assisted and plasma free etch techniques has the potential to improve process performance of a 193nm immersion based self aligned quandruple patterning (SAQP) for BEOL compliant films (an example shown in Fig 2). In addition, we will also present on the application of gas etches for (1) profile improvement, (2) selective mandrel pull (3) critical dimension trim of mandrels, with an analysis of advantages over conventional techniques in terms of LER and EPE.
Differential gene expression of mammalian SPO11/TOP6A homologs during meiosis1 (1999)

As the initiator of DNA double-strand breaks during meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the SPO11 protein is essential for recombination. Similarity between SPO11 and archaebacterial TOP6A proteins points to evolutionary specialization of a DNA cleavage function for meiotic recombination. To determine whether this extends to mammals, we isolated and characterized mouse and human SPO11 cDNAs. Mammalian SPO11 genes were found to be expressed at high levels only in testis, wherein mouse Spo11 transcript is restricted primarily to meiotic germ cells and is maximally expressed at midpachynema. Mouse Spo11 is located near the distal end of chromosome 2, while human SPO11 is found in the homologous position of chromosome 20q13.2-13.3, a region that is amplified in some breast cancers. Sequence homology and differential expression together support a highly conserved role for SPO11 in the enzymatic cleavage of DNA that accompanies meiotic recombination.
Primary total knee replacement arthroplasty for the 1990s (1990)

The history of total knee replacement has been reviewed and is presented here. The state of the art of total knee replacement today has within it many controversies, these are discussed as well. The future of knee replacement where younger patients will be receiving this operation and the pressure to lower the cost in older patients are also discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: EFFECTS OF LIGAND SUBSTITUENTS ON EXCITED‐STATE REACTIVITY AND OVERALL PHOTOREDOX BEHAVIOR FOR (POLYPYRIDYL)RUTHENIUM(II) COMPLEXES. LASER FLASH STUDY WITH POTENTIAL REDUCTIVE QUENCHERS (1982)

Abstract Das Verschwinden der angeregten Zustände in den Komplexen (I) und der Mechanismus der darauffolgenden Photoreduktion mit Triethylamin wird untersucht.
Strong Valence Band Convergence to Enhance Thermoelectric Performance in PbSe with Two Chemically Independent Controls (2020)

We present an effective approach to favorably modify the electronic structure of PbSe using Ag doping coupled with SrSe or BaSe alloying. The Ag 4d states make a contribution to in the top of the heavy hole valence band and raise its energy. The Sr and Ba atoms diminish the contribution of Pb 6s<sup>2</sup> states and decrease the energy of the light hole valence band. This electronic structure modification increases the density-of-states effective mass, and strongly enhances the thermoelectric performance. Moreover, the Ag-rich nanoscale precipitates, discordant Ag atoms, and Pb/Sr, Pb/Ba point defects in the PbSe matrix work together to reduce the lattice thermal conductivity, resulting a record high average ZT<sub>avg</sub> of around 0.86 over 400-923 K.
Preface to Special Issue of ChemSusChem on Lignin Valorization: From Theory to Practice (2020)

In this Editorial, Guest Editors Run-Cang Sun, Joseph S. M. Samec, and Arthur J. Ragauskas introduce the Special Issue of ChemSusChem on Lignin Valorization: From Theory to Practice. The significance of and enormous challenges for the utilization of lignin are reviewed, and the contents of the Special Issue with highly interesting contributions from scientists around the world are outlined.
Technical section Dynamic superimposition of synthetic objects on rigid and simple-deformable real objects (2002)

A current challenge in augmented reality applications is the accurate superimposition of synthetic objects on real objects within the environment. This challenge is heightened when the real objects are in motion and/or are non-rigid. In this article, we present a robust method for real-time, optical superimposition of synthetic objects on dynamic, rigid and simple-deformable real objects. Moreover, we illustrate this general method with the VRDA Tool, a medical education application enabling the visualization of internal human knee joint anatomy on a real human knee. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Immunoisolating Pancreatic Islets by Encapsulation with Selective Withdrawal (2007)

This manuscript reports the application of the selective-withdrawal coating technique to the microencapsulation of insulin-producing pancreatic islets within thin poly(ethylene glycol) coatings. These polymer coatings permit the islets to respond to changes in glucose concentration by producing insulin with a dose-response profile that is substantially similar to that of unencapsulated islets. Furthermore, the hydrogel capsules exclude the large molecules of the immune system. These results suggest that the microencapsulation technique-which combines droplet formation from a flow of two immiscible fluids with polymerization chemistries-has the characteristics required for the transplantation of islets for the treatment of Type I diabetes.
Directional Surface Plasmon Coupled Luminescence for Analytical Sensing Applications: Which Metal, What Wavelength, What Observation Angle? (2009)

The ability of luminescent species in the near-field to both induce and couple to surface plasmons has been known for many years, with highly directional emission from films (Surface Plasmon Coupled Luminescence, SPCL) facilitating the development of sensitive near-field assay sensing platforms, to name but just one application. Because of the near-field nature of the effect, only luminescent species (fluorescence, chemiluminescence and phosphorescence) within a few hundred nanometers from the surface play a role in coupling, which in terms of biosensing, provides for limited penetration into optically dense media, such as in whole blood. Another attractive feature is the highly polarized and angular dependent emission which allows both fixed angle and wavelength dependent emission angles to be realized at high polarization ratios. In this paper, a generic procedure based on theoretical Fresnel calculations, which outlines the step-by-step selection of an appropriate metal for SPCL applications is presented. It is also shown that 11 different metals have differing properties in different spectral regions and offer either fixed angle or wavelength-dependent angular shifts in emission. In addition, it is shown that both chemiluminescence and phosphorescence can also be observed in a highly directional manner similar to coupled fluorescence.
Smart Wireless Environments Enabled by RISs: Deployment Scenarios and Two Key Challenges (2022)

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) constitute the enabler for programmable propagation of electromagnetic signals, and are lately being considered as a candidate physicallayer technology for the demanding connectivity, reliability, localization, and sustainability requirements of next generation wireless communications networks. In this paper, we present various deployment scenarios for RIS-enabled smart wireless environments that have been recently designed by the ongoing EU H2020 RISE-6G project. The scenarios are taxonomized according to performance objectives, in particular, connectivity and reliability, localization and sensing, as well as sustainability and secrecy. We identify various deployment strategies and sketch the core architectural requirements in terms of RIS control and signaling, depending on the RIS hardware architectures and their respective capabilities. Furthermore, we introduce and discuss, via preliminary simulation results and reflectarray measurements, two key novel challenges with RIS-enabled smart wireless environments, namely, the area of influence and the bandwidth of influence of RISs, which corroborate the need for careful deployment and planning of this new technology.
Putting Accountability of AI Systems into Practice (2020)

To improve and ensure trustworthiness and ethics on Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, several initiatives around the globe are producing principles and recommendations, which are providing to be difficult to translate into technical solutions. A common trait among ethical AI requirements is accountability that aims at ensuring responsibility, auditability, and reduction of negative impact of AI systems. To put accountability into practice, this paper presents the Global-view Accountability Framework (GAF) that considers auditability and redress of conflicting information arising from a context with two or more AI systems which can produce a negative impact. A technical implementation of the framework for automotive and motor insurance is demonstrated, where the focus is on preventing and reporting harm rendered by autonomous vehicles.
A Reversible Lithium Intercalation Process in an ReO[sub 3]-Type Structure PNb[sub 9]O[sub 25] (2002)

Among the large family of Wadsley-Roth-type phases, presents, as other shear structures such as and a peculiar arrangement of -type blocks connected through tetrahedra. The crystal structure was redetermined by combined Rietveld refinements of X-ray and neutron powder diffraction data, for the first time in the tetragonal space group I with and The electrochemical insertion of lithium into reaches a value of between 3.0 and 1.0 V vs. at a slow cycling rate. Within this voltage window, in situ X-ray diffraction reveals that the reversible intercalation of lithium occurs through three single- and two two-phase regions. The variation of the lattice parameters as a function of indicates a global change of associated with the reduction of to and then partly to At voltages lower than 1 V vs. extra irreversible phenomena, such as electrolyte and/or carbon reduction were identified but, remarkably, highly crystalline particles of remain unaltered when discharging the cell for prolonged time down to 0.02 V vs. The behavior of is very similar to that of but different to that of where irreversible reduction of to (in tetrahedral coordination) takes place. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Landslide Early Warning Systems: Requirements and Solutions for Disaster Risk Reduction—India (2023)

Abstract Globally the prevalence of landslides has increased, impacting more than 4.8 million people between 1998 and 2017 and reported more than 18,000 casualties [UNDP]. The scenario has worsened dramatically, and it has become imperative to develop early warning systems to save human life. This demands the need for systems that could identify the potential of imminent landslides and disseminate the information related to landslide initiation in real-time. This would provide the opportunity to save lives. However, globally the research on reliable end-to-end systems for early warning of landslides is still in its nascent stage. Therefore, this paper explores in detail the requirements for developing systems for real-time monitoring, detection, and early warning of landslides. An integrated solution for building the real-time landslide monitoring and early warning system to provide community-scale disaster resilience is also proposed. This solution integrates multiple modules such as a heterogeneous sensor system, data storage and management, event detection framework, alert dissemination, and emergency communication system to address issues such as capturing dynamic variability, managing multi-scale voluminous datasets, extracting key triggering information regarding the onset of possible landslide, multilevel alert dissemination, and robust emergency communication among the stakeholders respectively. The paper also presents two case studies of real-time landslide early warning systems deployed in North-eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats of India. These case studies demonstrate the approaches utilized for risk assessment, risk analysis, risk evaluation, risk visualization, risk control, risk communication, and risk governance. The results from the deployed system in the case study areas demonstrate the capability of the IoT system to gather Spatio-temporal triggers for multiple types of landslides, detection and decision of specific scenarios, and the impact of real-time data on mitigating the imminent disaster.
Optimized Block-Diagonalization Precoding Technique Using Givens Rotations Qr Decomposition (2018)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Kos island, Greece, 2017
An Empirical Approach for Modeling Fuzzy Geographical Descriptors (2017)

We present a novel heuristic approach that defines fuzzy geographical descriptors using data gathered from a survey with human subjects. The participants were asked to provide graphical interpretations of the descriptors `north' and `south' for the Galician region (Spain). Based on these interpretations, our approach builds fuzzy descriptors that are able to compute membership degrees for geographical locations. We evaluated our approach in terms of efficiency and precision. The fuzzy descriptors are meant to be used as the cornerstones of a geographical referring expression generation algorithm that is able to linguistically characterize geographical locations and regions. This work is also part of a general research effort that intends to establish a methodology which reunites the empirical studies traditionally practiced in data-to-text and the use of fuzzy sets to model imprecision and vagueness in words and expressions for text generation purposes.
Position Information from Single-Bounce Reflections (2020)

In the context of positioning a target with a single-anchor, this contribution focuses on the Fisher information about the position, orientation and clock offset of the target provided by single-bounce reflections. The availability of prior knowledge of the target's environment is taken into account via a prior distribution of the position of virtual anchors, and the rank, intensity and direction of provided information is studied. We show that when no prior knowledge is available, single-bounce reflections offer position information in the direction parallel to the reflecting surface, irrespective of the target's and anchor's locations. We provide a geometrically intuitive explanation of the results and present numerical examples demonstrating their potential implications.
Altered gut microbiota of obesity subjects promotes colorectal carcinogenesis in mice (2023)

This work was funded by National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFA0509200/2020YFA0509203), National Natural Science Foundation of China (81922082), RGC Theme-based Research Scheme Hong Kong (T21-705/20-N), RGC Research Impact Fund Hong Kong (R4632-21F), RGC-CRF Hong Kong (C4039-19GF and C7065-18GF), RGC-GRF Hong Kong (14110819, 14111621), and NTU Start-Up Grant (021337-00001).
Impact of position sensor accuracy on the performance of propulsion IPM drives (2015)

This paper addresses the influence of rotor position sensor accuracy on the performance of the Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) motor drives used for automotive propulsion application. Analytical equations for the torque production in IPM machines show that the machine output torque drops sharply with angle error at high operating speeds. This also shows the need for rotor position feedback with high accuracy and resolution, especially for operation in the flux weakening region. Finite element analysis was performed to substantiate this conclusion and also to estimate the torque and power degradation due to the position sensor error. The torque/speed curves on an experimental drive system was measured on the dyno to corroborate the analytical and simulation results. The dynamic angle error of a typical high resolution/accuracy sensor was measured on the test bench at various operating speeds and temperatures and the measured data was used for computing the impact of angle error on the torque ripple. The details of these results are presented in the paper.
Applications of cryogenic plasma etching for microtechnology and advanced CMOS manufacturing (2013)

International audience
Experimental Sector and Flame-Tube Evaluations of a Multipoint Integrated Module Concept for Low Emission Combustors (2004)

Emissions from a low-NOx combustor concept were measured in a flame-tube (uncooled, ceramic lined) combustor and a three-module sector combustor. The low-NOx concept used in both the flame-tube and sector tests is a multipoint, lean-direct injection concept. The multipoint modules have 12, 13 or 20 fuel injectors in place of a conventional fuel injector. An integrated-module approach is used for the construction, where chemically etched laminates are diffusion bonded and combine the fuel injectors, air swirlers and fuel manifold into a single module. Test conditions include inlet temperatures up to 810K, inlet pressures up to 2760 kPa, and equivalence ratios up to 0.6 using Jet-A fuel. The NOx emissions from the sector tests are similar to those from the flame-tube tests when the difference in liner cooling is accounted. The NOx emissions are correlated to the inlet temperature, inlet pressure, and fuel-air ratio. The goal of at least 70% reduction from the 1996 ICAO standard using a 20:1 pressure-ratio engine cycle was met. The range of low-power operability using circumferential fuel staging was near the goal, but fuel staging within the module did not improve the operability range.
Interior-Induced Fracture Mechanism of High Cleanliness Spring Steel (JIS SWOSC-V) in Very High Cycle Regime (2015)

In order to investigate the interior-induced fatigue crack propagation behavior of high cleanliness valve spring steel (JIS SWOSC-V), rotating bending fatigue tests were performed for various kinds of specimens with different hardness or surface finishings. The harder specimen with higher compressive residual stress showed longer fatigue life. The electrochemical polished specimen pre-treated with shot peening showed almost same fatigue life as the shot-peened specimen in spite of the difference in surface roughness. After fatigue tests, fracture surfaces were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to evaluate the fatigue fracture mechanism. Most specimens failed in surface-induced fracture mode due to high cleanliness; however, some specimens failed in interior-induced fracture mode in the very high cycle regime. Although non-metallic inclusions were not observed at interior fatigue crack initiation sites, 2 types of significant microstructures (with smooth surface or granular surface) were observed. EBSD analysis, profile analysis and computational simulation using a fracture surface topographic analysis (FRASTA) method were performed to investigate the mechanism of the interior-induced fatigue fracture caused by the microstructure at defect without any inclusion.
Integrated Lasers on Silicon at Communication Wavelength: A Progress Review (Advanced Optical Materials 23/2022) (2022)

Silicon photonics has developed as a mature technology for communications, while laser integration on silicon remains challenging since silicon is an indirect bandgap material. In article number 2201008, Nanxi Li and co-workers present a comprehensive review on the recent advances of lasers integrated on silicon with different gain materials including III–V semiconductors, germanium/germanium tin, silicon with Raman effect, and rare-earth-doped thin film. Also, the future outlook for integrated lasers on silicon is included. The review provides valuable reference for readers interested in lasers and integrated photonics.
Supplementary Figures from Bortezomib Treatment Sensitizes Oncolytic HSV-1–Treated Tumors to NK Cell Immunotherapy (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure S1. Effects of combination treatment of both bortezomib and oHSV on cancer cell killing. Supplementary Figure S2. Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) treatment and RIPK1 knock down did not reduce the bortezomib-induced increase in virus replication. Supplementary Figure S3. Single treatment with bortezomib or oHSV enhances NK cell mediated glioma killing. Supplementary Figure S4. Combination treatment with bortezomib and oHSV enhance mice survival in vivo.&lt;/p&gt;
Editorial (2014)

This issue contains research and survey papers contributed by invited speakers at the GAGTA (Geometric and Asymptotic Group Theory with Applications) conference that was held in New York in May 2013.GAGTA is a series of conferences organized annually, since 2005, by researchers in group theory all over the world.These conferences are devoted to the study of a variety of areas in geometric and combinatorial group theory, including asymptotic and probabilistic methods, as well as algorithmic and computational topics, with applications to information security.One of the main themes of GAGTA-7 in New York was acknowledging outstanding contributions of Gilbert Baumslag to group theory and other areas, on the occasion of his 80th birthday.While this issue of the journal was already in print, a shocking news came: Gilbert has passed away on October 20, 2014.We have decided to dedicate this issue to Gilbert and pay tribute to his life and his fundamental contributions to mathematics and computer science.Gilbert got his Ph.D. degree from the University of Manchester in 1958 under the supervision of Bernhard H. Neumann.In 1959, he came to the United States, rst taking a job at Princeton University, then at Courant Institute (NYU), where he worked with Wilhelm Magnus, one of the most in uential group theorists of the 20th century.It was then, in the early 1960s, that Gilbert started to participate in the New York group theory seminar founded by Magnus.Later he became the main organizer of the seminar, a