gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of MR elastography and FibroScan for the non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis (2007)

Results The measurement with FibroScan could not be performed in six patients who were obese or had ascites. These patients were excluded from the analysis and the final study group included thus 42 patients. According to the Metavir scoring system,12 patients (29%) had a stage of F0, 7 (17%) F1, 6 (14%) F2, 7 (17%) F3, and 10 (23%) F4. The MRE elasticity and viscosity, and FibroScan elasticity measurements are presented in Table 1. All these parameters increased according to the stage of liver fibrosis, and were correlated to the fibrosis stage: r = 0.95, P < .001 for MRE elasticity; r = 0.81, P < .001 for viscosity; and r = 0.72, P < .001 for FibroScan elasticity. The areas under the ROC curves are shown in Table 2. The most discriminant cut-off values of MRE elasticity were 2.4 kPa for F 1, 2.5 kPa for F 2, 3.1 kPa for F 3, and 4.3 kPa for F = 4. Discussion These results show that MRE is an accurate non-invasive method to stage liver fibrosis and that the measurements of elasticity obtained with MRE have a larger area under the ROC curve than the elasticity measurements obtained with FibroScan . The MRE elasticity measurements allowed to clearly separate the intermediate fibrosis stages and more precisely F2 from F1. This high accuracy is clinically important because, according to the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, patients with hepatitis C genotype-1 infection should be treated only when substantial fibrosis ( F2) is observed. The viscosity measurements were less accurate than the MRE elasticity measurements to stage liver fibrosis. The better results of MRE relative to FibroScan can be explained by two reasons. First, the volume assessed with MRE is much larger than the volume evaluated with ultrasound elastography. Second, MRE allows to assess the whole three-dimensional displacement vector induced by the mechanical waves. The results of the present study suggest that MRE is more accurate than FibroScan to stage liver fibrosis.
Decreasing spine implant costs and inter-physician cost variation (2015)

The demand for spinal surgery and its costs have both risen over the past decade. In 2008 the aggregate hospital bill for surgical care of all spinal procedures was reported to be $33.9 billion. One key driver of rising costs is spinal implants. In 2011 our institution implemented a cost containment programme for spinal implants which was designed to reduce the prices of individual spinal implants and to reduce the inter-surgeon variation in implant costs. Between February 2012 and January 2013, our spinal surgeons performed 1493 spinal procedures using implants from eight different vendors. By applying market analysis and implant cost data from the previous year, we established references prices for each individual type of spinal implant, regardless of vendor, who were required to meet these unit prices. We found that despite the complexity of spinal surgery and the initial reluctance of vendors to reduce prices, significant savings were made to the medical centre.
Simultaneous pitches are encoded separately in auditory cortex: an MMNm study (2008)

This study examined whether two simultaneous pitches have separate memory representations or an integrated representation in preattentive auditory memory. Mismatch negativity fields were examined when a pitch change occurred in either the higher-pitched or the lower-pitched tone at 25% probability each, thus making the total deviation rate of the two-tone dyad 50%. Clear MMNm was obtained for deviants in both tones confirming separate memory traces for concurrent tones. At the same time, deviants to the lower-pitched, but not higher-pitched, tone within the two-tone dyad elicited a reduced MMNm compared to when each tone was presented alone, indicating that the representations of two pitches are not completely independent.
IL-4Ra signaling is required for thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)-induced type 2 airway inflammation (2021)

<b>Introduction:</b> Inhibiting the IL-4/IL-13 pathway has shown clinical benefit in diseases with underlying type 2 (T2) signatures (atopic dermatitis (AD), asthma and chronic sinusitis with nasal polyposis and eosinophilic esophagitis). While TSLP is implicated as a driver of T2 inflammation, it is not ubiquitously involved as evidenced by efficacy of TSLP blockade in clinical studies in asthmatics, but not in AD patients. <b>Aim:</b> To determine unique contributions of IL-4/IL-13 and TSLP signaling to T2 lung inflammation. <b>Methods:</b> Intranasal delivery of TSLP plus ovalbumin (Ova) to WT and <i>Il4ra</i> KO mice, or IL-4 or IL-13 to WT and <i>Tslp</i> KO mice, to induce lung inflammation. WT mice, receiving prophylactic treatment (anti‐IL-4R⍺, anti-TSLP, isotype control or no antibody), were sensitized and challenged with Ova or exposed to house dust mite (HDM). Terminal serum and lung&nbsp;endpoints were captured. <b>Results:</b> Intranasal TSLP plus Ova delivery promoted hallmark features of T2 lung inflammation, including goblet cell metaplasia, lung tissue eosinophilia and elevated IgE, all of which were abrogated in <i>Il4ra</i> KO mice. Conversely, IL-4 or IL-13 administration promoted several of these T2 endpoints independently of TSLP signaling. Consistently, pathway blockade in two preclinical models (Ova-alum or HDM), demonstrated that IL-4R⍺ blockade protected mice from T2 lung inflammation more effectively than TSLP blockade. <b>Conclusion:</b> We show that TSLP regulates T2 airway inflammation by engaging IL-4R⍺ signaling, while IL-4R⍺ drives T2 inflammation independently of TSLP. Furthermore, in the context of T2 inflammation, our data highlight a central role of IL-4R⍺ signaling in maintaining airway health.
p-Hydroxybenzoylformic acid and (R)-(−)-p-hydroxymandelic acid, two antifungal compounds isolated from the liquid culture of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus arhizus (1991)

Two antifungal compounds isolated from the liquid culture medium of Pisolithus arhizus were identified as p-hydroxybenzoylformic acid and (R)-(−)-p-hydroxymandelic acid and given the trivial names pisolithin A and pisolithin B, respectively. The efficacy of the compounds to inhibit the germination of conidia of Truncatella hartigii was compared with that of commercially available structural analogues, and a comparable range of effectiveness for 50% germination inhibition (GI 50 ) of conidia was recorded. The commercially available synthetic compounds (R)-mandelic acid, benzoylformic acid, and racemic p-hydroxymandelic acid, had GI 50 values of 82, 72, and 59 μg/mL, respectively, as compared with the natural compounds pisolithin A, 67 μg/mL, and pisolithin B, 71 μg/mL. Two synthetic S enantiomers of mandelic acid, (S)-mandelic acid and (S)-(+)-p-hydroxymandelic acid, were the most effective compounds, with GI 50 values of 31 and 33 μg/mL, respectively. A sodium salt of mandelic acid had no activity below 500 μg/mL. Pisolithin A and pisolithin B were compared with polyoxin D for inhibition of hyphal growth, as measured by protein estimation. Both pisolithin A and B measured higher levels of putative extractable protein than polyoxin D, but less mycelial wet weight was measured. It is suggested that the pisolithins caused a disruption of cell turgor. A measurement of mycelial dry weights of phytopathogens, incubated with the commercially available analogues, benzoylformic acid and racemic p-hydroxymandelic acid, indicated that benzoylformic acid was either more effective than, or as effective as, racemic p-hydroxymandelic acid or nystatin in arresting fungal growth. For ectomycorrhizal fungi confronted with the pisolithins, both compounds were effective in inhibiting the growth of an equal number of fungi, but benzoylformic acid caused a growth stimulation of some ectomycorrhizal fungi. The result of growth stimulation by the compound is discussed. Key words: Pisolithus, antifungal, ectomycorrhizal, biological control.
A Reliable Wireless Mesh Infrastructure Deployment at Crisis Site (2007)

emergency communication infrastructure should allow fast and reliable information dissemination to assist community and ease mitigation activities. Failure in communication networks and information exchange in past has impeded the responders' efforts resulting in huge loss of lives and economical impacts. Reliability, quick reconfiguration and interoperability are specific requirements of a robust communication infrastructure at disaster sites. We have deployed a wireless mesh test bed at several drills on campus and in the city to identify the vulnerabilities of the existing communication infrastructure and enhance the network capacity and performance. We present the real measurements obtained over the deployment of the wireless mesh test bed at disaster site followed by an analytical discussion of the important observations concerning the factors that impact performance or cause network congestion.
Trace formulation for photonic inverse design with incoherent sources (2022)

Abstract Spatially incoherent light sources, such as spontaneously emitting atoms, naively require Maxwell’s equations to be solved many times to obtain the total emission, which becomes computationally intractable in conjunction with large-scale optimization (inverse design). We present a trace formulation of incoherent emission that can be efficiently combined with inverse design, even for topology optimization over thousands of design degrees of freedom. Our formulation includes previous reciprocity-based approaches, limited to a few output channels (e.g., normal emission), as special cases but generalizes to a continuum of emission directions by exploiting the low-rank structure of emission problems. We present several examples of incoherent-emission topology optimization, including tailoring the geometry of fluorescent particles, a periodically emitting surface, and a structure emitting into a waveguide mode, as well as discussing future applications to problems such as Raman sensing and cathodoluminescence.
Alkene–Arene meta Photocycloadditions with a Four‐Carbon‐Atom Tether: Efficient Approach toward the Polycyclic Ring Systems of Aphidicolin and Stemodinone (2005)

At the end of its tether! The fusion of a six-membered ring onto the four-carbon-atom tether of substrate 1 provides an efficient approach toward the polycyclic ring systems of the natural products aphidicolin and stemodinone. The reaction represents a unique example of a preference for product formation from an endo exciplex in an intramolecular system (exo:endo 2:3=1.0:1.2).
Borate esters: Identification, structure, stability, and cation coordinating ability. (1986)

Diverse auteurs realiseren zich onvoldoende dat met behulp van potentio
Translational research: A systems engineer approach (2008)

The World Health Organization, in its World Health Report 2000 - Health Systems: Improving Performance said, ldquoThe U.S. health system spends a higher portion of its gross domestic product than any other country but ranks 37 out of 191 countries according to its performance...rdquo National Institute of Health (NIH) established the Common Fund in 2004 to advance interdisciplinary research across institutes and research centers. In 2006 the Congress passed the NIH Reform Act that instructed the NIH to support cross-cutting trans-NIH programs. As a result of the NIH Reform Act, the NIH Institutes and Centers developed specific criteria for Common Fund programs.
Transcriptional Interactions Between Yeast tRNA Genes, Flanking Genes and Ty Elements: A Genomic Point of View (2003)

Retroelement insertion can alter the expression of nearby genes. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae retrotransposons Ty1-Ty4 are transcribed by RNA polymerase II (pol II) and target their integration upstream of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III (pol III), mainly tRNA genes. Because tRNA genes can repress nearby pol II-transcribed genes, we hypothesized that transcriptional interference may exist between Ty1 insertions and pol III-transcribed genes, the preferred targets for Ty1 integration. Ty1s upstream of two pol III-transcribed genes (SNR6 and SUP2) were recovered and analyzed by RNA blot analysis. Ty1 insertions were found to exert a neutral or modest stimulatory effect on the expression of these genes. Further RNA analysis indicated a modest tRNA position effect on Ty1 transcription. To investigate the possible genomic relevance of these expression effects, we compiled a comprehensive tRNA gene database. This database allowed us to analyze a genome's worth of tRNA genes and Ty elements. It also enabled the prediction and experimental confirmation of tRNA gene position effects at native chromosomal loci. We provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that tRNA genes exert a modest inhibitory effect on adjacent pol II promoters. Direct analysis of PTR3 transcription, promoted by sequences very close to a tRNA gene, shows that this tRNA position effect can operate on a native chromosomal gene.
Efficient Utilization of Woody Biomass with Supercritical Fluid Technologies (2005)

大量生産, 大量消費, 大量廃棄が美徳と考えられた20世紀の人類文明に対する反省から, 21世紀においては環境調和型社会の構築が求められている。46億年という地球の長い歴史の中で, ほんの一瞬にすぎない200年余りの短期間に石油などの化石資源が多用され, 様々なエネルギー及び環境問題を引き起こしてきた。このような中, 化石資源由来の燃料や化学物質を循環型資源から創り出そうとする動きが近年活発化し, 再生可能なバイオマス資源によるポスト石油化学が21世紀において注目されている。このような背景のもと, 環境負荷の小さな超臨界流体技術を用いた新規なプロセスによるバイオエネルギー及びバイオマテリアルの創製が活発に検討されている。本稿ではその成果と現状を紹介する。
Electrospun polymer nanofibers coated with metal oxides by liquid phase deposition (2005)

Polyacrylonitrile fibers were electrospun yielding diameters in the range of 50 to 200 nm. These nanofibers were then immersed in an aqueous coating solution to deposit a continuous film of titanium dioxide on the surface. In order to shorten the coating time and optimize the metal oxide layer thickness, the fibers were surface functionalized by immersion in sodium hydroxide to have carboxylic acid groups. Polyelectrolytes were electrostatically adsorbed to some of the functionalized fiber surface samples prior to metal oxide deposition. The metal oxide nucleation density was compared after three hours for nanofibers with a cationic surface, an anionic surface, a carboxylic acid surface, and an untreated surface. Fibers with the carboxylic acid surface exhibited the highest nucleation density, which led to the shortest coating time. Such polymer-metal oxide nanoscale composite structures are expected to be of great utility in a number of applications, including sensors, photovoltaic cells, and catalytic surfaces.
The Distribution of the Product of Independent Rayleigh Random Variables (2006)

We derive the exact probability density functions (pdf) and distribution functions (cdf) of a product of n independent Rayleigh distributed random variables. The case n=1 is the classical Rayleigh distribution, while n/spl ges/2 is the n-Rayleigh distribution that has recently attracted interest in wireless propagation research. The distribution functions are derived by using an inverse Mellin transform technique from statistics, and are given in terms of a special function of mathematical physics, the Meijer G-function. Series forms of the distribution function are also provided for n=3, 4, 5. We also derive a computationally simple moment-based estimator for the parameter occurring in the distribution, and evaluate its variance.
Macrocyclic coordination chemistry (2011)

This chapter reviews the literature published on macrocyclic coordination chemistry during 2010. The aim is to describe the key advances, focusing predominantly on complexes formed with transition metal and lanthanide ions. Porphyrin ligands and supramolecular chemistry are not covered. Trends in the development of macrocyclic chelator design and the impact of the coordination chemistry on both existing and emerging applications are discussed.
Glamor: An architecture for file system federation (2008)

We present the design and implementation of Glamor, a framework for building a wide-area federated file system. Glamor enables distributed file access across enterprise-wide or Internet-scale networks where users can seamlessly navigate through data across a set of heterogeneous, loosely coupled file servers. Glamor can be viewed as an architecture for file system virtualization. From the user's point of view, the file system boundaries defined by the physical file servers are indistinct; instead, users are presented with a unified file-based view of all the file storage within an enterprise. This simplifies management and enables better resource utilization and scalability. Glamor also supports user data, to be replicated among different participating file servers, and redirects users to the closest location of the data. Thus, Glamor provides a common unified namespace and managed data replication. It does this by relying completely on standard file system clients and file access protocols.
Inhibitory Kcnip2 neurons of the spinal dorsal horn control behavioral sensitivity to environmental cold (2022)

Proper sensing of ambient temperature is of utmost importance for the survival of euthermic animals, including humans. While considerable progress has been made in our understanding of temperature sensors and transduction mechanisms, the higher-order neural circuits processing such information are still only incompletely understood. Using intersectional genetics in combination with circuit tracing and functional neuron manipulation, we identified Kcnip2-expressing inhibitory (Kcnip2<sup>GlyT2</sup>) interneurons of the mouse spinal dorsal horn as critical elements of a neural circuit that tunes sensitivity to cold. Diphtheria toxin-mediated ablation of these neurons increased cold sensitivity without affecting responses to other somatosensory modalities, while their chemogenetic activation reduced cold and also heat sensitivity. We also show that Kcnip2<sup>GlyT2</sup> neurons become activated preferentially upon exposure to cold temperatures and subsequently inhibit spinal nociceptive output neurons that project to the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Our results thus identify a hitherto unknown spinal circuit that tunes cold sensitivity.
Quick External Leakage Inspection Method for Gas Supplying System in Semiconductor Facility Using Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometer. (1996)

Semiconductor fabrication field requires screening technology, for external air leakage inspection in a clean room gas delivery system which can inspect all inspection points in one gas line in one process. Recent advances in welding technology have meant that the occurrence of a leak at welding point is now extremely uncommon. Inspection costs of a gas delivery system can therefore be decreased by applying such a screening process. The detection sensitivity required for screening of the air component is ppt level or below.The atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer (APIMS) was applied to the screening process using the argon carrier gas. Trace nitrogen which previously could not be detected by the APIMS, could be detected by mixing hydrogen in the argon gas. The detection sensitivity was increased over 100 times compared to the oxygen detection since there is a large amount of nitrogen in air and the proton transfer reaction for nitrogen ionization having a larger rate constant than the charge transfer reaction for oxygen ionization. N2H+ intensity shows a sudden increase with H2 concentration because the rate constant, in the rate-determining step for N2H+ formation in higher H2 concentrations, is larger than that in the lower H2 concentrations. The optimum H2 concentration is 3-10% for obtaining the higher sensitivity.It is expected that the application of APIMS technique will greatly reduce the costs associated with the leak inspection.
Integrated rare-Earth doped mode-locked lasers on a CMOS platform (2018)

Mode-locked lasers provide extremely low jitter optical pulse trains for a number of applications ranging from sampling of RF-signals and optical frequency combs to microwave and optical signal synthesis. Integrated versions have the advantage of high reliability, low cost and compact. Here, we describe a fully integrated mode-locked laser architecture on a CMOS platform that utilizes rare-earth doped gain media, double-chirped waveguide gratings for dispersion compensation and nonlinear Michelson Interferometers for generating an artificial saturable absorber to implement additive pulse mode locking on chip. First results of devices at 1.9 &mu;m using thulium doped aluminum-oxide glass and operating in the Q-switched mode locking regime are presented.
Hyperdoped silicon sub-band gap photoresponse for an intermediate band solar cell in silicon (2014)

Hyperdoping silicon with impurities is considered an attractive method to develop an intermediate band solar cell in silicon with the potential to increase the photovoltaic cell efficiency beyond that of the Shockley-Queisser limit by utilizing sub-band gap photons for energy generation. Unfortunately, to date sub-band gap photoresponse has not been observed in singlecrystal hyperdoped silicon at room temperature, which is crucial for the development of intermediate band solar cells. In this contribution, we report and analyze room-temperature sub-band gap photoresponse of single-crystal silicon hyperdoped with gold. We further discuss the potential of using gold-hyperdoped silicon for IBSC in silicon.
Photorefractivity at 1.5 μm in CdTe:V (1990)

CdTe is the least studied of the photorefractive semiconductors known to date (GaAs, InP, and CdTe). This is somewhat surprising considering that the electrooptic coefficient of CdTe is almost four times larger than that of GaAs and InP. CdTe is also one of the most sensitive photorefractive media available. Its photorefractive figure of merit for sensitivity (index change per absorbed photon), n 3 r 41 /ε r is 2.5 times that of GaAs.
A proposed magnetically enhanced reactive ion etcher for ULSI (1992)

An ultraclean (UC) magnetically enhanced reactive ion etcher (MERIE) is proposed to overcome the limitations of the present-state MERIE available commercially. The sensitivity of gas compositions, pumping speed, substrate temperature and magnetic field intensity are discussed as examples of hardware-related process limitations. Five major configuration changes are proposed in the system: (1) improved effective pumping speed; (2) supplementary magnets for uniform and stable plasma distribution; (3) dual RF excitation for independent control of ion energy and flux; (4) DC-biased shield electrode for minimum chamber material contamination; and (5) DC-biased substrate. A study with a dual RF excitation system found that DC-baising the Si substrate in low-energy SiO/sub 2/ etching process can significantly reduce the Si etching rate by impeding positive ions from reaching the substrate. In addition, SiO/sub 2/ to Si etching rate selectivity can be significantly improved during the overetch step in SiO/sub 2/ etching of high-aspect-ratio contact holes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
DMS: Dynamic Inter- and Intra-Domain Mobility Support Framework for Information Centric Networking (2018)

The objective of this proposal is to introduce a mobility support
framework for information centric networking (ICN) that is capable of
supporting dynamic mobility scenarios associated with both consumer
and producer applications, in a mobile device connected to a wireless
LAN or WAN point of attachment (PoA). Due to rapidly evolving user
trends that shift towards increased mobility and increased access to
mobile content delivery (as both content producer and consumer), it is
essential for an ICN architecture to offer active mobility support to
end hosts, and present them with varying degrees of quality of
experience. We enable this through the use of a network-driven
mobility support architecture, which operates in a distributed and
anchorless manner, and relies on late-binding and in--band signaling
with the use of forwarding labels.