gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inverse-design of plasmonic and dielectric optical nanoantennas (2020)

In this section, brief introductions to local, global, and multi-objective optimization algorithms and their application to plasmonic and optical nanoantenna and metasurface design are given. Additionally, a flowchart which discusses how to select the appropriate optimization algorithm for a given inverse-design problem is provided.
Cleavage of human interleukin 1: isolation of a peptide fragment from plasma of febrile humans and activated monocytes. (1984)

Interleukin 1 (IL 1) is a product(s) of mononuclear phagocytes, and has multiple biologic activities that mediate several host responses to infection and inflammation. Highly purified IL 1 activates lymphocytes, induces fever, increases hepatic acute phase protein synthesis, and increases muscle protein degradation. A 4.2 kd peptide has been purified from plasma of febrile humans which also induces muscle proteolysis in vitro (termed proteolysis-inducing factor, PIF). Because IL 1 purified from activated human monocytes induces muscle proteolysis in vitro, studies were performed to determine the relationship of human monocyte-derived IL 1 to plasma-derived PIF. Purified PIF was highly active in the IL 1 thymocyte assay. After gel filtration of plasma from febrile patients, fractions with PIF activity also induced thymocyte proliferation and fever in mice. Thus, it seems likely that the plasma peptide PIF has IL 1 properties and probably represents a small m.w. cleavage product of IL 1. Further studies confirmed this finding. Highly purified 15 kd IL 1, rechromatographed over different gel filtration media, consistently fragmented into a 4 kd peptide with both muscle proteolysis-inducing and lymphocyte-activating properties. The breakdown of the 15 kd IL 1 into biologically active smaller fragments increased with time, and could be accelerated by trypsinization. The monocyte-derived IL 1 fragments were partially destroyed by heat. Highly purified 125I-labeled 15 kd IL 1 also fragmented into subunits, and these radioactive subunits produced fever in mice and were active in the thymocyte assay. Fragmentation of 125I-labeled 15 kd IL 1 was reduced by agents that inhibit proteases. These results indicate that some of the biologic activities of human IL 1 are conserved in small m.w. fragments. These studies also provide evidence that IL 1 may circulate in humans as a 4.2 kd peptide, and that this cleavage product can function as an active mediator of IL 1 effects in the host.
Low-Power Neuromorphic Hardware for Signal Processing Applications: A Review of Architectural and System-Level Design Approaches (2019)

Machine learning has emerged as the dominant tool for implementing complex cognitive tasks that require supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. While the resulting machines have demonstrated in some cases even superhuman performance, their energy consumption has often proved to be prohibitive in the absence of costly supercomputers. Most state-of-the-art machine-learning solutions are based on memoryless models of neurons. This is unlike the neurons in the human brain that encode and process information using temporal information in spike events. The different computing principles underlying biological neurons and how they combine together to efficiently process information is believed to be a key factor behind their superior efficiency compared to current machine-learning systems.
Covariate Balancing Methods for Randomized Controlled Trials Are Not\n Adversarially Robust (2021)

The first step towards investigating the effectiveness of a treatment via a\nrandomized trial is to split the population into control and treatment groups\nthen compare the average response of the treatment group receiving the\ntreatment to the control group receiving the placebo.\n In order to ensure that the difference between the two groups is caused only\nby the treatment, it is crucial that the control and the treatment groups have\nsimilar statistics. Indeed, the validity and reliability of a trial are\ndetermined by the similarity of two groups' statistics. Covariate balancing\nmethods increase the similarity between the distributions of the two groups'\ncovariates. However, often in practice, there are not enough samples to\naccurately estimate the groups' covariate distributions. In this paper, we\nempirically show that covariate balancing with the Standardized Means\nDifference (SMD) covariate balancing measure, as well as Pocock's sequential\ntreatment assignment method, are susceptible to worst-case treatment\nassignments. Worst-case treatment assignments are those admitted by the\ncovariate balance measure, but result in highest possible ATE estimation\nerrors. We developed an adversarial attack to find adversarial treatment\nassignment for any given trial. Then, we provide an index to measure how close\nthe given trial is to the worst-case. To this end, we provide an\noptimization-based algorithm, namely Adversarial Treatment ASsignment in\nTREatment Effect Trials (ATASTREET), to find the adversarial treatment\nassignments.\n
ChemInform Abstract: POTENTIAL ANTITUBERCULOUS AGENTS. 3. N‐ARYL‐N′‐2‐(4‐PHENYL‐5‐ARYLAZOTHIAZOLYL)THIOCARBAMIDES (1977)

Abstract Durch Umsetzen des Aminothiazols (I) mit nacheinander den entsprechenden Aryldiazoniumchloriden und ‐isothiocyanaten wurden die Verbindungen (II) dargestellt.
Plant Regeneration from Floral Stem Cultures of Nymphoides indica (L.) O. Kuntze. via Somatic Embryogenesis (2007)

어리연꽃의 화경조직으로부터 형성된 캘러스로부터 체세포배발생을 통한 기내 식물체 재생체계를 확립하였다. 2,4-D가 첨가된 배양배지에 4주 배양 후 어리연꽃의 화경화경조직으로부터 연황색의 구형세포과가 발달하였으며 생장조절제가 첨가되지 않은 1/2MS 배지로 옮걱 명배양한 결과, 약 배양2주 후부터 녹색의 체세포배 유사구조의 발달이 관찰되었으며 정상적인 식물체로 발달하였다. 따라서 캘러스 발달 초기에 형성된 구형 세포괴 및 캘러스는 초기 단계의 체세포배이며 캘러스는 배발생캘러스임을 알 수 있었다. 화경조직으로부터 배발생캘러스 형성빈도는 0.1-0.3 mg/L 2,4-D가 첨가된 1/2MS 배지에서는 거의 100%이었으며 2,4-D 농도가 증가할수록 배발생캘러스의 형성빈도는 반대로 감소하였고 고농도 2,4-D 처리구에서는 캘러스 형성이 전혀 이루어지지 않았다. 한편 BA는 처리 농도에 상관없이 조직의 갈변 및 고사를 유발함으로써 체세포배 형성에 저해적임을 알 수 있었다. 어리연꽃의 잎조직의 경우는 화경조직에 비하여 연황색 구형 세포괴 형성 빈도가 매우 낮아 0.3 mg/L 2,4-D 처리구 (배발생캘러스 형성빈도 9.5%)를 제외하고는 나머지 모든 처리구에서 배발생캘러스의 형성을 관찰할 수 없었다. 현재 배발생캘러스의 현탁배양 체계를 확립중이며 본 연구에서 확립된 어리연꽃의 식물체 재생체계는 어리연꽃의 기내 대량증식 수단은 물론, 유용 형질 도입을 통한 분자육종의 수단으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다. Plant regeneration system from floral stem of Mymphoides indica via somatic embryogenesis was established. After four weeks of culture onto 1/2MS medium containing 2,4-D, pale-yellow globular structures and calluses were formed on the cut surface of floral stem explants. Upon transfer to 1/2MS basal medium, pale-yellow globular structures were developed into somatic embryos and normal plantlets. These results indicated that pale-yellow globular structures and calluses from floral stem were globular embryos and embryogenic calluses, respectively. The frequency of embryogenic callus formation from floral stem was reached to nearly 100% when floral stem was cultured onto 1/2Ms medium supplemented with low concentration of 2,4-D (0.1 to 0.3 mg/L). However, the higher concentration of 2,4-D resulted in decrease of the frequency of embryogenic callus formation. In this study, low concentration of 2,4-D had a stimulative role in embryogenic callus formation, whereas BA showed inhibitory role in callus formation. In comparison to floral stem, leaf explants showed low frequency of embryogenic callus formation. The highest frequency of embryogenic callus formation from leaf explants was 9.5% when leaf explants were cultured onto 1/2MS medium supplemented with 0.3 mg/L of 2,4-D. The plant regeneration system of Nymphoides indica established in this study, might be applied to mass proliferation, conservation of genetic resources and genetic transformation for molecular breeding.
Field Experimental DL MU-MIMO Evaluations of Low-SHF-Band C-RAN Massive MIMO System with over 100 Antenna Elements for 5G (2018)

This paper describes our activities related to Massive Multi Input and Multi Output (MIMO) for use in a 5G radio access network (RAN). To achieve capacity enhancement and low power consumption, Massive MIMO has drawn attention as a key technology. Our research focuses on utilizing Massive MIMO in the low super-high-frequency (SHF) band, which is expected to be used for 5G commercial bands relatively soon, and on enhancing spectrum efficiency by spatial multiplexing with a low-SHF-band Massive MIMO antenna. The present work introduces a prototype low-SHF-band Centralized-RAN (C-RAN) Massive MIMO System including a low-SHF-band Massive MIMO Active Antenna System (AAS) that has 64 antenna elements, reports on outdoor and indoor downlink (DL) multi-user (MU) MIMO evaluations with the prototype system in both cases of 1 AAS unit and 2 AAS units, and presents the results of the evaluations. From the results, we confirmed that the prototype low-SHF-band C-RAN Massive MIMO system can optimize the performance with the minimum configuration of AAS units by changing the configuration appropriately depending on the environment.
Key Issues in the Clinical Management of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: An Expert Discussion (2015)

The treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) has become sophisticated with the availability of three approved agents in many countries and 15 years of experience with primary and metastatic disease. Important lessons from tyrosine-kinase inhibitors in GIST can be gleaned from this experience and will impact implementation of similar agents for other cancers.
Another platform and a changed context: Student experiences of developing spontaneous speaking in French through physical education (2019)

This study highlights a complementary partnership between physical education and foreign language learning, endorsing the potential of an applied learning context as an alternative pedagogical platform. A pedagogic model of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) within physical education was adopted to explore the capacity for improving students’ spontaneous speaking in French. The study’s motivation was the 2016 changes to England’s General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) French specifications, which placed an increased emphasis on responding spontaneously in spoken French and sustaining communication in different situations. Students ( n = 42) aged 13–14, soon to embark on GCSE French, were introduced to a 10-week handball scheme of work that included learning associated key French vocabulary and students communicating with each other and the teacher in French. Adopting case study methodology, data collection included student questionnaires, individual teacher interviews and student focus groups, analysed using inductive analysis and constant comparison. The physical education CLIL platform provided a learning context that appeared to support student perceptions of increased motivation and reduced anxiety, with 60% of students reporting that speaking French during physical education increased their confidence in speaking French aloud. Findings suggest the importance of an applied learning environment that emphasises working as a group, encouraging a willingness to take risks in spontaneous speaking, and decreasing sensitivity to negative judgement. A physical education-located CLIL model appears to offer learning experiences within the skill-based traditions of physical education beyond ‘learning to move’, providing a context for ‘moving to learn’ as an investment towards embodied learning.
Bonding of ALD Alumina for Advanced SOI Substrates (2010)

Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates have become important starting materials for IC and MEMS fabrication. In some cases, it would be beneficial to add another buried material(s) or to replace the silicon dioxide film. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a method to fabricate uniform thin films with well defined thickness. We have studied direct bonding of ALD alumina (Al2O3) thin films and possibilities to use it as an insulating material in tailored SOI wafers. From bonded wafer pairs the amount of voids and bond strength were measured. We also observed the bonded interface with cross sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It appears that ALD Al2O3 can be used as a buried layer in novel SOI substrates.
Critical BEOL Aspects of the Fabrication of a Thermally-Assisted MRAM Device (2015)

Recent developments in new switching methods, such as spin transfer torque and temperature-assisted switching (TAS), have greatly increased interest in MRAM. However, MRAM fabrication is challenging due to the lack of magnetic materials processing experience by semiconductor lines. In this talk, we will discuss key BEOL fabrication aspects for a CMOS-integrated TAS MRAM on 200 mm wafers with, e.g., opens/shorts yields of 100% and 99% for 1 Mb and 16 Mb arrays, resp. This was achieved in our R&amp;D line through careful process optimization and adherence to good BEOL processing.
Broadband, Wide-Beam Antenna for Base Station Applications (2018)

This paper presents a broadband, wide-beam antenna composed of a sleeve monopole, a grounded reflector, and a parasitic director. The antenna configuration achieves a wide azimuth half-power beamwidth of approximately 145°-180°, and the director and feed cable are shown to provide elevation pattern control. The antenna exhibits return loss better than -13 dB from 1.7-2.7 GHz corresponding to 2G/3G/4G frequencies. The antenna is ideal for base station applications requiring a wide azimuth beamwidth.
Information overload in non-visual web transaction (2007)

Visually disabled individuals use screen readers to browse the Web. Sequential processing of screen readers makes Web browsing time-consuming and strenuous. The problem is further exacerbated when conducting Web transactions (e.g. buying books, paying utility bills, etc.), which typically involve a number of steps spanning several pages. Thus browsing becomes fatigue inducing and causes significant information overload. But usually one needs only small segments of Web pages for completing a Web transaction. Identifying and presenting such segments from Web pages can reduce information overload. An interesting idea is to use context surrounding a link to identify relevant information on the next Web page. I describe how context analysis coupled with Web content analysis can identify relevant content segments. Preliminary results based on my system incorporating this idea, show a lot of promise in combating the information overload problem encountered by visually disabled individuals when they do transactions over the Web.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and SAR of Thienopyridines as Potent CHK1 Inhibitors. (2011)

Abstract Rigidification of the conformation behavior of a known CHK1 inhibitor leads to a constraint core possessing a thienopyridine template.
Multicolor Techniques for Identification and Filtering of Burst Signals in Jet Engine Pyrometers (2013)

A Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)-funded multicolor pyrometry (MCP) experiment was carried out on a government-provided aircraft engine to study the nature of hot particulate bursts generated from the combustor at certain engine conditions. These bursts of hot particulates lead to intermittent high-voltage signal output from the line-of-sight (LOS) pyrometer that is ultimately detected and used by the onboard digital engine controller (DEC). The investigation used a high-speed MCP system designed to detect bursts and identify their properties. Results of the radiant temperature, multicolor temperature, and apparent emissivity are presented. The results indicated that the apparent emissivity calculated during the signal burst was lower than that of the blade. The root cause for the signal burst was identified as soot particles generated as a by-product of combustion under certain conditions. This conclusion was drawn based on both experimental and simulation results. Technical strategies to separate, reduce, or remove the burst signal are proposed.
In vivo PET studies of the dopamine D2 receptors in rhesus monkeys with long-term MPTP-induced parkinsonism (2000)

Studies of dopamine (DA) receptor binding in early parkinsonian patients, or in models of Parkinson's disease, have revealed a supersensitivity of the D2-like receptor subtype as compared to age-matched controls. The lack of upregulation in advanced patients is often attributed to the effects of prolonged antiparkinsonian therapy, but the impact of therapy vs. intrinsic mechanisms in untreated patients or animals with long-term lesions of the DA nigrostriatal pathway has been difficult to address. We studied, in vivo, by PET using the DA D2 receptor ligand raclopride, the status of the DA receptors in normal rhesus monkeys and those with acute (3 months) or long-term (10 years) MPTP-induced nigrostriatal lesions. Compared to age-matched controls, there was no change in raclopride binding in MPTP-treated animals without parkinsonian symptoms. There was a significant increase in raclopride binding in the putamen (but not caudate nucleus) of all the animals displaying rigidity, hypo- and bradykinesia. This increase was greater in the animals with acute lesions (32%) than with established, long-term lesions (18%). There was no correlation between the postmortem striatal DA concentrations and in vivo raclopride binding but there was a correlation between PET raclopride binding and [(3)H]raclopride binding in vitro. Complex changes in D2 receptor binding occur in various stages of parkinsonism. Antiparkinsonian therapy is unlikely to be solely responsible for the lack of upregulation found in advanced parkinsonian patients but may be a contributing factor.
Fluorinated Copper Phthalocyanine Nanowires for Enhancing Interfacial Electron Transport in Organic Solar Cells (2012)

Zinc oxide is a promising candidate as an interfacial layer (IFL) in inverted organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells due to the n-type semiconducting properties as well as chemical and environmental stability. Such ZnO layers collect electrons at the transparent electrode, typically indium tin oxide (ITO). However, the significant resistivity of ZnO IFLs and an energetic mismatch between the ZnO and the ITO layers hinder optimum charge collection. Here we report that inserting nanoscopic copper hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (F16CuPc) layers, as thin films or nanowires, between the ITO anode and the ZnO IFL increases OPV performance by enhancing interfacial electron transport. In inverted P3HT:PC61BM cells, insertion of F16CuPc nanowires increases the short circuit current density (Jsc) versus cells with only ZnO layers, yielding an enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ∼3.6% vs ∼3.0% for a control without the nanowire layer. Similar effects are observed for inverted PTB7:PC71BM cells where the PCE is increased from 8.1% to 8.6%. X-ray scattering, optical, and electrical measurements indicate that the performance enhancement is ascribable to both favorable alignment of the nanowire π–π stacking axes parallel to the photocurrent flow and to the increased interfacial layer-active layer contact area. These findings identify a promising strategy to enhance inverted OPV performance by inserting anisotropic nanostructures with π–π stacking aligned in the photocurrent flow direction.
Iterative Classroom Teaching (2019)

We consider the machine teaching problem in a classroom-like setting wherein the teacher has to deliver the same examples to a diverse group of students. Their diversity stems from differences in their initial internal states as well as their learning rates. We prove that a teacher with full knowledge about the learning dynamics of the students can teach a target concept to the entire classroom using O(min{d,N}log 1/ɛ) exam-ples, where d is the ambient dimension of the problem, N is the number of learners, and ɛ is the accuracy parameter. We show the robustness of our teaching strategy when the teacher has limited knowledge of the learners’ internal dynamics as provided by a noisy oracle. Further, we study the trade-off between the learners’ workload and the teacher’s cost in teaching the target concept. Our experiments validate our theoretical results and suggest that appropriately partitioning the classroom into homogenous groups provides a balance between these two objectives.
An analysis of the reaction–diffusion mechanism governing the chlorination process of poly(vinyl chloride) (2000)

Chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC) obtained through a dry chlorination of PVC films or grains can show a heterogeneous repartition of its chlorine atoms because the reaction process is limited by the mass transfer of the chlorine gas in the material. In order to describe the evolution of such a system, a set of coupled equations is derived where only two dimensionless constants have to be determined: KS, which depends on the solubility of the chlorine gas in the PVC, and KT, the ratio between the diffusion and the reaction characteristic times. The kinetics of chlorination obtained for the different regimes matches the available experimental data, and the corresponding concentration profiles for the chlorinated PVC chains are displayed to demonstrate how a heterogeneous chlorination can arise from this dual process. In particular, a sharp interface appears in the diffusion-limited regime that separates the chlorinated region from an unchlorinated core and is shown to progress deeper into the film with the square root of time. To a larger extent, this analysis shows how heterogeneity of reaction and nonlinear effects can arise from a coupling between a diffusive phenomenon and a reactive phenomenon. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 3201–3209, 2000
TGF-β inhibits IL-1β-activated PAR-2 expression through multiple pathways in human primary synovial cells (2009)

To investigate the mechanism how Transforming growth factor-beta(TGF-beta) represses Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-induced Proteinase-Activated Receptor-2 (PAR-2) expression in human primary synovial cells (hPSCs). Human chondrocytes and hPSCs isolated from cartilages and synovium of Osteoarthritis (OA) patients were cultured with 10% fetal bovine serum media or serum free media before treatment with IL-1beta, TGF-beta1, or Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). The expression of PAR-2 was detected using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting. Collagen zymography was performed to assess the activity of Matrix metalloproteinases-13 (MMP-13). It was demonstrated that IL-1beta induces PAR-2 expression via p38 pathway in hPSCs. This induction can be repressed by TGF-beta and was observed to persist for at least 48 hrs, suggesting that TGF-beta inhibits PAR-2 expression through multiple pathways. First of all, TGF-beta was able to inhibit PAR-2 activity by inhibiting IL-1beta-induced p38 signal transduction and secondly the inhibition was also indirectly due to MMP-13 inactivation. Finally, TGF-beta was able to induce CTGF, and in turn CTGF represses PAR-2 expression by inhibiting IL-1beta-induced phospho-p38 level. TGF-beta could prevent OA from progression with the anabolic ability to induce CTGF production to maintain extracellular matrix (ECM) integrity and to down regulate PAR-2 expression, and the anti-catabolic ability to induce Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) production to inhibit MMPs leading to avoid PAR-2 over-expression. Because IL-1beta-induced PAR-2 expressed in hPSCs might play a significantly important role in early phase of OA, PAR-2 repression by exogenous TGF-beta or other agents might be an ideal therapeutic target to prevent OA from progression.