gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Localization concept of re-decomposition area to fix hotspots for LELE process (2014)

Litho-Etch-Litho-Etch (LELE) type double patterning technology (DPT) is known to have an advantage of layout flexibility. However, there are two problems when a hotspot, which is not fixable by tuning OPC, is detected. One is repeating a data preparation flow including decomposition, OPC, and verification by lithography simulation is quite time consuming. The other is a risk to introduce new hotspots at different locations. In this report, a new method to fix hotspots with layout modification of limited area will be presented. The proposed method can reduce not only turnaround time to fix a hotspot but also the number of iterations since it prevents generation of hotspots at new locations.
Peptide-Based Inhibitors of the Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Protease:  Structure−Activity Relationship at theC-Terminal Position (2004)

The structure-activity relationship at the C-terminal position of peptide-based inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease is presented. The observation that the N-terminal cleavage product (DDIVPC-OH) of a substrate derived from the NS5A/5B cleavage site was a competitive inhibitor of the NS3 protease was previously described. The chemically unstable cysteine residue found at the P1 position of these peptide-based inhibitors could be replaced with a norvaline residue, at the expense of a substantial drop in the enzymatic activity. The fact that an aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACCA) residue at the P1 position of a tetrapeptide such as 1 led to a significant gain in the inhibitory enzymatic activity, as compared to the corresponding norvaline derivative 2, prompted a systematic study of substituent effects on the three-membered ring. We report herein that the incorporation of a vinyl group with the proper configuration onto this small cycle produced inhibitors of the protease with much improved in vitro potency. The vinyl-ACCA is the first reported carboxylic acid containing a P1 residue that produced NS3 protease inhibitors that are significantly more active than inhibitors containing a cysteine at the same position.
Kinetics of Biosynthetic Human Proinsulin Action in Isolated Rat Adipocytes (1986)

The binding and biologic potencies of human biosynthetic proinsulin (HPro) were determined in isolated rat adipocytes. At both 16 degrees C and 37 degrees C, proinsulin was found to have 3% (on a molar basis) the potency of porcine insulin for displacing bound [(125I)TyrA14]-insulin from insulin receptors. Human biosynthetic proinsulin also had 3% of the molar potency of insulin for stimulation of deoxyglucose transport (EC50 = 8.8 +/- 0.05 X 10(-11) M for insulin and 2.9 +/- 0.55 nM for HPro). However, both hormones produced the same maximal effect on glucose transport. In order to determine if the delay in onset and persistence of proinsulin action seen in vivo was due to any differences at the cellular level, the time course of HPro action on glucose transport was determined. Biologically equivalent submaximal concentrations of insulin (0.166 nM) and HPro (4.44 nM) gave identical time courses for stimulation of deoxyglucose transport at 37 degrees C with half-maximal effects at 4 min and full effects by 30 min. Maximally stimulating concentrations of insulin (1.66 nM) and HPro (22.2 nM) also had superimposable time courses. Deactivation of stimulated glucose transport was determined by incubating equivalent concentrations of insulin (0.166 and 1.66 nM) and HPro (4.44 and 22.2 nM) until full stimulation was achieved, washing cells free of unbound hormone, and initiating dissociation and deactivation by resuspension in hormone-free buffer. Both the absolute activities of transport and rates of deactivation were the same for insulin and HPro. At the submaximal concentrations, 50% of the hormones' effects were lost by 20 min, while 50 min was required after maximal stimulation for 50% deactivation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Design of Hygroscopic Bioplastic Products Stable in Varying Humidities (2023)

Abstract Hygroscopic biopolymers like proteins and polysaccharides suffer from humidity‐dependent mechanical properties. Because humidity can vary significantly over the year, or even within a day, these polymers will not generally have stable properties during their lifetimes. On wheat gluten, a model highly hygroscopic biopolymer material, it is observed that larger/thicker samples can be significantly more mechanically stable than thinner samples. It is shown here that this is due to slow water diffusion, which, in turn, is due to the rigid polymer structure caused by the double‐bond character of the peptide bond, the many bulky peptide side groups, and the hydrogen bond network. More than a year is required to reach complete moisture saturation (≈10 wt.%) in a 1 cm thick plate of glycerol‐plasticized wheat gluten, whereas this process takes only one day for a 0.5 mm thick plate. The overall moisture uptake is also retarded by swelling‐induced mechanical effects. Hence, hygroscopic biopolymers are better suited for larger/thicker products, where the moisture‐induced changes in mechanical properties are smeared out over time, to the extent that the product remains sufficiently tough over climate changes, for example, throughout the course of a year.
Abstract 5067: Neurofilament heavy polypeptide regulates the Akt-β-catenin pathway in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (2010)

Abstract Aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial dysfunction are common features of aggressive cancer growth. We observed promoter methylation and loss of expression in neurofilament heavy polypeptide (NEFH) in a significant proportion of primary esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) samples that were of a high tumor grade and advanced stage. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of NEFH accelerated ESCC cell growth in culture and increased tumorigenicity in vivo, whereas forced expression of NEFH significantly inhibited cell growth and colony formation. Loss of NEFH caused up-regulation of pyruvate kinase-M2 type and down-regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, via activation of the Akt/β-catenin pathway, resulting in enhanced aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial dysfunction. The acceleration of glycolysis and mitochondrial dysfunction in NEFH-knockdown cells was suppressed in the absence of β-catenin expression, and was decreased by the treatment of 2-Deoxyglucose, a glycolytic inhibitor, or API-2, an Akt inhibitor. Loss of NEFH activates the Akt/β-catenin pathway and increases glycolysis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Cancer cells with methylated NEFH can be targeted for destruction with specific inhibitors of deregulated downstream pathways. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5067.
Quantitative Analysis of Protein Bioconjugation in Cells with an Expanded Genetic Code (2022)

Protein bioconjugation – specific covalent bond formation between a protein of interest (POI) and a label – has a major impact on protein imaging, protein function studies, and drug discovery. Ideal protein bioconjugation should be fast, quantitative, one step with no off‐target binding, and have minimal impact on protein function, no matter the complexity of the biological environment. The impressive selectivity and kinetics of bioorthogonal reactions, specifically the catalyst‐free inverse‐electron demand Diels‐Alder (IEDDA) cycloaddition of tetrazines and strained alkene dienophiles, make IEDDA‐reactive unnatural amino acids an exceptional tool for protein bioconjugation via genetic code expansion. Analyses of these bioconjugation reactions in live cells has been mostly limited to fluorophore labeling, and thus is rarely quantitative. Self‐labeling enzymes, like HaloTag, have been used for protein isolation and purification, studies of protein‐protein interactions, and in vivo and in vitro imaging. The excellent permeability and low reactivity of the chloroalkane substrate of HaloTag yields bioconjugation detection independent of ligand permeability. The objective of this research is to utilize the HaloTag technology in combination with genetic code expansion to develop a generalized method for quantification of intracellular bioconjugation to any POI at defined sites. We hypothesize that bioconjugation efficiency could be assessed through site‐specific installation of a reactive handle on a POI, followed by ligand‐mediated protein labeling via ternary complex formation after cell lysis and exposure to HaloTag. Here we describe the optimization of concentrations, reaction times, and reaction partners for bioconjugation and pulldown for POIs expressing different IEDDA reactive surface residues. Additionally, we describe the attempted application of this method for labeling protein targets, such as kinases and nuclear receptors. With this new methodology, we have demonstrated quantitative assessment of protein bioconjugation reactions in live cells.
Translating sEMG signals to continuous hand poses using recurrent neural networks (2018)

In this paper, we propose a hand pose estimation approach from low cost surface electromyogram (sEMG) signals using recurrent neural networks (RNN). We use the Leap Motion sensor to capture the hand joint kinematics and the Myo sensor to collect sEMG while the user is performing simple finger movements. We aim at building an accurate regression model that predicts hand joint kinematics from sEMG features. We use RNN with long short-term memory (LSTM) cells to account for the non-linear relationship between the two domains (sEMG and hand pose). Additionally, we add a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to build a probabilistic model of hand pose given EMG data. We performed experiments across 7 users to test the performance of our approach. Our results show that for simple hand gestures such as finger flexion, the model is able to capture hand pose kinematics precisely.
Room Temperature Wafer-Scale Synthesis of Highly Transparent, Conductive CuS Nanosheet Films via a Simple Sulfur Adsorption-Corrosion Method (2021)

The development of highly conductive electrodes with robust mechanical durability and clear transmittance in the visible to IR spectral range is of great importance for future wearable/flexible electronic applications. In particular, low resistivity, robust flexibility, and wide spectral transparency have a significant impact on optoelectronic performance. Herein, we introduce a new class of covellite copper monosulfide (CuS) nanosheet films as a promising candidate for soft transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs). An atmospheric sulfur adsorption-corrosion phenomenon represents a key approach in our work for the achievement of wafer-scale CuS nanosheet films through systematic control of the neat Cu layer thickness ranging from 2 to 10 nm multilayers at room temperature. These nanosheet films provide outstanding conductivity (∼25 Ω sq<sup>-1</sup>) and high transparency (> 80%) in the visible to infrared region as well as distinct flexibility and long stability under air exposure, yielding a high figure-of-merit (∼60) that is comparable to that of conventional rigid metal oxide material-based TCEs. Our unique room temperature synthesis process delivers high quality CuS nanosheets on any arbitrary substrates in a short time (< 1 min) scale, thus guaranteeing the widespread use of highly producible and scalable device fabrication.
A campus-wide testbed over the TV white spaces (2011)

We have deployed a wireless network that operates in the white spaces of the TV band spectrum and covers most of Microsoft campus in Redmond, WA. Since the campus is large (approximately 1 mile x 1 mile), there are several shuttles that move employees from one building to another. We have used the white spaces network to enable a key productivity scenario on campus - Internet connectivity in campus shuttles. We have modified one such shuttle to operate over the TV band white spaces. A white space radio in this shuttle communicates with two base stations deployed on buildings on campus. Inside the shuttle, we bridge the white space connection to Wi-Fi, so that an employee's laptop that does not have an integrated white space radio can nevertheless connect to the Internet, using Wi-Fi within the shuttle, and white spaces between the shuttle and the base stations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first network deployed over the TV white spaces.
Covalent Connection of Individualized, Neutral, Dendronized Polymers on a Solid Substrate Using a Scanning Force Microscope (2006)

The synthesis of a neutral, high-molar-mass, acrylamide-based, third-generation dendronized polymer (denpol) with a defined number of azide groups at its periphery is reported. An attach-to route is used in which a first-generation denpol is reacted with second-generation (G2) dendrons. The degree of structure perfection of the resulting denpol is quantified as 99.8 %. This value was obtained after the introduction of a fluorescence label at the sites that remained unaffected by the dendronization. The high coverage was independently confirmed for the dendronization of another first-generation polymer and a closely related G2 dendron. The third-generation denpol resulting from the first dendronization experiment was spin-coated as a sub-monolayer onto highly oriented graphite precoated with an ultrathin layer of C12H25NH2, which was introduced to provide a well-defined substrate for denpol adsorption and manipulation. Scanning force microscopy revealed single denpols, which could be moved across the surface and "welded" by covalent cross-linking induced by photochemical decomposition of the azides into highly reactive nitrenes. The successful formation of covalent bonds between two denpols was confirmed by mechanically challenging the link with the scanning force microscope (SFM) tip. This is the second reported case of a move-connect-prove sequence using polymers and the SFM, which for the first time employs noncharged denpols, thus widening the applicability of this method significantly.
New Logging-While-Drilling Azimuthal Resistivity And High Resolution Imaging In Slim Holes (2011)

A new LWD device provides laterolog resistivity and borehole images in slim holes drilled with conductive mud. The tool consists of a laterolog resistivity array combined with an azimuthal orientation system. The laterolog array consists of monitored button electrodes and toroidal antennas. The buttons are used to acquire focused resistivity measurements, with four different radial depths of investigation. The azimuthal system uses Earth’s magnetic field as a reference to determine the sensor position as it rotates. The resulting borehole resistivity images can be transmitted uphole in real time for optimized well placement and for wellbore-stability applications. A special current configuration in the button electrodes allows estimating the conductivity of the drilling fluid at down-hole conditions. The toroidal antennas also provide bit resistivity and non-azimuthal, axially focused laterolog measurements at two depths of investigation. An optional sleeve is dedicated to the acquisition of high-resolution images. The sleeve uses an array of button electrodes placed on a removable stabilizer to acquire high-resolution borehole images. The image quality in the depth domain is preserved by an innovative downhole correlation algorithm that avoids most time-to-depth conversion problems. This paper presents field test results and applications from horizontal wells in Italian gas storage fields.
The MBOA-WiMedia specification for ultra wideband distributed networks (2006)

The WiMedia Alliance is undertaking the development of an UWB-based system specification with participation from more than 170 companies. UWB technology will provide data rates up to 480 Mb/s within a range of up to 10 m. High-rate UWB will enable fast download of content from one consumer electronic (CE) device to the next in seconds instead of minutes or longer. In addition, the low-power characteristic of UWB will make possible the ubiquitous use of this technology in portable and mobile CE devices, such as cameras, MP3 players, and CD players. The WiMedia Alliance is specifying the physical layer, the MAC sublayer, and convergence layers. The WiMedia PHY layer is based on multiband orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing. The WiMedia MAC is completely distributed, making it an excellent candidate not only for the aforementioned UWB applications, but also for the next-generation MAC protocols in the domain of cognitive radios as well as in cooperative communications
The Future of Ultra Wideband Systems in Medicine: Orthopedic Surgical Navigation (2011)

As shown in Table A comparison of the DART Ultra-Wideband system from Zebra Enterprise Solutions and the real-time location system (RTLS) from Ubisense is given in As shown in Table One major difference is the method of digital communication: the Zebra Enterprise Solutions system uses UWB pulse-based modulation whereas the Ubisense system uses a narrowband 2.4 GHz digital communication scheme. Although 2.4 GHz communication is a more mature technology than UWB pulse-based modulation, it has a distinct disadvantage in that it is much more susceptible to multipath interference and may experience severe degradation depending on the operating environment of the system. Figure The Zebra Enterprise Solutions system is shown in Figure
Organic-Flow: An Open-Source Organic Standard Cell Library and Process Development Kit (2020)

Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) are drawing increasing attention due to their unique advantages of mechanical flexibility, low-cost fabrication, and biodegradability, enabling diverse applications that were not achievable using traditional inorganic transistors. With a growing number of complex applications being proposed, the need for expediting the design process and ensuring the yield of large-scale designs with organic technology increases. A complete digital standard cell library plays a crucial role in integrating the emerging organic technology into existing computer-aided-design (CAD) flows.In this paper, we present the design, fabrication, and characterization of a standard cell library based on bottom gate, top contact pentacene OTFTs. We also propose a commercial tool compatible, RTL-to-GDS flow along with a new organic process design kit (PDK) developed based on our process. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first open-source organic standard cell library, enabling the community to explore this emerging technology.
Narrative review of practical aspects of aerosol delivery via high-flow nasal cannula (2021)

Using high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) as a "vehicle" to administer aerosolized medication has attracted clinicians' interest in recent years. In this paper, we summarize the current evidence to answer the common questions raised by clinicians about this new aerosol delivery route and best practices of administration. Benefits of trans-nasal aerosol delivery include increased comfort, ability to speak, eat, and drink for patients while meeting a range of oxygen requirements, particularly for those who need to inhale aerosolized medication for long periods. Aerosol administration via HFNC has been shown to be well tolerated by children and adults, with comparable or better delivery efficacy than other interfaces, ranging from 2-20%. <i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> scintigraphy studies among pediatric and adult populations reported that the inhaled dose delivered via a vibrating mesh nebulizer is 2 to 3 fold greater than that via a jet nebulizer. For adults, placement of nebulizer at the inlet of humidifier increases inhaled dose while reducing rainout obstructing nasal prongs. When HFNC gas flow is set below patient inspiratory flow, aerosol deposition is higher than when the gas flow exceeds patient inspiratory flow; thus, if tolerated, titrating down HFNC gas flow during trans-nasal aerosol delivery, with close monitoring and the use of unit dose with high concentration are recommended. Trans-nasal pulmonary aerosol delivery has not been shown to increase bioaerosols generated by patients, but gas flow may disperse aerosols. Placement of a surgical or procedure mask over HFNC might reduce aerosol dispersion.
RANTES induces tyrosine kinase activity of stably complexed p125FAK and ZAP-70 in human T cells. (1996)

The chemokine RANTES is a chemoattractant and activating factor for T lymphocytes. Investigation of the signal transduction mechanisms induced by RANTES in T cells revealed tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple protein species with prominent bands at 70-85 and 120-130 kD. Immunoprecipitation and Western analyses revealed that a protein of 125 kD was identical to the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) pp125FAK. RANTES stimulated phosphorylation of FAK as early as 30 seconds and immunoblots using antiphosphotyrosine monoclonal antibodies revealed that there was consistent phosphorylation of a 68-70 kD species in the pp125FAK immunoprecipitates. Immunoblotting and kinase assays showed this to be two separate proteins, the tyrosine kinase zeta-associated protein (ZAP) 70, and the focal adhesion protein paxillin. These results indicate a potentially important role for RANTES in the generation of T cell focal adhesions and subsequent cell activation via a molecular complex containing FAK, ZAP-70, and paxillin.
Block (2016)

In the past, aggregation and self-assembly have been associated principally with micellar and colloidal systems of molecules; however, with the advent of supramolecular chemistry, molecular self-assembly has been opened to a much wider understanding that has facilitated access to a variety of different shapes and sizes, along with the construction of new and fascinating molecular topologies. This document aims at defining more than 150 terms related to aggregation and self-assembly in the particular case of macromolecules. The list is restricted to the most commonly encountered terms.
The Willingness to Pay/Willingness to Accept Gap, The "Endowment Effect" and Experimental Procedures for Eliciting Valuations (2002)

We conduct experiments to explore the possibility that subject misconceptions, as opposed to a particular theory of preferences referred to as the “endowment effect,” account for reported gaps between willingness to pay (“WTP”) and willingness to accept (“WTA”). Two facts are evident in the literature. First, there is no consensus regarding the nature or robustness of the WTA-WTP gap. Secondly, while experimenters are very concerned to avoid subject misconceptions, there is no consensus about their fundamental properties or how they might be avoided. Instead, experimenters have revealed different conceptions of the phenomenon through different types of experimental procedures and controls. Such controls involve the role of anonymity, elicitation mechanisms, practice, training and binding outcome experiences applied separately or in different combinations. The resulting pattern of research leaves open the possibility that the widely differing reports of a gap between WTP and WTA could be due to an incomplete science regarding