gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analyzing Ground Motion Records with CVI Fuzzy ART (2023)

This paper explores using Cluster Validity Indices Fuzzy Adaptative Resonance Theory (CVI Fuzzy ART) to cluster ground motion records (GMRs). Clustering the features extracted from a supervised network trained for predicting the structure damage results in less overfitting from the trained network. Using Cluster Validity Indices (CVIs) to evaluate the clustering gives feedback to how well the data is being classified, allowing further separation of the data.By using CVI Fuzzy ART in combination with features extracted from a trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), we were able to form additional clusters in the data. Within the primary clusters, accuracy was improved from our previous best of 82% [1] up to 95% accuracy. Additionally, the ~20% of the data that ended up in secondary clusters was identified as borderline data, highlighting that the result is unstable, and that the more severe class should be considered despite the simulation results.
Ring Expansion-Annulation Strategy for the Synthesis of Substituted Azulenes and Oligoazulenes. 2. Synthesis of Azulenyl Halides, Sulfonates, and Azulenylmetal Compounds and Their Application in Transition-Metal-Mediated Coupling Reactions (2004)

A "ring expansion-annulation strategy" for the synthesis of substituted azulenes is described based on the reaction of beta'-bromo-alpha-diazo ketones with rhodium carboxylates. The key transformation involves an intramolecular Buchner reaction followed by beta-elimination of bromide, tautomerization, and in situ trapping of the resulting 1-hydroxyazulene as a carboxylate or triflate ester. Further synthetic elaboration of the azulenyl halide and sulfonate annulation products can be achieved by employing Heck, Negishi, Stille, and Suzuki coupling reactions. Reaction of the azulenyl triflate 84 with pinacolborane provides access to the azulenylboronate 91, which participates in Suzuki coupling reactions with alkenyl and aryl iodides. The application of these coupling reactions to the synthesis of biazulenes, terazulene 101, and related oligoazulenes is described, as well as the preparation of the azulenyl amino acid derivative 110.
Restraint of a Belted or Unbelted Occupant by the Seat in Rear-End Impacts (1992)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This sled test series involved occupant loading of the seat in rear crashes of 4.3-8.3 m/s (9.6-18.5 mph). The tests were conducted in the early 1980s and involved an unbelted or lap-shoulder belted Part 572 dummy in rear and oblique rear impacts. The research is reported today to provide comparative data for the record and serves as a control benchmark for more current technologies and safety research methodologies on seat performance in rear crashes. Safety belts improved occupant retention on the seat primarily by the lap belt reducing the upward and rearward movement of the pelvis. Tests were also conducted on the mechanisms for energy absorption by seatback deflection.&lt;/div&gt;
Dual neuroprotective pathways of a pro‐electrophilic compound via HSF‐1‐activated heat‐shock proteins and Nrf2‐activated phase 2 antioxidant response enzymes (2011)

Activation of the Keap1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway and consequent induction of phase 2 antioxidant enzymes is known to afford neuroprotection. Here, we present a series of novel electrophilic compounds that protect neurons via this pathway. Natural products, such as carnosic acid (CA), are present in high amounts in the herbs rosemary and sage as ortho-dihydroquinones, and have attracted particular attention because they are converted by oxidative stress to their active form (ortho-quinone species) that stimulate the Keap1/Nrf2 transcriptional pathway. Once activated, this pathway leads to the production of a series of antioxidant phase 2 enzymes. Thus, such dihydroquinones function as redox-activated 'pro-electrophiles'. Here, we explored the concept that related para-dihydroquinones represent even more effective bioactive pro-electrophiles for the induction of phase 2 enzymes without producing toxic side effects. We synthesized several novel para-hydroquinone-type pro-electrophilic compounds (designated D1 and D2) to analyze their protective mechanism. DNA microarray, PCR, and western blot analyses showed that compound D1 induced expression of heat-shock proteins (HSPs), including HSP70, HSP27, and DnaJ, in addition to phase 2 enzymes such as hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), NADP(H) quinine-oxidoreductase1, and the Na(+)-independent cystine/glutamate exchanger (xCT). Treatment with D1 resulted in activation of Nrf2 and heat-shock transcription factor-1 (HSF-1) transcriptional elements, thus inducing phase 2 enzymes and HSPs, respectively. In this manner, D1 protected neuronal cells from both oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-related stress. Additionally, D1 suppressed induction of 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), an ER chaperone protein, and inhibited hyperoxidation of peroxiredoxin 2 (PRX2), a molecule that is in its reduced state can protect from oxidative stress. These results suggest that D1 is a novel pro-electrophilic compound that activates both the Nrf2 and HSF-1 pathways, and may thus offer protection from oxidative and ER stress.
Selective Conversion of HMF into 3‐Hydroxymethylcyclopentylamine through a One‐Pot Cascade Process in Aqueous Phase over Bimetallic NiCo Nanoparticles as Catalyst (2022)

5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has been successfully valorized into 3-hydroxymethylcyclopentylamine through a one-pot cascade process in aqueous phase by coupling the hydrogenative ring-rearrangement of HMF into 3-hydroxymethylcyclopentanone (HCPN) with a subsequent reductive amination with ammonia. Mono- (Ni@C, Co@C) and bimetallic (NiCo@C) nanoparticles with different Ni/Co ratios partially covered by a thin carbon layer were prepared and characterized. Results showed that a NiCo catalyst, (molar ratio Ni/Co=1, Ni<sub>0.5</sub> Co<sub>0.5</sub> @C), displayed excellent performance in the hydrogenative ring-rearrangement of HMF into HCPN (>90 % yield). The high selectivity of the catalyst was attributed to the formation of NiCo alloy structures as hydrogenating sites that limited competitive reactions such as the hydrogenation of furan ring and the over-reduction of the formed HPCN. The subsequent reductive amination of HPCN with aqueous ammonia was performed giving the target cyclopentylaminoalcohol in 97 % yield. Moreover, the catalyst exhibited high stability maintaining its activity and selectivity for repeated reaction cycles.
Cyclopentadienyl Ruthenium–Nickel Catalysts for Biomimetic Hydrogen Evolution: Electrocatalytic Properties and Mechanistic DFT Studies (2009)

The new dinuclear nickel-ruthenium complexes [Ni(xbsms)RuCp(L)][PF(6)] (H(2)xbsms = 1,2-bis(4-mercapto-3,3-dimethyl-2-thiabutyl)benzene; Cp(-) = cyclopentadienyl; L = DMSO, CO, PPh(3), and PCy(3)) are reported and are bioinspired mimics of NiFe hydrogenases. These compounds were characterized by X-ray diffraction techniques and display novel structural motifs. Interestingly, [Ni(xbsms)RuCpCO][PF(6)] is stereochemically nonrigid in solution and an isomerization mechanism was derived with the help of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Because of an increased electron density on the metal centers [Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2007, 18, 2613-2626] with respect to the previously described [Ni(xbsms)Ru(CO)(2)Cl(2)] and [Ni(xbsms)Ru(p-cymene)Cl](+) complexes, [Ni(xbsms)RuCp(dmso)][PF(6)] catalyzes hydrogen evolution from Et(3)NH(+) in DMF with an overpotential reduced by 180 mV and thus represents the most efficient NiFe hydrogenase functional mimic. DFT calculations were carried out with several methods to investigate the catalytic cycle and, coupled with electrochemical measurements, allowed a mechanism to be proposed. A terminal or bridging hydride derivative was identified as the active intermediate, with the structure of the bridging form similar to that of the Ni-C active state of NiFe hydrogenases.
Ca V 2.1 P/Q-type calcium channel alternative splicing affects the functional impact of familial hemiplegic migraine mutations: Implications for calcium channelopathies (2009)

Alternative splicing is known to generate multiple functionally distinct calcium channel variants that exhibit unique spatial and temporal expression patterns. In humans, naturally occurring mutations in genes encoding calcium channel pore forming alpha(1)-subunits are associated with several severe hereditary disorders although it remains to be described whether there exists any relationship between the physiological effects of these mutations and calcium channel splice variation. In the present study, we systematically compare the biophysical effects of three type-1 familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM-1) mutations in two predominant splice variants of the neuronal Ca(V)2.1 P/Q-type channel. All three FHM-1 mutations cause a greater hyperpolarizing shift in voltage-dependent properties when expressed in the short carboxyl terminus variant (Ca(V)2.1 Delta47) compared to the long variant (Ca(V)2.1 +47). Furthermore, the FHM-1 mutations also exhibit differential splice variant-specific effects on recovery from inactivation and accumulation of inactivation during tonic and burst firing. Our findings provide important insight concerning the role of calcium channel alternatively spliced variants and the molecular pathophysiology of FHM-1 and potentially of other calcium channelopathies.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorinated Analogues of Nojirimycin and Mannojirimycin from a Non‐ Carbohydrate Precursor. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Synthesis of Amino Acid Phosphoramidate Monoesters via H‐Phosphonate Intermediates (2006)

Diphenyl phosphite and bis(N,N-diisopropylamino)chlorophosphine are used as phosphitylating reagents to generate H-phosphonate monoesters. These H-phosphonate intermediates are subsequently oxidized with iodine to generate the 5'-nucleoside amino acid phosphoramidates.
Abstract 13364: ST2 and GDF-15 are Associated With Structural Heart Disease and Mortality in HIV-Infected Individuals (2013)

Background: HIV-infected individuals have a high rate of cardiovascular disease, and traditional factors do not fully identify at-risk patients. We thus studied whether biomarkers of inflammation, ...
Molecular regulation of lymphangiogenesis and targets for tissue oedema Marika J. Karkkainen, Lotta Jussila, Robert E. Ferrell, David N. Finegold and Kari Alitalo (2001)

), form theinitial lymphatic sinuses, which drain into thelymphatic capillaries. Fluid and macromolecules fromthe stromal compartment readily enter these sinusesand lymphatic capillaries, which consist of a singleendothelial cell layer surrounded by an incompletebasement membrane. From the initial lymphatics,the fluid is transferred to the collecting lymphatics,consisting of endothelial, muscular and adventitiallayers, and ultimately into the venous circulation viathe thoracic duct. The lymphatic system is organizedin a parallel fashion to the circulatory system and itpumps lymph fluid using the intrinsic contractility ofthe smooth muscle layer of the larger lymphaticvessels. When a collecting lymphatic vessel becomesstretched with fluid, the smooth muscle cells in thewall of the vessel increase their contractility. Inaddition to this pumping caused by the intrinsiccontraction, external factors such as skeletal musclemovements and arterial pulsation that compress thelymph vessels, can increase the efficiency ofpumping
Data from Altered Expression and Splicing of <i>ESRP1</i> in Malignant Melanoma Correlates with Epithelial–Mesenchymal Status and Tumor-Associated Immune Cytolytic Activity (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Melanoma is one of the major cancer types for which new immune-based cancer treatments have achieved promising results. However, anti–PD-1 and anti–CTLA-4 therapies are effective only in some patients. Hence, predictive molecular markers for the development of clinical strategies targeting immune checkpoints are needed. Using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) RNAseq data, we found that expression of &lt;i&gt;ESRP1&lt;/i&gt;, encoding a master splicing regulator in the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), was inversely correlated with tumor-associated immune cytolytic activity. That association holds up across multiple TCGA tumor types, suggesting a link between tumor EMT status and infiltrating lymphocyte activity. In melanoma, &lt;i&gt;ESRP1&lt;/i&gt; mainly exists in a melanocyte-specific truncated form transcribed from exon 13. This was validated by analyzing CCLE cell line data, public CAGE data, and RT-PCR in primary cultured melanoma cell lines. Based on &lt;i&gt;ESRP1&lt;/i&gt; expression, we divided TCGA melanoma cases into ESRP1-low, -truncated, and –full-length groups. ESRP1-truncated tumors comprise approximately two thirds of melanoma samples and reside in an apparent transitional state between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes. ESRP1 full-length tumors express epithelial markers and constitute about 5% of melanoma samples. In contrast, ESRP1-low tumors express mesenchymal markers and are high in immune cytolytic activity as well as &lt;i&gt;PD-L2&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;CTLA-4&lt;/i&gt; expression. Those tumors are associated with better patient survival. Results from our study suggest a path toward the use of ESRP1 and other EMT markers as informative biomarkers for immunotherapy. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Immunol Res; 4(6); 552–61. ©2016 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Synthesis of dicationic diaryltriazines nucleic acid binding agents (2020)

— The synthesis of 2,4-bis[4-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenyl]-1,3,5-triazine 6a and 2,4-bis[4-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl]-1,3,5-triazine 6b in 3 steps from either 4-bromobenzamidine or 4-(carbamoyl)benzamidine is reported. The synthesis of 4,6-bis[4-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenyl]-2-dimethylamino-1,3,5-triazine 9a and 4,6-bis[4-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl]-2-dimethylamino-1,3,5-triazine 9b in 2 steps from 1,4-dicyanobenzene is also described. The compounds 6b and 9b bind strongly to DNA model sequences and inhibit topoisomerase II from 2 microbial sources. Compounds 6a and 9a bind to both DNA and RNA model sequences whereas 6b and 9b essentially do not bind to the RNA model.
Cross-Linkable, Solvent-Resistant Fullerene Contacts for Robust and Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells with Increased JSC and VOC (2016)

The active layers of perovskite solar cells are also structural layers and are central to ensuring that the structural integrity of the device is maintained over its operational lifetime. Our work evaluating the fracture energies of conventional and inverted solution-processed MAPbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite solar cells has revealed that the MAPbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite exhibits a fracture resistance of only ∼0.5 J/m<sup>2</sup>, while solar cells containing fullerene electron transport layers fracture at even lower values, below ∼0.25 J/m<sup>2</sup>. To address this weakness, a novel styrene-functionalized fullerene derivative, MPMIC<sub>60</sub>, has been developed as a replacement for the fragile PC<sub>61</sub>BM and C<sub>60</sub> transport layers. MPMIC<sub>60</sub> can be transformed into a solvent-resistant material through curing at 250 °C. As-deposited films of MPMIC<sub>60</sub> exhibit a marked 10-fold enhancement in fracture resistance over PC<sub>61</sub>BM and a 14-fold enhancement over C<sub>60</sub>. Conventional-geometry perovskite solar cells utilizing cured films of MPMIC<sub>60</sub> showed a significant, 205% improvement in fracture resistance while exhibiting only a 7% drop in PCE (13.8% vs 14.8% PCE) in comparison to the C<sub>60</sub> control, enabling larger V<sub>OC</sub> and J<sub>SC</sub> values. Inverted cells fabricated with MPMIC<sub>60</sub> exhibited a 438% improvement in fracture resistance with only a 6% reduction in PCE (12.3% vs 13.1%) in comparison to those utilizing PC<sub>61</sub>BM, again producing a higher J<sub>SC</sub>.
Human sebum requires de novo lipogenesis, which is increased in acne vulgaris and suppressed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibition (2019)

Sebum plays important physiological roles in human skin. Excess sebum production contributes to the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris, and suppression of sebum production reduces acne incidence and severity. We demonstrate that sebum production in humans depends on local flux through the de novo lipogenesis (DNL) pathway within the sebocyte. About 80 to 85% of sebum palmitate (16:0) and sapienate (16:1n10) were derived from DNL, based on stable isotope labeling, much higher than the contribution of DNL to triglyceride palmitate in circulation (~20%), indicating a minor contribution by nonskin sources to sebum lipids. This dependence on local sebocyte DNL was not recapitulated in two widely used animal models of sebum production, Syrian hamsters and Göttingen minipigs. Confirming the importance of DNL for human sebum production, an acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor, ACCi-1, dose-dependently suppressed DNL and blocked synthesis of fatty acids, triglycerides, and wax esters but not free sterols in human sebocytes in vitro. ACCi-1 dose-dependently suppressed facial sebum excretion by ~50% (placebo adjusted) in human individuals dosed orally for 2 weeks. Sebum triglycerides, wax esters, and free fatty acids were suppressed by ~66%, whereas non-DNL-dependent lipid species, cholesterol, and squalene were not reduced, confirming selective modulation of DNL-dependent lipids. Last, individuals with acne vulgaris exhibited increased sebum production rates relative to individuals with normal skin, with >80% of palmitate and sapienate derived from DNL. These findings highlight the importance of local sebocyte DNL for human skin sebaceous gland biology and illuminate a potentially exploitable therapeutic target for the treatment of acne vulgaris.
Optical resonators using graded-phase mirrors (1991)

Optical resonators using graded-phase mirrors are analyzed with the help of the generalized ABCD propagation law for a real optical beam. This analysis gives the second-order moment gross characteristics of the eigenmode and indicates a design procedure. An example of a super-Gaussian output beam shows that this type of optical resonator might have large transverse-mode discrimination that could provide operation in a large fundamental-mode beamwidth.
Autosomal monoallelic expression in the mouse (2012)

Abstract Background Random monoallelic expression defines an unusual class of genes displaying random choice for expression between the maternal and paternal alleles. Once established, the allele-specific expression pattern is stably maintained and mitotically inherited. Examples of random monoallelic genes include those found on the X-chromosome and a subset of autosomal genes, which have been most extensively studied in humans. Here, we report a genome-wide analysis of random monoallelic expression in the mouse. We used high density mouse genome polymorphism mapping arrays to assess allele-specific expression in clonal cell lines derived from heterozygous mouse strains. Results Over 1,300 autosomal genes were assessed for allele-specific expression, and greater than 10% of them showed random monoallelic expression. When comparing mouse and human, the number of autosomal orthologs demonstrating random monoallelic expression in both organisms was greater than would be expected by chance. Random monoallelic expression on the mouse autosomes is broadly similar to that in human cells: it is widespread throughout the genome, lacks chromosome-wide coordination, and varies between cell types. However, for some mouse genes, there appears to be skewing, in some ways resembling skewed X-inactivation, wherein one allele is more frequently active. Conclusions These data suggest that autosomal random monoallelic expression was present at least as far back as the last common ancestor of rodents and primates. Random monoallelic expression can lead to phenotypic variation beyond the phenotypic variation dictated by genotypic variation. Thus, it is important to take into account random monoallelic expression when examining genotype-phenotype correlation.
Using Metadata to Enhance a Web Information Gathering System. (2000)

With the web at lose to a billion pages and growing at an exponential rate, we are fa ed with the issue of rating pages in terms of quality and trust. In this situation, what other pages say about a web page an be as important as what the page says about itself. The umulative knowledge of these types of re ommendations (or the la k thereof) an be obje tive enough to help a user or robot program to deide whether or not to pursue a web do ument. In addition, these annotations or metadata an be used by a web robot program to derive summary information about web do uments that are written in a language that the robot does not understand. We use this idea to drive a web information gathering system that forms the ore of a topi -spe i sear h engine. In this paper, we des ribe how our system uses annotations about the hyperlinks ontained in web pages to guide itself to rawl the web. It sifts through useful information related to a parti ular topi to eliminate the traversal of links that may not be of interest. Thus, the guided rawling system stays fo used on the target topi . It builds a ri h repository of link information that in ludes annotations. This repository is used to build quality metadata, whi h ultimately serves a sear h engine.
Extrinsic polarization-controlled optical anisotropy in plasmon-black phosphorus coupled system (2018)

Two-dimensional black phosphorus (BP) has drawn extensive research interest due to its promising anisotropic photonic and electronic properties. Here, we study anisotropic optical absorption and photoresponse of exfoliated BP flakes at visible frequencies. We enhance this intrinsic optical anisotropy in BP flakes by coupling plasmonic rectangular nanopatch arrays that support localized surface plasmon resonances. In particular, by combining extrinsic anisotropic plasmonic nanostructures lithographically aligned with intrinsically anisotropic BP flakes, we demonstrate for the first time a combined anisotropic plasmonic-semiconductor coupling that provides significant control over the polarization-dependent optical properties of the plasmon-BP hybrid material system, enhancing polarization-sensitive responses to a larger degree. This hybrid material system not only unveils the plasmon-enhanced mechanisms in BP, but also provides novel controllable functionalities in optoelectronic device applications involving polarization-sensitive optical and electrical responses.
A 1.5-GHz 130-nm Itanium 2 processor with 6-MB on-die L3 cache (2003)

This 130-nm Itanium 2 processor implements the explicitly parallel instruction computing (EPIC) architecture and features an on-die 6-MB 24-way set-associative level-3 cache. The 374-mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> die contains 410 M transistors and is implemented in a dual-V/sub t/ process with six Cu interconnect layers and FSG dielectric. The processor runs at 1.5 GHz at 1.3 V and dissipates a maximum of 130 W. This paper reviews circuit design and package details, power delivery, the reliability, availability, and serviceability (RAS) features, design for test (DFT), and design for manufacturability (DFM) features, as well as an overview of the design and verification methodology. The fuse-based clock deskew circuit achieves 24-ps skew across the entire die, while the scan-based skew control further reduces it to 7 ps. The 128-bit front-side bus has a bandwidth of 6.4 GB/s and supports up to four processors on a single bus.