gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An ASIC-architecture for VLSI-implementation of the RBN-algorithm (2002)

An optimized recursive binary nesting (RBN) algorithm for coding true color documents is presented. The RBN compression in which algorithm is a segmentation algorithm in which a picture is subdivided into regions with equal properties and for each region only the relevant information for the human eye is kept. Thus, the compressed image consists of segmentation information and the information of the picture behavior in those regions. The picture is subsampled on a quadtree based lattice (segmentation information). The inner pixels are approximated with the use of four lattice corner pixels (pictorial behavior). The subdivision in blocks has to be a function of the image contents. The size of the initial blocks is 65*65. Each pixel in the block is approximated as a weighted average of the four corner pixels (bilinear interpolation). The efficient VLSI architecture used to implement the algorithm is termed the lowly multiplexed cooperating data-path style. Several other designs under consideration are briefly reviewed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Phase-sensitive structured illumination to detect nanosized asymmetries in silicon trenches (2015)

A metrology approach to detect nanoscale asymmetries in structures on a silicon wafer is being introduced through simulation investigations. The simulations were performed based on a rigorous coupled-wave analysis. A structured spot focused on the wafer with a high-numerical aperture (NA=0.7) has been scanned over the wafer. Having access to the complex amplitude of the wavefront over the field, both the intensity and the phase profile of the spot have been investigated in the far-field image plane. To show the proof of concept, we considered a 10-nm asymmetry that appears in the radius of the bottom roundings of a trench on the wafer. The results have been compared to the case of using a conventional spot and it has been shown that the structured illumination provides more sensitivity to the presence of asymmetry. In both illumination cases, the phase distribution along the spot was shown to be more sensitive to the changes due to the presence of asymmetry in the wafer.
800 KV HVDC for Transmission of Large Amount of Power Over Very Long Distances (2006)

800 kV HVDC is economically attractive for bulk power transmission of 6000 MW and even 9000 MW per bipole over distances up to 3000 km. With the present progress of R&D converter equipment for 800 kV HVDC will be qualified within short. With proper separation and proper structure of the control and protection and auxiliary systems, the reliability and availability will be as good as, or even better than, for converters at lower voltages.
Simultaneous probe and pump extinction ratio enhancement demonstration in all-optical noninverted wavelength shifting (2005)

We demonstrate the utility of a semiconductor optical amplifier SOA-based cross-gain compression two-stage wavelength shifter that provides the functions of: (1) an increased wavelength shifted output probe extinction ratio for both up-conversion and down-conversion; (2) a noninverted output probe data format; and (3) a simultaneous increase of the input pump extinction ratio. The additional feature of an increased pump extinction ratio may be beneficial when broadcasting to several /spl lambda/-dependent destinations. We demonstrate this two-stage shifter when up-converting from a l-Gbit/s 1551-nm input pump to a 1558-nm output probe. We show that the pump and probe extinction ratios are simultaneously increased by 2.4 and 2.0 dB, respectively, relative to the single-stage case while incurring a probe power penalty of only /spl sim/0.5 dB at 1 Gbit/s. We also show that the output probe is not inverted. This scheme can be extended to several cascaded stages and to higher rates.
Paradoxical Stimulation of a DEG/ENaC Channel by Amiloride (1999)

Extracellular amiloride inhibits all known DEG/ENaC ion channels, including BNC1, a proton-activated human neuronal cation channel. Earlier studies showed that protons cause a conformational change that activates BNC1 and exposes residue 430 to the extracellular solution. Here we demonstrate that, in addition to blocking BNC1, amiloride also exposes residue 430. This result suggested that, like protons, amiloride might be capable of activating the channel. To test this hypothesis, we introduced a mutation in the BNC1 pore that reduces amiloride block, and found that amiloride stimulated these channels. Amiloride inhibition was voltage-dependent, suggesting block within the pore, whereas stimulation was not, suggesting binding to an extracellular site. These data show that amiloride can have two distinct effects on BNC1, and they suggest two different interaction sites. The results suggest that extracellular amiloride binding may have a stimulatory effect similar to that of protons in BNC1 or extracellular ligands in other DEG/ENaC channels.
Dual mRNA therapy restores metabolic function in long-term studies in mice with propionic acidemia (2020)

Propionic acidemia/aciduria (PA) is an ultra-rare, life-threatening, inherited metabolic disorder caused by deficiency of the mitochondrial enzyme, propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) composed of six alpha (PCCA) and six beta (PCCB) subunits. We herein report an enzyme replacement approach to treat PA using a combination of two messenger RNAs (mRNAs) (dual mRNAs) encoding both human PCCA (hPCCA) and PCCB (hPCCB) encapsulated in biodegradable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to produce functional PCC enzyme in liver. In patient fibroblasts, dual mRNAs encoded proteins localize in mitochondria and produce higher PCC enzyme activity vs. single (PCCA or PCCB) mRNA alone. In a hypomorphic murine model of PA, dual mRNAs normalize ammonia similarly to carglumic acid, a drug approved in Europe for the treatment of hyperammonemia due to PA. Dual mRNAs additionally restore functional PCC enzyme in liver and thus reduce primary disease-associated toxins in a dose-dependent manner in long-term 3- and 6-month repeat-dose studies in PA mice. Dual mRNAs are well-tolerated in these studies with no adverse findings. These studies demonstrate the potential of mRNA technology to chronically administer multiple mRNAs to produce large complex enzymes, with applicability to other genetic disorders.
1-β-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine-Phospholipid Conjugates As Prodrugs of Ara-C (1984)

The L-, D-, and D,L-isomers of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-diphosphate-1,2-dipalmitin, new prodrugs of ara-C5, have been evaluated for antitumor activity in L1210 lymphoid leukemic mice. The L-isomer produced significant increase in life span (ILS), and longterm survivors among mice bearing i.p. and i.c. implanted L1210 leukemia and the maximal ILS values found were greater than 543 and greater than 374% with five and four 45-day survivors out of six mice, respectively, at the optimal single doses of 300 mg/kg and 125 mg/kg. The D- and D,L-isomers also displayed significant in vivo antitumor activity against both i.p. and i.c. implanted L1210 leukemia in mice with ILS range of 144-293% at a total dose of 125-250 mg/kg. Significant schedule dependency was not observed when the conjugates were administered i.p. once daily for 5 days, once every 4 days, or as a single dose, but single doses typically produced the best effects. The L-isomer was found to be a more effective prodrug of ara-C than its isomers and other lipophilic prodrugs, 5'-O-palmitoyl-ara-C and N4-acyl-ara-C. Unlike the latter prodrugs, the new conjugates are water soluble by sonication method.
A Novel Missense Mutation in ERCC8 Co-Segregates with Cerebellar Ataxia in a Consanguineous Pakistani Family (2022)

Autosomal-recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCAs) are heterogeneous rare disorders mainly affecting the cerebellum and manifest as movement disorders in children and young adults. To date, ARCA causing mutations have been identified in nearly 100 genes; however, they account for less than 50% of all cases. We studied a multiplex, consanguineous Pakistani family presenting with a slowly progressive gait ataxia, body imbalance, and dysarthria. Cerebellar atrophy was identified by magnetic resonance imaging of brain. Using whole exome sequencing, a novel homozygous missense mutation <i>ERCC8</i>:c.176T>C (p.M59T) was identified that co-segregated with the disease. Previous studies have identified homozygous mutations in <i>ERCC8</i> as causal for Cockayne Syndrome type A (CSA), a UV light-sensitive syndrome, and several ARCAs. <i>ERCC8</i> plays critical roles in the nucleotide excision repair complex. The p.M59T, a substitution mutation, is located in a highly conserved WD1 beta-transducin repeat motif. In silico modeling showed that the structure of this protein is significantly affected by the p.M59T mutation, likely impairing complex formation and protein-protein interactions. In cultured cells, the p.M59T mutation significantly lowered protein stability compared to wildtype ERCC8 protein. These findings expand the role of <i>ERCC8</i> mutations in ARCAs and indicate that ERCC8-related mutations should be considered in the differential diagnosis of ARCAs.
What Drives Metal-Surface Step Bunching in Graphene Chemical Vapor Deposition? (2018)

Compressive strain relaxation of a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown graphene overlayer has been considered to be the main driving force behind metal surface step bunching (SB) in CVD graphene growth. Here, by combining theoretical studies with experimental observations, we prove that the SB can occur even in the absence of a compressive strain, is enabled by the rapid diffusion of metal adatoms beneath the graphene and is driven by the release of the bending energy of the graphene overlayer in the vicinity of steps. Based on this new understanding, we explain a number of experimental observations such as the temperature dependence of SB, and how SB depends on the thickness of the graphene film. This study also shows that SB is a general phenomenon that can occur in all substrates covered by films of two-dimensional (2D) materials.
From molecular control to quantum technology with the dynamic Stark effect (2011)

The non-resonant dynamic Stark effect is a powerful and general way of manipulating ultrafast processes in atoms, molecules, and solids with exquisite precision. We discuss the physics behind this effect, and demonstrate its efficacy as a method of control in a variety of systems. These applications range from the control of molecular rotational dynamics to the manipulation of chemical reaction dynamics, and from the suppression of vacuum fluctuation effects in coherent preparation of matter, to the dynamic generation of bandwidth for storage of broadband quantum states of light.
Introduction to Modular Multilevel Converters (2016)

This chapter explains the circuit topology and the operation of modular multilevel converters (MMCs), and put them into their context. It begins with a review of other voltage source converter (VSC) topologies, starting with the two-level voltage source converter. The chapter seeks the development of cascaded converter topologies with a strong focus on MMCs for ac/dc conversion. Multilevel converters have more than one dc link capacitor, which means that several separate dc levels can be created inside the converter. The blocking capability requirements of the semiconductor valves is determined by the individual capacitor voltages rather than by the full dc link voltage. The chapter describes a couple of multilevel VSCs that were introduced and developed before the MMC and other cascaded topologies, namely the diode clamped topologies and flying capacitor topologies. MMCs with full-bridges are also seriously considered for HVDC applications thanks to the capability of maintaining current control even during dc-side short-circuit faults.
The Mechanistic Architecture of Thermostable Pyrococcus furiosus Family B DNA Polymerase Motif A and Its Interaction with the dNTP Substrate (2009)

Thermostable DNA polymerases isolated from archaeal organisms have not been completely characterized kinetically and require further study if we are to understand both their dNTP binding mechanism and their role within the organism. Here, we demonstrate that the thermostable family B DNA polymerase from Pyrococcus furiosus (Pfu Pol) contains sensitive determinants of both dNTP binding and replicational fidelity within the highly conserved motif A. Site-directed mutagenesis of the motif A SYLP region revealed that small shifts in side chain volume result in significant changes in the dNTP binding affinity, steady state kinetics, and fidelity of the enzyme. Mutants of Y410 show high fidelity in both misincorporation assays and forward mutation assays, but display a substantially higher K(m) than the wild type. In contrast, mutations of upstream residue L409 result in a drastically reduced affinity for the correct dNTP, a much higher efficiency of both misincorporation and mismatch extension, and substantially lower fidelity as demonstrated by a PCR-based forward mutation assay. The A408S mutant, however, displayed a significant increase in both dNTP binding affinity and fidelity. In summary, these data show that modulation of motif A can greatly shift both the steady and pre-steady state kinetics of the enzyme as well as the fidelity of Pfu Pol.
Ultrasound imaging beyond the vasculature with new generation contrast agents (2015)

Current commercially available ultrasound contrast agents are gas-filled, lipid- or protein-stabilized microbubbles larger than 1 µm in diameter. Because the signal generated by these agents is highly dependent on their size, small yet highly echogenic particles have been historically difficult to produce. This has limited the molecular imaging applications of ultrasound to the blood pool. In the area of cancer imaging, microbubble applications have been constrained to imaging molecular signatures of tumor vasculature and drug delivery enabled by ultrasound-modulated bubble destruction. Recently, with the rise of sophisticated advancements in nanomedicine, ultrasound contrast agents, which are an order of magnitude smaller (100-500 nm) than their currently utilized counterparts, have been undergoing rapid development. These agents are poised to greatly expand the capabilities of ultrasound in the field of targeted cancer detection and therapy by taking advantage of the enhanced permeability and retention phenomenon of many tumors and can extravasate beyond the leaky tumor vasculature. Agent extravasation facilitates highly sensitive detection of cell surface or microenvironment biomarkers, which could advance early cancer detection. Likewise, when combined with appropriate therapeutic agents and ultrasound-mediated deployment on demand, directly at the tumor site, these nanoparticles have been shown to contribute to improved therapeutic outcomes. Ultrasound's safety profile, broad accessibility and relatively low cost make it an ideal modality for the changing face of healthcare today. Aided by the multifaceted nano-sized contrast agents and targeted theranostic moieties described herein, ultrasound can considerably broaden its reach in future applications focused on the diagnosis and staging of cancer.
Anomalous reflection from metasurfaces with gradient phase distribution below 2π (2016)

Abstract Metasurfaces are artificial structures that have been demonstrated to possess the ability to manipulate light within a subwavelength spatial region. Here, we explore another unraised functionality of the energy redistribution of a metasurface by tuning the phase difference over a supercell. We also propose a practical nanorod-based design to achieve an anomalous steering reflection using the finite element method simulation. The proposed phenomena have potential applications in ultracompact nanophotonic systems and high-efficiency flat devices.
Real-time enhancement of defects in periodic objects using photorefractive BSO (1985)

A method is presented to enhance defects in periodic objects in real time. A low-intensity reference wave interferes with the Fourier transform of an object beam to form a hologram in a photorefractive crystal. The nonlinear properties of the crystal perform a filtering operation, suppressing the high-intensity Fourier components of the periodic structure, and phase-conjugate read-out results in a defect-enhanced image. The mask to be inspected is placed in the input plane, and the defect-enhanced image appears at the output plane, in a time limited only by the time constant of the crystal. Using ESSO with a total incident light intensity of ~20 mW/cm 2 , the response time is ~50 ms. Defects of 10 × 100 μ m 2 have been easily detected with high SNR, and performance limitations are discussed.
Metathesis by Molybdenum and Tungsten Catalysts (2015)

Carbon-carbon double bonds are an integral part of the chemical industry and are widely found in natural products, from the small and simple (ethylene) to the large and complex. The ability to manipulate carbon-carbon double bonds to make other carbon-carbon double bonds in a catalytic and stereospecific fashion has revolutionized the way organic molecules and polymers are made today. This article outlines the development of modern molybdenum and tungsten alkylidene catalysts that can be designed at a molecular level to achieve a given result. Carbon-carbon triple bonds also can be manipulated in a similar manner with the appropriate alkylidyne catalyst. Although the 'alkene metathesis' and 'alkyne metathesis' reactions are now fifty to sixty years old, many problems remain that will require an even more detailed understanding of these most intricate, superficially simple reactions.
Development of a metrology and figuring machine for large X-ray mirror (2003)

To improve the image quality of X-ray replicated mirror, A new metrology machine has been built link to a ion beam figuring machine. The first one allows to accurately measure the shape of replicated X-ray mirrors. The machine is dedicated to cylindrical mirrors shape whose dimensions can vary from 50 to 800 mm in height and 600 to 800 mm in diameter. The present contribution will sum up the results achieved with this machine on an actual mirror. The machine calibration results and the data analysis to obtain the mirror final shape will be detailed. The final results are compared with other measurements performed by a traditional 3-D machine. The second one is a dedicated ion figuring machine dedicated for the figuring of the X-ray mirrors. The preliminary tests were undertaken to evaluate the ion figuring process on Nickel replicated surfaces. Those results were used to improve the design of the figuring machine, a detailed description of that machine follows. The reliability of the ion figuring process is shown through an actual problem. Finally, some leading remarks about the improvements of the ion figuring ion machine and the ion figuring process in general are drawn.
Smart Polymers for Neural Interfaces (2013)

Thermomechanical properties of smart polymers can be specifically tuned to address critical problems in neural interfaces. A compilation of materials and approaches is presented from each of three often overlapping research communities: shape memory polymers, hydrogels, and neural interfaces. The path toward chronically implantable devices for neural recording and stimulation relies on careful control of mechanical, chemical, electronic and geometric properties of next generation devices. These phenomena are described and put into a context of modulus changing materials, as opposed to the current focus on shape changing materials, as a paradigm that may lead to new discoveries addressing unmet clinical needs.
ChemInform Abstract: Inhibitors of Acyl‐CoA: Cholesterol O‐Acyl Transferase (ACAT) as Hypocholesterolemic Agents. Part 8. Incorporation of Amide or Amine Functionalities into a Series of Disubstituted Ureas and Carbamates. Effects on ACAT Inhibition in Vitro and Efficacy in Vivo. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Figure S3 from <i>S</i>-nitrosylation of the Mitochondrial Chaperone TRAP1 Sensitizes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to Inhibitors of Succinate Dehydrogenase (2023)

&lt;p&gt;SDH-generated superoxide is the upstream mediator of α-TOS-induced cell death in siGSNOR HepG2 cells.&lt;/p&gt;
Nanostructural Alteration in Bone Quantified in Terms of Orientation Distribution of Mineral Crystals: A Possible Tool for Fracture Risk Assessment (2011)

There may be different causes of failures in bone; however, their origin generally lies at the lowest level of structural hierarchy, i.e., at the mineral-collagen composite. Any change in the nanostructure affects the affinity or bonding effectiveness between and within the phases at this level, and hence determines the overall strength and quality of bone. In this study, we propose a novel concept to assess change in the nanostructure and thereby change in the bonding status at this level by revealing change in the orientation distribution characteristics of mineral crystals. Using X-ray diffraction method, a parameter called Degree of Orientation (DO) has been quantified. The DO accounts for the azimuthal distribution of mineral crystals and represents their effective amount along any direction. Changes in the DOs in cortical bone samples from bovine femur with different preferential orientations of mineral crystals were estimated under external loads. Depending on the applied loads, change in the azimuthal distribution of the DOs and the degree of reversibility of the crystals was observed to vary. The characteristics of nanostructural change and thereby possible affect on the strength of bone was then predicted from the reversible or irreversible characteristics of distributed mineral crystals. Significant changes in the organization of mineral crystals were observed; however, variations in the applied stresses and elastic moduli were not evinced at the macroscale level. A novel concept to assess the alteration in nanostructure on the basis of mineral crystals orientation distribution has been proposed. The importance of nanoscale level information obtained noninvasively has been emphasized, which acts as a precise tool to estimate the strength and predict the possible fracture risks in bone.
Synthesis methods for field programmable gate arrays (1993)

Field programmable gate arrays (FPGA ’s) reduce the turnaround time of application-spec@c integrated circuits from weeks to minutes. However, the high complexity of their architectures makes manual mapping of designs time consuming and error prone thereby offsetting any turnaround advantage. Consequently, effective design automation tools are needed to reduce design time. Among the most important is logic synthesis. While standard synthesis techniques could be used for FPGA’s, the quality of the synthesized designs is often unacceptable. As a result, much recent work has been devoted to developing logic synthesis tools targeted to different FPGA architectures. The paper surveys this work. The three most popular types of FPGA architectures are considered, namely those using logic blocks based on lookuptables, multiplexers and wide AND/OR arrays. The emphasis is on tools which attempt to minimize the area of the combinational logic part of a design since little work has been done on optimizing performance or routability, or on synthesis of the sequential part of a design. The different tools surveyed are compared using a suite of benchmark designs.