gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum cryptography with a single-photon source (2004)

Quantum cryptography is a method to exchange secret messages with unconditional security over a potentially hostile environment using single photons. Previous implementations of quantum cryptography have relied on highly attenuated laser light to approximate single photo states. Such sources are vulnerable to eavesdropping attacks based on photon splitting. Here we present an experimental demonstration of quantum cryptography using a single photon source based on Indium Arsenide quantum dots. We achieve a communication rate of 25kbits/s. This source allows secure communication over a quantum channel with up to 28dB of channel loss, as opposed to only 23dB for an attenuated laser.
Comparison of the nitration of polyfluoronitrobenzenes by nitronium salts in superacidic and aprotic media: activation of the nitronium ion by protosolvation. (1992)

The reactivity of nitronium tetrafluoroborate in the nitration of deactivated di- and trifluoronitrobenzenes is enhanced in superacidic trifluoromethanesulfonic (triflic) acid compared with aprotic methylene chloride and sulfolane solutions. The enhanced reactivity is discussed in terms of better solubility and higher dissociation of the nitronium salts, as well as protosolvation of NO2+ by superacids.
On the Efficiency and Security of Pairing-Based Protocols in the Type 1 and Type 4 Settings. (2010)

Abstract. We focus on the implementation and security aspects of cryptographic protocols that use Type 1 and Type 4 pairings. On the implementation front, we report improved timings for Type 1 pairings derived from supersingular elliptic curves in characteristic 2 and 3 and the first timings for supersingular genus-2 curves in characteristic 2 at the 128-bit security level. In the case of Type 4 pairings, our main contribution is a new method for hashing into G2 which makes the Type 4 setting almost as efficient as Type 3. On the security front, for some well-known protocols we discuss to what extent the security arguments are tenable when one moves to genus-2 curves in the Type 1 case. In Type 4, we observe that the Boneh-Shacham group signature scheme, the very first protocol for which the Type 4 setting was introduced in the literature, is trivially insecure, and we describe a small modification that appears to restore its security. 1
Polyethylene Building Blocks by Catalyzed Chain Growth and Efficient End Functionalization Strategies, Including Click Chemistry (2008)

A means to an end: Polyethylene chains obtained by catalyzed chain growth on magnesium and exhibiting molar masses up to 5000 g mol−1 have been end-functionalized in high yield with iodide, azide, and amine reactive end groups (see scheme). The functionalized polyethylenes can be used to generate a range of reactive polyolefins; for example, the azide-functionalized chain can undergo “click” reactions to afford macromonomers. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
An intramolecular Diels–Alder approach to forskolin (1984)

P. R. Jenkins, K. A. Menear, P. Barraclough and M. S. Nobbs, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1984, 1423 DOI: 10.1039/C39840001423
Solid State Synthesis of Tungsten Carbide Nanorods and Nanoplatelets by a Single‐Step Pyrolysis. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Performance modeling for multilevel communication in SHMEM+ (2010)

The field of high-performance computing (HPC) is currently undergoing a major transformation brought upon by a variety of new processor device technologies. Accelerator devices (e.g. FPGA, GPU) are becoming increasingly popular as coprocessors in HPC, embedded, and other systems, improving application performance while in some cases also reducing energy consumption. The presence of such devices introduces additional levels of communication and memory hierarchy in the system, which warrants an expansion of conventional parallel-programming practices to address these differences. Programming models and libraries for heterogeneous, parallel, and reconfigurable computing such as SHMEM+ have been developed to support communication and coordination involving a diverse mix of processor devices. However, to evaluate the impact of communication on application performance and obtain optimal performance, a concrete understanding of the underlying communication infrastructure is often imperative. In this paper, we introduce a new multilevel communication model for representing various data transfers encountered in these systems and for predicting performance. Three use cases are presented and evaluated. First, the model enables application developers to perform early design-space exploration of communication patterns in their applications before undertaking the laborious and expensive process of implementation, yielding improved performance and productivity. Second, the model enables system developers to quickly optimize performance of data-transfer routines within tools such as SHMEM+ when being ported to a new platform. Third, the model augments tools such as SHMEM+ to automatically improve performance of data transfers by self-tuning internal parameters to match platform capabilities. Results from experiments with these use cases suggest marked improvement in performance, productivity, and portability.
Structure and Reactivity of the Dammarenyl Cation:  Configurational Transmission in Triterpene Synthesis (2005)

[reaction: see text] The dammarenyl cation (13) is the last common intermediate in the cyclization of oxidosqualene to a diverse array of secondary triterpene metabolites in plants. We studied the structure and reactivity of 13 to understand the factors governing the regio- and stereospecificity of triterpene synthesis. First, we demonstrated that 13 has a 17beta side chain in Arabidopsis thaliana lupeol synthase (LUP1) by incubating the substrate analogue (18E)-22,23-dihydro-20-oxaoxidosqualene (21) with LUP1 from a recombinant yeast strain devoid of other cyclases and showing that the sole product of 21 was 3beta-hydroxy-22,23,24,25,26,27-hexanor-17beta-dammaran-20-one. Quantum mechanical calculations were carried out on gas-phase models to show that the 20-oxa substitution has negligible effect on substrate binding and on the activation energies of reactions leading to either C17 epimer of 13. Further molecular modeling indicated that, because of limited rotational freedom in the cyclase active site cavity, the C17 configuration of the tetracyclic intermediate 13 can be deduced from the angular methyl configuration of the pentacyclic or 6-6-6-6 tetracyclic product. This rule of configurational transmission aided in elucidating the mechanistic pathway accessed by individual cyclases. Grouping of cyclases according to mechanistic and taxonomic criteria suggested that the transition between pathways involving 17alpha and 17beta intermediates occurred rarely in evolutionary history. Two other mechanistic changes were also rare, whereas variations on cation rearrangements evolved readily. This perspective furnished insights into the phylogenetic relationships of triterpene synthases.
Beneficial effect of hydrophilized porous polymer scaffolds in tissue‐engineered cartilage formation (2007)

Three dimensional (3D) porous poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) scaffolds were fabricated using a modified gas foaming method whose effervescent porogens were a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and citric acid. To improve chondrocyte adhesion, the scaffolds were then hydrophilized through oxygen plasma treatment and in situ graft polymerization of acrylic acid (AA). When the physical properties of AA-grafted scaffolds were examined, the porosity and pore size were 87 approximately 93% and 100 approximately 300 microm, respectively. The pore sizes were highly dependent on the varying ratios (w/w) between porogen and polymer solution. Influenced by their pore sizes, the compressive moduli of scaffolds significantly decreased with increasing pore size. The altered surface characteristics were clearly reflected in the reduced water contact angles that meant a significant hydrophilization with the modified polymer surface. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer (ToF-SIMS) also confirmed the altered surface chemistry. When chondrocytes were seeded onto the AA-grafted PLLA scaffolds, cell adhesion and proliferation were substantially improved as compared to the unmodified scaffolds. The benefit of the modified scaffolds was clear in the gene expressions of collagen type II that was significantly upregulated after 4-week culture. Safranin-O staining also identified greater glycosaminoglycan (GAG) deposition in the modified scaffold. The AA-grafted porous polymer scaffolds were effective for cell adhesion and differentiation, making them a suitable platform for tissue-engineered cartilage.
Characterizing the Impact of Smoking and Lung Cancer on the Airway Transcriptome Using RNA-Seq (2011)

Cigarette smoke creates a molecular field of injury in epithelial cells that line the respiratory tract. We hypothesized that transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) will enhance our understanding of the field of molecular injury in response to tobacco smoke exposure and lung cancer pathogenesis by identifying gene expression differences not interrogated or accurately measured by microarrays. We sequenced the high-molecular-weight fraction of total RNA (>200 nt) from pooled bronchial airway epithelial cell brushings (n = 3 patients per pool) obtained during bronchoscopy from healthy never smoker (NS) and current smoker (S) volunteers and smokers with (C) and without (NC) lung cancer undergoing lung nodule resection surgery. RNA-Seq libraries were prepared using 2 distinct approaches, one capable of capturing non-polyadenylated RNA (the prototype NuGEN Ovation RNA-Seq protocol) and the other designed to measure only polyadenylated RNA (the standard Illumina mRNA-Seq protocol) followed by sequencing generating approximately 29 million 36 nt reads per pool and approximately 22 million 75 nt paired-end reads per pool, respectively. The NuGEN protocol captured additional transcripts not detected by the Illumina protocol at the expense of reduced coverage of polyadenylated transcripts, while longer read lengths and a paired-end sequencing strategy significantly improved the number of reads that could be aligned to the genome. The aligned reads derived from the two complementary protocols were used to define the compendium of genes expressed in the airway epithelium (n = 20,573 genes). Pathways related to the metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, retinol metabolism, and oxidoreductase activity were enriched among genes differentially expressed in smokers, whereas chemokine signaling pathways, cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, and cell adhesion molecules were enriched among genes differentially expressed in smokers with lung cancer. There was a significant correlation between the RNA-Seq gene expression data and Affymetrix microarray data generated from the same samples (P < 0.001); however, the RNA-Seq data detected additional smoking- and cancer-related transcripts whose expression was were either not interrogated by or was not found to be significantly altered when using microarrays, including smoking-related changes in the inflammatory genes S100A8 and S100A9 and cancer-related changes in MUC5AC and secretoglobin (SCGB3A1). Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed differential expression of select genes and non-coding RNAs within individual samples. These results demonstrate that transcriptome sequencing has the potential to provide new insights into the biology of the airway field of injury associated with smoking and lung cancer. The measurement of both coding and non-coding transcripts by RNA-Seq has the potential to help elucidate mechanisms of response to tobacco smoke and to identify additional biomarkers of lung cancer risk and novel targets for chemoprevention.
Systematic analysis of longitudinal serological responses of pigs infected experimentally with African swine fever virus (2007)

The protective immune response to African swine fever virus (ASFV) includes both cellular and serological components. In this study, the role of antibodies in the pathogenicity and diagnosis of African swine fever (ASF) was explored. Accordingly, total and Ig isotype antibody responses against the 12 viral proteins previously demonstrated to be the main targets of serological immunity were evaluated in longitudinally collected sera from pigs infected experimentally with the non-pathogenic ASFV/NH/P68 isolate. Strong total IgG antibody responses were observed against viral proteins E183L/p54, K205R/'unassigned', A104R/histone-like and B602L/'unassigned'; therefore, IgM, IgG1 and IgG2 responses to these proteins were also determined. One protein stimulating IgM (K205R) may have practical potential for the detection of recently infected animals. There was a clear trend towards an IgG1 response to all of the proteins. This may reflect a dominant Th2-controlled immune response. In order to identify possible correlations between these serological responses and the pathogenesis of ASF, total IgG responses to the 12 recombinant proteins were compared in asymptomatic and chronically infected animals. For the proteins NP419L/DNA ligase, CP312R, B646L/p73, K196R/thymidine kinase and K205R, the antibody titres were significantly higher in animals developing lesions. One exception was the antibody response to the A104R/histone-like protein, which was higher in asymptomatic than in chronically infected pigs, suggesting that antibodies against this protein might be an indicator of an effective immune response or that this response is somehow involved in protection.
Mask cost reduction and yield optimization using design intent (2005)

The relentless pursuit of Moore's Law is pushing lithographical equipment to its limits. Extensive use of Resolution Enhancement Technologies (RET) during mask synthesis has allowed the industry to meet demand for density and performance at the 0.13um node and below. RET has been used to sustain the traditional model of printing edges as close as possible to the corresponding edges in the design layout. As technology moves to sub-100nm processes this model is proving to be both challenging and expensive to sustain. Pushing the RET tools to do an aggressive match between layout geometries and the printed pattern results in a large increase in mask cost. Even if this optimization is successful the resulting pattern may not provide the highest possible yield. In previous papers we demonstrated the use of design intent (DI) during mask synthesis to both reduce mask cost and improve yield. In this paper more results are described of how much improvement is possible on mask shot count and sliver count. We also investigate the cell level timing impact of our proposed methodology. Detailed timing results are presented and analyzed along with their impact on the design flow.
Lensfree in-line holographic detection of bacteria (2011)

Due to low light scattering, bacteria are difficult to detect using lensless imaging systems. In order to detect individual bacteria, we report a method based on a thin wetting film imaging that produces a micro-lens effect on top of each bacterium when the sample dries up. The imaging using a high-end CMOS sensor is combined with an in-line holographic reconstruction to improve positive detection rate up to 95% with micron-sized beads at high density of ~10<sup>3</sup> objects/mm<sup>2</sup>. The system allows detecting from single bacterium to densely packed objects (10<sup>3</sup> bacteria/&mu;l) within 10&mu;l sample. As an example, E.coli, Bacillus subtilis and <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>, has been successfully detected with strong signal to noise ratio across a 24mm<sup>2</sup> field of view.
A 3D printed fluid filled variable elastance electrostatic machine optimized with conformal mapping (2016)

Recently, fluid filled electrostatic machines have demonstrated specific and volumetric torque density that hold promise to be competitive with electromagnetic machines in niche applications. These demonstrations of variable elastance (dual of reluctance) machines were non-optimized from an electrostatics perspective as their geometry was heavily constrained due to manufacturability. Higher performance electromechanical power conversion for electrostatics requires optimal geometric design. This paper proposes a semi-analytical method incorporating conformal mapping techniques with finite element (FE) analysis to optimize a variable elastance electrostatic machine in a low speed direct drive applications. As a proof of concept, an optimized geometry was built using additive manufacturing, specifically stereolithographic 3D printing, to circumvent geometry constraints. By building the machine from plastic plated with conductor, it is lightweight with improved torque density. This manufacturing approach suggests that a machine can be injected molded or cast in a single step. Experimental results support both the design and manufacturing approaches and the resulting machine is benchmarked against previous work.
Enhancing voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy in Fe80B20/MgO/HfO2 thin films by dielectric constant modulation (2022)

The voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) effect is the basis for ultralow-power spin manipulation in spintronic devices such as voltage-controlled magnetoresistive random-access memory (VC-MRAM). A larger VCMA coefficient $\ensuremath{\xi}$ is required to develop VC-MRAM with a higher density. Although $\ensuremath{\xi}$ is theoretically proportional to the dielectric constant ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{\mathrm{r}}$ of the tunnel barrier material, this relationship has not been experimentally examined. We systematically investigated the relationship between $\ensuremath{\xi}$ and ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{\mathrm{r}}$ in a ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{80}{\mathrm{B}}_{20}/\mathrm{MgO}/{\mathrm{HfO}}_{2}$ structure prepared by sputtering-based deposition. We successfully controlled ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{\mathrm{r}}$ while maintaining perpendicular magnetic anisotropy at the ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{80}{\mathrm{B}}_{20}/\mathrm{MgO}$ interface. Both ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{\mathrm{r}}$ and $\ensuremath{\xi}$ were observed to monotonically increase with ${\mathrm{HfO}}_{2}$, showing a positive correlation between $\ensuremath{\xi}$ and ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{\mathrm{r}}$. The maximum $\ensuremath{\xi}$ reached \ensuremath{-}92 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 4 fJ/Vm with ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{\mathrm{r}}=19.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3$. This result experimentally demonstrated that the VCMA effect could be enhanced by increasing ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{\mathrm{r}}$.
Prechirper to relax the timing restrictions for soliton-dragging logic gates (1991)

The timing restrictions for soliton-dragging logic gates can be relaxed by asymmetrizing the interaction between the orthogonally polarized control and signal pulses. In particular, by prechirping the signal pulse in a normal group-velocity dispersion fiber, we find experimentally that the timing restriction can be loosened from less than 2 pulse widths to over 3.3 pulse widths. For this passive prechirper arrangement the timing restrictions are loosened at the expense of increased minimum switching energy. Soliton-dragging logic gates with a signal prechirper can provide timing restoration as well as logic-level restoration, so that two inverter gates can be cascaded to implement an ultrafast, all-optical pulse regenerator.
Virtual-Flux Direct Power Control for Mains Connected Three-Level NPC Inverter Systems (2008)

This paper proposes a control strategy which extends the Virtual-Flux Direct Power Control traditionally employed for the conventional two-level VSI to a three-level NPC inverter. This topology generates a higher number of output voltage levels, increasing the flexibility for selecting an appropriate voltage vector. The mid-point potential is controlled according to the direction of the mid-point current and the sign of the mid-point voltage deviation. The method is adapted to be used with an LCL output filter, where some undesirable characteristics, such as filter resonance, have to be compensated. Further investigation concerning the dependency of the mid-point voltage with the current phase-shift is given. Theoretical analysis is presented and the performance of the proposed method is verified by simulation.
Differentiable Patch Selection for Image Recognition (2021)

Neural Networks require large amounts of memory and compute to process high resolution images, even when only a small part of the image is actually informative for the task at hand. We propose a method based on a differentiable Top-K operator to select the most relevant parts of the input to efficiently process high resolution images. Our method may be interfaced with any downstream neural network, is able to aggregate information from different patches in a flexible way, and allows the whole model to be trained end-to-end using backpropagation. We show results for traffic sign recognition, inter-patch relationship reasoning, and fine-grained recognition without using object/part bounding box annotations during training.
(Invited) Understanding Chemical, Mechanical and Thermal Stability of NCA in Polymer Solid-State Batteries (2020)

The structural integrity and chemical stability of layered Ni-rich oxide cathode materials are influential factors that critically affect the performance and reliability of lithium batteries. Prolonged battery operation often involves repeated phase transitions, buildup of mechanical stresses, which could result in chemical and mechanical changes in cathodes. Chemo-thermo-mechanical interplay can cause performance degradation through various processes. Here we systematically investigate such complex chemomechanical and chemothermal interplays over a wide range of length scales within the hierarchically structured polymer solid-state batteries. This presentation will discuss our understanding of 1) The formation of mesoscale cracks and corresponding state of charge (SOC) inhomogeneity within secondary NCA particle cycled in solid polymer batteries 1 2) Thermal decomposition, fracture (intergranular and intragranular), and mesopores formation due to oxygen evolution in delithiated Li 0.30 NCA particles upon heating 2 3) long-term chemothermal stability of delithiated Li 0.30 NCA at relevant operating conditions of polymer solid-state batteries. 3 Our investigation provides a fundamental understanding of chemo-thermo-mechanical breakdown of the NCA in solid-state polymer batteries. Reference : 1. Besli, M. M. et al. Mesoscale Chemomechanical Interplay of the LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 Cathode in Solid-State Polymer Batteries. Chem. Mater. 31 , 491–501 (2019). 2. Besli, M. M. et al. Thermally-driven mesopore formation and oxygen release in delithiated NCA cathode particles. J. Mater. Chem. A 7 , 12593–12603 (2019). 3. Besli, M. M. et al. Long-Term Chemothermal Stability of Delithiated NCA in Polymer Solid-State Batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 11–13 (2019) doi:10.1039/c9ta11103d.