gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of µ-PIV flow pattern measurements and CFD simulation of high-pressure homogenizer orifices (2019)

Emulsions have a wide scope of applications. They can be found in the cosmetic, chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industry. Emulsion properties, such as stability, rheological behavior, and color depend on the droplet size and droplet size distribution (DSD) of the emulsion. High-pressure homogenization (HPH) is mostly used to produce emulsions with droplets smaller than one micrometer. During this process, an emulsion premix with larger droplets is pumped with a pressure of several hundred bar through a disruption unit. In this unit, the characteristic dimension through which the product flows, is significantly reduced. This results in a drastic increase in flow velocity. Thereby, droplets are exposed stresses resulting from laminar, turbulent and cavitating flow patterns, which cause droplet breakup. Nonetheless, the influence of geometrical or process parameters on resulting droplet sizes is still focus of ongoing research. Therefore, the design of a HPH process, which should result in a specific droplet size, is still mostly based on process functions and empirical knowledge. 
This investigation focuses on the influence of the geometry of the disruption unit, and the process parameters on the local flow pattern and resulting stresses. Previous experimental works have demonstrated that even small changes in the geometry of the disruption unit result in significant changes on the DSD. In addition, CFD simulations have shown that the elongation rate in front of the smallest cross section depends on the geometry of the disruption unit. These higher elongation rates may be responsible for smaller droplets, as they induce elongation into extremely thin filaments (hypothesis of this work). However, due to the very small dimensions of the disruption unit, CFD results (already presented in this ProcessNet section) could not be corroborated up to now. Micro particle image velocimetry (µ-PIV) proposes a promising approach to verify these results. It is a non-intrusive measurement method, which allows an inside view on local HPH process conditions. 
In this work, a micro particle image velocimetry setup was used to obtain velocity profiles in two optical accessible orifices with varied inlet geometry. The obtained averaged two-dimensional velocity profiles were used to calculate local shear and elongation stresses in the laminar inlet of the orifices. Furthermore, three-dimensional CFD simulations were carried out and the obtained results were compared with the µ-PIV flow patterns.
Spectrum-Efficient Provisioning for Multi-Channel Elastic Optical Networking (2013)

Spectrum-efficient provisioning is designed for multi-channel elastic optical networking, which exploits various modulation formats and performs compact spectrum assignment at channel basis. Our scheme achieves high spectral efficiency with fast computation independent of spectrum granularity.
A Si bipolar 5-Gb/s 8:1 multiplexer and 4.2-Gb/s 1:8 demultiplexer (1992)

Conventionally, ultrahigh-speed 2:1 multiplexers and 1:2 demultiplexers have been demonstrated with HBTs, MESFETs, and Si BJTs. Multiplexers and demultiplexers with a high number of bits are desirable to simplify a system. Si bipolar circuits and package design technology for a 5-Gb/s 8:1 multiplexer and a 4.2 Gb/s 1:8 demultiplexer are described. These multigigabit LSIs have been achieved mainly by switching current optimization within the limit of keeping a maximum unity unilateral gain frequency (f/sub max/), by careful circuit and layout design considering accurate parasitic capacitance modeling, and by using a high-speed Si bipolar technology. These LSIs are housed in a newly developed 56-pin six-layer ceramic package with chip resistors for ECL termination and chip capacitors for good RF grounding.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Synthesis of Densely Functionalized Pyrrolidinone Templates by an Intramolecular oxo‐Diels—Alder Reaction. (2002)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Absence of Spontaneous Central Nervous System Remyelination in Class ll-deficient Mice Infected with Theilerʼs Virus (1999)

We previously showed that Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-infected major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-deficient mice develop both demyelination and neurologic deficits, whereas MHC class I-deficient mice develop demyelination but no neurologic deficits. The absence of neurologic deficits in the class I-deficient mice was associated with preserved sodium channel densities in demyelinated lesions, a relative preservation of axons, and extensive spontaneous remyelination. In this study, we investigated whether TMEV-infected class II-deficient mice, which have an identical genetic background (C57BL/6 x 129) as the class I-deficient mice, have preserved axons and spontaneous myelin repair following chronic TMEV-infection. Both class I- and class II-deficient mice showed similar extents of demyelination of the spinal cord white matter 4 months after TMEV infection. However, the class I-deficient mice demonstrated remyelination by oligodendrocytes, whereas class II-deficient mice showed minimal if any myelin repair. Demyelinated lesions, characterized by inflammatory infiltrates in both mutants, revealed disruption of axons in class II- but not class I-deficient mice. Further characterization revealed that even though class II-deficient mice lacked TMEV-specific IgG, they had virus-specific IgM, which, however, did not neutralize TMEV in vitro. In addition, class II-deficient mice developed TMEV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in the CNS during the acute (7 days) disease, but these cytotoxic lymphocytes were not present in the chronic stage of disease, despite a high titer of infectious virus throughout the disease. We envision that the presence of demyelination, high virus titer, absence of remyelination, and axonal disruption in chronically infected class II-deficient mice contributes to the development of paralytic disease.
Regional diversity of complex dissolved organic matter across forested hemiboreal headwater streams (2018)

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) from soils enters the aquatic environment via headwater streams. Thereafter, it is gradually transformed, removed by sedimentation, and mineralised. Due to the proximity to the terrestrial source and short water residence time, the extent of transformation is minimal in headwaters. DOM has variable composition across inland waters, but the amount of variability in the terrestrial end member is unknown. This gap in knowledge is crucial considering the potential impact large variability would have on modelling DOM degradation. Here, we used a novel liquid chromatography -mass spectrometry method to characterise DOM in 74 randomly selected, forested headwater streams in an 87,000 km<sup>2</sup> region of southeast Sweden. We found a large degree of sample similarity across this region, with Bray-Curtis dissimilarity values averaging 8.4 ± 3.0% (mean ± SD). The identified variability could be reduced to two principle coordinates, correlating to varying groundwater flow-paths and regional mean temperature. Our results indicate that despite reproducible effects of groundwater geochemistry and climate, the composition of DOM is remarkably similar across catchments already as it leaves the terrestrial environment, rather than becoming homogeneous as different headwaters and sub-catchments mix.
Development and interlaboratory evaluation of a NIST Reference Material RM 8366 for EGFR and MET gene copy number measurements (2019)

Background The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Reference Material RM 8366 was developed to improve the quality of gene copy measurements of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and MET (proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase), important targets for cancer diagnostics and treatment. The reference material is composed of genomic DNA prepared from six human cancer cell lines with different levels of amplification of the target genes. Methods The reference values for the ratios of the EGFR and MET gene copy numbers to the copy numbers of reference genes were measured using digital PCR. The digital PCR measurements were confirmed by two additional laboratories. The samples were also characterized using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) methods including whole genome sequencing (WGS) at three levels of coverage (approximately 1 ×, 5 × and greater than 30 ×), whole exome sequencing (WES), and two different pan-cancer gene panels. The WES data were analyzed using three different bioinformatic algorithms. Results The certified values (digital PCR) for EGFR and MET were in good agreement (within 20%) with the values obtained from the different NGS methods and algorithms for five of the six components; one component had lower NGS values. Conclusions This study shows that NIST RM 8366 is a valuable reference material to evaluate the performance of assays that assess EGFR and MET gene copy number measurements.
X-ray detection capabilities of plastic scintillators incorporated with hafnium oxide nanoparticles surface-modified with phenyl propionic acid (2017)

We synthesized plastic scintillators incorporated with HfO2 nanoparticles as detectors for X-ray synchrotron radiation. Nanoparticles with sizes of less than 10 nm were synthesized with the subcritical hydrothermal method. The detection efficiency of high-energy X-ray photons improved by up to 3.3 times because of the addition of the nanoparticles. Nanosecond time resolution was successfully achieved for all the scintillators. These results indicate that this method is applicable for the preparation of plastic scintillators to detect X-ray synchrotron radiation.
Reprogramming of profibrotic macrophages for treatment of bleomycin‐induced pulmonary fibrosis (2020)

Fibrotic diseases cause organ failure that lead to ~45% of all deaths in the United States. Activated macrophages stimulate fibrosis by secreting cytokines that induce fibroblasts to synthesize collagen and extracellular matrix proteins. Although suppression of macrophage-derived cytokine production can halt progression of fibrosis, therapeutic agents that prevent release of these cytokines (e.g., TLR7 agonists) have proven too toxic to administer systemically. Based on the expression of folate receptor β solely on activated myeloid cells, we have created a folate-targeted TLR7 agonist (FA-TLR7-54) that selectively accumulates in profibrotic macrophages and suppresses fibrosis-inducing cytokine production. We demonstrate that FA-TLR7-54 reprograms M2-like fibrosis-inducing macrophages into fibrosis-suppressing macrophages, resulting in dramatic declines in profibrotic cytokine release, hydroxyproline biosynthesis, and collagen deposition, with concomitant increases in alveolar airspaces. Although nontargeted TLR7-54 is lethal at fibrosis-suppressing doses, FA-TLR7-54 halts fibrosis without evidence of toxicity. Taken together, FA-TLR7-54 is shown to constitute a novel and potent approach for treating fibrosis without causing dose-limiting systemic toxicities.
Bounds on wireless location estimation of mobile transmitters in a time varying acoustic underwater channel (2003)

Summary form only given. Wireless localization of multiple mobile underwater transmitters has become a very important area of research. Applications of location algorithms can be used to configure optimal routing protocols to allow intercommunication between various underwater nodes uniformly distributed in a given volume V. Several solutions to the underwater localization problem consider the measurement of the first time of arrival of a signal coming from a node with unknown location and arriving at a receiver with known location. This allows the estimation of distance between them and eventually, the estimation of the node location by triangulation. The measurements of the first time of arrival can be inaccurate if the signal transmissions occur in time varying multipath channels. Previous work has presented estimators that use the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) for the location of a node in a channel that contains only large-scale fading effects (i.e. power attenuation due to distance). In this work we extend those results to account not only for large-scale fading but also for small-scale fading (i.e. time varying multipath). Small-scale fading accounts for received signal fluctuations in repeated measurements at the same inter-node distance. Further, due to the addition of a small-scale fading model, the necessary assumption of independent log-normal fades among successive measurements is removed, enabling multiple measurements at the same location. Using this combined statistical model we produce Cramer-Rao bounds on the estimation error for inter-node range. We obtain these bounds using RSSI measurements, then we use a different statistic, the raw sampled received signal, to show the effects of using power measurements instead of instantaneous received signal samples. The bounds on ranging error between nodes are then related to network localization time of N+Q nodes, uniformly distributed in a volume V. Consider a scenario where we have Q transmitters with known locations, and N whose locations are unknown at time t=0. Define the time T(R,Pr) as the first time when all N nodes know their location with a confidence Pr to be within a sphere of radius R. Further, we define EQ as the total energy expended by the Q transmitters for localization, and EN as the energy expended by the nodes of unknown initial location. The localization bounds found in this work will allow the calculation of the moments of T(R,Pr), EQ and EN as a function of the network parameters N, Q, V, R, Pr. These moments may then be used in the design of better performance location-aware routing protocols.
Du travail politique aux marchés du travail politique (2014)

Si le travail politique ne peut être analysé sans une attention soutenue aux processus institutionnels qui ont tendu à le configurer dans chaque espace national, il faut aussi être attentif à la manière dont ces règles institutionnelles organisent les carrières en établissant des frontières qui différencient les institutions politiques de leur environnement, définissent une division interne du travail et organisent une spécialisation des rôles, établissent des règles de recrutement et de mobilités entre les fonctions, construisent des hiérarchies, délimitent les marges de jeu des acteurs et in fine construisent les modèles de carrière en fixant le nombre de postes électifs et nominatifs susceptibles d’être pourvus par voie discrétionnaire ainsi que les règles relatives aux inéligibilités, aux incompatibilités entre les postes aux cumuls autorisés et aux démissions indispensables. Partant de ces observations, nous dressons quelques constats empiriques et formulons des enseignements pour de futures recherches.
Usefulness of serum microRNA as a predictive marker of recurrence and prognosis in biliary tract cancer after radical surgery (2019)

Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is an aggressive type of malignant tumour. Even after radical resection, the risk of recurrence is still high, resulting in a poor prognosis. Here, we investigated the usefulness of serum miRNAs as predictive markers of recurrence and prognosis for patients with BTC after radical surgery using 66 serum samples that were collected at three time points from 22 patients with BTC who underwent radical surgery. Using microarray analysis, we successfully identified six specific miRNAs (miR-1225-3p, miR-1234-3p, miR1260b, miR-1470, miR-6834-3p, and miR-6875-5p) associated with recurrence and prognosis of BTC after radical surgery. In addition, using a combination of these miRNAs, we developed a recurrence predictive index to predict recurrence in patients with BTC after operation with high accuracy. Patients having higher index scores (≥ cut-off) had significantly worse recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) than those with lower index scores (<cut-off). Furthermore, the index was an independent factor related to RFS and OS by univariate and multivariate analyses using a Cox hazard proportional model. Overall, our results provided compelling evidence for the potential usefulness of specific serum miRNAs as effective predictive tools for recurrence and prognosis in patients with BTC who underwent radical surgery.
Impedance spectroscopic analysis of long-lifetime blue fluorescent organic light emitting diode (2023)

Hole and electron carrier transport dynamics of blue fluorescent organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) were analyzed by impedance spectroscopic technique, and the relation between lifetimes and the dynamics was investigated. The OLEDs with different hole carrier transport property were fabricated by optimizing thickness of electron-blocking layer (EBL), while the electron transport level was fixed. The EBL was arranged between emission and hole transport layers (EML and HTL), and highest occupied molecular orbital level of the EBL was between those of EML and HTL. Both Cole-Cole plot and Bode-plot of imaginary part indicated that relaxation rate of hole carrier transport for the OLED with thin EBL was larger than that for the OLED with thick EBL. The relaxation rates of electron carrier transport were the same level with each other. The lifetime of the OLED with the thin EBL was longer than that of the OLED with the thick EBL. The results give us estimation that the hole carrier injection into the EML is increased for the OLED with relatively thin EBL, inducing long lifetime due to high level of hole injection into the EML even the occurrence of electron leakage from the EML to EBL.
Cerebral bioenergetics in hypovolemic shock: Mechanistic insights into the efficacy of EF24. (2015)

Since the primary determinant of mortality in hypovolemic shock is the host inflammatory response affecting multiple organs, addressing systemic inflammation is most vital in the critical first 60 min of blood loss. We investigated the effects EF24 (3,5-bis(2-flurobenzylidene)piperidin-4-one), an NF-kB inhibitor, on the status of rat brain suffering from severe (45%) blood loss because NF-kB activation contributes to neuronal cell death in prolonged ischemia. The hypovolemic rats were treated with EF24 solution (0.1ml, 0.4mg/Kg) within 1h of shock. No other resuscitation was provided; brain was collected at 6 h. Despite continued hypovolemia, EF24 reduced PARP and Casp 3 (proapototic proteins), HMGB1 (damage-associated molecular pattern), and increased Bcl2 (antiapoptotic) expression. Compared to vehicle-treated rats, EF24-treated rats showed significant (p<0.05) recovery of ATP, PCr and NAD/NADH ratio; Shock-induced changes in tissue citrate synthase activity, lactate and TBARS levels were not altered by EF24 treatment. We hypothesized that EF24 treatment increased aerobic glycolysis by activating the LKB1/AMPKα pathway. Shock reduced LKB1 and phospho-AMPKα expression which was restored by EF24-treatment; however, HIF-1α expression remained high even after EF24 treatment. It also recovered the proteasome activity (degradation of ubiquitinated proteins) suppressed by shock (Fig. 2c). Moreover, EF24 improved the brain BDNF and NGF levels which were significantly depressed postshock (Fig. 2d). These results are in agreement with other salutary effects of EF24 (published), and strongly support its further evaluation as a prehospital pharmacologic treatment in hemorrhagic shock.
Abstract B016: Pleiotrophin drives a pro-metastatic immune niche within the breast tumor microenvironment (2023)

Abstract Metastatic cancer cells adapt to thrive in secondary organs. To investigate metastatic adaptation, we performed transcriptomic analysis of metastatic and non-metastatic murine breast cancer cells. We found that pleiotrophin (PTN), a neurotrophic cytokine, is a metastasis-associated factor that is expressed highly by aggressive breast cancers. Moreover, elevated PTN in plasma correlated significantly with metastasis and reduced survival of breast cancer patients. Mechanistically, we find that PTN activates NF-kB in cancer cells leading to altered cytokine production, subsequent neutrophil recruitment and an immune suppressive microenvironment. Consequently, inhibition of PTN, pharmacologically or genetically, reduces the accumulation of tumor associated neutrophils and reverts local immune suppression resulting in increased T cell activation and attenuated metastasis. Furthermore, inhibition of PTN significantly enhanced the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade + chemotherapy in reducing metastatic burden in mice. These findings establish PTN as a previously unrecognized driver of a pro-metastatic immune niche and thus represents a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Citation Format: Debolina Ganguly, Marcel Schmidt, Morgan Coleman, Tuong-Vi Ngo, Noah Sorrelle, Adrian Dominguez, Jason Toombs, Cheryl Lewis, Yisheng Fang, Fatima Mora, David Ortega, Anton Wellstein, Rolf Brekken. Pleiotrophin drives a pro-metastatic immune niche within the breast tumor microenvironment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Cancer Metastasis; 2022 Nov 14-17; Portland, OR. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;83(2 Suppl_2):Abstract nr B016.
Construction of Directed 2K Graphs (2017)

We study the problem of constructing synthetic graphs that resemble real-world directed graphs in terms of their degree correlations. We define the problem of directed 2K construction (D2K) that takes as input the directed degree sequence (DDS) and a joint degree and attribute matrix (JDAM) so as to capture degree correlation specifically in directed graphs. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions to decide whether a target D2K is realizable, and we design an efficient algorithm that creates realizations with that target D2K. We evaluate our algorithm in creating synthetic graphs that target real-world directed graphs (such as Twitter) and we show that it brings significant benefits compared to state-of-the-art approaches.
578. Enhancement of GM-CSF Secreting Tumor Cell Vaccines by Docetaxel through Immune-Dependent and Independent Mechanisms (2004)

Vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with irradiated GM-CSF-secreting B16F10 tumor cells stimulates potent, long-lasting and specific anti-tumor immunity that prevents tumor growth in most mice subsequently challenged with wild-type B16F10 cells. However, this protection is less effective when GM-CSF-producing tumor cell vaccines are administered to mice with preexisting tumor burden. Docetaxel is a semi-synthetic taxane that has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy against breast, prostate, ovarian and other solid tumors. The tumoricidal activity of docetaxel is mainly attributed to its ability to block microtubule depolymerization thus inducing G2-M arrest and apoptosis. However, mounting evidence suggests that docetaxel also possesses immunomodulatory activity such as augmenting macrophage and lymphokine activated killer activity as well as the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These properties make docetaxel an interesting chemotherapeutic agent to combine with other cancer immunotherapies.