gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scalability and Key Tradeoffs of Variable Flux PM Machines for EV Traction Motor Systems (2018)

Methodologies for the design and control of variable flux permanent magnet synchronous machines (VF-PMSMs) to meet electric vehicle traction requirements with significantly reduced driving cycle losses have been proposed recently. The effectiveness of the proposed methods was demonstrated by a systematic design based on finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental driving cycle loss evaluation of a full scale VF-PMSM prototype. In this paper, simplified analytical models are developed to estimate the properties and key performance metrics of VF-PMSMs across a range of power and are verified using FEA. Fundamental tradeoffs between the normalized high-speed power capability and the range of magnetization state (MS) variation are identified. The relationship between MS variation range and driving cycle loss reduction is evaluated quantitatively across the design space. A detailed analysis of the scalability of VF-PMSMs including loss reduction capability and system cost (including active materials in the machine, inverter power electronics, and battery cost) is presented.
Linear Photonic Crystal Microcavities in Zero-Change SOI CMOS (2013)

Linear photonic crystal microcavities are demonstrated in 45 nm SOI CMOS with no process changes in foundry. Side-coupled waveguide excitation decouples cavity and coupling design. A loss Q on the order of 100,000 is demonstrated.
Speech Perception With Novel Stimulation Strategies for CombinedCochleo-Vestibular Systems (2021)

Cochlear implants are very well established in the rehabilitation of hearing loss and are regarded as the most successful neuroprostheses to date. While a lot of progress has also been made in the neighboring field of specific vestibular implants, some diseases affect the entire inner ear, leading to both hearing and vestibular hypo- or dysfunction. The proximity of the cochlear and vestibular organs suggests a single combined implant as a means to alleviate the associated impairments. While both organs can be stimulated in a similar way with electric pulses applied through implanted electrodes, the typical phase durations needed in the vestibular system seem to be substantially larger than those typically needed in the cochlear system. Therefore, when using sequential stimulation in a combined implant, the pulse stream to the cochlea is interrupted by comparatively large gaps in which vestibular stimulation can occur. We investigate the impact of these gaps in the auditory stream on speech perception. Specifically, we compare a number of stimulation strategies with different gap lengths and distributions and evaluate whether it is feasible to use them without having a noticeable decline in perception and quality of speech. This is a prerequisite for any practicable stimulation strategy of a combined system and can be investigated even in recipients of a normal cochlear implant. Our results show that there is no significant deterioration in speech perception for the different strategies examined in this paper, leaving the strategies as viable candidates for prospective combined cochleo-vestibular implants.
Effect of humic acids on intestinal viscosity, leaky gut and ammonia excretion in a 24 hr feed restriction model to induce intestinal permeability in broiler chickens (2018)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of humic acids (HA) on intestinal viscosity, leaky gut and ammonia excretion in a 24 hr feed restriction (FR) model to induce intestinal permeability in chickens. One-day-old male Cobb-Vantress broilers were randomly allocated to one of two groups (n = 25 chickens), with or without 0.2% of isolated HA from worm-compost, and placed in brooder batteries. Chicks had ad libitum access to water and feed for 14 days. Intestinal permeability was induced by 24 hr FR starting at 14 days. At 15 days of age, chickens in both groups were given an appropriate dose of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) by oral gavage. Intestine and liver samples were also collected to evaluate viscosity and bacterial translocation (BT), respectively. An increase (p < .05) in intestinal viscosity was observed in the experimental group consuming 0.2% of HA and was confirmed in a published in vitro digestion model that simulates the chemical and physical conditions of the crop, proventriculus and intestine of chickens. Furthermore, the treated group also showed a significant reduction in FITC-d, liver BT and ammonia in the manure. These results suggest that HA have a positive impact in intestinal integrity in chickens.
Characterization, isolation and amino terminal sequencing of a rat colon carcinoma‐associated antigen (1991)

Monoclonal antibodies have been raised against a cell line derived from a dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinoma. One of these antibodies (MAb E4) has previously been shown to react slightly with normal small intestine and colon, and not with other normal tissues as determined by immunohistochemistry. Using Western immunoblotting we confirmed this tumor specificity. Therefore, the Mr of approx. 66,000 glycosylated antigen (pE4) recognized by MAb E4 appeared to be a potential marker of colon carcinoma. Fifteen human tumor cell lines were tested by flow cytometry for the expression of pE4. This antigen was not detected on these cells. In the rat colon carcinoma cell, pE4 was exclusively found on the cell membrane. pE4 was purified to near homogeneity by immunoaffinity chromatography. The first 20 N-terminal amino acids were identified. Comparison with the NBRF data bank did not reveal a complete homology with known sequenced proteins but similarities were found with the mouse L3T4 precursor, the env polyprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type I, flagellin from Halobacterium halobium and the gp30 from hepatitis B surface antigen. Homology was always found in transmembranous or hydrophobic domains of these proteins. By indirect immunofluorescence analysis of adherent cells and size exclusion chromatography under native conditions, pE4 was found to interact with other molecules and perhaps to be involved in intercellular contact.
ChemInform Abstract: REDUCTIVE PHENYLATION OF NITROARENES (1980)

Abstract Die reduktive Phenylierung von Nitrobenzol gibt die Aminoverbindungen (II)‐(IV), wobei die Zwischenstufen der Nitroso‐ und Hydroxylamin‐Verbindungen durchlaufen werden.
How Live Music Moves Us: Head Movement Differences in Audiences to Live Versus Recorded Music (2019)

A live music concert is a pleasurable social event that is among the most visceral and memorable forms of musical engagement. But what inspires listeners to attend concerts, sometimes at great expense, when they could listen to recordings at home? An iconic aspect of popular concerts is engaging with other audience members through moving to the music. Head movements, in particular, reflect emotion and have social consequences when experienced with others. Previous studies have explored the affiliative social engagement experienced among people moving together to music. But live concerts have other features that might also be important, such as that during a live performance the music unfolds in a unique and not predetermined way, potentially increasing anticipation and feelings of involvement for the audience. Being in the same space as the musicians might also be exciting. Here we controlled for simply being in an audience to examine whether factors inherent to live performance contribute to the concert experience. We used motion capture to compare head movement responses at a live album release concert featuring Canadian rock star Ian Fletcher Thornley, and at a concert without the performers where the same songs were played from the recorded album. We also examined effects of a prior connection with the performers by comparing fans and neutral-listeners, while controlling for familiarity with the songs, as the album had not yet been released. Head movements were faster during the live concert than the album-playback concert. Self-reported fans moved faster and exhibited greater levels of rhythmic entrainment than neutral-listeners. These results indicate that live music engages listeners to a greater extent than pre-recorded music and that a pre-existing admiration for the performers also leads to higher engagement.
Transcriptomic Imputation of Bipolar Disorder and Bipolar subtypes reveals 29 novel associated genes (2017)

Abstract Bipolar disorder is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder presenting with episodic mood disturbances. In this study we use a transcriptomic imputation approach to identify novel genes and pathways associated with bipolar disorder, as well as three diagnostically and genetically distinct subtypes. Transcriptomic imputation approaches leverage well-curated and publicly available eQTL reference panels to create gene-expression prediction models, which may then be applied to “impute” genetically regulated gene expression (GREX) in large GWAS datasets. By testing for association between phenotype and GREX, rather than genotype, we hope to identify more biologically interpretable associations, and thus elucidate more of the genetic architecture of bipolar disorder. We applied GREX prediction models for 13 brain regions (derived from CommonMind Consortium and GTEx eQTL reference panels) to 21,488 bipolar cases and 54,303 matched controls, constituting the largest transcriptomic imputation study of bipolar disorder (BPD) to date. Additionally, we analyzed three specific BPD subtypes, including 14,938 individuals with subtype 1 (BD-I), 3,543 individuals with subtype 2 (BD-II), and 1,500 individuals with schizoaffective subtype (SAB). We identified 125 gene-tissue associations with BPD, of which 53 represent independent associations after FINEMAP analysis. 29/53 associations were novel; i.e., did not lie within 1Mb of a locus identified in the recent PGC-BD GWAS. We identified 37 independent BD-I gene-tissue associations (10 novel), 2 BD-II associations, and 2 SAB associations. Our BPD, BD-I and BD-II associations were significantly more likely to be differentially expressed in post-mortem brain tissue of BPD, BD-I and BD-II cases than we might expect by chance. Together with our pathway analysis, our results support long-standing hypotheses about bipolar disorder risk, including a role for oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, the post-synaptic density, and an enrichment of circadian rhythm and clock genes within our results.
The Uniqueness of Changes: Characteristics and Applications (2015)

Changes in software development come in many forms. Some changes are frequent, idiomatic, or repetitive (e.g. Adding checks for nulls or logging important values) while others are unique. We hypothesize that unique changes are different from the more common similar (or non-unique) changes in important ways, they may require more expertise or represent code that is more complex or prone to mistakes. As such, these unique changes are worthy of study. In this paper, we present a definition of unique changes and provide a method for identifying them in software project history. Based on the results of applying our technique on the Linux kernel and two large projects at Microsoft, we present an empirical study of unique changes. We explore how prevalent unique changes are and investigate where they occur along the architecture of the project. We further investigate developers' contribution towards uniqueness of changes. We also describe potential applications of leveraging the uniqueness of change and implement two of those applications, evaluating the risk of changes based on uniqueness and providing change recommendations for non-unique changes.
A systematic review of iodine intake in children, adults, and pregnant women in Europe—comparison against dietary recommendations and evaluation of dietary iodine sources (2022)

PROSPERO 2017 CRD42017075422.
Diastereomerically Pure 6R- and 6S-3′-Aza-2′-18F-Fluoro-5-Methyltetrahydrofolates Show Unprecedentedly High Uptake in Folate Receptor–Positive KB Tumors (2018)

The aim of this study was to develop the radiosyntheses of diastereomerically pure 6<i>R</i>- and 6<i>S</i>-3'-aza-2'-<sup>18</sup>F-fluoro-5-methyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) (6<i>R</i>-<sup>18</sup>F-<b>1</b> and 6<i>S</i>-<sup>18</sup>F-<b>1</b>) using the integrated approach and to compare the in vitro and in vivo performance characteristics of both radioligands with the previously reported 3'-aza-2'-<sup>18</sup>F-fluorofolic acid tracer (<sup>18</sup>F-<b>2</b>), the oxidized form. <b>Methods:</b> 6<i>R</i>-<sup>18</sup>F-<b>1,</b> 6<i>S</i>-<sup>18</sup>F-<b>1,</b> and <sup>18</sup>F-<b>2</b> were radiolabeled with <sup>18</sup>F using aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction. In vitro cell uptake studies and binding affinity assays were performed using folate receptor (FR)-α-expressing KB cells. PET/CT imaging and biodistribution experiments were performed with KB tumor-bearing mice. <b>Results:</b> Reference compounds 6<i>R</i>-<b>1</b> and 6<i>S</i>-<b>1</b> were obtained after acidic hydrolysis of the corresponding protected intermediates 6<i>R</i>-<b>3</b> and 6<i>S</i>-<b>3</b> in high chemical yields (81%-87%) and chemical purities of more than 95%. 6<i>R</i>-<sup>18</sup>F-<b>1,</b> 6<i>S</i>-<sup>18</sup>F-<b>1,</b> and <sup>18</sup>F-<b>2</b> were obtained after a 2-step radiosynthetic procedure in a decay-corrected radiochemical yield of up to 5% and molar radioactivities ranging from 20 to 250 GBq/μmol. In vitro binding affinity studies using FR-α-positive KB cells gave half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of 27.1 ± 3.7 and 23.8 ± 4.0 nM for 6<i>R</i>-<b>1</b> and 6<i>S</i>-<b>1,</b> respectively, which were higher than for the previously reported 3'-aza-2'-fluorofolic acid <b>2</b> (1.4 ± 0.5 nM). Comparably high cell uptake values in FR-α-expressing KB cells were found for all 3 radiofolates. In biodistribution studies, exceptionally high KB tumor uptake value of over 32% injected activity per gram of tissue for both 6<i>R</i>-<sup>18</sup>F-<b>1</b> and 6<i>S</i>-<sup>18</sup>F-<b>1</b> was observed at 180 min after injection, whereas for <sup>18</sup>F-<b>2</b> only 15% injected activity per gram was found in the KB tumors. Radioactivity uptake in the kidneys, liver, salivary glands, and spleen was substantially different for the 6<i>R</i>- and 6<i>S</i>-diastereoisomers and <sup>18</sup>F-<b>2</b> Excellent KB tumor visualization was found in PET/CT images with 6<i>R</i>-<sup>18</sup>F-<b>1</b> and 6<i>S</i>-<sup>18</sup>F-<b>1,</b> both of which outperformed the corresponding oxidized <sup>18</sup>F-<b>2. Conclusion:</b> We have successfully radiolabeled 6<i>R</i>- and 6<i>S</i>-3'-aza-2'-<sup>18</sup>F-fluoro-5-MTHF with <sup>18</sup>F using the integrated approach. Our results suggest that both 6<i>R</i>- and 6<i>S</i>-3'-aza-2'-<sup>18</sup>F-fluoro-5-MTHF are promising reduced radiofolates for imaging FR-α-expressing cancers.
Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals are endocytosed by renal epithelial cells and induce proliferation (1992)

Monkey kidney epithelial cells of the nontransformed BSC-1 line were used as a model system with which to search for biological responses to urinary crystals commonly found in renal stones. Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), the most common urinary crystal, was avidly internalized, initiated DNA synthesis, and stimulated cell multiplication. The increase in DNA synthesis observed after exposure to COM crystals was equivalent in magnitude to that of 10% calf serum, but occurred 8 h later. Maximal stimulation of DNA synthesis by COM was associated with crystal endocytosis by 50% of the cell monolayer. COM crystals also stimulated DNA synthesis and multiplication of canine kidney epithelial cells (MDCK line). As COM stimulated growth of both monkey and canine renal cells but not fibroblasts, the mitogenic effect of this crystal appeared cell-type specific. Hydroxyapatite also enhanced multiplication of BSC-1 cells, whereas brushite, another calcium-containing urinary crystal, did not. In the presence of nephrocalcin (NC), a glycoprotein in normal human urine that inhibits nucleation, aggregation, and growth of COM crystals, the capacity of these crystals to initiate DNA synthesis was blocked. This is the first demonstration that specific calcium-containing urinary crystals can induce proliferation of renal epithelial cells and that NC can inhibit this effect.
Cover Picture: Diphenyl Ether Non‐Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors with Excellent Potency Against Resistant Mutant Viruses and Promising Pharmacokinetic Properties (ChemMedChem 1/2009) (2009)

The cover picture shows a cut-away view of a diaryl ether non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (cyan) bound to HIV reverse transcriptase. The cartoon representation of the DNA template (teal) and primer (gold) strands, as well as the incoming nucleotide molecule, are shown as landmarks and aligned from a separate structure (PDB code 1RTD). Binding of the non-nucleoside inhibitor interferes with the precise alignment and dynamics of the growing strand and the polymerase catalytic center. For more details, see the Full Paper by Z. K. Sweeney et al. on p. 88 ff.
Pyrroles and Pyrazoles by a C-N Coupling-Hydroamination Sequence (2006)

Reported is an elegant Cu-catalyzed amidation/hydroamidation of haloenynes with tert-butyl carbamate or bis(Boc)hydrazine affording, after TFA-induced deprotection/tauto­merization, highly substituted pyrroles and pyrazoles in good to excellent yields. N,N′-Dimethylethylenediamine (20 mol%) was found to be the most effective ligand for the conversion. Intermediary amidation products were isolated, thus validating the proposed sequence of C-N coupling followed by hydroamidation.
Combined effects of glycan chain length and linkage type on the immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccines (2021)

The development and use of antibacterial glycoconjugate vaccines have significantly reduced the occurrence of potentially fatal childhood and adult diseases such as bacteremia, bacterial meningitis, and pneumonia. In these vaccines, the covalent linkage of bacterial glycans to carrier proteins augments the immunogenicity of saccharide antigens by triggering T cell-dependent B cell responses, leading to high-affinity antibodies and durable protection. Licensed glycoconjugate vaccines either contain long-chain bacterial polysaccharides, medium-sized oligosaccharides, or short synthetic glycans. Here, we discuss factors that affect the glycan chain length in vaccines and review the available literature discussing the impact of glycan chain length on vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, we evaluate the available clinical data on licensed glycoconjugate vaccine preparations with varying chain lengths against two bacterial pathogens, Haemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis group C, regarding a possible correlation of glycan chain length with their efficacy. We find that long-chain glycans cross-linked to carrier proteins and medium-sized oligosaccharides end-linked to carriers both achieve high immunogenicity and efficacy. However, end-linked glycoconjugates that contain long untethered stretches of native glycan chains may induce hyporesponsiveness by T cell-independent activation of B cells, while cross-linked medium-sized oligosaccharides may suffer from suboptimal saccharide epitope accessibility.
Utility of tumor-avid photosensitizers in developing bifunctional agents for tumor imaging and/or phototherapy (2006)

HPPH (a chlorophyll-a analog) was linked with a cyanine dye and the resulting conjugate was found to be an efficient tumor imaging (fluorescence imaging) and photosensitizing agent (PDT). Our preliminary results suggest that tumor-avid porphyrin-based compounds can be used as vehicles for delivering the desired fluorophores to tumor for fluorescence imaging. In an early diagnosis of microscopic lesions in pre-clinical studies (C3H mice implanted with RIF tumors) the HPPH-cyanine dye conjugate showed tumor-imaging capability (&#955;<sub>ex</sub>: 780 nm, &#955;<sub>em</sub>: 860 nm) at the non- therapeutic doses that are 100 fold lower than those used therapeutically. Compared to the cyanine dye, the corresponding HPPH-conjugate showed enhanced long-term tumor imaging ability.
Resistance pattern among contemporary gram-negative clinical isolates and in vitro activity of novel antibiotic, WCK5222 (cefepime-zidebactam) (2020)

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an impending threat to humanity and a matter of great public health concern globally as well as in India. The multi-drug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogens contribute to the highest burden of fatal bacterial infections in India. The use of appropriate empirical therapy in case of suspected Gram negative bacterial infection can improve the treatment outcome. Since, hospital antibiogram helps clinicians to choose appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment; profiling of a resistance pattern in contemporary clinical isolates against mainstay therapies is required. In this study, we report the resistance pattern for mainstay therapy antibiotics and activity of WCK 5222 (Cefepime-Zidebactam) against Gram negative clinical isolates obtained at B.J. Govt.Medical College, Pune. WCK 5222 is at a phase 3 stage of development against MDR Gram negative bacteria. Methods and materials: During 2016–2018, 179 Gram negative bacteria from various clinical samples were isolated as a part of ASPIRE INDIA Surveillance study. One strain per hospitalized patient was isolated from site of infection and characterized to species level by biochemical and molecular methods. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics were determined by Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) reference agar dilution method. The resistance rates were defined and interpreted as per CLSI/EUCAST guidelines. Results: Based on phenotypic profile, Enterobacterales expressed highest rate of MBL (37%) followed by ESBL (26%) and Class C (11%). However, 2% of Enterobacterales co-expressed MBL and OXA8/181while another 5% expressed OXA48/181 alone. The expression of MBL was also prominent in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (37%) followed by Pseudomonal Amp C and OXAs (21%), whereas the expression of Class A was mere 5%. Expression of Carbapenem hydrolysing OXA (65%) was prominently observed in Acinetobacter species followed by MBL (21%). WCK 5222 demonstrated MIC50/90 values 0.25/2 mg/L, 4/8 mg/L and 16 mg/L against Enterobacterales, P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii complex respectively. WCK 5222 demonstrated 100% susceptibility for MDR Gram negative strains with MICs below the proposed susceptibility break point of ≥64 mg/L. This was evolved through Monte Carlo simulation and population pharmacokinetic data. Conclusion: The study revealed very high MDR Gram negative bacterial isolates. The WCK 5222 exhibited potent activity against these MDR Gram negative isolates.
The "arc killer": the internal fault suppressor (2009)

This paper describes the arc killer device. It can detect and suppress an internal arc fault on a secondary distribution switchgear in less than 125 ms. The consequences and the damages due to an internal arc fault are then reduced to the minimum. (3 pages)
Countering counterfeit drugs: A technique used for detecting explosives can also verify the integrity of medicines (2019)

When you purchase medicine at the drugstore, you assume that it's what you think it is and that the active ingredient in the drug is present in the specified concentration. Unfortunately, your assumption might be all wrong. Counterfeit and substandard medicines have become widespread, particularly in low- and middle-income countries with weak regulatory systems. Indeed, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), one out of 10 medicines sold in developing countries should be considered “substandard.” Your drug could even be an outright fake.
Digital Coherent Technology for Long-Reach Optical Access (2014)

This semi-tutorial paper outlines the potential advantages afforded by digital coherent receivers in long-reach optical access networks. Low complexity DSP algorithms are discussed which relax the optical complexity requirements of a coherent receiver.