gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surfactant Protein B Promotes Cytosolic SiRNA Delivery by Adopting a Virus-like Mechanism of Action (2021)

RNA therapeutics are poised to revolutionize medicine. To unlock the full potential of RNA drugs, safe and efficient (nano)formulations to deliver them inside target cells are required. Endosomal sequestration of nanocarriers represents a major bottleneck in nucleic acid delivery. Gaining more detailed information on the intracellular behavior of RNA nanocarriers is crucial to rationally develop delivery systems with improved therapeutic efficiency. Surfactant protein B (SP-B) is a key component of pulmonary surfactant (PS), essential for mammalian breathing. In contrast to the general belief that PS should be regarded as a barrier for inhaled nanomedicines, we recently discovered the ability of SP-B to promote gene silencing by siRNA-loaded and lipid-coated nanogels. However, the mechanisms governing this process are poorly understood. The major objective of this work was to obtain mechanistic insights into the SP-B-mediated cellular delivery of siRNA. To this end, we combined siRNA knockdown experiments, confocal microscopy, and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy imaging in an <i>in vitro</i> non-small-cell lung carcinoma model with lipid mixing assays on vesicles that mimic the composition of (intra)cellular membranes. Our work highlights a strong correlation between SP-B-mediated fusion with anionic endosomal membranes and cytosolic siRNA delivery, a mode of action resembling that of certain viruses and virus-derived cell-penetrating peptides. Building on these gained insights, we optimized the SP-B proteolipid composition, which dramatically improved delivery efficiency. Altogether, our work provides a mechanistic understanding of SP-B-induced perturbation of intracellular membranes, offering opportunities to fuel the rational design of SP-B-inspired RNA nanoformulations for inhalation therapy.
A Syntenin Inhibitor Blocks Endosomal Entry of SARS-CoV-2 and a Panel of RNA Viruses (2022)

Viruses are dependent on host factors in order to efficiently establish an infection and replicate. Targeting the interactions of such host factors provides an attractive strategy to develop novel antivirals. Syntenin is a protein known to regulate the architecture of cellular membranes by its involvement in protein trafficking and has previously been shown to be important for human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Here, we show that a highly potent and metabolically stable peptide inhibitor that binds to the PDZ1 domain of syntenin inhibits severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection by blocking the endosomal entry of the virus. Furthermore, we found that the inhibitor also hampered chikungunya infection and strongly reduced flavivirus infection, which is completely dependent on receptor-mediated endocytosis for their entry. In conclusion, we have identified a novel broad spectrum antiviral inhibitor that efficiently targets a broad range of RNA viruses.
Development, fabrication, and experimental study of flat polymer micro heat pipes (2012)

An issue of concern with the recent densification of electrical components in integrated circuits is heat removal to avoid damage to the semiconductor structure. Flat heat pipes have been seriously considered and studied over the past 20 years as a solution for thermal management of these devices. In this, flat polymer based micro heat pipes were designed, fabricated and assessed for thermal performance. Novel fabrication processes was developed that uses liquid crystal polymer (LCP) film with copper filled thermal vias and a micro-scale hybrid liquid wicking structure to construct a flat heat pipe suitable for thermal management of semiconductor devices. LCP was chosen for its high chemical resistance, reliability, flexibility, and its ability to be readily incorporated into current printed circuit board production technologies. The microfabrication techniques of photolithography and reactive ion etching were used to form copper filled thermal vias through the polymer to decrease thermal resistance of the casing. Photolithography, wet etching, and electroplating were used to form a hybrid wicking consisting of 200 µm copper pillar forming 31 µm grooves with a woven copper mesh bonded to the top surface. In addition, a novel method for bonding woven metallic mesh to liquid flow channels has been developed. A 250 Å thick layer of atomic layer deposited (ALD) TiO2 was coated on the hybrid wicking structure to enhance the evaporation and capillary force on the liquid in the device. The thermal resistance of the assembled and water charged thermal ground plane displayed a thermal resistance of 0.5 K/W with a power input of 40 W (63 W/cm2) with both adverse and favorable acceleration fields. The same device displayed an effective thermal conductivity of 1653 W/m*K at 0g and 541 W/m*K at 10g acceleration. This high performance suggests that excess capillary pumping pressure was achieved with the hybrid wick. Additionally, flexible thermal ground planes have been developed using multi-layer sintered wick structures and 130 µm thick PET casing material. These devices displayed a thermal resistance up to 4 times less than an equivalent copper reference sample and at a mass of up to 1/6th that of copper.
COCOS (Corona Oxide Characterization of Semiconductor) Metrology: Physical Principles and Applications (2000)

During the past five years great progress has been made in CV replacement metrology which utilizes precise dosing of electric charge on dielectric surfaces achieved with a corona discharge in air. This charge produces controlled changes of electric field in the dielectric film and in the space charge region of semiconductor substrate. The response of the dielectric and semiconductor is monitored in a non-contact manner using three measurements: the contact potential difference (CPD) in the dark, CPD under strong illumination, and the small signal ac-surface photovoltage (ac-SPV). In COCOS metrology these measurements are performed as a Junction of the corona charge placed on the whole wafer. A near equipotential, whole wafer surface is maintained while the semiconductor space charge is transferred from accumulation — through flat band — to deep inversion. Data analysis based on electrostatic equations and charge neutrality gives a total set of electrical parameters, equivalent to those obtained in MOS-CV metrology, characterizing the space charge, the semiconductor-dielectric interface and the dielectric film. The equipotential condition is crucial for reducing charge transport along the surface without creating guard-rings. Using a blanket of corona charge placed over the wafer surface and whole wafer mapping of CPD and SPV, the COCOS metrology enables one to obtain whole wafer maps of almost all parameters. Examples are given, illustrating COCOS application to Si/SiO2, with an emphasis on thin gate oxide reliability.
Diffractive optics for maskless lithography and imaging (2003)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2003.
Bone ingrowth into the tibial component of a canine total condylar knee replacement prosthesis (1989)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of bone ingrowth in a porous coated tibial component of a canine total condylar design knee replacement model. The entire undersurface of the tibial prosthesis was covered by a titanium fiber metal porous composite pad. Projecting from this surface were three short, cylindrical, fiber metal coated pegs that along with a posterior screw provided initial stabilization of the device. Left total knee replacements were performed on six dogs using alignment and cutting jigs to prepare the bony surfaces. The dogs were killed 6 months following surgery. Extensive bone ingrowth was present in all pegs of every tibial component. Bone ingrowth was present in 12% of the pad area of one component, 22.7 to 41.6% in four components, and 81.1% in another. The void spaces in other areas were filled with fibrous tissue or in the periphery of the device with fibrocartilage. Bone ingrowth in the pad was consistent in the vicinity of the pegs and was variable in regions not adjacent to the pegs, suggesting that the pegs exerted a strong influence on the pattern of bone ingrowth into the pad.
Mathematical Determination of the Tibial Insertion of the Patellar Tendon Using Computed Tomography Images (1995)

AbstractMisalignment of the extensor apparatus is an essential factor in impairment of the patellar-femoral joint. This may be partly or entirely responsible for patellar dislocation or lateral patellar-femoral arthrosis. One surgical method to correct the pathology is medial transposition of the patellar ligament on the tibial tuberosity (anteriorly or posteriorly, distally or ventrally). These interventions correct misalignment of the extensor apparatus relative to statistical norms. We propose a mathematical method based on the use of computed tomography (CT) images to determine the ideal tibial insertion for the patellar tendon. This method is based on biomechanical modeling and the use of equipressure criteria. It is the first step in allowing the use of mathematics to model correctly tibial insertion of the patellar ligament, an entirely new development. This is important because it will allow surgeons greater accuracy in distal correction of extensor apparatus misalignments.Key Words: tibiapatellapatellar tendontranspositionbiomechanic
Finite-difference time-domain analysis of ELF radio wave propagation in the spherical Earth–ionosphere waveguide and its validation based on analytical solutions (2022)

Abstract. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) model of electromagnetic wave propagation in the Earth–ionosphere cavity was developed under assumption of an axisymmetric system, solving the reduced Maxwell equations in a 2D spherical coordinate system. The model was validated on different conductivity profiles for the electric and magnetic field components for various locations on Earth along the meridian. The characteristic electric and magnetic altitudes, phase velocity, and attenuation rate were calculated. We compared the results of numerical and analytical calculations and found good agreement between them. The undertaken FDTD modeling enables us to analyze the Schumann resonances and the propagation of individual lightning discharges occurring at various distances from the receiver. The developed model is particularly useful when analyzing ELF measurements.
A unified approach for capacity and power based sizing of electric machine and battery in P2 hybrid electric vehicles (2022)

Hybrid electric vehicles have proven to be an effective solution for the auto industry to satisfy the increasingly stringent CO 2 regulations for the short-medium term. Proper sizing of the different components is required to benefit from the hybrid architecture full potential. This paper proposes a unified method that can be applied in both cases. The method uses the energy flow, storage, and consumption during a cycle to perform the sizing. A 350 V P2 plug-in hybrid and a 48 V P2 mild hybrid are taken as a case study. The sizing is performed by adopting the WLTP cycle and subsequently analyzing the energy profile.
Super-octave longwave mid-infrared coherent transients produced by optical rectification of few-cycle 25-μm pulses (2019)

Femtosecond laser sources and optical frequency combs in the molecular fingerprint region of the electromagnetic spectrum are crucial for a plethora of applications in natural and life sciences. Here we introduce Cr<sup>2+</sup>-based lasers as a convenient means for producing super-octave mid-IR electromagnetic transients via optical rectification (or intra-pulse difference frequency generation, IDFG). We demonstrate that a relatively long, 2.5 μm, central wavelength of a few-cycle Cr<sup>2+</sup>:ZnS driving source (20 fs pulse duration, 6 W average power, 78 MHz repetition rate) enabled the use of highly nonlinear ZnGeP<sub>2</sub> crystal for IDFG with exceptionally high conversion efficiency (>3%) and output power of 0.15 W, with the spectral span of 5.8–12.5 μm. Even broader spectrum was achieved in GaSe crystal: 4.3–16.6 μm for type I and 5.8–17.6 μm for type II phase matching. The results highlight the potential of this architecture for ultrafast spectroscopy and generation of broadband frequency combs in the longwave infrared.
Basophils are not the key antigen‐presenting cells in allergic patients (2012)

Our data demonstrate by classical in vitro proliferation assays that basophils are not key antigen-presenting cells that promote T cell proliferation in secondary immune responses to allergen in allergic patients.
Raistrickiones A−E from a Highly Productive Strain of Penicillium raistrickii Generated through Thermo Change (2018)

Three new diastereomers of polyketides (PKs), raistrickiones A&minus;C (<b>1</b>⁻<b>3</b>), together with two new analogues, raistrickiones D and E (<b>4</b> and <b>5</b>), were isolated from a highly productive strain of <i>Penicillium raistrickii</i>, which was subjected to an experimental thermo-change strategy to tap its potential of producing new secondary metabolites. Metabolites <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> existed in a diastereomeric mixture in the crystal packing according to the X-ray data, and were laboriously separated by semi-preparative HPLC on a chiral column. The structures of <b>1</b>⁻<b>5</b> were determined on the basis of the detailed analyses of the spectroscopic data (UV, IR, HRESIMS, 1D, and 2D NMR), single-crystal X-ray diffractions, and comparison of the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra. Compounds <b>1</b>⁻<b>5</b> represented the first case of 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzoyl derivatives of natural products. Compounds <b>1</b>⁻<b>5</b> exhibited moderate radical scavenging activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl (DPPH).
Single-Cell Antisense RNA Amplification and Microarray Analysis as a Tool for Studying Neurological Degeneration and Restoration (2002)

Neurodegenerative diseases typically affect subpopulations of neurons. Characterizing these vulnerable cells and identifying the factors that make them susceptible to damage while neighboring cells remain resistant are essential to the understanding of molecular pathogenesis that underlies neurodegenerative diseases. Classically, molecular analysis of the central nervous system involves the identification and isolation of an anatomic region of interest; next, the relevant tissue is pulverized, and the resulting homogenate is analyzed. Although this method provides useful data, its effectiveness diminishes when used in areas of high cellular diversity or in instances in which one cell type is lost as a consequence of selective cell death or quiescence. A technique that affords the ability to assess molecular events in a very precise anatomical site would provide a powerful tool for this research discipline. In this review, we discuss the amplification of messenger RNA from single neural cells and the subsequent use of the RNA to probe DNA microarrays in an effort to create cell-specific molecular profiles. Specifically, recent work in single-cell expression profiling in Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases is discussed. We also review some new work with neural stem cells and their application to restorative neurobiology. Finally, we discuss the use of cell-specific molecular profiles to better understand the basics of neuronal cell biology.
Harmonization of cortical thickness measurements across scanners and sites (2017)

Abstract With the proliferation of multi-site neuroimaging studies, there is a greater need for handling non-biological variance introduced by differences in MRI scanners and acquisition protocols. Such unwanted sources of variation, which we refer to as “scanner effects”, can hinder the detection of imaging features associated with clinical covariates of interest and cause spurious findings. In this paper, we investigate scanner effects in two large multi-site studies on cortical thickness measurements, across a total of 11 scanners. We propose a set of general tools for visualizing and identifying scanner effects that are generalizable to other modalities. We then propose to use ComBat, a technique adopted from the genomics literature and recently applied to diffusion tensor imaging data, to combine and harmonize cortical thickness values across scanners. We show that ComBat removes unwanted sources of scan variability while simultaneously increasing the power and reproducibility of subsequent statistical analyses. We also show that ComBat is useful for combining imaging data with the goal of studying life-span trajectories in the brain.
Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Protein Expression, Localization, and Activity in the Penis of the Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rat (2001)

In the penis of the alloxan-induced diabetic rat, eNOS protein expression and synthetic activity were reduced compared with the normal rat penis, independent of testosterone influence and in the absence of significant erectile tissue degenerative changes. These eNOS effects apparently preceded nNOS effects. Full elucidation of the possible mechanisms affecting eNOS function in the diabetic rat penis requires further investigation.
ChinaCom 2007 - Messages from the TPC Chairs (2007)

Provides a listing of current committee members and society officers.
Study on Peeling Behavior in Pick-up Process of IC Chip with Adhesive Tapes (2010)

A method to evaluate pick-up performance of four kinds of adhesive tape materials with different thickness has been studied numerically and experimentally. Needles peel an IC chip with an adhesive film off the base material in the pick-up process, by pushing the back of the base material. In our evaluation method, the dependence of the peel energy on the peel speed was measured using a peel test. The finite element method was applied to calculate the energy release rate of the pick-up process for various peel lengths. The pick-up time was obtained from the results of the peel tests and the finite element analysis. Our results indicate that the peel energy is the dominant property influencing the pick-up performance, and the difference in energy release rate in the pick-up process between the samples is not significant. Furthermore, the minimum needle displacement was estimated from the calculated pick-up time using our method. The minimum needle displacement of the experimental pick-up values was in good agreement with the estimated result.
“Red flag” techniques in Barrett’s esophagus: minor additional benefit or a waste of time? (2006)

Editorial
The Minimum Clinically Important Difference in SRS-22R Total Score, Appearance, Activity and Pain Domains After Surgical Treatment of Adult Spinal Deformity (2015)

2.
Amyloid‐β and islet amyloid pathologies link Alzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes in a transgenic model (2017)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) present a significant risk to each other. AD and T2D are characterized by deposition of cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) and pancreatic human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), respectively. We investigated the role of amyloidogenic proteins in the interplay between these diseases. A novel double transgenic mouse model combining T2D and AD was generated and characterized. AD-related amyloid transgenic mice coexpressing hIAPP displayed peripheral insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and glucose intolerance. Aβ and IAPP amyloid co-deposition increased tau phosphorylation, and a reduction in pancreatic β-cell mass was detected in islets. Increased brain Aβ deposition and tau phosphorylation and reduced insulin levels and signaling were accompanied by extensive synaptic loss and decreased neuronal counts. Aβ immunization rescued the peripheral insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, suggesting a role for Aβ in T2D pathogenesis for individuals predisposed to AD. These findings demonstrate that Aβ and IAPP are key factors in the overlapping pathologies of AD and T2D.-Wijesekara, N., Ahrens, R., Sabale, M., Wu, L., Ha, K., Verdile, G., Fraser, P. E. Amyloid-β and islet amyloid pathologies link Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes in a transgenic model.
Microscopy of porous ceramics (1989)

Highly porous ceramics are employed in a variety of engineering applications due to their unique mechanical, optical, and electrical characteristics. In order to achieve proper design and function, information about the pore structure must be obtained. Parameters of importance include pore size, pore volume, and size distribution, as well as pore texture and geometry. A quantitative determination of these features for high porosity materials by a microscopic technique is usually not done because artifacts introduced by either the sample preparation method or the image forming process of the microscope make interpretation difficult. Scanning electron microscopy for both fractured and polished surfaces has been utilized extensively for examining pore structures. However, there is uncertainty in distinguishing between topography and pores for the fractured specimen and sample pullout obscures the true morphology for samples that are polished. In addition, very small pores (nm range) cannot be resolved in the S.E.M. On the other hand, T.E.M. has better resolution but the specimen preparation methods involved such as powder dispersion, ion milling, and chemical etching may incur problems ranging from preferential widening of pores to partial or complete destruction of the pore network.
Gas Turbine Heat Transfer: 10 Remaining Hot Gas Path Challenges (2006)

The advancement of turbine cooling has allowed engine design to exceed normal material temperature limits, but it has introduced complexities that have accentuated the thermal issues greatly. Cooled component design has consistently trended in the direction of higher heat loads, higher through-wall thermal gradients, and higher in-plane thermal gradients. The present discussion seeks to identify ten major thermal issues, or opportunities, that remain for the turbine hot gas path today. These thermal challenges are commonly known in their broadest forms, but some tend to be little discussed in a direct manner relevant to gas turbines. These include uniformity of internal cooling, ultimate film cooling, micro cooling, reduced incident heat flux, secondary flows as prime cooling, contoured gas paths, thermal stress reduction, controlled cooling, low emission combustor-turbine systems, and regenerative cooling. Evolutionary or revolutionary advancements concerning these issues will ultimately be required in realizable engineering forms for gas turbines to breakthrough to new levels of performance. Herein lies the challenge to researchers and designers. It is the intention of this summary to provide a concise review of these issues, and some of the recent solution directions, as an initial guide and stimulation to further research.