gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events and the Timing and Dose of Corticosteroids in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor–Associated Myocarditis (2020)

Introduction: myocarditis is a potentially fatal complication of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). While corticosteroids are the cornerstones of the treatment, there are no data to guide the dose and timing.\n\nMethods: from an international registry of patients with ICI myocarditis diagnosed between 2013 and 2019, data on the type, dose (in methylprednisolone equivalent dose) and timing of steroids were extracted. Major cardiovascular events (MACE) were a composite of cardiovascular death, cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest, and hemodynamically-significant complete heart block.\n\nResults: in total, 143 ICI myocarditis patients (67±13 years old, 29% women) were included. Among them, 125 received corticosteroids (87%), with the initial agent being either methylprednisolone (95, 76%), prednisone (25, 20%), hydrocortisone (2, 1.6%) or dexamethasone (3, 2.4%). The rates of overall MACE (by admission time tertile 1: 45.8%, tertile 2: 43.8%, tertile 3: 38.3%, P=0.746) and individual elements of MACE were unchanged from 2013 to 2019. The initial corticosteroid dose was categorized as low (&amp;lt;60mg), intermediate (≥60mg and ≤500mg) and high (&amp;gt;500mg). There was an inverse relationship between the occurrence of MACE and initial dose of corticosteroid, where MACE declined with increasing doses (low 61.9%, intermediate 54.6%, high 20.4%, P&amp;lt;0.001). The median time from admission to the first corticosteroids was 45 (15.5, 89) hours. Patients receiving corticosteroids within 24 hours had significantly lower MACE (7.0%) compared to those between 24-72 hours (34.3%) and those &amp;gt;72 hours (85.7%, P&amp;lt;0.001). The dose interacted with timing of initiation whereby high dose corticosteroids within 24 hours achieved the best outcome and low corticosteroids after 72 hours had the worst outcome (Fig 1).\n\nConclusions: ICI myocarditis is associated with high rate of MACE. Higher initial dose and earlier initiation of corticosteroids were associated with improved outcomes.
Sparse OBN image improvements by correction for acquisition errors (2021)

We present the results of applying a novel inversion approach to simultaneously estimate acquisition-related errors associated with a sparse ocean bottom nodes survey in the Gulf of Mexico. The travel times of the direct arrivals are picked and input to an inversion-based method to compute updated node positions, clock drift, source positions and temporal variations in the water velocity. The pre-processing includes 3D source designature to reduce the differences in the wavelets of the direct arrivals due to the directionality of the source array. The inversion workflow strategy includes consideration for the variable water depth (150 to 1500 m) and editing of shallow salt refractions that interfere with the direct arrival picking. Nonseismic measurements of water velocity are incorporated into the workflow to both guide and validate the results of inversion. Using a series of modular analysis in both data domain and image domain it can be demonstrated that the acquisition errors are minimized. By correcting these errors, we avoid kinematic errors in the imaging process, both in terms of focusing in the migration and residual moveout during model building.
Host-associated microbe PCR (hamPCR): accessing new biology through convenient measurement of both microbial load and community composition (2020)

Abstract The ratio of microbial population size relative to the amount of host tissue, or “microbial load”, is a fundamental metric of colonization and infection, but it cannot be directly deduced from microbial amplicon data such as 16S rRNA gene counts. Because conventional methods to determine load, such as serial dilution plating or quantitative PCR, add substantial experimental burden, they are only rarely paired with amplicon sequencing. Alternatively, whole metagenome sequencing of DNA contributed by host and microbes both reveals microbial community composition and enables determination of microbial load, but host DNA typically greatly outweighs microbial DNA, severely limiting the cost-effectiveness and scalability of this approach. We introduce host-associated microbe PCR (hamPCR), a robust amplicon sequencing strategy to quantify microbial load and describe interkingdom microbial community composition in a single, cost-effective library. We demonstrate its accuracy and flexibility across multiple host and microbe systems, including nematodes and major crops. We further present a technique that can be used, prior to sequencing, to optimize the host representation in a batch of libraries without loss of information. Because of its simplicity, and the fact that it provides an experimental solution to the well-known statistical challenges provided by compositional data, hamPCR will become a transformative approach throughout culture-independent microbiology.
From Constructionist to Constructivist A.I. (2009)

The development of artificial intelligence systems has to date been largely one of manual labor. This Constructionist approach to A.I. has resulted in a diverse set of isolated solutions to relatively small problems. Small success stories of putting these pieces together in robotics, for example, has made people optimistic that continuing on this path would lead to artificial general intelligence. This is unlikely. “The A.I. problem ” has been divided up without much guidance from science or theory, resulting in a fragmentation of the research community and a set of grossly incompatible approaches. Standard software development methods come with serious limitations in scaling; in A.I. the Constructionist approach results in systems with limited domain application and severe performance brittleness. Genuine integration, as required for general intelligence, is therefore practically and theoretically precluded. Yet going beyond current A.I. systems requires significantly more complex integration than attempted to date, especially regarding transversal functions such as attention and learning. The only way to address the challenge is replacing top-down architectural design as a major development methodology with methods focusing on self-generated code and self-organizing architectures. I call this Constructivist A.I., in reference to the self-constructive principles on which it must be based. Methodologies employed for Constructivist A.I. will be very different from today’s software development methods. In this paper I describe the argument in detail and examine some of the implications of this impending paradigm shift.
Digitally Controlled Oscillator (2005)

This chapter contains sections titled: Varactor in a Deep-Submicron CMOS Process Fully Digital Control of Oscillating Frequency LC Tank Oscillator Core Open-Loop Narrowband Digital-to-Frequency Conversion Example Implementation Time-Domain Mathematical Model of a DCO Summary
High Porosity Substrates for Fast-Light-Off Applications (2015)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Regulations that limit emissions of pollutants from gasoline-powered cars and trucks continue to tighten. More than 75% of emissions through an FTP-75 regulatory test are released in the first few seconds after cold-start. A factor that controls the time to catalytic light-off is the heat capacity of the catalytic converter substrate. Historically, substrates with thinner walls and lower heat capacity have been developed to improve cold-start performance. Another approach is to increase porosity of the substrate. A new material and process technology has been developed to significantly raise the porosity of thin wall substrates (2-3 mil) from 27-35% to 55% while maintaining strength. The heat capacity of the material is 30-38% lower than existing substrates. The reduction in substrate heat capacity enables faster thermal response and lower tailpipe emissions. The reliance on costly precious metals in the washcoat is demonstrated to be lessened. The microstructure of the new substrate material is optimized for washcoat compatibility and to maintain strength. The new materials are confirmed to be thermomechanically robust for service in the harsh exhaust system environment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
1912-P: Portal Vein Metabolomic Profiling Highlights One-Carbon Metabolism as a Key Pathway Affected by Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery (2019)

After Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, the intestine undergoes structural and metabolic reprogramming and appears to enhance utilization of energetic fuels including glucose and amino acids (AAs), changes that may be related to the surgery’s remarkable metabolic effects. Consistently, RYGB alters serum levels of AAs and other metabolites, changes hypothesized to underlie these benefits. To home in on the intestinal contribution, we performed metabolomic profiling in portal vein (PV) blood from lean, Long Evans rats after RYGB versus sham surgery. After RYGB, systemic blood (SB) metabolomic fingerprinting reflected changes in AA metabolism including serine/glycine/threonine metabolism, an important mechanism of one-carbon donation for folate metabolism. Principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed, among the metabolites most influential to the post-RYGB SB metabolome (PC1, P=0.0008), enrichment for these pathways as well as for sphingolipid and glycerophospholipid metabolism. PV profiling largely mirrored that of SB; using PCA to identify the PV metabolites most affected after RYGB (PC2, P=0.016), we found one-carbon metabolism (OCM) to be enriched. Among those metabolites significantly altered in PV versus SB, 15 were uniquely affected in sham-operated animals and 33 in RYGB-operated animals. Pathway analysis of the latter revealed overrepresentation of nitrogen, serine/glycine/threonine, and sphingolipid metabolism as well as ubiquinone biosynthesis. Together, our data provide novel insight into RYGB’s effects on the gut-liver axis and highlight a role for OCM as a key metabolic pathway affected by RYGB. OCM links cellular nutrient status to homeostatic mechanisms including purine biosynthesis, AA homeostasis, and epigenetic maintenance, and we hypothesize that in the intestine and liver, it might serve as a key fuel sensing pathway to mediate local changes in glucose metabolism, perhaps via epigenetic reprogramming. Disclosure M.A. Stefater: None. J. Avila: None. C.B. Clish: None. N. Stylopoulos: None. Funding National Institutes of Health
Ultrafiltration Membrane Made with Mesoporous MSU-X Silica (2003)

A new membrane synthesized onto a commercial tubular support was prepared by the directed synthesis of ordered mesoporous MSU-type silica through an interfacial reaction between a silica condensation catalyst (NaF) and new hybrid micellar building units made of silica precursors and nonionic surfactants. This membrane exhibits a specific permeation behavior toward PEO polymers that can be explained by the porosity morphology and silica charge pH dependence.
Potential antitumor agents. 64. Synthesis and antitumor evaluation of dibenzo[1,4]dioxin-1-carboxamides: a new class of weakly binding DNA-intercalating agents (1992)

A series of substituted dibenzo[1,4]dioxin-1-carboxamides has been synthesized and evaluated for in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity. The required substituted dibenzo[1,4]dioxin-1-carboxylic acids were prepared by a variety of methods. No regiospecific syntheses were available for many of these, and separation of the mixtures of regioisomers obtained was sometimes difficult. The dibenzo[1,4]dioxin-1-carboxamides are active against wild-type P388 leukemia in vitro and in vivo, with structure-activity relationships resembling those for both the acridine-4-carboxamide and phenazine-1-carboxamide series of DNA-intercalating antitumor agents. In all three series, substituents placed peri to the carboxamide sidechain (the 5-position in the acridines, and the 9-position in the phenazines and dibenzo[1,4]dioxins) enhance activity and potency. The 9-chlorodibenzodioxin-1-carboxamide was also curative against the remotely sited Lewis lung carcinoma. Several of the compounds showed much lower levels of cross-resistance to the P388/AMSA line than classical DNA-intercalating agents, which suggests that their primary mechanism of action may not be via interference with topoisomerase II alpha. This is of interest with regard to the development of drugs to combat resistance mechanisms which arise by the expression of the topo II beta isozyme.
Characterization of Enterococcus faecium mutants resistant to mundticin KS, a class IIa bacteriocin (2003)

The emergence and spread of mutants resistant to bacteriocins would threaten the safety of using bacteriocins as food preservatives. To determine the physiological characteristics of resistant mutants, mutants of Enterococcus faecium resistant to mundticin KS, a class IIa bacteriocin, were isolated. Two types of mutant were found that had different sensitivities to other antimicrobial agents such as nisin (class I) and kanamycin. Both mutants were resistant to mundticin KS even in the absence of Mg(2+) ions. The composition of unsaturated fatty acids in the resistant mutants was significantly increased in the presence of mundticin KS. The composition of the phospholipids in the two resistant mutants also differed from those in the wild-type strain. The putative zwitterionic amino-containing phospholipid in both mutants significantly increased, whereas amounts of phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin decreased. These changes in membrane structure may influence resistance of enterococci to class IIa and class I bacteriocins.
Benefits and Technical Challenges of Downhole Steam Generation for Enhanced Oil Recovery (2011)

Abstract Steam generated at the surface is currently the most common technology for in-situ thermal stimulation of heavy oil, however it has significant limitations due to heat loss that make it uneconomic for some 2 trillion barrels of deeper heavy oil resources. Downhole steam generators (DHSGs) have the ability to unlock these deeper deposits and allow steam to be used where it was previously not economical. A brief review of recent advances in DHSG technology and a description of potential applications using thermal oil recovery modeling and simulation are presented here. The DHSG technology described can be particularly suitable for recovering a number of known heavy oil deposits around the world that have experienced low recovery efficiencies through primary and secondary (water flood) production methods. These deeper resources typically require thermal stimulation to reduce viscosity in-situ for improved production volumes. Cost estimates and economic projections were developed based on a full green field project using production estimates obtained from STARS, a widely accepted heavy oil simulation program. Simulations and associated economic studies for the fields modeled, assuming the deployment of DHSGs, showed viable economics for all cases at both USD $75/bbl and USD $100/bbl 2009 WTI oil prices. The technological constraints of deep heavy oil production may be removed by further development of DHSG technology including direct-fired, umbilical-supported downhole natural gas fired systems that can be operated without maintenance for long periods of time. DHSG technology development activities are presented and specific issues relating to previous unsuccessful efforts are discussed. Finally, a new generation of DHSG technology is introduced and key design and operating problems with proposed solutions are presented. The uniqueness of the downhole environment is discussed along with the special requirements imposed on a downhole combustion system as a result. Technical challenges include tool positioning and inaccessibility, installation and operational safety, pressure management, and flame stability &amp; control. Advances from the aerospace industry are also discussed as they pertain to robust combustion system development and downhole tool design which help enable a broad range of operating pressures and flow rate turndown. The demonstrated potential for DHSG technology to create optimum steam and EOR gas mixes that are tailored for a given reservoir may provide the basis for a new generation of thermal in-situ EOR technology to unlock deep heavy oil resources as well as those in environmentally challenged locales such as offshore or under arctic or permafrost environments.
Self-Scrubbing of Waste Gas Containing Dioctyl Phthalate (1998)

ABSTRACT This paper proposes using liquid dioctyl phthalate (DOP) as a scrubbing agent to reduce emissions and recycle waste DOP back to the process. Gas chroma-tography (G C) was employed to determine the DOP content in the waste gas. The effects of waste gas and scrubbing agent temperatures and the waste gas flow rate o n the removal of DOP from the waste gas were investigated. Rather good DOP removal efficiency was obtained. The relationship between the height of transfer unit (Ht) of the packed scrubbing tower and operating conditions, derived on the basis of particulate transport and impaction theories, can be used to design the packed scrubbing tower.
Radiative Corrections and the Mass of the Yang-Mills Field (1972)

It is shown that if one assumes the existence of massless single-particle states for the Yang-Mills field, a consistent Lorentz-covariant theory good to second order in the coupling constant results. That is, the vacuum polarization resulting from the self-coupling of the Yang-Mills field gives rise only to a renormalization of the coupling constant ${g}_{0}$. This is shown by calculating the Yang-Mills Green's function to order ${({g}_{0})}^{2}$ in the radiation gauge. The zero-mass "fictitious" scalar mesons of Feynman and DeWitt are seen to arise naturally in the radiation-gauge formalism. It is further shown that they are necessary to guarantee that the mass renormalization $\ensuremath{\delta}{m}^{2}$ is zero for this non-Abelian guage theory (just as it is in the Abelian gauge theory of electrodynamics).
Acceptor–Donor–Acceptor‐Type Orange–Red Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials Realizing External Quantum Efficiency Over 30% with Low Efficiency Roll‐Off (2021)

Two new orange-red thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials, PzTDBA and PzDBA, are reported. These materials are designed based on the acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) configuration, containing rigid boron acceptors and dihydrophenazine donor moieties. These materials exhibit a small ΔE<sub>ST</sub> of 0.05-0.06 eV, photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) as high as near unity, and short delayed exciton lifetime (τ<sub>d</sub> ) of less than 2.63 µs in 5 wt% doped film. Further, these materials show a high reverse intersystem crossing rate (k<sub>risc</sub> ) on the order of 10<sup>6</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> . The TADF devices fabricated with 5 wt% PzTDBA and PzDBA as emitting dopants show maximum EQE of 30.3% and 21.8% with extremely low roll-off of 3.6% and 3.2% at 1000 cd m<sup>-2</sup> and electroluminescence (EL) maxima at 576 nm and 595 nm, respectively. The low roll-off character of these materials is analyzed by using a roll-off model and the exciton annihilation quenching rates are found to be suppressed by the fast k<sub>risc</sub> and short delayed exciton lifetime. These devices show operating device lifetimes (LT<sub>50</sub> ) of 159 and 193 h at 1000 cd m<sup>-2</sup> for PzTDBA and PzDBA, respectively. The high efficiency and low roll-off of these materials are attributed to the good electronic properties originatng from the A-D-A molecular configuration.
Distribution of squared sum of products of independent Nakagami- m random variables (2023)

The need for the distribution of combination of random variables (RVs) arises in many areas of sciences and engineering. In this paper, closed-form approximations for the distribution of squared sum of products of independent Nakagami-m RVs are derived. Three different approaches (central limit theorem, Edgeworth expansion, and a one-term gamma approximation) are considered. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darling, and Cramer-von Mises statistics are used as a quantitative metrics to compare the derived distribution forms with the empirical distribution obtained from a simulation study. Furthermore, an application for the derived distributions in wireless communication field is presented. As a result, it is shown that the most accurate and simplest closed-form expression is the one obtained by a one-term gamma approximation.
Analysis of Grain Structure in Partially Ordered Block Copolymers by Depolarized Light Scattering and Transmission Electron Microscopy (2002)

The grain structure in lamellar block copolymer samples undergoing a disorder-to-order transition was studied by a combination of depolarized light scattering (DPLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The 4-fold symmetry of the DPLS profiles indicated the presence of anisotropic grains. A pattern recognition algorithm for analyzing the TEM micrographs of samples partially filled with anisotropic, ordered grains was developed. The volume fractions of sample occupied by ordered grains determined from light scattering and electron microscopy are in reasonable agreement. Both methods indicate that, on average, the characteristic length of the grains in the direction perpendicular to the lamellar planes was a factor of 2 larger than that in the plane of the lamellae. The absolute magnitudes of grain sizes determined by light scattering are about 50% larger than those determined by microscopy.
Resolution of Space-Group Ambiguity and Structure Determination of Nodamura Virus to 3.3 Å resolution from Pseudo-R32 (Monoclinic) Crystals (1997)

Monoclinic crystals of nodamura virus (NOV) have two virus molecules per asymmetric unit. Packing analysis reveals a pseudo-rhombohedral (pseudo-C2 monoclinic) arrangement of particles in the actual P2(1) space group (a = 562.1, b = 354.1, c = 612.8 A, beta = 110.9 degrees ). The R32 symmetry is broken rotationally and translationally. The pseudo-symmetry of the unit cell results in three possible monoclinic origins and also restrains the four particles in the unit cell to similar orientations. NOV particles deviate by less than 3 degrees from the ideal orientations, causing overlap of peaks in the rotation function and the generation of peaks that were not interpretable as particle symmetry elements. The space-group ambiguity was resolved by analysing the relationship between the particle orientations determined by high-resolution rotation functions and the attenuation of peak heights in native Patterson maps. Particles were centered less than 1 A from the R32 special positions. Three different approaches were required to identify the correct particle center. Following the solutions of the rotation and translation problems, phases were computed using the coordinates of flock house virus (FHV), another member of this virus family. The phases were improved by real-space molecular averaging with a 120-fold non-crystallographic symmetry and by solvent flattening with a spherical mask. The final model for the NOV structure was built using the 3.3 A averaged map. While the overall subunit structure was very similar to that of other nodaviruses, FHV and black beetle virus, NOV showed distinct structural features near particle threefold and quasi-threefold axes and at the protein-RNA interfaces that are consistent with phenotype differences among the related viruses.