gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the Area Efficiency of FPGAs With Hard Circuits Using Shadow Clusters (2009)

There is a dramatic logic density gap between field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and application-specific integrated circuits, and this gap is the main reason FPGAs are not cost-effective in high-volume applications. Modern FPGAs narrow this gap by including “hard” circuits such as memories and multipliers, which are very efficient when they are used. However, if these hard circuits are not used, they go wasted (including the very expensive programmable routing that surrounds the logic), and have a negative impact on logic density. In this paper, we present an architectural concept, called shadow clusters, which seeks to mitigate this loss. A shadow cluster is a standard FPGA logic “cluster” (typically consisting of a group of lookup tables and flip-flops) that is placed “behind” every hard circuit, and can programmably, through simple, small multiplexers, replace the hard circuit in the event it is not needed. A shadow cluster is effective because the largest area cost, by far, in an FPGA is for the programmable routing that connects the logic. The shadow cluster area cost is small, and yet it enables more consistent employment of the programmable routing across applications with varying demand for hard circuits. We introduce new terminology to describe the economics of hard circuits on FGPAs, and provide a scientific way to measure the area effectiveness. We measure the area efficiency of FPGAs with and without shadow clusters, and show that a modern commercial architecture (with a fixed ratio of multipliers to soft logic) would gain 4.7% in area efficiency by employing shadow clusters. Indeed, every architecture we studied under “reasonable” conditions never showed a loss of area efficiency. Furthermore, we show that most area-efficient architecture that employs the shadow cluster concept is 12.5% better than the most area-efficient architecture without shadow clusters.
Multi-Path Channel Based Detection Metric for Passive Radar Systems (2018)

This work presents RF multipath channel metric that can be used for detection indication to existence of flying objects in operation airspace of passive radar systems. This metric is the well-known root mean square (RMS) of power delay profiles (PDPs) used in radio channel characterization. We present it here as detection metric clearly distinguish the difference between different PDPs that represent propagation environment with and without flying objects.
Impact of amplifier bandwidth limitations on gain-boosted N-path receivers (2017)

The bandwidth of the RF amplifier severely limits the use of gain-boosted N-path receivers at high frequencies. Apart from limitation on the achievable impedance matching, the noise figure degradation severely handicaps the performance of the receiver. This paper describes a linear periodically time-variant (LPTV) analysis of the gain-boosted N-path receiver taking the amplifier bandwidth into consideration. By using the proposed analysis, the gain-boosted N-path receiver performance degradations are quantified and explained.
New insights into non-causal multichannel linear filtering for noise reduction (2009)

We investigate a general framework for noise reduction which consists in controlling the level of signal distortion while reducing the level of noise. A parameterized non-causal filter that allows for tuning the signal distortion and noise reduction inversely is obtained and is referred to as parameterized multichannel non-causal Wiener filter (PMWF) herein. The same optimization problem leads to the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) as a particular case of the PMWF. In contrast to earlier works, the proposed expressions of the PMWF and MVDR are simplified and require the knowledge of the speech and noise statistics only. To rigorously quantify the gains and losses when using these filters, we establish simplified closed-form expressions for three measures, namely, the signal distortion index, the noise reduction factor, and the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and highlight the tradeoff between noise reduction and speech distortion in the multichannel case.
CCDC 162187: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination (2002)

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
Solid Forms of Amlodipine Besylate: Physicochemical, Structural, and Thermodynamic Characterization (2010)

Amlodipine besylate, a calcium channel antagonist widely used in the treatment of hypertension and coronary artery disease, has been found to exist in four solid forms: anhydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, and amorphous. A comprehensive characterization of these forms is provided, based on single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, thermal, spectroscopic, microscopic and solubility measurements. The crystal structure of the dihydrate is reported at both 25 and −150 °C. The crystal lattices of both the dihydrate and the stable monohydrate collapse upon removal of water molecules to create melt, from which the anhydrate subsequently crystallizes. Rapid cooling of the dehydration induced melt from any of the hydrates produces the amorphous form. Spectroscopic analysis in conjunction with the crystal structure analysis shows differences in the hydrogen bond networks in the different solid forms. The kinetic solubility rank order at 37 °C in water is found to be anhydrate > monohydrate > dihydrate. In these conditions, the dihydrate is found to be the most stable form, and other forms undergo solvent-mediated transformation (SMT) to yield the dihydrate. Consistent with the SMT results, van’t Hoff analysis indicates anhydrate and dihydrate to be the stable phase above and below 71 °C, respectively.
Semisynthesis of Libiguin A and Its Analogues by Trans-Lactonization of Phragmalin (2014)

Libiguins are limonoids with highly potent sexual activity enhancing effects, originally isolated from the Madagascarian Meliaceae species Neobeguea mahafalensis, where they exist in only minute quantities. Their low natural abundance has hampered mapping of their biological effects. Here we describe an approach to the semisynthesis of libiguin A and its close analogues 1-3 starting from phragmalin, which is a limonoid present in high amounts in a commercially cultivated Meliaceae species, Chukrasia tabularis, allowing the preparation of libiguins in appreciable quantities.
Whole-Genome Sequencing and Cancer Therapy: Is Too Much Ever Enough? (2012)

This issue of Cancer Discovery features an article that describes the use of whole-genome sequencing to discover an actionable genetic alteration that was not detected using a lower resolution diagnostic approach. This finding highlights the growing debate surrounding the optimal deployment of powerful new genomics technologies in the clinical oncology arena.
Urinary Chemokines as Noninvasive Predictors of Ulcerative Interstitial Cystitis (2012)

Differential expression of chemokines in ulcerative and nonulcerative subtypes of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome suggests differences in paracrine signaling between the 2 entities.
(Invited) Thin Film Magnetic Heads - Early Inventions and Their Ongoing Impact on Magnetic Storage and on Electrochemistry (2013)

Although many researchers in the 1960s hoped to use LSI techniques to batch fabricate magnetic read/write heads for data storage, building these devices entailed a much different set of requirements than LSI was addressing in circuit chip fabrication. Electroplating through a mask proved to be the way to pattern the magnetic elements and copper conductors of a thin film head, but this technology had to be integrated with a host of additional inventions to manufacture the device. This paper outlines the key inventions that had to be made as the head evolved from a laboratory demonstration to a manufactured product. The basic processes that were used to build the first thin film heads are still used to fabricate the heads in today's magnetic storage systems. The technology has also found its way into such diverse microelectronic applications as MEMS, NEMS, electronic packaging, semiconductor chip fabrication and, more recently, solar devices. The success of electroplating as one of the key processes in manufacturing the head has put a new focus on electrochemistry in both academia and industry.
Mixer and Frequency Converter Measurements (2012)

Mixer and frequency converters can have very complex responses, and are particularly demanding to characterize. Several different test and calibration methods have been discussed, and the interested reader is recommended to pursue further study through the references provided. The test methods for these parameters are being constantly improved, and great progress has been made in understanding and simplifying converter delay tests. Mixer distortion has likewise seen major improvements in the measurement methods, many of which have been described in this chapter. Mixer noise figure remains a difficult measurement, and great care is still required in setting up and making these measurements, particularly on low-gain converters. The specific construction of the mixer, image rejection and local oscillator (LO) noise considerations must all be taken into account to understand the quality of the NF measurement. Finally, many special cases of frequency converter testing including high-gain, high-power and embedded LO have been reviewed. Controlled Vocabulary Terms frequency converters; local oscillators; signal to noise ratio
Cribriform and intraductal prostate cancer are associated with increased genomic instability and distinct genomic alterations (2018)

CR/IDC growth is associated with increased genomic instability clustering to genetic regions involved in aggressive prostate cancer. Therefore, CR/IDC is a pathologic substrate for progressive molecular tumour derangement.
Wear influences footwear traction properties in Canadian high school football (2009)

Abstract Primary objective: To determine the range of translational and rotational traction that exists in cleated footwear of athletes, on the surface of play in Canadian high school football. Research design: Field study. Methods and procedures: The shoes of 106 athletes were tested on the field of play using a portable robotic testing machine. The machine measured translational and rotational traction on all shoes. Shoes were compared based on their shape, wear and cleat arrangement; fin, edge, stud. Main outcome and results: Translational and rotational traction ranged from 0.49 to 1.01 and 15.1 to 57.2 Nm, respectively. Fin shoes had significantly lower rotational traction compared to both the edge and stud shoe. Wear resulted in large variability of the cleated traction. Conclusions: The influence of wear has been shown to affect footwear traction, and must be taken into account. Therefore more accurate estimates of traction may occur when testing is completed using players' actual footwear. Keywords: tractionfootwearfootballcleatsinjurybiomechanics Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank adidas International for use of the portable traction testing machine. As well the High School Athletic Association, Board of Education, and the Catholic School District for agreeing to participate in the study. Lastly all the coaches and athletes that participated for their cooperation and assistance.
Parallel Solution Synthesis of a ..Carbohybrid.. Library Designed to Inhibit Galactose-Binding Proteins (1999)

Parallel solution S-alkylations of a 1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside derivative with Michael acceptors and alpha-chloroketones, followed by ketone reductions, reductive aminations, and acylations were developed to yield a library of 1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranosides carrying small and diverse polar-neutral, hydrophobic, aromatic, cationic, or anionic non-carbohydrate aglycon structures. Screening of the library against a panel of galactose recognizing plant lectins revealed microM inhibitors of toxin A of A. precatorius superior to the reference ligands lactose and N-acetyl lactosamine. Such small, monosaccharide based inhibitors are attractive lead-molecules for therapeutic development, since they are low-molecular, hydrolytically stable and more hydrophobic than natural oligosaccharides.
pH‐abhängige Dimerisierung und salzabhängige Stabilisierung der N‐terminalen Domäne von Abseilfaden‐Spinnenseide – Details zur Initiation des Assemblierungsprozesses (2010)

Eine der festesten bekannten Proteinfasern: Die N-terminale Domäne (NTD) von Abseilfaden-Spinnenseide zeigt ein pH-abhängiges Monomer-Dimer-Gleichgewicht: Die N-terminalen Domänen der Seidenproteine werden im neutralen pH-Bereich und bei hohen Salzkonzentrationen als stabilisierte Monomere gespeichert, bei der Faserbildung bei niedrigem pH-Wert können sich diese Domänen jedoch zu antiparallelen Dimeren zusammenlagern. Durch multivalente Verknüpfung entstehen sehr stabile endlose Fasern. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Diversity Analysis of Symbol-by-Symbol Linear Equalizers (2011)

In frequency-selective channels linear receivers enjoy significantly-reduced complexity compared with maximum likelihood receivers at the cost of performance degradation which can be in the form of a loss of the inherent frequency diversity order or reduced coding gain. This paper demonstrates that the minimum mean-square error symbol-by-symbol linear equalizer incurs no diversity loss compared to the maximum likelihood receivers. In particular, for a channel with memory $ν$, it achieves the full diversity order of ($ν+1$) while the zero-forcing symbol-by-symbol linear equalizer always achieves a diversity order of one.
A 1.25GHz 0.8W C66x DSP Core in 40nm CMOS (2012)

The next-generation C66x DSP integrated fixed and floating-point DSP implemented in TSMC 40nm process is presented in this paper. The DSP core runs at 1.25GHz at 0.9V and has a standby power consumption of 800mW. The core transistor count is 21.5 million. The DSP core features 8-way VLIW floating point Data path and a two level memory system and delivers 40 GMACS or 10 GFLOPS floating point MAC performance at 1.25GHz.
Spin Wave Based Approximate Computing (2021)

Spin Waves(SWs) enable the realization of energy efficient circuits as they propagate and interfere within waveguides without consuming noticeable energy. However, SW computing can be even more energy efficient by taking advantage of the approximate computing paradigm as many applications are error-tolerant like multimedia and social media. In this paper we propose an ultra-low energy novel Approximate Full Adder(AFA) and a 2-bit inputs Multiplier(AMUL). We validate the correct functionality of our proposal by means of micromagnetic simulations and evaluate the approximate FA figure of merit against state-of-the-art accurate SW, 7nmCMOS, Spin Hall Effect(SHE), Domain Wall Motion(DWM), accurate and approximate 45nmCMOS, Magnetic Tunnel Junction(MTJ), and Spin-CMOS FA implementations. Our results indicate that AFA consumes 43% and 33% less energy than state-of-the-art accurate SW and 7nmCMOS FA, respectively, and saves 69% and 44% when compared with accurate and approximate 45nm CMOS, respectively, and provides a 2 orders of magnitude energy reduction when compared with accurate SHE, accurate and approximate DWM, MTJ, and Spin-CMOS, counterparts. In addition, it achieves the same error rate as approximate 45nmCMOS and Spin-CMOS FA whereas it exhibits 50% less error rate than the approximate DWM FA. Furthermore, it outperforms its contenders in terms of area by saving at least 29% chip real-estate. AMUL is evaluated and compared with state-of-the-art accurate SW and 16nm CMOS accurate and approximate state-of-the-art designs. The evaluation results indicate that it saves at least 2x and 5x energy in comparison with the state-of-the-art SW designs and 16nm CMOS accurate and approximate designs, respectively, and has an average error rate of 10%, while the approximate CMOS MUL has an average error rate of 13%, and requires at least 64% less chip real-estate.
Positioning of self-assembled, single-crystal, germanium islands by silicon nanoimprinting (1999)

Strain energy from the lattice mismatch of a heteroepitaxial system can create “self-assembled,” single-crystal islands irregularly arranged on the surface. Alternatively, features of tens of nanometers can be patterned on a substrate by “nanoimprinting” using a mold and etching. When these two techniques are combined, the small patterned features can interact with the self-assembly process, causing the islands to form at the patterned features. The resulting regular array of very small islands may be useful for future devices. The positioning of single-crystal Ge islands by Si mesas formed by nanoimprinting and etching is demonstrated in this letter.
Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger Regulatory Factor-1 Interacts with Mouse Urate Transporter 1 to Regulate Renal Proximal Tubule Uric Acid Transport (2007)

Sodium-hydrogen exchanger regulatory factor-1-deficient (NHERF-1(-/-)) mice demonstrate increases in the urinary excretion of phosphate, calcium, and uric acid associated with interstitial deposition of calcium in the papilla of the kidney. These studies examine the role of NHERF-1 in the tubular reabsorption of uric acid and regulation of mouse urate transporter 1 (mURAT1), a newly described transporter that is responsible for the renal tubular reabsorption of uric acid. In primary cultures of mouse renal proximal tubule cells, uric acid uptake was significantly lower in NHERF-1(-/-) cells compared with wild-type cells over a large range of uric acid concentrations in the media. Western immunoblotting revealed a 56 +/- 6% decrease in the brush border membrane (BBM) expression of mURAT1 in NHERF-1(-/-) compared with wild-type control kidneys (P < 0.05). Confocal microscopy confirmed the reduced apical membrane expression of mURAT1 in NHERF-1(-/-) kidneys and demonstrated mislocalization of mURAT1 to intracellular vesicular structures. Para-aminohippurate significantly inhibited uric acid uptake in wild-type cells (41 +/- 2%) compared with NHERF-1(-/-) cells (8.2 +/- 3%). Infection of NHERF-1(-/-) cells with adenovirus-green fluorescence protein-NHERF-1 resulted in significantly higher rates of uric acid transport (15.4 +/- 1.1 pmol/microg protein per 30 min) compared with null cells that were infected with control adenovirus-green fluorescence protein (7.9 +/- 0.3) and restoration of the inhibitory effect of para-aminohippurate (% inhibition 34 +/- 4%). These findings indicate that NHERF-1 exerts a significant effect on the renal tubular reabsorption of uric acid in the mouse by modulating the BBM abundance of mURAT1 and possibly other BBM uric acid transporters.
Anti-symmetric hybrid photonic crystal fibers with enhanced filtering and bending properties (2012)

A novel design of Yb-doped double-cladding hybrid photonic crystal fibers, with three rows of high-index inclusions on each side of the core, has been numerically analyzed with a full-vector modal solver based on the finite element method. Simulation results have demonstrated that a stronger filtering effect and a higher bending tolerance can be obtained with an increased number of high-index resonators. Moreover, the unique bending properties of hybrid fibers with anti-symmetric design have been investigated and explained through the comparison with the ones of hybrid symmetric fibers, with high-index inclusions of the same dimension on both sides of the core.
Indium Tin Oxide Alternatives-High Work Function Transparent Conducting Oxides as Anodes for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (2001)

High electrical conductivity, outstanding optical transparency, and work functions considerably greater than that of commercial indium tin oxide (ITO) organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) have been obtained with non-ITO anodes. The Figure shows the crosslinked form of triarylamine (TAA), which is spin-coated on top of the anode to improve cohesion and charge injection efficiency.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of LNA Dinucleoside Phosphorothioate by the Oxathiaphospholane Approach (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The academic and industrial embrace of space-time methods (2003)

[Guest Editors introduction to: Special issue on space-time transmission, reception, coding and signal processing] &#13;\n&#13;\nEvery episode of the classic 1966–1969 television series Star Trek begins with Captain Kirk’s (played by William Shatner) famous words : “Space: The final frontier….” While space may not be the final frontier for the information and communication theory community, it is proving to be an important and fruitful one. &#13;\n&#13;\nIn the information theory community, the notion of space can be broadly defined as the simultaneous use of multiple, possibly coupled, channels. The notions of space–time and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels are therefore often used interchangeably. The connection between space and MIMO is most transparent when we view the multiple channels as created by two or more spatially separated antennas at a wireless transmitter or receiver. &#13;\n&#13;\nA large component of the current interest in space–time methods can be attributed to discoveries in the late 1980s and early 1990s that a rich wireless scattering environment can be beneficial when multiple antennas are used on a point-to-point link. We now know that adding antennas in a rich environment provides proportional increases in point-to-point data rates, without extra transmitted power or bandwidth.
EU FP7 INFSO-ICT-317669 METIS, D 4.1 Summary on preliminary trade-off investigations and first set of potential network-level solutions (2013)

METIS WP4 covers research activities in network-level aspects of the advancement of wireless network technologies towards the year 2020 and beyond. The aim is to develop novel network-level technology concepts to address the challenges foreseen in future scenarios with regard to interference, traffic and mobility management issues. Moreover, another task of this work package is to propose functional enablers which can support the above potential solutions.This document provides* a report of the ongoing progress in WP4 regarding the research topics agreed upon in IR 4.1,* a high level description of the proposed concepts and approaches adopted by different partners.More specifically, the document describes, first set of potential network-level solutions and presents some first research results in order to position them with regards to the state of the art approaches. It also gives an overview of research activities to be considered later in WP4.