gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The crab cavities cryomodule for SPS test (2017)

RF Crab Cavities are an essential part of the HL-LHC upgrade. Two concepts of such systems are being developed: the Double Quarter Wave (DQW) and the RF Dipole (RFD). A cryomodule with two DQW cavities is in advanced fabrication stage for the tests with protons in the SPS. The cavities must be operated at 2 K, without excessive heat loads, in a low magnetic environment and in compliance with CERN safety guidelines on pressure and vacuum systems. A large set of components, such as a thermal shield, a two layers magnetic shield, RF lines, helium tank and tuner are required for the successful and safe operation of the cavities. The sum of all these components with the cavities and their couplers forms the cryomodule. An overview of the design and fabrication strategy of this cryomodule is presented. The main components are described along with the present status of cavity fabrication and processing and cryomodule assembly. The lesson learned from the prototypes and first manufactured systems are also included.
Influence of Waveform on Cell Viability during Ultrasound Exposure (2011)

We examined the role of ultrasound standing waves, and their travelling wave counterparts, on cell viability in an in-vitro insonation apparatus. Furthermore, the effect of distinct waveforms (sine and top-hat) was also explored, together with the role of microbubble presence. Measurements of cell viability in standing wave scenarios demonstrated a relatively higher rate of lysis (63.13 +/- 10.89% remaining viable) compared with the travelling wave data, where 96.22 +/- 4.0% remained viable. Significant differences were also seen as a function of waveform, where insonations employing top-hat wave shapes resulted in an average end stage viability of 30.31 +/- 5.71 % compared with 61.94 +/- 14.28% in the sinusoidal counterparts.
On the Beneficial Roles of Fading and Transmit Diversity in Wireless Power Transfer with Nonlinear Energy Harvesting (2018)

We study the effect of channel fading in Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) and show that fading enhances the RFto- DC conversion efficiency of nonlinear RF energy harvesters. We then develop a new form of signal design for WPT, denoted as Transmit Diversity, that relies on multiple dumb antennas at the transmitter to induce fast fluctuations of the wireless channel. Those fluctuations boost the RF-to-DC conversion efficiency thanks to the energy harvester nonlinearity. In contrast with (energy) beamforming, Transmit Diversity does not rely on Channel State Information at the Transmitter (CSIT) and does not increase the average power at the energy harvester input, though it still enhances the overall end-to-end power transfer efficiency. Transmit Diversity is also combined with recently developed (energy) waveform and modulation to provide further enhancements. The efficacy of the scheme is analyzed using physics-based and curve fitting-based nonlinear models of the energy harvester and demonstrated using circuit simulations, prototyping and experimentation. Measurements with two transmit antennas reveal gains of 50%in harvested DC power over a single transmit antenna setup. The work (again) highlights the crucial role played by the harvester nonlinearity and demonstrates that multiple transmit antennas can be beneficial to WPT even in the absence of CSIT.
Human neutrophil peptides 1-3 protect the murine urinary tract from uropathogenic Escherichia coli challenge (2022)

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are critical to the protection of the urinary tract of humans and other animals from pathogenic microbial invasion. AMPs rapidly destroy pathogens by disrupting microbial membranes and/or augmenting or inhibiting the host immune system through a variety of signaling pathways. We have previously demonstrated that alpha-defensins 1-3 (<i>DEFA1A3</i>) are AMPs expressed in the epithelial cells of the human kidney collecting duct in response to uropathogens. We also demonstrated that DNA copy number variations in the <i>DEFA1A3</i> locus are associated with UTI and pyelonephritis risk. Because <i>DEFA1A3</i> is not expressed in mice, we utilized human <i>DEFA1A3</i> gene transgenic mice (<i>DEFA<sup>4/4</sup></i>) to further elucidate the biological relevance of this locus in the murine urinary tract. We demonstrate that the kidney transcriptional and translational expression pattern is similar in humans and the human gene transgenic mouse upon uropathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (UPEC) stimulus in vitro and in vivo. We also demonstrate transgenic human <i>DEFA<sup>4/4</sup></i> gene mice are protected from UTI and pyelonephritis under various UPEC challenges. This study serves as the foundation to start the exploration of manipulating the <i>DEFA1A3</i> locus and alpha-defensins 1-3 expression as a potential therapeutic target for UTIs and other infectious diseases.
Quasi-optical frequency conversion arrays (2002)

A preliminary investigation of quasi-optical frequency conversion arrays is described. Using a diode loaded dipole placed between two parallel conducting plates to simulate an array, we were able to demonstrate enhanced conversion efficiency into the second harmonic and obtain spontaneous parametric oscillation for certain array geometries. Sub-harmonic parametric oscillation was achieved by strongly driving the nonlinear antenna at a single pump frequency while the cavity length was adjusted for resonance at a subharmonic, and a well-defined threshold for this parametric down-conversion was observed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Uncertainty-aware Short-term Motion Prediction of Traffic Actors for Autonomous Driving (2018)

We address one of the crucial aspects necessary for safe and efficient operations of autonomous vehicles, namely predicting future state of traffic actors in the autonomous vehicle's surroundings. We introduce a deep learning-based approach that takes into account a current world state and produces raster images of each actor's vicinity. The rasters are then used as inputs to deep convolutional models to infer future movement of actors while also accounting for and capturing inherent uncertainty of the prediction task. Extensive experiments on real-world data strongly suggest benefits of the proposed approach. Moreover, following completion of the offline tests the system was successfully tested onboard self-driving vehicles.
Cover Feature: Highly Selective Rhodium Catalyzed 1,4‐Hydrogenation of Conjugated Dienals (ChemCatChem 18/2022) (2022)

The Cover Feature shows in the background a picture of the Lily of the Valley “Muguet” flowers – a highly desired aroma in perfumery and inspiration for many artificial perfumery molecules. In their Research Article, L. Saudan and co-workers explored the ability of a directing-group free catalytic hydrogenation of dienals into gamma-delta unsaturated aldehydes. Indeed, the scent of this class of aldehydes have been found to be very close to the desired olfactive note of the Lily of the Valley flowers. Rhodium-complexes bearing a large bite angle diphosphine ligand were found to be highly efficient catalyst for the hydrogenation of dienals into gamma-delta unsaturated aldehydes. The reaction conditions are mild (low pressure and temperature) and allow to obtain the desired aldehydes in high yield and selectivity. This hydrogenation reaction is an efficient alternative to the Claisen-rearrangement usually used to prepare this class of compounds. More information can be found in the Research Article by L. Saudan and co-workers .
Factors Associated with Psychosis among Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: A Case-Control Study (2004)

We observed that a number of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) developed affective psychosis during the acute phase of their illness. We reviewed all SARS-related psychiatric consultations in Hong Kong and investigated the risk factors for psychosis among patients with SARS in a matched case-control study. Patients with SARS-related psychosis received higher total doses of steroids and had higher rates of family history of psychiatric illness. The findings of the present study suggest that steroid toxicity, personal vulnerability, and, probably, psychosocial stressors jointly contributed to the development of psychosis in patients with SARS.
Cyclic tetrapeptides via the ring contraction strategy: chemical techniques useful for their identification (2008)

Cyclic tetrapeptides are a class of natural products that have been shown to have broad ranging biological activities and good pharmacokinetic properties. In order to synthesise these highly strained compounds a ring contraction strategy had previously been reported. This strategy was further optimised and a suite of techniques, including the Edman degradation and mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, were developed to enable characterisation of cyclic tetrapeptide isomers. An NMR solution structure of a cyclic tetrapeptide was also generated. To illustrate the success of this strategy a library of cyclic tetrapeptides was synthesised.
Overview of DOE Flowability Measurement and Modeling Project at Forest Concepts and Penn State University (2020)

<b><sc>Abstract.</sc></b> New and improved laboratory equipment to measure biomass physical, mechanical, and flowability properties are being developed to prototype stage within this project. Improved analytical models and simulation tools are being developed to improve the design of biomass handling unit operations such as hoppers, chutes, feeders, and the like. The objective of the project is to contribute to the design and operation of reliable, cost effective, continuous feeding of biomass feedstocks into a reactor of an integrated biorefinery.
Sonoluminescence: Current status and future perspectives (1999)

Considerable recent attention has been directed at the phenomenon of sonoluminescence, especially since the discovery of single-bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL), in which a single, stable, acoustically levitated gas bubble can be made to pulsate with a sufficiently large amplitude to emit light each acoustic cycle. It appears that exciting physics may be associated with this phenomenon. When a sufficiently strong acoustic field is propagated through a liquid containing microscopic cavitation nuclei, similar optical emissions can be observed, although the spectrum of this multiple bubble sonoluminescence (MBSL) often possesses characteristics of the host liquid and its constituents, unlike the spectra of SBSL, which has no discernible bands or lines. Nevertheless, MBSL spectra should be able to shed considerable light on the discipline of sonochemistry. Relevant aspects of the current status of SBSL and MBSL research will be reviewed, some speculations on future directions will be offered. [Work supported in part by the NSF.]
Thiazolo[4,5‐d]pyrimidines. Part I. synthesis and anti‐human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) activity in vitro of certain alkyl derivatives (1995)

Abstract Alkyl derivatives of the thiazolo[4,5‐ d ]pyrimidine congeners of guanine and uracil were prepared and assessed for in vitro activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). The finding that the 3‐pentyl 1b and 3‐hexyl 1c derivatives of 5‐aminothiazolo[4,5‐ d ]pyrimidine‐2,7(3 H ,6 H )‐dione (1e) had potent in vitro anti‐HCMV activity prompted a broader study of alkyl derivatives in this ring system. A series of 3‐alkyl derivatives of 1e , viz. 1f‐w , were prepared by direct alkylation of the sodium salt of 1e and by subsequent modifications, 2a‐d. For comparison with 1c , 5‐amino‐2‐hexylaminothiazolo[4,5‐ d ]pyrimidin‐7(6 H )‐one (4) was prepared and studied. The 3‐(2‐alkenyl) derivatives of 1e were found to be the more active antiviral agents with the Z isomer of 5‐amino‐3‐(2‐penten‐1‐yl)thiazolo[4,5‐ d ]pyrimidine‐2,7(3 H ,6 H )‐dione (1f) having the better therapeutic index. Analogous 4‐(2‐alkenyl) derivatives of 2‐aminothiazolo[4,5‐ d ]pyrimidine‐5,7(4 H ,6 H )‐dione 6a and 6b were also prepared but were found to have poor therapeutic indices. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis was used to unequivocally establish the structure of 1f.
Primal sparse Max-margin Markov networks (2009)

Max-margin Markov networks (M3N) have shown great promise in structured prediction and relational learning. Due to the KKT conditions, the M3N enjoys dual sparsity. However, the existing M3N formulation does not enjoy primal sparsity, which is a desirable property for selecting significant features and reducing the risk of over-fitting. In this paper, we present an l1-norm regularized max-margin Markov network (l1-M3N), which enjoys dual and primal sparsity simultaneously. To learn an l1-M3N, we present three methods including projected sub-gradient, cutting-plane, and a novel EM-style algorithm, which is based on an equivalence between l1-M3N and an adaptive M3N. We perform extensive empirical studies on both synthetic and real data sets. Our experimental results show that: (1) l1-M3N can effectively select significant features; (2) l1-M3N can perform as well as the pseudo-primal sparse Laplace M3N in prediction accuracy, while consistently outperforms other competing methods that enjoy either primal or dual sparsity; and (3) the EM-algorithm is more robust than the other two in pre-diction accuracy and time efficiency.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical‐Based Route to 2‐(Trifluoromethyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles and Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Polycyclic 1,2,4‐Triazoles and Dihydrofurans. (2015)

Abstract Various trifluoromethyl‐substituted structures can be obtained by exploitation of the 2‐(trifluoromethyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazolyl‐5‐methyl radical.
Improvement of the output characteristics of magnetrons using the transparent cathode (2006)

The output characteristics of magnetrons can be significantly improved by using a cathode that is transparent to the synchronous electromagnetic fields thereby providing improved conditions for fast conversion of the electrons' potential energy into electromagnetic energy. The transparent cathode consists of separate longitudinal metal strips, arranged to form a cylindrical surface, that act as individual electron emitters. Favorable prebunching of electrons to excite the desired operating mode is provided by a suitable choice of the number and azimuthal position of the cathode strips. The strong azimuthal wave field in the cathode region rapidly captures the prebunched electrons into rotating spokes forming the anode current. This process provides faster start-of-oscillations than priming using a solid cathode. The strong wave field in the electron sheath over the cathode, for any sheath thickness, gives the possibility of improving the efficiency by concomitantly increasing the applied voltage and magnetic field. Computer simulations of the A6 magnetron driven both by a solid and transparent cathode demonstrate the advantages of this approach
A compact direct-drive linear synchronous motor with muscle-like performance (2013)

We present the design of a novel direct-drive linear permanent magnet synchronous motor with a high continuous-duty force-to-mass ratio. We use an analytical electromagnetic model to find optimal dimensions for a new magnet configuration, comprising nested tubular Halbach arrays. We further use the analytical model to map out the design space for these motors, and investigate possible designs for motors with muscle-like force production. We then describe the design of a 100 g-scale motor based on the optimization, with water cooling and a lightweight structure. Experimental results suggest that this motor is capable of over 140 N/kg continuous force production, and demonstrate that it can be used for positioning at over 1 m/s and with 40 g acceleration unloaded.
Serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Children Aged &lt;5 Years Hospitalized With or Without Pneumonia in Developing and Emerging Countries: A Descriptive, Multicenter Study (2019)

The results confirm the assumption that the isolate carrying or causing disease in an individual is of the same serotype. Most serotypes independently associated with nasopharyngeal carriage or pneumonia are covered by PCV13, suggesting that increased PCV coverage would reduce the burden of S. pneumoniae-related pneumonia.
The Effects of Isoflurane and Halothane on Left Ventricular Afterload in Dogs with Dilated Cardiomyopathy (1997)

The effects of volatile anesthetics, including isoflurane (ISO) and halothane (HAL), on determinants of left ventricular (LV) afterload have not been comprehensively described in experimental models of, or patients with, heart failure.We tested the hypothesis that ISO and HAL produce beneficial alterations in LV afterload when evaluated with aortic input impedance and interpreted using a three-element Windkessel model in dogs before and after development of pacing-induced cardiomyopathy. Hemodynamics and aortic pressure and blood flow waveforms were recorded in the conscious state and during 1.1- and 1.5-minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) ISO and HAL anesthesia on separate days in chronically instrumented dogs (n = 6). Dogs were then paced at 220-240 bpm for 20 +/- 3 days (mean = SEM) to develop cardiomyopathy, and the experiments were repeated after pacing had been temporarily discontinued. ISO decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP), mean aortic blood flow (MAQ), and total arterial resistance (R) and increased total arterial compliance (C) and characteristic aortic impedance (Zc) in dogs before pacing. HAL decreased MAP and MAQ and increased C but did not alter R and Zc. Chronic rapid LV pacing increased HR and LV end-diastolic pressure and decreased MAP, LV systolic pressure, and the peak rate of increase of LV pressure. MAQ, C, R, and Zc were unchanged. ISO and HAL decreased arterial pressure but did not affect C and Zc in the presence of LV dysfunction. HAL, but not ISO, increased R at 1.1 MAC, which indicates that this drug increases resistance to LV ejection. In contrast to findings in normal dogs, these results indicate that neither ISO nor HAL reduce arterial hydraulic resistance to LV ejection or favorably improve the rectifying properties of the aorta in dogs with pacing-induced cardiomyopathy. Implications: Isoflurane and halothane produce favorable alterations in the determinants of left ventricular afterload before, but not after, the production of experimental left ventricular dysfunction by sustained, rapid cardiac pacing in chronically instrumented dogs. (Anesth Analg 1997;85:979-86)
Use of mobile appointment scheduling devices (2004)

One hundred thirty-eight subjects participated in a study on mobile appointment scheduling. Subjects completed a questionnaire on their primary method of managing appointments when away from their desks. Immediately afterwards, subjects completed a session of scheduling four appointments with the interviewer. The most common scheduling systems, in order of popularity, were paper-based day planners, memory, scrap paper, and PDA's. However, 43% of the claimed PDA users and 68% of day planner users switched to another, more readily accessible method when scheduling an appointment. Interviews revealed a practice of using memory or scrap paper to "buffer" appointments for later entry into the PDA or planner.
Lanthanum-Induced Gastrointestinal Histiocytosis (2015)

A patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis presented with fever, anorexia, and nausea shortly after starting oral lanthanum carbonate for phosphate control. Gastric and duodenal biopsies demonstrated diffuse histiocytosis with intracellular aggregates of basophilic foreign material. Transmission electron microscopy, an underutilized diagnostic test, revealed the nature of the aggregates as heavy metal particles, consistent with lanthanum. Symptoms and histiocytosis improved after discontinuation of lanthanum. Lanthanum may be an underdiagnosed cause of gastrointestinal histiocytosis.
Validity of water removal control by the blood volume monitor (BVM) of a dialysis machine, Fresenius 4008S. (2002)

Fresenius社製個人用透析装置4008Sのblood volume monitor (BVM) による除水コントロール機能 (BVM-HD) を8症例に対し施行し, 相対血液量 (relative blood volume: RBV) の変動や血圧の推移を均等除水 (Normal-HD: N-HD) と比較した. 今回, 治療中におけるRVB変動の指標の一つとしてplasma refilling rate (PRR) をultrafiltration rate (UFR) で除した値 (PRR/UFR値) を用いた. この指標によりUFRが連続的に変化する本治療法においても, 除水コントロールに対するPRRやRBVへの影響を客観的に評価できると考えられた. PRR/UFR値 (mean±SD) の全体の平均値は, BVM-HDおよびN-HDでそれぞれ, 0.83±0.02, 0.72±0.03 (p<0.01) とBVM-HDがN-HDに比較して高値を示したことから, RBV低下に対する除水コントロール機能の有用性が示唆された. また透析終了時の最終RBV値はBVM-HDおよびN-HDでそれぞれ0.79±0.04, 0.76±0.07 (NS) と有意差は得られなかったものの, BVM-HDがN-HDに比べ高値を示した. 血圧の推移は, 治療条件の相違による影響が否定できないが, 治療後半の血圧低下に対してBVM-HDが有効と思われる症例もみられた. これらの結果から, 治療後半において血圧低下をきたす患者に対して, 4008Sの除水コントロール機能によるBVM-HDは, 血圧の安定化が図れる可能性が示唆された. 今後の課題として, BVMによる除水コントロール機能をさらに有効に活用するために, 患者個々に対し治療開始時における適切な除水速度 (UFRSET) の設定や相対血液量限度値 (critical-relative blood volume: C-RBV) 定義法の確立が望まれる.
Altered Expression and Splicing of ESRP1 in Malignant Melanoma Correlates with Epithelial–Mesenchymal Status and Tumor-Associated Immune Cytolytic Activity (2016)

Melanoma is one of the major cancer types for which new immune-based cancer treatments have achieved promising results. However, anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapies are effective only in some patients. Hence, predictive molecular markers for the development of clinical strategies targeting immune checkpoints are needed. Using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) RNAseq data, we found that expression of ESRP1, encoding a master splicing regulator in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), was inversely correlated with tumor-associated immune cytolytic activity. That association holds up across multiple TCGA tumor types, suggesting a link between tumor EMT status and infiltrating lymphocyte activity. In melanoma, ESRP1 mainly exists in a melanocyte-specific truncated form transcribed from exon 13. This was validated by analyzing CCLE cell line data, public CAGE data, and RT-PCR in primary cultured melanoma cell lines. Based on ESRP1 expression, we divided TCGA melanoma cases into ESRP1-low, -truncated, and -full-length groups. ESRP1-truncated tumors comprise approximately two thirds of melanoma samples and reside in an apparent transitional state between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes. ESRP1 full-length tumors express epithelial markers and constitute about 5% of melanoma samples. In contrast, ESRP1-low tumors express mesenchymal markers and are high in immune cytolytic activity as well as PD-L2 and CTLA-4 expression. Those tumors are associated with better patient survival. Results from our study suggest a path toward the use of ESRP1 and other EMT markers as informative biomarkers for immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(6); 552-61. ©2016 AACR.
Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation of a miniature plasma source for a microwave discharge ion thruster (2014)

We have developed a three-dimensional particle model for a miniature microwave discharge ion thruster to elucidate the mechanism of ECR discharges confined in a small space. The model consists of a particle-in-cell simulation with a Monte Carlo collision algorithm (PIC-MCC) for the kinetics of charged particles, a finite-difference time-domain method for the electromagnetic fields of 4.2 GHz microwaves, and a finite element analysis for the magnetostatic fields of permanent magnets. The PIC-MCC results have shown that the electrons are well confined owing to the mirror magnetic fields and can be effectively heated in the ECR layer downstream of a ring-shaped antenna. The confinement results in the ring-shaped profiles of the plasma density along the antenna. The visual appearance of the plasma discharge of the thruster in operation was also ring-shaped. Moreover, the ions are expected to be accelerated effectively through the grid electrode without a large loss of ions toward side walls, that is, the plasma source developed here would be desirable in ion thrusters.