gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance of novel 198.5-nm wavelength mask inspection system for 65-nm node and beyond optical lithography era (2004)

In 65nm node and some more technology node probably may go with current optical lithography and industry has predicted many challenges. In patterning point of view, quality and cost of mask became more and more important than ever. Particularly, mask defect engineering technology is key area not only inspect the defects but also mask process monitoring and improvements. In mask inspection technology there were a lot of new progresses to enhance the defect inspection sensitivity and stability. The key solution to achieve better sensitivity may be short inspection wavelength and adequate detection algorithm. In this paper, we will propose defect size specifications of 65nm and beyond optical mask with various OPC and RET environments. In addition, we will present initial data of newly developed 198.5nm inspection wavelength system. Through this study, we found future optical mask faces new challenges in defect inspection and to solve these problems, we need advanced mask inspection system and collaborations among patterning related fields.
Implementing mHealth Interventions in a Resource-Constrained Setting: Case Study From Uganda (Preprint) (2020)

<sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> Mobile health (mHealth) interventions are becoming more common in low-income countries. Existing research often overlooks implementation challenges associated with the design and technology requirements of mHealth interventions. </sec> <sec> <title>OBJECTIVE</title> We aimed to characterize the challenges that we encountered in the implementation of a complex mHealth intervention in Uganda. </sec> <sec> <title>METHODS</title> We customized a commercial mobile survey app to facilitate a two-arm household-randomized, controlled trial of home-based tuberculosis (TB) contact investigation. We incorporated digital fingerprinting for patient identification in both study arms and automated SMS messages in the intervention arm only. A local research team systematically documented challenges to implementation in biweekly site visit reports, project management reports, and minutes from biweekly conference calls. We then classified these challenges using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title> We identified challenges in three principal CFIR domains: (1) intervention characteristics, (2) inner setting, and (3) characteristics of implementers. The adaptability of the app to the local setting was limited by software and hardware requirements. The complexity and logistics of implementing the intervention further hindered its adaptability. Study staff reported that community health workers (CHWs) were enthusiastic regarding the use of technology to enhance TB contact investigation during training and the initial phase of implementation. After experiencing technological failures, their trust in the technology declined along with their use of it. Finally, complex data structures impeded the development and execution of a data management plan that would allow for articulation of goals and provide timely feedback to study staff, CHWs, and participants. </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSIONS</title> mHealth technologies have the potential to make delivery of public health interventions more direct and efficient, but we found that a lack of adaptability, excessive complexity, loss of trust among end users, and a lack of effective feedback systems can undermine implementation, especially in low-resource settings where digital services have not yet proliferated. Implementers should anticipate and strive to avoid these barriers by investing in and adapting to local human and material resources, prioritizing feedback from end users, and optimizing data management and quality assurance procedures. </sec>
Internalization of Calcium Oxalate Calculi Developed in Narrow Cavities (2014)

We describe the case of a patient with calcium oxalate monohydrate and calcium oxalate dihydrate calculi occluded in cavities. All those calculi were located inside narrow cavities covered with a thin epithelium that permits their visualization. Urinary biochemical analysis showed high calciuria, not hypercalciuria, hypocitraturia, and a ratio [calcium]/[citrate] >0.33. The existence of cavities of very low urodynamic efficacy was decisive in the formation of such calculi. It is important to emphasize that we observed a thin epithelium covering such cavities, demonstrating that this epithelium may be formed after the development of the calculi through a re-epithelialization process.
The synthesis and mesomorphic behaviour of the 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted benzenes with (4-tridecyloxyphenyl)ethynyl and (4-tridecyloxyphenyl)carbonyloxy substituents (1997)

Abstract The synthesis, mesophase morphology and transition temperatures of a series of 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted benzenes are described. The compounds have (4-tridecyloxyphenyl)carbonyloxy or (4-tridecyloxyphenyl)ethynyl as the peripheral substituents in all possible combinations ranging from the tetra-ester to the tetra-alkyne. Both the substituents used have similar structural dimensions but the greater rigidity of the alkynyl unit ensures that it projects more directly from the central core than does the more flexible ester unit. All of the seven compounds are nematogenic and five show a smectic C phase; the differences observed in the transition temperatures of the compounds are discussed in terms of molecular shape and the relationship of the compounds to appropriate calamitic and discotic systems. Molecular modelling indicates that pi-pi interactions of peripheral phenyl groups can lead to molecules with calamitic shapes.
Macroarray-based gene expression analysis in Tetrahymena pyriformis (2007)

Summary A cDNA library was constructed for the aquatic ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis, and one hundred and fifty-three clones were used for gene expression analysis in a filter array hybridization assay. Expression levels for individual genes ranged from easily detectable to below the detection threshold of the assay. Ten cDNAs showed relatively intense hybridization signals, and two of these were chosen for further analysis. One of these genes, Tp177, was characterized in detail, i.e. its transcribed and putative promoter regions were completely defined and analyses carried out to identify potential gene regulatory elements. Partial nucleotide sequences were derived from fifty-seven cDNA clones and compared to the GenBank sequence database. Twenty-six of these clones showed significant similarity to genes in GenBank (eleven of these represented ribosomal proteins), while the remainder, including clone Tp177, represented novel sequences.
On the influence of wall microdeformations on Bloch line visibility in bubble garnets (invited) (1991)

It is proposed that the main source of contrast of vertical Bloch lines (VBLs) in bubble garnets, when viewed by means of anisotropic dark field optical imaging, is a microdeformation of the wall plane at line location. The motive force for wall tilting is the compensation of the monopolar σ charges borne by VBLs. The tilted wall section acts as a phase object and allows for the formation of line images with well-defined symmetries and independent of the incident-beam polarization. All these features agree fully with experimental evidence. An approximate model of the wall deformation is presented and shown to be consistent for a given thickness and material parameters with the results of an ab initio numerical computation of the 3D structure of a VBL. The implications of the microdeformation model in terms of line observability are analyzed and compared with experimental data.
Thick Electrode Design for Facile Electron and Ion Transport: Architectures, Advanced Characterization, and Modeling (2022)

ConspectusThe demand for lithium ion batteries continues to expand for powering applications such as portable electronics, grid-scale energy storage, and electric vehicles. As the application requirements advance, the innovation of lithium ion batteries toward higher energy density and power output is required. Along with the investigation of new materials, an important strategy for increasing battery energy content is to design electrodes with high areal loading to minimize the fraction of nonactive materials such as current collectors, separators, and packaging components, resulting in significant gains in energy content and the reduction of the system-level cost. However, the adoption of thick high areal loading electrodes has been impeded by sluggish charge transport and mechanical instability. With conventional slurry cast electrodes, battery function significantly deteriorates with increases in electrode thickness due to high cell polarization and the incomplete utilization of active materials. Thus, a consideration of approaches that facilitate an understanding and eventual adoption of high-loading electrodes is warranted to enable the deliberate advancement of next-generation batteries.This Account considers three aspects critical to the science and technology of thick high-loading electrodes. The first discussion covers recent approaches to the design and fabrication of high-loading electrodes. Ensuring electrical contact throughout the electrode is accomplished through the manipulation of conductive additives or using a conductive scaffold within the electrode. Ion transport can be facilitated through electrode design and fabrication approaches that deliberately control the electrode porosity and tortuosity. Second, advanced characterization methodologies are presented as the ability to determine the origins of transport limitations provide the insight needed to deliberately approach future designs. Spectroscopic and diffraction methods have been used to characterize the 2D and 3D pore structure and composition of the electrodes. Furthermore, operando methods that yield spatially and temporally resolved information regarding the progression of the electrochemical reaction are highlighted. The third aspect considered is the utilization of modeling. Physically based continuum models linked with the results of experimental characterization have been demonstrated and then allow the rapid simulation of a variety of deliberate electrode designs and their impacts on functional electrochemistry. Variables relevant to the designs can be tested by the model under a series of use conditions to identify those of most promise for a specific application. Finally, an outlook on future opportunities for high-loading battery electrode research is provided to inform and entice practitioners in the field to pursue these important directions of inquiry.
Investigation of the V-pit related morphological and optical properties of InGaN∕GaN multiple quantum wells (2008)

In this work, the effects of large V-pits on the morphological and optical properties of InGaN∕GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) were studied using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and photoluminescence. InGaN∕GaN MQWs with high-density large V-pits were grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. In addition to the regular c-plane MQWs, the MQWs grown on the {101¯1} faceted sidewalls of the V-pits were also observed, which gave much higher emission energies than those of the c-plane MQWs. Furthermore, when the low-temperature GaN buffer was very thin, the {112¯m} (m⩾2) faceted sidewalls of the V-pits were observed. It was then found that MQWs grown on such sidewalls had emission energies between those of the c-plane MQWs and those of the {101¯1} faceted sidewall MQWs.
Biomarker - Discovery in G-CSF mediated clinical ALS Stabilization (P6.005) (2015)

OBJECTIVE: Accelerated treatment development for ALS patients needs validated biomarkers. G-CSF seems to compensate rapid neuronal loss in active neurodegeneration. Compassionate use of G-CSF in ALS patients may assist in long-term follow up of patients and potential biomarkers. BACKGROUND: With wide pathogenic heterogeneity of ALS, measurement of pyramidal tract integrity by DWI-MRI (Fractional Anisotropy, FAI) and of motor neuron integrity by neurophysiology (MUNE / MUNIX, e.g. hypothenar muscle) as downstream markers of potential therapy effects would be desirable biomarkers. MUNIX correlates well with disease progression in ALS, being more sensitive than changes of ALS-FRS-r. DWI-MRI studies in ALS patients have already demonstrated sensitivity to disease progression. Hematopoietic bone marrow stem cell differentiation markers may serve as additional biomarkers and help understand G-CSF`s mode of action. DESIGN/METHODS: 23 ALS patients (15 male, 8 female, mean age 51, 4 yrs.) received individual G-CSF treatments in monthly outpatient regimens and exams for ALS-FRS-r (mean at start 36.75 (± 6.84)), hematology and clinical chemistry. As reporting biomarkers we assessed (1) upper motor neuron integrity (DWI-MRI) and (2) lower motor neuron function (i-MUNIX), every 3 months during long-term (> 4 yrs.) treatment. RESULTS: Disease progression correlated significantly (p<0,0001) with loss of lower motor neurons (i-MUNIX); there was a trend in correlating FAI with ALS-FRS-r decline. i-MUNIX was significantly more sensitive for disease progression than ALS-FRS-r. During disease progression patients with lower ALS-FRS-r mobilized less monocytes and CD34+38- stem cells, but more eosinophils. Colony Forming Units for bone marrow differentiation lines are further analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: i-MUNIX, DWI-MRI, and bone marrow differentiation parameters are very promising biomarkers for ALS-treatment development. Validating these biomarkers for disease progression and potential sensitivity of treatment efficacy estimation is ongoing.
Concept and implementation of a simplified speed control strategy for survivable induction motor drives (2011)

Induction machine is one of the most widely used machines in residential and industrial applications. Traditional drive methods for induction machines such as vector control usually require complex control routines, fast processing unit and multiple system status feedbacks. The complexity of these methods greatly reduces the reliability of the system since the failure of the sensor or even the drift of system parameters could potentially result in system malfunction. This creates the need for a simple, cost-effective and reliable control strategy as a backup to continue operation of the system in case of failure of current and voltage feedback sensors. In this paper, an effective, yet simple and low-cost state switching control technique is proposed and implemented for a three phase squirrel cage induction machine system. This state switching control operates at two specific duty cycles of PWM which produces phase voltages with different magnitudes across the phase windings. At the same time, the frequency of phase voltages is derived from the reference speed. By switching between these two states, precise speed regulation can be achieved. This new control method makes the controller extremely simple in design and implementation for induction machine. Simulation and experimental results are included in this paper to validate our claims.
PAPER 065: THE EFFECT OF HUMERAL COMPONENT ALIGNMENT ON THE LOADING OF TOTAL ELBOW ARTHROPLASTY: AN IN VITRO STUDY (2010)

Purpose: Aseptic loosening is one of the leading causes of failure in total elbow arthroplasty. It is logical to postulate that incorrect implant positioning and alignment may lead to excessive loading and wear which can induce the loosening cascade. However, the effect of implant malalignment on wear inducing loads in the elbow is not yet known. This in-vitro study determined the effect of anterior malpositioning, and varus-valgus (VV) and internal-external (IE) malrotations on humeral stem loading in total elbow arthroplasty. Method: The humeral, ulnar, and radial components of a linked total elbow arthroplasty were optimally positioned using computer navigation in eight cadaveric elbows, mounted in a load/motion control elbow simulator (age 75yrs, range 42–93; 5 male). A modular, humeral component was employed to generate implant malpositioning errors of ±6° VV, ±8° IE, and 5mm anterior. The implant was instrumented with strain gauges to quantify VV and IE bending loads during elbow flexion with the forearm in supination. Load output was combined using a sum-of-squares technique. Passive flexion was performed with the arm in the varus and valgus orientations; passive and active flexion were performed with the arm in the vertical orientation. Results: With the arm (humerus) in the vertical orientation, bending loads increased between 418Nmm and 1618Nmm for all malaligned implant positions (p Conclusion: These data demonstrate that humeral component malpositioning increases loading in the implant, however further studies are required to determine the long term effect on polyethylene wear and component loosening. Prosthesis designs that replicate the native flexion-extension axis and make use of sophisticated instrumentation or computer assistance to achieve precise positioning during implantation should lead to improved arthroplasty durability. Also, loading was higher with the arm in varus or valgus orientations, suggesting that patients should avoid activities post-operatively that require their elbow to be positioned in this way.
All-angle negative refraction of highly squeezed plasmon and phonon polaritons in graphene–boron nitride heterostructures (2017)

A fundamental building block for nanophotonics is the ability to achieve negative refraction of polaritons, because this could enable the demonstration of many unique nanoscale applications such as deep-subwavelength imaging, superlens, and novel guiding. However, to achieve negative refraction of highly squeezed polaritons, such as plasmon polaritons in graphene and phonon polaritons in boron nitride (BN) with their wavelengths squeezed by a factor over 100, requires the ability to flip the sign of their group velocity at will, which is challenging. Here we reveal that the strong coupling between plasmon and phonon polaritons in graphene-BN heterostructures can be used to flip the sign of the group velocity of the resulting hybrid (plasmon-phonon-polariton) modes. We predict all-angle negative refraction between plasmon and phonon polaritons and, even more surprisingly, between hybrid graphene plasmons and between hybrid phonon polaritons. Graphene-BN heterostructures thus provide a versatile platform for the design of nanometasurfaces and nanoimaging elements.
Data from Resolving the Spatial and Cellular Architecture of Lung Adenocarcinoma by Multiregion Single-Cell Sequencing (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Little is known of the geospatial architecture of individual cell populations in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) evolution. Here, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing of 186,916 cells from five early-stage LUADs and 14 multiregion normal lung tissues of defined spatial proximities from the tumors. We show that cellular lineages, states, and transcriptomic features geospatially evolve across normal regions to LUADs. LUADs also exhibit pronounced intratumor cell heterogeneity within single sites and transcriptional lineage-plasticity programs. T regulatory cell phenotypes are increased in normal tissues with proximity to LUAD, in contrast to diminished signatures and fractions of cytotoxic CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T cells, antigen-presenting macrophages, and inflammatory dendritic cells. We further find that the LUAD ligand–receptor interactome harbors increased expression of epithelial &lt;i&gt;CD24&lt;/i&gt;, which mediates protumor phenotypes. These data provide a spatial atlas of LUAD evolution, and a resource for identification of targets for its treatment.&lt;/p&gt;Significance:&lt;p&gt;The geospatial ecosystem of the peripheral lung and early-stage LUAD is not known. Our multiregion single-cell sequencing analyses unravel cell populations, states, and phenotypes in the spatial and ecologic evolution of LUAD from the lung that comprise high-potential targets for early interception.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2355&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Initial clinical trial of epratuzumab (humanized anti-CD22 antibody) for immunotherapy of systemic lupus erythematosus (2006)

B cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), so the safety and activity of anti-B cell immunotherapy with the humanized anti-CD22 antibody epratuzumab was evaluated in SLE patients. An open-label, single-center study of 14 patients with moderately active SLE (total British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) score 6 to 12) was conducted. Patients received 360 mg/m2 epratuzumab intravenously every 2 weeks for 4 doses with analgesic/antihistamine premedication (but no steroids) prior to each dose. Evaluations at 6, 10, 18 and 32 weeks (6 months post-treatment) follow-up included safety, SLE activity (BILAG score), blood levels of epratuzumab, B and T cells, immunoglobulins, and human anti-epratuzumab antibody (HAHA) titers. Total BILAG scores decreased by > or = 50% in all 14 patients at some point during the study (including 77% with a > or = 50% decrease at 6 weeks), with 92% having decreases of various amounts continuing to at least 18 weeks (where 38% showed a >/= 50% decrease). Almost all patients (93%) experienced improvements in at least one BILAG B- or C-level disease activity at 6, 10 and 18 weeks. Additionally, 3 patients with multiple BILAG B involvement at baseline had completely resolved all B-level disease activities by 18 weeks. Epratuzumab was well tolerated, with a median infusion time of 32 minutes. Drug serum levels were measurable for at least 4 weeks post-treatment and detectable in most samples at 18 weeks. B cell levels decreased by an average of 35% at 18 weeks and remained depressed at 6 months post-treatment. Changes in routine safety laboratory tests were infrequent and without any consistent pattern, and there was no evidence of immunogenicity or significant changes in T cells, immunoglobulins, or autoantibody levels. In patients with mild to moderate active lupus, 360 mg/m2 epratuzumab was well tolerated, with evidence of clinical improvement after the first infusion and durable clinical benefit across most body systems. As such, multicenter controlled studies are being conducted in broader patient populations.
Effect of bending on single-walled carbon nanotubes: A Raman scattering study (2010)

We describe microRaman studies of serpentine single-walled carbon nanotubes grown on single-crystal quartz. Local Raman spectra were collected from bent and straight segments of the same nanotube to elucidate the effects of bending. Bending radii as large as 1--2 $\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}$ produce a measurable shift of the frequencies of the G, D, and 2D bands while the radial breathing mode remains nearly unaffected by bending. The frequency shift is approximately linear in the bending curvature $1/{R}_{\text{b}}$ for radii of curvature ${R}_{\text{b}}$ between 0.6 and $3.0\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}$. A very tightly bent bundle with ${R}_{\text{b}}\ensuremath{\sim}50\text{ }\text{nm}$ develops a very intricate G-band structure caused by new Raman modes that are activated by the broken cylindrical symmetry. These results show diverse behavior depending on the nanotube wrapping indices $(n,m)$ but are comparable in magnitude to those predicted by tight-binding calculations of the Raman response in bent tubes.