gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrogenated amorphous carbon nitride films on Si(100) deposited by direct current saddle-field plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (1999)

Hydrogenated amorphous carbon nitride [a-C:H(N)] films were deposited on p-type Si(100) at room temperature with a substrate bias voltage of 200 V by direct current saddle-field plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition using methane and nitrogen as source gases. The structural and compositional changes of the a-C:H(N) films induced by the differential ratio of N2 to CH4(nN2/nCH4) were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Initially, as nitrogen is added to the pure methane, the deposition rate decreases quite rapidly then less so as nN2/nCH4 rises above 0.5. The deposition rate continues to gradually decrease with the increase of the nN2/nCH4. The ratio of N to C of the films saturated at 0.25 at the maximum of nN2/nCH4. The number of N–H and C≡H bonds in the films increased with nN2/nCH4 but the number of C–H bonds decreased. The optical band gap energy of the films, as determined by the Tauc relation was lowered from 2.53 to 2.3 eV as the nN2/nCH4 of the source gas changed from 0 to 4.
Role of ATM in Oxidative Stress-mediated c-Jun Phosphorylation in Response to Ionizing Radiation and CdCl2 (2001)

Ionizing radiation-induced phosphorylation of the transcription factor c-Jun is impaired in cells derived from individuals with ataxia telangiectasia (AT), in which the ATM gene is mutated. We demonstrate here that ATM modulates c-Jun phosphorylation following exposure to ionizing radiation as well as treatment with CdCl(2), a potent pro-oxidant. Exposure of AT and control fibroblasts to CdCl(2) induced a biphasic increase in c-Jun phosphorylation on serine residues 63 and 73, with the extent of the second phase being markedly greater in AT cells than in control cells. Heme oxygenase-1, a marker of oxidative stress, was also significantly induced in AT fibroblasts. Expression of recombinant ATM in AT fibroblasts, however, reduced the extent of the effects of CdCl(2) on both c-Jun phosphorylation and heme oxygenase-1 induction. Our data suggest that ATM contributes to oxidative stress-mediated signaling that leads to c-Jun phosphorylation by acting as a sensor of ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress and by modulating intracellular redox homeostasis.
Near-Complete Drusen Resolution With Brolucizumab: A Mechanism for Proinflammatory Mediated Drusen Clearance? (2023)

A 68-year-old woman with macular drusen was diagnosed with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and treated with intravitreal brolucizumab. She had a good response to treatment with reduced height of the pigment epithelial detachment, and a good visual outcome. Remarkably, she had a near-complete resolution of macular drusen, yet this was accompanied by the development of anterior uveitis. We propose a proinflammatory-based mechanism for the brolucizumab-induced drusen resorption. Identifying the biochemical pathways responsible could hold the potential to discover novel forms of therapy for the treatment of AMD. <b>[<i>Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina</i> 2023;54:371-374.]</b>.
Patients with Sarcoidosis Associated Pulmonary Fibrosis Do Not Receive Early Immune Suppression in Comparison to Peers without Fibrosis (2021)

Rationale: Sarcoidosis-associated pulmonary fibrosis (SAPF) is a driver for significant morbidity and mortality for patients with sarcoidosis. The impact of treatment on the development of SAPF is poorly understood. Methods: We initiated a retrospective observational study of patients with sarcoidosis at the University of Virginia (IRB# 20937) to investigate the association between early treatment initiation and the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Clinical data included demographics, symptoms, biopsy and chest imaging. Pulmonary fibrosis was defined as Scadding stage IV on chest X-ray. Primary endpoint was the timing of systemic treatment initiation after diagnosis, in patients with and without pulmonary fibrosis. Systemic treatment was defined as immune suppression or steroid dose equivalent of prednisone 20 milligrams per day. Secondary endpoint was the time interval between symptom onset and diagnosis by biopsy, with exclusion of those who were asymptomatic, without biopsy or symptom data. Preliminary data results were analyzed using Chi-squared or Fisher's exact test as applicable. Results: 119 patients enrolled between 2019-2020. After exclusion criteria were met, study sample was 73. Median age was forty-eight, with 52% male; and 67% white versus 33% African-American. 45% of patients received systemic treatment within the first year after diagnosis. Of the patients who received therapies, combined agents were used in 52%. The most prescribed therapies were prednisone (52%) and methotrexate (34%), whether solo or in combined regimens. Pulmonary fibrosis was found in 8%. There was no significant difference in immunosuppressive treatment patterns between patients with fibrosis and without fibrosis. There was no difference between the symptom onset and diagnosis interval (less/greater than a year) between fibrotic and non-fibrotic patients. 31% of patients without fibrosis were symptomatic for a year or more before diagnosis. Conclusion: This single-center study demonstrates that sarcoidosis patients with and without pulmonary fibrosis do not experience differing treatment patterns, despite the morbidity and mortality conferred by the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Further research is needed to examine whether, like connective tissue disease associated ILD, earlier more aggressive initiation of immune suppression spares this phenotype of sarcoidosis patients from progressive fibrosis. We plan to examine pulmonary function testing, detail radiographic findings, and expand our cohort across multiple centers to further investigate and validate these findings. Treatment pattern in the first year between fibrotic and non-fibrotic sarcoidosis Figure
The Subunit Structure of Rabbit‐Skeletal‐Muscle Phosphorylase Kinase, and the Molecular Basis of Its Activation Reactions (1973)

Phosphorylase kinase was isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle in a state approaching homogeneity as judged by the criteria of ultracentrifugal analysis, ion‐exchange chromatography, and antigen‐antibody precipitation in agar. The purified enzyme showed four protein‐staining components upon acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate, termed α, α′, β and γ. A variety of precautions designed to eliminate the possible action of proteases and ensure complete reduction and denaturation of the protein had no influence on the gel pattern. The molecular weights of the four components determined by gel electrophoresis, and supported by sedimentation equilibrium in the presence of 6 M guanidinium chloride, following partial separation of the chains by gel filtration on Sephadex G‐200 in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate, were:–α= 145000, α′= 140000, β= 128000 and γ= 45000. The α' component was present only in trace amounts and the evidence suggests it may be derived from the α component. The three subunits α, β, and γ, were found to exist in equimolar quantities by densitometric analysis of acrylamide gels, by gel filtration on Sephadex G‐200 in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate, and by carboxymethylation with iodo[ 14 C]acetate, suggesting a minimal binding molecular weight, αβγ, of 318000. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was determined as 1.28 × 10 6 , demonstrating that phosphorylase kinase is composed of 4.0 αβγ units. Activation of the enzyme by incubation with adenosine‐3′:5′‐phosphate‐dependent protein kinase, adenosine 3′:5′‐phosphate and Mg‐ATP, was accompanied by the phosphorylation of one site on the β subunit, although a second site on the α subunit was phosphorylated at a slower rate. Activation of the enzyme by proteolysis resulted from a limited cleavage of the α subunit. The products of proteolytic attack suggest that the α and β subunits may be structurally related. The γ subunit was not phosphorylated, was resistant to proteolysis and distinct from the (α+β) subunits in its amino acid composition. The possible functions of the chains, and the implications of the activation reactions to the nervous and hormonal control of glycogenolysis in vivo are discussed.
Hydrogeologic & Environmental Site Characterization of Shallow Bedrock at the Poudre River Site Assessment — FT. Collins, CO (2006)

hydroGEOPHYSICS, Inc. (HGI) was recently contracted to define depth‐to‐bedrock and bedrock topography after a non‐aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) release was observed in the Cache de Poudre River that is adjacent to the Northside Aztlan Community Center, located in Ft. Collins, CO. Free product (coal tar) associated with an historical gas manufacturing plant located west of the site and operating during the early 1900's was also observed along the river bottom. A former landfill also occupied a portion of the site where the NAPL release was observed within the river. The EPA needed to determine responsible parties. Since alluvium is approximately 10 to 40 feet thick within the site and the Pierre Shale forms the hydrologic bedrock for the area, it was determined that shallow geophysical methods were applicable. Under subcontract to Tetra Tech EMI, HGI completed High Resolution Resistivity (HRR) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys for non‐invasive site characterization. High clay content of near surface soils did not allow sufficient penetration of signal using GPR. The HRR sections did augment the comprehension of bedrock topography and identified pathways for coal tar migration to the river.
Planar-Chiral (2E,7Z)- and (2Z,7E)-Cyclonona-2,7-dien-1-yl Carbamates by Asymmetric, Bis-Allylic α,α′-Cycloalkylation—Studies on Their Conformational Stability (2002)

Enantiomerically enriched (>80 % ee) (M,1R,2Z,7E)- and (M,1R,2E,7Z)-cyclonona-2,7-dienyl carbamates have been synthesized by an intramolecular cycloalkylation of the corresponding 1-lithio-9-chloronona-2,7-dienyl carbamates. The enantioenriched precursors were generated by asymmetric deprotonation of the dienyl carbamates by means of n-BuLi/(-)-sparteine. The primarily obtained cyclononadienes, each bearing one element of planar and centre chirality, were formed by an , coupling of both allylic moieties. These are the thermodynamically less favoured epimers, which arise from those allyllithiums bearing the carbamoyloxy residue in a 1-endo position. Both (M,R)-cyclononadienes epimerize slowly (t(1/2) = 209 min and 328 min at 308 K) with inversion of the planar chirality to the corresponding, more stable (P)-epimers (ratios 3:97 and 30:70). The kinetics were measured by 1H NMR spectroscopy, the activation energies EA were found to be 26.4 and 27.5 kcal mol(-1). From quantum-chemical calculations with the B3LYP density functional, the epimerization process was shown to consist of two coupled major conformational changes with high energy barriers. The calculated values match well with the observed ones.
Lithium alkali halides - New thermal neutron detectors with n-&#x03B3; discrimination (2013)

We are investigating two promising new families of materials derived from proven, low-cost, well-understood, versatile scintillator hosts CsI and NaI. These are modified by incorporating Li ions to achieve the desired spectroscopic properties, producing high quality, combined n/γ sensors. Specifically we report on the synthesis and characterization of Li <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Cs <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sub> (LCI) and Li <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Na <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> I (LNI), both of which demonstrate pulse shape discrimination (PSD) and pulse height discrimination (PHD) for effective suppression of gamma background from neutron signals. In the case of LCI, the primary decay time for thermal neutron interactions is faster than for gamma interactions, and is on the order of 250 ns for neutrons and 500 ns for gamma rays. LNI is opposite to LCI in this respect, which shows slower, 210 ns, decay for neutron interactions and relatively faster, 180 ns, decay for gammas. The measured light yield for LCI is ~40,000 to 55,000 photons/neutron, which corresponds to an electron equivalent energy of 2.1 to 2.8 MeV. Whereas LNI demonstrates a much brighter yield of over 100,000 photons/neutron and electron equivalent energy per neutron interaction of over 4.5 MeV, very close to the <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> Li(n,α) Q value of 4.7 MeV. Relatively narrow emission bands with a peak at 450 nm for LCI:Eu and at 420 nm for LNI:Tl make these sensors well matched to the quantum efficiency of conventional photodetectors such as PMTs. Our data show that significant red shift in emission can be achieved by doping LCI with Tl and LNI with Eu, making these materials well suited for use with such sensors as solid state photomultipliers (SSPMs). In addition to their excellent scintillation properties, the use of widely available, proven host materials, and a possible vapor deposition method for their synthesis, are promising features of this development. This combination allows mass production of large-area, high-performance neutron sensors in a uniquely time efficient manner.
G0200302 Estimation of muscle stress distribution within forearm during gripping (2015)

This study aim to develop a method to estimate stress distribution within forearm muscles using electromyography computed tomography (EMG-CT) method. Three subjects performed gripping tasks using three hand grips, while EMG signals around the forearm were measured. An EMG conduction model was constructed using an outline of the subject's forearm geometry. Distribution of muscle activity within the forearm was calculated using EMG-CT method. To obtain the stress, we calculated the trend of the relationship by linear regression. As a result, stress level within the forearm muscles was presented in a tomographic image. The highest stress increased from 0.08±0.01 to 0.18±0.02 MPa when gripping force increased from 77 to 242 N. This study provides a novel method of measuring stress in forearm muscles.
Autonomous control technique for high-performance switches (2002)

A method for building high-performance switch modules from power transistors and simple control circuits is presented. The method is based on switching function principles: any type of switch can be represented by an ideal switch in combination with basic logic elements. The high-performance modules can be configured to emulate diodes, thyristors, or any other switch type. The control is autonomous-it depends on the terminal behavior, not on the overall circuit behavior. Practical implementation examples are given, based on power MOSFETs. The experimental modules give performance similar to that of synchronous rectifiers, but with much greater flexibility.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Fast Response Measurement of Combustion Air to Fuel Ratio for Stratified Two-Stroke Engines (2005)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
Inspiratory Muscle Pacing in Spinal Cord Injury: Case Report and Clinical Commentary (2006)

In patients with ventilator-dependent tetraplegia, there are alternative methods of ventilatory support, which offer substantial benefits compared to mechanical ventilation.
Axial-graded-index (AGRIN) lens-based wavelength division demultiplexer for multmode fiber optic systems (1998)

We have designed and fabricated the first multi-mode wavelength division multiplexer and demultiplexer (WDDM) based on axial graded index (AGRIN) lenses in conjunction with a volume holographic grating. The demonstration is made using a multi-mode fiber with a 50 micrometers core size. The diffraction-limited AGRIN lenses employed significantly increase the output coupling efficiency and reduce crosstalk when compared with the best homogeneous lens solutions previously reported. The volume holographic grating has a maximum diffraction efficiency of 92% at the center wavelength of 780 nm. An eight-channel WDDM device with a center wavelength of 780 nm and a channel separation of 4 nm is designed and demonstrated. The end-to-end insertion loss for each channel is between 2.8 and 3.8 dB. The maximum channel-to-channel crosstalk is -25 dB.
Photo and thermal stability enhancement of amorphous Hf–In–Zn–O thin-film transistors by the modulation of back channel composition (2011)

The sensitivity and stability of amorphous Hf–In–Zn–O thin-film transistors with respect to visible light radiation and thermal annealing were studied. The photo and thermal stability of the devices were significantly improved by the application of a double active layer that consists of a low conductivity back channel with reduced indium content. From this double layer, significantly lower shifts in Vturn on upon illumination and thermal annealing could be achieved. However, no degradation in the field-effect mobility and reliability of the devices was observed.
Fabrication of Bragg Gratings in Random Air-Line Clad Microstructured Optical Fiber (2017)

Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are written using an infrared (IR) femtosecond laser and a phase mask into pure silica microstructured optical fiber having a cladding region comprised of random air-lines (RAL). Scanning electron microscopy measurements of the IR irradiated RAL fiber samples shows the presence of subwavelength nanograting structures associated with thermally stable type II Bragg gratings. High temperature annealing testing shows that although the RAL FBGs have a high degree of stability even at 1000 °C, they are less stable than similar FBGs made in single mode telecom fiber (SMF-28).
Diagnosis and Treatment of Cauda Equina Entrapment in the Vertical Lamina Fracture of Lumbar Burst Fractures (1991)

Posterior dural lacerations associated with lumbar burst fractures are caused by impaction of the dural sac into the vertical lamina fracture. Neural elements may be extruded outside of the dura and become entrapped in the lamina fracture. This diagnosis must be made before surgery and is based on the patient's clinical presentation, the fracture pattern, and the radiographic findings. Entrapped neural elements can be successfully extracted from the lamina fracture by an opening laminoplasty of the posterior neural arch. Patients with lumbar burst fractures and radiographic evidence of posterior displacement of the neural elements in the lamina fracture should undergo posterior exploration of the spinal canal, extraction of cauda equina neural elements, and repair of the dural laceration before any spinal reduction maneuver.
Measurements of the branching fractions of $\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow p \pi^{-} \pi^{+}$, $\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow p K^{-} K^{+}$, and $\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow p \pi^{-} K^{+} (2017)

The ratios of the branching fractions of the decays $\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow p \pi^{-} \pi^{+}$, $\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow p K^{-} K^{+}$, and $\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow p \pi^{-} K^{+}$ with respect to the Cabibbo-favoured $\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow p K^{-} \pi^{+}$ decay are measured using proton-proton collision data collected with the LHCb experiment at a 7 TeV centre-of-mass energy and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb$^{-1}$: \begin{align*} \frac{\mathcal{B}(\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow p \pi^{-} \pi^{+})}{\mathcal{B}(\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow p K^{-} \pi^{+})} &amp; = (7.44 \pm 0.08 \pm 0.18)\,\%, \frac{\mathcal{B}(\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow p K^{-} K^{+})}{\mathcal{B}(\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow p K^{-} \pi^{+})} &amp;= (1.70 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.03)\,\%, \frac{\mathcal{B}(\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow p \pi^{-} K^{+})}{\mathcal{B}(\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow p K^{-} \pi^{+})} &amp; = (0.165 \pm 0.015 \pm 0.005 )\,\%, \end{align*} where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively. These results are the most precise measurements of these quantities to date. When multiplied by the world-average value for $\mathcal{B}(\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow p K^{-} \pi^{+})$, the corresponding branching fractions are \begin{align*} \mathcal{B}(\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow p \pi^{-} \pi^{+}) &amp;= (4.72 \pm 0.05 \pm 0.11 \pm 0.25) \times 10^{-3}, \mathcal{B}(\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow p K^{-} K^{+}) &amp;= (1.08 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.06) \times 10^{-3}, \mathcal{B}(\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow p \pi^{-} K^{+}) &amp;= (1.04 \pm 0.09 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.05) \times 10^{-4}, \end{align*} where the final uncertainty is due to $\mathcal{B}(\Lambda_{c}^{+} \rightarrow p K^{-} \pi^{+})$.
The Mechanics of n-Player Differentiable Games (2018)

The cornerstone underpinning deep learning is the guarantee that gradient descent on an objective converges to local minima. Unfortunately, this guarantee fails in settings, such as generative adversarial nets, where there are multiple interacting losses. The behavior of gradient-based methods in games is not well understood -- and is becoming increasingly important as adversarial and multi-objective architectures proliferate. In this paper, we develop new techniques to understand and control the dynamics in general games. The key result is to decompose the second-order dynamics into two components. The first is related to potential games, which reduce to gradient descent on an implicit function; the second relates to Hamiltonian games, a new class of games that obey a conservation law, akin to conservation laws in classical mechanical systems. The decomposition motivates Symplectic Gradient Adjustment (SGA), a new algorithm for finding stable fixed points in general games. Basic experiments show SGA is competitive with recently proposed algorithms for finding stable fixed points in GANs -- whilst at the same time being applicable to -- and having guarantees in -- much more general games.