gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Redefining the lower statistical limit in x-ray phase-contrast imaging (2015)

Phase-contrast x-ray computed tomography (PCCT) is currently investigated and developed as a potentially very interesting extension of conventional CT, because it promises to provide high soft-tissue contrast for weakly absorbing samples. For data acquisition several images at different grating positions are combined to obtain a phase-contrast projection. For short exposure times, which are necessary for lower radiation dose, the photon counts in a single stepping position are very low. In this case, the currently used phase-retrieval does not provide reliable results for some pixels. This uncertainty results in statistical phase wrapping, which leads to a higher standard deviation in the phase-contrast projections than theoretically expected. For even lower statistics, the phase retrieval breaks down completely and the phase information is lost. New measurement procedures rely on a linear approximation of the sinusoidal phase stepping curve around the zero crossings. In this case only two images are acquired to obtain the phase-contrast projection. The approximation is only valid for small phase values. However, typically nearly all pixels are within this regime due to the differential nature of the signal. We examine the statistical properties of a linear approximation method and illustrate by simulation and experiment that the lower statistical limit can be redefined using this method. That means that the phase signal can be retrieved even with very low photon counts and statistical phase wrapping can be avoided. This is an important step towards enhanced image quality in PCCT with very low photon counts.
Perinatal and chronic hypothyroidism impair behavioural development in male and female rats (2008)

A lack of thyroid hormone, i.e. hypothyroidism, during early development results in multiple morphological and functional alterations in the developing brain. In the present study, behavioural effects of perinatal and chronic hypothyroidism were assessed during development in both male and female offspring of hypothyroid rats. To induce hypothyroidism, dams and offspring were fed an iodide-poor diet and drinking water with 0.75% sodium perchlorate; dams starting 2 weeks prior to mating and pups either until the day of killing (chronic hypothyroidism) or only until weaning (perinatal hypothyroidism) to test for reversibility of the effects observed. Neuromotor competence, locomotor activity and cognitive function were monitored in the offspring until postnatal day 71 and were compared with age-matched control rats. Early neuromotor competence, as assessed in the grip test and balance beam test, was impaired by both chronic and perinatal hypothyroidism. The open field test, assessing locomotor activity, revealed hyperactive locomotor behavioural patterns in chronic hypothyroid animals only. The Morris water maze test, used to assess cognitive performance, showed that chronic hypothyroidism affected spatial memory in a negative manner. In contrast, perinatal hypothyroidism was found to impair spatial memory in female rats only. In general, the effects of chronic hypothyroidism on development were more pronounced than the effects of perinatal hypothyroidism, suggesting the early effects of hypothyroidism on functional alterations of the developing brain to be partly reversible and to depend on developmental timing of the deficiency.
O4‐11‐02: The path to regulatory qualification of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers as enrichment tools in clinical trials of patients with early Alzheimer's disease: For the coalition against major diseases (2015)

The exponential growth in patient needs, the tremendous personal and societal burden, the high cost of basic and clinical research, and the enormous investments of pharmaceutical companies to develop new therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain a big challenge. Despite the identification and proof of clinical utility for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers with a link to the pathophysiology in the brains of affected subjects, their obligatory role and integration in clinical trial protocols will only be realized when the biomarkers can be endorsed by authorities worldwide. Therefore, the Coalition Against Major Diseases (CAMD), a consortium under the umbrella of the non-profit organization Critical Path Institute, aims to develop and qualify specific CSF proteins for enrichment in clinical trials of patients with early AD. Through collaborative partnerships between industry, academia, regulatory agencies, and patient advocacy groups, CAMD focuses on the development and regulatory qualification of clinical trials tools, such as CSF biomarkers, to increase the efficiency and speed and diminish the risks and costs of drug development. The CSF measures proposed for qualification will be applicable independent of the specific drug's mechanism of action/target and independent of the particular assay. We will differentiate the process for regulatory approval of an “in vitro diagnostic assay” and a “companion diagnostic.” Critical success factors for achieving regulatory endorsement include precompetitive data sharing, consensus science, engagement of diverse stakeholders and alignment with other public-private partnerships, including efforts to establish reference methods and materials. The approach will focus on CSF amyloid-beta 1-42, tau and/or phosphorylated tau, analytes known to be linked to the pathological hallmarks of AD. At present, the use of CSF immunoassay formats with regulatory approvable analytical performance characteristics will support the quantification of these analytes. The development of a robust evidentiary package to support the qualification of CSF amyloid and tau markers for use in clinical trials of patients with AD requires significant resources and commitment from a wide range of stakeholders. Successful FDA biomarker qualification of CSF markers is expected to accelerate the advent of new therapies for patients with AD.
Real-time intelligent classification of COVID-19 and thrombosis via massive image-based analysis of platelet aggregates (2022)

ABSTRACT Microvascular thrombosis is a typical symptom of COVID-19 and shows similarities to thrombosis. Using a microfluidic imaging flow cytometer, we measured the blood of 181 COVID-19 samples and 101 non-COVID-19 thrombosis samples, resulting in a total of 6.3 million bright-field images. We trained a convolutional neural network to distinguish single platelets, platelet aggregates, and white blood cells and performed classical image analysis for each subpopulation individually. Based on derived single-cell features for each population, we trained machine learning models for classification between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 thrombosis, resulting in a patient testing accuracy of 75%. This result indicates that platelet formation differs between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 thrombosis. All analysis steps were optimized for efficiency and implemented in an easy-to-use plugin for the image viewer napari, allowing the entire analysis to be performed within seconds on mid-range computers, which could be used for real-time diagnosis.
Histopathological and morphometric changes induced by a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model in broilers (2015)

Oral administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) is commonly used as an inducer of enteric inflammation in rodents. However, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding appropriate dosage, timing, or ageresponses in broilers for this potential inducer of inflammation without necrosis. Two experiments were conducted in day-of-hatch chicks to analyze clinical parameters and enteric histological changes induced by DSS when administered via drinking water ( DW: ). In both experiments, birds were distributed into nontreated control or varying concentrations of DSS in DW. For both experiments, only 0.75% DSS in DW was histologically evaluated. In Experiment 1, chicks received DSS from day 3 to 11, and at 3, 6, and 8 d of treatment, chicks were weighed, and sections of the duodenum, ileum, and ceca were formalin fixed. The addition of 0.75% DSS caused depression, anemia, and watery bloody diarrhea, plus significantly (P < 0.05) decreased BW gain at all times. Shortened ileal villi at 6 d and duodenal villi at 8 d of treatment, reduced duodenal and ileal epithelial cell height at 3, 6, and 8 d, and increased duodenal goblet cell density at 6 and 8 d were observed in response to DSS administration (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, birds received DSS from days 10 to 16 and were sampled at 3 and 6 d of treatment. Similar changes were found in ceca of treated birds. There was no significant change in the duodenal villus height and goblet cell density by 6 d of treatment, suggesting that 6 d of 0.75% DSS in DW was not sufficient for the reproduction of duodenal symptoms in these older birds. However, there was a significant decrease in ilealvillus height and decreased ileal epithelial cell height at 3 and 6 d of treatment, as well as a significant decrease in BW compared to the control group. These findings indicate that DW administration of 0.75% DSS caused generalized mild and non-necrotic enteritis in broilers and that this compound may be useful for enteric inflammation modeling in poultry.
Development and Characterization of Additional Microsatellite DNA Markers for Grape (1999)

Twenty-two new grape microsatellite markers were developed from CT-repeat regions cloned from <i>Vitis vinifera</i> Pinot noir and Cabernet Sauvignon. These loci were amplified in from 51 to 347 cultivars of <i>V. vinifera</i>. Twelve of the markers are polymorphic and informative in <i>V. vinifera</i>. Five are monomorphic in <i>V. vinifera</i> and the remaining five are polymorphic but less useful because they have only two alleles or more than two bands are amplified per individual. The number of alleles detected in the twelve informative markers ranged from 4 to 19, with heterozygosity values ranging from 0.42 to 0.90. Primer sequences and allele frequencies in the cultivars tested are reported for these markers. Revised allele frequencies are also presented for three previously reported microsatellite markers. Genotypes for the 12 informative new markers are presented for seven suggested reference cultivars.
Selective in vitro and in vivo binding of [125I]ADAM to serotonin transporters in rat brain (2000)

An improved iodinated tracer, ADAM (2-((2-((dimethylamino)methyl)- phenyl)thio)-5-iodophenylamine) for imaging serotonin transporters (SERT) with single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT), was prepared and characterized. Scatchard analysis of saturation binding of [(125)I]ADAM to rat frontal cortical membrane homogenates gave a K(d) value of 0.15 +/- 0.03 nM and a B(max) value of 194 +/- 65 fmol/mg protein. Biodistribution of [(125)I]ADAM in rat brain after an iv injection showed a high specific binding in the regions of hypothalamus, cortex, striatum, and hippocampus, where SERT are concentrated and the specific binding peaked at 120-240 min postinjection [(hypothalamus-cerebellum)/cerebellum = 4.3 at 120 min post-iv injection]. Moreover, the specific hypothalamic uptake was blocked by pretreatment with SERT selective competing drugs, such as paroxetine and (+)McN5652, while other noncompeting drugs, such as ketanserin, raclopride, and methylphenidate, showed no effect. The radioactive material recovered from rat brain homogenates at 120 min after [(125)I]ADAM injection showed primarily the original compound (>90%), a good indication of in vivo stability in the brain tissues. Both male and female rats showed similar and comparable organ distribution pattern and regional brain uptakes. Ex vivo autoradiograms of rat brain sections (120 min after iv injection of [(125)I]ADAM) showed intense labeling in several regions (olfactory tubercle, lateral septal nucleus, hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei, globus pallidus, central gray, superior colliculus, substantia nigra, interpeduncular nucleus, dorsal and median raphes, and locus coerulus), which parallel known SERT density. These results strongly suggest that the novel tracer ADAM is superior to the congers (i.e., IDAM) reported previously. When labeled with I-123, ADAM will be an improved and useful SPECT imaging agent for SERT in the brain.
Study Design and Rationale for the Phase 3 Clinical Development Program of Enobosarm, a Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator, for the Prevention and Treatment of Muscle Wasting in Cancer Patients (POWER Trials) (2016)

Muscle wasting in cancer is a common and often occult condition that can occur prior to overt signs of weight loss and before a clinical diagnosis of cachexia can be made. Muscle wasting in cancer is an important and independent predictor of progressive functional impairment, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality. Although several therapeutic agents are currently in development for the treatment of muscle wasting or cachexia in cancer, the majority of these agents do not directly inhibit muscle loss. Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) have the potential to increase lean body mass (LBM) and hence muscle mass, without the untoward side effects seen with traditional anabolic agents. Enobosarm, a nonsteroidal SARM, is an agent in clinical development for prevention and treatment of muscle wasting in patients with cancer (POWER 1 and 2 trials). The POWER trials are two identically designed randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, and multinational phase 3 trials to assess the efficacy of enobosarm for the prevention and treatment of muscle wasting in subjects initiating first-line chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To assess enobosarm's effect on both prevention and treatment of muscle wasting, no minimum weight loss is required. These pivotal trials have pioneered the methodological and regulatory fields exploring a therapeutic agent for cancer-associated muscle wasting, a process hereby described. In each POWER trial, subjects will receive placebo (n = 150) or enobosarm 3 mg (n = 150) orally once daily for 147 days. Physical function, assessed as stair climb power (SCP), and LBM, assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), are the co-primary efficacy endpoints in both trials assessed at day 84. Based on extensive feedback from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the co-primary endpoints will be analyzed as a responder analysis. To be considered a physical function responder, a subject must have ≥10 % improvement in physical function compared to baseline. To meet the definition of response on LBM, a subject must have demonstrated no loss of LBM compared with baseline. Secondary endpoints include durability of response assessed at day 147 in those responding at day 84. A combined overall survival analysis for both studies is considered a key secondary safety endpoint. The POWER trials design was established with extensive clinical input and collaboration with regulatory agencies. The efficacy endpoints are a result of this feedback and discussion of the threshold for clinical benefit in patients at risk for muscle wasting. Full results from these studies will soon be published and will further guide the development of future anabolic trials. Clinical Trial ID: NCT01355484. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01355484 , NCT01355497. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01355497?term=g300505&rank=1 .
Relation between magnetic aftereffect in Cu-1-percent Co solid solution and ferromagnetic particle precipitation process (1970)

The notion of relaxation gate is introduced. On its basis, a simple Jordan type model of relaxation is proposed. This model enables the derivation of a formula relating the magnetic after-effect constant with the energy-barrier distribution of microregion magnetization. The magnetic aftereffect constant S <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</inf> the remanence <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\bar{I}_{R}</tex> , and the coercive force H <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</inf> were measured at different aging times for a polycrystal and single crystals of Cu-1-percent Co alloy at a temperature of 600°C. The measurements were performed with a specially adapted measuring arrangement. From the derived formula and data obtained from magnetic measurements, it was found that both heterogenous and homogenous groups of particles become precipitated. At a certain stage of aging, the stable homogenous particles become converted from independent particles into strongly interacting ones.
Laser synthesis of metal clusters from metal carbonyl microcrystals (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLaser synthesis of metal clusters from metal carbonyl microcrystalsM. A. Duncan, T. G. Dietz, and R. E. SmalleyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 17, 5245–5246Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00407a053https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00407a053research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views124Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Fluorophilic cobalt phthalocyanine‐containing Nafion membrane: high oxygen permeability and proton conductivity in the membrane (2009)

Abstract A multiply‐fluorinated cobalt phthalocyanine (CoFPC) was prepared, which could reversibly interact with oxygen. CoFPC was introduced into the hydrophobic perfluoroethylene‐backbone domain of the Nafion membrane. The localization of CoFPC did not reduce the high proton conductivity (10 −2 –10 −3 S cm −1 ) ascribed to the hydrophilic channel of Nafion. The oxygen permeability through the CoFPC/Nafion membrane was higher than the nitrogen permeability and that of the pristine Nafion membrane, and was significantly enhanced at the lower upstream pressure. The permselectivity of oxygen versus nitrogen increased beyond 20 with the CoFPC content in the membrane. The CoFPC/Nafion membrane was coated on a glassy carbon modified with a Pt/C catalyst. The high electrochemical reduction current of oxygen suggested that the CoFPC/Nafion membrane efficiently supplied oxygen to the Pt/C catalyst. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Linking the Dynamic Response of the Carbon Dioxide-Concentrating Mechanism to Carbon Assimilation Behavior in Fremyella diplosiphon (2020)

Cyanobacteria use a carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)-concentrating mechanism (CCM) that enhances their carbon fixation efficiency and is regulated by many environmental factors that impact photosynthesis, including carbon availability, light levels, and nutrient access. Efforts to connect the regulation of the CCM by these factors to functional effects on carbon assimilation rates have been complicated by the aqueous nature of cyanobacteria. Here, we describe the use of cyanobacteria in a semiwet state on glass fiber filtration discs-cyanobacterial discs-to establish dynamic carbon assimilation behavior using gas exchange analysis. In combination with quantitative PCR (qPCR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses, we linked the regulation of CCM components to corresponding carbon assimilation behavior in the freshwater, filamentous cyanobacterium <i>Fremyella diplosiphon</i> Inorganic carbon (C<sub>i</sub>) levels, light quantity, and light quality have all been shown to influence carbon assimilation behavior in <i>F. diplosiphon</i> Our results suggest a biphasic model of cyanobacterial carbon fixation. While behavior at low levels of CO<sub>2</sub> is driven mainly by the C<sub>i</sub> uptake ability of the cyanobacterium, at higher CO<sub>2</sub> levels, carbon assimilation behavior is multifaceted and depends on C<sub>i</sub> availability, carboxysome morphology, linear electron flow, and cell shape. Carbon response curves (CRCs) generated via gas exchange analysis enable rapid examination of CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation behavior in cyanobacteria and can be used for cells grown under distinct conditions to provide insight into how CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation correlates with the regulation of critical cellular functions, such as the environmental control of the CCM and downstream photosynthetic capacity.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Environmental regulation of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria enhances organismal fitness, light capture, and associated carbon fixation under dynamic conditions. Concentration of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) near the carbon-fixing enzyme RubisCO occurs via the CO<sub>2</sub>-concentrating mechanism (CCM). The CCM is also tuned in response to carbon availability, light quality or levels, or nutrient access-cues that also impact photosynthesis. We adapted dynamic gas exchange methods generally used with plants to investigate environmental regulation of the CCM and carbon fixation capacity using glass fiber-filtered cells of the cyanobacterium <i>Fremyella diplosiphon</i> We describe a breakthrough in measuring real-time carbon uptake and associated assimilation capacity for cells grown in distinct conditions (i.e., light quality, light quantity, or carbon status). These measurements demonstrate that the CCM modulates carbon uptake and assimilation under low-C<sub>i</sub> conditions and that light-dependent regulation of pigmentation, cell shape, and downstream stages of carbon fixation are critical for tuning carbon uptake and assimilation.
Preparation of Various Carboxylic Acid Esters from Bulky Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids by a New Type Oxidation-reduction Condensation Using 2,6-Dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (2003)

Abstract A new-type oxidation-reduction condensation by using 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ), carboxylic acids and in situ formed alkoxydiphenylphosphines (1) including the bulky alkoxy group-substituted ones proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid esters in good to high yields. Alkoxydiphenylphosphines were formed in situ by treating either N,N-dimethylaminodiphenylphosphine (Ph2PNMe2) with primary or secondary alcohols or chlorodiphenylphosphine with the lithium salts of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.
Eine aus der Lösung zugängliche neue Kristallstruktur von Cobalt (1999)

Die kinetische Kontrolle des Kristallwachstums in Gegenwart eines koordinierenden Liganden spielt eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Bildung einer neuen Struktur elementaren Cobalts (ε-Cobalt, die Elementarzelle mit den zwei Arten von Cobaltatomen ist gezeigt). Diese wurde bei der Analyse des metallischen Pulvers entdeckt, das bei der thermischen Zersetzung von Octacarbonyldicobalt in Lösung in Gegenwart von Trioctylphosphanoxid (TOPO) entsteht [Gl. (1)].