gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DUET: A Novel Energy Yield Model With 3-D Shading for Bifacial Photovoltaic Systems (2022)

Bifacial photovoltaic (PV) performance models strive to accurately quantify rear-incident irradiance. While ray tracing models are optically rigorous, they require significant computational resources; faster view factor (VF) models are widely adopted but require user-defined loss factors to approximate rear shading and irradiance nonuniformity, introducing uncertainty in energy yield predictions. This article describes DUET—a bifacial PV performance model that calculates optical and electrical performance based on a physically representative array geometry. DUET’s novel shading algorithm pairs a 3-D VF model with deterministic ray-object intersections to capture 2-D shade-inclusive irradiance profiles while minimizing computational cost. Series and parallel combination of current–voltage curves capture irradiance nonuniformity throughout the module and array. This article provides validation against open-access system measurements from a test site in Roskilde, Denmark, and comparison to other software tested there [1]. DUET’s modeled bifacial energy yield agrees with measured data within −1.56% for fixed-tilt and −0.65% for horizontal single-axis tracked (HSAT) systems. Mean absolute error (MAE) in hourly bifacial power is 14.2–15.0 mW/Wp for fixed-tilt and 17.3–18.3 mW/Wp for HSAT, depending on the module temperature model applied. Comparing modeled and measured rear irradiance of two rear-facing pyranometers, DUET’s MAE values of 2.8 W/m <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> for fixed-tilt and 3.7 W/m <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> for HSAT are among the lowest errors reported for other software tested at this site. DUET provides computationally efficient bifacial performance modeling with geographic, temporal, and structural specificity to determine loss factors for use in other performance models or to be used directly in system design optimization.
Lattice compression of Si crystals and crystallographic position of As impurities measured with x-ray standing wave spectroscopy (1999)

In an earlier letter [Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 3090 (1996)] we reported results about heavily arsenic doped silicon crystals, where we unambiguously showed, based on x-ray standing wave spectroscopy (XSW) and other techniques, that electrically deactivated As remains essentially substitutional. In this article we present the analysis methodology that led us to said conclusion, and show how from further analysis it is possible to extract the compression or expansion of thin epitaxial layers. We report the evolution of the compression of highly As doped Si epitaxial layers as deactivation takes place. The XSW measurements required a very small thickness of the doped layer and a perfect registry between the substrate and the surface layer. We found larger values for compression than previously reported, which may be explained by the absence of structural defects on our samples that relax the interface stress. Our results show a saturation on the compression as the electron concentration increases. We also report an estimation of the small displacement from perfect substitutional positions suffered by deactivated As.
TransSizer (2022)

Gate sizing is a fundamental netlist optimization move and researchers have used supervised learning-based models in gate sizers. Recently, Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been tried for sizing gates (and other EDA optimization problems) but are very runtime-intensive. In this work, we explore a novel Transformer-based gate sizer, TransSizer, to directly generate optimized gate sizes given a placed and unoptimized netlist. TransSizer is trained on datasets obtained from real tapeout-quality industrial designs in a foundry 5nm technology node. Our results indicate that TransSizer achieves 97% accuracy in predicting optimized gate sizes at the postroute optimization stage. Furthermore, TransSizer has a speedup of ~1400× while delivering similar timing, power and area metrics when compared to a leading-edge commercial tool for sizing-only optimization.
In vivo assessment of skin elasticity using ballistometry (1991)

We have developed a modified version of the ballistometer to assess the elastic properties of the skin in vivo through the measurement of the rebound of a hard object on the skin surface. Information about the skin&amp;apos;s elasticity was obtained by analyzing the rebound patterns resulting from the interaction between the ballistometer probe and the skin. In order to validate this technique, we have carefully evaluated the variability of this parameter as a function of age, body sites, and product action. Accuracy of the measure-ments was such that we can resolve site-to-site variations as well as major differences in the skin elasticity of young and old subjects. Additionally, we studied the effect on skin elasticity of the topical application of a cosmetic product containing vitamin A palmirate versus a simple moisturizer. We found that the product containing vitamin A palmitate increased the skin&amp;apos;s elasticity, whereas the simple moisturizer had no effect on this parameter.
Neural Stem Cell Tropism to Glioma: Critical Role of Tumor Hypoxia (2008)

Hypoxia is a critical aspect of the microenvironment in glioma and generally signifies unfavorable clinical outcome. Effective targeting of hypoxic areas in gliomas remains a significant therapeutic challenge. New therapeutic platforms using neural stem cells (NSC) for tumor-targeted drug delivery show promise in treatment of cancers that are refractory to traditional therapies. However, the molecular mechanisms of NSC targeting to hypoxic tumor areas are not well understood. Therefore, we investigated the role of hypoxia in directed migration of NSCs to glioma and identified the specific signaling molecules involved. Our data showed that hypoxia caused increased migration of human HB1.F3 NSCs to U251 human glioma-conditioned medium in vitro. In HB1.F3 NSCs, hypoxia led to up-regulation of CXCR4, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), and c-Met receptors. Function-inhibiting antibodies to these receptors inhibited the migration of HB1.F3 cells to glioma-conditioned medium. Small interfering RNA knockdown of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in glioma cells blocked the hypoxia-induced migration of NSCs, which was due to decreased expression of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), uPA, and VEGF in glioma cells. Our in vivo data provided direct evidence that NSCs preferentially distributed to hypoxic areas inside intracranial glioma xenografts, as detected by pimonidazole hypoxia probe, as well as to the tumor edge, and that both areas displayed high SDF-1 expression. These observations indicate that hypoxia is a key factor in determining NSC tropism to glioma and that SDF-1/CXCR4, uPA/uPAR, VEGF/VEGFR2, and hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met signaling pathways mediate increased NSC-to-glioma tropism under hypoxia. These results have significant implications for development of stem cell-mediated tumor-selective gene therapies.
Development of a Multiparametric Voxel-Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarker for Early Cancer Therapeutic Response Assessment (2015)

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based biomarkers, which capture physiological and functional tumor processes, were evaluated as imaging surrogates of early tumor response following chemoradiotherapy in glioma patients. A multiparametric extension of a voxel-based analysis, referred as the parametric response map (PRM), was applied to quantitative MRI maps to test the predictive potential of this metric for detecting response. Fifty-six subjects with newly diagnosed high-grade gliomas treated with radiation and concurrent temozolomide were enrolled in a single-site prospective institutional review board-approved MRI study. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) maps were acquired before therapy and 3 weeks after therapy was initiated. Multiparametric PRM (mPRM) was applied to both physiological MRI maps and evaluated as an imaging biomarker of patient survival. For comparison, single-biomarker PRMs were also evaluated in this study. The simultaneous analysis of ADC and rCBV by the mPRM approach was found to improve the predictive potential for patient survival over single PRM measures. With an array of quantitative imaging parameters being evaluated as biomarkers of therapeutic response, mPRM shows promise as a new methodology for consolidating physiologically distinct imaging parameters into a single interpretable and quantitative metric.
Annealing Effect on Interfaces of Atmospheric Pressure Chemical‐Vapor‐Deposited Multilayer Doped Silicon Oxides for Optical Waveguides (1997)

The postdeposition thermal effect on different silicon oxide‐based multilayers is investigated using x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling. A multilayer consisting of borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) and germophosposilicate glass (GPSG) used frequently as cladding and core layers in silica waveguides, is investigated. XPS depth profile results indicate that diffusion of Ge and B into both BPSG and GPSG, even with 30 mm of annealing at 800°C, makes two layers of germoborophosphosilicate glass (GBPSG) at the interfacial region, with considerable refractive index changes as compared with the initial GPSG material. During annealing, the dopants diffuse as neutral species rather than in oxide/suboxidized form. XPS depth profiling is also carried out using nondoped silicate glass or phosphosilicate glass as a diffusion blocking layer. The results show that both Ge and B diffuse less than in BPSG and GPSG Based on this investigation, waveguide structures are proposed which can compensate the dopant diffusion that is caused by post‐thermal treatment.
Hybrid Fabrication of Prestrain‐Locked Acrylic Dielectric Elastomer Thin Films and Multilayer Stacks (2023)

Dielectric elastomers based on commercial acrylic dielectric elastomers (VHB adhesive films) are widely investigated for soft actuators due to their large electrically driven actuation strain and high work density. However, the VHB films require prestretching to overcome electromechanical instability, which adds fabrication complexity. In addition, their high viscoelasticity leads to a low response speed. Interpenetrated polymer networks (IPNs) are developed to lock the prestrain in VHB films, resulting in free-standing films that are capable of large-strain actuation. In this work, a prestrain-locked high-performance dielectric elastomer thin film (VHB-IPN-P) by introducing 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate to create an IPN in the VHB network and a plasticizer to enhance the actuation speed is reported. VHB-IPN-P based actuators exhibit stable actuation at 60% strain up to 10 Hz and reach a peak energy density of 102 J kg⁻<sup>1</sup> . In addition, a hybrid process is also developed for the fabrication of multilayer stacks of VHB-IPN-P with strong inter-layer bonding and structural integrity. Four-layer stacks fabricated preserve the strain and energy density of single-layer VHB-IPN-P films but with linearly scaled force and work output.
Bilateral Teleoperation with Different Configurations using Interaction Mode Control (2007)

The paper realizes a bilateral teleoperation system considering different configurations. The haptic devices used in this paper are based on three master systems and one slave system. Each master system has one degree of freedom (DOF); and the slave system has three DOF. The conventional coordinate transformation with respect to the Cartesian coordinate system is not always suitable for dexterous tasks including grasping motion. The paper introduces a bilateral teleoperation with spatial mode transformation, which is corresponding to human's task motions. The spatial modes are abstracted by using an interaction mode control. The interaction mode control decomposes the bilateral teleoperation system into three decoupled modes; "translational", "rotating", and "grasping" motions. Thus the problems for motion integration of bilateral teleoperation system with different configurations are solved to design each bilateral controller with respect to the spatial mode coordinate system. Furthermore, the proposed system is designed based on acceleration control to realize both the force servoing and the position regulator for the "law of action and reaction" in remote environment simultaneously. As a result, a complicated task for the slave system is easily realized by three master systems with vivid force feedback. The experimental results show viability of the proposed method.
In-Situ NMR Spectroscopy to Understand the Mechanism of Enzymatic Polymerization of Engineering Polymeric Materials: Poly(phenols)† (2002)

Coupling mechanism at the early stage of enzymatic polymerization of phenol and substituted phenol such as p-sulfonated phenol and p-cresol was investigated by in-situ 1H NMR spectroscopy. The progress of the reaction was monitored in-situ with incremental addition of H2O2. At the beginning, the reaction mixture contains mainly monomers along with low molecular weight oligomeric species such as dimers, trimers, etc. Except in the case of p-cresol, the consumption of monomers and dimers appeared to be a competing process at the later stage of polymerization. NMR data analysis allows structural identification of various dimers that are formed at the early stage of the reaction. In case of phenol, mixture of C-C and C-O-C coupled products are dominant from the beginning of the polymerization. In contrast, the enzymatic polymerization of p-sulfonated phenol shows the predominance of C-O-C coupling while C-C coupling is favored in the case of p-cresol.
Unimodal optimal passive electromechanical damping of elastic structures (2013)

In this paper, a new electromechanical damper is presented and used, made of a pendulum oscillating around an alternator axis and connected by a gear to the vibrating structure. In this way, the mechanical energy of the oscillating mass can be transformed into electrical energy to be dissipated when the alternator is branched on a resistor. This damping device is intrinsically non-linear, and the problem of the optimal parameters and of the best placement of this damper on the structure is studied. The optimality criterion chosen here is the maximum exponential time decay rate (ETDR) of the structural response. This criterion leads to new design formulas. The case of a bridge under construction is considered and the analytical results are compared with experimental ones, obtained on a mock-up made of a vertical tower connected to a free-end horizontal beam, to simulate the behavior of a cable-stayed bridge during the erection phase. Up to three electromechanical dampers are placed in order to study the multi-modal damping. The satisfactory agreement between the theoretical model and the experiments suggests that a multi-modal passive damping of electromagnetic type could be effective on lightweight flexible structures, when dampers are suitably placed.
Green Cloudlet Network: A Distributed Green Mobile Cloud Network (2017)

This article introduces a green cloudlet network (GCN) architecture in the context of mobile cloud computing. The proposed architecture is aimed at providing seamless and low end-to-end delay between a UE and its Avatar (its software clone) in the cloudlets to facilitate the application workloads offloading process. Furthermore, an SDN-based core network is introduced in the GCN architecture by replacing the traditional Evolved Packet Core in the LTE network in order to provide efficient communications connections between different end points. The Cloudlet Network File System (CNFS) is designed based on the proposed architecture in order to protect the Avatars' dataset against hardware failures and improve Avatars' performance in terms of data access latency. Moreover, a green energy supplement is proposed in the architecture in order to reduce the extra OPEX and CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> footprint incurred by running the distributed cloudlets. Due to the temporal and spatial dynamics of both the green energy generation and energy demands of green cloudlet systems (GCSs), designing an optimal green energy management strategy based on the characteristics of green energy generation and the energy demands of eNBs and cloudlets to minimize the on-grid energy consumption is critical to the cloudlet provider.
Therapy-associated remodeling of pancreatic cancer revealed by single-cell spatial transcriptomics and optimal transport analysis (2023)

In combination with cell intrinsic properties, interactions in the tumor microenvironment modulate therapeutic response. We leveraged high-plex single-cell spatial transcriptomics to dissect the remodeling of multicellular neighborhoods and cell-cell interactions in human pancreatic cancer associated with specific malignant subtypes and neoadjuvant chemotherapy/radiotherapy. We developed Spatially Constrained Optimal Transport Interaction Analysis (SCOTIA), an optimal transport model with a cost function that includes both spatial distance and ligand-receptor gene expression. Our results uncovered a marked change in ligand-receptor interactions between cancer-associated fibroblasts and malignant cells in response to treatment, which was supported by orthogonal datasets, including an <i>ex vivo</i> tumoroid co-culture system. Overall, this study demonstrates that characterization of the tumor microenvironment using high-plex single-cell spatial transcriptomics allows for identification of molecular interactions that may play a role in the emergence of chemoresistance and establishes a translational spatial biology paradigm that can be broadly applied to other malignancies, diseases, and treatments.
Data from High Detection Rates of Pancreatic Cancer Across Stages by Plasma Assay of Novel Methylated DNA Markers and CA19-9 (2023)

&lt;div&gt;AbstractPurpose:&lt;p&gt;We have previously identified tissue methylated DNA markers (MDMs) associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this case–control study, we aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of plasma MDMs for PDAC.&lt;/p&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;p&gt;Thirteen MDMs (&lt;i&gt;GRIN2D, CD1D, ZNF781, FER1L4, RYR2, CLEC11A, AK055957, LRRC4, GH05J042948, HOXA1, PRKCB, SHISA9&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;NTRK3&lt;/i&gt;) were identified on the basis of selection criteria applied to results of prior tissue experiments and assays were optimized in plasma. Next, 340 plasma samples (170 PDAC cases and 170 controls) were assayed using target enrichment long-probe quantitative amplified signal method. Initially, 120 advanced-stage PDAC cases and 120 healthy controls were used to train a prediction algorithm at 97.5% specificity using random forest modeling. Subsequently, the locked algorithm derived from the training set was applied to an independent blinded test set of 50 early-stage PDAC cases and 50 controls. Finally, data from all 340 patients were combined, and cross-validated.&lt;/p&gt;Results:&lt;p&gt;The cross-validated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the training set was 0.93 (0.89–0.96) for the MDM panel alone, 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.87–0.96) for carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) alone, and 0.99 (0.98–1) for the combined MDM-CA19-9 panel. In the test set of early-stage PDAC, the AUC for MDMs alone was 0.84 (0.76–0.92), CA19-9 alone was 0.87 (0.79–0.94), and combined MDM-CA19-9 panel was 0.90 (0.84–0.97) significantly better compared with either MDMs alone or CA19-9 alone (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0382 and 0.0490, respectively). At a preset specificity of 97.5%, the sensitivity for the combined panel in the test set was 80% (28%–99%) for stage I disease and 82% (68%–92%) for stage II disease. Using the combined datasets, the cross-validated AUC was 0.9 (0.86–0.94) for the MDM panel alone and 0.89 for CA19-9 alone (0.84–0.93) versus 0.97 (0.94–0.99) for the combined MDM-CA19-9 panel (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; ≤ 0.0001). Overall, cross-validated sensitivity of MDM-CA19-9 panel was 92% (83%–98%), with an observed specificity of 92% at the preset specificity of 97.5%.&lt;/p&gt;Conclusions:&lt;p&gt;Plasma MDMs in combination with CA19-9 detect PDAC with significantly higher accuracy compared with either biomarker individually.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Exchange Economies and Loss Exposure: Experiments Exploring Prospect Theory and Competitive Equilibria in Market Environments (2001)

A natural economic interpretation of Prospect Theory is that people have preferences that are risk seeking in losses and risk averse in gains. Thus, according to this interpretation of the theory, individuals in an exchange economy facing only losses in wealth, would have concave preferences as opposed to the usual convex preferences. That is, if individuals could engage in trade that would reduce the magnitude of expected losses and change the variance associated with losses, they would have a tendency to seek higher variance and perhaps be willing to do so at the cost of a reduction of expected value of wealth. Such individuals would be willing to sell insurance at prices below the expected value. With concave preferences all competitive equilibria have allocations at the boundaries of the Edgeworth Box. Experimental markets were constructed to determine if such behavior could be observed. The results are that risk seeking behavior is observed in many people. Furthermore, the propensity toward risk seeking in markets is consistent with answers given to questionnaires involving hypothetical choices among lotteries. The propensity toward risk seeking appears to be reduced with experience. In one sense the data are strongly supportive of Prospect Theory but in another sense the data are not. The evidence suggests that preferences in the market setting are not labile and that the risk seeking propensities are not a result of delicate framing effects. The preferences revealed in the market seemed to be a property of the people and not simply a property of their decision processes as required by Prospect Theory.
Characterization of the reaction of methyl acetimidate with sperm whale myoglobin (1978)

The effects of pH, acetimidate concentration, temperature, and reaction time of methyl acetimidate with sperm whale myoglobulin have been assessed. Reaction at pH 9.8 and 15 degrees C for 30 min with a sixfold excess of methyl acetimidate relative to each amino group yielded six acetimidomyoglobin derivatives which were separated and purified. Reaction with tetrahydrophthalic anhydride revealed the number of amino groups that remained unreacted in each separated component and made possible further subractionation. Modification at the NH2 terminus was quantitated by automated stepwise Edman degradation. The acetimidyl and tetrahydrophthalyl groups, were readily removable. The potentiometric titration of three of the completely deprotected components showed identity with the parent untreated sperm whale myoglobin. The first of two major products was acetimidated at all 19 epsilon-amino groups but not at the NH2 terminus. The second major product bore a blocked NH2 terminus but retained one unmodified epsilon-amino group, identified after modification by trinitrobenzenesulfonate as lysine residue 77. Of the minor components, one was identified as completely acetimidated at all 20 amino groups. The other three minor components appeared to contain irreversible by-products.