gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DESIGN OF URBAN STREETS. TECHNOLOGY SHARING REPORT (1980)

The report on design of urban streets was prepared as the participant's notebook for a four and a half day training course of the same title which has been conducted for a number of Federal, state, and local agencies. The report provides practical, state-of-the-art information to aid in design and operation of streets and highways, with emphasis on functional, operational, and safety aspects of design which apply to minor design revisions as well as to major reconstruction and new construction. Following an introduction containing a general course description, objectives, organization and materials, schedule, and procedures, the following topics are covered: the conceptual approach to urban street design; planning the urban street system; traffic studies; capacity and maximizing techniques; street and intersection design elements; freeway interchange elements; traffic signal design and operations; roadway illumination; traffic signs and marking; pedestrian and bicycle facilities; transit and high occupancy vehicles; and other design considerations. Social and economic impacts of design are reviewed, as well as environmental factors and assessments, evaluation of alternatives, preparation and review of preconstruction documents, contract administration, and management of urban street programs. A course summary and evaluation form are provided.
Query-independent evidence in home page finding (2003)

Hyperlink recommendation evidence, that is, evidence based on the structure of a web's link graph, is widely exploited by commercial Web search systems. However there is little published work to support its popularity. Another form of query-independent evidence, URL-type, has been shown to be beneficial on a home page finding task. We compared the usefulness of these types of evidence on the home page finding task, combined with both content and anchor text baselines. Our experiments made use of five query sets spanning three corpora---one enterprise crawl, and the WT10g and VLC2 Web test collections.We found that, in optimal conditions, all of the query-independent methods studied (in-degree, URL-type, and two variants of PageRank) offered a better than random improvement on a content-only baseline. However, only URL-type offered a better than random improvement on an anchor text baseline. In realistic settings, for either baseline, only URL-type offered consistent gains. In combination with URL-type the anchor text baseline was more useful for finding popular home pages, but URL-type with content was more useful for finding randomly selected home pages. We conclude that a general home page finding system should combine evidence from document content, anchor text, and URL-type classification.
Separation of carbon nanotubes in density gradients (2023)

The separation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), by chirality and/or diameter, using centrifugation of compositions of SWNTs in and surface active components in density gradient media.
Active Control of Nitride Plasmonic Dispersion in the Far Infrared. (2014)

We investigate plasmonic structures in nitride-based materials for far-infrared (IR) applications. The two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in the GaN/AlGaN material system, much like metal- dielectric structures, is a patternable plasmonic medium. However, it also permits for direct tunability via an applied voltage. While there have been proof-of-principle demonstrations of plasma excitations in nitride 2DEGs, exploration of the potential of this material system has thus far been limited. We recently demonstrated coherent phenomena such as the formation of plasmonic crystals, strong coupling of tunable crystal defects to a plasmonic crystal, and electromagnetically induced transparency in GaAs/AlGaAs 2DEGs at sub-THz frequencies. In this project, we explore whether these effects can be realized in nitride 2DEG materials above 1 THz and at temperatures exceeding 77 K.
Comprehensive comparison of three-phase AC-AC Matrix Converter and Voltage DC-Link Back-to-Back Converter systems (2010)

This paper provides a comprehensive comparison of a Direct Matrix Converter, an Indirect Matrix Converter, and a Voltage DC-Link Back-to-Back Converter for a 15 kW permanent magnet synchronous motor drive. The comparison involves the investigation of the passive components including the EMI input filter, the required silicon chip area for a defined maximum admissible thermal loading of the power semiconductors, the total losses and achievable efficiency, and a prediction of the resulting volume of the passive components. With this comparative evaluation a systematic procedure is presented that ultimately allows for determining the application area of the considered converter topologies.
Navion: A 2mW Fully Integrated Real-Time Visual-Inertial Odometry\n Accelerator for Autonomous Navigation of Nano Drones (2018)

This paper presents Navion, an energy-efficient accelerator for\nvisual-inertial odometry (VIO) that enables autonomous navigation of\nminiaturized robots (e.g., nano drones), and virtual/augmented reality on\nportable devices. The chip uses inertial measurements and mono/stereo images to\nestimate the drone's trajectory and a 3D map of the environment. This estimate\nis obtained by running a state-of-the-art VIO algorithm based on non-linear\nfactor graph optimization, which requires large irregularly structured memories\nand heterogeneous computation flow. To reduce the energy consumption and\nfootprint, the entire VIO system is fully integrated on chip to eliminate\ncostly off-chip processing and storage. This work uses compression and exploits\nboth structured and unstructured sparsity to reduce on-chip memory size by\n4.1$\\times$. Parallelism is used under tight area constraints to increase\nthroughput by 43%. The chip is fabricated in 65nm CMOS, and can process\n752$\\times$480 stereo images from EuRoC dataset in real-time at 20 frames per\nsecond (fps) consuming only an average power of 2mW. At its peak performance,\nNavion can process stereo images at up to 171 fps and inertial measurements at\nup to 52 kHz, while consuming an average of 24mW. The chip is configurable to\nmaximize accuracy, throughput and energy-efficiency trade-offs and to adapt to\ndifferent environments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first fully\nintegrated VIO system in an ASIC.\n
Modern solid state laser materials (1984)

This document contains visual aids used in an invited talk entitled Modern Solid State Laser Materials, presented at the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) held in Anaheim, California, on June 20, 1984. Interest at LLNL in solid state lasers focuses on evaluating the potential of solid state laser media for high average power applications, including inertial fusion power production. This talk identifies the relevant bulk material parameters characterizing average power capacity and uses chromium and neodymium co-doped gadolinium scandium gallium garnet (Nd:Cr:GSGG) as an example of a laser material with improved laser properties relative to Nd:YAG (plausible large-scale growth, more efficient spectral coupling to xenon flashlamp radiation, reduced stimulated emission cross section, adequate thermal shock and optical damage threshold parameters, etc.). Recently measured spectroscopic, kinetic, and thermo-mechanical properties of Nd:Cr:GSGG are given.
Pressure-Induced Changes in Interdiffusivity and Compressive Stress in Chemically Strengthened Glass (2014)

Glass exhibits a significant change in properties when subjected to high pressure because the short- and intermediate-range atomic structures of glass are tunable through compression. Understanding the link between the atomic structure and macroscopic properties of glass under high pressure is an important scientific problem because the glass structures obtained via quenching from elevated pressure may give rise to properties unattainable under standard ambient pressure conditions. In particular, the chemical strengthening of glass through K(+)-for-Na(+) ion exchange is currently receiving significant interest due to the increasing demand for stronger and more damage-resistant glass. However, the interplay among isostatic compression, pressure-induced changes in alkali diffusivity, compressive stress generated through ion exchange, and the resulting mechanical properties are poorly understood. In this work, we employ a specially designed gas pressure chamber to compress bulk glass samples isostatically up to 1 GPa at elevated temperature before or after the ion exchange treatment of a commercial sodium-magnesium aluminosilicate glass. Compression of the samples prior to ion exchange leads to a decreased Na(+)-K(+) interdiffusivity, increased compressive stress, and slightly increased hardness. Compression after the ion exchange treatment changes the shape of the potassium-sodium diffusion profiles and significantly increases glass hardness. We discuss these results in terms of the underlying structural changes in network-modifier environments and overall network densification.
Greening the Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis Process. 2-MeTHF for the Incorporation of the First Amino Acid and Precipitation of Peptides after Global Deprotection (2018)

In solid-phase peptide synthesis, dichloromethane is the predominant solvent used to incorporate the first amino acid on a 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin (via nucleophilic substitution) and Wang resin (via activation with carbodiimide in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine). However, legal authorities have restricted the use of this solvent, as it is considered hazardous and a potential occupational carcinogen. Therefore, there is a need for an alternative that is easy to handle and poses less risk for the environment and more importantly for human health. Herein, we describe 2-methyltetrahydrofuran as a greener alternative for the incorporation of the first protected amino acids on both 2-chlorotrityl chloride and Wang resins. The amounts of several amino acids loaded on 2-chlorotrityl chloride and Wang resins using dry dichloromethane or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran were comparable. In addition, the use of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran rendered acceptable racemization and dipeptide formation in the case of Wang resin. This solvent can also be used to replace diethyl ether and tert-butyl methyl ether in the peptide precipitation step performed after final global deprotection. On the basis of our findings, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran emerges as a good alternative to the hazardous solvents currently used for amino acid incorporation and peptide precipitation. Furthermore, taking into account that 2-methyltetrahydrofuran proved effective for the elongation of the peptide in a solid-phase mode, we propose 2-methyltetrahydrofuran as a universal solvent for all solid-phase peptide synthesis steps, namely, incorporation of the first amino acid, assembly of the peptide chain, and precipitation of the final peptide.
Ready to use detector modules for the NEAT spectrometer: Concept, design, first results (2018)

The paper presents the detector system developed by Datalist Systems, Ltd. (previously ANTE Innovative Technologies) for the NEAT-II spectrometer at HZB. We present initial concept, design and implementation highlights as well as the first results of measurements such as position resolution. The initial concept called for modular architecture with 416 3He detector tubes organized into thirteen 32-tube modules that can be independently installed and removed to and from the detector vacuum chamber for ease of maintenance. The unalloyed aluminum mechanical support modules for four 8-tube units each also house the air-boxes that contain the front-end electronics (preamplifiers) that need to be on atmospheric pressure. The modules have been manufactured and partly assembled in Hungary and then fully assembled and installed on site by Datalist Systems crew. The signal processing and data acquisition solution is based on low time constant (∼60 ns) preamplifier electronics and sampling ADC’s running at 50 MS/s (i.e. a sample every 20 ns) for all 832 data channels. The preamplifiers are proprietary, developed specifically for the NEAT spectrometer, while the ADC’s and the FPGA’s that further process the data are based on National Instruments products. The data acquisition system comprises 26 FPGA modules each serving 16 tubes (providing for up to 50 kHz count rate per individual tube) and it is organized into two PXI chassis and two data acquisition computers that perform post-processing, event classification and provide appropriate preview of the collected data. The data acquisition software based on Event Recording principles provides a single point of contact for the scientific software with an Event Record List with absolute timestamps of 100ns resolution, timing data of 100 ns resolution for the seven discs chopper system as well as classification data that can be used for flexible data filtering in off-line analysis of the gathered data. A unique 3-tier system of filtering criteria of events is in operation: a hard threshold in the FPGA’s to reduce the effect of noise, a pulse-shape based classification to eliminate gamma sensitivity and an additional flexible feature based classification to filter out pileup and other unwanted phenomena. This ensures high count rates (50kHz per tube, 1MHz overall) while maintaining good quality of measurements (e.g. position resolution). The first measurement results show that the delivered detector system meets the initial requirements of 20 mm position resolution along the 2000mm long detector tubes. This is partly due to the innovative event classification system that provides vital pulse shape data that can be used for sophisticated position resolution algorithms implemented on the DAQ computers.
A framework for validating AI in precision medicine: considerations from the European ITFoC consortium (2021)

The predictive performance and safety of AI technologies must be assessed in a robust, unbiased and transparent manner before their implementation in healthcare settings. We believe that the consideration of the ITFoC consortium will contribute to the safe transfer and implementation of AI in clinical settings, in the context of precision oncology and personalized care.
The effect of photoresist/topcoat properties on defect formation in immersion lithography (2006)

The interaction of water with the photoresist film stack is proving to be a key factor in the current generation of 193-nm immersion lithography. Photoresist performance, CD control, optics lifetime, defectivity, overlay and possibly even tool throughput can all be affected by this interaction. Defect control has been an area of increasing concern as the source of the defects can be quite different than that found in conventional dry lithography [1]. Defects can originate from the UPW (Ultra Pure Water) either as particulates or as dissolved solids that precipitate from residual droplets left behind after scanning. Another source of defects can be particulates generated by the immersion fluid as it flows through the exposure tool or as a consequence of water contact with the resist film or resist/topcoat film stack. Recently there have been reports of printable defects due to stains or "watermarks" on the surface of the photoresist [2]. In this report we describe techniques for the visualization of watermarking and particulate formation on a variety of film surfaces. We also describe experiments testing the staining of a variety of water contaminants and additives and their effect on imaging performance. We will also describe the effect of different topcoats on imaging and defectivity in terms of their surface properties.
Component Relaxation Processes within Elastomeric Polypropylene (1999)

The behavior of specific components of elastomeric polypropylene was directly observed in situ using a dynamic, infrared polarimetry technique. The elastomeric nature of ePP is presumed to arise from a multiblock structure of isotactic (iPP) and atactic (aPP) polypropylene blocks. Elastomeric polypropylene is a heterogeneous material in terms of tacticity that can be separated into fractions differing in tacticity. A series of samples were prepared in which one fraction was labeled with deuterium. Infrared dichroism measurements made at the C−2H stretching vibration were used to follow the relaxation behavior of fractions of various tacticity. The samples were subjected to a series of step shear strain experiments at a variety of temperatures from the melt and into the crystalline region. By simultaneously measuring birefringence (which measures the bulk sample's local orientation) and IR dichroism (which measures the orientation dynamics of the deuterated fraction), it is possible to isolate the behavior of specific populations of chains. It was revealed that chains with the highest level of tacticity crystallize first, as is expected, and strongly influence the subsequent crystallization of the remaining chains. In addition, evidence of cocrystallization between the solvent fractions was observed.
P-P42 Neo-adjuvant Chemoradiation for Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A UK Tertiary Surgical Oncology Centre Series (2021)

Abstract Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with a historically poor long-term survival of 5-10%, despite surgical resection. Borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (BR-PDAC) is reported as potentially resectable disease with a degree of vascular involvement, increasing the risk of a positive surgical margin. This cohort of patients have the worst survival despite curative resection and adjuvant chemotherapy. Emerging evidence suggests that neo-adjuvant chemoradiation (NCR) improves R0 resection rates in BR-PDAC patients. We evaluated the R0 resection rate, disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in our patients, who had undergone NCR for BR-PDAC at our institution. Methods Data was collected retrospectively for all patients undergoing NCR for BR-PDAC between Jan 2010 to Mar 2020 for this study. Surgical management was ratified by clinical assessment and cross-sectional imaging in a pancreatic multidisciplinary team meeting (MDM). Patients underwent NCR by a number of standardised regimens. Patients with proven regressive or stable disease on imaging underwent a pancreatic resection. All BR-PDAC patients underwent resection in the form of classical Whipple’s or pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD) depending on intra-operative findings. Patient morbidity, R0 resection rate, histological parameters, DFS and OS were evaluated. Results 29 patients were included in the study (16 men and 13 women), with a median age of 65 years (range, 46-74 years). 17 patients received FOLFIRINOX and 12 patients received gemcitabine (GEM) based NCR regimens. All patients received chemoradiation at the end of chemotherapy (range 45-56Gy). 75% had an R0 resection, with a greater proportion in the FOLFIRINOX group. Whole cohort median DFS was 35 months, survival was superior in the FOLFIRINOX group (42 months). Median OS was 30 months for the whole group, with a greater median OS in the FOLFIRINOX versus the GEM cohort (42 versus 29 months). Conclusions We present a single centre retrospective study utilising NCR for BR-PDAC, we reiterate the strong association of an R0 resection with superior patient overall survival following surgery in this cohort. We show that in patients with BR-PDAC, NCR results in superior R0 resection rates with an associated increase in patient survival. Our results show that survival advantage is greatest in BR-PDAC patients who received neo-adjuvant FOLFIRINOX. Our findings affirm the advantage of NCR prior to surgery, particularly FOLFIRINOX based treatment, in this cohort of patients.
Stator Tooth Design Study for Bearingless Exterior Rotor PMSM (2013)

This paper describes important design considerations for a bearingless brushless motor (permanent magnet synchronous motor, PMSM) in exterior rotor construction. In order to come up with a compact energy-dense setup which can provide both bearing forces and high torque, several parameters have to be accounted for while considering mutual dependences. Moreover, the magnetic bearing and the drive are interlinked for this disk-shaped bearingless motor (with combined concentrated windings). A detailed analysis about the design of the stator teeth has been undertaken, and the influence on torque and active and passive radial forces has been investigated.
Interplay of Positive and Negative Regulators in Transcription Initiation by RNA Polymerase II Holoenzyme (1998)

Activation of protein-encoding genes involves recruitment of an RNA polymerase II holoenzyme to promoters. Since the Srb4 subunit of the holoenzyme is essential for expression of most class II genes and is a target of at least one transcriptional activator, we reasoned that suppressors of a temperature-sensitive mutation in Srb4 would identify other factors generally involved in regulation of gene expression. We report here that MED6 and SRB6, both of which encode essential components of the holoenzyme, are among the dominant suppressors and that the products of these genes interact physically with Srb4. The recessive suppressors include NCB1 (BUR6), NCB2, NOT1, NOT3, NOT5, and CAF1, which encode subunits of NC2 and the Not complex. NC2 and Not proteins are general negative regulators which interact with TATA box binding protein (TBP). Taken together, these results suggest that transcription initiation involves a dynamic balance between activation mediated by specific components of the holoenzyme and repression by multiple TBP-associated regulators.
The Scramjet Engine: Basic and Combined Cycles (2010)

Abstract The supersonic‐combustion ramjet (scramjet) is a cycle similar to the basic ramjet with the exception that the airflow remains, at least in certain engine regions, supersonic. The short residence time of the order of milliseconds for a full size engine, imposes severe technological requirements for fuel injection, mixing, and combustion to efficiently release heat and produce thrust. The engine is suitable for flight in excess of Mach 6 when due to the low angle of the ensuing shock waves, the engine becomes highly integrated with the vehicle. The following broadly describes the operation of the scramjet engine and the differences between this and the subsonic ramjet device. Given the range of flight speeds travelled by a hypersonic vehicle, the scramjet will operate along other cycles in a closely couple fashion; several combined cycled concepts are also described.
The mesoSPIM initiative: open-source light-sheet mesoscopes for imaging in cleared tissue (2019)

Over the course of the past decade, tissue clearing methods have reached a high level of sophistication with a wide variety of approaches now available[1][1]. To image large cleared samples, light-sheet microscopes have proven to be ideal due to their excellent optical sectioning capability in
Polar Isotactic and Syndiotactic Polypropylenes by Organozirconium‐Catalyzed Masking‐Reagent‐Free Propylene and Amino–Olefin Copolymerization (2020)

Polar functionalized isotactic and syndiotactic polypropylenes (PPs) are synthesized by direct, masking-reagent-free propylene and amino-olefin (AO, CH<sub>2</sub> =CH(CH<sub>2</sub> )<sub>x</sub> N<sup>n</sup> Pr<sub>2</sub> , x=2, 3, 6) copolymerizations using the activated precatalysts rac-[Me<sub>2</sub> Si(indenyl)<sub>2</sub> ]ZrMe<sub>2</sub> and [Me<sub>2</sub> C(Cp)(fluorenyl)]ZrMe<sub>2</sub> , respectively. Polymerization activities at 25 °C are as high as 4208 and 535 kg/(mol h atm) with AO incorporation up to 4.0 mol % and 1.6 mol %, respectively. Remarkably, introducing the amino-olefin comonomers significantly enhances stereoselection for both isotactic (mmmm: 59.5 %→91.0 %) and syndiotactic (rrrr: 66.3 %→81.3 %) products.