gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Targeting class I histone deacetylase 2 in MYC amplified group 3 medulloblastoma (2015)

We conclude that HDAC2 is a valid drug target in patients with MYC amplified MB. HDACi should cover HDAC2 in their inhibitory profile and timing and dosing regimen in clinical trials should take binding kinetics of compounds into consideration.
Formation of Copper Thin Films by a Low Kinetic Energy Particle Process (1991)

Low kinetic energy particle bombardment of a growing film surface has been employed to grow high‐quality copper thin films on silicon and with ideal metal/substrate interface characteristics. It is shown that the energy of Ar ions concurrently bombarding a growing film surface determines the crystal structure of the film. Under relatively low‐energy ion bombardment conditions, (100)‐ or (111)‐oriented Cu films are grown epitaxially on (100) Si or (111) Si surfaces, respectively. On the other hand, completely (111)‐oriented films are obtained either on (100) Si, (111) Si, or surfaces when large ion bombardment energies are employed. It has been found that (111)‐oriented films thus created on are metastable and easily transform by thermal annealing into completely (100)‐oriented films with large grains of about 100 μm. This unique transformation phenomenon has been successfully applied to the formation of almost single‐crystal (100)‐oriented Cu islands on . In situ substrate surface cleaning by extremely low energy Ar ion bombardment has enabled the formation of ideal metal/silicon contacts without any postmetallization alloying heat cycles. Excellent adhesion of Cu thin films on has also been demonstrated by the employment of the in situ substrate surface cleaning.
SNAP: Efficient Extraction of Private Properties with Poisoning (2023)

Property inference attacks allow an adversary to extract global properties of the training dataset from a machine learning model. Such attacks have privacy implications for data owners sharing their datasets to train machine learning models. Several existing approaches for property inference attacks against deep neural networks have been proposed [1] –[3], but they all rely on the attacker training a large number of shadow models, which induces a large computational overhead.In this paper, we consider the setting of property inference attacks in which the attacker can poison a subset of the training dataset and query the trained target model. Motivated by our theoretical analysis of model confidences under poisoning, we design an efficient property inference attack, SNAP, which obtains higher attack success and requires lower amounts of poisoning than the state-of-the-art poisoning-based property inference attack by Mahloujifar et al. [3]. For example, on the Census dataset, SNAP achieves 34% higher success rate than [3] while being 56.5× faster. We also extend our attack to infer whether a certain property was present at all during training and estimate the exact proportion of a property of interest efficiently. We evaluate our attack on several properties of varying proportions from four datasets and demonstrate SNAP’s generality and effectiveness.
Continuous adjoint sensitivities for general cost functionals on unstructured meshes in aerodynamic shape optimization (1998)

A continuous adjoint approach is developed to obtain the sensitivity derivatives for the Euler equations. The complete derivation of the costate equations and their transversality (boundary) conditions are presented. Both the state and the costate equations are second-order finite-volume discretized for unstructured meshes, and they are coupled with a constrained optimization algorithm. Also integrated into the overall methodology are a geometry parameterization method for the shape optimization, and a dynamic unstructured mesh method for the shape evolution and the consequent volume mesh adaptations. For the proof-of-concept, three transonic airfoil optimization problems are presented. These results should establish the accuracy of the obtained sensitivity derivatives and the efficiency with which the optimized shapes are obtained on a desktop personal computer. It is also shown that this method accepts general cost functionals, which are not necessarily functions of pressure only, and they are valid across shocks.
Alloreactive T cells discriminate among a diverse set of endogenous peptides. (1991)

Previous studies have demonstrated that class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are occupied by peptides of endogenously synthesized self proteins. Since graft rejection appears to be mediated by the normal occurrence of high frequencies of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specific for allogeneic MHC molecules, it is important to know if such CTLs recognize specific MHC-peptide complexes (as opposed to the MHC molecule per se) and, if so, whether allorecognition is the result of the recognition of a limited spectrum of antigenic determinants or, alternatively, the recognition of a diverse array of MHC-self peptide complexes. This issue has been examined using a mutant cell line, T2Kb, that expresses class I molecules devoid of endogenously derived peptides. This cell line was not recognized by Kb-specific alloreactive CTLs. However, upon exposure to peptides derived by cyanogen bromide cleavage of cytoplasmic proteins these cells became sensitized for recognition and lysis by a majority of the CTL clones examined. Reverse-phase HPLC fractionation of the heterogeneous cell-derived peptides revealed that individual CTL clones were specific for different peptide antigen(s). Thus, the high frequency of alloreactive T cells that is responsible for graft rejection appears to represent the sum of numerous T-cell clones specific for a diverse array of endogenous peptide antigens presented in the context of allogeneic class I molecules.
Different Swelling Mechanisms in Nasal Septum (Kiesselbach Area) and Inferior Turbinate Responses to Histamine (2006)

Swelling of the nasal septum (Kiesselbach area) in nasal allergic reactions is caused mainly by edema, whereas swelling of the inferior turbinate is due mainly to an increase in volume of blood that is highly saturated with oxygen. Swelling of the whole nose is characterized by the combination of both, edema and increase in blood volume.
JPH203, a selective L-type amino acid transporter 1 inhibitor, induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in Saos2 human osteosarcoma cells (2017)

Most normal cells express L-type amino acid transporter 2 (LAT2). However, L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is highly expressed in many tumor cells and presumed to support their increased growth and proliferation. This study examined the effects of JPH203, a selective LAT1 inhibitor, on cell growth and its mechanism for cell death in Saos2 human osteosarcoma cells. FOB human osteoblastic cells and Saos2 cells expressed LAT1 and LAT2 together with their associating protein 4F2 heavy chain, but the expression of LAT2 in the Saos2 cells was especially weak. JPH203 and BCH, a non-selective L-type amino acid transporter inhibitor, potently inhibited L-leucine uptake in Saos2 cells. As expected, the intrinsic ability of JPH203 to inhibit L-leucine uptake was far more efficient than that of BCH in Saos2 cells. Likewise, JPH203 and BCH inhibited Saos2 cell growth with JPH203 being superior to BCH in this regard. Furthermore, JPH203 increased apoptosis rates and formed DNA ladder in Saos2 cells. Moreover, JPH203 activated the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signaling pathway by upregulating pro-apoptotic factors, such as Bad, Bax, and Bak, and the active form of caspase-9, and downregulating anti-apoptotic factors, such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. These results suggest that the inhibition of LAT1 activity via JPH203, which may act as a potential novel anti-cancer agent, leads to apoptosis mediated by the mitochondria-dependent intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by inducing the intracellular depletion of neutral amino acids essential for cell growth in Saos2 human osteosarcoma cells.
Clinical outcomes and complications associated with pedicle screw fixation—augmented lumbar interbody fusion (2004)

Object. The authors conducted a prospective study to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes and complications associated with uni- and bilateral transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) performed using carbon fiber Brantigan I/F Cages and pedicle screw fixation. Methods. Forty-two consecutive patients who had undergone uni- or bilateral TLIF between February 1999 and July 2000 were prospectively evaluated. Clinical outcome was graded using a modified Prolo Scale, the McGill Pain Index Scale, a follow-up questionnaire, and charts. An independent radiologist assessed radiological outcomes. All patients were followed for at least 1 year. Based on Prolo Scale scores, an excellent or good 1-year outcome was achieved in 73% of patients; 90% of patients responded that they would undergo the procedure again. At 1 year, radiographic fusion was demonstrated in 74% and was statistically related to clinical outcome (p &lt; 0.05). There were no deaths or major hardware failures. Complications requiring repeated surgery included one case of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage and one case in which the hemovac drain was retained. There were four cases involving minor wound infections, eight involving CSF leaks, and none requiring repeated surgery. On routine follow-up radiography one pedicle screw was found to be broken; the patient remained asymptomatic and fusion occurred. Conclusions. Unilateral and bilateral TLIF involving placement of carbon fiber cages and pedicle screw fixation are effective treatment options in patients with indications for lumbar arthrodesis. The procedures result in acceptable rates of fusion and clinical success, and a minimal incidence of morbidity when performed by an experienced surgeon.
Telomerase : the reverse transcriptase subunit as a key to enzymatic function and regulation during cell immortalization (1998)

the Biocenter of the University of Basel.His thesis work, carried out between 1989-92 in the laboratory of Dr. Walter Keller, emphasized on the maturation of messenger RNAs using yeast as a model system.J. Lingner
Abstract 5960: Implementation of Noninvasive Subharmonic Pressure Estimation on a Commercial Ultrasound Scanner (2008)

This project aims to monitor and quantify intra-cardiac pressures via contrast-enhanced subharmonic imaging. We have proposed subharmonic aided pressure estimation (SHAPE; U.S. Patent 6,302,845) utilizing microbubble-based contrast agent signals for the noninvasive estimation of hydrostatic blood pressures in the heart cavities and in this study implemented real-time SHAPE on a commercial US scanner. An experimental pulse-echo system for SHAPE was constructed based on two single element transducers assembled confocally at a 60° angle to each other. A transducer with a bandwidth of 38% and a center frequency of 2.2 MHz (Staveley, East Hartford, CT) was used as the transmitter and a second transducer with a bandwidth of 86% and a center frequency of 3.6 MHz (Etalon Inc., Lebanon, IN) was the receiver. Changes in first, second, and subharmonic amplitudes of 6 different US contrast agents were measured in vitro at hydrostatic pressures from 0 –186 mmHg, acoustic pressures from 0.35– 0.60 MPa and frequencies of 2.5– 6.6 MHz. The optimal parameters for SHAPE were determined using linear regression analysis and implemented on a Sonix RP scanner (Ultrasonix Medical Corp, Richmond, Canada). The real-time implementation of SHAPE was tested in vitro. Over the pressure range studied the 1st and 2nd harmonic amplitudes reduced ~2 dB for all US contrast agents. Over the same pressure range, the subharmonic amplitudes decreased by 10 –14 dB and excellent linear regressions were achieved with the hydrostatic pressure variations (r 2 &gt;0.98, p &lt; 0.001). The optimal sensitivity for SHAPE was achieved at a transmit frequency of 2.5 MHz (i.e., receiving at 1.25 MHz) at a 0.35 MPa acoustic pressure using Sonazoid (GE Healthcare, Oslo, Norway) which declined ~14.4 dB in vitro. A Sonix RP scanner was modified to implement SHAPE on a phased array transducer PA4 –2 with a frequency range from 1.5– 4.5 MHz. A pulse inversion technique was used and the subharmonic signals are displayed in real-time and can also be stored for off-line analysis. SHAPE offers the possibility of allowing pressure gradients in the heart to be obtained noninvasively. Future studies will include in vivo pressure measurements. Supported by AHA grant no 06554414 and NIH HL081892. This research has received full or partial funding support from the American Heart Association, AHA Great Rivers Affiliate (Delaware, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania &amp; West Virginia).
Current Challenges and Barriers to Real-World Artificial Intelligence Adoption for the Healthcare System, Provider, and the Patient (2020)

Artificial intelligence (AI), or the use of automated systems that display the ability to correctly interpret, to learn from, and to achieve specific goals by use of external data, is an emerging technology that has myriad implications for changing the way we interact with the world. Although this technology is already being used in many fields such as banking, retail, and education, AI has the potential to transform other fields including healthcare. Within healthcare, ophthalmology is uniquely positioned to benefit from AI not only through clinical decision support technology but also through improved image processing innovations such as real-time segmentation, automated image quality improvements, and assisted or autonomous disease screening tools.1,2 Although there are now Food and Drug Administration–approved technologies within ophthalmology, such as IDx-DR (Coralville, IA, USA) for early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema, numerous challenges still exist to realize the potentially transformative impact of these technologies in day to day practice.

The need for the ophthalmology community to take a thoughtful approach to AI innovation and implementation is accentuated by the high stakes involved. The impact of misleading patients and clinicians on a health condition is much greater than a retail store misinterpreting the next book you may like to buy. As a result, we need to increase discussion about the issues surrounding who, what, when, how, and why we might use AI in practice, including ethical and liability considerations, to determine how best to implement AI for all stakeholders including practitioners, patients, practices/hospitals, and industry. This article aims to highlight the challenges and barriers to real-world AI adoption that impact the technology's utility. We examine these specific challenges that will face health care organizations, providers, and patients.
Adaptive defuzzification for fuzzy systems modeling (1992)

We propose a new parameterized method for the defuzzification process based on the simple M-SLIDE transformation. We develop a computationally efficient algorithm for learning the relevant parameter as well as providing a computationally simple scheme for doing the defuzzification step in the fuzzy logic controllers. The M-SLIDE method results in a particularly simple linear form of the algorithm for learning the parameter which can be used both off- and on-line.
Space-Time Block Coded Joint Transmit/Receive Diversity in a Frequency-Nonselective Rayleigh Fading Channel (2006)

Antenna diversity is an effective technique for improving the transmission performance in a multi-path fading channel. Recently, transmit diversity has been attracting much attention since it can alleviate the complexity problem of the mobile terminals. Joint transmit diversity/receive diversity achieves a much improved transmission performance. In this paper, we propose a new space-time block coding algorithm for joint transmit/receive diversity, which requires the channel state information (CSI) only at the transmitter side. Unlike the conventional space-time transmit diversity (STTD), the space-time block coded joint transmit/receive diversity (STBC-JTRD) can use arbitrary number of transmit ; antennas, while the number of receive antennas is limited to 4. STBC-JTRD achieves a larger diversity gain than joint STTD/receive antenna diversity. The bit error rate (BER) analysis in a frequency-nonselective Rayleigh fading channel is presented. The BER performance is evaluated and is confirmed by the computer simulation.
Resist image quality control via acid diffusion constant and/or photodecomposable quencher concentration in the fabrication of 11 nm half-pitch line-and-space patterns using extreme-ultraviolet lithography (2018)

Extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) lithography will be applied to the high-volume production of semiconductor devices with 16 nm half-pitch resolution and is expected to be extended to that of devices with 11 nm half-pitch resolution. With the reduction in the feature sizes, the control of acid diffusion becomes a significant concern. In this study, the dependence of resist image quality on TPEBDacid and photodecomposable quencher concentration was investigated by the Monte Carlo method on the basis of the sensitization and reaction mechanisms of chemically amplified EUV resists. Here, TPEB and Dacid are the postexposure baking (PEB) time and the acid diffusion constant, respectively. The resist image quality of 11 nm line-and-space patterns is discussed in terms of line edge roughness (LER) and stochastic defect generation. For the minimization of LER, it is necessary to design and control not only the photodecomposable quencher concentration but also TPEBDacid. In this case, Dacid should be adjusted to be 0.3–1.5 nm2 s−1 for a PEB time of 60 s with optimization of the balance among LER and stochastic pinching and bridging. Even if it is difficult to decrease Dacid to the range of 0.3–1.5 nm2 s−1, the image quality can still be controlled via only the photodecomposable quencher concentration, although LER and stochastic pinching and bridging are slightly increased. In this case, accurate control of the photodecomposable quencher concentration and the reduction in the initial standard deviation of the number of protected units are required.
Acetaminophen Relieves Inflammatory Pain through CB1Cannabinoid Receptors in the Rostral Ventromedial Medulla (2017)

Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug with only incompletely understood mechanisms of action. Previous work, using models of acute nociceptive pain, indicated that analgesia by acetaminophen involves an indirect activation of CB<sub>1</sub> receptors by the acetaminophen metabolite and endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor AM 404. However, the contribution of the cannabinoid system to antihyperalgesia against inflammatory pain, the main indication of acetaminophen, and the precise site of the relevant CB<sub>1</sub> receptors have remained elusive. Here, we analyzed acetaminophen analgesia in mice of either sex with inflammatory pain and found that acetaminophen exerted a dose-dependent antihyperalgesic action, which was mimicked by intrathecally injected AM 404. Both compounds lost their antihyperalgesic activity in <i>CB</i><sub><i>1</i></sub><sup>-/-</sup> mice, confirming the involvement of the cannabinoid system. Consistent with a mechanism downstream of proinflammatory prostaglandin formation, acetaminophen also reversed hyperalgesia induced by intrathecal prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> To distinguish between a peripheral/spinal and a supraspinal action, we administered acetaminophen and AM 404 to <i>hoxB8-CB</i><sub><i>1</i></sub><sup>-/-</sup> mice, which lack CB<sub>1</sub> receptors from the peripheral nervous system and the spinal cord. These mice exhibited unchanged antihyperalgesia indicating a supraspinal site of action. Accordingly, local injection of the CB<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonist rimonabant into the rostral ventromedial medulla blocked acetaminophen-induced antihyperalgesia, while local rostral ventromedial medulla injection of AM 404 reduced hyperalgesia in wild-type mice but not in <i>CB</i><sub><i>1</i></sub><sup>-/-</sup> mice. Our results indicate that the cannabinoid system contributes not only to acetaminophen analgesia against acute pain but also against inflammatory pain, and suggest that the relevant CB<sub>1</sub> receptors reside in the rostral ventromedial medulla.<b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> Acetaminophen is a widely used analgesic drug with multiple but only incompletely understood mechanisms of action, including a facilitation of endogenous cannabinoid signaling via one of its metabolites. Our present data indicate that enhanced cannabinoid signaling is also responsible for the analgesic effects of acetaminophen against inflammatory pain. Local injections of the acetaminophen metabolite AM 404 and of cannabinoid receptor antagonists as well as data from tissue-specific CB<sub>1</sub> receptor-deficient mice suggest the rostral ventromedial medulla as an important site of the cannabinoid-mediated analgesia by acetaminophen.
Process optimization by reducing I-D bias for 0.25-μm logic devices (1997)

The print bias between isolated and dense resist pattern (I- D bias) which is originated from the optical proximity effect, is one of the major issues for the processing of randomly arrayed and complicatedly structured logic devices designed with the smaller features than ever. In this study, the characteristics of I-D bias which is related to not only optical parameters but also resist processing parameters were investigated quantitatively through the way of experiment and simulation. Examined processing parameters were as follows: numerical aperture and partial coherence factor ((sigma) ) as the exposure parameters; the ratio of line to space width (duty ratio) as the mask parameter; resist thickness, prebake temperature and post exposure back temperature as the resist processing parameters. The experiments were reviewed in simulation tools such as Prolith2+ and SOLID-C. And the resist patterns were acquired using DUV exposure tool with various kinds of resist.