gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Emerging Optical Access Network Technologies for 5G Wireless (2016)

With the advancement of radio access networks, more and more mobile data content needs to be transported by optical networks. Mobile fronthaul is an important network segment that connects centralized baseband units (BBUs) with remote radio units in cloud radio access networks (C-RANs). It enables advanced wireless technologies such as coordinated multipoint and massive multiple-input multiple-output. Mobile backhaul, on the other hand, connects BBUs with core networks to transport the baseband data streams to their respective destinations. Optical access networks are well positioned to meet the first optical communication demands of C-RANs. To better address the stringent requirements of future generations of wireless networks, such as the fifth-generation (5G) wireless, optical access networks need to be improved and enhanced. In this paper, we review emerging optical access network technologies that aim to support 5G wireless with high capacity, low latency, and low cost and power per bit. Advances in high-capacity passive optical networks (PONs), such as 100&#x2009;&#x2009;Gbit/s PON, will be reviewed. Among the topics discussed are advanced modulation and detection techniques, digital signal processing tailored for optical access networks, and efficient mobile fronthaul techniques. We also discuss the need for coordination between RAN and PON to simplify the overall network, reduce the network latency, and improve the network cost efficiency and power efficiency.
Comparison of different measurement technologies for the in-flight assessment of radiated acoustic intensity (2005)

Near-field acoustical holography (NAH) microphone array measurement technologies are currently being investigated for use in aircraft for determining the sound intensity that is radiated through a trimmed aircraft fuselage. Two types of microphone array geometries are studied in this effort, spherical and conformal to the sidewall. Due to the complexity of the interior sound field and in-flight excitation, questions have arisen concerning the capability of array techniques to measure these desired acoustic quantities. The main questions relate to the agreement between array measurements and traditional two-microphone intensity probe measurements and the sensitivity of array measurements to backside sources present in the aircraft cabin. Thus, an investigation was performed in which the NAH array results were compared to intensity probe results measured in the NASA Langley Structural Acoustic Loads and Transmission facility, the Boeing Interior Noise Test Facility, and in flight on the NASA Aries 757 aircraft. An overview of this test sequence and a comparison of NAH, IBEM, and two-microphone intensity probe measurements are made. These comparisons show the relative behavior of the different measurement techniques in both idealized laboratory and realistic in-flight environments. Conclusions are drawn concerning the use of array measurements to assess the sound intensity transmitted through an aircraft sidewall in-flight.
Electrostatic charge and field sensors based on micromechanical resonators (2003)

We have developed highly sensitive electrometers and electrostatic fieldmeters (EFMs) that make use of micromechanical variable capacitors. Modulation of the input capacitance, a technique used in macroscale instruments such as the vibrating-reed electrometer and the field-mill electrostatic voltmeter (ESV), moves the detection bandwidth away from the 1/f-noise-limited regime, thus improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The variable capacitors are implemented by electrostatically driven resonators with differential actuation and sensing to reduce drive-signal feedthrough. The resonators in the electrometer utilize a balanced comb structure to implement harmonic sensing. Two fabrication methods were employed - a hybrid technology utilizing fluidically self-assembled JFETs and SOI microstructures, and an integrated process from Analog Devices combining 0.8-μm CMOS and 6-μm-thick polysilicon microstructures. All devices operate in ambient air at room temperature. Measured data from one electrometer with an input capacitance of 0.7 pF indicates a charge resolution of 4.5 aC rms (28 electrons) in a 0.3 Hz bandwidth. The resolution of this electrometer is unequaled by any known ambient-air-operated instrument over a wide range of source capacitances. The EFM has a resolution of 630 V/m, the best reported figure for a MEMS device.
Foreword Special Section on Electrical Contacts (2018)

Welcome to the Special Topics Section dedicated to the 2016 Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts. This special section contains eight high-quality papers that comprehensively describe the state of the art and potential future directions for topics of great interest to our readers. The Editor-in-Chief (EIC), in consultation with the other EICs, Associate Editors (AEs), and domain experts, selects the topics for the special sections, and a Guest Editor or AE (GE/AE), who is a leading expert in the technical area, then directs the solicitation and peer review of the papers. In cases where the GE/AE is also an author, the EIC is responsible for the peer review to avoid any real or perceived conflicts of interest.
Recovery from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is TGF-β dependent and associated with increases in CD4+LAP+ and CD4+CD25+ T cells (2006)

SJL mice are highly susceptible to proteolipid protein (PLP) 139-151-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The disease is characterized by a relapsing-remitting type of paralysis. However, the mechanism by which animals recover from EAE is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of regulatory T cells in the recovery from disease. We found that Forkhead box P3-expressing CD4+CD25+ T cells were increased in the blood, draining lymph node and spleen of EAE-recovered SJL mice. These cells were anergic and inhibited proliferation of CD4+CD25- T cells to PLP 139-151 or anti-CD3 antibody stimulation. Depletion of CD4+CD25+ T cells during the recovery phase exacerbated disease, resulted in the expansion of IA(s)/PLP 139-151-tetramer-positive cells and enhanced IFN-gamma production. In addition, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) was shown to be involved in the recovery from EAE as the percentage of CD4+ cells expressing TGF-beta latency-associated peptide (LAP) on the cell surface increased significantly in blood and spleen of EAE-recovered mice as compared with the naive mice and in vivo neutralization of TGF-beta abolished recovery from disease. Taken together, our results demonstrate that both CD4+CD25+ and CD4+LAP+ regulatory T cells mediate recovery from PLP 139-151-induced EAE in SJL mice in which TGF-beta plays an important role.
The Effect of Supplementing Dry Feed with a Nutritional Gel Product at the Time of Vaccination on Nursery Pig Maintenance Behaviors and Postures (2009)

Swine industry feed suppliers are continually striving to develop techniques and tools to reduce the additive stressors imposed on the weanling piglet, to increase advantageous behaviors (feeding and drinking) and to reduce aggressive interactions. One product on the market designed to ease the transition from a liquid diet (sow's milk) to a dry ration is a gel-based feed supplement that was incorporated in this trial as a means to positively affect the aforementioned parameters. The trial was conducted in the spring of 2007. A total of 64 3-week old, crossbred pigs (4.2 kg) were received from a commercial farm and housed in Double L ® confinement nursery buildings. Four treatments were compared. Control groups (n = 4) were defined as unvaccinated and without supplemental gel at days 9 to 11. Treatment one (TRT 1 n = 4 groups) was provided supplemental gel at days 9 to 11 without vaccination. Treatment two (TRT 2; n = 4 groups) was vaccinated but did not receive supplemental gel at days 9 to 11. Treatment three (TRT 3; n = 4 groups) received supplemental gel at days 9 to 11 and were vaccinated. The group of four pigs housed together in a pen was considered the experimental unit for data analysis. Definitions for the behaviors and postures recorded and summarized for the trial included the following: Active was defined as standing, this included any upright postures. Inactive posture was defined as sitting or lying postures (both lateral and sternal). Time at drinker was defined as when an individual pig’s mouth was around the water nipple. Time at feeding stations was defined as the time when the individual pig’s head was inside the creep (that contained gel) or the three hole feeder (dry pelleted feed). There were no differences between treatments for active (P = 0.60), inactive (P = 0.99) or time at drinker (P = 0.37), respectively. There was a difference (P = 0.0085) between treatments for the percentage of time spent at the feeding stations with pigs receiving vaccine and no gel spending the least amount of time at the feeding stations compared to the other three treatment groups. Therefore, the availability of a gel product when pigs are vaccinated provided some benefit, as the time spent at the feeding station was higher compared to pigs that did not have access to the gel.
Lipopolysaccharide-Derived Serotype Polysaccharides from Neisseria meningitidis Group B (1979)

Three immunologically distinct types of polysaccharides have been isolated by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) chromatography from the lipopolysaccharide extracts of group B Neisseria meningitidis. All types contain a set of common determinants, as well as distinct ones; all of these determinants are detectable by either immunodiffusion or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The polysaccharides elute from a Sepharose 4B column in the range of 2-3 x 10(5) daltons and have isoelectric points from 4.2 to 4.3. Their antigenicity is destroyed by oxidation but is unaffected by neuraminidase, lysozyme, or trypsin. One type of polysaccharide cross-reacts with the Gc2 polysaccharide of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in immunodiffusion systems. Chemical analysis indicates that these polysaccharides contain hexoses, hexosamines, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, ethanolamine, and heptose; analysis of amino acids indicates protein contents of less than 0.05%. In contrast to the lipopolysaccharide from which they are derived, these polysaccharides contain no lipid A and less than 0.5% fatty acids. All three types are precipitated by wheat germ agglutinin but not by concanavalin A or fucose-binding protein. Specific inhibition of this precipitation can be achieved with N-acetyl glucosamine. These antigens may be the bases of a lipopolysaccharide-derived typing system for group B N. meningitidis.
Efficient Use of Dynamically tagged Directories Through Compiler Analysis (1993)

Dynamiically tagged directories have been recently proposed as a memory-efficient mechanism for maintaining cache coherence in large-scale shared-memory multiprocessors. In order to efficiently use these directories, the number of pointer operations must be minimized and pointers should be allocated as late as possible. If pointers are allocated too early, frequent pointer overflow will occur, which in turn may cause cache thrashing.
Continuous flow organometallic catalysis: new wind in old sails (2011)

Organometallic catalysis is a powerful tool for chemical synthesis, and the field still evolves at a high pace continuously improving efficiencies and opening up new possibilities. However, despite increasing use in specialty and fine chemical production issues of catalyst recovery still hamper broader application and prevent tapping the full potential of this technology on industrial scale. Even though scientists have tackled this problem for decades practicable methods remained scarce. In this contribution we analyse the major challenges of performing organometallic catalysis in continuous flow from a conceptual point of view, and exemplify for recently developed concepts based on near- and supercritical fluids how the integration of molecular and engineering principles can offer new solutions to this persistent problem.
Cutting Edge: Interleukin 4-Dependent Mast Cell Proliferation Requires Autocrine/Intracrine Cysteinyl Leukotriene-Induced Signaling (2006)

Reactive mastocytosis (RM) in epithelial surfaces is a consistent Th2-associated feature of allergic disease. RM fails to develop in mice lacking leukotriene (LT) C4 synthase (LTC4S), which is required for cysteinyl leukotriene (cys-LT) production. We now report that IL-4, which induces LTC4S expression by mast cells (MCs), requires cys-LTs, the cys-LT type 1 receptor (CysLT1), and Gi proteins to promote MC proliferation. LTD4 (10-1000 nM) enhanced proliferation of human MCs in a CysLT1-dependent, pertussis toxin-sensitive manner. LTD4-induced phosphorylation of ERK required transactivation of c-kit. IL-4-driven comitogenesis was likewise sensitive to pertussis toxin or a CysLT1-selective antagonist and was attenuated by treatment with leukotriene synthesis inhibitors. Mouse MCs lacking LTC4S or CysLT1 showed substantially diminished IL-4-induced comitogenesis. Thus, IL-4 induces proliferation in part by inducing LTC4S and cys-LT generation, which causes CysLT1 to transactivate c-kit in RM.
Rapidly Photo-Cross-Linkable Chitosan Hydrogel for Peripheral Neurosurgeries (2010)

Restoring continuity to severed peripheral nerves is crucial to regeneration and enables functional recovery. However, the two most common agents for coaptation, sutures and fibrin glues, have drawbacks such as inflammation, pathogenesis, and dehiscence. Chitosan-based adhesives are a promising alternative, reported to have good cytocompatibility and favorable immunogenicity. A photo-cross-linkable hydrogel based on chitosan is proposed as a new adhesive for peripheral nerve anastomosis. Two Az-chitosans were synthesized by conjugating 4-azidobenzoic acid with low (LMW, 15 kDa) and high (HMW, 50-190 kDa) molecular weight chitosans. These solutions formed a hydrogel in less than 1 min under UV light. The LMW Az-chitosan was more tightly cross-linked than the HMW variant, undergoing significantly less swelling and possessing a higher rheological storage modulus, and both Az-chitosan gels were stiffer than commercial fibrin glue. Severed nerves repaired by Az-chitosan adhesives tolerated longitudinal forces comparable or superior to fibrin glue. Adhesive exposure to intact nerves and neural cell culture showed both Az-chitosans to be nontoxic in the acute (minutes) and chronic (days) time frames. These results demonstrate that Az-chitosan hydrogels are cytocompatible and mechanically suitable for use as bioadhesives in peripheral neurosurgeries.
Supplementary Figure 1B from Somatic Epigenetic Silencing of <i>RIPK3</i> Inactivates Necroptosis and Contributes to Chemoresistance in Malignant Mesothelioma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Efficiency of infection of MM cell lines infected with a pWPI lentivirus that expresses GFP marker alone (pWPI, control) or with a pWPI lentivirus that expresses both GFP and either RIPK3 WT or RIPK3-KD. Representative images indicate efficiency of infection of RIPK3-negative MM cell lines M8 and M22. Photographs of GFP fluorescence and combined GFP plus brightfield were taken 24 h after the initiation of infection. Note that most cells infected with pWPI-RIPK3 WT were floating, dead cells.&lt;/p&gt;
An improved non-dimensional model of wet-cooling towers (2006)

A general non-dimensional mathematical model of cooling towers is improved by including evaporation of water. The solution still consists of adjusting the assumed straight air-saturation line to the real air-saturation data, but a new constant ( H) is added as well. Two solutions are proposed and the accuracy of each method is checked against data from the literature and also compared with the original solution. The first method shows a maximum decrease of 4.4 per cent in error, whereas in the second method, the maximum error was found to be 3.3 and 6.8 per cent when the inlet air was unsaturated and saturated, respectively.
Synthesis of Anionic and Hydrophobic Derivatives of Ethidium Bromide as Potential New Trypanocydes (1989)

Abstract This paper describes the synthesis of anionic and hydrophobic derivatives of 3,8‐diamino‐5‐ethyl‐6‐phenyl phenantridium bromide (ethidium bromide, homidium). Evidence for regioselective acylation is provided.
Surface dynamics in living acinar cells imaged by atomic force microscopy: Identification of plasma membrane structures involved in exocytosis (1997)

The dynamics at the plasma membrane resulting from secretory vesicle docking and fusion and compensatory endocytosis has been difficult to observe in living cells primarily due to limited resolution at the light microscopic level. Using the atomic force microscope, we have been able to image and record changes in plasma membrane structure at ultrahigh resolution after stimulation of secretion from isolated pancreatic acinar cells. "Pits" measuring 500-2000 nm and containing 3-20 depressions measuring 100-180 nm in diameter were observed only at the apical region of acinar cells. The time course of an increase and decrease in "depression" size correlated with an increase and decrease of amylase secretion from live acinar cells. Depression dynamics and amylase release were found to be regulated in part by actin. No structural changes were identified at the basolateral region of these cells. Our results suggest depressions to be the fusion pores identified earlier in mast cells by freeze-fracture electron microscopy and by electrophysiological measurements. The atomic force microscope has enabled us to observe plasma membrane dynamics of the exocytic process in living cells in real time.
Maintaining Structural Stability of Poly(lactic acid): Effects of Multifunctional Epoxy based Reactive Oligomers (2014)

In order to reduce the effects of hydrolytic degradation and to maintain sufficient viscosity during processing of biomass based poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA), various epoxy functional reactive oligomers have been characterized and incorporated into the degraded fragments as chain extenders. The molecular weight of PLLA increased with the increase in functionality of the reactive oligomers. No further increase in molecular weight was observed for oligomers with functionality of greater than five. Under our experimental conditions, no gelation was found even when the highest functionality reactive oligomers were used. This is attributed to the preferential reaction of the carboxylic acid versus the negligible reactivity of the hydroxyl groups, present at the two ends of the degraded PLLA chains, with the epoxy groups. The study provides a clear understanding of the degradation and chain extension reaction of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with epoxy functional reactive oligomers. It is also shown that a higher functionality and concentration of the reactive oligomers is needed, to bring about a sufficient increase in the molecular weight and hence the hydrolytic stability in circumstances when PLA chains suffer significant degradation during processing.
Quantitative Thickness Mapping of Dewetting Polymer Bilayers (1998)

Abstract The study of wetting and dewetting in thin polymer films has many implications for technological applications of polymer films, including dielectric films to control conductivity and colloidal paint systems. We have started to use a novel approach, Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) microscopy, to characterize dewetting in thin polymer films. We have investigated a polystyrene/brominated polystyrene (PS/PBrS) bilayer model system with the Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscope (STXM) at the National Synchrotron Light Source. Our method offers quantitative thickness mapping of all constituent components in these thin polymer films. NEXAFS imaging of polymers has advantages over other forms of microscopy primarily because of its low damage, good chemical sensitivity, and the possibility for quantitative analysis. Figure 1 shows four micrographs of one PS/PBrS bilayer annealed for one week at 170 C.
INHIBITION OF ANGIOGENESIS-RELATED ENDOTHELIAL ACTIVITY BY THE EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT LEFLUNOMIDE1 (2001)

Data generated by these studies distinguish leflunomide among immunosuppressants as uniquely capable of inhibiting angiogenesis-related endothelial functions and suggest additional mechanisms by which this agent might intervene in the diverse array of disease processes against which it has shown therapeutic potential.
Improving Natural Language Inference Using External Knowledge in the Science Questions Domain (2018)

Natural Language Inference (NLI) is fundamental to many Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications including semantic search and question answering. The NLI problem has gained significant attention thanks to the release of large scale, challenging datasets. Present approaches to the problem largely focus on learning-based methods that use only textual information in order to classify whether a given premise entails, contradicts, or is neutral with respect to a given hypothesis. Surprisingly, the use of methods based on structured knowledge -- a central topic in artificial intelligence -- has not received much attention vis-a-vis the NLI problem. While there are many open knowledge bases that contain various types of reasoning information, their use for NLI has not been well explored. To address this, we present a combination of techniques that harness knowledge graphs to improve performance on the NLI problem in the science questions domain. We present the results of applying our techniques on text, graph, and text-to-graph based models, and discuss implications for the use of external knowledge in solving the NLI problem. Our model achieves the new state-of-the-art performance on the NLI problem over the SciTail science questions dataset.
On the Effect of Antennas on UWB Systems (2005)

Abstract- This paper presents the influence of antennas the on performance of UWB systems. Two systems, DSS-SS and MB-OFDM are investigated. The systems operate on the IEEE802.15.3a channel, which is modeled with a Saleh Valenzuela model. An extension of the model to include direction of arrival (DoA) is used. The antenna model is taken from a monocone UWB antenna characteristics. The impact of the imperfect antenna on the channel estimation and equalisation algorithms is presented for the four IEEE802.15.3a channel scenarios. It can be seen that to maintain a target packet error rate while assuming a realistic, non-ideal antenna, the requirements are higher in terms of power and complexity of the receiver algorithms. The new requirements are given and performance degradation is presented with the help of system simulations.
Antibody reactivity to the immunodominant epitopes of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus gp38 transmembrane protein associates with the development of arthritis (1994)

High titers of antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) envelope (Env) glycoproteins are found in infected goats developing a progressive arthritis. In order to identify linear B epitopes of the CAEV Env, which may be involved in the immunopathology of arthritis, we constructed a lambda gt11 Env expression library. By combining library screening with sera from naturally infected Swiss goats with an enzyme immunoassay with overlapping peptides (pepscan), four group-specific epitopes could be precisely defined in the transmembrane envelope proteins: TM1 to TM4, including a conserved structure (TM3) that corresponds to the immunodominant epitope of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and other lentiviruses. A panel of 190 CAEV naturally infected goat serum samples, obtained from animals with defined clinical status, was tested for reactivity to synthetic peptides corresponding to the TM epitopes in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibody reactivity to two epitopes was highly associated (TM3, P = 0.002, and TM4, P < 0.001) with the presence of clinically detectable arthritis. Such an association is absent for anti-Gag antibody. Antibodies to the immunodominant structures of the TM glycoprotein could thus have an important role in the immunopathogenic process leading to disease.