gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Novel, Immortal, and Multipotent Human Neural Stem Cell Line Generating Functional Neurons and Oligodendrocytes (2007)

The discovery and study of neural stem cells have revolutionized our understanding of the neurogenetic process, and their inherent ability to adopt expansive growth behavior in vitro is of paramount importance for the development of novel therapeutics based on neural cell replacement. Recent advances in high-throughput assays for drug development and gene discovery dictate the need for rapid, reproducible, long-term expansion of human neural stem cells (hNSCs). In this view, the complement of wild-type cell lines currently available is insufficient. Here we report the establishment of a stable human neural stem cell line (immortalized human NSCs [IhNSCs]) by v-myc-mediated immortalization of previously derived wild-type hNSCs. These cells demonstrate three- to fourfold faster proliferation than wild-type cells in response to growth factors but retain rather similar properties, including multipotentiality. By molecular biology, biochemistry, immunocytochemistry, fluorescence microscopy, and electrophysiology, we show that upon growth factor removal, IhNSCs completely downregulate v-myc expression, cease proliferation, and differentiate terminally into three major neural lineages: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons. The latter are functional, mature cells displaying clear-cut morphological and physiological features of terminally differentiated neurons, encompassing mostly the GABAergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic phenotypes. Finally, IhNSCs produce bona fide oligodendrocytes in fractions up to 20% of total cell number. This is in contrast to the negligible propensity of hNSCs to generate oligodendroglia reported so far. Thus, we describe an immortalized hNSC line endowed with the properties of normal hNSCs and suitable for developing the novel, reliable assays and reproducible high-throughput gene and drug screening that are essential in both diagnostics and cell therapy studies.
Unequal bandwidth spectral analysis using digital frequency warping (1974)

The application to unequal bandwidth and vernier spectrum analysis of a technique referred to as digital frequency warping is discussed. In this technique a sequence is transformed in such a way that the Fourier transforms of the original and transformed sequences are related by a nonlinear transformation of the frequency axis. An equal bandwidth analysis carried out on the transformed sequence then corresponds to an unequal bandwidth analysis of the original sequence. A comparison is presented between the bandwidth as a function of frequency for the digital warping technique and proportional bandwidth analysis. An analysis of the effects of finite register length in implementing digital frequency warping is also presented.
Motolimod, a selective TLR8 agonist induces apoptosis in monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSC) (2015)

Meeting abstracts There is increasing evidence that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) contribute to the progression of cancer by inhibiting tumor-directed immune responses and producing mediators that promote the growth and survival of tumor cells. While present at low numbers in the
Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2020)

Imaging in Oncology is rapidly moving from the detection and size measurement of a lesion to the quantitative assessment of metabolic processes and cellular and molecular interactions. Increasing insights into cancer as a complex disease with involvement of the tumor stroma in tumor pathobiological processes have made it clear that for successful control of cancer, treatment strategies should not only be directed at the cancer cells but should also take aspects of the tumor microenvironment into account. This requires an understanding of the complex molecular and cellular interactions in cancer tissue. Recent developments in imaging technology have increased the possibility to image various pathobiological processes in cancer development and response to treatment. For computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) various improvements in hardware, software, and imaging probes have lifted these modalities from classical anatomical imaging techniques to techniques suitable to image and quantify various physiological processes and molecular and cellular interactions. Next to a more general overview of possible imaging targets in oncology, this chapter provides an overview of the various developments in CT and MRI technology and some specific applications.
Occipitocervical Fusion with a Five-Millimeter Malleable Rod and Segmental Fixation (1993)

Although occipitocervical fusion is frequently used for instability of the upper cervical spine and the occipitocervical articulation, most currently used techniques have one or more of the following disadvantages: the necessity for sublaminar wires, the use of occipital screws, a fixed angle of instrumentation, or the necessity for routine postoperative halo immobilization. Moreover, many reported techniques are associated with a high rate of nonunion or instrumentation failure. We present our experience with a technically simple method of obtaining rigid occipitocervical arthrodesis using a 5-mm malleable rod that is fixed to the skull by a pair of wires passed through four suboccipital burr holes. Segmental spinal fixation is achieved with Wisconsin interspinous wires and is occasionally supplemented with sublaminar wires. Supplemental autogenous bone graft is used in all cases. A cervical collar is routinely used for postoperative immobilization. The results of treatment were retrospectively reviewed in 16 patients with an average age of 49.4 years (range, 9-69). Mean follow-up was 24 months (range, 12-36 mo). The indication for fusion was instability of the occiput-C1-C2 complex as a result of Chiari malformation, rheumatoid disease, skull base tumor resection, basilar invagination, ankylosing spondylitis, Down's syndrome, cervical laminectomy, and trauma. The average number of levels fused was 5.4 (range, O-C3 to O-T3). Successful occipitocervical arthrodesis was achieved in all but one of the surviving patients. The single patient with a pseudarthrosis was successfully managed with supplemental bone grafting and halo immobilization. There were two deaths from medical complications in chronically ill patients. Other complications included one postoperative instrumentation loosening, one myocardial infarction, and one superficial occipital decubitus. In conclusion, rodding and segmental interspinous wiring is an effective, technically simple method of obtaining rigid occipitocervical fixation, which obviates the need for bulky orthoses.
Improved Pathogen Recognition using Non-Euclidean Distance Metrics andWeighted kNN (2019)

The timely identification of pathogens is vital in order to effectively control diseases and avoid antimicrobial resistance. Non-invasive point-of-care diagnostic tools are recently trending in identification of the pathogens and becoming a helpful tool especially for rural areas. Machine learning approaches have been widely applied on biological markers for predicting diseases and pathogens. However, there are few studies in the literature that have utilized volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as non-invasive biological markers to identify bacterial pathogens. Furthermore, there is no comprehensive study investigating the effect of different distance and similarity metrics for pathogen classification based on VOC data. In this study, we compared various non-Euclidean distance and similarity metrics with Euclidean metric to identify significantly contributing VOCs to predict pathogens. In addition, we also utilized backward feature elimination (BFE) method to accurately select the best set of features. The dataset we utilized for experiments was composed from the publications published between 1977 and 2016, and consisted of associations in between 703 VOCs and 11 pathogens.We performed extensive set of experiments with five different distance metrics in both uniform and weighted manner. Comprehensive experiments showed that it is possible to correctly predict pathogens by using 68 VOCs among 703 with 78.6% accuracy using k-nearest neighbour classifier and Sorensen distance metric.
Voltage control strategies of low voltage distribution grids using photovoltaic systems (2016)

In this investigation, some strategies are presented for the optimized provision of reactive power by photovoltaic (PV) systems to perform voltage regulation in a low voltage distribution grid. The optimization is based on an optimal power flow algorithm that determines the minimum amount of reactive power needed for voltage regulation, also resulting in the minimization of losses in the network. In addition to solving overvoltage problems caused by high penetration of PV systems, reactive power exchange with the superimposed medium voltage grid is also minimized. This is accomplished by performing reactive power balance with respect to a power factor set-point at the interface of medium (MV) and low voltage (LV) grids. In one strategy, the benefits of voltage support provided by battery-based energy storage system (BESS) in parallel to PV systems are also presented.
Cofabrication of Electromagnets and Microfluidic Systems in Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (2006)

Metal in microfluidic channels: The fabrication of electromagnets (solder) with micron-scale dimensions in poly(dimethylsiloxane) in close proximity (ca. 10-μm separation) to microfluidic channels is described (see pictures, top view and cross section). The method only has four steps and can be completed in 10 min. By passing an electric current through the magnets, magnetic field gradients are generated inside the microfluidic channels, which can be used to capture and release superparamagnetic beads in the microfluidic channel. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2006/z602273_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Nanoimprinted circular grating distributed feedback dye laser (2007)

The authors demonstrate an optically pumped surface emitting polymer dye laser fabricated by nanoimprint lithography. The laser is based on an organic dye hosted within a poly(methylmethacrylate) matrix coated on a transparent substrate, and the laser cavity consists of a second order circular grating distributed feedback structure. The authors achieved lasing at 618nm with 0.18nm linewidth and 1.31μJ∕mm2 pump threshold. The nanoimprinted solid-state dye laser offers a low-cost coherent light source for laboratory-on-chip spectroscopy systems. The laser also has a low pump threshold and a geometry well matched to light-emitting diode pump sources, which provide an interesting alternative for constructing portable polymer laser devices.
Kinematic and kinetic analysis of overhand, sidearm and underhand lacrosse shot techniques (2016)

Lacrosse requires the coordinated performance of many complex skills. One of these skills is shooting on the opponents' net using one of three techniques: overhand, sidearm or underhand. The purpose of this study was to (i) determine which technique generated the highest ball velocity and greatest shot accuracy and (ii) identify kinematic and kinetic variables that contribute to a high velocity and high accuracy shot. Twelve elite male lacrosse players participated in this study. Kinematic data were sampled at 250 Hz, while two-dimensional force plates collected ground reaction force data (1000 Hz). Statistical analysis showed significantly greater ball velocity for the sidearm technique than overhand (P < 0.001) and underhand (P < 0.001) techniques. No statistical difference was found for shot accuracy (P > 0.05). Kinematic and kinetic variables were not significantly correlated to shot accuracy or velocity across all shot types; however, when analysed independently, the lead foot horizontal impulse showed a negative correlation with underhand ball velocity (P = 0.042). This study identifies the technique with the highest ball velocity, defines kinematic and kinetic predictors related to ball velocity and provides information to coaches and athletes concerned with improving lacrosse shot performance.
Crystal structure of dimethyl 4,4'-(cyclopenta-3,5-diene-1,3-diyl)- bis(2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoate), C21H10F8O4 (2009)

Article Crystal structure of dimethyl 4,4'-(cyclopenta-3,5-diene-1,3-diyl)- bis(2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoate), C21H10F8O4 was published on April 1, 2009 in the journal Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures (volume 224, issue 1-4).
Threats Posed by the Fungal Kingdom to Humans, Wildlife, and Agriculture (2020)

The fungal kingdom includes at least 6 million eukaryotic species and is remarkable with respect to its profound impact on global health, biodiversity, ecology, agriculture, manufacturing, and biomedical research. Approximately 625 fungal species have been reported to infect vertebrates, 200 of which can be human associated, either as commensals and members of our microbiome or as pathogens that cause infectious diseases. These organisms pose a growing threat to human health with the global increase in the incidence of invasive fungal infections, prevalence of fungal allergy, and the evolution of fungal pathogens resistant to some or all current classes of antifungals. More broadly, there has been an unprecedented and worldwide emergence of fungal pathogens affecting animal and plant biodiversity. Approximately 8,000 species of fungi and Oomycetes are associated with plant disease. Indeed, across agriculture, such fungal diseases of plants include new devastating epidemics of trees and jeopardize food security worldwide by causing epidemics in staple and commodity crops that feed billions. Further, ingestion of mycotoxins contributes to ill health and causes cancer. Coordinated international research efforts, enhanced technology translation, and greater policy outreach by scientists are needed to more fully understand the biology and drivers that underlie the emergence of fungal diseases and to mitigate against their impacts. Here, we focus on poignant examples of emerging fungal threats in each of three areas: human health, wildlife biodiversity, and food security.
Analysis of a Casimir-driven Parametric Amplifier with Resilience to\n Casimir Pull-in for MEMS Single-Point Magnetic Gradiometry (2021)

The Casimir Force, a quantum mechanical effect, has been observed in several\nmicroelectromechanical systems (MEMS) platforms. Due to its extreme sensitivity\nto the separation of two objects, the Casimir Force has been proposed as an\nexcellent avenue for quantum metrology. Practical application, however, is\nchallenging due to attractive forces leading to stiction and failure of the\ndevice, called Casimir pull-in. In this work, we design and simulate a\nCasimir-driven metrology platform, where a time-delay based parametric\namplification technique is developed to achieve a steady state and avoid\npull-in. We apply the design to the detection of weak, low frequency, gradient\nmagnetic fields, similar to those emanating from ionic currents in the heart\nand brain. Simulation parameters are selected from recent experimental\nplatforms developed for Casimir metrology and magnetic gradiometry, both on\nMEMS platforms. While MEMS offer many advantages to such an application, the\ndetected signal must typically be at the resonant frequency of the device, with\ndiminished sensitivity in the low frequency regime of biomagnetic fields. Using\na Casimir-drive parametric amplifier, we report a 10,000 fold improvement in\nthe best-case resolution of MEMS single-point gradiometers, with a maximum\nsensitivity of 6 Hz/(pT/cm) at 1 Hz. The development of the proposed design has\nthe potential to revolutionize metrology, and specifically may enable\nunshielded monitoring of biomagnetic fields in ambient conditions.\n
Experiments and modeling of the hydraulic resistance of in-line square pin fin heat sinks with top by-pass flow (2003)

In this paper, we present some early findings from an experimental and analytical study aimed at obtaining physical insight into the behavior of square, in-line pin fin heat sinks. In the experimental study, various size aluminum heat sinks were utilized, where the pin heights were 12.5 mm, 17.5 mm, and 22.5 mm, and the base dimensions were kept fixed at 25 /spl times/ 25 mm. A "two-branch by-pass model" was developed, in which a one-dimensional differential approach was used to model the fluid flow through the heat sink and its top by-pass duct. Central to the analysis is the introduction of accurate correlations for inlet, exit and core pressure drop within the heat sink. Pressure drop predictions correlated well with the experimental data when pressure drop coefficients measured for the heat sinks were used. Agreement was poorer when classical circular tube bundle pressure drop correlations were utilized, but the accuracy was high enough for design purposes. Inlet and exit pressure losses were as important as the core pressure drop in establishing the overall flow and pressure drop. Available literature models for inlet and exit effects were mostly adequate.
Researcher Mental Health and Well-being Manifesto (2021)

The ReMO COST Action is a network of stakeholders from all levels of the research community that has drafted a Researcher Mental Health and Well-being Manifesto that calls for the assessment of how the mental health and well-being of researchers can best be nourished and sustained through actions and initiatives at the policy, institutional, community and individual levels. This manifesto calls for all stakeholders in the research ecosystem to engage in developing policies that monitor, improve, and maintain well-being and mental health in the research environment, delineating more encompassing metrics of success and quality, supporting work-life balance, inclusiveness, and family-friendly sustainable research careers.
System electrical parameters and their effects on bearing currents (2002)

This paper examines AC motor shaft voltages and resulting bearing currents when operated under pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage source inverters. The paper reviews the electrical characteristics of bearings and motors that cause shaft voltages and bearing currents. A brief review of previous work is presented, including a system model for electrical analysis of bearing currents. Relying on the work of a companion paper, the propensity for electric discharge machining (EDM) is determined by a design equation that is a function of system components. Pertinent machine parameters and their formulae are presented and values calculated for machines from 5 to 1000 hp. The effects of system elements on shaft voltages and bearing currents are evaluated experimentally and the results compared to theory. Finally, the paper presents quantitative results for one solution to the shaft voltage and bearing current problem.
Recently Reported Crystalline Isothiazole Carbenes: Myth or Reality (2007)

Singulettcarbene sind nicht immer stabil: Isothiazolcarbene, die vor kurzem als kristalline Feststoffe beschrieben wurden, lassen sich nicht einmal bei Raumtemperatur beobachten – sie lagern sich in ihre 2-Imino-2H-thiet-Isomere um. Die Energiebarriere bei dieser Umwandlung beträgt etwa 1 kcal mol−1 (siehe Schema). Siehe dazu auch die folgende Korrespondenz.
On mixing high-speed updates and in-memory queries: A big-data architecture for real-time analytics (2013)

Up-to-date business intelligence has become a critical differentiator for the modern data-driven highly engaged enterprise. It requires rapid integration of new information on a continuous basis for subsequent analyses. ETL-based and traditionally batch-processing oriented methods of absorbing changes into a relational database schema take time, and are therefore incompatible with very low-latency demands of realtime analytics. Instead, in-memory clustered stores that employ tunable consistency mechanisms are becoming attractive since they dispense with the need to transform and transit data between storage layouts and tiers. When data is updated infrequently, in-memory approaches such as RDD transformations in Spark can suffice, but as updates become frequent, such in-memory approaches need to be extended to support dynamic datasets. This paper describes a few key additional requirements that result from having to support in-memory processing of data while updates proceed concurrently. The paper describes Real-time Analytics Foundation (RAF), an architecture to meet the new requirements. Performance of an early implementation of RAF is also described: for an unaudited TPC-H derived workload, RAF shows a node-to-node scaling ratio of 88% at 8 nodes, and for a query equivalent to Q6 in the TPC-H set, RAF is able to show 9x improvement over that of Hive-Hadoop. The paper also describes two RAF based solutions that are being put together by two independent software vendors in China.
High-data-rate phase-change media for the digital video recording system (1999)

Today’s major trends in optical recording are the increase in storage capacity per disc and the increase in data-rate, both for reading and for writing. To enlarge the capacity, there are two straightforward means to reduce the optical spot size: increase of the numerical aperture of the objective lens (NA) and reduction in laser wavelength &lambda;.
Direct Electron-Transfer Anisotropy of a Site-Specifically Immobilized Cellobiose Dehydrogenase (2019)

To study the direct electron transfer (DET) of the multicofactor enzyme cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) in regard to its orientation on an electrode surface, a recently published, maleimide-based immobilization method was used in combination with site-directed mutagenesis to establish different orientations on an electrode surface. CDH from Myriococcum thermophilum was chosen for this study because its protein structure is resolved and the factors influencing the movement of its mobile cytochrome domain (CYT) are established. Seven CDH variants with a surface-exposed cysteine residue in different spatial positions were generated for site-specific maleimide coupling. Surface plasmon resonance and cyclic voltammetry showed that all CDH variants, but not the wild-type CDH, bound covalently to gold electrodes or glassy carbon electrodes and were catalytically active. For DET, the CYT domain needs to move from the closed-state conformation, where it obtains an electron from the catalytic flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor to the open state where it can donate an electron to the electrode. We therefore hypothesized that the mobility of the CYT domain and its distance to the electrode is central for DET. We found that the uniform spatial orientations of CDH influenced DET as follows: an orientation of the two-domain enzyme on the side, with CYT in proximity to the electrode, resulted in high DET currents. Orientations with a bigger distance between CYT and the electrode, or orientations where CYT could not swing back to the dehydrogenase domain to form the closed enzyme conformation, reduced DET. In the latter case, calcium ions that stabilize the closed conformation of CDH fully recovered DET. The study demonstrates that a mobile CYT domain can compensate unfavorable orientations of the catalytic domain to a great extent and allows CDH as a multicofactor enzyme to transfer electrons even in awkward orientations. The mobile CYT domain reduces the anisotropy of DET, which is also essential for CDH’s physiological function as an extracellular, electron-transferring enzyme.