gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Benzo[1,2-b:4,3-b′]dithiophene/triphenylamine Copolymers: Effects of Substituents on Optical and EL Properties (2008)

Abstract Benzo[1,2-b:4,3-b′]dithiophene/triphenylamine copolymers P-2eh (with no methyl substituents) and P-Me and P-2Me (with methyl substituents at triphenylamine sites) were synthesized by Stille coupling reactions. In the ground state, the methyl substituents at the ortho positions to the BDT unit on the triphenylamine (TPA) moiety in P-Me and P-2Me caused twisting of the polymer structure and clearly limited conjugation of the polymer backbones. However, in their excited states, all of these copolymers were shown to have planar structures, and almost the same emission maxima were observed. This result indicates that, in the excited states, π-conjugation of the polymer backbone results in the adoption of a more stable planar structure rather than the twisted structure observed in the ground state. The maximum EL efficiencies of devices based on P-Me and P-2Me were about three times higher than that of P-2eh due to restricted π-stacking/aggregation of the conjugated copolymers in the solid state and improvements in thermal and electrochemical stability.
Staggered Multiple-PRF Ultrafast Color Doppler (2016)

Color Doppler imaging is an established pulsed ultrasound technique to visualize blood flow non-invasively. High-frame-rate (ultrafast) color Doppler, by emissions of plane or circular wavefronts, allows severalfold increase in frame rates. Conventional and ultrafast color Doppler are both limited by the range-velocity dilemma, which may result in velocity folding (aliasing) for large depths and/or large velocities. We investigated multiple pulse-repetition-frequency (PRF) emissions arranged in a series of staggered intervals to remove aliasing in ultrafast color Doppler. Staggered PRF is an emission process where time delays between successive pulse transmissions change in an alternating way. We tested staggered dual- and triple-PRF ultrafast color Doppler, 1) in vitro in a spinning disc and a free jet flow, and 2) in vivo in a human left ventricle. The in vitro results showed that the Nyquist velocity could be extended to up to 6 times the conventional limit. We found coefficients of determination r(2) ≥ 0.98 between the de-aliased and ground-truth velocities. Consistent de-aliased Doppler images were also obtained in the human left heart. Our results demonstrate that staggered multiple-PRF ultrafast color Doppler is efficient for high-velocity high-frame-rate blood flow imaging. This is particularly relevant for new developments in ultrasound imaging relying on accurate velocity measurements.
A Computer-Based Screening Method for Distress in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Feasibility Study (2014)

These findings imply that computer-based screening for MS-related distress incorporated in clinical care is feasible and aids to identify psychological or physical needs. A randomized controlled trial with follow-up should address whether this screening method could be more effective than routine care, and whether it can improve costs and efficiency of care.
Shear Modulation Force Microscopy Study of Near Surface Glass Transition Temperatures (2000)

We report results of glass transition (T(g)) measurements for polymer thin films using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The AFM mode, shear modulation force microscopy (SMFM), involves measuring the temperature-dependent shear force on a tip modulated parallel to the sample surface. Using this method we have measured the surface T(g) of thin (17-500 nm) polymer films and found that T(g) is independent of film thickness (t>17 nm), strength of substrate interactions, or even presence of substrate.
Morphological Transitions in an I2S Simple Graft Block Copolymer:  From Folded Sheets to Folded Lace to Randomly Oriented Worms at Equilibrium (1996)

A new equilibrium morphology consisting of randomly oriented wormlike micelles dispersed in a continuous matrix is observed in a neat, strongly segregated I2S simple graft block copolymer. The equilibrium nature of the worm phase is determined via a set of selective solvent casting and prolonged annealing experiments. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments on quenched samples allow a unique opportunity to directly observe the transition of a kinetically trapped, nonequilibrium folded-layer morphology, formed by casting the sample with a solvent selective for polyisoprene (PI), into the equilibrium, randomly oriented worm phase through an intermediate folded-lace morphology. The folded-lace intermediate is similar to the “mesh” structure previously observed by Hashimoto et al. in starblock/homopolymer blends.1 The simple graft block copolymer, formed by grafting a single polystyrene (PS) chain onto the center of a polyisoprene backbone, introduces a 2:1 PI/PS arm number asymmetry in the microphase separated state. The 0.81 volume fraction of the PS graft is theoretically predicted2 to be the first volume fraction of graft large enough to force the two PI arms per molecule to the concave side of the PI/PS interface in the microphase separated state. This unique volume fraction, coupled with the novel graft architecture, seems to frustrate the system from choosing a lattice during the microphase separation process.
CPC-105 Pharmacoeconomic Aspects of the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis with Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha Antagonists: A Societal Perspective (2013)

<h3>Background</h3> Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder, affecting 1% of the population, characterised by pain, joint swelling and progressive destruction of joint tissue. EULAR (European League Against Rheumatism) recommends the use of Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha antagonists (anti-TNFα) if methotrexate or Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs fail. Anti-TNFα treatment imposes a significant financial burden on hospital budgets. <h3>Purpose</h3> To perform a pharmacoeconomic investigation in the Piedmont region (Italy) to identify the cost of the illness RA. To analyse the payer’s and societal perspectives, investigating direct costs associated with health care use and indirect costs related to productivity loss. <h3>Materials and Methods</h3> A multidisciplinary group, rheumatologists, hospital pharmacists and pharmacoeconomists, was established to perform a pharmacoeconomic evaluation of the direct and indirect costs of RA, by a systematic literature review. Afterward, we plan a perspective, observational, multicentre, cost-effectiveness analysis of RA biological drugs, involving 100 patients. Each patient will be recorded, every three months for one year, through personal data, disease duration and characterization, systemic manifestations and comorbidities, prescribed biological medicines. A questionnaire will be submitted, in order to assess direct and indirect costs. <h3>Results</h3> 40 existing pharmacoeconomic evaluations were critically appraised: the overall mean costs of RA amounted to about €15,000 per year, while the direct annual costs of RA were on average about €4,000. The greatest burden of RA costs was the indirect costs. From a societal perspective the superior clinical outcomes achieved with anti-TNFα are worth their higher costs. The most favourable incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was for etanercept compared to methotrexate. <h3>Conclusions </h3> The cost-effectiveness of an intervention depends on the maximum the decision makers are willing to pay for an extra unit of health effect. It should be considered that treatments with anti-TNFα, in a societal perspective, decrease the use of health resources and increase productivity. No conflict of interest.
Constraints on the CKM angle $\gamma$ from $B^\pm\to Dh^\pm$ decays using $D\rightarrow h^\pm h^{\prime\mp}\pi^0$ final states (2021)

A data sample collected with the LHCb detector corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb$^{-1}$ is used to measure eleven $CP$ violation observables in $B^\pm\to Dh^\pm$ decays, where $h$ is either a kaon or a pion. The neutral $D$ meson decay is reconstructed in the three-body final states: $K^\pm\pi^\mp\pi^0$}; $\pi^+\pi^-\pi^0$; $K^+K^-\pi^0$ and the suppressed $\pi^\pm K^\mp\pi^0$ combination. The mode where a large $CP$ asymmetry is expected, $B^\pm\to [\pi^\pm K^\mp\pi^0]_DK^\pm$, is observed with a significance greater than seven standard deviations. The ratio of the partial width of this mode relative to that of the favoured mode, $B^\pm\to [K^\pm\pi^\mp\pi^0]_D K^\pm$, is $R_{{\rm ADS}(K)} = (1.27\pm0.16\pm0.02)\times 10^{-2}$. Evidence for a large $CP$ asymmetry is also seen: $A_{{\rm ADS}(K)} = -0.38\pm0.12\pm0.02$. Constraints on the CKM angle $\gamma$ are calculated from the eleven reported observables.
Improved quantization structures using generalized HMM modelling with application to wideband speech coding (2004)

In this paper, a low-complexity, high-quality recursive vector quantizer based on a generalized hidden Markov model of the source is presented. Capitalizing on recent developments in vector quantization based on Gaussian mixture models, we extend previous work on HMM-based quantizers to the case of continuous vector-valued sources, and also formulate a generalization of the standard HMM. This leads us to a family of parametric source models with very flexible modelling capabilities, with which are associated low-complexity recursive quantization structures. The performance of these schemes is demonstrated for the problem of wideband speech spectrum quantization, and shown to compare favorably to existing state-of-the-art schemes.
Expression of bacterial cytotoxin genes in mammalian target cells (1992)

We have studied the expression of the gene fragments encoding the enzymatically active portion of three bacterial cytotoxins: exotoxin A (ETA) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and pertussis toxin (PT) and adenylate cyclase toxin (CYA) of Bordetella pertussis, in sensitive mammalian target cells. Expression of active ETA and CYA was lethal to the producing cells and stable transfectants of Cos-1 cells containing the corresponding genes could not be obtained. The expression of the PTS1 subunit was tolerated by the producing mammalian cells. Since PT is cytotoxic because of ADP-ribosylation of G-proteins, we assume that the endogenously expressed PTS1 may not find the cellular target G proteins or PTS1 alone may not be sufficient for ADP-ribosylation of these proteins in vivo.
Effect of InGaN/GaN Superlattice on Lattice Curvature of GaN Layers Grown on Sapphire Substrates (2020)

The lattice curvature due to the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients between sapphire and GaN decreases the device performance and production yield. There is room to improve the lattice curvature and radius of curvature of GaN layers grown on sapphire substrates. Herein, an InGaN/GaN superlattice (SL) is grown on a low‐temperature GaN buffer layer through metalorganic vapor‐phase epitaxy to improve the lattice curvature. The lattice curvature of the GaN layer is investigated in terms of In content of the InGaN layer, the number of SL layers, cap layer, and GaN thickness. The radius of curvature increases with the increase in the number of SL layers and In content. The radius of curvature is 45 m when a 10‐period SL structure is used and the In content is 23.4%. When using a 20‐period SL structure, the GaN layer partially separates despite its very low thickness (2 μm). The improvement in the lattice curvature can be attributed to the thermal decomposition of InGaN during the annealing process from the growth temperature of InGaN to that of GaN.
Fabrication of high-aspect-ratio and hierarchical micro/nanostructure arrays by a novel piezoelectrically actuated cutting system (2023)

Micro/nanostructure arrays have been broadly applied in numerous industrial fields, such as optics, antibacterial fields, and anti-corrosion. However, the highly efficient fabrication of micro/nanostructure arrays, especially the high-aspect-ratio and hierarchical micro/nanostructure arrays, remains a challenge. Motivated by this, the study designs a novel piezoelectrically actuated (PA) cutting system for fabricating this kind of micro/nanostructure array. First, the mechanical structure of the PA cutting system is designed based on the circular flexure hinge. Then, a finite element model is established to analyze its resonant frequencies and mode shapes. Next, to determine the working performances of the PA cutting system, a performance test platform is built. Finally, various micro/nanostructure arrays with two features of the high-aspect-ratio and the multilayer are fabricated, demonstrating the effectiveness and flexibility of the PA cutting system. Besides, the function of machined micro/nanostructure arrays about the corrosion property was investigated. This study provides a new approach for fabricating high-aspect-ratio and hierarchical micro/nanostructure arrays, which can be applied in industrial manufacturing and corrosion protection fields.
Cysteine-Rich Mini-Proteins in Human Biology (2012)

Understanding the relationship between structure and function underpins both biochemistry and chemical biology, and has enabled the discovery of numerous agricultural and therapeutic agents. Small cysteine-rich proteins, which form a unique set of protein frameworks and folds, are found in all living organisms and often play crucial roles as hormones, growth factors, ion channel modulators and enzyme inhibitors in various biological pathways. Here we review secreted human cysteine-rich mini-proteins, classify them into broad families and briefly describe their structure and function. To systematically investigate this protein sub-class we designed a step-wise high throughput algorithm that is able to isolate the mature and active forms of human secreted cysteine-rich proteins (up to 200 amino acids in length) and extract their cysteine scaffolds. We limited our search to frameworks that contain an even number of cysteine residues (< 20), all of which are engaged in intra-molecular disulfide bonds. We found 53 different cysteine-rich frameworks spread over 378 secreted cysteine-rich mini-proteins. Restricting our search to those that contain >5% cysteine residues led to the identification of 22 cysteine-rich frameworks representing 21 protein families. Analysis of their molecular targets showed that these mini-proteins are frequently ligands for G protein- and enzyme-coupled receptors, transporters, extracellular enzyme inhibitors, and antimicrobial peptides. It is clear that these human secreted mini-proteins possess a wide diversity of frameworks and folds, some of which are conserved across the phylogenetic spectrum. Further study of these proteins will undoubtedly lead to insights into unresolved questions of basic biology, and the development of system-specific human therapeutics.
Visual Motion Analysis Using Feedback (2005)

This paper presents a feedback scheme for estimating a linear global model of the image plane motion. This estimation uses a sparse image velocity field. The orientation of the individual pixel motion is treated as a vector field and a global model is estimated. The model to be estimated is chosen based on the type of motion of the robot as measured by independent sensors. The use of orientation of pixel motion makes the model independent of the structure of the scene.
Temperature Dependence of Inversion Layer Carrier Concentration and Hall Mobility in 4H-SiC MOSFETs (2012)

Hall measurements on NO annealed 4H-SiC MOS gated Hall bars are reported in the temperature range 77 K- 423 K. The results indicate higher carrier concentration and lower trapping at increased temperatures, with a clear strong inversion regime at all temperatures. In stark contrast to Si, the Hall mobility increases with temperature for 77 K-373K, above which the mobility decreases slightly. The maximum experimental mobility was found to be ~50 cm 2 V -1 s -1 which is only about 10% of the 4H-SiC bulk mobility indicating that while NO annealing drastically improves trapping, it does not improve the mobility significantly. Supporting modeling results strongly suggest the presence of a disordered SiC channel region.
Au/SBA-15-Based Robust and Convenient-to-Use Nanopowder Material for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (2011)

Powdered nanocomposite materials composed of SBA-15 mesoporous silica and different types of Au nanoparticles within the mesoporous channel pores (Au/SBA-15) are shown to serve as robust and efficient substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Using the Au/SBA-15 samples as SERS substrates and 4-mercaptopyridine (4-Mpy) as SERS reporter molecule, SERS enhancement factors as high as ∼105 are obtained. The degree of SERS enhancement is found to depend on the size of the Au nanoparticles as well as the synthetic procedures employed to synthesize the Au/SBA-15 materials. The high SERS enhancement given by the Au/SBA-15 as compared to any other powered SERS substrates appears to be the result of the formation of SERS “hot spots” due to the side-by-side alignment of Au nanoparticles within the cylindrical channel pores of the SBA-15 mesoporous silica host. Because of their powdered forms, longevity, simple sample preparation procedures, easily tunable surface, and high SERS enhancement factors, Au/SBA-15 can also be expected to serve as simple and convenient-to-use substrates for SERS-based analysis of various analytes, besides 4-Mpy. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the synthesis of supported “naked” Au nanoparticles and their use as SERS substrate directly and without any further chemical modification.
ChemInform Abstract: CONVERSION OF PENICILLIN S‐OXIDES INTO CEPHALOSPORIN S‐OXIDES (1976)

Abstract Die Ringöffnung der Penicillin‐S‐oxide (I) und Behandlung der gebildeten Sul?nylbromide (II) mit Triäthylamin liefert die Cephalosporin‐S‐oxide (III).
Endurance Improvement of Ge2Sb2Te5-Based Phase Change Memory (2009)

We describe a cycling failure mode in Ge <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> Sb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> Te <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sub> -based phase change memory, based on density difference of GST in different phases and the SET/RESET thermal operations. Voids that develop and merge with each other within GST programming volume after cycling eventually lead to cell failure. By adding suitable amount of doping material into GST, we are able to delay this void formation process and to significantly improve the cell endurance to more than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">9</sup> cycles.
Engineered stem cell niche matrices for rotator cuff tendon regenerative engineering (2017)

Rotator cuff (RC) tears represent a large proportion of musculoskeletal injuries attended to at the clinic and thereby make RC repair surgeries one of the most widely performed musculoskeletal procedures. Despite the high incidence rate of RC tears, operative treatments have provided minimal functional gains and suffer from high re-tear rates. The hypocellular nature of tendon tissue poses a limited capacity for regeneration. In recent years, great strides have been made in the area of tendonogenesis and differentiation towards tendon cells due to a greater understanding of the tendon stem cell niche, development of advanced materials, improved scaffold fabrication techniques, and delineation of the phenotype development process. Though in vitro models for tendonogenesis have shown promising results, in vivo models have been less successful. The present work investigates structured matrices mimicking the tendon microenvironment as cell delivery vehicles in a rat RC tear model. RC injuries augmented with a matrix delivering rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) showed enhanced regeneration over suture repair alone or repair with augmentation, at 6 and 12-weeks post-surgery. The local delivery of rMSCs led to increased mechanical properties and improved tissue morphology. We hypothesize that the mesenchymal stem cells function to modulate the local immune and bioactivity environment through autocrine/paracrine and/or cell homing mechanisms. This study provides evidence for improved tendon healing with biomimetic matrices and delivered MSCs with the potential for translation to larger, clinical animal models. The enhanced regenerative healing response with stem cell delivering biomimetic matrices may represent a new treatment paradigm for massive RC tendon tears.
APODIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR SPURIOUS MODE SUPPRESSION IN 900 MHZ ALUMINUM NITRIDE CONTOUR-MODE RESONATORS (2012)

This paper reports, for the first time, on the application of apodization techniques to 900 MHz MEMS AlN Contour-Mode Resonators (CMRs [1]) to efficiently suppress spurious modes in close proximity of the main mechanical resonance. This concept has been applied with excellent results to a variety of one port resonators formed by patterned top electrodes made out of Aluminum, and a floating bottom electrode made out of Platinum sandwiching the AlN film. As also predicted by 3D COMSOL simulations, a complete elimination of spurious responses in the admittance plot of these resonators is attained without impacting their Q or electromechanical coupling coefficient, k t 2 .
Facilitation de l'infection lentivirale après vaccination dans un modèle félin du SIDA (2009)

National audience
XPS ANALYSIS OF METAL/OXIDE PILE AND CORRELATION BETWEEN BINDING ENERGY SHIFT AND PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL EFFECTS DUE TO DIFFERENT ANNEALING PROCESSES (2017)

International audience
Analysis of gene families encoding acidic and basic beta-1,3-glucanases of tobacco. (1990)

Healthy tobacco plants accumulate beta-1,3-glucanases (glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucosidase; EC 3.2.1.39) in their roots and in specific parts of the flowers. After infection with tobacco mosaic virus, acidic and basic beta-1,3-glucanases are induced in the inoculated and virus-free leaves of the plant. An analysis of cDNA clones demonstrated that at least five genes for acidic beta-1,3-glucanases are induced after tobacco mosaic virus infection. Southern blot analysis indicated that the tobacco genome contains approximately eight genes for acidic beta-1,3-glucanases and a smaller number of genes encoding basic beta-1,3-glucanases. Genes from both gene families were cloned and sequenced. The basic isozymes contain a C-terminal extension that is cleaved off during their targeting to the vacuoles. This extension is absent in the acidic isozymes, which accumulate extracellularly. Northern blot hybridization showed that genes encoding acidic and basic beta-1,3-glucanases are strongly induced after tobacco mosaic virus infection or salicylate treatment of tobacco. The cloning of these genes is a first step toward the identification of regulatory elements involved in their coordinate induction.
Experimental Investigation of Scaling Effect on Thermal Transport in Nanoscale Hotspots (2007)

This paper reports experimental investigation of the scaling effect on thermal transport in platinum nanoheaters deposited on a single crystalline silicon substrate. The size dependency of the thermal resistances of nanoheaters with dimensions from 5 μm down to 100 nm is experimentally obtained. Additional Joule heating and electrical resistance thermometry in heater/sensor pairs of various dimensions and spacing (100 nm to 400nm) are carried out in order to study the temperature distribution in the vicinity of these nanoheaters. The results of these two sets of measurements confirm that the thermal resistances of smaller nanoheaters are dominated by the interface resistance between the platinum and silicon substrate. Furthermore, analytical solutions of the BTE around a hot spot are used to evaluate and examine the significance of the localized heating or sub-continuum transport around a hotspot.
Successful Outcomes of 25- and 23-Gauge Vitrectomies for Giant Retinal Tear Detachments (2011)

Although the study had a short follow-up period, primary MIVS appears to be safe and feasible for giant retinal tear surgery.