gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of the CB1 Receptor Antagonists AM6545 and AM4113 on Insulin Resistance in a High-Fructose High-Salt Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome (2020)

<i>Background and Objectives:</i> Insulin resistance (IR) is a serious condition leading to development of diabetes and cardiovascular complications. Hyper-activation of cannabinoid receptors-1 (CB1) has been linked to the development of metabolic disorders such as IR. Therefore, the effect of blocking CB1 on the development of IR was investigated in the present study. <i>Materials and Methods:</i> A 12-week high-fructose/high-salt feeding model of metabolic syndrome was used to induce IR in male Wistar rats. For this purpose, two different CB1-antagonists were synthesized and administered to the rats during the final four weeks of the study, AM6545, the peripheral neutral antagonist and AM4113, the central neutral antagonist. <i>Results:</i> High-fructose/salt feeding for 12 weeks led to development of IR while both AM6545 and AM4113, administered in the last 4 weeks, significantly inhibited IR. This was correlated with increased animal body weight wherein both AM6545 and AM4113 decreased body weight in IR animals but with loss of IR/body weight correlation. While IR animals showed significant elevations in serum cholesterol and triglycerides with no direct correlation with IR, both AM6545 and AM4113 inhibited these elevations, with direct IR/cholesterol correlation in case of AM6545. IR animals had elevated serum uric acid, which was reduced by both AM6545 and AM4113. In addition, IR animals had decreased adiponectin levels and elevated liver TNFα content with strong IR/adiponectin and IR/TNFα correlations. AM6545 inhibited the decreased adiponectin and the increased TNFα levels and retained the strong IR/adiponectin correlation. However, AM4113 inhibited the decreased adiponectin and the increased TNFα levels, but with loss of IR/adiponectin and IR/TNFα correlations. <i>Conclusions:</i> Both CB1 neutral antagonists alleviated IR peripherally, and exerted similar effects on rats with metabolic syndrome. They also displayed anti-dyslipidemic, anti-hyperurecemic and anti-inflammatory effects. Overall, these results should assist in the development of CB1 neutral antagonists with improved safety profiles for managing metabolic disorders.
Tracking Strategy in Normal Subjects with Computer Generated Scotoma (1992)

Visual tracking experiments were conducted on five visually unimpaired subjects. During each of four 1 hour sessions, each subject was asked to track a computer generated target using their eyes only. The stimulus target occupied 0.2° of visual angle and moved horizontally through a range of ± 5°, in periodic sinusoidal and non-periodic patterns. Head stabilization was achieved with a head-rest and bite-bar. Horizontal eye movements were computer sampled at 500 samples/sec from the output of a limbus tracker, and vertical eye movements were sampled from the output of a video based pupil tracker (ISCAN). The first session was used to collect baseline tracking data from each subject. In each of the last three sessions, a software control algorithm allowed horizontal eye position to be utilized as a feedback signal, thus simulating experimenter designed central scotomas. These scotomas had the properties shown in the figure below, and were defined to have horizontal widths of ± 1°, ±2° and ±3° degrees. The vertical eye position data was used in conjunction with know cross-talk characteristics to identify and remove trials in which vertical eye position deviations corrupted the horizontal eye position measure.
Binding of viridans group streptococci to human platelets: a quantitative analysis (1990)

The binding of viridans group streptococci with human platelets was analyzed by two-color flow cytometry. Binding was detected within 15 s of mixing bacteria and platelets. At ratios of bacteria to platelets of 1:1, 10:1, 100:1, and 1,000:1, the percentages of bound streptococci (mean +/- standard deviation) were 93.2% +/- 5.4%, 80.0% +/- 8.6%, 39.8% +/- 11.1%, and 12.5% +/- 2.0%, respectively. Binding of labeled bacteria was reversed by adding a 500-fold excess of unlabeled streptococci. These results demonstrate that streptococcus-platelet binding is rapid, reversible, and saturable, which suggests a specific receptor-ligand interaction.
Silicon Nanocrystals and Silicon‐Polymer Hybrids: Synthesis, Surface Engineering, and Applications (2015)

Silicon nanocrystals (Si-NCs) are emerging as an attractive class of quantum dots owing to the natural abundance of silicon in the Earth's crust, their low toxicity compared to many Group II-VI and III-V based quantum dots, compatibility with the existing semiconductor industry infrastructure, and their unique optoelectronic properties. Despite these favorable qualities, Si-NCs have not received the same attention as Group II-VI and III-V quantum dots, because of their lower emission quantum yields, difficulties associated with synthesizing monodisperse particles, and oxidative instability. Recent advancements indicate the surface chemistry of Si-NCs plays a key role in determining many of their properties. This Review summarizes new reports related to engineering Si-NC surfaces, synthesis of Si-NC/polymer hybrids, and their applications in sensing, diodes, catalysis, and batteries.
<title>Simultaneous imaging and pH measurments with a single fiber optic imaging bundle</title> (1994)

The distal tip of a 350-micrometers imaging fiber comprised of thousands of 4- to 6-micrometers fibers is coated with a thin layer of pH sensitive material. Polymerization is initiated photochemically and is combined with spin coating techniques to yield a uniform coating of polyHEMA/fluorescein on the order of 10 micrometers thick. Performance data for this fiber demonstrates it is capable of simultaneous pH measurements and near-field imaging.
A retrospective study of the time to clinical endpoints for advanced prostate cancer (2005)

Authors from the National Cancer Institute present a study which assessed the time to androgen independence and overall survival for patients with metastatic prostate cancer. They reported a longer than expected survival with androgen‐independent prostate cancer, and make original observations on the time to metastatic disease for patients with no evidence of radiographic disease. The new wave of chemotherapeutic agents for hormone‐resistant prostate cancer has generated a new interest in producing more. Dr Cora Sternberg from Rome presents information on satraplatin, a third‐generation orally available platinum analogue that shares more structural similarities with cisplatin. There are several other papers in this section on prostate bladder and renal cancer, and finally a paper from London on penile cancer, asking what surgical resection margins are required to achieve oncological control, and finding that the traditional 2 cm margin may be unnecessary, with excision margins of only a few millimetres needed to give excellent control. OBJECTIVE To determine the natural history of patients with prostate cancer who start initial androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT) for biochemical failure with no radiographic evidence of disease (D0) or with radiographic metastatic disease (D2), as the history is either not well‐defined or is changing, and such data are critical for guiding therapy after prostate cancer recurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively assessed the time to androgen‐independence (AI), defined as the first sustained rise in prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level on ADT, time to metastatic disease and overall survival for 80 patients with metastatic prostate cancer in clinical trials at the National Cancer Institute. RESULTS ADT was initiated after metastatic disease in 37 patients and before metastatic disease in 43 patients; in these 43 patients, the median time to developing metastatic disease on ADT was 37.8 months. The median time to AI from the initiation of ADT was 19.3 and 13.1 months in D0 and D2 patients, respectively. The median overall survival from the start of ADT was 89.0 and 63.0 months, and the median overall survival from the time of AI was 63.1 and 44.2 months in D0 and D2 patients, respectively. These 80 patients, which included 43 who had no metastatic disease when starting ADT, had a median survival of 54.8 months after AI prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS We describe the natural history of AI prostate cancer in D0 patients who eventually developed metastasis, and in D2 patients. The results suggest a longer than expected survival with AI prostate cancer, and to our knowledge this is the first study to report the time to metastatic disease for D0 patients from ADT and from AI. These results can be used to help design clinical trials in patients with D0 prostate cancer.
ChemInform Abstract: The First Determination of Carbonyl Oxide Geometry. Effect of Ring Size on the Stereochemistry of Carbonyl Oxides from Ozonolysis of Cycloalkenes. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
An Augmented Two-Layer Model Captures Nonlinear Analog Spatial Integration Effects in Pyramidal Neuron Dendrites (2014)

In pursuit of the goal to understand and eventually reproduce the diverse functions of the brain, a key challenge lies in reverse engineering the peculiar biology-based "technology" that underlies the brain's remarkable ability to process and store information. The basic building block of the nervous system is the nerve cell, or "neuron," yet after more than 100 years of neurophysiological study and 60 years of modeling, the information processing functions of individual neurons, and the parameters that allow them to engage in so many different types of computation (sensory, motor, mnemonic, executive, etc.) remain poorly understood. In this paper, we review both historical and recent findings that have led to our current understanding of the analog spatial processing capabilities of dendrites, the major input structures of neurons, with a focus on the principal cell type of the neocortex and hippocampus, the pyramidal neuron (PN). We encapsulate our current understanding of PN dendritic integration in an abstract layered model whose spatially sensitive branch-subunits compute multidimensional sigmoidal functions. Unlike the 1-D sigmoids found in conventional neural network models, multidimensional sigmoids allow the cell to implement a rich spectrum of nonlinear modulation effects directly within their dendritic trees.
Cranberry proanthocyanidins composite electrospun nanofibers as a potential alternative for bacterial entrapment applications (2022)

The interaction between A-type interflavan bonds from cranberry proanthocyanidins (PAC) and surface virulence factors of extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) was studied. Electrospun nanofibers (ESNF) were fabricated using PAC and polycaprolactone (PCL) solutions and their physical and chemical properties were characterized. The ability of PAC:PCL composite ESNF to interact with and entrap ExPEC strain 5011 (ExPEC-5011) was evaluated in vitro by plate culturing and when formulated as a biofilter and nanocoating. As a biofilter, the PAC:PCL ESNF exhibited a dose-dependent ability to entrap ExPEC-5011. Images from scanning electron and fluorescent microscopies revealed that ESNF sections with higher amounts of PAC led to higher bacterial entrapment. The effectiveness PAC:PCL ESNF to bind ExPEC when applied as a nanocoating was studied using ESNF-coated polyvinyl chloride intermittent catheter. Results indicate that ExPEC-5011 was entrapped well into the PAC:PCL ESNF coating on the catheter. Overall, our results suggest that incorporating the biomolecule PAC in ESNF is a potential means for applications requiring bacterial entrapment, such as biofunctionalization, biofiltration, and surface coating, among others.
18.3 An Auto-Zero Stabilized Voltage Buffer with a Quiet Chopping Scheme and Constant Input Current (2019)

The readout of high-impedance sensors and sampled voltage references [1] requires amplifiers that can achieve both low offset and low input current. Recently, it has been shown that this unique combination can be achieved by an auto-zero (AZ) stabilized buffer [2]. However, its low-frequency noise density is √5 times higher than the buffer's own white-noise voltage spectral density en. Furthermore, its input current is not constant, but varies significantly with the input voltage. To overcome the first issue, a chopped AZ stabilization loop with an optimized duty-cycle is proposed to bring the low-frequency noise density close to √2·en, the fundamental limit of an AZ stabilized amplifier. The second issue is solved by replacing the transmission-gate input switches used in [2] with NMOS switches and a constant Vgs drive. This keeps their charge injection constant over a wide input voltage range, and results in a constant input current.
Quantitative Evaluation of Dopant Concentration in Shallow Silicon pn Junctions by Tunneling Current Mapping with Multimode Scanning Probe Microscopy (2012)

2012 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials,Quantitative Evaluation of Dopant Concentration in Shallow Silicon pn Junctions by Tunneling Current Mapping with Multimode Scanning Probe Microscopy
Multi-to-Single Knowledge Distillation for Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation (2023)

3D point cloud semantic segmentation is one of the fundamental tasks for environmental understanding. Although significant progress has been made in recent years, the performance of classes with few examples or few points is still far from satisfactory. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-to-single knowledge distillation framework for the 3D point cloud semantic segmentation task to boost the performance of those hard classes. Instead of fusing all the points of multi-scans directly, only the instances that belong to the previously defined hard classes are fused. To effectively and sufficiently distill valuable knowledge from multi-scans, we leverage a multilevel distillation framework, i.e., feature representation distillation, logit distillation, and affinity distillation. We further develop a novel instance-aware affinity distillation algorithm for capturing high-level structural knowledge to enhance the distillation efficacy for hard classes. Finally, we conduct experiments on the SemanticKITTI dataset, and the results on both the validation and test sets demonstrate that our method yields substantial improvements compared with the baseline method. The code is available at \Url{https://github.com/skyshoumeng/M2SKD}.
Forkscan (2017)

The problem of efficient concurrent memory reclamation in unmanaged languages such as C or C++ is one of the major challenges facing the parallelization of billions of lines of legacy code. Garbage collectors for C/C++ can be inefficient; thus, programmers are often forced to use finely-crafted concurrent memory reclamation techniques. These techniques can provide good performance, but require considerable programming effort to deploy, and have strict requirements, allowing the programmer very little room for error.
A Subexponential Quantum Algorithm for the Semidirect Discrete Logarithm Problem (2022)

Group-based cryptography is a relatively unexplored family in post-quantum cryptography, and the so-called Semidirect Discrete Logarithm Problem (SDLP) is one of its most central problems. However, the complexity of SDLP and its relationship to more well-known hardness problems, particularly with respect to its security against quantum adversaries, has not been well understood and was a significant open problem for researchers in this area. In this paper we give the first dedicated security analysis of SDLP. In particular, we provide a connection between SDLP and group actions, a context in which quantum subexponential algorithms are known to apply. We are therefore able to construct a subexponential quantum algorithm for solving SDLP, thereby classifying the complexity of SDLP and its relation to known computational problems.
Search for non-resonant Higgs boson pair production in the bbℓνℓν final state with the ATLAS detector in pp collisions at s=13 TeV (2019)

A search for non-resonant Higgs boson pair production, as predicted by the Standard Model, is presented, where one of the Higgs bosons decays via the H bb channel and the other via one of the H W W * /Z Z * / channels. The analysis selection requires events to have at least two b-tagged jets and exactly two leptons (electrons or muons) with opposite electric charge in the final state. Candidate events consistent with Higgs boson pair production are selected using a multi-class neural network discriminant. The analysis uses 139 fb -1 of pp collision data recorded at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. An observed (expected) upper limit of 1.2 (0.9 +0.4 -0.3 ) pb is set on the non-resonant Higgs boson pair production cross-section at 95% confidence level, which is equivalent to 40 (29 +14 -9 ) times the value predicted in the Standard Model.
Serum-Mediated Cleavage of Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen Is a Two-Step Process That Involves a Serum Carboxypeptidase (2018)

Much of our understanding of the activity of anthrax toxin is based on <i>in vitro</i> systems, which delineate the interaction between <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> toxins and the cell surface. However, these systems fail to account for the intimate association of <i>B. anthracis</i> with the circulatory system, including the contribution of serum proteins to the host response and processing of anthrax toxins. Using a variety of immunological techniques to inhibit serum processing of <i>B. anthracis</i> protective antigen (PA) along with mass spectrometry analysis, we demonstrate that serum digests PA via 2 distinct reactions. In the first reaction, serum cleaves PA<sub>83</sub> into 2 fragments to produce PA<sub>63</sub> and PA<sub>20</sub> fragments, similarly to that observed following furin digestion. This is followed by carboxypeptidase-mediated removal of the carboxy-terminal arginine and lysines from PA<sub>20</sub><b>IMPORTANCE</b> Our findings identify a serum-mediated modification of PA<sub>20</sub> that has not been previously described. These observations further imply that the processing of PA is more complex than currently thought. Additional study is needed to define the contribution of serum processing of PA to the host response and individual susceptibility to anthrax.
Cryopreserving Jewish Motherhood: Egg Freezing in Israel and the United States (2021)

Oocyte cryopreservation (i.e., egg freezing) is one of the newest forms of assisted reproduction and is increasingly being used primarily by two groups of women: (1) young cancer patients at risk of losing their fertility through cytotoxic chemotherapy (i.e., medical egg freezing); and (2) single professionals in their late 30s who are facing age-related fertility decline in the absence of reproductive partners (i.e., elective egg freezing). Based on a binational ethnographic study, this article examines the significance of egg freezing among Jewish women in Israel and the United States. As they face the Jewish maternal imperative, these women are turning to egg freezing to relieve both medical and marital uncertainties. In both secular and religious Jewish contexts, egg freezing is now becoming naturalized as acceptable and desirable precisely because it cryopreserves Jewish motherhood, keeping reproductive options open for Jewish women, and serving as a protective self-preservation technology within their pronatalist social environments.
WISDOM-DX: An Automatic DX Assessment System Using a QA System Based on Web Data (2023)

DX is a must for Japanese companies to cope with Japan's 2025 Digital Cliff. To promote DX initiatives, self-assessment is necessary to make their position recognized. However, conventional manual assessments have high costs, hindering their DX promotion. We noticed that progress in corporate DX can be reflected in the amount of related information on the Web, and there is no reported method of utilizing this relation for DX assessment. This paper proposes WISDOM-DX, a system that accumulates information on corporate activities on the Web using a question-answering system, and ranks companies regarding DX initiatives. We compared WISDOM-DX with two baselines Prize and Google. The precision of WISDOM-DX, Prize, and Google were 56.3%, 45.8%, and 22.9%, respectively. The rate of DX-related award winners or certified companies obtained by WISDOM-DX and Google were 91.7% and 64.6%, respectively. The Area Under the Precision-Recall curve (AUPR) of WISDOM-DX, Prize, and Google were 0.540, 0.359, and 0.181, respectively. An opinion survey showed 60.7% positive and 32.1% neutral responses regarding the agreeability of WISDOM-DX's rankings, and 46.4% positive and 39.3% neutral responses regarding the usefulness of WISDOM-DX. These results showed WISDOM-DX's promising performance and the prospect of automating large-scale assessment regarding corporate DX initiatives.
Induction of Antibodies in Guinea Pigs and Rhesus Monkeys against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope: Neutralization of Nonpathogenic and Pathogenic Primary Isolate Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Strains (2000)

We have compared the abilities of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope V3 peptides and recombinant gp120 to induce antibodies that neutralize simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs). SHIV-89.6 is a nonpathogenic SHIV that expresses the envelope protein of primary HIV-1 isolate 89.6. SHIV-89.6P, clone KB9, is a pathogenic SHIV variant derived from SHIV-89.6. Infection of rhesus monkeys with these SHIVs rarely induces anti-V3 region antibodies. To determine the availability of the gp120 V3 loop for neutralizing antibody binding on SHIV-89.6 and KB9 virions, we have constructed immunogenic C4-V3 peptides from these SHIVs and induced anti-V3 antibodies in guinea pigs and rhesus monkeys. We found that both SHIV-89.6 and KB9 C4-V3 peptides induced antibodies that neutralized SHIV-89.6 but that only SHIV-KB9 C4-V3 peptide induced antibodies that neutralized SHIV-KB9. Immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that SHIV-KB9 C4-V3 peptide-induced antibodies had a greater ability to bind SHIV-KB9 envelope proteins than did antibodies raised against SHIV-89.6 C4-V3 peptide. We have used a series of mutant HIV-1 envelope constructs to map the gp120 determinants that affect neutralization by anti-V3 antibodies. The residue change at position 305 of arginine (in SHIV-89.6) to glutamic acid (in SHIV-KB9) played a central role in determining the ability of peptide-induced anti-V3 antiserum to neutralize primary isolate SHIVs. Moreover, residue changes in the SHIV-89.6 V1/V2 loops also played roles in regulating the availability of the V3 neutralizing epitope on SHIV-89.6 and -KB9. Thus, SHIV-89.6 and -KB9 V3 region peptides are capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies against these primary isolate SHIVs, although the pathogenic SHIV-KB9 is less easily neutralized than its nonpathogenic variant SHIV-89.6. In contrast to natural infection with SHIV-89.6, in which few animals make anti-V3 antibodies, C4-V3 peptides frequently induced anti-V3 antibodies that neutralized primary isolate SHIV strains.