gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Caustic Soda Production, Energy Efficiency, and Electrolyzers (2021)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVViewpointNEXTCaustic Soda Production, Energy Efficiency, and ElectrolyzersAmit Kumar*Amit KumarDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States*Email: [email protected]More by Amit Kumarhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7807-3427, Fengmin DuFengmin DuDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United StatesLaboratory for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, SwitzerlandMore by Fengmin Duhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8164-7628, and John H. Lienhard V*John H. Lienhard VDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States*Email: [email protected]More by John H. Lienhard Vhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2901-0638Cite this: ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 6, 10, 3563–3566Publication Date (Web):September 15, 2021Publication History Received27 August 2021Published online15 September 2021Published inissue 8 October 2021https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01827Copyright © 2021 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1621Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Radiology,Electrodes,Membranes,Electrical energy,Selectivity Get e-Alerts
Training for Endurance and Strength (2006)

The classic work of Hickson demonstrated that training for both strength and endurance at the same time results in less adaptation compared with training for either one alone: this has been described as the concurrent training effect. Generally, resistance exercise results in an increase in muscle mass, and endurance exercise results in an increase in muscle capillary density, mitochondrial protein, fatty acid-oxidation enzymes, and more metabolically efficient forms of contractile and regulatory proteins. In the 25 yr since Hickson's initial description, there have been a number of important advances in the understanding of the molecular regulation of muscle's adaptation to exercise that may enable explanation of this phenomenon at the molecular level. As will be described in depth in the following four papers, two serine/threonine protein kinases in particular play a particularly important role in this process. Protein kinase B/Akt can both activate protein synthesis and decrease protein breakdown, thus leading to hypertrophy, and AMP-activated protein kinase can increase mitochondrial protein, glucose transport, and a number of other factors that result in an endurance phenotype. Not only are PKB and AMPK central to the generation of the resistance and endurance phenotypes, they also block each other's downstream signaling. The consequence of these interactions is a direct molecular blockade hindering the development of the concurrent training phenotype. A better understanding of the activation of these molecular pathways after exercise and how they interact will allow development of better training programs to maximize both strength and endurance.
Explainable AI in Industry: Practical Challenges and Lessons Learned (2020)

Artificial Intelligence is increasingly playing an integral role in determining our day-to-day experiences. Moreover, with the proliferation of AI based solutions in areas such as hiring, lending, criminal justice, healthcare, and education, the resulting personal and professional implications of AI have become far-reaching. The dominant role played by AI models in these domains has led to a growing concern regarding potential bias in these models, and a demand for model transparency and interpretability [11]. Model explainability is considered a prerequisite for building trust and adoption of AI systems in high stakes domains such as lending and healthcare [1] which require reliability, safety, and fairness. It is also critical to automated transportation, and other industrial applications with significant socio-economic implications such as predictive maintenance, exploration of natural resources, and climate change modeling.
Impact of self-and cross-phase modulation on highly efficient discrete Raman amplifier for 10-Gb/s 100-GHz-spaced WDM transmission (2005)

We investigate the nonlinear penalty caused by self- and cross-phase modulation in highly efficient discrete Raman amplifiers with different dispersion coefficient by using 40×10Gb/s, 100GHz-spaced L-band WDM signals for non-dispersion-compensated 1000-ps/nm transmission.
Experimental Performance of a Continuously Tunable 40-GHz Complex Weight Optical FIR Filter using Wavelength Conversion and Chromatic Dispersion (2011)

We experimentally demonstrate a tunable and reconfigurable optical complex weight finite impulse response filter using conversion dispersion based delays with optical multicasting and multiplexing. Tuning capabilities of the filter tap amplitudes (0-10 dB), phases (0-2π) and free spectral rage (~27 and 40 GHz) are experimentally demonstrated showing close agreement with theory.
Secreted Listeria adhesion protein (Lap) influences Lap-mediated Listeria monocytogenes paracellular translocation through epithelial barrier (2013)

This study revealed that secreted Lap is an important determinant in Lap-mediated L. monocytogenes translocation through paracellular route and may serve as an indicator for pathogenic potential of an isolate.
Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Diazepam (Valium) (2014)

Diazepam (Valium) is among the most successful drugs from the onset of the psychopharmacological revolution that began during the 1950s. Efficacious in treating a wide-spectrum of CNS disorders, including anxiety and epilepsy, it set the standard for pharmacotherapy in terms of potency, onset of action, and safety. In this Review, the legacy of diazepam to chemical neuroscience will be considered along with its synthesis, pharmacology, drug metabolism, adverse events and dependence, clinical use, and regulatory issues.
Synchronization and Calibration of a Camera Network for 3D Event Reconstruction from Live Video (2005)

We present an approach for automatic reconstruction of a dynamic event using multiple video cameras recording from different viewpoints. Our approach recovers all the necessary information by analyzing the motion of the silhouettes in the multiple video streams. The first step consists of computing the calibration and synchronization for pairs of cameras. We compute the temporal offset and epipolar geometry using an efficient RANSAC-based algorithm to search for the epipoles as well as for robustness. In the next stage the calibration and synchronization for the complete camera network is recovered and then refined through maximum likelihood estimation. Finally, a visual hull algorithm is used to the recover the dynamic shape of the observed object.
Vitamin D Deficiency in the Urological Population: A Single Center Analysis (2011)

Vitamin D deficiency is extremely common in urological patients at a major urban medical center. Urologists should consider recommending appropriate supplementation during the initial assessment of all patients.
Novel CSMA scheme for DS-UWB ad-hoc network with variable spreading factor (2004)

A novel carrier-sense multiple-access (CSMA) scheme for a UWB ad-hoc network is proposed and evaluated. UWB is a kind of spread spectrum communication and it is possible to detect the distance between the nodes. With this positioning capability of the UWB systems, a DS-CDMA (DS-UWB) scheme with variable spreading factor is used. A novel CSMA scheme that employs the correlation of the spreading code is proposed.
Immune response and long-term clinical outcome in advanced melanoma patients vaccinated with tumor-mRNA-transfected dendritic cells (2016)

The most effective anticancer immune responses are probably directed against patient-specific neoantigens. We have developed a melanoma vaccine targeting this individual mutanome based on dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with autologous tumor-mRNA. Here, we report a phase I/II trial evaluating toxicity, immune response and clinical outcome in 31 metastatic melanoma patients. The first cohort (n = 22) received the vaccine without any adjuvant; the next cohort (n = 9) received adjuvant IL2. Each subject received four weekly intranodal or intradermal injections, followed by optional monthly vaccines. Immune response was evaluated by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), T cell proliferation and cytokine assays. Data were collected for 10 y after inclusion of the last patient. No serious adverse events were detected. In the intention-to-treat-cohort, we demonstrated significantly superior survival compared to matched controls from a benchmark meta-analysis (1 y survival 43% vs. 24%, 2 y 23% vs. 6.6%). A tumor-specific immune response was demonstrated in 16/31 patients. The response rate was higher after intradermal than intranodal vaccination (80% vs. 38%). Immune responders had improved survival compared to non-responders (median 14 mo vs. 6 mo; <i>p</i> = 0.030), and all eight patients surviving >20 mo were immune responders. In addition to the tumor-specific response, most patients developed a response against autologous DC antigens. The cytokine profile was polyfunctional and did not follow a Th1/Th2 dichotomy. We conclude that the favorable safety profile and evidence of a possible survival benefit warrant further studies of the RNA/DC vaccine. The vaccine appears insufficient as monotherapy, but there is a strong rationale for combination with checkpoint modulators.
Per-face texture mapping for real-time rendering (2011)

Texture unwrapping is a nearly ubiquitous step in texture mapping, and serves two important purposes: (1) it indicates where to sample texture across each face and (2) it allows artistic freedom to "trade" texels from low importance areas to high importance areas. Unfortunately, texture unwrapping is time-consuming and automated tools generally produce inferior results to those of a skilled artist. Additionally, even the best unwraps suffer from seams, which cause lighting discontinuities at best and surface discontinuities at worst.
Pulse design for joint optimization of semisolid saturation and free water rotation (2023)

In MT imaging, particularly at ultra-high field, results can be influenced by spatial variations in both (1) on-resonance flip angle and (2) RF saturation specified by B 1 rms including on- and off-resonance contributions. Conventional pulse design with parallel transmission focuses on homogenizing flip angle (&amp;alpha;) distributions but does not explicitly account for B 1 rms distribution. In this work we propose a generalized pulse design framework that considers both &amp;alpha; and B 1 rms and apply it to achieve uniform excitation and saturation at the same time. Performance is confirmed in phantom experiments at 7T, resulting in more uniform MTR compared to conventionally-designed pulses.
Properties of Multifunctional Hybrid Carbon Nanotube/Carbon Fiber Polymer Matrix Composites (2016)

For aircraft primary structures, carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites possess many advantages over conventional aluminum alloys due to their light weight, higher strength- and stiffness-to-weight ratios, and low life-cycle maintenance costs. However, the relatively low electrical and thermal conductivities of CFRP composites fail to provide structural safety in certain operational conditions such as lightning strikes. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) offer the potential to enhance the multi-functionality of composites with improved thermal and electrical conductivity. In this study, hybrid CNT/carbon fiber (CF) polymer composites were fabricated by interleaving layers of CNT sheets with Hexcel IM7/8852 prepreg. Resin concentrations from 1 wt% to 50 wt% were used to infuse the CNT sheets prior to composite fabrication. The interlaminar properties of the resulting hybrid composites were characterized by mode I and II fracture toughness testing. Fractographical analysis was performed to study the effect of resin concentration. In addition, multi-directional physical properties like thermal conductivity of the orthotropic hybrid polymer composite were evaluated.
The importance of the Rcs phosphorelay in the survival and pathogenesis of the enteropathogenic yersiniae (2008)

The human-pathogenic yersiniae represent an ideal species group to study the evolution of highly virulent bacteria, with Yersinia pestis having emerged from the enteropathogen Y. pseudotuberculosis an estimated 20 000 years ago. Sequence data reveal that the Y. pestis genome is in the early stages of decay and contains hundreds of non-functioning pseudogenes, some of which may be important in the enteric lifestyle of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Bioinformatic analysis of pseudogenes from seven Y. pestis genome sequences identified rcsD as a gene disrupted early in the evolution of this organism. This phosphotransfer protein is part the of the Rcs phosphorelay, a two-component system present in the Enterobacteriaceae which has been shown to regulate the expression of capsular polysaccharide and other virulence determinants in several species including Escherichia coli and Salmonella. Using microarray analysis, we determined that the Y. pseudotuberculosis Rcs phosphorelay regulates the expression of 136 coding sequences, of which 60 % are predicted to affect the cell envelope. Several putative virulence determinants were identified as being regulated by this phosphorelay, along with proteins involved in biofilm formation, motility, mammalian cell adhesion and stress survival. Phenotypic assays on defined mutants confirmed a role for the phosphorelay in these processes in both Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica.
P2 purinoceptor localization along rat nephron and evidence suggesting existence of subtypes P2Y1and P2Y2 (1998)

Effects of extracellular ATP on intracellular free calcium concentration([Ca2+]i) were examined in rat single nephron segments using the fura 2-AM. ATP (10 ¿M) induced a significant transient increase in [Ca2+]i in the glomerulus, the early proximal convoluted tubule (S1), the cortical collecting tubule (CCT), and the outer medullary collecting tubule (OMCT). The magnitude of the response was the greatest in the OMCT among four segments. ATP induced an increase in the [Ca2+]i in a dose-dependent manner in S1 and OMCT. In the OMCT, ATP caused a biphasic increase in [Ca2+]i consisting of an initial rapid rise and a sustained phase. Removal of calcium from the medium resulted in an attenuation of the sustained phase of [Ca2+]i and an approximately 30% reduction in the height of the initial [Ca2+]i peak in response to 10 ¿M ATP. Effects of ATP, its analogs, and its metabolites were tested in the S1 and OMCT. ATP, 2-methylthio-ATP (2-MeS-ATP), ADP, and UTP increased [Ca2+]i dose dependently. AMP and adenosine did not affect [Ca2+]i in the S1 and OMCT. The ATP- or 2-MeS-ATP-induced [Ca2+]i increase was inhibited by the pretreatment of the S1 and OMCT with suramin or reactive blue 2. Neomycin, a phospholipase C inhibitor, attenuated the ATP-induced [Ca2+]i increase. To investigate the hormonelike action of ATP in OMCT, a heterologous cross desensitization was performed. The pretreatment of OMCT with ATP inhibited increases in vasopressin-, ANG II-, endothelin-1-, or bradykinin-induced[Ca2+]i increase. These findings suggest that ATP might affect the above peptidyl agonist-activated calcium mobilizations.
A review of the causes of central pontine myelinosis: yet another apoptotic illness? (2001)

One of the well recognized stimuli for central pontine myelinosis (CPM) is the rapid correction of chronic hyponatraemia. Conventionally this has been perceived to lead to pontine glial cell swelling through osmosis and eventually to cell death. However, although a purely osmotic argument has been central to any patho-physiological understanding of CPM, there are deficiencies in this approach that do not account for why certain individuals develop CPM with relatively mild osmotic insults. Here we review the varying aetiologies of CPM and propose a novel hypothesis for CPM causation by suggesting that individuals predisposed to CPM have inadequate energy provision as well as other factors that result in a pro-apoptotic drive, which renders them susceptible to brain injury from diverse causes. In CPM, the precipitant of brain injury appears to be osmotic stress. Furthermore, this model suggests a number of therapeutic interventions that may prevent or at least mitigate the consequences of CPM.
Self‐Assembled Organic Microtubes from Amphiphilic Molecules (2008)

Getting the sizes sorted out: In recent years, there have been increasing numbers of reports about self-assembled nano- or microtubular structures because of their potential uses in a variety of technical applications, which are largely determined by the tube sizes. This Focus Review highlights microsized self-assembled organic tubular structures formed in aqueous solutions and organic solvents. In recent years, there have been increasing numbers of reports about self-assembled nano- or microtubular structures, because they have potential uses in nanofabrication, purification, medical, and encapsulation applications. A wide range of tubular structures have been constructed by the self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules in aqueous solution or organic solvents. The diameters of self-assembled tubular structures range between 10 nm and 30 mum. One of the most important factors that determine their suitability for technical applications is the size of the tubes. Therefore, analyzing and sorting tubular structures according to their size is essential. This Focus Review highlights microsized self-assembled organic tubular structures formed in aqueous solutions and organic solvents.
A Structural Model for the Ternary Cleavable Complex Formed between Human Topoisomerase I, DNA, and Camptothecin (2001)

Using the X-ray crystal structure of the human topoisomerase I (TOP1)-DNA cleavable complex, we have developed a general model for the ternary drug-DNA-TOP1 cleavable complex formed with camptothecin (CPT) and its analogues. This model has the drug intercalated between the -1 and +1 base pairs, with the E-ring pointing into the minor groove and the A-ring directed toward the major groove. The ternary complex is stabilized by an array of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions between the drug and both the enzyme and the DNA. Significantly, the proposed model is consistent with the current body of experimental mutation, cross-linking, and structure-activity data. In addition, the model reveals potential sites of interaction that can provide a rational basis for the design of next generation compounds as well as for de novo drug design.
Ultra-sensitive graphene strain sensor for sound signal acquisition and recognition (2015)

A wearable and high-precision sensor for sound signal acquisition and recognition was fabricated from thin films of specially designed graphene woven fabrics (GWFs). Upon being stretched, a high density of random cracks appears in the network, which decreases the current pathways, thereby increasing the resistance. Therefore, the film could act as a strain sensor on the human throat in order to measure one’s speech through muscle movement, regardless of whether or not a sound is produced. The ultra-high sensitivity allows for the realization of rapid and low-frequency speech sampling by extracting the signature characteristics of sound waves. In this study, representative signals of 26 English letters, typical Chinese characters and tones, and even phrases and sentences were tested, revealing obvious and characteristic changes in resistance. Furthermore, resistance changes of the graphene sensor responded perfectly with pre-recorded sounds. By combining artificial intelligence with digital signal processing, we expect that, in the future, this graphene sensor will be able to successfully negotiate complex acoustic systems and large quantities of audio data.
Toughening with Little Stiffness Loss:  Polyamide Filled with ABC Triblock Copolymers (2006)

In semicrystalline polymers, important toughening is obtained with dispersions of rubber particles. However, adding rubber most often induces a substantial loss in elastic modulus. In the present study, we investigate how to avoid such softening by using ABC triblock copolymers with low rubber content. A polyamide-12 matrix is toughened with polystyrene-block-polybutadiene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (SBM) triblock copolymers containing less than 40 wt % of rubber. We compare the mechanical properties of such systems to those of polyamide-12 toughened with pure reactive rubber. Impact properties are characterized by instrumented Charpy testing and post-mortem observations of crack surfaces. We report that dispersions of 10−20 wt % of SBM improve remarkably the impact strength, even at low temperature, without altering the elastic modulus of the polyamide matrix. Microscopic observations suggest that the large differences in impact strength between pure rubber and SBM-filled polyamide arise from differences in particle size and cavitation stress. Three-point bending measurements and dynamic mechanical analysis show that the high modulus of polyamide toughened with SBM is directly related to the low rubber content of the SBM copolymer and that softening also seems to be attenuated by the presence of hard glassy domains of S and M acting as stiffening agents.
Coupling dTTP hydrolysis with DNA unwinding by the helicase of bacteriophage T7 (2011)

The functional form of the DNA helicase encoded by bacteriophage T7 is a hexamer of six identical subunits. The helicase couples the hydrolysis of dTTP to unidirectional translocation and unwinding of DNA. The nucleotide binding site of the helicase is located at the subunit interface. In a crystallographic structure of the T7 helicase with bound nucleoside 5′‐triphosphate, Phe523 positioned in a beta‐hairpin loop at the sub‐unit interface is buried within the interface. However, in the unbound state, Phe523 is more exposed towards the outer surface of the helicase. This different orientation suggests that Phe523 and the associated beta‐hairpin loop may undergo a conformational change coupled with nucleotide hydrolysis. Replacement of Phe523 with alanine or valine abolishes the ability of the helicase to unwind DNA and to stimulate T7 polymerase activity on double‐stranded DNA. Genetic and biochemical experiments indicate that a hydrophobic residue with longer side chains is essential at this position. In addition, Phe523 appears to play a critical role in coupling the hydrolysis of dTTP to DNA unwinding. We postulate that upon dTTP hydrolysis, Phe523 moves from within the sub‐unit interface to a more exposed position where it may intercalate into double stranded DNA to facilitate DNA unwinding by the helicase. Results from this study support the strand exclusion mechanism of DNA unwinding by ring helicases.