gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
One-sided Frank-Wolfe algorithms for saddle problems (2021)

We study a class of convex-concave saddle-point problems of the form $\min_x\max_y \langle Kx,y\rangle+f_{\cal{P}}(x)-h^\ast(y)$ where $K$ is a linear operator, $f_{\cal{P}}$ is the sum of a convex function $f$ with a Lipschitz-continuous gradient and the indicator function of a bounded convex polytope $\cal{P}$, and $h^\ast$ is a convex (possibly nonsmooth) function. Such problem arises, for example, as a Lagrangian relaxation of various discrete optimization problems. Our main assumptions are the existence of an efficient linear minimization oracle ($lmo$) for $f_{\cal{P}}$ and an efficient proximal map for $h^*$ which motivate the solution via a blend of proximal primal-dual algorithms and Frank-Wolfe algorithms. In case $h^*$ is the indicator function of a linear constraint and function $f$ is quadratic, we show a $O(1/n^2)$ convergence rate on the dual objective, requiring $O(n \log n)$ calls of $lmo$. If the problem comes from the constrained optimization problem $\min_{x\in\mathbb R^d}\{f_{\cal{P}}(x)\:|\:Ax-b=0\}$ then we additionally get bound $O(1/n^2)$ both on the primal gap and on the infeasibility gap. In the most general case, we show a $O(1/n)$ convergence rate of the primal-dual gap again requiring $O(n\log n)$ calls of $lmo$. To the best of our knowledge, this improves on the known convergence rates for the considered class of saddle-point problems. We show applications to labeling problems frequently appearing in machine learning and computer vision.
Presynaptic inhibition of synaptic transmission in the rat hippocampus by activation of muscarinic receptors: involvement of presynaptic calcium influx (1997)

Modulation of presynaptic voltage‐dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) by muscarinic receptors at the CA3–CA1 synapse of rat hippocampal slices was investigated by using the calcium indicator fura‐2. Stimulation‐evoked presynaptic calcium transients ([Ca pre ] t ) and field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fe.p.s.ps) were simultaneously recorded. The relationship between presynaptic calcium influx and synaptic transmission was studied. Activation of muscarinic receptors inhibited [Ca pre ] t , thereby reducing synaptic transmission. Carbachol (CCh, 10 μ M ) inhibited [Ca pre ] t by 35% and reduced fe.p.s.p. by 85%. The inhibition was completely antagonized by 1 μ M atropine. An approximate 4 th power relationship was found between presynaptic calcium influx and postsynaptic responses. Application of the N‐type VDCC‐blocking peptide toxin ω‐conotoxin GVIA (ω‐CTx GVIA, 1 μ M ) inhibited [Ca pre ] t and fe.p.s.ps by 21% and 49%, respectively, while the P/Q‐type VDCC blocker ω‐agatoxin IVA (ω‐Aga IVA, 1 μ M ) reduced [Ca pre ] t and fe.p.s.ps by 35% and 85%, respectively. Muscarinic receptor activation differentially inhibited distinct presynaptic VDCCs. ω‐CTx GVIA‐sensitive calcium channels were inhibited by muscarinic receptors, while ω‐Aga IVA‐sensitive channels were not. The percentage inhibition of ω‐CTx GVIA‐sensitive [Ca pre ] t was about 63%. Muscarinic receptors inhibited presynaptic VDCCs in a way similar to adenosine (Ad) receptors. The percentage inhibition of ω‐CTx GVIA‐sensitive [Ca pre ] t by Ad (100 μ M ) was about 59%. There was no significant inhibition of ω‐Aga IVA‐sensitive channels by Ad. The inhibitions of [Ca pre ] t by CCh and Ad were mutually occlusive. These results indicate that inhibition of synaptic transmission by muscarinic receptors is mainly the consequence of a reduction of the [Ca pre ] t due to inhibition of presynaptic VDCCs. British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 122 , 511–519; doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701400
Ruthenium Catalyzed Decarbonylative Arylation at sp3 Carbon Centers in Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Heterocycles (2007)

This paper describes the development of a new catalytic transformation, the ruthenium-catalyzed decarbonylative arylation of cyclic 2-amino esters, which replaces the ester group with an aryl ring at the sp3 carbon center. For example, proline ester amidine 1 is converted to 2-arylpyrrolidine 3 in the presence of arylboronic acids or esters as arene donors and Ru(3)(CO)(12) as the catalyst. This process provides a rapid access to a variety of 2-arylpyrrolidines and piperidines from commercially available proline, hydroxyproline, and pipecolinate esters. The examination of the substrate scope also showed that many arene boronic acids and boronate esters serve as coupling partners. The high chemoselectivity of this process was demonstrated and ascribed to the significant rate difference between the decarbonylative arylation and the C-H arylation. The decarbonylative arylation complements the C-H arylation, since the latter process lacks control over the extent of functionalization, affording a mixture of mono- and bis-arylpyrrolidines. When applied in tandem, these two processes provide 2,5-diarylpyrrolidines in two steps from the corresponding proline esters. It was also demonstrated that the required amidine or iminocarbamate directing group fulfills two major functions: first, it is essential for the ester activation step, which occurs via the coordination-assisted metal insertion into the acyl C-O bond; second, it facilitates the decarbonylation, via the stabilization of a metallacycle intermediate, assuring the formation of the 2-arylated products instead of the corresponding ketones observed before by others.
Dispersion and distribution of titanium species bound to silica from titanium tetrachloride (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDispersion and distribution of titanium species bound to silica from titanium tetrachlorideSuvi Haukka, Eeva Liisa Lakomaa, Olli Jylha, Juha Vilhunen, and Seppo HornytzkyjCite this: Langmuir 1993, 9, 12, 3497–3506Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la00036a026https://doi.org/10.1021/la00036a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views539Altmetric-Citations114LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Sorbate Transport in Carbon Molecular Sieve Membranes and FAU/EMT Intergrowth by Diffusion NMR (2012)

In this paper we present and discuss selected results of our recent studies of sorbate self-diffusion in microporous materials. The main focus is given to transport properties of carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes as well as of the intergrowth of FAU-type and EMT-type zeolites. CMS membranes show promise for applications in separations of mixtures of small gas molecules, while FAU/EMT intergrowth can be used as an active and selective cracking catalyst. For both types of applications diffusion of guest molecules in the micropore networks of these materials is expected to play an important role. Diffusion studies were performed by a pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR technique that combines advantages of high field (17.6 T) NMR and high magnetic field gradients (up to 30 T/m). This technique has been recently introduced at the University of Florida in collaboration with the National Magnet Lab. In addition to a more conventional proton PFG NMR, also carbon-13 PFG NMR was used.
New Insights into Diuretic Use in Patients with Chronic Renal Disease (2002)

Patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) or the nephrotic syndrome frequently manifest diuretic resistance. Factors limiting diuretic responsiveness in patients with CRI may include a reduced basal level of fractional Na(+) reabsorption that places an upper limit on diuretic response, and enhanced NaCl reabsorption in downstream segments, combined with a reduced delivery of diuretic to the kidney. Diuretics are secreted by the recently characterized organic anion transporters (OATs), which are expressed in proximal tubule cells. Secretion may be inhibited by retained organic anions, urate, or acidosis. These limitations necessitate an increased diuretic dosage, up to a defined ceiling level, and consideration of the use of a nonrenally metabolized loop diuretic rather than furosemide. Diuretic responsiveness in patients with the nephrotic syndrome is limited by avid Na(+) reabsorption by the terminal nephron. Experimental studies have shown that a reduced serum albumin concentration can increase the volume of distribution of loop diuretics, reduce their tubular secretion, and enhance the inactivation of furosemide within the kidney by glucuronidization. Binding of loop diuretics can curtail their action in the loop of Henle. Recent clinical investigations have challenged the importance of some of these mechanisms that were identified in animal models. Strategies to improve loop diuretic responsiveness include increasing diuretic dosage, concurrent use of a thiazide diuretic to inhibit downstream NaCl reabsorption and attempts to maximally reduce albumin excretion. Strategies to limit albumin excretion include the use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker and appropriate limitation of protein intake. These measures are more logical, effective, and less expensive than infusion of albumin solutions.
Inflammatory response of endothelial cells to a human endogenous retrovirus associated with multiple sclerosis is mediated by TLR4 (2015)

The MSRV (multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus) belongs to the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-W family. The envelope protein originating from the MSRV has been found in most patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). This protein (Env-ms) has pro-inflammatory properties for several types of immune cells and could therefore play a role in MS pathogenesis by promoting the leukocyte diapedesis observed in the central nervous system of patients. Our study aims to analyze the effects of Env-ms on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) at a molecular and functional level. We demonstrate that the recombinant MSRV envelope is able to stimulate several inflammatory parameters in a human BBB in vitro model, the HCMEC/D3 brain endothelial cell line. Indeed, Env-ms induces over-expression of ICAM-1, a major mediator of leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, in a dose-dependent manner as well as a strong dose-dependent production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. Furthermore, using a silencing approach with siRNAs, we show that Env-ms is recognized via the Toll-like receptor 4 receptor, a pattern recognition receptor of innate immunity present on endothelial cells. We also show, using functional assays, that treatment of brain endothelial cells with Env-ms significantly stimulated the adhesion and the transmigration of activated immune cells through a monolayer of endothelial cells. These findings support the hypothesis that MSRV could be involved in the pathogenesis of MS disease or at least in maintenance of inflammatory conditions, thus fueling the auto-immune disorder. MSRV could also play a role in other chronic inflammatory diseases.
Ionic Liquid-Enabled Topical Delivery of Immunomodulators (2021)

Skin is one of the most immunologically active organs of the body due to the presence of diverse immune cells and its active involvement in the innate and adaptive immunity. Because of its unique location and immunological role, skin offers an excellent site for the introduction of immunomodulators to synergize with the active immune microenviroment for the desired outcome. However, delivery of immunomodulators to the skin remains a significant challenge due to the skin's barrier properties. Here, we report an ionic liquid (IL)-based strategy to formulate and deliver immunomodulators to the skin. Using imiquimod (IMQ) and triamcinolone acetonide (TCA) as the respective model immunoactive and immunosuppressive drugs, we demonstrated that ILs significantly enhanced the solubility of immunomodulators. In addition, ILs enabled the formulation of the immunomodulators into stable, topically applicable forms. Our <i>ex vivo</i> skin penetration studies revealed that the IL formulations outperformed respective commercial topical comparators and delivered significantly more immunomodulators to deep skin layers. The lead IMQ formulation exhibited >10-fold better efficacy in delivering IMQ to the deep skin layers as compared to the commercial 5% IMQ cream. Lead TCA formulations achieved a dose level in deep skin layers that is comparable to that by clinically used intralesional injections. Our data collectively suggest that the IL-based strategy can be a simple and effective platform for delivery of immunomodulators to the skin.
Essai de conception d'un modèle de prévision contre la cloque du pêcher (1995)

&mdash; La cloque du pcher est une des principales maladies de l'espce. Elle est cause par le champignon Taphrina deformans, et elle svit dans de nombreuses rgions tempres du monde. La maladie est monocyclique et une infection des tissus foliaires en dveloppement est ncessaire son initiation au printemps. Une premire tentati- ve de prvision du niveau de risque quotidien est prsente. Le modle runit des donnes publies antrieurement, ainsi que des donnes exprimentales obtenues dans notre laboratoire compltes par des observations rcoltes dans les vergers d'une ferme exprimentale. Le modle a t calibr jusqu' l'obtention d'une corrlation modre mais significative : R 2 &ap; 0,62, p < 0,000 1, n = 372 arbres, l'aide d'observations effectues pendant les printemps 1990 et 1991. Il a ensuite t vrifi face aux observations du printemps 1992, avec des rsultats semblables : R 2 = 0,58, p < 0,000 1, n = 339 arbres. Certains aspects du modle se sont rvls satisfaisants l'analyse : la dure de la priode de sensibilit des arbres, les prcipitations requises et l'influence de la temprature. D'autres aspects exigent une tude supplmentaire : la sensibilit varitale et l'influence de la rpartition antrieure de la maladie. L'amlioration du modle et son application dans des exploitations commerciales dpendent de la possibilit d'infection sous condi- tions climatiques entirement contrles.
Analytical Perspective for Bound States in the Continuum in Photonic Crystal Slabs (2014)

We investigate the formation of photonic bound states in the continuum (BICs) in photonic crystal slabs from an analytical perspective. Unlike the stationary at-Γ BICs which originate from the geometric symmetry, the tunable off-Γ BICs are due to the weighted destructive via the continuum interference in the vicinity of accidental symmetry when the majority of the radiation is precanceled. The symmetric compatible nature of the off-Γ BICs leads to a trapping of light that can be tuned through continuously varying the wave vector. With the analytical approach, we explain a reported experiment and predict the existence of a new BIC at an unrevealed symmetry.
Nitriles from Ketones: Cyclohexanecarbonitrile (2003)

Abstract Nitriles from ketones: cyclohexanecarbonitrile intermediate: Methyl 2‐(1‐ cyanocyclohexyl)hydrazine carboxylate (1) intermediate: Methyl 2‐(1‐ cyancyclohexyl)diaxenecarboxylate (2) product: cyclohexanecarbonitrile (3)
Web derived pronunciations for spoken term detection (2009)

Indexing and retrieval of speech content in various forms such as broadcast news, customer care data and on-line media has gained a lot of interest for a wide range of applications, from customer analytics to on-line media search. For most retrieval applications, the speech content is typically first converted to a lexical or phonetic representation using automatic speech recognition (ASR). The first step in searching through indexes built on these representations is the generation of pronunciations for named entities and foreign language query terms. This paper summarizes the results of the work conducted during the 2008 JHU Summer Workshop by the Multilingual Spoken Term Detection team, on mining the web for pronunciations and analyzing their impact on spoken term detection. We will first present methods to use the vast amount of pronunciation information available on the Web, in the form of IPA and ad-hoc transcriptions. We describe techniques for extracting candidate pronunciations from Web pages and associating them with orthographic words, filtering out poorly extracted pronunciations, normalizing IPA pronunciations to better conform to a common transcription standard, and generating phonemic representations from ad-hoc transcriptions. We then present an analysis of the effectiveness of using these pronunciations to represent Out-Of-Vocabulary (OOV) query terms on the performance of a spoken term detection (STD) system. We will provide comparisons of Web pronunciations against automated techniques for pronunciation generation as well as pronunciations generated by human experts. Our results cover a range of speech indexes based on lattices, confusion networks and one-best transcriptions at both word and word fragments levels.
Scalable kernel-based learning via low-rank approximation of lifted data (2017)

Despite their well-documented capability in modeling nonlinear functions, kernel methods fall short in large-scale learning tasks due to their excess memory and computational requirements. The present work introduces a novel kernel approximation approach from a dimensionality reduction point of view on virtual lifted data. The proposed framework accommodates feature extraction while considering limited storage and computational availability, and subsequently provides kernel approximation by a linear inner-product over the extracted features. Probabilistic guarantees on the generalization of the proposed task is provided, and efficient solvers with provable convergence guarantees are developed. By introducing a sampling step which precedes the dimensionality reduction task, the framework is further broadened to accommodate learning over large datasets. The connection between the novel method and Nystrom kernel approximation algorithm with its modifications is also presented. Empirical tests validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Novel Mutation in the TIMP3 Gene Causes Sorsby Fundus Dystrophy (2002)

The molecular clarification of inherited retinal degeneration involving abnormal extracellular matrix turnover in and around Bruch's membrane should provide clues to the pathogenesis of not only these particular diseases but also forms of age-related macular degeneration.
Analysis of image quality for laser display scanner test (2009)

The scanning laser display technology is one of the most promising technologies for highly integrated projection display applications (e. g. in PDAs, mobile phones or head mounted displays) due to its advantages regarding image quality, miniaturization level and low cost potential. As a couple of research teams found during their investigations on laser scanning projections systems, the image quality of such systems is - beside from laser source and video signal processing - crucially determined by the scan engine, including MEMS scanner, driving electronics, scanning regime and synchronization. Even though a number of technical parameters can be measured with high accuracy, the test procedure is challenging because the influence of these parameters on image quality is often insufficiently understood. Thus, in many cases it is not clear how to define limiting values for characteristic parameters. In this paper the relationship between parameters characterizing the scan engine and their influence on image quality will be discussed. Those include scanner topography, geometry of the path of light as well as trajectory parameters. Understanding this enables a new methodology for testing and characterization of the scan engine, based on evaluation of one or a series of projected test images. Due to the fact that the evaluation process can be easily automated by digital image processing this methodology has the potential to become integrated into the production process of laser displays.
Thread—Kommunikation (1995)

Eine parallele Applikation wird erst „lebendig“, wenn ihre Threads nicht „jeder für sich“ werkeln, sondern miteinander verknüpft an einer Aufgabe arbeiten. Im Gegensatz zu normalen Programmkomponenten, die über Funktionsaufrufe assoziiert werden, müssen Threads dabei auf spezielle Betriebssystemstrukturen zurückgreifen. Die wichtigsten sind die Semaphore zur Sicherstellung des gegenseitigen Ausschlusses, die Signale zur Synchronisation und die Botschaften zum Austausch von Daten.
Molecular Mechanism for Rotational Switching of the Bacterial Flagellar Motor (2020)

Abstract The bacterial flagellar motor is a remarkable nanomachine that can rapidly rotate in both counter-clockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW) senses. The transitions between CCW and CW rotation are critical for chemotaxis, and they are controlled by a signaling protein (CheY-P) that interacts with a switch complex at the cytoplasmic side of the flagellar motor. However, the exact molecular mechanism by which CheY-P controls the motor rotational switch remains enigmatic. Here, we use the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi , as the model system to dissect the mechanism underlying flagellar rotational switching. We first determined high resolution in situ motor structures in the cheX and cheY3 mutants in which motors are genetically locked in CCW or CW rotation. The structures showed that the CheY3 protein of B. burgdorferi interacts directly with the FliM protein of the switch complex in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. The binding of CheY3-P to FliM induces a major remodeling of the switch protein FliG2 that alters its interaction with the torque generator. Because the remodeling of FliG2 is directly correlated with the rotational direction, our data lead to a model for flagellar function in which the torque generator rotates in response to an inward flow of H + driven by the proton motive force. Rapid conformational changes of FliG2 allow the switch complex to interact with opposite sides of the rotating torque generator, thereby facilitating rotational switching between CW and CCW.
High frequency effects in current measurement using Rogowski coils (2005)

Rogowski transducers are often used for measuring high frequency currents. It is not generally recognised that at very high frequencies the measurement is position sensitive. Furthermore the coil propagation time delay increases with frequency thereby reducing the expected bandwidth. This paper investigates these effects and presents some experimental verification
Numerical simulations of blue and green GaN SLEDs (2011)

Numerical simulations are inevitable for the development and optimization of GaN-based superluminescent light-emitting diodes (SLEDs) for the blue and green spectral region. Depending on their application the devices have to be optimized with respect to given specifications. We discuss the simulation of various device performance parameters as well as the basic calibration of the full 3D device simulator. We use well-characterized SLED devices realized with standard epitaxial structures for the calibration procedure. A comparison between simulated and measured data allows the extraction of important simulation parameters such as the screening factor.