gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On Generating and Labeling Network Traffic with Realistic,\n Self-Propagating Malware (2021)

Research and development of techniques which detect or remediate malicious\nnetwork activity require access to diverse, realistic, contemporary data sets\ncontaining labeled malicious connections. In the absence of such data, said\ntechniques cannot be meaningfully trained, tested, and evaluated. Synthetically\nproduced data containing fabricated or merged network traffic is of limited\nvalue as it is easily distinguishable from real traffic by even simple machine\nlearning (ML) algorithms. Real network data is preferable, but while ubiquitous\nis broadly both sensitive and lacking in ground truth labels, limiting its\nutility for ML research.\n This paper presents a multi-faceted approach to generating a data set of\nlabeled malicious connections embedded within anonymized network traffic\ncollected from large production networks. Real-world malware is defanged and\nintroduced to simulated, secured nodes within those networks to generate\nrealistic traffic while maintaining sufficient isolation to protect real data\nand infrastructure. Network sensor data, including this embedded malware\ntraffic, is collected at a network edge and anonymized for research use.\n Network traffic was collected and produced in accordance with the\naforementioned methods at two major educational institutions. The result is a\nhighly realistic, long term, multi-institution data set with embedded data\nlabels spanning over 1.5 trillion connections and over a petabyte of sensor log\ndata. The usability of this data set is demonstrated by its utility to our\nartificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) research program.\n
Classification of Bacterial Contamination Using Image Processing and Distributed Computing (2012)

Disease outbreaks due to contaminated food are a major concern not only for the food-processing industry but also for the public at large. Techniques for automated detection and classification of microorganisms can be a great help in preventing outbreaks and maintaining the safety of the nations food supply. Identification and classification of foodborne pathogens using colony scatter patterns is a promising new label-free technique that utilizes image-analysis and machine-learning tools. However, the feature-extraction tools employed for this approach are computationally complex, and choosing the right combination of scatter-related features requires extensive testing with different feature combinations. In the presented work we used computer clusters to speed up the feature-extraction process, which enables us to analyze the contribution of different scatter-based features to the overall classification accuracy. A set of 1000 scatter patterns representing ten different bacterial strains was used. Zernike and Chebyshev moments as well as Haralick texture features were computed from the available light-scatter patterns. The most promising features were first selected using Fishers discriminant analysis, and subsequently a support-vector-machine (SVM) classifier with a linear kernel was used. With extensive testing we were able to identify a small subset of features that produced the desired results in terms of classification accuracy and execution speed. The use of distributed computing for scatter-pattern analysis, feature extraction, and selection provides a feasible mechanism for large-scale deployment of a light scatter-based approach to bacterial classification.
Exact Hamiltonian Monte Carlo for Truncated Multivariate Gaussians (2013)

AbstractWe present a Hamiltonian Monte Carlo algorithm to sample from multivariate Gaussian distributions in which the target space is constrained by linear and quadratic inequalities or products thereof. The Hamiltonian equations of motion can be integrated exactly and there are no parameters to tune. The algorithm mixes faster and is more efficient than Gibbs sampling. The runtime depends on the number and shape of the constraints but the algorithm is highly parallelizable. In many cases, we can exploit special structure in the covariance matrices of the untruncated Gaussian to further speed up the runtime. A simple extension of the algorithm permits sampling from distributions whose log-density is piecewise quadratic, as in the “Bayesian Lasso” model.Key Words: Bayesian modelingMarkov chain Monte Carlo
Ultrasonic waves in uniaxially stressed multilayered and one-dimensional phononic structures: Guided and Floquet wave analysis (2018)

This paper shows that acoustoelasticity in one-dimensional (1D) multilayered isotropic hyperelastic materials can be understood through the analysis of elastic wave velocities as a function of applied stress. This theoretical framework is used for eigenvalue analyses in stressed elastic structures through a reformulation of the stiffness matrix method, obtaining modal solutions, as well as reflection and transmission coefficients for different multilayered configurations. Floquet wave analysis for the stressed 1D structures is supported using numerical results.
Proton‐decoupled, overhauser‐enhanced, spatially localized carbon‐13 spectroscopy in humans (1989)

Spatially localized, natural abundance, carbon (13C) NMR spectroscopy has been combined with proton (1H) decoupling and nuclear Overhauser enhancement to improve 13C sensitivity up to five-fold in the human leg, liver, and heart. Broadhand-decoupled 13C spectra were acquired in 1 s to 17 min with a conventional 1.5-T imaging/spectroscopy system, an auxiliary 1H decoupler, an air-cooled dual-coil coplanar surface probe, and both depth-resolved surface coil spectroscopy (DRESS) and one-dimensional phase-encoding gradient NMR pulse sequences. The surface coil probe comprised circular and figure-eight-shaped coils to eliminate problems with mutual coupling of coils at high decoupling power levels applied during 13C reception. Peak decoupler RF power deposition in tissue was computed numerically from electromagnetic theory assuming a semi-infinite plane of uniform biological conductor. Peak values at the surface were calculated at 4 to 6 W/kg in any gram of tissue for each watt of decoupler power input excluding all coil and cable losses, warning of potential local RF heating problems in these and related experiments. The average power deposition was about 9 mW/kg per watt input, which should present no systemic hazard. At 3 W input, human 13C spectra were decoupled to a depth of about 5 cm while some Overhauser enhancement was sustained up to about 3 cm depth, without ill effect. The observation of glycogen in localized natural abundance 13C spectra of heart and muscle suggests that metabolites in the citric acid cycle should be observable noninvasively using 13C-labeled substrates.
5G transport networks: the need for new technologies and standards (2016)

Mobile transport networks will play a vital role in future 5G and beyond networks. In particular, access transport networks connecting radio access with core networks are of critical importance. They will be required to support massive connectivity, super high data rates, and real-time services in a ubiquitous environment. To attain these targets, transport networks should be constructed on the basis of a variety of technologies and methods, depending on application scenarios, geographic areas, and deployment models. In this article, we present several technologies, including analog radio-over-fiber transmission, intermediate-frequency- over-fiber technology, radio-on-radio transmission, and the convergence of fiber and millimeter-wave systems, that can facilitate building such effective transport networks in many use cases. For each technology, we present the system concept, possible application cases, and demonstration results. We also discuss potential standardization and development directions so the proposed technologies can be widely used.
Nanosized Multifunctional Polyplexes for Receptor-Mediated SiRNA Delivery (2012)

Although our understanding of RNAi and our knowledge on designing and synthesizing active and safe siRNAs significantly increased during the past decade, targeted delivery remains the major limitation in the development of siRNA therapeutics. On one hand, practical considerations dictate robust chemistry reproducibly providing precise carrier molecules. On the other hand, the multistep delivery process requires dynamic multifunctional carriers of substantial complexity. We present a monodisperse and multifunctional carrier system, synthesized by solid phase supported chemistry, for siRNA delivery in vitro and in vivo. The sequence-defined assembly includes a precise cationic (oligoethanamino)amide core, terminated at the ends by two cysteines for bioreversible polyplex stabilization, at a defined central position attached to a monodisperse polyethylene glycol chain coupled to a terminal folic acid as cell targeting ligand. Complexation with an endosomolytic influenza peptide-siRNA conjugate results in nanosized functional polyplexes of 6 nm hydrodynamic diameter. The necessity of each functional substructure of the carrier system for a specific and efficient gene silencing was confirmed. The nanosized polyplexes showed stability in vivo, receptor-specific cell targeting, and silencing of the EG5 gene in receptor-positive tumors. The nanosized appearance of these particles can be precisely controlled by the oligomer design (from 5.8 to 8.8 nm diameter). A complete surface charge shielding together with the high stability result in good tolerability in vivo and the absence of accumulation in nontargeted tissues such as liver, lung, or spleen. Due to their small size, siRNA polyplexes are efficiently cleared by the kidney.
Rapastinel, an NMDAR positive modulator, produces distinct behavioral, sleep, and EEG profiles compared with ketamine (2020)

Rapastinel, a positive NMDAR modulator, produces rapid-acting and long-lasting antidepressant-like effects; however, unlike ketamine, the abuse potential for rapastinel is minimal. Ketamine has also been shown to induce psychotomimetic/dissociative side effects, aberrant gamma oscillations, and effects similar to sleep deprivation, which may potentially limit its clinical use. In this study, we compared the side effect profile and potential sleep-altering properties of rapastinel (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg) to ketamine (30 mg/kg) in rodents. In addition, we investigated corresponding changes in transcriptomics and proteomics. Rapastinel exhibited no effect on locomotor activity and prepulse inhibition in mice, while ketamine induced a significant increase in locomotor activity and a significant decrease in prepulse inhibition, which are indications of a psychosis-like state. The effects of rapastinel on sleep architecture were minimal, and rapastinel did not alter gamma frequency oscillations. In contrast, ketamine administration resulted in a greater latency to slow wave and REM sleep, disrupted duration of sleep, and affected duration of wakefulness during sleep. Further, ketamine increased cortical oscillations in the gamma frequency range, which is a property associated with psychosis. Rapastinel induced similar plasticity-related changes in transcriptomics to ketamine in rats but differed in several gene ontology classes, some of which may be involved in the regulation of sleep. In conclusion, rapastinel demonstrated a lower propensity than ketamine to induce CNS-related adverse side effects and sleep disturbances.
Patterning by energetically-stimulated local removal of solid-condensed-gas layers and solid state chemical reactions produced with such layers (2023)

The invention provides a method for forming a patterned material layer on a structure, by condensing a vapor to a solid condensate layer on a surface of the structure and then localized removal of selected regions of the condensate layer by directing a beam of energy at the selected regions. The structure can then be processed, with at least a portion of the patterned solid condensate layer on the structure surface, and then the solid condensate layer removed. Further there can be stimulated localized reaction between the solid condensate layer and the structure by directing a beam of energy at at least one selected region of the condensate layer.
Identification of Phenylsulfone-Substituted Quinoxaline (WYE-672) as a Tissue Selective Liver X-receptor (LXR) Agonist (2010)

A series of phenyl sulfone substituted quinoxaline were prepared and the lead compound 13 (WYE-672) was shown to be a tissue selective LXR Agonist. Compound 13 demonstrated partial agonism for LXRbeta in kidney HEK-293 cells but did not activate Gal4 LXRbeta fusion proteins in huh-7 liver cells. Although 13 showed potent binding affinity to LXRbeta (IC(50) = 53 nM), it had little binding affinity for LXRalpha (IC(50) > 1.0 microM) and did not recruit any coactivator/corepressor peptides in the LXRalpha multiplex assay. However, compound 13 showed good agonism in THP-1 cells with respect to increasing ABCA1 gene expression and good potency on cholesterol efflux in THP-1 foam cells. In an eight-week lesion study in LDLR -/- mice, compound 13 showed reduction of aortic arch lesion progression and no plasma or hepatic triglyceride increase. These results suggest quinoxaline 13 may have an improved biological profile for potential use as a therapeutic agent.
Single-Crystal Calcium Hexaboride Nanowires:  Synthesis and Characterization (2004)

Catalyst-assisted growth of single-crystal calcium hexaborlde (CaB6) nanowires was achieved by pyrolysis of diborane (B2H6) over calcium oxide (CaO) powders at 860-900 degreesC and similar to155 mTorr in a quartz tube furnace. TEM electron diffraction and Raman spectroscopy indicate that the nanowires are single-crystal CaB6 and have a preferred [001] growth direction. Analysis of TEM/EDX/EELS data proves the nanowires consist of CaB6 cores and thin (1-2 nm) amorphous oxide shell material. The CaB6 nanowires have diameters of similar to15-40 nm, and lengths of similar to1-10 mum.
Reversible helical electromagnetic launcher used as an electrically programmable shock tester (2018)

The performance of a reversible helical electromagnetic launcher (RHEML) is reported and discussed. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using the RHEML as an electrically programmable shock tester (EPST). The data show that the reversible helical electromagnetic launcher can be operated with parallel-connected armatures that share current and force. This report is also the first-ever successful demonstration of iron-cored HEML stators. The electrical programmability of the EPST has been demonstrated by varying the shock pulse width in approximately 30 ms increments. The armature assembly has a total mass of approximately 25 kg (55 lbs). The stators are approximately 100 mm (4 in.) in diameter and 2.3 m (90 in.) long. The large mass reversible helical electromagnetic launcher is powered by a 1 MJ capacitive pulse forming network. The armature assembly has a measured minimum velocity of 0.4 m/s and a maximum velocity of 8.3 m/s. The minimum acceleration/deceleration force is 4.3 gees, while the maximum acceleration/deceleration force is 30.7 gees. The minimum shock pulse width is 16 ms, and the maximum shock pulse width is 150 ms.
Supplementary Data from Reg4 Interacts with CD44 to Regulate Proliferation and Stemness of Colorectal and Pancreatic Cancer Cells (2023)

Supplementary Data from Reg4 Interacts with CD44 to Regulate Proliferation and Stemness of Colorectal and Pancreatic Cancer Cells
Obesity and Brain Addiction Circuitry (2012)

Obesity is a growing health problem worldwide and is responsible for a significant proportion of health expenditures in developed nations. It is also notoriously difficult to treat. Prior attempts at pharmacological or neurological modulation, including deep brain stimulation, have primarily targeted homeostatic mechanisms of weight control centered in the hypothalamus. To date, these attempts have had limited success. Multiple lines of independent data suggest that dysregulated reward circuitry in the brain underlies behaviors leading to obesity. Here, we review the existing data and related neurocircuitry, as well as the scope of obesity and currently available treatments. Finally, we suggest a neuromodulation strategy geared toward regulating these dysfunctional circuits, primarily by alteration of frontolimbic circuits.
Are Self-Driving Cars Secure? Evasion Attacks against Deep Neural Networks for Steering Angle Prediction (2019)

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have tremendous potential in advancing the vision for self-driving cars. However, the security of DNN models in this context leads to major safety implications and needs to be better understood. We consider the case study of steering angle prediction from camera images, using the dataset from the 2014 Udacity challenge. We demonstrate for the first time adversarial testing-time attacks for this application for both classification and regression settings. We show that minor modifications to the camera image (an L2 distance of 0.82 for one of the considered models) result in mis-classification of an image to any class of attacker's choice. Furthermore, our regression attack results in a significant increase in Mean Square Error (MSE) by a factor of 69 in the worst case.
Ultrahigh-frequency modulation of laser diodes (1988)

Higher-frequency semiconductor lasers are needed for future digital opical communications systems that may operate at bit rates of 20 Gbit/s or more, for analog broadcast applications utilizing many subcarriers for video distribution or satellite transmission, and for short-pulse generation for time division multiplexing and physics experiments.
Factors associated with treatment failure, and possible applications of probiotic bacteria in the arsenal againstHelicobacter pylori (2023)

For effective probiotic delivery systems, it is necessary to avoid the early release of probiotics at the acidic stomach pH, to protect them against enzymes and antimicrobials, and precisely target <i>H. pylori</i> bacteria which have colonized the antrum area of the stomach (basic pH).
Hydrophobic High Surface Area Zeolites Derived from Fly Ash for Oil Spill Remediation (2013)

Fly ash, a coal combustion byproduct with a predominantly aluminosilicate composition, is modified to develop an inexpensive sorbent for oil spill remediation. The as-produced fly ash is a hydrophilic material with poor sorption capacity. A simple two-step chemical modification process is designed to improve the oil sorption capacity. First, the fly ash was transformed to a zeolitic material via an alkali treatment, which increased the specific surface area up to 404 m(2) g(-1). Then, the material was surface functionalized to form a hydrophobic material with high contact angle up to 147° that floats on the surface of an oil-water mixture. The reported oil sorption capacities of X-type zeolite sorbent with different surface functionalization (propyl-, octyl-, octadecyl-trimethoxysilane and esterification) were estimated to 1.10, 1.02, 0.86, and 1.15 g g(-1), respectively. Oil sorption was about five times higher than the as-received fly ash (0.19 g g(-1)) and also had high buoyancy critical for economic cleanup of oil over water.
Expression of a truncated tobacco NtCBP4 channel in transgenic plants and disruption of the homologous Arabidopsis CNGC1 gene confer Pb2+ tolerance (2000)

Summary Recently we reported on a plasma membrane tobacco protein (designated NtCBP4) that binds calmodulin. When overexpressed in transgenic plants, NtCBP4 confers Pb 2+ hypersensitivity associated with enhanced accumulation of this toxic metal. To further investigate possible modulation of Pb 2+ tolerance in plants, we prepared transgenic plants that express a truncated version of this protein (designated NtCBP4ΔC) from which its C‐terminal, with the calmodulin‐binding domain and part of the putative cyclic nucleotide‐binding domain, was removed. In contrast to the phenotype of transgenic plants expressing the full‐length gene, transgenic plants expressing the truncated gene showed improved tolerance to Pb 2+ , in addition to attenuated accumulation of this metal. Furthermore, disruption by T‐DNA insertion mutagenesis of the Arabidopsis CNGC1 gene, which encodes a homologous protein, also conferred Pb 2+ tolerance. We suggest that NtCBP4 and AtCNGC1 are components of a transport pathway responsible for Pb 2+ entry into plant cells.
Photoisomerization of Trifluoromethylated Thiophenes (1983)

Photoreaction of tetrakis(trif1uoromethyl)thiophene gave a "Dewar" thiophene.This
Learning-based encoder algorithms for VVC in the context of the optimized VVenC implementation (2021)

Versatile Video Coding (VVC) is the most recent and efficient video-compression standard of ITU-T and ISO/IEC. It follows the principle of a hybrid, block-based video codec and offers a high flexibility to select a coded representation of a video. While encoders can exploit this flexibility for compression efficiency, designing algorithms for fast encoding becomes a challenging problem. This problem has recently been attacked with data-driven methods that train suitable neural networks to steer the encoder decisions. On the other hand, an optimized and fast VVC software implementation is provided by Fraunhofer’s Versatile Video Encoder VVenC. The goal of this paper is to investigate whether these two approaches can be combined. To this end, we exemplarily incorporate a recent CNN-based approach that showed its efficiency for intra-picture coding in the VVC reference software VTM to VVenC. The CNN estimates parameters that restrict the multi-type tree (MTT) partitioning modes that are tested in rate-distortion optimization. To train the CNN, the approach considers the Lagrangian rate-distortion-time cost caused by the parameters. For performance evaluation, we compare the five operational points reachable with the VVenC presets to operational points that we reach by using the CNN jointly with the presets. Results show that the combination of both approaches is efficient and that there is room for further improvements.
Conformational and Structural Properties of High Functionality Dendrimer-like Star Polymers Synthesized from Living Polymerization Techniques (2001)

The design, synthesis and solution properties of dendritic-linear hybrid macromolecules is described. The synthetic strategy employs living ring-opening polymerization in combination with selective and quantitative organic transformations for the preparation of new molecular architectures similar to classical star polymers and dendrimers. The polymers were constructed from high molecular weight poly(e-caprolactone) initiated from the surface hydroxyl groups of dendrimers derived from bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid (bis-MPA) in the presence of stannous 2-ethyl hexanoate (Sn(Oct)2). In this way, star and hyperstar poly(e-caprolactones) were elaborated depending on the generation of dendrimer employed. The ROP from these hydroxy groups was found to be a facile process leading to controlled molecular weight, low dispersity products (Mw/Mn) < 1.15. In addition to the use of dendrimers as building blocks to star polymers, functional dendrons derived from bis-MPA were attached to chain ends of the star polymers, yielding structures that closely resemble that of the most advanced dendrimers. Measurements of the solution properties (hydrodynamic volume vs. molecular weight) on the dendritic-linear hybrids show a deviation from linearity, with a lower than expected hydrodynamic volume, analogous to the solution properties of dendrimers of high generation number. The onset of the deviation begins with the polymers initiated from the second generation dendrimer of bis-MPA and becomes more exaggerated with the higher generations. It was found that polymerization amplifies the nonlinear solution behavior of dendrimers. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements revealed that the radius of gyration scaled with arm functionality (f) as f 2/3, in accordance with the Daoud-Cotton model for many arm star polymer.