gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Morphology of the D/A interface in vapor deposited bilayer organic photovoltaics (2017)

A series of bilayer films were prepared by vacuum deposition onto Silicon substrates. These films consisted of either Si/SiO<sub>2</sub>/donor/C<sub>60</sub> or Si/SiO<sub>2</sub>/C<sub>60</sub>/donor, where the organic films were in the 20-40 nm thick range and the donors were 7,7-difluoro-14-phenyl-7H-6l4,7l4-[1,3,2]diazaborinino[4,3-a:6,1-a']diisoindole (bDIP), copper phthalocyanine (CuPC), 3,6,11,14-tetraphenyldiindeno[1,2,3-cd:1',2',3'-lm]perylene (DBP) and 2-(4-(diphenylamino)-2,6- dihydroxyphenyl)-4-(4-(diphenyliminio)-2,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)-3-oxocyclobut-1-en-1-olate (DPSQ). The donors chosen here have been reported to give good power efficiencies when incorporated into bilayer photovoltaic cells with a C<sub>60</sub> acceptor. These bilayer films were examined by neutron reflectometry to characterize the interface between the donor and C<sub>60</sub>. In the SiO<sub>2</sub>/donor/C<sub>60</sub> films, DPSQ, CuPC, and DBP show a discrete interface with C<sub>60</sub> while bDIP shows substantial spontaneous mixing at the interface, consistent with a donor/(donor + C<sub>60</sub>)/C<sub>60</sub> structure, where the mixed layer is 14 nm.. In the SiO<sub>2</sub>/C<sub>60</sub>/donor films, all four donors show negligible mixing at the D/A interface consistent with a discrete D/A junction.
Development of a method to investigate interactions between positronium and the surface of fine particles (2009)

Abstract A method is developed to use positronium (Ps) formed in silica nanoparticle aggregate to study the surfaces of various particles. The method is demonstrated with the study of the interactions of Ps with noble metal fine particles in which Ps is not formed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Three‐dimensional analysis of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and tumor budding (2020)

Advances in tissue clearing and microscopy make it possible to study human diseases in three dimensions (3D). High-grade tumor budding is known to be associated with poor prognosis in various cancers; however, little is known about the 3D architecture of tumor budding. Using tissue clearing, we analyzed the 3D structure of tumor budding and E-cadherin expression in 31 extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. A total of 31 thick slabs (up to 5 mm) were harvested from surgically resected tumor tissue, including 27 hilar and 4 distal cholangiocarcinomas. Twenty-eight cases were adenocarcinoma, and three were undifferentiated carcinoma. After clearing, the tissues were immunolabeled with antibodies to cytokeratin 19 and to E-cadherin, and then visualized using light-sheet and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Tumor budding was evaluated in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections (2D) using standard pathological criteria. Of the 31 cancers, 13 showed low-grade tumor budding and 18 showed high-grade tumor budding. First, 3D analysis revealed that the neoplastic cells in tumor buds of adenocarcinoma were typically not individual islands of cells, but rather tips of attenuated protrusions connected to the main tumor. Second, adenocarcinomas with low-grade tumor budding were composed predominantly of tubules that only focally form cords at the periphery. By contrast, adenocarcinomas with high-grade tumor budding predominantly formed cords in both centers and peripheries of the tumors. Third, adenocarcinoma with low-grade tumor budding was characterized by a few short protrusions with few branches, whereas adenocarcinoma with high-grade tumor budding was characterized by longer protrusions with more branching. Finally, immunolabeling of E-cadherin was stronger in the center of the adenocarcinoma but decreased at the tips of protrusions. E-cadherin loss was more extensive in the protrusions of high-grade tumor budding than in the protrusions of low-grade tumor budding. Our findings suggest that tumor buds as seen in 2D are, in fact, cross-sections of attenuated but contiguous protrusions extending from the main tumor. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Water to Ice Transition: Implications for Living Cells (2004)

When liquid water is cooled, a temperature is reached at which the solid phase, ice, becomes stable.
That is to say that an ice crystal, when added to the cold water, will not melt. If the liquid is below
that fusion temperature, the ice crystal will, in fact, grow; water molecules will leave the jostling,
random walk of the liquid phase and join the ﬁxed lattice of the ice crystal. When the pure liquid
is cooled below the fusion temperature without any external ice being added, however, the solid
phase does not necessarily appear. There is a temperature range in which the liquid is metastable;
the presence of a seed crystal (or other nucleating enhancement) is required to initiate the phase
transition. In this region there are clusters of water molecules joining together to form networks
that extend the correlation length between water molecules beyond the scale of a few molecules.
As these networks grow, the number of possible paths for continued growth increases exponentially,but the correlation length also decays exponentially because of collisions that break the network.
Only the latter phenomenon is dependent on temperature, so there is a critical temperature at which
the multiplicity of growth paths can overwhelm the collision-based fractures. Below this temperature
a nucleation event can occur whereby the length scale of a particular network exceeds the length
scale of the destructive collisions that break these extended clusters. The growing network becomes
an ice crystal.
Omnidirectional stereo systems for robot navigation (2003)

This paper discusses how stereo vision achieved through the use of omnidirectional sensors can help mobile robot navigation providing advantages, in terms of both versatility and performance, with respect to the classical stereo system based on two horizontally-displaced traditional cameras. The paper also describes an automatic calibration strategy for catadioptric omnidirectional sensors and results obtained using a stereo obstacle detection algorithm devised within a general framework in which, with some limitations, many existing algorithm designed for traditional cameras can be adapted for use with omnidirectional sensors.
Use of vibrational spectra for the determination of first-order molecular hyperpolarizabilities of push-pull polyenes as function of structural parameters (1998)

Experimental data on the nonlinear optical molecular hyperpolarizabilities of push–pull polyenes (measured with the vibrational method recently proposed) are presented and discussed. The analysis of the results and the interpretation of the spectral features allow us to establish structure–property relationships. These relationships are particularly helpful in the understanding of the mechanisms which rule the nonlinear optical behavior of organic polyconjugated compounds and in view of the design of new and improved materials. Comparison with other techniques, when available, correlate nicely with the conclusions reached with the vibrational method. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70: 1311–1320, 1998
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FOR BIODIAGNOSTICS (1997)

Novel coherence-domain imaging techniques provide the capability for rapid, noninvasive imaging of microscopic sub-surface structures and blood flows in living biological tissues. The authors describe recent advances in optical coherence tomography (OCT), optical coherence microscopy (OCM), and color Doppler OCT (shown above) as means to provide the medical profession with new diagnostic tools.
Mechanistic Studies of an Antibody-Catalyzed Elimination Reaction (1998)

Catalytic antibody 43D4-3D12, which was generated against the substituted tertiary amine 1, catalyzes the elimination of HF from β-fluoroketone 2. We have cloned and produced the antibody as a chimeric Fab and constructed a model of the active site−substrate complex. Mutagenesis studies of the active site indicate that GluH50 acts as the general base and suggest that Tyr96L may also play a role in the elimination reaction. Antibody 43D4-3D12 also efficiently catalyzes the elimination of HBr from substrate 4 by an E2 mechanism, again involving selective abstraction of the proton β-to the nitrophenyl ring by GluH50. The antibody-catalyzed reaction affords predominantly the internal olefins, whereas the major product resulting from the uncatalyzed reaction is the alcohol, which arises from the competing substitution reaction. In addition, antibody 43D4-3D12 catalyzes an acetal hydrolysis reaction in which GluH50 likely acts as a general acid. These studies point to the success of this particular hapten design strategy in generating an active site with a desired catalytic functional group. They also illustrate the utility of using related reactions as mechanistic probes of biological catalysis.
A 5-mW 6-Gb/s Quarter-Rate Sampling Receiver With a 2-Tap DFE Using Soft Decisions (2007)

A quarter-rate sampling receiver with a 2-tap decision feedback equalizer (DFE) is implemented in 90-nm CMOS technology for low-power I/O links. An analog sampling and soft-decision technique is introduced to relax the timing critical feedback path of the DFE. The shortened critical path enables better power performance. Error rates are below the measurement capability of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-12</sup> with 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">31</sup> -1 PRBS at 6 Gb/s, with an 80-mV differential launch amplitude through a channel with 6.2-dB attenuation at 3 GHz. The receiver draws 4.08 mA from a 1.0-V supply
Large Screen Extra Slim Liquid Crystal Rear Projection Display. (1998)

We have developed a 100-inch slim liquid-crystal rear projection display. Cross-dichromatic mirrors are used to combine three colors. Projection lenses were designed to decrease the color shading induced by these mirrors. In order to make the set slim, the projection lenses were also designed to have a short projection distance. To obtain good contrast ratio characteristics, the central axis of the projection lenses is inclined to that of the LCD panels. Transversal magnification color aberrations, which induce convergence error of the three colors on the screen are few. By using these technologies, we have developed a slim set with a depth of 1.1 m.
Efficient Orchestration of Host and Remote Shared Memory for Memory Intensive Workloads (2020)

Since very few contributions to the development of an unified memory orchestration framework for efficient management of both host and remote idle memory have been made, we present Valet, an efficient approach to orchestration of host and remote shared memory for improving performance of memory intensive workloads. The paper makes three original contributions. First, we redesign the data flow in the critical path by introducing a host-coordinated memory pool that works as a local cache to reduce the latency in the critical path of the host and remote memory orchestration. Second, Valet utilizes unused local memory across containers by managing local memory via Valet host-coordinated memory pool, which allows containers to dynamically expand and shrink their memory allocations according to the workload demands. Third, Valet provides an efficient remote memory reclaiming technique on remote peers, based on two optimizations: (1) an activity-based victim selection scheme to allow the least-active-chunk of data to be selected for serving the eviction requests and (2) a migration protocol to move the least-active-chunk of data to less-memory-pressured remote node. As a result, Valet can effectively reduce the performance impact and migration overhead on local nodes. Our extensive experiments on both NoSQL systems and Machine Learning (ML) workloads show that Valet outperforms existing representative remote paging systems with up to 226X throughput improvement and up to 98% latency decrease over conventional OS swap facility for big data and ML workloads, and by up to 5.5X throughput improvement and up to 78.4% latency decrease over the state-of-the-art remote paging systems. Valet is open sourced at https://github.com/git-disl/Valet.
Angiotensinogen Gene–Activating Elements Regulate Blood Pressure in the Brain (1999)

Although the angiotensinogen gene is a possible candidate as a determinant of hypertension, the molecular mechanisms of tissue angiotensinogen gene regulation have yet to be clarified. We identified essential transcription regulators of angiotensinogen production in the central nervous system using synthetic double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) as "decoy" cis elements to block the binding of nuclear factors to promoter regions of the targeted gene. Using a gel mobility shift assay, angiotensinogen gene-activating element (AGE) 2 binding protein was detected in the brain nuclear extracts of both spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKYs). Importantly, the binding activity of AGE 2 and angiotensinogen mRNA level were significantly higher in the brain of SHRs than in that of WKYs. Using the decoy approach, we demonstrated a significant decrease in the blood pressure of SHRs by transfection of AGE 2 decoy, but not mismatched, ODNs into the lateral cerebroventricle, accompanied by a significant decrease in brain angiotensinogen concentration and mRNA, and angiotensin II level. That these effects, demonstrated herein, are due to central effects is confirmed by the fact that no changes in circulating levels of angiotensinogen or angiotensin II concentrations were observed. Notably, AGE 2 decoy ODNs did not decrease the blood pressure of WKYs. We conclude that the abnormal expression of AGE 2 binding protein in the central nervous system plays a crucial role in high blood pressure of a genetically hypertensive rat model.
Defective localization of the NADPH phagocyte oxidase toSalmonella-containing phagosomes in tumor necrosis factor p55 receptor-deficient macrophages (2001)

Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) p55-knockout (KO) mice are susceptible profoundly to Salmonella infection. One day after peritoneal inoculation, TNFR-KO mice harbor 1,000-fold more bacteria in liver and spleen than wild-type mice despite the formation of well organized granulomas. Macrophages from TNFR-KO mice produce abundant quantities of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in response to Salmonella but nevertheless exhibit poor bactericidal activity. Treatment with IFN-gamma enhances killing by wild-type macrophages but does not restore the killing defect of TNFR-KO cells. Bactericidal activity of macrophages can be abrogated by a deletion in the gene encoding TNFalpha but not by saturating concentrations of TNF-soluble receptor, suggesting that intracellular TNFalpha can regulate killing of Salmonella by macrophages. Peritoneal macrophages from TNFR-KO mice fail to localize NADPH oxidase-containing vesicles to Salmonella-containing vacuoles. A TNFR-KO mutation substantially restores virulence to an attenuated mutant bacterial strain lacking the type III secretory system encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2), suggesting that TNFalpha and SPI2 have opposing actions on a common pathway of vesicular trafficking. TNFalpha-TNFRp55 signaling plays a critical role in the immediate innate immune response to an intracellular pathogen by optimizing the delivery of toxic reactive oxygen species to the phagosome.
Comparative thermal inactivation analysis of Aspergillus oryzae and Thiellavia terrestris cutinase: Role of glycosylation (2016)

Cutinase thermostability is important so that the enzymes can function above the glass transition of what are often rigid polymer substrates. A detailed thermal inactivation analysis was performed for two well-characterized cutinases, Aspergillus oryzae Cutinase (AoC) and Thiellavia terrestris Cutinase (TtC). Both AoC and TtC are prone to thermal aggregation upon unfolding at high temperature, which was found to be a major reason for irreversible loss of enzyme activity. Our study demonstrates that glycosylation stabilizes TtC expressed in Pichia pastoris by inhibiting its thermal aggregation. Based on the comparative thermal inactivation analyses of non-glycosylated AoC, glycosylated (TtC-G), and non-glycosylated TtC (TtC-NG), a unified model for thermal inactivation is proposed that accounts for thermal aggregation and may be applicable to other cutinase homologues. Inspired by glycosylated TtC, we successfully employed glycosylation site engineering to inhibit AoC thermal aggregation. Indeed, the inhibition of thermal aggregation by AoC glycosylation was greater than that achieved by conventional use of trehalose under a typical condition. Collectively, this study demonstrates the excellent potential of implementing glycosylation site engineering for thermal aggregation inhibition, which is one of the most common reasons for the irreversible thermal inactivation of cutinases and many proteins. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 63-73. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Frequency-domain reflectometery for on-board testing of aging aircraft wiring (2003)

Aging aircraft wiring poses a significant safety threat and has been implicated in losses of both military and commercial aircraft. This paper describes the conceptual design and function of a "smart wiring system" based on a low-cost frequency-domain reflectometer (FDR) that can be used to test the integrity of aircraft cables nondestructively on board. This system will enable the pilot or maintainer to test all critical wiring systems prior to flight at the push of a button. The details and test results from the FDR system on realistic aircraft wires are described. The system has a bandwidth of 0.8-1.2 GHz, a range of 4.5 m, and a resolution of 3 cm and can determine the length and terminating impedance of a cable harnesses from measurements at a single end. The system is now being miniaturized to be imbedded in a "connector saver" format for aftermarket installation on common existing platforms.
Differential regulation of cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide tolerance in mice (1993)

We investigated the pattern of down-regulation of cytokine production in endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) tolerance. A 4-day treatment with LPS (35 micrograms per mouse) was followed by a challenge on day 6 with one more injection of LPS. Circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) could not be induced (> 99% inhibition) by LPS in LPS-tolerant mice; colony-stimulating factor (CSF) was also down-regulated by more than 95%, whereas interferon (IFN) and IL-1 syntheses were only partially inhibited. To study the mechanism of cytokine down-regulation in tolerance, we attempted to reverse the tolerant state by pretreatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (4 micrograms per mouse) 10 min before the LPS challenge. PMA completely restored IL-6 production and partially that of CSF. PMA had no effect on IFN production and inhibited the induction of IL-1. TNF production was also not restored by PMA. To investigate the role of endogenously produced cytokines in the development of LPS tolerance, we administered IL-6, TNF, or IL-1 alpha, using the same treatment schedule as that for LPS. Whereas IL-6 had no effect, IL-1 alpha or TNF induced partial tolerance to LPS in terms of inhibition of LPS-stimulated TNF and IL-6 production. However, a full LPS-tolerant state could not be induced by administration of recombinant cytokines, suggesting the existence of additional mechanisms, such as a loss of LPS receptors or changes in release of soluble binding proteins.
Optimization of optical limiting devices based on excited-state absorption (1997)

Limiting devices protect sensitive optical elements from laser-induced damage (LID). Passive devices use focusing optics to concentrate the light through a nonlinear optical (NLO) element (or elements) to reduce the limiting threshold. Unfortunately, these NLO elements may themselves undergo LID for high inputs, restricting the useful dynamic range (DR). Recently, efforts at optimizing this DR have focused on distributing the NLO material along the propagation path z of a focused beam, resulting in different portions of the device (in z) exhibiting NLO response at different inputs. For example, nonlinear absorbers closer to the lens, i.e., upstream, protect device elements downstream near the focal plane. This results in an undesirable increase in the threshold, although the lowest threshold is always obtained with the final element at focus. Thus there is a compromise between DR and threshold. This compromise is determined by the material. We concentrate on reverse saturable absorber (RSA) materials (molecules exhibiting larger excited-state than ground-state absorption). We look at both tandem devices and devices in which the concentration of the NLO material is allowed to spatially vary in z. These latter devices require solid-state hosts. The damage threshold of currently available solid-state hosts is too low to allow known RSA materials to reach their maximum absorption, which occurs when all molecules are in their excited state. This is demonstrated by approximate analytical methods as well as by a full numerical solution of the nonlinear wave propagation equation over extremely large distances in z (up to 10(3)Z(0), where Z(0) is the Rayleigh range of the focused beam). The numerical calculations, based on a one-dimensional fast Fourier transform, indicate that proper inclusion of diffraction reduces the effectiveness of reverse saturable absorption for limiting, sometimes by more than a factor of 10. Liquid-based devices have higher damage thresholds (damage occurs to the cuvette wall) and, thus, larger nonlinear absorption. However, RSA material in liquid hosts may suffer from larger thermal lensing.
Arterial grafting for myocardial revascularization: how better is it? (2006)

Arterial grafting provides satisfactory results. The second graft of choice after the mammary artery is the radial artery, but long-term results are still not available. To reduce the risk of major neurological complications, selected patients benefit from off-pump arterial revascularization.
Parallel Image Processing Applied to Radar Shape-from-Shading (1999)

: Various widely used radar image processing algorithms require considerable computing resources but can take advantage of a parallel implementation. We focus on the Shape-from-Shading (SfS) algorithm in its application to radar images. A given serial version of the SfS algorithm was parallelized and improved to handle large images. We experiment with parallelization techniques such as data decomposition, the manager/worker method and dynamic load balancing with double bu#ering. The parallel version of SfS was ported to two supercomputers: Meiko&amp;apos;s CS-2HA and Intel&amp;apos;s PARAGON XP/S-A4 distributed memory machines, and to a Cluster of Workstations (CoW) made up of SGI&amp;apos;s Indies. Important results concerning the performance of the parallel SfS implementation on those architectures are presented and compared to each other, showing that 14 processors can speed up SfS by up to 13 times over the use of a single processor. 1 Introduction Raw radar data are subject of radar signal processing [2] ...