gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Secondary Complement Deficiency Impairs Anti-Microbial Immunity to Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus During Severe Acute COVID-19 (2022)

A high incidence of secondary <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> infection were observed in patients with severe COVID-19. The cause of this predisposition to infection is unclear. Our data demonstrate consumption of complement in acute COVID-19 patients reflected by low levels of C3, C4, and loss of haemolytic activity. Given that the elimination of Gram-negative bacteria depends in part on complement-mediated lysis, we hypothesised that secondary hypocomplementaemia is rendering the antibody-dependent classical pathway activation inactive and compromises serum bactericidal activity (SBA). 217 patients with severe COVID-19 were studied. 142 patients suffered secondary bacterial infections. Klebsiella species were the most common Gram-negative organism, found in 58 patients, while <i>S. aureus</i> was the dominant Gram-positive organism found in 22 patients. Hypocomplementaemia was observed in patients with acute severe COVID-19 but not in convalescent survivors three months after discharge. Sera from patients with acute COVID-19 were unable to opsonise either <i>K. pneumoniae</i> or <i>S. aureus</i> and had impaired complement-mediated killing of Klebsiella. We conclude that hyperactivation of complement during acute COVID-19 leads to secondary hypocomplementaemia and predisposes to opportunistic infections.
Three megahertz photon collection rate from an NV center with millisecond spin coherence (2014)

Efficient collection of the broadband fluorescence of the diamond nitrogen vacancy center is essential for a range of applications in sensing, on-demand single photon generation, and quantum information processing. Here, we introduce a circular `bullseye' diamond grating enabling a collected photon rate of $(3.0\pm0.1)\times10^6$ counts per second from a single nitrogen-vacancy center with a spin coherence time of 1.7$\pm$0.1 ms. Back-focal-plane studies indicate efficient redistribution into low-NA modes.
DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN RENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA IN THE RESPONSE TO HYPOTENSION USING LOCALIZED 31P MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY (1989)

Experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that renal medulla is more sensitive to hypoxia than is the cortex. Using the one-dimensional phase encoding technique to perform 31phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a perfused porcine kidney preparation, cortex and medulla were differentiated on the basis of the unique resonance at 3 ppm found only in medulla. Hypotension-induced hypoxia reduced total renal oxygen consumption by 60%, and urine flow by 44%. Nonlocalized 31P MRS spectra showed that [ATP]/[Pi] ratio fell by 40%, and intrarenal pH by 0.1 unit. Virtually all of these changes could be accounted for by changes in the renal cortex, where initial [ATP]/[Pi] was higher than in medulla (1.16 vs. 0.68). In medulla [ATP]/[Pi] fell only 29% (n.s. versus control) and pH remained unchanged during hypotension. Thus the cortex appears to be more sensitive to hypoxia in this preparation, and observations fail to support the proposed hypothesis. They are consistent, however, with the greater capacity of medulla for anaerobic glycolysis. Localized 31P MRS provides improved noninvasive metabolic assessment of cold-preserved kidneys.
Lymphocyte-derived interferon-γ mediates ischemia-reperfusion-induced leukocyte and platelet adhesion in intestinal microcirculation (2009)

Although previous studies have implicated lymphocytes in the gut microvascular and inflammatory responses to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), the lymphocyte population and lymphocyte-derived products that mediate these responses have not been defined. Platelet and leukocyte adhesion was measured in intestinal postcapillary venules of wild-type (WT) mice and mice genetically deficient in either CD4+ T cells (CD4-/-), CD8+ T cells (CD8-/-), B cells (B cell-/-), or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma-/-) subjected to 45 min of ischemia and 4 h of reperfusion. The I/R-induced platelet and leukocyte recruitment responses were also evaluated following adoptive transfer of WT splenocytes into CD4-/-, CD8-/-, B cell-/-, and IFN-gamma-/- mice. WT mice exposed to gut I/R exhibited significant increases in the adhesion of both platelets and leukocytes, compared with sham-WT mice. These blood cell adhesion responses to I/R were greatly attenuated in CD4-/-, CD8-/-, B cell-/-, and IFN-gamma-/- mice. Adoptive transfer of WT splenocytes restored the WT responses to I/R in all mutants except the B cell-/- mice. These findings implicate both T and B cells and lymphocyte-derived IFN-gamma as mediators of the proinflammatory and prothrombogenic phenotype assumed by intestinal microvessels after I/R.
Two carbohydrate recognition domains of Hyphantria cunea lectin bind to bacterial lipopolysaccharides through O‐specific chain (2000)

We previously identified a novel lectin cDNA from the fall webworm [Shin et al. (1998) Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 28, 827-837], which encodes two carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD-N and CRD-C) and is up-regulated following bacterial challenge. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding activities of the recombinant CRD-N and CRD-C (rCRD-N and rCRD-C) were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The LPS binding of rCRD-N and rCRD-C was pH-dependent: at pH below 6.0, they show a higher binding ability to LPS. The binding of the rCRD-N was inhibited by both D-mannose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, whereas the binding of the rCRD-C was inhibited only by D-mannose. The binding of both rCRD-N and rCRD-C to Escherichia coli was mainly mediated through the O-specific chain.
Revisiting the role of Acinetobacter spp. in EBPR systems (2023)

Abstract Side-stream Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (S2EBPR) has been incorporated with B-stage process to enable simultaneous phosphorus and nitrogen removal. However, the dominating phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) in this novel configuration has not been evaluated. The dominance of Acinetobacter was confirmed by 16S sequencing. In addition, single cell Raman spectrum (SCRS) analysis in couple with in situ fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was applied to obtain the feature spectrum and verify the phosphorus release/uptake activity of Acinetobacter spp. The phenotypic profiling further suggested the dominance of Acinetobacter-like organisms among all poly-phosphorus containing organisms and only certain phenotypic Acinetobacter (oligotype 1) contribution to P-removal in a unique HRAS-P(D)N-S2EBPR system. The findings suggest that Acinetobacter may outcompete other heterotrophic organisms in EBPR systems due to their sensitivity to operational conditions. However, stable P-removal was only observed during a specific section of the operation period, coinciding with an increase in the VFA/P ratio. Further research is needed to identify the phenotypes of Acinetobacter responsible for P-removal in EBPR systems. The study contributes to a better understanding of the microbial ecology and engineering aspects of EBPR systems and wastewater treatment in general.
Prodrugs: A Reactive Prodrug Ink Formulation Strategy for Inkjet 3D Printing of Controlled Release Dosage Forms and Implants (Adv. Therap. 6/2020) (2020)

In article number 1900187 by Clive J. Roberts, Ricky D. Wildman and co-workers report an entirely new approach to formulating and controlling drug release from 3D printed systems/implants. This approach allows for hierarchical control over release, by exercising control over composition of a printed system over multiple length scales through molecular to macroscopic.
Sandwich‐Type Nanocomposite of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Periodic Mesoporous Silica with Vertically Aligned Mesochannels of Tunable Pore Depth and Size (2017)

Abstract Sandwich‐type nanocomposites of graphene oxide (GO) and periodic mesoporous silica (PMS) with vertically aligned mesochannels of different pore depth and size are synthesized and characterized, and their formation modes are examined. The existence of mesoscale ordered structure in the mixture of GO and surfactant solutions is confirmed for the first time by in situ small angle X‐ray scattering measurement using synchrotron radiation. The mesochannel depth and pore wall ripening of PMS in the nanocomposites are controlled by the reaction time of the hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate. The pore size of PMS in the nanocomposites can be varied in the range of 1–5 nm by varying the chain length of alkyltrimethylammonium (C n TA + ) template and high specific surface area (≈1000 m 2 g −1 ) is achieved for all samples. Nanocomposites with vertically aligned PMS mesochannels can be synthesized by applying C n TA + templates of n ≥ 12, whereas with C n TA + of n ≤ 10, either PMS nanoparticle deposited GO structure or the structure with incomplete coverage of GO surface with imperfect PMS is found. The aggregation behaviors of surfactant molecules on GO depend on surfactant concentration relative to critical micelle concentration and reaction temperature, and result in the peculiar nanocomposites of different structural styles.
Effect of intraluminal thrombus abdominal aortic aneurysm wall (1997)

Purpose: Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) rupture when the wall stress exceeds the strength of the vascular tissue. Intraluminal thrombus may absorb tension and reduce AAA wall stress. This study was performed to test the hypothesis that intraluminal thrombus can significantly reduce AAA wall stress. Methods: AAA wall stresses were determined by axisymmetric finite element analysis. Model AAAs had external diameters ranging from 2.0 to 4.0 cm. Model parameters included: AAA length, 6 cm; wall thickness, 1.5 mm; Poisson's ratio, 0.49; Young's modulus, 1.0 MPa; and luminal pressure, 1.6 x 10 s dyne/cm 2. Stresses were calculated for each model without thrombus, and then were recalculated with thrombus filling 10% of the AAA cavity. Calculations were repeated as thrombus size was increased in 10% increments and as thrombus elastic modulus increased from 0.01 MPa to 1.0 MPa. Maximum wall stresses were compared between models that had intraluminal thrombus and the unmodified models. Stress reduction greater than 25% was considered significant. Results: The maximum stress reduction of 51% occurred when thrombus with elastic modulus of 1.0 MPa filled the entire AAA cavity. Stresses were reduced by only 25% as modulus decreased to 0.2 MPa. Similarly, decreasing thrombus size by 70% resulted in stress reduction of only 28%. Large AAAs experienced greater stress reduction than small AAAs (48% vs 11%). Conclusion: Intraluminal thrombus can significantly reduce AAA wall stress. (J Vasc Surg 1997;26:602-8.)
Broadband group-velocity anomaly in transmission through a terahertz photonic crystal slab (2006)

We have measured the complex transmission coefficient of a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab for propagation perpendicular to the slab, using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. At high frequencies, where the lattice parameter exceeds the wavelength, we find that the group delay is equal to that of empty space despite the fact that the volume-weighted average dielectric of the slab is ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{ave}}\ensuremath{\sim}3.8$. In contrast to most other examples of anomalous group delay effects, this unusual phase transparency persists over a very broad spectral bandwidth, demonstrating that such anomalies do not require the presence of a nearby isolated resonance. Our results are consistent with finite-difference time-domain simulations.
Viral infection of algal blooms leaves a unique metabolic footprint on the dissolved organic matter in the ocean (2021)

Algal blooms are hotspots of primary production in the ocean, forming the basis of the marine food web and fueling the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool. Viruses are key players in controlling algal demise, thereby diverting biomass from higher trophic levels to the DOM pool, a process termed the "viral shunt." To decode the metabolic footprint of the viral shunt in the environment, we induced a bloom of <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> and followed its succession using untargeted exometabolomics. We show that bloom succession induces dynamic changes in the exometabolic landscape. We found a set of chlorine-iodine-containing metabolites that were induced by viral infection and released during bloom demise. These metabolites were further detected in virus-infected oceanic <i>E. huxleyi</i> blooms. Therefore, we propose that halogenation with both chlorine and iodine is a distinct hallmark of the virus-induced DOM of <i>E. huxleyi</i>, providing insights into the metabolic consequences of the viral shunt.
The effect of hydrogen enrichment, flame-flame interaction, confinement, and asymmetry on the acoustic response of a model can combustor (2022)

To maximise power density practical gas turbine combustion systems have several injectors which can lead to complex interactions between flames. However, our knowledge about the effect of flame-flame interactions on the flame response, the essential element to predict the stability of a combustor, is still limited. The present study investigates the effect of hydrogen enrichment, flame-flame interaction, confinement, and asymmetries on the linear and non-linear acoustic response of three premixed flames in a simple can combustor. A parametric study of the linear response, characterised by the flame transfer function (FTF), is performed for swirling and non-swirling flames. Flame-flame interactions were achieved by changing the injector spacing and the level of hydrogen enrichment by power from 10 to 50%. It was found that the latter had the most significant effect on the flame response. Asymmetry effects were investigated by changing one of the flames by using a different bluff-body to alter both the flame shape and flow field. The global flame response showed that the asymmetric cases can be reconstructed using a superposition of the two symmetric cases where all three bluff-bodies and flames are the same. Overall, the linear response characterised by the flame transfer function (FTF) showed that the effect of increasing the level of hydrogen enrichment is more pronounced than the effect of the injector spacing. Increasing hydrogen enrichment results in more compact flames which minimises flame-flame interactions. More compact flames increase the cut-off frequency which can lead to self-excited modes at higher frequencies. Finally, the non-linear response was characterised by measuring the flame describing function (FDF) at a frequency close to a self-excited mode of the combustor for different injector spacings and levels of hydrogen enrichment. It is shown that increasing the hydrogen enrichment leads to higher saturation amplitude whereas the effect of injector spacing has a comparably smaller effect.
MPEG-4 shape coding with morphological enhancement (2003)

The current MPEG-4 shape coding scheme is "bitmap-based", and consists of two steps: first, distortion is introduced by down and up scaling; then, context-based arithmetic encoding is applied. Recently bitmap-based methods have been reported to produce more irritating images than contour-based methods, while introducing a similar amount of quantization error. In this paper, we propose four morphological enhancement methods which can be used in the current MPEG-4 shape decoding process. In addition, we devise a way to let decoders know which method is the best of those four morphological operations, thus preventing post-processing processes from being "blind" about the original source images. Experimental results are given using an MPEG-4 shape codec with morphological operations.
A QoS-aware end-to-end connectivity management algorithm for mobile applications (2010)

In a dynamic heterogeneous environment, such as pervasive and ubiquitous computing, context-aware adaptation is a key concept to meet the varying requirements of different users. Context-awareness is the most promising way to manage the user information and to provide the means of communication at the right time in the right way. Connectivity and quality of service (QoS) of applications are two most important considerations that should be taken into account for designing a context-aware system. This paper presents connectivity from the view point of context awareness, identifies various relevant raw connectivity contexts, and discusses how high-level context information can be abstracted from the raw context information. It also presents a QoS-and context-aware algorithm for supporting mobile applications in a heterogeneous network environment. The unified approach towards connectivity information and QoS-awareness makes the algorithm more practical than most of the currently existing algorithms which consider connectivity and QoS separately. Simulation results show that the use of context information helps to improve the delivered application QoS.
An adaptive LVRT control for DFIG wind power system (2012)

For the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), the rotor side Crowbar with constant resistance is a popular approach to protect the wind turbine and improve lower voltage ride through (LVRT). However, the responses of the DFIG are different according to the different degree of voltage dip. In addition, in certain condition, the constant Crowbar resistance may be over-estimated or down-estimated and result in damage to the DFIG. By recognizing this, this paper proposes an adaptive LVRT controller which using the voltage dip degree to determine the resistance of the Crowbar resistor (CR). In detail, it first gets the resistance of worst fault with a simplified calculation for the worst fault, and then, obtains voltage dip degree by detection, and then, through PWM control generating the control signal to control the resistance of the Crowbar resistor. It builds the simulation model based on Real-time digital simulator (RTDS). The simulation results show that the proposed adaptive controller could improve the ability of LVRT for the DFIG.
Industrial perspective on integrated pest management. (2003)

This chapter describes the unique role that the pesticide industry plays in developing, supporting, and implementing integrated pest management (IPM) programmes, illustrating the integration of IPM considerations into the process of development of new products, formulation of IPM strategies based on data on the characteristics of new products, and education of farmers on IPM through web-based resources and distance learning programmes.
Multi-Resolution Techniques for Visual Exploration of Large Time-Series Data (2005)

Time series are a data type of utmost importance in many domains such as business management and service monitoring. We address the problem of visualizing large time-related data sets which are difficult to visualize effectively with standard techniques given the limitations of current display devices. We propose a framework for intelligent time- and data-dependent visual aggregation of data along multiple resolution levels. This idea leads to effective visualization support for long time-series data providing both focus and context. The basic idea of the technique is that either data-dependent or application-dependent, display space is allocated in proportion to the degree of interest of data subintervals, thereby (a) guiding the user in perceiving important information, and (b) freeing required display space to visualize all the data. The automatic part of the framework can accommodate any time series analysis algorithm yielding a numeric degree of interest scale. We apply our techniques on real-world data sets, compare it with the standard visualization approach, and conclude the usefulness and scalability of the approach.
A BSE scintillation detector in the (S)TEM (1986)

Abstract A single crystal YAG: Ce 3+ annular scintillator axially placed in a movable light guide forms the essential part of a new BSE detector. Comparison of properties of this detector with those of a semiconductor detector is made. The bandwidth, signal‐to‐noise ratio, capacitance effects, and relative efficiency are parameters which favour the scintillation detector. Its disadvantage is that it must be equipped with a photomultiplier and a light guide. The position of the scintillator above the specimen permits efficient detection at a large collection angle of BSE. For normal beam incidence, the signal homogeneity from any area of the scintillator ensures that images are obtained without shadow effects due to signal loss in the scintillator or due to detector geometry. The same probe current as for other detection modes can be used. Resolution of details is as high as for an SE image.
Chapter 10. Epigenetic Approaches to Natural Product Synthesis in Fungi (2012)

The basic unit of DNA compaction in eukaryotes is the nucleosome. This structure consists of approximately 147 bp of DNA wrapped around a heterooctamer of histone particles. Within each nucleosome there are two molecules each of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Each of the core histone particles consi...
Removal and Recovery of Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) from Water Using Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Oxide Immobilized Membranes (2020)

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is a widely used gasoline additive that has high water solubility, and is difficult to separate from contaminated ground and surface waters. We present the development in functionalized carbon nanotube-immobilized membranes (CNIM-f) and graphene oxide-immobilized membranes (GOIM) for enhanced separation of MTBE via sweep gas membrane distillation (SGMD). Both types of modified membranes demonstrated high performance in MTBE removal from its aqueous mixture. Among the membranes studied, CNIM-f provided the best performance in terms of flux, removal efficiency, mass transfer coefficients and overall selectivity. The immobilization f-CNTs and GO altered the surface characteristics of the membrane and enhanced partition coefficients, and thus assisted MTBE transport across the membrane. The MTBE flux reached as high as 1.4 kg/m<sup>2</sup> h with f-CNTs, which was 22% higher than that of the unmodified PTFE membrane. The maximum MTBE removal using CNIM-f reached 56% at 0.5 wt % of the MTBE in water, and at a temperature of 30 °C. With selectivity as high as 60, MTBE recovery from contaminated water is very viable using these nanocarbon-immobilized membranes.
Guest‐Host Effect (1998)

The prelims comprise: Introduction Dichroic Dyes Cell Preparation Dichroic Parameters and Their Measurement Impact of Dye Structure and Liquid Crystal Host on the Physical Properties of a Dichroic Mixture Optical, Electro-Optical, and Life Parameters Dichroic Mixture Formulation Heilmeier Displays Quarter Wave Plate Dichroic Displays Dye-doped TN Displays Phase Change Effect Dichroic LCDs Double Cell Dichroic LCDs Positive Mode Dichroic LCDs Supertwist Dichroic Effect Displays Ferroelectric Dichroic LCDs Polymer Dispersed Dichroic LCDs Dichroic Polymer LCDs Smectic A Dichroic LCDs Fluorescence Dichroic LCDs