gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bio-reinforced composite development for additive manufacturing: Nanocellulose-PLA (2016)

Additive manufacturing (AM) is transitioning from being only a prototyping method towards becoming a manufacturing technique for the quick production of parts with complex geometries. For the complete realization of this transition, the mechanical properties of the printed parts have to meet the requirements of actual load-bearing structural components. Integration of a reinforcing second phase into a polymer is a viable approach for the improvement of resins mechanical performance. Addition of carbon fibers into acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) has already been shown to improve its mechanical properties compared to the neat ABS resin (both additively manufactured), and led to the manufacture of world s first 3D-printed car. However, both ABS resin and carbon fibers are petroleum-based products, and there is a continuous search for alternative, bio-sourced, renewable materials as a feedstock for manufacturing. Towards this direction, we have investigated the potential of cellulose nanofibril-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) resin systems as an alternative. CNF-PLA composite systems with up to 40 wt% CNF loadings were prepared via compression molding technique and tested. Significant improvements in both tensile strength (80%) and elastic modulus (128%) were observed. Filaments prepared from the same compositions were also successfully 3D-printed into tensile testing specimens with up to 30% CNF concentrations, and showed similar improvements in mechanical performance. Although CNFs were not individually dispersed in PLA matrix, they were observed to be well blended with the polymer based on SEM micrographs. In summary, preparation and 3D-printing of a 100% bio-based feedstock material with the mechanical properties comparable to the carbon fiber-ABS system was successfully demonstrated that it can open up new window of opportunities in the additive manufacturing industry. Acknowledgement Research sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Advanced Manufacturing Office, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT-Battelle, LLC.
The role of recombination in the emergence of a complex and dynamic HIV epidemic (2010)

Taken together, we show that these recombinant lineages, which are highly prevalent in the current HIV epidemic, are a mixture of ancient and recent recombination. The HIV pandemic is moving towards having increasing complexity and higher prevalence of recombinant forms, sometimes existing as "families" of related forms. We find that the classification of some CRF designations need to be revised as a consequence of (1) an estimated > 5% error in the original subtype assignments deposited in the Los Alamos sequence database; (2) an increasing number of CRFs are defined while they do not readily fit into groupings for molecular epidemiology and vaccine design; and (3) a dynamic HIV epidemic context.
Synthesis of pseudo-ribofuranoses by stereocontrolled reactions on 4-hydroxycyclopent-2-enylmethanol derivatives (1992)

The diol 3 is a major product formed from a Prins reaction on cyclopentadiene and was readily converted into the derivatives 4–7. The latter compounds were obtained in states of high optical purity by using both enzyme-catalysed hydrolysis and esterification reactions. Osmium tetraoxide transformed the ene diol derivatives 4–7 into the corresponding alcohols 8–11. In this way the alcohol (+)-6 was used to prepare (–)-pseudo-β-ribofuranose (–)-2, and the alcohol (–)-4 was used to synthesize (+)-pseudo-α-ribofuranose (+)-1.
Supplementary Table 2 from Immutable Functional Attributes of Histologic Grade Revealed by Context-Independent Gene Expression in Primary Breast Cancer Cells (2023)

Supplementary Table 2 from Immutable Functional Attributes of Histologic Grade Revealed by Context-Independent Gene Expression in Primary Breast Cancer Cells
The optics inside an automated single molecule array analyzer (2014)

Quanterix and Stratec Biomedical have developed an instrument that enables the automated measurement of multiple proteins at concentration ~1000 times lower than existing immunoassays. The instrument is based on Quanterix’s proprietary Single Molecule Array technology (Simoa™ ) that facilitates the detection and quantification of biomarkers previously difficult to measure, thus opening up new applications in life science research and in-vitro diagnostics. Simoa is based on trapping individual beads in arrays of femtoliter-sized wells that, when imaged with sufficient resolution, allows for counting of single molecules associated with each bead. When used to capture and detect proteins, this approach is known as digital ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). The platform developed is a merger of many science and engineering disciplines. This paper concentrates on the optical technologies that have enabled the development of a fully-automated single molecule analyzer. At the core of the system is a custom, wide field-of-view, fluorescence microscope that images arrays of microwells containing single molecules bound to magnetic beads. A consumable disc containing 24 microstructure arrays was developed previously in collaboration with Sony DADC. The system cadence requirements, array dimensions, and requirement to detect single molecules presented significant optical challenges. Specifically, the wide field-of-view needed to image the entire array resulted in the need for a custom objective lens. Additionally, cost considerations for the system required a custom solution that leveraged the image processing capabilities. This paper will discuss the design considerations and resultant optical architecture that has enabled the development of an automated digital ELISA platform.
Geo-radar development at the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) (1992)

Geo-radar offers high resolution subsurface profiling of features at distances of several metres to several tens of metres in low attenuation material such as sand, gravel, rock and fresh water. The distance may decrease to a few metres in high attenuation materials such as clay. With detection distances like these, geo-radar promises to become an important tool not only for geotechnical investigations, but also for environmental and archaeological investigations.
Photoelectrochemical and Impedance Spectroscopic Analysis of Amorphous Si for Light-Guided Electrodeposition and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (2017)

For more efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting, there is a dilemma that a photoelectrode needs both light absorption and electrocatalytic faradaic reaction. One of the promising strategies is to deposit a pattern of electrocatalysts onto a semiconductor surface, leaving sufficient bare surface for light absorption while minimizing concentration overpotential as well as resistive loss at the ultramicroelectrodes for faradaic reaction. This scheme can be successfully realized by "maskless" direct photoelectrochemical patterning of electrocatalyst onto an SiO<sub>x</sub>/amorphous Si (a-Si) surface by the light-guided electrodeposition technique. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at various pHs tells us much about how it works. The surface states at the SiO<sub>x</sub>/a-Si interface can mediate the photogenerated electrons for hydrogen evolution, whereas electroactive species in the solution undergo outer-sphere electron transfer, taking electrons tunneling across the SiO<sub>x</sub> layer from the conduction band. In addition to previously reported long-distance lateral electron transport behavior at a patterned catalyst/SiO<sub>x</sub>/a-Si interface, the charging process of the surface states plays a crucial role in proton reduction, leading to deeper understanding of the operation mechanisms for photoelectrochemical water splitting.
Supplementary Table 2 from Very Long-term Survival Following Resection for Pancreatic Cancer Is Not Explained by Commonly Mutated Genes: Results of Whole-Exome Sequencing Analysis (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Table 2. Somatic mutations identified in exome sequencing of VLTSs&lt;/p&gt;
Longitudinal proxy measurements in multiple sclerosis: patient-proxy agreement on the impact of MS on daily life over a period of two years (2008)

Proxy respondents could act as a reliable source of information in cross-sectional studies. Moreover, results suggested that agreement on change over time might be better for proxy respondents compared to patients. Although this remarkable finding should be interpreted cautiously because of several limitations of the study, it does plead for further investigation of this important topic.
Laterality in the Histological Effects of Injections of Amyloid-β 25-35 into the Amygdala of Young Fischer Rats (1997)

We have observed that single amyloid-beta 25-35 (A beta) injections (5.0 nmol) into the right amygdala of rats produce progressive cytoskeletal and astrogliotic reactions not only within the amygdala, but also in distal brain regions that project to the amygdala. To determine if these effects are potentiated by bilateral injections, we injected A beta (5.0 nmol) into the left and right amygdala of young male Fischer rats. Animals were sacrificed 32 days postoperatively. Bilateral infusions of A beta induced significant neuronal shrinkage, tau-2 neuronal staining, and reactive astrocytosis within the right amygdala and/or hippocampus, compared with vehicle-treated rats. Surprisingly, the same brain regions within the left hemisphere were significantly less affected even though no differences were observed between the left and right amygdala in the size of Congored-positive A beta deposits. Unilateral injections of A beta into the left amygdala led to significant histological changes in the right amygdala and hippocampus, but not in the same brain regions within the left hemisphere. These results suggest a laterality in the histopathological effects of A beta in male Fischer rats. Identification of the cause for the lateralized effect of A beta may prove valuable for understanding the etiology of Alzheimer disease and provide possible therapeutic strategies designed to slow the progression of the disease.
Data from CCT244747 Is a Novel Potent and Selective CHK1 Inhibitor with Oral Efficacy Alone and in Combination with Genotoxic Anticancer Drugs (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; Many tumors exhibit defective cell-cycle checkpoint control and increased replicative stress. CHK1 is critically involved in the DNA damage response and maintenance of replication fork stability. We have therefore discovered a novel potent, highly selective, orally active ATP-competitive CHK1 inhibitor, CCT244747, and present its preclinical pharmacology and therapeutic activity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; Cellular CHK1 activity was assessed using an ELISA assay, and cytotoxicity a SRB assay. Biomarker modulation was measured using immunoblotting, and cell-cycle effects by flow cytometry analysis. Single-agent oral CCT244747 antitumor activity was evaluated in a MYCN-driven transgenic mouse model of neuroblastoma by MRI and in genotoxic combinations in human tumor xenografts by growth delay.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; CCT244747 inhibited cellular CHK1 activity (IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; 29–170 nmol/L), significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of several anticancer drugs, and abrogated drug-induced S and G&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; arrest in multiple tumor cell lines. Biomarkers of CHK1 (pS296 CHK1) activity and cell-cycle inactivity (pY15 CDK1) were induced by genotoxics and inhibited by CCT244747 both &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;, producing enhanced DNA damage and apoptosis. Active tumor concentrations of CCT244747 were obtained following oral administration. The antitumor activity of both gemcitabine and irinotecan were significantly enhanced by CCT244747 in several human tumor xenografts, giving concomitant biomarker modulation indicative of CHK1 inhibition. CCT244747 also showed marked antitumor activity as a single agent in a MYCN-driven neuroblastoma.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; CCT244747 represents the first structural disclosure of a highly selective, orally active CHK1 inhibitor and warrants further evaluation alone or combined with genotoxic anticancer therapies. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 18(20); 5650–61. ©2012 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Treatment of Wilson's disease with zinc. VII. Protection of the liver from copper toxicity by zinc-induced metallothionein in a rat model. (1989)

Patients with Wilson's disease often have a further increase in hepatic copper when given zinc as an initial treatment, although there is no associated clinical deterioration. To better understand this situation an animal model was developed in which copper-loaded rats are treated with zinc administered subcutaneously. In the presence of equal amounts of copper loading in liver, control rats show hepatic damage but zinc-treated rats do not. Zinc-treated rats have much higher levels of hepatic metallothionein. Gel filtration studies reveal that much of the hepatic copper in zinc-treated rats is in this metallothionein fraction, whereas the copper in control animals is primarily associated with fractions of high or low molecular weight. Subcutaneous zinc therapy also induces intestinal, but not brain, metallothionein. We interpret these findings to indicate that zinc therapy protects against copper toxicity in liver by induction of hepatic metallothionein, which sequesters copper in a nontoxic form.
Hyperacusis in chronic pain: neural interactions between the auditory and nociceptive systems (2017)

Nociceptive circuits become hypersensitive in acute and chronic pain; this sensitivity spreads from the periphery to spinal neurons and higher centres in the brain, leading to hyperalgesia or spontaneous pain even in the absence of peripheral nociceptive input. This "central sensitisation" may alter activity at sensory convergence points in the thalamus and brainstem centres such as the locus coeruleus, and give rise to hyperacusis in certain pain syndromes.
A scalable entropy code (2002)

Summary form only given. We present an algorithm for constructing entropy codes that allow progressive transmission. The algorithm constructs codes by forming an unbalanced tree in a similar to fashion to Huffman coding. It differs, however, in that nodes are combined in a rate-distortion sense. Because nodes are formed with both rate and distortion in mind, each internal tree node, in addition to each leaf node, has a reconstruction vector and a path map, or codeword, associated with it. The code associated with the leaf nodes is a lossless, asymptotically optimal (for many sources), prefix code. The codes associated with internal nodes are lossy prefix codes, but have lower average length than the lossless code. Using codes associated with the tree and pruned subtrees, an encoded source can be reconstructed with higher fidelity as more bits become available therefore allowing a successive approximation character. In addition, because the lossless code is asymptotically optimal for many sources, the the cost of using the lossless progressive code can be made arbitrarily small for these sources.
Irradiation Damage Tests on Backside-Illuminated CMOS APS Prototypes for the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager On-Board Solar Orbiter (2013)

Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) active pixel sensor (APS) prototypes made using 0.18 μm technology process have been developed for the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager of the Solar Orbiter mission. Backside illuminated CMOS APS devices, i.e., 256 × 256 pixels area, 10 μm pixel pitch with different pixel designs have been fully characterized in the visible and in EUV wavelengths. A set of irradiation tests were carried out to investigate the degradation of the devices expected in the space environment conditions of Solar Orbiter. Total ionizing dose effects from grounded measurements are presented up to 150 krad[SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ]. The prototype sensors show the immunity to single-event latch up at linear energy transfer's of 67.7 MeV cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /mg but were observed to suffer from strong degradations after proton irradiation test (with a cumulated fluence up to 4×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> protons/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) and from single event functional interrupt.
Separate or Combined Treatments with Daily Sildenafil, Molsidomine, or Muscle-Derived Stem Cells Prevent Erectile Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Cavernosal Nerve Damage (2012)

Lowering the dose of a continuous long-term sildenafil administration still maintained the prevention of CVOD in the BCNR rat previously observed, but it was less effective on the underlying histopathology. As in the aging rat model, MDSC also counteracted CVOD, but supplementation with very low-dose sildenafil did not improve the outcome.
Heterocyclen aus Lactonen, Lactamen und Thiollactonen, XV. Zur Reaktion von α‐Acyl‐ und α‐Alkoxyäthyliden‐Δβ,γ‐butenoliden mit Amidinen, Guanidinen und Hydrazinen (1973)

Abstract Mit Amidinen, Guanidinen oder Hydrazinen reagieren die α‐Acyl‐Δ β,γ ‐butenolide 2a, b nur zu den Enolaten 3a–e . Dagegen bilden die Enoläther 4a–c der α‐Acylbutenolide mit Amidinen sowie Guanidinen unter Lactonringöffnung 5‐Phenacyl‐ bzw. 5‐Acetonyl‐6‐pyrimidone 6a–n und mit Hydrazinen die entsprechenden 5‐Pyrazolone 7a, b . Von den 6‐Pyrimidonderivaten cyclisieren 61–n spontan oder bereits unter milden Bedingungen zu den Furo[2,3‐ d ]pyrimidinen 8a–c . Die IR‐ und NMR‐Spektren der erhaltenen Verbindungen werden beschrieben.
The potential of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides in the development of dendritic cell vaccines (2006)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are powerful antigen-presenting cells (APCs) capable of initiating a primary immune response, leading to the development of CD8 + cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) and CD4 + T helper (Th) cells. These characteristics make them promising as vaccine carriers. However, despite the great potential demonstrated in murine models, DC-based vaccines have only been moderately effective in human clinical trials. The efficacy of DC-based vaccination or therapy depends on a number of variables, including antigen characteristics, DC lineage and level of maturation, vaccination route, frequency and interval, and host status. Many of these parameters need to be further optimized and/or understood before DC vaccines reach their full potential. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are capable of activating DCs in response to pathogens and have potential as activation and maturation factors for DCs. The immunostimulatory properties of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), which signal through TLR9, have been extensively studied. The concept of using CpG ODNs stimulation of murine bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs) has been proven mostly in tumor challenge models. According to several published reports, TLR9 is present on human plasmacytoid DCs and B-cells, but not on monocytes, which are the most common source of DC vaccines. However, a recent study demonstrated expression of TLR9 on human monocyte-derived DCs, which suggests that CpG ODNs might be useful as activation and maturation factors. Furthermore, TLR7 and TLR8 activation was found to have a similar mode of action to TLR9. TLR8 is expressed on human monocytes and monocyte-derived DCs, and TLR8 agonists may therefore also have potential in the generation of DC vaccines.
Xanthan chain length is modulated by increasing the availability of the polysaccharide copolymerase protein GumC and the outer membrane polysaccharide export protein GumB (2012)

Xanthan is a polysaccharide secreted by Xanthomonas campestris that contains pentameric repeat units. The biosynthesis of xanthan involves an operon composed of 12 genes (gumB to gumM). In this study, we analyzed the proteins encoded by gumB and gumC. Membrane fractionation showed that GumB was mainly associated with the outer membrane, whereas GumC was an inner membrane protein. By in silico analysis and specific globomycin inhibition, GumB was characterized as a lipoprotein. By reporter enzyme assays, GumC was shown to contain two transmembrane segments flanking a large periplasmic domain. We confirmed that gumB and gumC mutant strains uncoupled the synthesis of the lipid-linked repeat unit from the polymerization process. We studied the effects of gumB and gumC gene amplification on the production, composition and viscosity of xanthan. Overexpression of GumB, GumC or GumB and GumC simultaneously did not affect the total amount or the chemical composition of the polymer. GumB overexpression did not affect xanthan viscosity; however, a moderate increase in xanthan viscosity was achieved when GumC protein levels were increased 5-fold. Partial degradation of GumC was observed when only that protein was overexpressed; but co-expression of GumB and GumC diminished GumC degradation and resulted in higher xanthan viscosity than individual GumB or GumC overexpression. Compared with xanthan from the wild-type strain, longer polymer chains from the strain that simultaneously overexpressed GumB and GumC were observed by atomic force microscopy. Our results suggest that GumB-GumC protein levels modulate xanthan chain length, which results in altered polymer viscosity.
Simulation and experimental analysis of ultrasonic clutter in fundamental and harmonic imaging (2009)

Harmonic imaging has been shown to yield significant improvements in image quality over conventional ultrasound imaging. It has been proposed that harmonic imaging generates these improvements by the reduction in clutter from reverberation in the tissue layers underlying the transducer, a reduction in beam distortion from aberration, and a reduction in clutter due to suppressed sidelobes. There is little research indicating the exact sources of clutter and how they may relate to the improvements observed with in vivo harmonic imaging. We describe simulation and experimental studies in human bladders describing the sources and characteristics of clutter and discuss their relationship to the above proposed mechanisms. The results indicate that a large source of clutter is the product of reverberation in the abdominal layers. Experimental and simulated harmonic images indicate a 3-5 and 3-8 dB reduction in clutter over fundamental images, respectively, in the upper bladder cavity, lending support for the first mechanism described above. Scattering was also observed from off-axis sources in both the fundamental and harmonic images. Simulations of the fundamental point-spread-function (PSF) showed clutter magnitudes of -43 dB in the isochronous volume. Harmonic imaging marginally improved clutter magnitude to -47 dB in this same region. When aberration was removed from the simulation while keeping the impedance constant, the isochronous volume in the fundamental PSF marginally improved to -47 dB, while harmonic imaging improved this region to -58 dB, a reduction of 11 dB. This indicates that the image quality improvements seen with harmonic imaging are more dependent on the reduction in clutter from near-field layers than with reductions in clutter due to aberration.