gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical C–H bond activation via cationic iridium hydride pincer complexes (2019)

A C-H bond activation strategy based on electrochemical activation of a metal hydride is introduced. Electrochemical oxidation of ( <sup><i>t</i>Bu<sub>4</sub></sup> PCP)IrH<sub>4</sub> ( <sup><i>t</i>Bu<sub>4</sub></sup> PCP is [1,3-( <sup><i>t</i></sup> Bu<sub>2</sub>PCH<sub>2</sub>)-C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>]<sup>-</sup>) in the presence of pyridine derivatives generates cationic Ir hydride complexes of the type [( <sup><i>t</i>Bu<sub>4</sub></sup> PCP)IrH(L)]<sup>+</sup> (where L = pyridine, 2,6-lutidine, or 2-phenylpyridine). Facile deprotonation of [( <sup><i>t</i>Bu<sub>4</sub></sup> PCP)IrH(2,6-lutidine)]<sup>+</sup> with the phosphazene base <i>tert</i>-butylimino-tris(pyrrolidino)phosphorane, <sup><i>t</i></sup> BuP<sub>1</sub>(pyrr), results in selective C-H activation of 1,2-difluorobenzene (1,2-DFB) solvent to generate ( <sup><i>t</i>Bu<sub>4</sub></sup> PCP)Ir(H)(2,3-C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>). The overall electrochemical C-H activation reaction proceeds at room temperature without need for chemical activation by a sacrificial alkene hydrogen acceptor. This rare example of undirected electrochemical C-H activation holds promise for the development of future catalytic processes.
Terahertz demultiplexing by a single-shot time-to-space conversion using a film of squarylium dye J aggregates (2000)

We applied time-to-space conversion using femtosecond nonlinear-optical response of squarylium-dye (SQ) J-aggregates film. A pump pulse and a train of four probe pulses were illuminated on the same area (10 mm φ) of the film in direction of oblique and normal to the film plane, respectively. Due to the oblique illumination, the pump pulse met probe pulses (interval time: 1 ps) at separate places. The film picked out part of each probe pulse by its transmittance change, which was observed for a transmitted image of spatially separated four lines. Response time of the SQ J aggregates is enough for the single-shot 1 THz demultiplexing.
Low-loss curved subwavelength grating waveguide based on index engineering (2016)

Subwavelength grating (SWG) waveguide is an intriguing alternative to conventional optical waveguides due to its freedom to tune a few important waveguide properties such as dispersion and refractive index. Devices based on SWG waveguide have demonstrated impressive performances compared to those of conventional waveguides. However, the large loss of SWG waveguide bends jeopardizes their applications in integrated photonics circuits. In this work, we propose that a predistorted refractive index distribution in SWG waveguide bends can effectively decrease the mode mismatch noise and radiation loss simultaneously, and thus significantly reduce the bend loss. Here, we achieved the pre-distortion refractive index distribution by using trapezoidal silicon pillars. This geometry tuning approach is numerically optimized and experimentally demonstrated. The average insertion loss of a 5 &mu;m SWG waveguide bend can be reduced drastically from 5.58 dB to 1.37 dB per 90&deg; bend for quasi-TE polarization. In the future, the proposed approach can be readily adopted to enhance performance of an array of SWG waveguide-based photonics devices.
Smart pixel memory buffer array with parallel and serial access (2002)

In summary, an optical memory smart pixel array had been designed and fabricated. The functions and performance of this device had been tested and confirmed. We demonstrated a smart pixel capable of storing 4 pages of 32-bit memory with parallel operation of the smart pixel array at clock rates up to 277 MHz.
Size-Dependent Charge Collection in Junctions Containing Single-Size and Multi-Size Arrays of Colloidal CdSe Quantum Dots (2007)

This paper describes the electrical characteristics of junctions composed of three-dimensional arrays of colloidal CdSe quantum dots (QDs) with tin-doped indium oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and eutectic Ga-In (EGaIn) electrodes. It focuses on a comparison of junctions containing QDs of one size to those of arrays containing QDs of multiple sizes. This comparison makes it possible to estimate the relative contributions of transport across various interfaces (e.g., between the QDs and between the QDs and the electrodes) to the observed electrical characteristics of the junction and to evaluate the dependence of these contributions on the locations of various sizes of QDs within the junction. The junctions were diodes, and their turn-on voltage depended on the size of the QDs next to the PEDOT:PSS. We describe this dependence using a Marcus model to estimate the barrier for charge transfer induced by the difference in energies between the orbitals of the QDs and the valence band of PEDOT:PSS.
Evaluation of thermal fatigue life and failure mechanisms of Sn-Ag-Cu solder joints with reduced Ag contents (2004)

The electronic industry is making substantial progress toward a full transition to Pb-free soldering in the near future. At present, the leading candidate Pb-free solders are near-ternary eutectic Sn-Ag-Cu alloys. The electronic industry has begun to study both the processing behaviors and the thermomechanical fatigue properties of these alloys in detail in order to understand their applicability in context of current electronic card reliability requirements. In recent publications, the solidification behavior of the near-ternary eutectic Sn-Ag-Cu alloys has been reported in terms of the formation of large Ag/sub 3/Sn plates and their effects on mechanical properties of Pb-free solder joints. It was also demonstrated that reducing Ag content in the near-ternary eutectic Sn-Ag-Cu alloys was very effective in controlling the formation of large Ag/sub 3/Sn plates and thereby reducing the reliability risk factor of solder joints. In this study, thermal fatigue behavior of CBGA (ceramic ball grid array) solder joints was investigated in terms of Ag content, cooling rate, and thermal cycling conditions. Extensive failure analysis was conducted with thermal-cycled solder joints to understand the failure mechanisms operating during the accelerated thermal cycling (ATC) tests.
The Mitochondrial Network of Human Neutrophils: Role in Chemotaxis, Phagocytosis, Respiratory Burst Activation, and Commitment to Apoptosis (2003)

It is commonly assumed that human neutrophils possess few, if any, functional mitochondria and that they do not depend on these organelles for cell function. We have used the fluorescent mitochondrial indicators, JC-1, MitoTracker Red, and dihydrorhodamine 123 to show that live neutrophils possess a complex mitochondrial network that extends through the cytoplasm. The membrane potential of these mitochondria was rapidly (within 2 min) disrupted by the addition of FCCP (IC(50) = 20 nM), but not by the Fo-ATPase inhibitor, oligomycin (at up to 7 microg/ml). However, inhibition of mitochondrial function with both agents resulted in cell shape changes. Neither activation of the respiratory burst nor phagocytosis of either latex particles or serum-opsonized Staphylococcus aureus was affected by the addition of FCCP or oligomycin. However, FCCP inhibited chemotaxis at concentrations that paralleled disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, prolonged (2-h) incubation with oligomycin resulted in an impaired ability to activate a respiratory burst and also inhibited chemotaxis. These observations indicate that intact mitochondrial function is required to sustain some neutrophil functions, but not for the rapid initiation of the respiratory burst or phagocytosis. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was a very early marker for commitment of neutrophils into apoptosis and preceded the appearance of phosphatidylserine on the cell surface. However, inhibition of mitochondrial function did not accelerate the rate of neutrophil apoptosis. These data shed important insights into the hitherto unrecognized importance of mitochondria in the function of neutrophils during infection and inflammation.
Solid-Phase Synthesis and Biological Screening of N-alpha-Mercaptoamide Template-Based Matrix Metalloprotease Inhibitors (2000)

A series of N-alpha-mercaptoacetyl containing dipeptides have been prepared on solid-phase supports as putative matrix metalloprotease (MMP) inhibitors. Inhibitor design was based on a positional scanning approach of the amino acids present within a template molecule, previously shown to be an MMP inhibitor with good pharmacological characteristics. This study is the first step in a unique programme, designed to expand the repertoire of molecular templates which can be chosen as starting points for the development of more focused parallel and/or combinatorial libraries of MMP inhibitors as a means to accelerate the lead discovery process. This paper reports the success of such an approach in the development of agents with activity against a number of pathologically important MMPs. After screening of these positional scanning libraries, we have obtained important SAR information, in particular, pharmacophores with the ability to impart selectivity for particular MMP species.
Relationship between optical and electrical properties of liquid-crystal optical devices (1996)

It is shown that the relationship between capacitance and refractive index is linear for liquid-crystal optical devices, such as liquid-crystal Fabry-Perot interferometer filters and liquid-crystal microprism arrays. A linearizing circuit that compensates for the nonlinear properties of liquid-crystal optical devices is made, in which capacitance instead of applied voltage is monitored. It can also directly display the value of the transmission peak wavelength or the def lection angle.
A study of the thermal characterization of a high &#x2014; performance flip chip package (2008)

This paper describes a systematic experimental and numerical study of the thermal characterization of a flip-chip package. A cold-plate based test method is used for thermal characterization and internal thermal resistance is used as the basis of all comparisons. Experiment results are presented for three flip-chip packages. Test parameters such as thermocouple wire, attachment, thickness of interface material (grease) between the package lid and the cold plate and power dissipation are presented. Using a detailed numerical model [1], of the package, a parametric study of the experimental method is presented. The parametric study shows the variation in package thermal resistance due to different thermocouple bead sizes, thermocouple attachment parameters, different thermal grease thicknesses and different chip-lid thermal interface material (TIM) properties. All the numerically predicted values are within the experimental range.
Narrow linewidth CPT signal in small vapor cells for chip scale atomic clocks (2005)

We report our measurement of coherent-population-trapping (CPT) signal linewidths in small vapor cells, which are desirable for chip scale atomic clock (CSAC) applications. The linewidths are measured in both rubidium vapor cells and cesium vapor cells. Using a micro-machined silicon absorption cell (diameter = 1.7 mm, length = 2 mm), we demonstrate a sub-kHz linewidth (FWHM) of the clock transition in the /sup 133/Cs atom (|F = 3, m/sub F/ = 0>/spl harr/|F = 4, m/sub F/ = 0>). The measured intrinsic linewidths (FWHM = 777 Hz for Cs and FWHM = 1496 Hz for Rb) of the cells agree with the calculated results.
Synthesis and characterization of poly (styrene‐ b ‐[(butadiene) 1− x ‐(ethylene‐ co ‐butylene) x ] ‐ b ‐styrene) star‐like molecular polymers produced by partial hydrogenation of SBS (2013)

This article reports the synthesis and characterization of four arm star‐shaped poly(styrene‐ b ‐[(butadiene) 1−x ‐(ethylene‐ co ‐butylene) x ]‐ b ‐styrene) (SBEBS) copolymers. A series of SBEBS copolymers with different compositions of the elastomeric block were produced by hydrogenating a given poly(styrene‐ b ‐butadiene‐ b ‐styrene) (SBS) copolymer using a catalyst prepared from bis( η 5 ‐cyclopentadienyl)titanium(IV) dichloride and n ‐butyllithium. The characterization was accomplished by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H NMR), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results indicate that there is a selective saturation of the polybutadiene block over the polystyrene block; this selectivity was determined by the Ti/Li molar ratio and the concentration of Ti. It was observed that the saturation rate of the 1,2‐vinyl was higher than that of the 1,4‐ trans and 1,4‐ cis poly(butadiene)‐ b isomers. The DSC and DMA results indicate that the degree of hydrogenation had a profound effect on the polymer's relaxation behavior. All samples exhibited a biphasic system behavior with two distinct transitions corresponding to the elastomeric and polystyrene blocks. SBEBS copolymers with higher saturation levels (&gt;33%) exhibited a crystalline character. The TGA results indicated a characteristic weight loss temperature in all samples, with slightly higher thermal degradation stabilities in the materials with higher degrees of saturation. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2332–2344, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis, Characterization and UV‐Crosslinking of Aromatic (Co)polycarbonates Bearing Pendant Azido Groups (2022)

Abstract A new series of (co)polycarbonates bearing pendent azido groups was synthesized by polycondensation of varying molar proportions of 4, 4’‐(5‐azidopentane‐2, 2‐diyl) diphenol and bisphenol‐A with triphosgene. The chemical structures, compositions and random nature of (co)polycarbonates were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. Inherent viscosities and number‐average molecular weights of (co)polycarbonates were in the range 0.63–0.77 dL g −1 and 35,400–43,400 g mol −1 , respectively indicating the formation of reasonably high molecular weight polymers. (Co)polycarbonates could be cast into tough, transparent and flexible films from chloroform solutions. (Co)polycarbonates were further characterized using IR spectroscopy, XRD, TGA and DSC. The thermal crosslinking of (co)polycarbonates bearing pendant azido groups was studied by DSC analysis. Independently, (co)polycarbonates bearing pendant azido groups were exposed to UV irradiation at wavelength of 254 nm and decomposition reaction of azido groups was monitored by FT‐IR spectroscopy. The complete decomposition of azido groups was observed with exposure time of 30 min. The formed cross‐linked (co)polycarbonates exhibited improved % char yield values compared to parent (co)polycarbonates. The measurement of mechanical properties of representative crosslinked (co)polycarbonates indicated increase in tensile strength and Young's modulus and decrease in % elongation compared to corresponding parent linear (co)polycarbonates.
Sci‐Fri AM: YIS‐06: On‐line adaptive radiation therapy based on the intra‐fractional digital tomosynthesis images (2008)

We have shown that performing on-line ART based on intra-fractional DTS images is feasible. The advantages are reduced treatment time and the ability to detect and account for patient motion during the treatment fraction.
New Electrochromic Systems for the Color E-Paper (2010)

Here we describe the newly designed electrochromic(EC) materials to improve the three primary colors (RGB) and bistability. We also report the printed color image of EC device which shows good reversibility and memory. The use of a reflector furnishes good white reflectance of a value of above 50%. The simple structure and easy driving method allow the device application in various areas, such as simple segment driving devices, display information board, and paper like displays (PLD).
Characterization of diffusing capacity and perfusion of the rat lung in a lipopolysaccaride disease model using hyperpolarized 129Xe (2003)

The ability to quantify pulmonary diffusing capacity and perfusion using dynamic hyperpolarized (129)Xe NMR spectroscopy is demonstrated. A model of alveolar gas exchange was developed, which, in conjunction with (129)Xe NMR, enables quantification of average alveolar wall thickness, pulmonary perfusion, capillary diffusion length, and mean transit time. The technique was employed to compare a group of naïve rats (n = 10) with a group of rats with acute inflammatory lung injury (n = 10), caused by instillation of lipopolysaccaride (LPS). The measured structural and perfusion-related parameters were in agreement with reported values from studies using non-NMR methods. Significant differences between the groups were found in total diffusion length (control 8.5 +/- 0.5 microm, LPS 9.9 +/- 0.6 microm, P < 0.001), in capillary diffusion length (control 2.9 +/- 0.4 microm, LPS 3.9 +/- 1.0 microm, P < 0.05), and in pulmonary hematocrit (control 0.55 +/- 0.06, LPS 0.43 +/- 0.08, P < 0.01), whereas no differences were observed in alveolar wall thickness, pulmonary perfusion, and mean transit time. These results demonstrate the ability of the method to distinguish two main aspects of lung function, namely, diffusing capacity and pulmonary perfusion.
Difference-frequency generation with quantum-limited efficiency in triply-resonant nonlinear cavities (2009)

We present a comprehensive study of second-order nonlinear difference frequency generation in triply resonant cavities using a theoretical framework based on coupled-mode theory. We show that optimal "quantum-limited" conversion efficiency can be achieved at any pump power when the powers at the pump and idler frequencies satisfy a critical relationship. We demonstrate the existence of a broad parameter range in which all triply-resonant DFG processes exhibit monostable conversion. We also demonstrate the existence of a geometry-dependent bistable region.
Reducing Streaming ASR Model Delay with Self Alignment (2021)

Reducing prediction delay for streaming end-to-end ASR models with minimal performance regression is a challenging problem. Constrained alignment is a well-known existing approach that penalizes predicted word boundaries using external low-latency acoustic models. On the contrary, recently proposed FastEmit is a sequence-level delay regularization scheme encouraging vocabulary tokens over blanks without any reference alignments. Although all these schemes are successful in reducing delay, ASR word error rate (WER) often severely degrades after applying these delay constraining schemes. In this paper, we propose a novel delay constraining method, named self alignment. Self alignment does not require external alignment models. Instead, it utilizes Viterbi forced-alignments from the trained model to find the lower latency alignment direction. From LibriSpeech evaluation, self alignment outperformed existing schemes: 25% and 56% less delay compared to FastEmit and constrained alignment at the similar word error rate. For Voice Search evaluation,12% and 25% delay reductions were achieved compared to FastEmit and constrained alignment with more than 2% WER improvements.
Modulation formats analysis for optical short reach interconnects (2016)

A performance comparison among some promising low-complexity modulation formats suitable for optical short reach interconnects is presented. Bit error probability, electrical SNR and optical power penalty for different sets of operational parameters has been investigated through a complete analysis of the behavior of each format. Simulation results reveal that, among the selected modulation formats, while DBPSK and DQPSK are advantaged in terms of electrical SNR, this advantage is lost in terms of optical power. Among the formats requiring a lower technological complexity, the most resilient to chromatic dispersion turn out to be PAM-4 and CAPS, which outperforms PAM-4 as regards the power budget.
Advances in Solid Core Photonic Bandgap Fiber Amplifiers (2012)

We present recent development of photonic crystal fiber amplifiers containing photonic bandgap structures for enhanced spectral and modal filtering functionality.
Effect of amino acids on luminol-dependent chemiluminescence generated by peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (1986)

Individual amino acids and amino acid mixtures caused a dose-dependent increase in chemiluminescence generated by peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes. A visual assay for opsonophagocytosis, however, failed to identify any quantitative differences between leukocytes incubated with amino acids and those incubated in amino-acid-free solutions. The results of this study suggest that the presence of amino acids may interfere with the proper interpretation of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence curves.
Preliminary analysis of contamination measurements from the ESEX 26 kW ammonia arcjet flight experiment (1999)

Abstract : The United States Air Force Research Laboratory's Electric Propulsion Space Experiment (ESEX) was launched and operated in early 1999 in order to demonstrate the compatibility and readiness of a 30-kW class ammonia arcjet for satellite propulsion applications. As part of this flight, an array of on-board contamination sensors was used to assess the effect of the arcjet and other environments on the spacecraft. The sensors consisted of microbalances to measure material deposition, radiometers to assess material degradation due to thermal radiation, and solar cell segments to investigate solar array degradation. Over eight firings of the ESEX arcjet (and 33 min. 26 sec operating time), the following preliminary results are reported. The microbalances show no measurable deposition from the arcjet, in agreement with predictions. The radiometer near the thruster, viewing the arcjet plume and body, experiences a change in the thermal properties of its coating from the firings. Radiometers with no view of the arcjet, or a view of only the plume, show no change. During firings, the solar cell segments, near the thruster, show decreasing open-circuit voltage; probably attributable to an additional electrical load provided by the plume plasma. The solar cells also exhibit a 3% decrease in non-firing, solar-illuminated over the eight arcjet firings, attributable to decreased solar transmission of the cover glass. However, no effects associated with the arcjet are observed on the spacecraft solar arrays. These data are in good agreement with model predictions, where available. In general, contamination effects are observed only on sensors near the thruster exhaust nozzle, a location unlikely to be used in an operational high-power electric propulsion system. No contamination effects are observed in the backplane of the thruster.
Distributed Adaptive Learning With Multiple Kernels in Diffusion Networks (2018)

We propose an adaptive scheme for distributed learning of nonlinear functions by a network of nodes. The proposed algorithm consists of a local adaptation stage utilizing multiple kernels with projections onto hyperslabs and a diffusion stage to achieve consensus on the estimates over the whole network. Multiple kernels are incorporated to enhance the approximation of functions with several high- and low-frequency components common in practical scenarios. We provide a thorough convergence analysis of the proposed scheme based on the metric of the Cartesian product of multiple reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces. To this end, we introduce a modified consensus matrix considering this specific metric and prove its equivalence to the ordinary consensus matrix. Besides, the use of hyperslabs enables a significant reduction of the computational demand with only a minor loss in the performance. Numerical evaluations with synthetic and real data are conducted showing the efficacy of the proposed algorithm compared to the state-of-the-art schemes.