gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Average and Effective Energies, and Fluence-Dose Equivalent Conversion Factors for $^{239}Pu-Be,\;^{241}Am-Li\;and\;^{241}Am-F$ Neutron Sources (1971)

Average and effective energies for 239Pu-Be, 241Am-Li and 241Am-F neutron sources have been calculated from a number of published data for the neutron spectra and for the dose equivalent as a function of neutron energies by a numerical method. Also a calculation of the dose equivalent conversion factors, i. e., the first collision dose equivalent and the surface (or multicollision) dose equivalent that equals the product of surface-absorbed dose and a corresponding quality factor, per unit fluence of neutrons from these sources has been carried out in the same way as before. The results are as follows : 1. for average energies 4.070.33, 0.42 and 1.41 MeV； 2. for effective energies based on the concept of the first collision process in the human body 4.450.344, 0.51 and 1.47 MeV; 3. for effective energies based on the concept of the multi-collision process in the human body 4.500.36, 0.50 and 1.45 MeV； 4. for fluence-first collision dose equivalent conversion factors (2.740.07)10 , 1.58 10 and 2.3410 rems/(n/); and 5. for fluence-surface dose equivalent conversion factors (3.550.09)10 , 2.1910 and 2.8210 rems/(n/) : respectively.
Distributed vector modulation for broadband phase control (2003)

A high-performance phase shifter based on vector phase modulation was designed using a segmented dual-gate distributed amplifier MMIC (monolithic microwave integrated circuit). The phase shifter has equalled the widest instantaneous bandwidth yet reported (4.5-18 GHz). This device exhibits excellent phase error, VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio), and amplitude variation characteristics.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Multiple Synthetic Routes to the Mini-Protein Omomyc and Coiled-Coil Domain Truncations (2019)

The Myc transcription factor represents an “undruggable” target of high biological interest due to its central role in various cancers. An abbreviated form of the c-Myc protein, called Omomyc, consists of the Myc DNA-binding domain and a coiled-coil region to facilitate dimerization of the 90 amino acid polypeptide. Here we present our results to evaluate the synthesis of Omomyc using three complementary strategies: linear Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) using several advancements for difficult sequences, native chemical ligation from smaller peptide fragments, and a high-throughput bacterial expression and assay platform for rapid mutagenesis. This multifaceted approach allowed access to up to gram quantities of the mini-protein and permitted in vitro and in vivo SAR exploration of this modality. DNA-binding results and cellular activity confirm that Omomyc and analogues presented here, are potent binders of the E-box DNA engaged by Myc for transcriptional activation and that this 90-amino acid mini-protein is cell permeable and can inhibit proliferation of Myc-dependent cell lines. We also present additional results on covalent homodimerization through disulfide formation of the full-length mini-protein and show the coiled-coil region can be truncated while preserving both DNA binding and cellular activity. Altogether, our results highlight the ability of advanced peptide synthesis to achieve SAR tractability in a challenging synthetic modality.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of potent bryostatin analogs that modulate PKC translocation selectivity (2011)

Modern methods for the identification of therapeutic leads include chemical or virtual screening of compound libraries. Nature's library represents a vast and diverse source of leads, often exhibiting exquisite biological activities. However, the advancement of natural product leads into the clinic is often impeded by their scarcity, complexity, and nonoptimal properties or efficacy as well as the challenges associated with their synthesis or modification. Function-oriented synthesis represents a strategy to address these issues through the design of simpler and therefore synthetically more accessible analogs that incorporate the activity-determining features of the natural product leads. This study illustrates the application of this strategy to the design and synthesis of functional analogs of the bryostatin marine natural products. It is specifically directed at exploring the activity-determining role of bryostatin A-ring functionality on PKC affinity and selectivity. The resultant functional analogs, which were prepared by a flexible, modular synthetic strategy, exhibit excellent affinity to PKC and differential isoform selectivity. These and related studies provide the basic information needed for the design of simplified and thus synthetically more accessible functional analogs that target PKC isoforms, major targets of therapeutic interest.
Emulsion (2016)

This Glossary of Terms Related to Pharmaceutics is needed by practitioners in the field of pharmaceutics as this field fulfills an important and crucial role, different from the roles of other scientific disciplines involved in the drugmaking process. The glossary contains 168 definitions used in pharmaceutics. These are related to various aspects of this discipline, such as: (1) physicochemical characterization of pharmaceutical preparations and the active ingredients they contain; (2) unit operations used in the practice of pharmaceutics; (3) terms related to the various dosage forms; (4) terms related to the various modes and routes of drug delivery; (5) terms used in pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics in general; and additional miscellaneous terms. The field of pharmaceutics itself is of a multidisciplinary nature as its practitioners come from a variety of disciplines, such as chemistry or various biological sciences, thus a glossary containing authoritative definitions would be useful for them. The terms used in pharmaceutics are rarely covered by existing glossaries, and in the cases they are, their definitions are often inappropriate for the field of pharmaceutics and require new or modified definitions to better fit the new context.
CATECHOLAMINES AND METABOLISM OF HUMAN ADIPOSE TISSUE (1970)

Abstract. Human omental adipose tissue under basal incubation conditions incorporates glucose‐l‐ 14 C in glycerideglycerol (62%) and glyceride‐fatty acids (38%). Studies either on incorporation of glucose‐l‐ 14 C into lipids or on re‐esterification of FFA show that noradrenaline and adrenaline prominently stimulate the synthesis of triglycerides in human omental tissue in vitro. The stimulation on conversion of glucose‐l‐ 14 C into glyceride‐fatty acid was at least as pronounced as on the incorporation of label into glyceride‐glycerol. The increase in lipogenesis (glucose incorporation into adipose glycerides measured in vitro) was attributed to the enhanced triglyceride breakdown, since other lipolytic agents, isopropylnoradrenaline, dibutyryl‐cAMP, and addition of low concentration of phentolamine to noradrenaline‐containing medium produced similar changes. Furthermore, lipogenesis was diminished when either noradrenaline‐induced lipolysis was inhibited by propranolol or when the effect of other lipolytic agents was suppressed by high concentration of phentolamine. The only lipolytic agent which had no stimulating effect on lipogenesis, and even inhibited this process when added at high concentration, was theophylline. The inhibitory effect of theophylline was not prevented by the addition of different concentrations of 5′AMP, and the mechanism for its effect on lipogenesis remains unknown.
Adapting Chinese Word Segmentation for Machine Translation Based on Short Units. (2010)

In Chinese texts, words composed of single or multiple characters are not separated by spaces, unlike most western languages. Therefore Chinese word segmentation is considered an important first step in machine translation (MT) and its performance impacts MT results. Many factors affect Chinese word segmentations, including the segmentation standards and segmentation strategies. The performance of a corpus-based word segmentation model depends heavily on the quality and the segmentation standard of the training corpora. However, we observed that existing manually annotated Chinese corpora tend to have low segmentation granularity and provide poor morphological information due to the present segmentation standards. In this paper, we introduce a short-unit standard of Chinese word segmentation, which is particularly suitable for machine translation, and propose a semi-automatic method of transforming the existing corpora into the ones that can satisfy our standards. We evaluate the usefulness of our approach on the basis of translation tasks from the technology newswire domain and the scientific paper domain, and demonstrate that it significantly improves the performance of Chinese-Japanese machine translation (over 1.0 BLEU increase). 1.
A Model for Predicting the Piezoresistive Effect in Microflexures Experiencing Bending and Tension Loads (2008)

This paper proposes a model for predicting the piezoresistive effect in microflexures experiencing bending stresses. Linear models have long existed for describing piezoresistivity for members in pure tension and compression. However, extensions of linear models to more complex loading conditions do not match with experimental results. A second-order model to predict piezoresistive effects in tension, compression, and more complex loading conditions is proposed. A reduced form of the general second-order model is presented for thin flexures in bending. A three-step approach is used to determine the piezoresistive coefficients for this reduced-form model. The approach is demonstrated for two sets of -type polysilicon. The predictive ability of the model is investigated by comparing the results to the experimental results using the new piezoresistive model and coefficients. One of the ways to implement the model is with multiphysics finite element analysis (FEA). The piezoresistive FEA for flexures algorithm is a FEA implementation of the unidirectional form of the model for flexures. The results presented in this paper are for the simplified cases of long thin flexures experiencing bending and axial loads. This new model could contribute to optimized sensors and feedback control of microdevices, nanopositioning, and self-sensing microdevices.
A Nonequilibrium Model for Particle Networking/Jamming and Time-Dependent Dynamic Rheology of Filled Polymers (2020)

We describe an approach for modeling the filler network formation kinetics of particle-reinforced rubbery polymers—commonly called filler flocculation—that was developed by employing parallels between deformation effects in jammed particle systems and the influence of temperature on glass-forming materials. Experimental dynamic viscosity results were obtained concerning the strain-induced particle network breakdown and subsequent time-dependent reformation behavior for uncross-linked elastomers reinforced with carbon black and silica nanoparticles. Using a relaxation time function that depends on both actual dynamic strain amplitude and fictive (structural) strain, the model effectively represented the experimental data for three different levels of dynamic strain down-jump with a single set of parameters. This fictive strain model for filler networking is analogous to the established Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moynihan model for structural relaxation (physical aging) of nonequilibrium glasses. Compared to carbon black, precipitated silica particles without silane surface modification exhibited a greater overall extent of filler networking and showed more self-limiting behavior in terms of network formation kinetics in filled ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM). The EPDM compounds with silica or carbon black filler were stable during the dynamic shearing and recovery experiments at 160 °C, whereas irreversible dynamic modulus increases were noted when the polymer matrix was styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), presumably due to branching/cross-linking of SBR in the rheometer. Care must be taken when measuring and interpreting the time-dependent filler networking in unsaturated elastomers at high temperatures.
B-111 Sulfotyrosine-mediated V2-V3 interaction stabilizes the HIV-1 envelope trimer facilitating immune evasion (2016)

The HIV-1 envelope is a cleverly engineered viral entry machinery featuring a wide array of immune evasion mechanisms. We recently discovered that 2 conserved tyrosines (Y173, Y177) in the second variable (V2) loop of the gp120 envelope glycoprotein can be post- translationally modified by O-sulfation and functionally mimic the sulfotyrosines present in the N-terminal region of CCR5, interacting with the conserved coreceptor-binding site at the base of V3 (Cimbro et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111:3152). To get further insights into the functional role of the V2 sulfotyrosines, we examined the effects of tyrosine sulfation modulation and mutagenesis on the neutralization sensitivity of HIV-1. Inhibition of tyrosine sulfation by treatment with sodium chlorate increased HIV-1 sensitivity to soluble CD4 (sCD4) and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to CD4-induced (CD4i) or monomer- preferred epitopes; at the same time, neutralization by trimer-specific mAbs was reduced, suggesting that tyrosine sulfation contributes to stabilizing the closed trimer conformation. An even more dramatic effect was observed upon phenylalanine or alanine substitution of the V2 tyrosines, indicating that the tyrosine side-chains play a stabilizing role regardless of their sulfation status. Strikingly, the V2 tyrosine mutants became highly susceptible to neutralization by HIV-1-infected patient sera, including those with low/restricted neutralizing capacity. Altogether, these results document the key role played by the V2 tyrosines, particularly in their sulfated form, as a mechanism of HIV-1 immune evasion.
Identification of Vaccine-Altered Circulating B Cell Phenotypes Using Mass Cytometry and a Two-Step Clustering Analysis (2016)

Broadening our understanding of the abundance and phenotype of B cell subsets that are induced or perturbed by exogenous Ags will improve the vaccine evaluation process. Mass cytometry (CyTOF) is being used to increase the number of markers that can be investigated in single cells, and therefore characterize cell phenotype at an unprecedented level. We designed a panel of CyTOF Abs to compare the B cell response in cynomolgus macaques at baseline, and 8 and 28 d after the second homologous immunization with modified vaccinia virus Ankara. The spanning-tree progression analysis of density-normalized events (SPADE) algorithm was used to identify clusters of CD20(+) B cells. Our data revealed the phenotypic complexity and diversity of circulating B cells at steady-state and significant vaccine-induced changes in the proportions of some B cell clusters. All SPADE clusters, including those altered quantitatively by vaccination, were characterized phenotypically and compared using double hierarchical clustering. Vaccine-altered clusters composed of previously described subsets including CD27(hi)CD21(lo) activated memory and CD27(+)CD21(+) resting memory B cells, and subphenotypes with novel patterns of marker coexpression. The expansion, followed by the contraction, of a single memory B cell SPADE cluster was positively correlated with serum anti-vaccine Ab titers. Similar results were generated by a different algorithm, automatic classification of cellular expression by nonlinear stochastic embedding. In conclusion, we present an in-depth characterization of B cell subphenotypes and proportions, before and after vaccination, using a two-step clustering analysis of CyTOF data, which is suitable for longitudinal studies and B cell subsets and biomarkers discovery.
Influence of Carbides Precipitated by Low-temperature Tempering on Room-temperature Mechanical Properties of Grade 91 Steel (2021)

The precipitation behavior of carbides of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel (Grade 91) by low-temperature tempering and the influence of those carbides on the mechanical properties at room temperature were investigated. As-quenched sample (AQ) showed a small amount of MC carbide in the martensite microstructure. Three types of carbides were formed by low-temperature tempering at 300-500ºC that were chosen for the purpose of suppressing recovery and growth of the dislocation substructure. These carbides were identified as Fe4C, hP8 type Fe3C, and oP16 type Fe3C using replica samples for transmission electron microscopic and extracted residue analyses. Double low-temperature tempering at 500ºC for 5 min followed by at 300ºC for 1 h (DLTT) formed a large amount of carbide compared to AQ while AQ and DLTT had similar lath widths. The hardness of the DLTT sample was higher than that of the AQ sample, whereas the tensile strength of the DLTT sample was slightly lower than that of the AQ sample regardless of strain rate. The reason why the precipitation strengthening did not work for the improvement of tensile strength is considered to be the early formation of microvoids due to the delamination of carbide/matrix interfaces under tensile test.
Lifelong learning for acquiring the wisdom of the crowd (2013)

Predictive models play a key role for inference and decision making in crowdsourcing. We present methods that can be used to guide the collection of data for enhancing the competency of such predictive models while using the models to provide a base crowdsourcing service. We focus on the challenge of ideally balancing the goals of collecting data over time for learning and for improving task performance with the cost of workers ’ contributions over the lifetime of the operation of a system. We introduce the use of distributions over a set of predictive models to represent uncertainty about the dynamics of the world. We employ a novel Monte Carlo algorithm to reason simultaneously about uncertainty about the world dynamics and the progression of task solution as workers are hired over time to optimize hiring decisions. We evaluate the methodology with experiments on a challenging citizen-science problem, demonstrating how it balances exploration and exploitation over the lifetime of a crowdsourcing system. 1
An Efficient Antibody-Catalyzed Aminoacylation Reaction (1992)

An antibody generated against a neutral phosphonate diester transition-state analog was found to catalyze the aminoacylation of the 3'-hydroxyl group of thymidine with an alanyl ester. A comparison of the apparent second-order rate constant of the antibody-catalyzed reaction [5.4 x 10(4) molar-1 minute-1 (M-1 min-1)] with that of the uncatalyzed reaction (2.6 x 10(-4) M-1 min-1) revealed this to be a remarkably efficient catalyst. Moreover, although the concentration of water (55 M) greatly exceeds that of the secondary alcohol, the antibody selectively catalyzes acyl transfer to thymidine. The antibody exhibits sequential binding, with Michaelis constants of 770 microM and 260 microM for acyl acceptor and donor, respectively, and a dissociation constant of 240 pM for hapten. This antibody-catalyzed reaction provides increased insight into the requirements for efficient aminoacylation catalysts and may represent a first step toward the generation of "aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetases" with novel specificities.
Identification of mutation biomarkers underpinning colon cancer sidedness and cetuximab sensitivity. (2018)

629 Background: Currently, extended RAS testing ( KRAS/ NRAS) in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients identifies only non-responders to EGFR inhibitor (EGFRi) therapies, and accurate prediction of drug-sensitive subpopulations remains problematic in patients, even with wild-type RAS. Moreover, the molecular basis for the laterality of anti-EGFR sensitivity is poorly understood. Methods: 468 CRCs were analyzed by global gene expression analysis, DNA sequencing (1321 cancer related genes) and MSI analysis. Tumors were stratified by a validated gene expression cetuximab sensitivity (CTX-S) score, and then correlated with identified high frequency mutations, resulting in a ranking of CTX-S score-associated mutated genes (see Table). Results: Ranking analysis revealed MSI-H status and KRAS mutation as the most negatively-correlated among all patients and MSS patients, respectively. Conversely, APC and TP53 were the most highly positively-correlated mutant genes in both all patient- and MSS-cases. Deeper analysis revealed that the combination of mutant APC + TP53 ( A + P) was more common in left vs. right CRCs (52% vs 21%), and even more pronounced in MSS vs MSI cases (47% vs 2%). CTX-S scores were highest in mutant A + P patients with WT RAS, but surprisingly, were nearly as high in mutant A + P patients with mutant RAS. CRC PDX models validated these results with a favorable CR/PR/SD vs PD association. Conclusions: Here we report the discovery of a cooperative role of APC and TP53 mutations in identifying EGFRi-sensitive CRC subpopulations. Our data suggest that addition of the routine sequencing of APC and TP53 to extended RAS testing may expand the EGFRi therapeutic opportunity (by up to 25%), regardless of RAS mutation status. [Table: see text]
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Olefin Metathesis and Natural Product Synthesis (2011)

Abstract Review: 18 refs.
24. XY (2002)

PreviousNext No AccessEncyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Geophysics, Fourth edition24. XYAuthors: Robert E. SheriffRobert E. SheriffProfessor, University of Houstonhttps://doi.org/10.1190/1.9781560802969.chxy SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.9781560802969.chxyFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Geophysics, Fourth editionISBN (print):978-1-56080-118-4ISBN (online):978-1-56080-296-9Copyright: 2002 Pages: 442 publication data© 2002 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without written permission of the publisherPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished in print: 01 Jan 2002 CITATION INFORMATION Robert E. Sheriff, (2002), "24. XY," Geophysical References Series : 399-399. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.9781560802969.chxy Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...
Results from a High-Sensitivity Search for Cosmic Axions (1998)

We report the first results of a high-sensitivity $(\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}23}\mathrm{W})$ search for light halo axions through their conversion to microwave photons. At the 90% confidence level, we exclude a Kim-Shifman-Vainshtein-Zakharov axion of mass $2.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ to $3.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}\mathrm{eV}$ as the dark matter in the halo of our galaxy.
Aspirin‐Interleukin‐3 Interrelationships in Patients With Anti‐Phospholipid Syndrome (1996)

The serum level of IL-3 is decreased to pregnant women with primary or secondary APS. Low dose aspirin is capable of stimulating IL-3 production in vitro most probably through an elevation of leukotriene production, which may explain its beneficial activity in preventing the manifestations of APS.
Towards the Fabrication and Measurement of High Sensitivity SiC-UV Detectors with Oxide Ramp Termination (2004)

International audience