gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bulk properties of two-phase disordered media. III. New bounds on the effective conductivity of dispersions of penetrable spheres (1986)

Rigorous upper and lower bounds on the effective electrical conductivity σ * of a two-phase material composed of equi-sized spheres distributed with an arbitrary degree of impenetrability in a matrix are obtained and studied. In general, the bounds depend upon, among other quantities, the point/n-particle distribution functions G(i)n, which are probability density functions associated with finding a point in phase i and a particular configuration of n spheres. The G(i)n are shown to be related to the ρn, the probability density functions associated with finding a particular configuration of n partially penetrable spheres in a matrix. General asymptotic and bounding properties of the G(i)n are given. New results for the G(i)n are presented for totally impenetrable spheres, fully penetrable spheres (i.e., randomly centered spheres), and sphere distributions between these latter two extremes. The so-called first-order cluster bounds on σ * derived here are given exactly through second order in the sphere volume fraction for arbitrary λ (where λ is the impenetrability or hardness parameter) for two different interpenetrable-sphere models. Comparison of these low-density bounds on σ * to an approximate low-density expansion of σ * derived here for interpenetrable-sphere models, reveals that the bounds can provide accurate estimates of the second-order coefficient for a fairly wide range of λ and phase conductivities. The results of this study suggest that general bounds derived by Beran, for dispersions of spheres distributed with arbitrary λ and through all orders in φ2, are more restrictive than the first-order cluster bounds for 0≤λ&amp;lt;1; with the two sets of bounds being identical for the case of totally impenetrable spheres (λ=1). For most values of λ in the range 0≤λ&amp;lt;1, however, the numerical differences between the Beran and cluster bounds should be small; the greatest difference occurring when λ=0. The analysis also indicates that the cluster bounds will be easier to compute than the Beran bounds for dispersions of partially penetrable spheres.
The Impact of Titanium Silicide on the Contact Resistance for Shallow Junction Formed by Out-Diffusion of Arsenic from Polysilicon (1993)

A novel technology of Ti-polycided shallow junctions formed by out-diffusion of As + from polysilicon was proposed and investigated. Junction depth as shallow as 0.1 µm and leakage current density as small as 0.4 nA/cm 2 can be easily obtained by this process. Contact resistance measurements show that the presence of a deliberately grown interfacial oxide leads to a significant increase in the contact resistance and small values of the specific contact resistivity (4∼7×10 -7 Ω-cm 2 ) can be obtained if Ti thicknesses are larger than half of polysilicon thicknesses. This is due to the polysilicon layer had been consumed completely and the interfacial oxide would be broken under the silicidation process. This implies that the contact resistance is mainly determined by the polysilicon/mono-silicon interface property and it is necessary to eliminate the interfacial oxide for a good contact system.
Spread Spectrum Systems (2002)

This chapter contains sections titled: Spread Spectrum Techniques Applications of Spread Spectrum Systems Chip Matched Filter and Rake Receiver Interference Equalizers for Single-user Detection Block Equalizer for Multiuser Detection Maximum Likelihood Multiuser Detector Bibliography
Electromechanical polymer actuators using nano-sized carbon (2009)

Electro-active polymer actuators are expected to have use in medical devices, prosthetic devices, the field of robotics, etc. This review introduces electro-active polymer actuators using carbon nanotubes, and explains configurations of the actuator and the drive principle. The authors studied the effect of various ionic liquids and adding an activated carbon nanofiber. It was found that the performance of the actuator depend on the properties of the ionic liquids and the carbon structure.
Liquid crystalline polymers, 8. Structurally ordered thermotropic polyesters of glycol ethers (1982)

Abstract A series of polysters based on a triad aromatic ester mesogenic unit but containing different poly(alkylene oxide) flexible spacers in the main chain was prepared and its properties examined. The flexible spacers consisted of poly(alkylene oxide)s of varying lengths based on either oligomers of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide. The spacer types, lengths and distributions were found to strongly affect the mesophase and melting behaviors of the polymers. Polymers with spacers having more than 10 units were not liquid crystalline, whereas those of shorter length exhibited mesophase properties. The polymers containing spacers with two, three, or four oxyethylene units showed two mesophases, and the textures of their mesophases suggested that both smectic and nematic phases were formed.
Antireflective Surface Microstructures on Optics for Laser Applications (2016)

The optical performance of AR surface microstructures on optics for laser systems is presented, as applied to large windows, laser crystals, lenses and optical fibers. Ultralow reflectance and very high laser induced damage thresholds have been demonstrated.
Berichtigung: Radical trans‐Hydroboration of Alkynes with N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Boranes (2020)

In the reference section of this Communication, reference [2] contains incorrect information. The correct reference is shown below.
Optimal ROC Curves from Score Variable Threshold Tests (2019)

The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) is a well-established representation of the tradeoff between detection and false alarm probabilities in binary hypothesis testing. In many practical contexts ROC's are generated by thresholding a measured score variable - applying score variable threshold tests (SVT's). In many cases the resulting curve is different from the likelihood ratio test (LRT) ROC and is therefore not Neyman-Pearson optimal. While it is well-understood that concavity is a necessary condition for an ROC to be Neyman-Pearson optimal, this paper establishes that it is also a sufficient condition in the case where the ROC was generated using SVT's. It further defines a constructive procedure by which the LRT ROC can be generated from a non-concave SVT ROC, without requiring explicit knowledge of the conditional PDF's of the score variable. If the conditional PDF's are known, the procedure implicitly provides a way of redesigning the test so that it is equivalent to an LRT.
Subchondral Pathology: Proceedings of the International Consensus Meeting on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle (2018)

This international consensus statements regarding subchondral pathology of the talus derived from leaders in the field will assist clinicians in the assessment and management of this difficult pathology.
Effect of compliance on Doppler diastolic flow patterns seen in coarctation of the aorta: a numerical study (2002)

In the echocardiographic evaluation of coarctation of the aorta, the degree of antegrade diastolic flow (diastolic runoff) noted on spectral Doppler tracings traditionally was felt to be solely dependent on lesion severity. However, recent in-vitro experiments suggest the presence of this saw-toothed spectral Doppler pattern has less to do with severity than it has to do with changes in aortic compliance. Using state of the art multidisciplinary numerical analysis tools, the purpose of this study was to investigate the specific fluid and wall mechanics in coarctation of the aorta. Three models of coarctation were developed with high, low, and zero wall compliance. In both the low output and high output states, the degree of diastolic runoff increases with increasing vessel compliance. The high compliance model had larger changes in aortic dilatation in the pre-coarctation region compared to the low compliance model. In conclusion, increased aortic compliance brings about greater dilatation of the precoarctation aorta in systole leading to an increase in stored energy in systole. This increased stored energy, released in diastole as the walls contract, leads to increased degrees of diastolic runoff. Numerical methods offer a unique perspective into the understanding of the mechanisms behind such clinical measures.
Measurement of the underlying event activity in pp collisions at $ \sqrt {s} = 0.9 $ and 7 TeV with the novel jet-area/median approach (2012)

A bstract The first measurement of the charged component of the underlying event using the novel “jet-area/median” approach is presented for proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies of 0.9 and 7 TeV. The data were recorded in 2010 with the CMS experiment at the LHC. A new observable, sensitive to soft particle production, is introduced and investigated inclusively and as a function of the event scale defined by the transverse momentum of the leading jet. Various phenomenological models are compared to data, with and without corrections for detector effects. None of the examined models describe the data satisfactorily.
[Influence of the Composition of the Initial Mixtures on the Physicochemical and Biological Properties and Spectral Characteristics of Composts]. (2015)

In this work, biogas residues, the remnant of the anaerobic digestion, was used for composting with livestock manure as the co-substrate. It is important for improving the soil quality in China, because the negative influence of biogas residues being utilized directly as organic fertilizer (a mainstream way of disposing biogas residues in China) on the soil could be eliminated or mitigated via composting. The composition of composting substrate has a great influence on the composting process. To explore the influence of the composition of the initial mixtures on the physicochemical properties and spectroscopic characteristics of composts, fifteen co-composting of biogas residue, pig manure and chicken manure, with different material ratios, were carried out. Physicochemical and biological indicators were determined. Meanwhile, spectroscopic methods, such as UV-Vis, synchronous fluorescence and 3D-EEM spectra were used for identifying characteristic spectral parameters companied with FRI and PARAFAC. Therefore, spectroscopic characteristics of composts were characterized. The relationship between physicochemical properties of composts and the composition of the initial mixtures was established using CCA. Similarly, that between spectroscopic characteristics of composts and the composition of the initial mixtures was also established. The results showed that: physicochemical properties of composts exhibits a significant correlation with the composition of the initial mixtures. A significant correlation between spectroscopic characteristics of composts and the composition of the initial mixtures was also observed. In the two CCA, the former four axes account for 83.9% and 97.5% of the total sample variation. The influence of enviro nmental factors on physicochemical properties of composts was in the order of pig manure amount>chicken manure amount>biogas residue amount and that on spectroscopic characteristics of composts was in the order of biogas residue amount>pig manure amount>chicken manure amount. Carbon-rich raw materials favor the maturation of compost. A high proportion of nitrogen-rich raw materials does not lead to the accumulation of ammonia in compost. A low proportion of biogas residue favors the formation of humic substances during the co-composting of biogas residue and livestock manure. In summary, the evaluation of compost fermentation effect should synthetically consider physic-chemical, biological indicators and spectral parameters instead of a single index.
Content Design for Virtual Environments (2002)

Content development is the design and construction of the objects and environment that create
a virtual experience. This includes the visual, auditory, interaction, and narrative aspects of the
virtual environment (VE). While this new medium of expression has much in common with
other media (e.g., computer animation and games), it has its own peculiar aspects and distinctive features. These include real-time network communications, interactive spaces, multiuser
interaction, avatars, and multimodal interfaces.
Dissecting isoform selectivity of PI3K inhibitors: the role of non-conserved residues in the catalytic pocket (2008)

The last few years have seen the identification of numerous small molecules that selectively inhibit specific class I isoforms of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), yet little has been revealed about the molecular basis for the observed selectivities. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we have investigated one of the areas postulated as being critical to the observed selectivity. The residues Thr(886) and Lys(890) of the PI3Kgamma isoform project towards the ATP-binding pocket at the entrance to the catalytic site, but are not conserved. We have made reciprocal mutations between those residues in the beta isoform (Glu(858) and Asp(862)) and those in the alpha isoform (His(855) and Gln(859)) and evaluated the potency of a range of reported PI3K inhibitors. The results show that the potencies of beta-selective inhibitors TGX221 and TGX286 are unaffected by this change. In contrast, close analogues of these compounds, particularly the alpha-isoform-selective compound (III), are markedly influenced by the point mutations. The collected data suggests two distinct binding poses for these inhibitor classes, one of which is associated with potent PI3Kbeta activity and is not associated with the mutated residues, and a second that, in accord with earlier hypotheses, does involve this pair of non-conserved amino acids at the catalytic site entrance and contributes to the alpha-isoform-selectivity of the compounds studied.
Effects of central and systemic injections of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands on the anxiolytic actions of ethanol in rats (2001)

The influence of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands Ro5-4864 (0.05 or 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) or PK11195 (0.05 or 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) on the anxiolytic effect of ethanol (1.2 g/kg; 14% p/v; i.p.) was investigated in rats tested on the elevated plus-maze. Other animals were injected through intrahippocampal administrations of the ligands (0.5 or 1.0 nmol/0.5 &mgr;l) before ethanol (1.2g/kg; 14% p/v; i.p.) and submitted to the elevated plus-maze test. The results showed that the systemic administration of either ligands 24 hours before the ethanol treatment resulted in a reduced anxiolytic effect of this drug. Only PK11195 reversed the effect of ethanol after intrahippocampal injection. These data suggest that peripheral benzodiazepine receptors play a role in ethanol anxiolysis.
Characterization of materials with low secondary electron yield for use in high-power microwave devices (2006)

Summary form only given. A completely automated high vacuum system has been set up to measure the secondary electron yield (SEY) of different materials. Secondary electron emission results from bombarding materials with atoms, electrons or ions. SEY is defined as the number of secondary electrons produced per incident primary electron. Focus is on the measurement of materials with low SEY for use in depressed collectors in high-power microwave devices. Initial experiments are concentrated on the low energy range from 10 eV-1000 eV using an electron gun operating in continuous mode. SEY of pure copper, plasma sprayed boron carbide (PSBC) and titanium nitride (TiN) have been obtained. SEY for angular incidences - up to 45 degrees - have been obtained for the PSBC sample. Reflections of primary electrons at energies below 200 eV have been resolved for PSBC. The effects of surface morphology on SEY have been quantified by ablating the surface using a class four Nd:YAG laser. Comparisons of results with formulae proposed in literature are also presented
CD4 mAb therapy modulates alloantibody production and intracardiac graft deposition in association with selective inhibition of Th1 lymphokines. (1993)

The accelerated (24 h) rejection of (LEWxBN)F1 cardiac allografts (Tx) in LEW rats sensitized with BN skin grafts, is abrogated with CD4 mAb (BWH-4) administration between skin (day -7) and heart (day 0) transplantation (Tx survival ca. 11 days, p < 0.0001). This study analyzed the effects of CD4-targeted therapy upon host IgG and IgM alloantibody (allo-Ab) within the serum by two-color flow cytometry, and within the Tx, by immunohistology. These data were correlated with mRNA and protein production profiles of Th1 (IL-2, IFN-gamma) vs Th2 (IL-4) specific cytokines (polymerase chain reaction and/or immunohistology). Skin grafts elicited a strong systemic IgM allo-Ab response, which peaked at the time of cardiac Tx rejection at 24 h. It was associated with extensive deposits of IgM on Tx endothelium. Treatment with BWH-4 mAb diminished circulating IgM allo-Ab levels, and only low levels of IgM could be detected at the Tx site. Conversely, the low circulating IgG allo-Ab levels during rejection at 24 h in untreated recipients were accompanied by a strong labeling for intra-Tx IgG. BWH-4 mAb therapy did not prevent totally the switch of the IgM to IgG, but the IgG allo-Ab response was earlier, less intense and more transient than in untreated recipients. Accelerated rejection triggered sequential lymphokine mRNA expression in cardiac Tx, with the peak of transcription for IL-2 (6-12 h) preceding that for IL-4 (24 h). Interestingly, although CD4 targeted therapy virtually ablated the induction of IL-2 mRNA, it preserved transcription of the IL-4 gene. BWH-4 mAb therapy decreased otherwise abundant intra-Tx IL-2 and IFN-gamma, but allowed a vigorous elaboration of IL-4, confirming the translation of mRNA to the protein in vivo. Thus, CD4 mAb-mediated abrogation of accelerated cardiac Tx injury correlates with suppression of Th1 responses (depressed IL-2 and IFN-gamma production), but sparing of the Th2 function (enhanced IL-4 elaboration). Indeed, CD4 mAb-induced allo-Ab depression and immunosuppressive effects may reflect selective targeting of proinflammatory Th1-like cells and the multifaceted effects of IL-4 produced by unopposed Th2-like cells.
Manipulation of Seed Water Relations Via Osmotic Priming to Improve Germination Under Stress Conditions (1986)

Abstract For annual crops, the time from planting to seedling establishment is a crucial phase in the production cycle. Uniformity and percentage of emergence of direct-seeded crops can have a major impact on final yield and quality, particularly for vegetables (84). Techniques of precision planting to achieve desired plant populations depend on a high probability of successful establishment for each seed planted (26). Furthermore, increasing use of expensive hybrid seed has placed additional emphasis on the performance of each seed planted. The soil environment often, however, is not conducive to rapid germination and seedling growth. Physical stresses, such as extreme temperatures, excess or deficit of water, salinity, or soil crusting; and biological stresses, including pathogens and insects, can all adversely affect germination and seedling growth. These problems are compounded by the increased susceptibility of plants to many of these stresses during germination and emergence. It is not surprising, therefore, that there have been many attempts to devise presowing treatments to improve seed performance in the field. The wide range of such treatments has been thoroughly reviewed and categorized by Heydecker and Coolbear (38).
Effects of polyglycolic acid on porcine smooth muscle cell growth and differentiation (2003)

Polyglycolic acid (PGA) is commonly used as a scaffold for tissue engineering. Recent studies utilized PGA as a scaffold for vascular tissue engineering using bovine and porcine smooth muscle cells (SMCs). In engineered vessels, the SMCs displayed high rates of mitosis and dedifferentiation in areas where PGA fragments were present. We hypothesized that PGA breakdown products, sequestered within a SMC vessel at the conclusion of culture, led to increased proliferation and dedifferentiation of vascular SMCs. To test this hypothesis, the current study assessed possible means by which PGA breakdown products could lead to changes in SMC phenotype. SMCs grown in high concentrations of PGA breakdown products showed, by Western blotting, decreased expression of calponin, a marker for SMC differentiation. The same was true for SMCs grown in glycolic acid (GA), which also showed decreased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a marker for SMC proliferation. In contrast, cells grown in varying amounts of NaCl or HCl showed little change in differentiation. We conclude that, independent of acidity or osmolality, plausible products of PGA degradation appear to induce dedifferentiation of porcine SMCs in vitro. Because of dedifferentiation and decreased mitosis, commercially available PGA may not represent an optimal scaffold for vascular tissue engineering.
Design Method of Acceleration Controller Based on Auto-tuning Fuzzy Filter. (1993)

It has been reported that the acceleration control method realizes a fine and fast motion control. The acceleration control method has an ability to suppress the effects of dynamical nonlinearities rapidly. Moreover, the acceleration control method has an accurate output response for each mo tion reference. However, when the conventional acceleration control system is designed, it is often difficult to define both its nominal parameters and its frequency characteristics systematically.
Structure-activity relations of antiarrhythmic 6-substituted decahydroisoquinolines (1975)

A series of diastereoisomeric 6-benzoyloxy- and 6-benzamido-2-methyldecahydroisoquinolines has been prepared and screened for antiarrhythmic effectiveness. In a continuation of our interest in identifying significant physicochemical properties of antiarrhythmic decahydroisoquinolines, octanol-water partition coefficients and pKa values have been determined for each member of the series. In general, antiarrhythmic activities superior to that of quinidine were observed. From a general structure-activity viewpoint, substitutions possessing greater lipophilicities produced compounds with superior antiarrhythmic properties. However, there appears to be optimal lipophilic character beyond which increased lipophilicity results in a decrease in antiarrhythmic potency. No discernible correlations with pKa values were evident. As noted in our earlier studies the esters were more potent and more lipophilic than the corresponding amides. No obvious correlations with stereochemistry were found; however, in three pairs of diastereoisomers, the more lipophilic cis compounds were found to be the superior isomers. A surprisingly high potency was noted with a tetrahydroisoquinoline benzamide--a finding unexpected from our earlier work. The 3,4-dichlorobenzamido grouping appeared to be the substituting moiety for optimal antiarrhythmic effectiveness.
Simultaneous measurements of the optical phase &amp; amplitude modulation of injection-locked VCSELs modulated at GHz rates (2012)

Using a coherent optical demodulation technique, we have independently measured the AM and PM resulting from current modulation at GHz rates of an I.L. VCSEL at 1.55 μm. The variation of the depth of AM and PM are measured as function of RF modulation frequency and power. Two regimes of modulation for the I.L. VCSEL are explored: 1) At low frequencies <; 10 MHz where thermal modulation dominates and mainly PM is generated; 2) At high frequencies >; 100 MHz where carrier concentration modulation dominates and both AM and PM are significant. This data is vital for the use of VCSELs as modulators in communications systems.