gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microelectronic Cooling Techniques Using Single and Dual Oscillatory Impinging Air Jets (2002)

A numerical investigation was performed to compare the flow and heat transfer characteristics for microelectronics cooling scenarios. The first cooling method uses a single unsteady/oscillatory impinging air jet while the second method uses dual unsteady impinging air jets. The unsteady confined impinging jet flow has proven to enhance the heat transfer, thus reducing the prohibitive temperatures in high-powered chips. Past a specific Reynolds number range, the jet core becomes distorted and buckles, leading to a sweeping motion of the jet tip. Due to these combined motions, the effective cooled area is notably enhanced thereby reducing the power needed to cool the components placed on the PCB (Printed Circuit Board). A comparison between the unsteady laminar impinging jet and the dual unsteady impinging jets reveals that at the same flow rate, the heat transfer enhancement provided by the single unsteady jet is at least 5–8 times better than that for the dual jets. This cooling enhancement significantly reduces the temperature increase by almost 50 percent. The oscillatory impinging jet cooling technique does not require the incorporation of costly heat sinks and heat spreaders or the unnecessary increase of blower work. This technique provides effective cooling at significantly lower pumping powers with reduced manufacturing and operating costs.
Tiled-grating compression of multiterawatt laser pulses (2007)

High-energy petawatt lasers require large diffraction gratings for pulse compression. As an alternative to meter-sized gratings, we demonstrate the capability of a tiled-grating system to compress multiterawatt subpicosecond laser pulses. Using a 100 TW-class Nd:glass chirped-pulse amplification laser facility, we report on the performance of a two-grating mosaic to compress high-energy pulses to 2.5 J, 450 fs (5.5 TW) in air with a beam size of 50 mm and energy transmission of 63%. Stability of the grating mosaic alignment was realized by use of an accurate nanopositioning optomechanical system. The output Gaussian spectrum was preserved from grating-gap spectral clipping and was free of modulation.
7.2: Tandem OLED and Reflective LCD with a Microlens Array (2006)

Abstract A tandem device by stacking a normally black reflective liquid crystal display (NB‐RLCD) and an organic light‐emitting device (OLED) is demonstrated which can be operated under bright and dark ambient by switching between the two modes. The vertically integrated architecture increases the aperture ratio, brightness and resolution of the display. The normally black characteristic of the RLCD serves a function to increase the ambient contrast ratio (A‐CR) under OLED mode operation. Under NB‐RLCD mode operation, a high A‐CR over 40:1 was obtained. Besides, a microlens array is embedded to the device for improving the viewing angle of the RLCD (CR&gt;2:1 over 55° viewing cone) and enhancing (44%) the external quantum efficiency of the OLED.
Correct or usable? the limits of traditional verification (impact paper award) (2016)

Since our work on verification sixteen years ago, our views of the role of verification, and the centrality of correctness, have evolved. In our presentation, we’ll talk about some of our concerns about the limitations of this kind of technology, including: usability as a key factor; the unknowable properties of the environment; and the inadequacy of specifications as a means of capturing users’ desires. We’ll describe two approaches we’re currently working on to mitigate these concerns — (1) moving to higher level abstractions with correctness by construction and (2) focusing on the conceptual structure of applications — and will argue that, combined with traditional verification tools, these offer the possibility of applications that are both usable and correct.
Stability of Synchronous Queued RFID Networks (2019)

Queued Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) networks arise naturally in many applications, where tags are grouped into batches, and each batch must be processed before the next reading job starts. In these cases, the system must be able to handle all incoming jobs, keeping the queue backlogs bounded. This property is called stability. Besides, in RFID networks, it is common that some readers cannot operate at the same time, due to mutual interferences. This fact reduces the maximum traffic that readers can process since they have to share the channel. Synchronous networks share the channel using a TDMA approach. The goal of this work is to analytically determine whether a synchronous queued RFID network attains stable operation under a given incoming traffic. Stability depends on the service rate, which is characterized in this paper using an exact numerical method based on a recursive analytical approach, overcoming the limitations of previous works, which were based on simplifications. We also address different flow optimization problems, such as computing the maximum joint traffic that a network can process stably, selecting the minimal number of readers to process a given total load, or determining the optimal timeslot duration, which are novel in the RFID literature.
Thermoelectric transport in the coupled valence-band model (2011)

The Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) is applied to the problem of thermoelectric transport in p-type semiconductors whose valence band-structure is describable in terms of two bands degenerate at the Γ point. The Seebeck coefficient and mobility are calculated from the solution to two coupled BTEs, one for each band, with interband scattering and scattering by inelastic mechanisms treated exactly by the application of an algorithm developed by the authors in an earlier work. Most treatments of this problem decouple the two bands by neglecting certain terms in the BTE, greatly simplifying the mathematics: the error in the Seebeck coefficient and mobility introduced by this approximation is quantified by comparing with the exact solution. Degenerate statistics has been assumed throughout, and the resulting formalism is therefore valid at high hole concentrations. Material parameters are used that have been deduced from optical, strain and other experiments often not directly related to hole transport. The formulations in this work thus do not use adjustable or fitting parameters. The transport coefficients of heavily doped gallium antimonide, a typical high-efficiency p-type thermoelectric material, are calculated and agreement to experimentally determined values is found to be satisfactory.
Human Milk Oligosaccharides Enhance Innate Immunity to Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza &lt;i&gt;in Vitro&lt;/i&gt; (2014)

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) contribute to innate immunity by enhancing growth of beneficial bacteria, epithelial cell maturation and mucosal barrier integrity. They have immunomodulatory effects and can block pathogen binding to host cell surface glycans or receptors. We investigated the effects of 2’-fucosyllactose (2’FL), 6’-sialyllactose (6’SL), 3’-sialyllactose (3’SL) and lacto-N-neoTetraose (LNnT) on human respiratory epithelial cell lines or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) following respiratory viral infectionin vitro. Expression of cytokines and viral load were monitored in infected cells. These biomarkers of innate immunity were selected since viral load and cytokine levels (IP-10, MIP-1α, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) have been correlated with disease severity in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza (IAV) virus infectionin vivo. 2’FL significantly decreased RSV viral load and cytokines associated with disease severity (IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1α) and inflammation (TNF-α, MCP-1) in airway epithelial cells. LNnT and 6’SL significantly decreased IAV viral load in airway epithelial cells. 6’SL dose-dependently down-regulated IP-10 and TNF-α in RSV infected PBMCs. HMO at or below levels found in breast milk enhance innate immunity to respiratory viruses in vitro and may interact directly with cells to modulate biomarkers of innate immunity.
Noise‐margin analysis of a‐Si:H digital circuits (2007)

Abstract— The noise margin is one of the fundamental metrics in evaluating the viability and robustness of digital circuits. An analytical model of amorphous‐silicon digital‐circuit noise margin was developed, including the effects of circuit aging. The threshold voltage of a‐Si:H transistors increases over time with electrical stress, degrading the performance and eventually leading to circuit wear‐out. Since static and dynamic inverters are the basic digital‐circuit design elements, they are the basis for this analysis. The analytical model is verified with experimental measurements. The lifetime of dynamic a‐Si:H digital circuits is found to exceed the lifetime for static a‐Si:H circuits by a factor of 2–3. Although the lifetimes are relatively short (∼10 5 sec) and under continuous electrical stress, they are sufficient for low‐duty‐cycle applications.
Mapping Meiotic Single-Strand DNA Reveals a New Landscape of DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2007)

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are formed by the Spo11 protein, initiate meiotic recombination. Previous DSB-mapping studies have used rad50S or sae2Delta mutants, which are defective in break processing, to accumulate Spo11-linked DSBs, and report large (> or = 50 kb) "DSB-hot" regions that are separated by "DSB-cold" domains of similar size. Substantial recombination occurs in some DSB-cold regions, suggesting that DSB patterns are not normal in rad50S or sae2Delta mutants. We therefore developed a novel method to map genome-wide, single-strand DNA (ssDNA)-associated DSBs that accumulate in processing-capable, repair-defective dmc1Delta and dmc1Delta rad51Delta mutants. DSBs were observed at known hot spots, but also in most previously identified "DSB-cold" regions, including near centromeres and telomeres. Although approximately 40% of the genome is DSB-cold in rad50S mutants, analysis of meiotic ssDNA from dmc1Delta shows that most of these regions have substantial DSB activity. Southern blot assays of DSBs in selected regions in dmc1Delta, rad50S, and wild-type cells confirm these findings. Thus, DSBs are distributed much more uniformly than was previously believed. Comparisons of DSB signals in dmc1, dmc1 rad51, and dmc1 spo11 mutant strains identify Dmc1 as a critical strand-exchange activity genome-wide, and confirm previous conclusions that Spo11-induced lesions initiate all meiotic recombination.
Improving the energy efficiency of wireless Network on Chip architectures through online selective buffers and receivers shutdown (2016)

The wireless Network-on-Chip (WiNoC) design paradigm represents an emergent and viable solution for addressing the scalability limitations of future manycores architectures. Unfortunately, components such as the buffers and the transceiver of the radio-hubs in a WiNoC, account for a significant fraction of the total communication energy budget. In this paper, we present WIRXSleep, a mechanism aimed at improving the energy efficiency of radio-hubs in WiNoC architectures. WIRXSleep selectively and dynamically disables receiver modules and buffers of those radio-hubs that will be not involved in any communication during the next forthcoming clock cycles. Its application on different WiNoC topologies, with different configurations, and under different traffic scenarios has resulted interesting energy savings (up to 25%) without any impact on performance and with a negligible impact on cost metrics.
InGaAs/InP single photon avalanche diodes with negative feedback (2012)

We have designed and fabricated various NFAD devices, and they show reasonable dark count rate and afterpulse probability at 10% PDE. These NFAD devices have great promise to reduce charge flow compared to passively quenched SPADs with hybridly integrated resistance and purely active quenched SPADs, and therefore significantly reduce afterpulse effects. Operating the NFAD is very simple compared to actively quenched free-running SPAD devices. The NFAD matrix devices have the potential of resolving photon numbers. These characteristics of NFAD devices make them attractive for many applications that require single photon sensitivity with free-running operation at SWIR wavelengths.
ChemInform Abstract: POTENTIAL ANTITUMOR AGENTS. 24. DICATIONIC ANALOGS OF THE 4′‐(9‐ACRIDINYLAMINO)ALKANESULFONANILIDES (1977)

Abstract Bromalkyl‐phthalimide (I) liefern über die Isothioharn‐ r stoffäther (II) bei der Spaltung mit Chlor direkt die Sulfochloride (III), die zu den Sulfonaniliden (IV) umgesetzt werden.
Phonon dispersion of bulk Ge-rich SiGe: inelastic X-ray scattering studies (2020)

Abstract Group IV semiconductors, such as SiGe with a higher Ge fraction, are attracting attention as next-generation materials for high-mobility channel or thermal conductivity devices. Thus, we investigated the phonon dispersions of a Si 1– x Ge x ( x = 0.72) alloy crystal by the inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS) method. In this method, measurement with an X-ray beam with a small spot size of 75 μ m and resolution of millielectronvolts is possible due to the synchrotron technique. The longitudinal and transverse phonon spectra of optical and acoustic modes were measured from the Γ to the X point in the phonon energy band (0–70 meV) with millielectronvolt energy resolution. SiGe showed dispersion characteristics similar to those of Si and Ge crystals. It was confirmed that the IXS method is useful for obtaining properties of phonon dispersion.
Technetium-99m-Labeled Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Analogues Metabolized by β-Oxidation: Radiopharmaceutical for Assessing Liver Function (1999)

External imaging of energy production activity of living cells with 99mTc-labeled compounds is a challenging task requiring good design of 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals. On the basis of our recent findings that 11C- and 123I-labeled medium-chain fatty acids are useful for measuring beta-oxidation activity of hepatocytes, we focused on development of 99mTc-labeled medium-chain fatty acid analogues that reflect beta-oxidation activity of the liver. In the present study, monoamine-monoamide dithiol (MAMA) ligand and triamido thiol (MAG) ligand were chosen as chelating groups because of the stability and size of their complexes with 99mTc and their ease of synthesis. Each ligand was attached to the omega-position of hexanoic acid (MAMA-HA and MAG-HA, respectively). In biodistribution studies, [99mTc]MAMA-HA showed high initial accumulation in the liver followed by clearance of the radioactivity in the urine. Analysis of the urine revealed [99mTc]MAMA-BA as the sole radiometabolite. Furthermore, when [99mTc]MAMA-HA was incubated with living liver slices, generation of [99mTc]MAMA-BA was observed. However, [99mTc]MAMA-HA remained intact when the compound was incubated with liver slices in the presence of 2-bromooctanoate, an inhibitor of beta-oxidation. The findings in this study indicated that [99mTc]MAMA-HA was metabolized by beta-oxidation after incorporation into the liver. On the other hand, poor hepatic accumulation was observed after administration of [99mTc]MAG-HA.
CLINICAL DECISION MAKING AND OPERATIVE APPROACHES TO THORACIC AORTIC ANEURYSMS (1998)

The care of the patient with thoracic aneurysms is quite complicated. The decision to treat an aneurysm must be based on the risk of rupture and the patient's life expectancy. The preoperative evaluation must include detailed imaging to allow proper preoperative planning. This is especially important to determine the need for hypothermic circulatory arrest or the potential to treat a descending aneurysm with an endovascular approach. Thorough preoperative preparation and intraoperative care are as important as surgical decision making and meticulous technique. Although significant advances have been made in operative approaches, cerebral and myocardial preservation, and postoperative care, the management of complicated aneurysms of the thoracic aorta is frequently a humbling experience.
The Influence of the Angle of Incidence in Megasonic Cleaning (2012)

The megasonic cleaning efficiency is evaluated as a function of the angle of incidence of acoustic waves on a Si wafer. Acoustic Schlichting streaming alone is not able to remove nanoparticles smaller than 400 nm. It is shown that oscillating or collapsing behavior of bubbles are responsible for removing nanoparticles smaller than 400 nm during a cleaning process with ultrasound. Optimal particle removal efficiency is obtained around the angle of acoustic transmission of the silicon wafer.
High Thermoelectric Power Factor Organic Thin Films through Combination of Nanotube Multilayer Assembly and Electrochemical Polymerization (2017)

In an effort to produce effective thermoelectric nanocomposites with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), layer-by-layer assembly was combined with electrochemical polymerization to create synergy that would produce a high power factor. Nanolayers of MWCNT stabilized with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) or sodium deoxycholate were alternately deposited from water. Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) [PEDOT] was then synthesized electrochemically by using this MWCNT-based multilayer thin film as the working electrode. Microscopic images show a homogeneous distribution of PEDOT around the MWCNT. The electrical resistance, conductivity (σ) and Seebeck coefficient (S) were measured before and after the PEDOT polymerization. A 30 bilayer MWCNT film (<1 μm thick) infused with PEDOT is shown to achieve a power factor (PF = S<sup>2</sup>σ) of 155 μW/m K<sup>2</sup>, which is the highest value ever reported for a completely organic MWCNT-based material and competitive with lead telluride at room temperature. The ability of this MWCNT-PEDOT film to generate power was demonstrated with a cylindrical thermoelectric generator that produced 5.5 μW with a 30 K temperature differential. This unique nanocomposite, prepared from water with relatively inexpensive ingredients, should open up new opportunities to recycle waste heat in portable/wearable electronics and other applications where low weight and mechanical flexibility are needed.
Unraveling the Spatial Distribution of Immunoglobulins, Enzymes, and Polyelectrolytes within Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembled Multilayers. Ellipsometric Studies (2006)

The ellipsometric characterization of a layer-by-layer electrostatically self-assembled multilayer of polyphenol oxidase and alkaline phosphatase with the polycation poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) built on an immunologic layer formed by immunoglobulin G (IgG) and glucose oxidase-conjugated anti-IgG (IgG-GOD) on glassy carbon is reported. The step-by-step evolution of the psi-Delta ellipsometric angles was followed during film growth. Two optical models, named the three-layer film model and reorganization film model, were employed and found suitable for ellipsometric data interpretation. A comparative analysis of film optical properties, film thickness, and ellipsometric mass assessed from both models is also presented.
Casual Microtasking (2019)

Microtasks enable people with limited time and context to contribute to a larger task. In this paper we explore casual microtasking, where microtasks are embedded into other primary activities so that they are available to be completed when convenient. We present a casual microtasking experience that inserts writing microtasks from an existing microwriting tool into the user's Facebook feed. From a two-week deployment of the system with nine people, we observe that casual microtasking enabled participants to get things done during their breaks, and that they tended to do so only after first engaging with Facebook's social content. Participants were most likely to complete the writing microtasks during periods of the day associated with low focus, and would occasionally use them as a springboard to open the original document in Word. These findings suggest casual microtasking can help people leverage spare micromoments to achieve meaningful micro-goals, and even encourage them to return to work.
Correlates between host and viral transcriptional program associated with different oncolytic vaccinia virus isolates (2012)

Vaccinia virus (VACV) has emerged as an attractive tool in oncolytic virotherapy.VACV replication efficiency plays a crucial role in the therapeutic outcome.However, little is known about the influence of host factors on viral replication efficiency and permissiveness of a host cell line to infection and oncolysis.In this study, replication of the attenuated VACV GLV-1h68 strain and three wild-type VACV isolates was determined in two autologous human melanoma cell lines (888-MEL and 1936-MEL).Host gene expression and viral gene expression in infected cells were evaluated via respective expression array platforms.Microarray analyses followed by sequential statistical approaches characterized human genes that change specifically due to virus infection.Viral gene transcription correlated with viral replication in a time-dependent manner.A set of human genes revealed strong correlations with the respective viral gene expression.Finally we identified a set of human genes with possible predictive value for viral replication in an independent dataset.The results demonstrate a probable correlation between viral replication, early gene expression, and the respective host response, and thus a possible involvement of human host factors in viral early replication.The characterization of human target genes that influence viral replication could help answer the question of host cell permissiveness to oncolytic virotherapy and provide important information for the development of novel recombinant vaccinia viruses with improved features to enhance replication rate and hence trigger therapeutic outcome.
Single instruction stream parallelism is greater than two (1991)

Recent studies have concluded that little parallelism (less than two operations per cycle) is available in single instruction streams. Since the amount of available parallelism should influence the design of the processor, it is important to verify how much parallelism really exists. In this study we model the execution of the SPEC benchmarks under differing resource constraints. We repeat the work of the previous researchers, and show that under the hardware resource constraints they imposed, we get similar results. On the other hand, when all constraints are removed except those ~equired by the semantics oft he program, we have found degrees of parallelism in excess of 17 instructions per cycle. Finally, and perhaps most important for exploiting single instruction stream parallelism now, we show that if the hardware is properly balanced, one can sustain from 2.0 to 5.8 instructions per cycle on a processor that is reasonable to design today. The RDF Model of Execution To exploit whatever parallelism exists in the instruction stream, one needs an execution model devoid of artifacts that limit the utilization of that parallelism. The abstract restricted data flow (RDF) paradigm is such a model. It is characterized by three parameters: window size, issue rate, and instruction class latencies.