gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Time Dependent Behavior of Chemically Amplified Resist Characterized under Sub-millisecond Post Exposure Bake (2011)

Chemically amplified photoresists require a post exposure bake (PEB) to catalytically deprotect the polymer backbone. However, excessive diffusion of the photogenerated acid during PEB results in resolution loss and line edge roughness. As both deprotection and diffusion are thermally activated processes, understanding their reaction kinetics as a function of temperature and time is potentially key to optimizing these two competing processes. In this work, we characterize the resist deprotection kinetics under laser PEB (lPEB), utilizing continuous wave CO2 laser thermal processing to shift the duration into sub-millisecond time frames at temperatures up to 500°C. At these temperatures and times, the extent of deprotection under l-PEB is comparable to that observed under conventional hot plate PEB conditions in the second time frames. Results show that, under isothermal conditions, deprotection has a power law dependence as a function of PEB duration, exhibiting secondorder or higher order kinetics under second time frames but a first-order kinetics under lPEB in sub-millisecond times.
Stimulation of beta1 integrins on fibroblasts induces PDGF independent tyrosine phosphorylation of PDGF beta-receptors. (1996)

We report that integrin-mediated signaling induces a rapid and transient tyrosine phosphorylation of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) beta-receptors in human diploid foreskin AG 1518 fibroblasts. A transient tyrosine phosphorylation of PDGF beta-receptors was evident one and two hours after cells had been plated on collagen type I and fibronectin, as well as on immobilized anti-integrin subunit IgG, but not on poly-L-lysine. In contrast EGF or PDGF alpha-receptors were not phosphorylated on tyrosine residues under these conditions. Tyrosine phosphorylation of PDGF beta-receptors induced by plating on collagen type I was inhibited by cytochalasin D and herbimycin A, unaffected by cycloheximide and enhanced by orthovanadate. Furthermore, a transient phosphorylation of PDGF beta-receptors occurred when AG 518 fibroblasts were cultured in three-dimensional collagen lattices or exposed to external strain exerted through centrifugation. The latter effect was evident already after two minutes. Clustering of cell surface beta1 integrins led to PDGF beta-receptor phosphorylation both in suspended and firmly attached AG 1518 fibroblasts. Plating of cells on collagen type I, fibronectin, and anti-beta1-integrin IgG resulted in the formation of PDGF beta-receptor aggregates as detected by immunofluorescence. Suramin or anti-PDGF-BB IgG had no effect on the plating-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of PDGF beta-receptors. PDGF-B chain mRNA, or protein, were not detected in AG 1518 fibroblasts. Our data suggest that a ligand-independent PDGF beta-receptor activation during cell adhesion and early phases of cell spreading is involved in integrin-mediated signaling in fibroblasts, and constitutes parts of a mechanism for cells to respond during the dynamic phases of externally applied tension as well as fibroblast-mediated tension during cell adhesion and collagen gel contraction.
Long range analog RF free space optical communication link in a maritime environment (2009)

The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in collaboration with the Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) of Australia has performed long distance experiments with analog modulated free space optical communication links across the Chesapeake Bay. Results will be presented on estimating the probability density functions of the RF parameters of gain, noise factor, and linearity after propagating an RF modulated, 1550nm laser beam over a 32km distance (folded round-trip across Chesapeake Bay). In addition, results from the transmission of video using analog FM modulation of a 1550nm laser beam over the link will be presented.
Electro Chromic-Based Unit Cell for Millimeter-Wave Reconfigurable Reflectarrays (2022)

In this paper, the feasibility of exploiting the dielectric tunability of a novel tuneable material, namely Electro Chromic (EC) material, to construct a reflectarray unit cell is demonstrated for the first time. In this regard, the design of an EC-based reflectarray unit cell which provides electronic control of the reflection phase at millimeter wave frequencies is presented. The unit cell is an aperture-coupled microstrip patch which exhibits a maximum reflection phase shift of about Δϕ = 133° at the center frequency of fc = 299.7 GHz.
Investigations on likelihood function for QRM-MLD combined with MMSE-based multipath interference canceller suitable to soft-decision turbo decoding in broadband CDMA MIMO multiplexing (2005)

This paper investigates the effects of soft multipath interference (MPI)-replica generation in a multipath interference canceller (MPIC) using two-dimensional minimum mean squared error (MMSE) and optimum likelihood function of a posteriori probability (APP) for soft-decision turbo decoding in maximum likelihood detection with QR decomposition and the M-algorithm (QRMMLD), in the previously proposed combination of a three-stage MPIC and QRM-MLD for MIMO multiplexing in broadband DS-CDMA. Simulation results show that soft-replica generation with a hyperbolic tangent function reduces the required average received signal energy per bit-to-noise power spectrum density ratio (E/sub b//N/sub 0/) by approximately 0.5 dB compared to hard-replica generation in a three-stage MPIC, and that the proposed likelihood function of the log likelihood ratio (LLR) in QRM-MLD followed by soft-decision turbo decoding, when no surviving symbol replicas remain that contain either "1" or "-1" significantly improves the block error rate (BLER) performance. Consequently, it is shown that by employing QRM-MLD combined with the three-stage MPIC using two-dimensional MMSE for 4-by-4 MIMO multiplexing, the throughput values of 200, 250, 300, and 350 Mbit/s are achieved at the average received E/sub b//N/sub 0/ of approximately 6.0, 9.0, 12.0, and 17.0 dB using QPSK with the coding rate of R = 8/9, 8PSK with R = 3/4, 8PSK with R = 8/9, and 16-QAM with R = 3/4, respectively, for broadband DS-CDMA access assuming a 40-MHz bandwidth in six-path Rayleigh fading channels.
New Wireline Formation Testing Tool with Advanced Sampling Technology (1999)

Abstract A recently introduced wireline formation-testing tool incorporates new digital control technology to significantly improve formation fluid sampling and pressure testing. A primary focus of the new technology is improving the quality of reservoir fluid samples. An innovative pump-out design using a digital control feedback system enables the tester to continuously monitor the fluid sampled and to make precise adjustments to the rate and pressure at which the fluid is withdrawn from the formation and injected into a sample chamber. Because the tool design incorporates a powerful pumping-system motor and an efficient hydraulic system, invaded fluids surrounding the probes, such as mud filtrate, can be flushed 50% faster than other wireline test tools, thereby enabling quicker sampling of virgin formation fluids. Sample chambers can be filled against hydrostatic pressure to insure pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) quality samples, and additional pressure can be applied to minimize phase changes that might otherwise occur because of temperature gradients in the borehole. The new system can also be used to perform a closed-chamber PVT test for the bubble point of the fluid sampled. Closely spaced dual probes are simultaneously deployed for pressure testing and fluid sampling. Besides increasing tool reliability through redundancy, the two probes allow for advanced pressure-testing techniques. For example, formation anisotropy can be determined with an interference test between the two probes. Alternatively, a new pressure-pulsing technique can be used, which uses time delays between the probes’ measured pressures to determine additional hydraulic diffusive properties of the formation. The drawdowns can be rate- or pressure-controlled from either probe. The new tester is combinable with existing openhole logging tools and tester tool sections are interchangeable. This combinability permits a complete wireline toolstring to be configured to meet particular openhole formation evaluation and testing needs in a single trip into the well. Current tool sections for the new tester include a dual-probe section (DPS), flow-control pump-out section (FPS), precision quartz gauge section (QGS), chamber valve section (CVS) for two sample chambers (1 to 5 gallon), and a multi-chamber section (MCS) with 1,000-cm3 chambers. The MCS chambers are compatible with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) with NACE approved materials and have an exemption with the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) for common-carrier transportation. This paper details operational features of the new tester and introduces new pressure-testing and sampling interpretation techniques. Field-test results are used to demonstrate these features and techniques.
Assessing security of some group based cryptosystems (2004)

One of the possible generalizations of the discrete logarithm problem to arbitrary groups is the so-called conjugacy problem (sometimes erroneously called just the conjugacy problem): given two elements a, b of a group G and the information that a^x=b for some x \in G, find at least one particular element x like that. Here a^x stands for xax^{-1}. The computational difficulty of this problem in some particular groups has been used in several group based cryptosystems. Recently, a few preprints have been in circulation that suggested various neighbourhood search type heuristic attacks on the conjugacy problem. The goal of the present survey is to stress a (probably well known) fact that these heuristic attacks alone are not a threat to the security of a cryptosystem, and, more importantly, to suggest a more credible approach to assessing security of group based cryptosystems. Such an approach should be necessarily based on the concept of the average case complexity (or expected running time) of an algorithm. 
These arguments support the following conclusion: although it is generally feasible to base the security of a cryptosystem on the difficulty of the conjugacy problem, the group G itself (the platform) has to be chosen very carefully. In particular, experimental as well as theoretical evidence collected so far makes it appear likely that braid groups are not a good choice for the platform. We also reflect on possible replacements.
Clinical and Functional Outcomes After Operative and Nonoperative Treatment of Distal Biceps Brachii Tendon Ruptures in a Consecutive Case Series (2021)

In our case series, patients were able to achieve satisfactory outcomes regardless of whether they were treated nonoperatively or with an anatomic single-incision approach for complete or partial DBBT ruptures.
The t(8;14) chromosome translocation of the Burkitt lymphoma cell line Daudi occurred during immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and involved the heavy chain diversity region. (1987)

Recent molecular analyses of Burkitt lymphomas carrying the t(8;14) chromosome translocation have indicated that a dichotomy exists regarding the molecular mechanisms by which the translocations occur. Most sporadic Burkitt tumors carry translocations that apparently arise due to mistakes in the immunoglobulin isotype-switching process. In contrast, there is evidence that the translocations of most endemic Burkitt lymphomas occur as a consequence of aberrant V-D-J recombination of variable, diversity, and joining gene segments, catalyzed by the recombinase enzymes. This phenomenon was first noted in follicular lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukemias of the B-cell lineage and has been described in T-cell malignancies as well. In each of these cases, analysis of the nucleotide sequence at chromosome breakpoints demonstrated the involvement of immunoglobulin heavy chain JH or T-cell-receptor alpha-chain J alpha gene segments in the translocation. We now have cloned and sequenced both the 8q- and 14q+ translocation breakpoints deriving from the t(8;14) translocation of the endemic Burkitt lymphoma line Daudi. Our data show that the translocation resulted from a reciprocal exchange between the DH region on chromosome 14 and sequences far 5' of the MYC protooncogene on chromosome 8. Features of the nucleotide sequences surrounding the breakpoint further implicate the V-D-J joining machinery in the genesis of chromosome translocations in endemic Burkitt lymphomas and, more generally, in other lymphoid malignancies as well.
STPI/LARC: A 200 deg C polyimide adhesive (1985)

A copolyimide, STPI/LARC, was prepared from the reaction of 3,3'4'benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA), equimolar quantities of m-phenylenediamine and 4,4'-oxydianiline, and a small amount of phthalic anhydride to control the molecular weight. The processability and adhesive properties of STPI/LARC were compared to those of a commercially available form of LARC-TPI. LARC-TPI, a thermoplastic polyimide, from the reaction of BTDA and 3,3'-diaminobenzophenone, had previously shown promise as a high temperature structural adhesive. Lap shear specimens were fabricated using adhesive tape prepared from each of the two polymers. Lap shear tests were performed at room temperature, 177 C, and 204 C before and after exposure to a 72-hour water-boil and to aging at 204 C.
RNA Scanning of a Molecular Machine with a Built-in Ruler (2016)

Advanced single-molecule techniques have enabled tracking of nanometer-scale movements of DNA and RNA motor proteins in real time. Previously, we reported an ATP-independent diffusion of transactivation response RNA binding protein (TRBP) on dsRNA, yet the mechanistic details remain elusive. Using single-molecule fluorescence assays, we demonstrate that the diffusion activity of TRBP is coordinated by an independent movement of two subdomains, dsRBD1 and dsRBD2, in which the diffusion distance is determined by the length of a flexible linker domain that connects the two dsRBDs. When the linker is shortened, the diffusion distance is reduced proportionally, suggesting a ruler-like function of the linker domain. Diffusion stalls upon encountering a physical barrier in the form of an RNA:DNA hybrid segment or bulky secondary structures, indicating a dsRNA scanning mode of TRBP. The results display a plausible mechanism of TRBP in scanning for pre-miRNA or pre-siRNA as proper substrates for the RNAi pathway.
DUAL FOCAL PLANE VISIBLE OPTICAL LIMITER (2000)

Experiments measuring the transmission of 5 nanosecond (FWHM), 532 nm pulses through an optical limiter using two different nonlinear materials at two separate focal planes show by far the highest dynamic-range measured to date. This cascaded focus, f/5 optical limiter combines self focusing and consequent nonlinear scattering in CS 2 , with reverse saturable absorption in lead-phthalocyanine (PbPc). Both the AC Kerr effect and electrostriction contribute to the total refractive index change in CS 2 . Our beam propagation code is used to model the propagation of light through the 2 cm thick CS 2 cell placed at the first focus, which protects a second 0.1 mm cell containing a solution of PbPc placed at the second focus. An aperture is placed in the focal plane of a final focusing lens to measure the "encircled" energy, defined as the energy passing through a 1.5 mrad diameter focal-plane aperture. Experiments and modeling show that the strong self-focusing in the CS 2 keeps the energy at the second cell below its damage threshold. This combination of nonlinearities clamps the maximum encircled energy below 1 μ J for input energies up to 14.5 mJ at a 10 Hz repetition rate. This corresponds to a dynamic range of at least 7500 while it is possibly much greater since no damage occurred to any device components. Here we present details of the operation of this device.
Selective Oxidation of Alkyl‐Substituted Polyaromatics Using Ruthenium‐Ion‐Catalyzed Oxidation (2015)

Abstract Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Stuart H. Taylor at the Cardiff Catalysis Institute of Cardiff University. The image depicts the selective ruthenium‐ion‐catalyzed oxidation of a range of alkylated polyaromatic hydrocarbons. RuO 4 targets oxidation of aromatic carbon in preference to aliphatic carbon. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201405831 .
Modeling the formation of ordered nano-assemblies comprised by dendrimers and linear polyelectrolytes: The role of Coulombic interactions (2012)

Models of mixtures of peripherally charged dendrimers with oppositely charged linear polyelectrolytes in the presence of explicit solvent are studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations. Under the influence of varying strength of electrostatic interactions, these systems appear to form dynamically arrested film-like interconnected structures in the polymer-rich phase. Acting like a pseudo-thermodynamic inverse temperature, the increase of the strength of the Coulombic interactions drive the polymeric constituents of the mixture to a gradual dynamic freezing-in. The timescale of the average density fluctuations of the formed complexes initially increases in the weak electrostatic regime reaching a finite limit as the strength of electrostatic interactions grow. Although the models are overall electrically neutral, during this process the dendrimer/linear complexes develop a polar character with an excess charge mainly close to the periphery of the dendrimers. The morphological characteristics of the resulted pattern are found to depend on the size of the polymer chains on account of the distinct conformational features assumed by the complexed linear polyelectrolytes of different length. In addition, the length of the polymer chain appears to affect the dynamics of the counterions, thus affecting the ionic transport properties of the system. It appears, therefore, that the strength of electrostatic interactions together with the length of the linear polyelectrolytes are parameters to which these systems are particularly responsive, offering thus the possibility for a better control of the resulted structure and the electric properties of these soft-colloidal systems.
Sulfuric Acid Decomposition with Heat and Mass Recovery Using a Direct Contact Exchanger. (2006)

Abstract not provided.
Influence of Mixing Conditions and Rest Time on Capillary Flow Behavior of Wheat Flour Dough (2002)

ABSTRACT The capillary flow properties of wheat flour dough were evaluated as a function of mixing time (3–60 min) and rest time (0 or 120 min) after mixing. The description of experimental flow properties was conducted using the classical Bagley approach. Long mixing times were more efficient in decreasing the resistance to elongational flow than in decreasing the resistance to shear flow. The effects of rest time on the rheological properties were estimated by calculating the percent changes in values during resting and appeared to depend on the mechanical history of dough (mixing conditions). The observed changes in rheological properties were related to possible changes in dough structure. Exponential models were used to describe the changes in farinograph consistency ( R 2 = 0.981) and extensional viscosity ( R 2 = 0.744 to 0.949) as a function of the mechanical energy input during mixing.
BitterMatch: recommendation systems for matching molecules with bitter taste receptors (2022)

Bitterness is an aversive cue elicited by thousands of chemically diverse compounds. Bitter taste may prevent consumption of foods and jeopardize drug compliance. The G protein-coupled receptors for bitter taste, TAS2Rs, have species-dependent number of subtypes and varying expression levels in extraoral tissues. Molecular recognition by TAS2R subtypes is physiologically important, and presents a challenging case study for ligand-receptor matchmaking. Inspired by hybrid recommendation systems, we developed a new set of similarity features, and created the BitterMatch algorithm that predicts associations of ligands to receptors with ~ 80% precision at ~ 50% recall. Associations for several compounds were tested in-vitro, resulting in 80% precision and 42% recall. The encouraging performance was achieved by including receptor properties and integrating experimentally determined ligand-receptor associations with chemical ligand-to-ligand similarities.BitterMatch can predict off-targets for bitter drugs, identify novel ligands and guide flavor design. The novel features capture information regarding the molecules and their receptors, which could inform various chemoinformatic tasks. Inclusion of neighbor-informed similarities improves as experimental data mounts, and provides a generalizable framework for molecule-biotarget matching.
Performance evaluation of interference mitigation techniques in the overlaying MmWave small cell network (2015)

In this paper we consider heterogeneous cellular network with a number of millimeter-wave (mmWave) small cells overlaying LTE macro cells. The impact of mutual interference in millimeter-wave band (57-64 GHz) is addressed and evaluated. We introduce several active interference cancellation techniques which are implemented at TX sides of mmWave small cell BSs equipped with adaptive antenna arrays. We started from the task of multi-stream intra-cell interference suppression in MU-MIMO mode by means of well-known Zero-Forcing (ZF) algorithm. Then more complex schemes involving coordinated multi-point (CoMP) operation of several neighboring BSs with Coordinated Scheduling (CS) and Coordinated Beamforming (CB) are investigated. Finally, performance evaluation and comprehensive comparative analysis are done by simulations for different mmWave small cell sizes and densification. Presented results allow to establish lower and upper bounds of interference impact and make reasonable selection of the suitable interference mitigation technique for mmWave overlaying network.
Dynamics of polymer thin films in supercritical carbon dioxide (2002)

In situ neutron reflectivity and dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements were used to investigate the dynamics of polystyrene thin films in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). The results show that the large degree of anomalous swelling observed is associated with a decrease in glass transition temperature that occurs only within a narrow region of the phase diagram associated with the density fluctuation ridge in scCO2 region. Furthermore, the plasticization effect induced by the density fluctuations was found to enhance the polymer interdiffusion by 2 orders of magnitude as the ridge was approached. Within the ridge the diffusion coefficients scale as M2 and can be approximated by an effective William-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation.