gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lidar Measurements of Tropospheric Wind Profiles with the Double Edge Technique (1998)

Research has established the importance of global tropospheric wind measurements for large scale improvements in numerical weather prediction. In addition, global wind measurements provide data that are fundamental to the understanding and prediction of global climate change. These tasks are closely linked with the goals of the NASA Earth Science Enterprise and Global Climate Change programs. NASA Goddard has been actively involved in the development of direct detection Doppler lidar methods and technologies to meet the wind observing needs of the atmospheric science community. A variety of direct detection Doppler wind lidar measurements have recently been reported indicating the growing interest in this area. Our program at Goddard has concentrated on the development of the edge technique for lidar wind measurements. Implementations of the edge technique using either the aerosol or molecular backscatter for the Doppler wind measurement have been described. The basic principles have been verified in lab and atmospheric lidar wind experiments. The lidar measurements were obtained with an aerosol edge technique lidar operating at 1064 nm. These measurements demonstrated high spatial resolution (22 m) and high velocity sensitivity (rms variances of 0.1 m/s) in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The aerosol backscatter is typically high in the PBL and the effects of the molecular backscatter can often be neglected. However, as was discussed in the original edge technique paper, the molecular contribution to the signal is significant above the boundary layer and a correction for the effects of molecular backscatter is required to make wind measurements. In addition, the molecular signal is a dominant source of noise in regions where the molecular to aerosol ratio is large since the energy monitor channel used in the single edge technique measures the sum of the aerosol and molecular signals. To extend the operation of the edge technique into the free troposphere we have developed a variation of the edge technique called the double edge technique. In this paper a ground based aerosol double edge lidar is described and the first measurements of wind profiles in the free troposphere obtained with this lidar will be presented.
DAMAGE MODELING OF INJECTION-MOLDED SHORT- AND LONG-FIBER THERMOPLASTICS (2009)

This article applies the recent anisotropic rotary diffusion – reduced strain closure (ARD-RSC) model for predicting fiber orientation and a new damage model for injection-molded long-fiber thermoplastics (LFTs) to analyze progressive damage leading to total failure of injection-molded long-glass-fiber/polypropylene (PP) specimens. The ARD-RSC model was implemented in a research version of the Autodesk Moldflow Plastics Insight (MPI) processing code, and it has been used to simulate injection-molding of a long-glass-fiber/PP plaque. The damage model combines micromechanical modeling with a continuum damage mechanics description to predict the nonlinear behavior due to plasticity coupled with damage in LFTs. This model has been implemented in the ABAQUS finite element code via user-subroutines and has been used in the damage analyses of tensile specimens removed from the injection-molded long-glass-fiber/PP plaques. Experimental characterization and mechanical testing were performed to provide input data to support and validate both process modeling and damage analyses. The predictions are in agreement with the experimental results.
Quantitative Assessment of Intervertebral Disc Composition by MRI: Sensitivity to Diurnal Variation (2023)

Whether diurnal variation exists in quantitative MRI indices such as the T1rho relaxation time (T1ρ) of the intervertebral disc (IVD) is yet to be explored. This prospective study aimed to evaluate the diurnal variation in T1ρ, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and electrical conductivity (σ) of lumbar IVD and its relationship with other MRI or clinical indices. Lumbar spine MRI, including T1ρ imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and electric properties tomography (EPT), was conducted on 17 sedentary workers twice (morning and evening) on the same day. The T1ρ, ADC, and σ of IVD were compared between the time points. Their diurnal variation, if any, was tested for correlation with age, body mass index (BMI), IVD level, Pfirrmann grade, scan interval, and diurnal variation in IVD height index. The results showed a significant decrease in T1ρ and ADC and a significant increase in the σ of IVD in the evening. T1ρ variation had a weak correlation with age and scan interval, and ADC variation with scan interval. Diurnal variation exists for the T1ρ, ADC, and σ of lumbar IVD, which should be accounted for in image interpretation. This variation is thought to be due to diurnal variations in intradiscal water, proteoglycan, and sodium ion concentration.
Elements in the 5' flanking sequences of the mouse low-affinity NGF receptor gene direct appropriate CNS, but not PNS, expression in transgenic mice (1995)

We have initiated a characterization of the cis-acting regulatory elements of the murine low-affinity NGF receptor (p75NGFR) gene. Despite studies in cultured cells that suggest the p75NGFR promoter is constitutive, a detailed analysis of this promoter in five lines of transgenic mice demonstrated a high degree of cell-type specificity: 8.4 kb of 5' flanking sequence directs expression of a lacZ reporter to retinal and CNS neurons normally expressing p75NGFR. A transgene with 470 bp of 5' flanking sequence is also expressed in the CNS, but its regulation is aberrant, with a loss of basal forebrain expression. In non-neural tissues, both transgenes were expressed only in the testis, kidney, anterior pituitary, and pancreatic islets; with the exception of the renal pattern of expression, transgene activity was confined to appropriate cells within these tissues. In contrast, although expression of both transgenes was prominent in adrenal medulla and gastrointestinal myenteric neurons, neither construct was active in several sensory or sympathetic ganglia that strongly express the endogenous p75NGFR gene, indicating that genetic elements necessary for expression in these neurons are not present in these promoter sequences. In addition, neither transgene was activated in Schwann cells during Wallerian degeneration of sciatic nerve. We conclude that regulation of the p75NGFR gene is complex, with the first 470 bp of 5' flanking sequence sufficient for expression in enteric and CNS neurons and additional elements within the first 8.4 kb of 5' flanking sequence required for restriction to appropriate CNS neurons. Further regulatory elements are possibly required for expression in at least some sensory and sympathetic neurons in the PNS and in Schwann cells. To identify potential regulatory elements in the 470 bp of 5' flanking sequence from the smaller transgene, we compared the sequences of equivalent regions from the mouse, rat, and human p75NGFR genes. This "phylogenetic footprint" identified conserved motifs potentially important for the regulation of this gene in the CNS.
Tackling unseen acoustic conditions in query-by-example search using time and frequency convolution for multilingual deep bottleneck features (2017)

Standard keyword spotting based on Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) cannot be used on low-and no-resource languages due to lack of annotated data and/or linguistic resources. In recent years, query-by-example (QbE) has emerged as an alternate way to enroll and find spoken queries in large audio corpora, yet mismatched and unseen acoustic conditions remain a difficult challenge given the lack of enrollment data. This paper revisits two neural network architectures developed for noise and channel-robust ASR, and applies them to building a state-of-art multilingual QbE system. By applying convolution in time or frequency across the spectrum, those convolutional bottlenecks learn more discriminative deep bottleneck features. In conjunction with dynamic time warping (DTW), these features enable robust QbE systems. We use the MediaEval 2014 QUESST data to evaluate robustness against language and channel mismatches, and add several levels of artificial noise to the data to evaluate performance in degraded acoustic environments. We also assess performance on an Air Traffic Control QbE task with more realistic and higher levels of distortion in the push-to-talk domain.
Postural Representations of the Hand in Primate Sensorimotor Cortex (2019)

Summary Dexterous hand control requires not only a sophisticated motor system but also a sensory system to provide tactile and proprioceptive feedback. To date, the study of the neural basis of proprioception in cortex has focused primarily on reaching movements, at the expense of hand-specific behaviors such as grasp. To fill this gap, we record both the time-varying hand kinematics and the neural activity evoked in somatosensory and motor cortices as monkeys grasp a variety of different objects. We find that neurons in somatosensory cortex, as well as in motor cortex, preferentially track postures of multi-joint combinations spanning the entire hand. This contrasts with neural responses during reaching movements, which preferentially track movement kinematics of the arm rather than its postural configuration. These results suggest different representations of arm and hand movements likely adapted to suit the different functional roles of these two effectors.
Polysulfides are possible H 2 S‐derived signaling molecules in rat brain (2013)

Accumulating evidence shows that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has a variety of physiological functions. H2S is produced from cysteine by 3 sulfurtransferases. H2S, in turn, generates polysulfides, the functions of which are not well understood. H2S induces Ca(2+) influx in astrocytes, a type of glia. However, the receptor that mediates the response has not been identified. Here, we have shown that polysulfides induce Ca(2+) influx by activating transient receptor potential (TRP)A1 channels in rat astrocytes (EC50 91 nM, Hill coefficient value 1.77±0.26) and that the maximum response was induced at 0.5 μM, which is 1/320 of the concentration of H2S required to achieve a response of similar magnitude (160 μM, EC50 116 μM). TRPA1-selective agonists, allyl isothiocyanate and cinnamaldehyde, induced Ca(2+) influx, and responses to polysulfides were suppressed by TRPA1-selective inhibitors, HC-030031 and AP-18, as well as by siRNAs selective to TRPA1. The present study suggests that polysulfides are possible H2S-derived signaling molecules that stimulate TRP channels in the brain.
Radiation-related genomic profile of papillary thyroid carcinoma after the Chernobyl accident (2021)

The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident increased papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) incidence in surrounding regions, particularly for radioactive iodine (<sup>131</sup>I)-exposed children. We analyzed genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic characteristics of 440 PTCs from Ukraine (from 359 individuals with estimated childhood <sup>131</sup>I exposure and 81 unexposed children born after 1986). PTCs displayed radiation dose-dependent enrichment of fusion drivers, nearly all in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, and increases in small deletions and simple/balanced structural variants that were clonal and bore hallmarks of nonhomologous end-joining repair. Radiation-related genomic alterations were more pronounced for individuals who were younger at exposure. Transcriptomic and epigenomic features were strongly associated with driver events but not radiation dose. Our results point to DNA double-strand breaks as early carcinogenic events that subsequently enable PTC growth after environmental radiation exposure.
Standards-Compliant EPON Sleep Control for Energy Efficiency: Design and Analysis (2013)

Owing to environmental concerns, reducing energy consumption of optical access networks has become an important problem for network designers. This paper focuses on reducing energy consumption of optical network units (ONUs) in an Ethernet passive optical network (EPON). In an EPON, the optical line terminal (OLT) located at the central office broadcasts the downstream traffic to all ONUs, each of which checks all arriving downstream packets so as to obtain the downstream packets destined to itself. Thus, receivers at ONUs always have to stay in the awake status and consume a large amount of energy. To address the downstream challenge, we propose a novel sleep control scheme that can efficiently put ONU receivers into sleep without modifying the standardized EPON media access control protocol. The proposed scheme contains two main parts: downstream traffic scheduling rules at the OLT and sleep control schemes at ONUs. By letting ONUs be aware of the downstream traffic scheduling rules, ONUs can infer their own downstream queue status and switch into the sleep status properly; by letting the OLT know the sleep control scheme implemented at ONUs, the OLT can accurately infer the sleep status of ONUs and buffer traffic of asleep ONUs accordingly. We also theoretically analyze the impacts of different parameters in the sleep control scheme on the delay and energy-saving performances by using semi-Markov chains. It is shown that, with proper settings of sleep control parameters, the proposed scheme can save as much as 50% of the ONU receiver energy.
World Youth Day 2008: What Did We Gain?: What Did We Learn? (2010)

The key benefits achieved and lessons learned from the World Youth Day (WYD) 2008 are discussed. The lessons that the Church learned from the WYD are highlighted.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Michael Addition Initiated Multicomponent Oxidative Cyclodehydration Route to Polysubstituted Pyridines from 1,3‐Dicarbonyls. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Ugi/Aldol Sequence: Expeditious Entry to Several Families of Densely Substituted Nitrogen Heterocycles (2012)

Aus einfachen Anfängen: Stickstoffheterocyclen sind über beispiellose Dominoprozesse zugänglich, die auf Ugi-Produkten mit strategisch platzierten Funktionalitäten beruhen (siehe Schema). Als zweites gemeinsames Merkmal kommt eine Aldolreaktion hinzu, die Eintopfsequenzen mit bis zu fünf Schritten ermöglicht und diverse Molekülarchitekturen schnell zugänglich macht. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A scanning tunneling microscopy study of the platinum catalysts particles supported on graphite (1991)

Scanning tunneling microscopy has been used to image platinum catalyst precursors and reduced platinum catalyst crystallites supported on graphite substrate at ambient condition. The catalysts were prepared by impregnation and ion exchange of precursor salt solutions unto the graphite substrate. Both nonfunctionalized and nitric acid functionalized nuclear grade high purity graphites were used as substrate. The crystallites’ size and distribution, microstructure, morphology, and surface structures are dependent on the substrate functionalization, the choice of precursors and the preparation method. Surface atomic structures of the crystallites deviate from that of single crystal studies but closely approximate the structure of O2 induced surface reconstruction.
Music processing with cochlear implants: Double dissociation effects of discrimination, association and appreciation in different groups of CI users (2020)

Introduction Many patients with cochlear implants (CI) report limitations in music perception. However, music comprises very different aspects which rely on different mechanisms. We examined three of these aspects in the present study, namely discrimination ability, access to semantic association in music and musical appreciation.
ChemInform Abstract: CRYOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ZEROVALENT COPPER‐ETHYLENE COMPLEXES, (C2H4)NCU AND (C2H4)MCU2 (WHERE N = 1‐3, M = 4 OR 6), AND THEIR USE IN FORMING COPPER CLUSTERS. LOCALIZED BONDING MODELS FOR ETHYLENE CHEMISORPTION ONTO BULK COPPER (1978)

Abstract Kryo‐ chemische Reaktionen von Cu‐Atomen mit Ethylen und Ethylen‐Argon‐Mischungen bei 10‐12 K und unter Verwendung von Cu‐Konzentrationen, die einkernige Reaktionsprodukte begünstigen, liefern die drei stark gefärbten binären Komplexe (I)‐.
Anti-tumor mechanism in IL-12 Gene therapy using liposomal bubbles and ultrasound (2011)

Sonoporation combined with nano/microbubbles is an attractive technique for developing non‐invasive and non‐viral gene delivery systems. Previously, we developed novel ultrasound sensitive liposomes (Bubble liposomes) which contain the ultrasound imaging gas perfluoropropane. IL‐12 corded plasmid DNA delivery into tumor tissue by sonoporation combined with Bubble liposomes was found to suppress tumor growth. In this study, we examined the mechanism of the anti‐tumor effect in this IL‐12 gene delivery. This therapeutic effect was T‐cell dependent, requiring mainly CD8+ T lymphocytes in the effector phase, as confirmed by a mouse in vivo depletion assay. In addition, migration of CD8+ T cells was observed in the mice. These results suggest that CD8+ T lymphocytes play an important role in the anti‐tumor effects of this IL‐12 gene therapy.
Figure S2 from High <i>FGFR1–4</i> mRNA Expression Levels Correlate with Response to Selective FGFR Inhibitors in Breast Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 2. FGFR1-3 protein expression in BC PDXs models. A) Western blot (WB) analysis of FGFR1 and FGFR3 protein expression in PDX models; CAL120 cells were used as positive control for FGFR1 expression. B) Clinical evolution of a refractory metastatic triple negative breast cancer (mTNBC) patient -Pt306-, whose primary tumor harbored a high-level FGFR2amp (CN 21.8) and co-amplification of 11q13 (CN 7.0), assessed by FISH. Pt achieved disease stabilization (SD) lasting 8 months: reduction in lung target lesions (TL, red arrow) and overall decrease in other lung non-target lesions (NTL, red circle). Primary tumor biopsy was available for further molecular characterization with IHC FGFR2. C) IHC images of FGFR2 in PDX models and the primary tumor Bx from Pt306, according to the model/patient response to FGFRi (PD or SD). D) Correlation analysis of FGFR1/2/3 mRNA levels vs. protein levels by WB for FGFR1/3 or IHC for FGFR2. FGFR1/3 were quantified with ImageJ (normalized by tubulin levels) and FGFR2 with QuPath and ImageJ. Statistical test: Pearson correlation coefficient (r2) is shown.&lt;/p&gt;
Physical-parameter design in 2-D MEMS optical switches (2005)

Free-space micromachined optical switching technology has emerged as a promising candidate for the transparent optical cross connects that are needed in next-generation optical transport networks. This paper deals with the system design of two-dimensional (2-D) microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based cross connects. In particular, we propose a method, applicable to any kind of 2-D MEMS switching architectures, which finds the best choices of the basic geometrical parameters of the device (such as mirror radius and beam-waist size) allowing the achievement of given insertion-loss and differential-loss target values for the overall switching matrix. Our proposal is based on a widely used model of the loss mechanisms in a 2-D MEMS switch, keeping Gaussian-beam divergence and free-space/fiber mode mismatching into account. By adopting the proposed design technique, we compare various 2-D MEMS architectures recently proposed in the technical literature in terms of cost and feasibility of large port count optical switches.
Spin Relaxation Resonances due to the Spin-Axis Interaction in Dense Rubidium and Cesium Vapor (2000)

Resonances in the magnetic decoupling curves for the spin relaxation of dense alkali-metal vapors prove that much of the relaxation is due to the spin-axis interaction in triplet dimers. Initial estimates of the spin-axis coupling coefficients for the dimers (likely accurate to a factor of 2) are |lambda|/h = 290 MHz for Rb; 2500 MHz for Cs.
The influence of the enteric microbiota and intestinal development on colonization and microcolony formation. (2016)

&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;(A)&lt;/b&gt; 1-day-old conventional (conv.) and germ-free (GF) mice were orally infected with WT EPEC. Small intestinal and colon tissues were collected 20 days p.i., homogenized and plated on LB agar plates supplemented with the appropriate antibiotic (n = 6–12 from 1 litter for GF mice and 5 litters for conventional mice; median). &lt;b&gt;(B)&lt;/b&gt; Conventional adult mice treated with streptomycin in drinking water (red dotted line) or left untreated (black line) as well as untreated adult germ-free mice (blue dotted line) were infected with WT EPEC. Streptomycin treatment was stopped 8 days p.i. (red arrow). Feces were collected at the indicated time point p.i., homogenized and plated on LB agar plates supplemented with the appropriate antibiotic (n = 3–33; median ± interquartile range). &lt;b&gt;(C)&lt;/b&gt; Immunostaining of small intestinal tissue sections collected 8 days p.i. from adult streptomycin-treated &lt;b&gt;(i)&lt;/b&gt; and germ-free mice &lt;b&gt;(ii)&lt;/b&gt; orally infected with WT EPEC (EPEC, red; E-cadherin, white; wheat germ agglutinin (mucus), green; DAPI, blue; bar = 5μm). &lt;b&gt;(D)&lt;/b&gt; Number of microcolonies observed per small intestinal tissue section of 1-day-old and non-treated, streptomycin-treated and GF adult animals infected with WT EPEC 8 days p.i. (n = 9 from 3 mice per time point, mean ± SD). &lt;b&gt;(E)&lt;/b&gt; IEC were isolated from the small intestines of adult streptomycin-treated, WT EPEC or &lt;i&gt;escV&lt;/i&gt; mutant-infected animals at 8 days p.i. and the expression level of &lt;i&gt;RegIIIγ&lt;/i&gt; was measured and normalized to the values obtained for &lt;i&gt;hprt&lt;/i&gt; (n = 5–10; median). Student’s t-test (A) and Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with Dunn’s multiple comparison post-test (E). ns, p&gt;0.05; ***, p&lt;0.001.&lt;/p&gt;
Age-Related Decrease in TCR Repertoire Diversity Measured with Deep and Normalized Sequence Profiling (2014)

The decrease of TCR diversity with aging has never been studied by direct methods. In this study, we combined high-throughput Illumina sequencing with unique cDNA molecular identifier technology to achieve deep and precisely normalized profiling of TCR β repertoires in 39 healthy donors aged 6-90 y. We demonstrate that TCR β diversity per 10(6) T cells decreases roughly linearly with age, with significant reduction already apparent by age 40. The percentage of naive T cells showed a strong correlation with measured TCR diversity and decreased linearly up to age 70. Remarkably, the oldest group (average age 82 y) was characterized by a higher percentage of naive CD4(+) T cells, lower abundance of expanded clones, and increased TCR diversity compared with the previous age group (average age 62 y), suggesting the influence of age selection and association of these three related parameters with longevity. Interestingly, cross-analysis of individual TCR β repertoires revealed a set >10,000 of the most representative public TCR β clonotypes, whose abundance among the top 100,000 clones correlated with TCR diversity and decreased with aging.
Supplemental Table 2 from Adjuvant Immunotherapy to Improve Outcome in High-Risk Pediatric Sarcomas (2023)

&lt;p&gt;T Cell doses administered in autologous lymphocyte infusions.&lt;/p&gt;