gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intermolecular interactions play a role in the distribution and transport of charged contrast agents in a cartilage model (2019)

Abstract The transport and distribution of charged molecules in polyelectrolyte solutions are of both fundamental and practical importance. A practical example, which is the specific subject addressed in the present paper, is the transport and distribution of charged species into cartilage. The charged species could be a contrast agent or a drug molecule involved in diagnosis or treatment of the widespread degenerative disease osteoarthritis, which leads to degradation of articular cartilage. Associated scientific issues include the rate of transport and the equilibrium concentrations of the charged species in the cartilage and the synovial fluid. To address these questions, we present results from magnetic resonance micro-imaging experiments on a model system of articular cartilage. The experiments yield temporally and spatially resolved data on the transport of a negatively charged contrast agent (charge = −2), used in medical examinations of cartilage, into a polyelectrolyte solution, which is designed to capture the electrostatic interactions in cartilage. Also presented is a theoretical analysis of the transport where the relevant differential equations are solved using finite element techniques as well as treated with approximate analytical expressions. In the analysis, non-ideal effects are included in the treatment of the mobile species in the system. This is made possible by using results from previous Monte Carlo simulations. The results demonstrate the importance of taking non-idealities into account when data from measurements of transport of charged solutes in a system with fixed charges from biological polyelectrolytes are analyzed.
Sound Transmission through Two Concentric Cylindrical Sandwich Shells (1996)

This paper solves the problem of sound transmission through a system of two infinite concentric cylindrical sandwich shells. The shells are surrounded by external and internal fluid media and there is fluid (air) in the annular space between them. An oblique plane sound wave is incident upon the surface of the outer shell. A uniform flow is moving with a constant velocity in the external fluid medium. Classical thin shell theory is applied to the inner shell and first-order shear deformation theory is applied to the outer shell. A closed form for transmission loss is derived based on modal analysis. Investigations have been made for the impedance of both shells and the transmission loss through the shells from the exterior into the interior. Results are compared for double sandwich shells and single sandwich shells. This study shows that: (1) the impedance of the inner shell is much smaller than that of the outer shell so that the transmission loss is almost the same in both the annular space and the interior cavity of the shells; (2) the two concentric sandwich shells can produce an appreciable increase of transmission loss over single sandwich shells especially in the high frequency range; and (3) design guidelines may be derived with respect to the noise reduction requirement and the pressure in the annular space at a mid-frequency range.
The extraordinary Hall effect in coherent epitaxial τ (Mn,Ni)Al thin films on GaAs (1993)

Ultrathin coherent epitaxial films of ferromagnetic τ(Mn,Ni)0.60Al0.40 have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs substrates. X-ray scattering and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy measurements confirm that the c axis of the tetragonal τ unit cell is aligned normal to the (001) GaAs substrate. Measurements of the extraordinary Hall effect (EHE) show that the films are perpendicularly magnetized, exhibiting EHE resistivities saturating in the range of 3.3–7.1 μΩ-cm at room temperature. These values of EHE resistivity correspond to signals as large as +7 and −7 mV for the two magnetic states of the film with a measurement current of 1 mA. Switching between the two magnetic states is found to occur at distinct field values that depend on the previously applied maximum field. These observations suggest that the films are magnetically uniform. As such, τ(Mn,Ni)Al films may be an excellent medium for high-density storage of binary information.
Development of a resilient wireless sensor network for real-time outdoor applications (2014)

Wireless sensor network deployed for any outdoor applications confronts link variations. The outdoor deployment can be appallingly affected by the precipitous change in the environmental conditions. The effect can vary accordingly with a single hop and a multi hop sensor network. In this paper, we analyze the impact of propagation factors such as shadowing, fading, foliage and rainfall on the link quality, received signal strength and packet reception rate. Then using a packet oriented simulation tool, Qualnet 5.0.2 a simulation framework was created to analyze the aftermath of the aforementioned propagation factors' separate as well as integrated effect on the signal quality. The models developed from the simulation are tested and assessed with the data received from the real time wireless sensor network system for landslide monitoring, deployed at Munnar, India.
A miniaturized clark oxygen sensor for organ-on-chip devices (2018)

Oxygen concentration is an essential regulatory parameter in cell culture and organ-on-chip devices. Measuring variations in oxygen concentration near cells during cell culture can provide a wealth of information on cell viability, cellular activity, cell differentiation and response to external stimuli. Here, we present a miniaturized three-electrode Clark oxygen sensor, which is shown to be biocompatible, protected from biofouling and has a 7.5s response time. This miniaturized sensor allows to measure the oxygen concentration in a microfluidic channel of an organ-on-chip, whereby this chemical microenvironment can be monitored.
Low-protein diet supplemented by keto acids in chronic renal failure: a prospective controlled study. (1983)

In this prospective controlled study, a 30-g protein-restricted diet supplemented by keto acids resulted in a delayed rate of progression of chronic renal failure. The effect of this treatment differed according to the underlying renal disease. The rate of progression of chronic renal failure was delayed by a factor of at least 2. A need for long-term observations to quantify the effectiveness of this therapy is shown. A new pragmatic approach to the evaluation of long-term studies in patients with chronic renal failure is demonstrated.
Methods for the Charge Pump Power Efficiency Improvement in Triple Well Technologies (2020)

Four methods for the charge pump (CP) power efficiency improvement are presented in this paper, where the high voltage MOSCAP transistors as capacitors are used. In the chosen 55 nm triple well technology, the MOS transistors have a high-voltage p-well (HVPW) and a deep n-well (DNW) doping regions introducing high parasitic capacitances directly responsible for low power efficiency. With the new approach, the so-called deep n-well switching technique, the efficiency is increased by approximately 12.5% with schematic extracted simulation in Cadence (maximum efficency of 34.55%), compared to the case when the deep n-wells of the CP capacitors are biased from the power supply voltage (maximum efficency of 22.09%), which is the typical approach in semiconductor industry when all parasitic diodes are reverse biased between the power supply and ground.
Scalable Approximate Bayesian Inference for Particle Tracking Data. (2018)

Many important datasets in physics, chemistry, and biology consist of noisy sequences of images of multiple moving overlapping particles. In many cases, the observed particles are indistinguishable, leading to unavoidable uncertainty about nearby particles9 identities. Exact Bayesian inference is intractable in this setting, and previous approximate Bayesian methods scale poorly. Non-Bayesian approaches that output a single best estimate of the particle tracks (thus discarding important uncertainty information) are therefore dominant in practice. Here we propose a flexible and scalable amortized approach for Bayesian inference on this task. We introduce a novel neural network method to approximate the (intractable) filter-backward-sample-forward algorithm for Bayesian inference in this setting. By varying the simulated training data for the network, we can perform inference on a wide variety of data types. This approach is therefore highly flexible and improves on the state of the art in terms of accuracy; provides uncertainty estimates about the particle locations and identities; and has a test runtime that scales linearly as a function of the data length and number of particles, thus enabling Bayesian inference in arbitrarily large particle tracking datasets.
Towards ultra-dense arrays of VHF NEMS with FDSOI-CMOS active pixels for sensing applications (2012)

This paper presents the first realization of a fully co-integrated single-crystal NEMS resonator and its CMOS electronics on a single chip. The CMOS technol ogy is based on a "home-made" 0.3μm fully depleted (FD) SOI technology. The resonator fabricated from the SOI silicon layer in a top-down front-end VLSI process is actuated thanks to electrostatic forces. The vibrations are detected differentially with two p-doped silicon piezoresistive (PZR) gauges. Details concerning the NEMS-FD SOI CMOS technological process can also be found in [3] while this paper primarily reports on the design of the circuitry and its first electrical measurements.
The role of PET in Hodgkin’s lymphoma and its impact on radiation oncology (2010)

A high negative-predictive value of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET in early and late response assessment of Hodgkin's lymphoma patients has been observed in numerous trials. The consequent substantial reduction in the number of chemotherapy cycles and radiotherapy in many current trials seems to be very promising. The criteria used to describe (18)F-FDG accumulation are widely standardized, but PET interpretation in a dedicated clinical algorithm is being discussed among study groups and will be evaluated in the ongoing trials. The integration of (18)F-FDG PET into radiation treatment planning could have a substantial impact on treatment volumes within the new target definition 'involved-node radiotherapy'. Involved-node radiotherapy has been proposed as a means to further improve the therapeutic ratio by reducing the risk of acute radiation-induced toxicity and potentially lowering the rate of long-term complications, including secondary malignancies.
In vitro anti-proliferation/cytotoxic activity of cantharidin (Spanish Fly) and related derivatives. (2003)

The anti-cancer therapeutic promise of cantharidin is limited because of its high mammalian toxicity. In order to find new anti-cancer lead compounds with reduced toxicity of the cantharidin prototype, the following seven derivatives were screened against the human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma and MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro: 2,3-dimethyl-7-oxabicylo-[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride (cantharidin) [1], 1-cyclohexen-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride [2], cis-4-cyclohexen-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride [3], cis-1, 2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride [4], exo-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-3 dicarboxylic anhydride [5], exo-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride (norcantharidin) [6], and (S)-(-)-O-acetylmalic anhydride [7]. Cantharidin, was found to be the most effective anti-proliferative compound on both cell lines. However, on the human neuroblastoma cells cantharidin was of equal toxicity to compound [6]. Mode of action studies revealed that cantharidin inhibited growth factor-mediated activation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPkinase) and attenuated the de-phosphorylation of the extracellular regulated kinases 1 and 2 (erk1 and erk2).
Angiogenic marker expression in cancer stem cells derived from glioblastoma and peritumor tissue (2013)

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal cancer characterized by florid vascularization and aberrantly elevated VEGF. Antiangiogenic therapy with VEGF antibodies reduces GBM tumor growth. However, the clinical benefits are transient and invariably followed by tumor recurrence. Recently, it has been demonstrated that in GBM cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for either tumorigenesis or neoangiogenesis. In particular, a fraction of CSCs is represented by a population of endothelial progenitors. In our previous studies, we showed the presence of nestin+ cells and nestin+ and endoglin (CD105)+ vasculature, not only in the GBM but also in the tissue surrounding the tumor, suggesting the involvement of CSC endothelial differentiation also in peritumor tissue. In this study, with the aim of understanding CSCs involvement in angiogenesis, we investigated the expression of angiogenesis markers (VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, HIF1α and HIF2α) by immunocytochemistry, western blot or real time PCR analysis, in CSCs derived from GBM (GCSC) and peritumor tissue (PCSC) of 4 patients. Both GCSCs and PCSCs were immunopositive for HIF1α and HIF2α, VEGF and its receptors VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, which underlines the presence of autocrine and paracrine growth factor loops. Immunoblotting showed that VEGF is expressed at higher levels in GCSCs than PCSCs, with the exception of a patient who showed an up-regulation in PCSCs. Moreover, real time PCR showed that both VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 were expressed at low level in the two types of CSCs with a down-regulation of VEGFR1 in PCSCs. These results indicate the presence of all angiogenic markers in PCSCs suggesting their involvement in GBM local recurrence. The inhibition of multiple angiogenic pathways may be a new line of attack on this deadly cancer. We acknowledge Prof. Gigliola Sica for her effectiveness in coordinating this study supported by FIRB “Accordi di Programma” 2010.
Accelerating computational discovery of porous solids through improved navigation of energy-structure-function maps (2021)

While energy-structure-function (ESF) maps are a powerful new tool for in silico materials design, the cost of acquiring an ESF map for many properties is too high for routine integration into high-throughput virtual screening workflows. Here, we propose the next evolution of the ESF map. This uses parallel Bayesian optimization to selectively acquire energy and property data, generating the same levels of insight at a fraction of the computational cost. We use this approach to obtain a two orders of magnitude speedup on an ESF study that focused on the discovery of molecular crystals for methane capture, saving more than 500,000 central processing unit hours from the original protocol. By accelerating the acquisition of insight from ESF maps, we pave the way for the use of these maps in automated ultrahigh-throughput screening pipelines by greatly reducing the opportunity risk associated with the choice of system to calculate.
A 33-GHz LNA for 5G Wireless Systems in 28-nm Bulk CMOS (2018)

This brief presents a design procedure of a compact 33-GHz low-noise amplifier (LNA) for fifth generation (5G) applications realized in 28-nm LP CMOS. Based on the unique set of challenges presented by advanced nanoscale CMOS, the emphasis is put here on the optimization of design and layout techniques for active and passive components in the presence of rigorous metal density rules and other back-end-of-the-line challenges. All passive components are designed and optimized with full-wave electromagnetic simulations for a high quality factor. In addition, layout techniques help to miniaturize the total area as the suggested 5G frequency band of 33 GHz is not high enough to provide a sufficiently compact chip size. The resulting increase in the concentration of required metal fills furthermore makes this optimization more challenging. The fabricated LNA consists of two cascode stages with a total core area of 0.68×0.34 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . It exhibits 4.9-dB noise figure and 18.6-dB gain at 33 GHz while consuming only 9.7 mW from a 1.2-V power supply.
Versatile Synthesis of 6-Alkyl and Aryl Substituted Pyridoxal Derivatives (2000)

A versatile and convenient procedure for the functional derivatization with carbon substituents at the 6-position of pyridoxal using a Grignard reaction upon a protected <i>N</i>-isobutoxycarbony-loxypyridoxal chloride and Heck reactions with protected 6-vinylpyridoxal has been developed.
Suitability of a 280 ps-CRT non-DOI detector for the helmet-neck PET (2017)

We are developing a compact and high-sensitivity brain-dedicated PET scanner, which consists of a hemispherically arranged detector unit and an add-on detector unit. Following our first idea of using a chin position as the location of the add-on detector (helmet-chin PET), a neck position has been selected as the location (helmet-neck PET). We have developed prototypes of both geometries using the 4-layered depth-ofinteraction (DOI) detector (2.8 mm sized GSOZ scintillators and a 64 ch PMT) which does not have time-of-flight (TOF) capability. On the other hand, a new TOF-PET detector module which consists of 4.1 mm sized LFS scintillators and multi pixel photon counters (MPPCs) is now commercially available (C135004075LC-12, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.). Using one-to-one crystal-photodetector coupling, it is possible to achieve a 280 ps coincidence resolving time (CRT), although the Anger-type calculation, which is essential for the 4-layered DOI detector, cannot be applied. In this paper, therefore, we investigated the suitability of this TOF-PET detector module for the next helmetneck PET. At first, the helmet-neck PET with 20 mm crystal length, which is a standard parameter of the module, was modeled by GEANT4, and performance results were compared with those of the current helmet-neck PET prototype. We observed a compromised image quality; the non-DOI capability counteracted the TOF gain. On the other hand, the helmet-neck PET with shortened crystal length (10 mm) outperformed the current helmet-neck PET prototype; the shortened crystal length reduced the parallax error, and TOF information compensated for the loss of sensitivity. Based on the GEANT4 simulation results, we fabricated a one-pair prototype of the TOF-PET module with 10 mm length, which yielded 11.6 % energy resolution at 511 keV and 281.8\pm 9.6 ps CRT at FWHM. In conclusion, we confirmed suitability of the 280 ps-CRT non-DOI detector for the next helmet-neck PET.
2,4-Diphenyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,3-dione (2012)

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(19)H(11)F(3)N(2)O(2), contains two crystallographically unique mol-ecules which differ in the rotation of a phenyl ring and a -CF(3) substituent. The dihedral angles involving the pyrrole ring and the attached phenyl ring are 62.82 (8) and 71.54 (7)° in the two molecules. The difference in the rotation of the CF(3) groups with respect to the pyrrolo rings to which they are attached is 23.5(1)°. For one mol-ecule, there is a close contact between an H atom and the centroid of the phenyl ring of an adjacent mol-ecule (2.572 Å). A similar contact is lacking in the second mol-ecule. In the crystal, N-H⋯O inter-actions connect adjacent mol-ecules into a chain normal to (01[Formula: see text]). Crystallographically unique mol-ecules alternate along the hydrogen-bonded chains.
Strain-Dependent Influences on the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Profoundly Affect the 7B2 and PC2 Null Phenotypes (2005)

Two null mouse models have previously been created to study the role of the prohormone convertase (PC2) and its helper protein 7B2; unexpectedly, the phenotypes of these two nulls differ profoundly, with the 7B2 but not the PC2 null dying at 5 wk. The genetic backgrounds of these two models differ, with the 7B2 null in a 129/SvEv (129) background and the PC2 null in a mixed C57BL/N6:129/SvEv (B6:129) background. Because background can contribute greatly to phenotype, we have here examined strain influence on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and glucose levels in wild-type, 7B2 null, and PC2 null mice. Wild-type B6 and 129 mice differed in basal corticosterone and glucose levels. When 7B2 nulls were transferred onto the B6 background, they survived and showed greatly decreased circulating corticosterone and increased blood glucose levels, most likely due to the comparatively higher adrenal resistance of the B6 strain to ACTH stimulation. Circulating ACTH levels were increased over wild-type in the B6 7B2 null but did not reach levels as high as the 129 7B2 null. Conversely, when the mixed-strain PC2 nulls were bred into the 129 background at the N6 generation, they began to exhibit the Cushing's-like phenotype characteristic of 129 7B2 null mice and died before 6 wk of age. Taken together, these results indicate that background effects are critical because they increase the phenotypic differences between the 7B2 and PC2 nulls and play a life-or-death role in the ACTH hypersecretion syndrome present in both 129 nulls.
Nitrosyl Transfer from Manganese to Iron in Tropocoronand Complexes (2000)

A nitrosyl transfer reaction is described in which the NO ligand from [Mn(NO)(TC-5,5)] quantitatively transfers to [Fe(TC-5,5)] to form [Fe(NO)(TC-5,5)]. The reaction was monitored by in situ IR spectroscopy to reveal data consistent with NO dissociation from Mn prior to interaction with Fe.
Diagnosing type errors with class (2015)

Type inference engines often give terrible error messages, and the more sophisticated the type system the worse the problem. We show that even with the highly expressive type system implemented by the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC)--including type classes, GADTs, and type families--it is possible to identify the most likely source of the type error, rather than the first source that the inference engine trips over. To determine which are the likely error sources, we apply a simple Bayesian model to a graph representation of the typing constraints; the satisfiability or unsatisfiability of paths within the graph provides evidence for or against possible explanations. While we build on prior work on error diagnosis for simpler type systems, inference in the richer type system of Haskell requires extending the graph with new nodes. The augmentation of the graph creates challenges both for Bayesian reasoning and for ensuring termination. Using a large corpus of Haskell programs, we show that this error localization technique is practical and significantly improves accuracy over the state of the art.