gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suppressed surface‐recombination structure and surface passivation for improving current gain of 4H‐SiC BJTs (2009)

Abstract 4H‐SiC bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) are one of the promising candidates for next‐generation power devices. 4H‐SiC BJTs have the advantages of low on‐resistance and high temperature capability. On the other hand, high common emitter current gain is required from a practical use point of view because BJTs are current‐controlled devices. In order to improve the current gain of 4H‐SiC BJTs, we have concentrated on suppressing surface recombination on the SiC surface, which is a critical limiting factor of the current gain and can be suppressed by reducing carrier density and/or trap density. We have proposed novel 4H‐SiC bipolar junction transistors with suppressed surface‐recombination structure: SSR‐BJTs that have the SiC surface with low carrier density, characterized by a lightly doped n‐type layer (LDN layer) and a highly resistive p‐type region (HRP region). In addition, surface passivation suitable for reducing surface traps has been investigated by applying a new characterization method of surface‐recombination current in which the s p · L s value, a product of a surface‐recombination velocity ( s p ) and a surface‐diffusion length ( L s ), is derived from an analysis of forward I–V characteristics of SiC pn diodes. We have experimentally demonstrated that the s p · L s value is a practical indicator to evaluate surface passivation. By using the characterization, an effective passivation method with the combination of a pyrogenic oxidation, a post‐oxidation anneal in H 2 ambient, and an anneal in NH 3 ambient has been developed. SSR‐BJTs with a variety of device structures and process conditions have been fabricated to investigate their characteristics. A fabricated SSR‐BJT showed a recorded maximum current gain of 134 at room temperature with a specific on‐resistance of 3.2 mΩ cm 2 and a blocking voltage V CEO of 950 V. The SSR‐BJT kept a current gain of 60 °C at 250 °C with a specific on‐resistance of 8 mΩ cm 2 . These results have demonstrated the outstanding current‐gain capability of the SSR‐BJTs compared to conventional BJTs. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Empirical capacity of mmWave WLANS (2009)

The 60 GHz spectrum gives us the opportunity to deliver gigabit rates to users in a WLAN (wireless local area network) setting. The constrained propagation of signals at this frequency band ensures limited coverage which in turn enables the construction of very efficient STDMA (spatial time division multiple access) schedules. In this paper we study the achievable aggregate capacity in a room when using two types of smart antenna arrays - linear and circular. Using detailed Matlab simulations, we show that with just 400 MHz of the spectrum, aggregate data rates of 9 Gbps (4.5 Gbps) can be achieved with linear (circular) arrays. We also study the energy efficiency of the communication and show that the energy/bit is as low as 0.2 times 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-10</sup> (0.2 times 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> )Joules/Bit by using variable transmit powers at different parts of the room. Finally, we study the problem of coverage due to blocking of the LoS (line of sight) path. To mitigate this problem we study the use of static reflectors and show that coverage in the entire room can indeed be maintained.
Abstract 491: Nox4 Inhibition, by GKT 137831, Decreases Obesity-Associated Vascular Dysfunction and Pro-Fibrotic Effects (2013)

The pathophysiological role of Nox4 remains elusive and controversial. Even though Nox4 expression is increased in hypertension, diabetes and obesity, some studies demonstrate that Nox4 deficiency predisposes to obesity and insulin resistance. We showed that Nox1/4 inhibition is renoprotective in diabetes. Whether Nox4 influences vascular function and kidney status in obesity associated with mild diabetes is unclear. We hypothesized that Nox4-specific inhibition is protective against obesity-associated vascular and kidney damage. We studied db/m (control) and db/db mice (obese) mice for 16 weeks receiving 1) vehicle; 2) low dose Nox4 inhibitor, GKT137831 (GKT) (20 mg) and 3) high dose GKT (60 mg) for 16 weeks. Body weight increased in db/db (61.8g ± 0.95) versus controls (33.5g ± 0.72, p&lt;0.05). Plasma glucose and albuminuria were slightly increased in db/db. GKT did not influence body weight but reduced epididymal fat mass in db/db (20% increase, p&lt;0.05). Blood pressure was similar in all groups. Kidney weight (25%) and markers of renal fibrosis, such as, fibronectin (60%), pro-collagen I (PCI - 50%) and TGFβ (30%), were increased in db/db versus controls (p&lt;0.05). High dose GKT decreased renal expression of fibronectin and PCI in db/db. Renal ERK1/2 activation was ameliorated by high dose GKT in db/db (vehicle, 65% vs GKT, 2.3%, p&lt;0.05). Plasma 8-isoprostanes (db/db: 1263±96 vs db/m: 936±35), marker of systemic oxidative stress, and kidney hydrogen peroxide (db/db: 1 fold increase vs db/m) levels were increased in db/db, effects blocked by GKT. Endothelial dysfunction in db/db mice was not affected by GKT, but decreased NE-induced vascular contraction in db/db (pD2: db/db vs. db/db high dose, 6.4±0.1 vs. 5.6 ± 0.1, p&lt;0.001). Reduced contraction by GKT was associated with decreased Rho kinase activity (db/db: 84% increase vs db/db+GKT 60 mg: 29% increase, p&lt;0.05). Our findings suggest a role for Nox4 in obesity-associated kidney and vascular damage/dysfunction, important factors predisposing to cardiovascular disease in obesity. Mechanisms underlying Nox4 effects involve oxidative stress and Rho kinase.
Pradimicin A, a Carbohydrate-Binding Nonpeptidic Lead Compound for Treatment of Infections with Viruses with Highly Glycosylated Envelopes, Such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (2006)

Pradimicin A (PRM-A), an antifungal nonpeptidic benzonaphtacenequinone antibiotic, is a low-molecular-weight (molecular weight, 838) carbohydrate binding agent (CBA) endowed with a selective inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It invariably inhibits representative virus strains of a variety of HIV-1 clades with X4 and R5 tropisms at nontoxic concentrations. Time-of-addition studies revealed that PRM-A acts as a true virus entry inhibitor. PRM-A specifically interacts with HIV-1 gp120 and efficiently prevents virus transmission in cocultures of HUT-78/HIV-1 and Sup T1 cells. Upon prolonged exposure of HIV-1-infected CEM cell cultures, PRM-A drug pressure selects for mutant HIV-1 strains containing N-glycosylation site deletions in gp120 but not gp41. A relatively long exposure time to PRM-A is required before drug-resistant virus strains emerge. PRM-A has a high genetic barrier, since more than five N-glycosylation site deletions in gp120 are required to afford moderate drug resistance. Such mutated virus strains keep full sensitivity to the other known clinically used anti-HIV drugs. PRM-A represents the first prototype compound of a nonpeptidic CBA lead and, together with peptide-based lectins, belongs to a conceptually novel type of potential therapeutics for which drug pressure results in the selection of glycan deletions in the HIV gp120 envelope.
Residential photovoltaics; an investment vehicle for retiree's III (2009)

The question ¿Can a residential photovoltaic system provide all of the elements that would qualify it for consideration as a component of a retiree's investment portfolio?¿ was raised during the 4 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> and the 33 rd IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> With the recent crash of the financial markets it has become clear that one of the best investments out there today to ensure that our aging population will have the electricity that they will need for their golden years is a home Photovoltaic generation system. The performance of such a photovoltaic generation system on the author's home has proven that such a system is an appropriate retirement investment capable of providing an income stream, which keeps pace with inflation for an indefinite period. An investment in residential photovoltaics will provide a reliable rate of return, immunity from inflation all tax-free for a retiree for life. This return is guaranteed by the rising of the sun each day and is not subject to the downturns in the financial markets as illustrated in Figure 1.
Effect of Healthcare Systems on Inequality in the UK and the US (2022)

Objective: Healthcare systems vary among nations. From public/private partnerships to national systems, quality and equality varies. The purpose of this review is to analyze the effect that the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom (UK) has on inequality in comparison to the mixed healthcare model in the US. Materials/Methods: A review was completed using the University at Buffalo catalog and database search. A general Google search for articles regarding US healthcare costs was also done. Pubmed was also utilized. Results: The UK national healthcare system correlates with decreased inequality among all groups, while the US healthcare system exacerbates inequality. By strengthening the primary care system, the NHS has been able to efficiently care for the large majority of the UK population. The effectiveness of the NHS can also be traced to the fact that it is available to all citizens and therefore allows citizens to get care without being burdened by cost of services. The NHS was also associated with better overall performance and equity compared to the US system. While the US has made some advances in reducing healthcare inequality, medical debt and inequity in care remains a large burden for the healthcare system. The Gini index in the US before and after consideration of medical expenses remains higher than the UK and these medical expenses have also pushed citizens into poverty. Conclusion: Addressing inequality necessitates analyzing how a nation’s healthcare system impacts the poor. A more centralized system that scales costs in coordination with income and a progressive tax system could help prevent and keep people from going into poverty. The UK national healthcare system has made strides in reducing inequality and providing effective care for the population, while overreliance on employer-dependent private insurance in the US can overburden those with lower incomes. While the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act has reduced the number of people who are uninsured, it has done little to reduce inequality.
Cooling Induced Surface Reconstruction during Synthesis of High‐Ni Layered Oxides (2019)

Abstract Transition metal layered oxides have been the dominant cathodes in lithium‐ion batteries, and among them, high‐Ni ones (LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 ; x ≥ 0.7) with greatly boosted capacity and reduced cost are of particular interest for large‐scale applications. The high Ni loading, on the other hand, raises the critical issues of surface instability and poor rate performance. The rational design of synthesis leading to layered LiNi 0.7 Mn 0.15 Co 0.15 O 2 with greatly enhanced rate capability is demonstrated, by implementing a quenching process alternative to the general slow cooling. In situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, coupled with surface analysis, is applied to studies of the synthesis process, revealing cooling‐induced surface reconstruction involving Li 2 CO 3 accumulation, formation of a Li‐deficient layer and Ni reduction at the particle surface. The reconstruction process occurs predominantly at high temperatures (above 350 °C) and is highly cooling‐rate dependent, implying that surface reconstruction can be suppressed through synthetic control, i.e., quenching to improve the surface stability and rate performance of the synthesized materials. These findings may provide guidance to rational synthesis of high‐Ni cathode materials.
Zwitterionic Phospholipidation of Cationic Polymers Facilitates Systemic mRNA Delivery to Spleen and Lymph Nodes (2021)

Polymers represent a promising therapeutic platform for extrahepatic messenger RNA (mRNA) delivery but are hampered by low <i>in vivo</i> efficacy due to polyplex serum instability and inadequate endosomal escape following systemic administration. Here, we report the rational design and combinatorial synthesis of zwitterionic phospholipidated polymers (ZPPs) via cationic polymer postmodification by alkylated dioxaphospholane oxides to deliver mRNA to spleen and lymph nodes <i>in vivo</i>. This modular postmodification approach readily produces tunable zwitterionic species for serum resistance and introduces alkyl chains simultaneously to enhance endosomal escape, thereby transforming deficient cationic polymers to efficacious zwitterionic mRNA carriers without the need to elaborately synthesize functional monomers. ZPPs mediated up to 39 500-fold higher protein expression than their parent cationic counterparts <i>in vitro</i> and enabled efficacious mRNA delivery selectively in spleen and lymph nodes following intravenous administration <i>in vivo</i>. This zwitterionic phospholipidation methodology provides a versatile and generalizable postmodification strategy to introduce zwitterions into the side chains of cationic polymers, extending the utility of cationic polymer families for precise mRNA delivery and demonstrating substantial potential for immunotherapeutic applications.
Colonization with Escherichia coli ST131-H30R (H30R) Corresponds with Increased Serum Anti-O25 IgG Levels and Decreased TNFα and IL-10 Responsiveness to H30R (2023)

An exceptional gut-colonizing ability may underlie the dramatic epidemiological success of the multidrug-resistant <i>H</i>30R subclone of <i>Escherichia coli</i> sequence type 131 (O25b:K+:H4). In order to inform the development of colonization-preventing measures, we studied systemic immune correlates of <i>H</i>30R intestinal colonization. Human volunteers' fecal samples were screened for <i>H</i>30R by selective culture and PCR. Subjects were assessed by enzyme immunoassay for serum levels of anti-O25 IgG (representing <i>H</i>30R) and anti-O6 IgG (representing non-<i>H</i>30 <i>E. coli</i> generally), initially and for up to 14 months. Whole blood was tested for the antigen-stimulated release of IFNγ, TNFα, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 after incubation with <i>E. coli</i> strains JJ1886 (<i>H</i>30R; O25b:K+:H4) or CFT073 (non-<i>H</i>30; O6:K2:H1). Three main findings were obtained. First, <i>H</i>30R-colonized subjects had significantly higher anti-O25 IgG levels than controls, but similar anti-O6 IgG levels, suggesting an IgG response to <i>H</i>30R colonization. Second, anti-O25 and anti-O6 IgG levels were stable over time. Third, <i>H</i>30R-colonized subjects exhibited a lower TNFα and IL-10 release than controls in response to strain JJ1886 (<i>H</i>30R) relative to strain CFT073 (non-<i>H</i>30R), consistent with TNFα hypo-responsiveness to <i>H</i>30R possibly predisposing to <i>H</i>30R colonization. Thus, <i>H</i>30R-colonized hosts exhibit a sustained serum anti-O25 IgG response and an underlying deficit in TNFα responsiveness to <i>H</i>30R that could potentially be addressed for colonization prevention.
A Triple-Strand Anatomic Medial Collateral Ligament Reconstruction Restores Knee Stability More Completely Than a Double-Strand Reconstruction: A Biomechanical Study In Vitro (2022)

An MCL injury may rupture the anteromedial capsule and dMCL, causing anteromedial rotatory instability. Persistent MCL instability increases the likelihood of ACL graft failure after combined injury. A reconstruction with an anteromedial dMCL graft restored native external rotation, which may help to unload/protect an ACL graft. It is important to locate the sMCL graft isometrically at the femoral epicondyle to restore valgus across flexion.
Causal Models and Learning from Data (2014)

The practice of epidemiology requires asking causal questions. Formal frameworks for causal inference developed over the past decades have the potential to improve the rigor of this process. However, the appropriate role for formal causal thinking in applied epidemiology remains a matter of debate. We argue that a formal causal framework can help in designing a statistical analysis that comes as close as possible to answering the motivating causal question, while making clear what assumptions are required to endow the resulting estimates with a causal interpretation. A systematic approach for the integration of causal modeling with statistical estimation is presented. We highlight some common points of confusion that occur when causal modeling techniques are applied in practice and provide a broad overview on the types of questions that a causal framework can help to address. Our aims are to argue for the utility of formal causal thinking, to clarify what causal models can and cannot do, and to provide an accessible introduction to the flexible and powerful tools provided by causal models.
Abnormal White Matter Microstructure in the Limbic System Is Associated With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex-Associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders (2022)

The disruption of white matter integrity may induce underconnectivity between cortical and subcortical regions. These findings suggest that TANDs are not the result of an abnormality in a specific brain region, but rather caused by connectivity dysfunction as a network disorder. This study indicates that abnormal white matter connectivity including the limbic system is relevant to TAND. The analysis of brain and behavior relationship is a feasible approach to reveal TAND related white matter and neural networks. TAND should be carefully assessed and treated at an early stage.
Robinow-Silverman-Smith-(fetal-face-)-Syndrom (1995)

Report of a case of the fetal face syndrome associated with severe oligophrenia and septum pellucidum cyste in a male patient aged 30 years. The case demonstrates the good prognosis of the hypogenitalism resp. small genitalia; the correct diagnosis in this syndrome can the patients save a plastic of the penis.
APPLICATION OF PHOSPHORUS, ARSENIC AND ANTIMONY REAGENTS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS (1991)

Abstract The ability of different reagents of the type R3XBr2, where R are various alkyl, alkoxide, phenyl, and phenoxide groups, and X is P, As and Sb, to promote an intramolecular cyclization of suitably substituted aromatic diamines has been investigated. The type of R group and X was found to have a great influence on the ability of these reagents to promote this type of cyclization. Best results were obtained when R[dbnd]OMe and X[dbnd]P.
On mutually-exclusive roles and separation of duty (2004)

Separation of Duty (SoD) is widely considered to be a fundamental principle in computer security. A Static SoD (SSoD) policy states that in order to have all permissions necessary to complete a sensitive task, the cooperation of at least a certain number of users is required. In Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), Statically Mutually Exclusive Role (SMER) constraints are used to enforce SSoD policies. In this paper, we pose and answer fundamental questions related to the use of SMER constraints to enforce SSoD policies. We show that directly enforcing SSoD policies is intractable (<b>coNP</b>-complete), while checking whether an RBAC state satisfies a set of SMER constraints is efficient. Also, we show that verifying whether a given set of SMER constraints enforces an SSoD policy is intractable (<b>coNP</b>-complete) and discuss why this intractability result should not lead us to conclude that SMER constraints are not an appropriate mechanism for enforcing SSoD policies.
Foreground Science Knowledge and Prospects (2009)

Detecting “B‐mode” (i.e., divergence free) polarization in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) would open a new window on the very early Universe. However, the polarized microwave sky is dominated by polarized Galactic dust and synchrotron emissions, which may hinder our ability to test inflationary predictions. In this paper, we report on our knowledge of these “Galactic foregrounds,” as well as on how a CMB satellite mission aiming at detecting a primordial B‐mode signal (“CMBPol”) will contribute to improving it. We review the observational and analysis techniques used to constrain the structure of the Galactic magnetic field, whose presence is responsible for the polarization of Galactic emissions. Although our current understanding of the magnetized interstellar medium is somewhat limited, dramatic improvements in our knowledge of its properties are expected by the time CMBPol flies. Thanks to high resolution and high sensitivity instruments observing the whole sky at frequencies between 30 GHz and 850 GHz, CMBPol will not only improve this picture by observing the synchrotron emission from our galaxy, but also help constrain dust models. Polarized emission form interstellar dust indeed dominates over any other signal in CMBol’s highest frequency channels. Observations at these wavelengths, combined with ground‐based studies of starlight polarization, will therefore enable us to improve our understanding of dust properties and of the mechanism(s) responsible for the alignment of dust grains with the Galactic magnetic field. CMBPol will also shed new light on observations that are presently not well understood. Morphological studies of anomalous dust and synchrotron emissions will indeed constrain their natures and properties, while searching for fluctuations in the emission from heliospheric dust will test our understanding of the circumheliospheric interstellar medium. Finally, acquiring more information on the properties of extra‐Galactic sources will be necessary in order to maximaize the cosmological constrainsts extracted from CMBPol’s observations of CMB lensing.
Aero Engine Concepts Beyond 2030: Part 3—Experimental Demonstration of Technological Feasibility (2020)

Abstract Recognizing the attention currently devoted to the environmental impact of aviation, this three-part publication series introduces two new aircraft propulsion concepts for the timeframe beyond 2030. The first part focuses on the novel steam injecting and recovering aero engine concept. In the second part, the free-piston composite cycle engine (FP-CCE) concept is presented. Complementary to the two technical publications, this third part describes the cooperative project, which was initiated by an interdisciplinary consortium, aiming at the demonstration and the proof-of-concept of both aforementioned aero engine concepts. At the beginning of the project, simulations on propulsion, aircraft system, and test bench level will be conducted. On this basis, preliminary tests and fundamental experiments are planned in order to establish a solid basis for the demonstration. Finally, a system demonstration will be carried out at the laboratory level. Thus, the project allows for a final judgment on both the feasibility of the new concepts and the attainability of the requirements for future aircraft propulsion systems.
Reply: Optimizing Strategies for Immune Checkpoint Imaging with Immuno-PET in Preclinical Study (2018)

REPLY: In response to the comments made by Chen et al. regarding our paper “Practical Immuno-PET Radiotracer Design Considerations for Human Immune Checkpoint Imaging” published recently in The Journal of Nuclear Medicine ([1][1]), we have taken the opportunity to discuss several important