gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polarization Splitter with TE Homogeneous Media and TM Inhomogeneous Media (2018)

QCTO is employed to develop reflectionless non-magnetic polarization splitter with uniaxial properties, where the transformation is applied only in the TM mode. A low insertion loss and high extinction rate within a broadband are achieved.
Characterization of an Ethylene Overproducing Mutant of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Cultivar VFN8) (1988)

Ethylene production rates and tissue ethylene concentrations were determined for the single-gene, Epinastic (Epi) tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) mutant, and its parent, cv VFN8. The Epi phenotype was characterized by severe leaf epinasty, thickened stems and petioles, and a compact growth habit. In 4-day-old seedlings, ethylene production was significantly higher in Epi than in VFN8. Ethylene production rates also were higher for excised root, hypocotyl, cotyledon, and shoot tissue of 14-day-old Epi seedlings as compared with VFN8. The greatest difference in the ethylene production rate was observed in excised Epi shoot tissue, which was more than 2.5 times higher than in VFN8. Tissue ethylene concentrations of 19-, 25-, and 31-day-old Epi plants were 8, 172, and 307% higher than for VFN8, corresponding to increasing expression of the Epi phenotypic characteristics with age. The highest ethylene concentrations occurred in the shoot apex of both genotypes. Higher ethylene concentrations in Epi resulted from greater 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid content rather than increased ethylene-forming enzyme activity. The elevated ethylene levels in Epi did not result from increased auxin sensitivity. The sensitivity of root growth to inhibition by ethylene did not differ between VFN8 and Epi. Although elevated levels of ethylene in Epi plants apparently exacerbate its epinastic growth characteristics, other evidence indicates that this may not be the fundamental lesion. This mutant may provide a unique system for investigating the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis and the role of target cell types in plant development.
Mechanically Interlocked Molecular Architecture (2016)

In the past, aggregation and self-assembly have been associated principally with micellar and colloidal systems of molecules; however, with the advent of supramolecular chemistry, molecular self-assembly has been opened to a much wider understanding that has facilitated access to a variety of different shapes and sizes, along with the construction of new and fascinating molecular topologies. This document aims at defining more than 150 terms related to aggregation and self-assembly in the particular case of macromolecules. The list is restricted to the most commonly encountered terms.
Printable Hydrogel Arrays for Portable and High-Throughput Shear-Mediated Assays (2023)

Hydrogels have been widely used to entrap biomolecules for various biocatalytic reactions. However, solute diffusion in these matrices to initiate such reactions can be a very slow process. Conventional mixing remains a challenge as it can cause irreversible distortion or fragmentation of the hydrogel itself. To overcome the diffusion-limit, a shear-stress-mediated platform named the portable vortex-fluidic device (P-VFD) is developed. P-VFD is a portable platform which consists of two main components, (i) a plasma oxazoline-coated polyvinyl chloride (POx-PVC) film with polyacrylamide and alginate (PAAm/Alg-Ca<sup>2+</sup>) tough hydrogel covalently bound to its surface and (ii) a reactor tube (L × D: 90 mm × 20 mm) where the aforementioned POx-PVC film could be readily inserted for reactions. Through a spotting machine, the PAAm/Alg-Ca<sup>2+</sup> hydrogel can be readily printed on a POx-PVC film in an array pattern and up to 25.4 J/m<sup>2</sup> adhesion energy can be achieved. The hydrogel arrays on the film not only offer a strong matrix for entrapping biomolecules such as streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase but are also shear stress-tolerant in the reactor tube, enabling a >6-fold increase in its reaction rate after adding tetramethylbenzidine, relative to incubation. Through using the tough hydrogel and its stably bonded substrate, this portable platform effectively overcomes the diffusion-limit and achieves fast assay detection without causing appreciable hydrogel array deformation or dislocation on the substrate film.
Bacterial rheotaxis (2012)

The motility of organisms is often directed in response to environmental stimuli. Rheotaxis is the directed movement resulting from fluid velocity gradients, long studied in fish, aquatic invertebrates, and spermatozoa. Using carefully controlled microfluidic flows, we show that rheotaxis also occurs in bacteria. Excellent quantitative agreement between experiments with Bacillus subtilis and a mathematical model reveals that bacterial rheotaxis is a purely physical phenomenon, in contrast to fish rheotaxis but in the same way as sperm rheotaxis. This previously unrecognized bacterial taxis results from a subtle interplay between velocity gradients and the helical shape of flagella, which together generate a torque that alters a bacterium's swimming direction. Because this torque is independent of the presence of a nearby surface, bacterial rheotaxis is not limited to the immediate neighborhood of liquid-solid interfaces, but also takes place in the bulk fluid. We predict that rheotaxis occurs in a wide range of bacterial habitats, from the natural environment to the human body, and can interfere with chemotaxis, suggesting that the fitness benefit conferred by bacterial motility may be sharply reduced in some hydrodynamic conditions.
High-dispersive mirrors for high power applications (2012)

We report on the development and manufacturing of two different types of high-dispersive mirrors (HDM). One of them provides a record value for the group delay dispersion (GDD) of -4000 fs2 and covers the wavelength range of 1027-1033 nm, whereas the other one provides -3000 fs2 over the wavelength range of 1020-1040 nm. Both of the fabricated mirrors exhibit a reflectance of >99.9% and are well suited for intracavity applications. Mirrors of the second type have been successfully employed in a Kerr-lens mode-locked Yb:YAG thin-disk oscillator for the generation of 200-fs pulses with multi-10-W average power.
Formal trust model for multiagent systems (2007)

Trust should be substantially based on evidence. Further, a key challenge for multiagent systems is how to determine trust based on reports from multiple sources, who might themselves be trusted to varying degrees. Hence an ability to combine evidence-based trust reports in a manner that discounts for imperfect trust in the reporting agents is crucial for multiagent systems.

This paper understands trust in terms of belief and certainty: A's trust in B is reflected in the strength of A's belief that B is trustworthy. This paper formulates certainty in terms of evidence based on a statistical measure defined over a probability distribution of the probability of positive outcomes. This novel definition supports important mathematical properties, including (1) certainty increases as conflict increases provided the amount of evidence is unchanged, and (2) certainty increases as the amount of evidence increases provided conflict is unchanged. Moreover, despite a more subtle definition than previous approaches, this paper (3) establishes a bijection between evidence and trust spaces, enabling robust combination of trust reports and (4) provides an efficient algorithm for computing this bijection.
Myopia Control Efficacy of Spectacle Lenses With Aspherical Lenslets: Results of a 3-Year Follow-Up Study (2023)

Myopia control efficacy has remained in children who wore HAL in the previous 2 years. Children who switched from SAL or SVL to HAL in year 3 had slower myopia progression and axial elongation than that in the control group.
Longitudinal and lateral thermal dispersion in packed beds. Part II: Comparison between theory and experiment (1985)

Abstract The thermal response of a packed bed subject to step changes in fluid temperature was measured in the Peclet number range from 10 to 10 3 . Fluid temperature and particle temperatures were measured independently at six different axial locations in the bed as a function of time. From the temperature breakthrough curves we were able to calculate the spatial separation between the fluid and solid temperature fronts. The measured values were higher by a factor of 2 to 3 than those predicted by traditional heat transfer models. Longitudinal effective thermal conductivities were also computed and compared to theoretical predictions. The new heat transfer model developed in a previous paper is able to account for these differences between experimental results and the predictions of the dispersionconcentric and continuous solid phase models used by previous investigators. Steady‐state experiments were used to measure lateral effective thermal conductivities. A temperature gradient was imposed at the top of the bed perpendicular to the flow direction and its spread was measured at different axial locations in the Peclet number range from 10 to 10 3 . The predicted lateral effective thermal conductivities calculated using mass transfer data to estimate the hydrodynamic dispersion effect were significantly lower than the measured values. This is possibly due to the influence of viscosity and density gradients in the flow field in the packed bed.
Critical Role of Antimicrobial Peptide Cathelicidin for Controlling Helicobacter pylori Survival and Infection (2016)

The antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin is critical for protection against different kinds of microbial infection. This study sought to elucidate the protective action of cathelicidin against Helicobacter pylori infection and its associated gastritis. Exogenous cathelicidin was found to inhibit H. pylori growth, destroy the bacteria biofilm, and induce morphological alterations in H. pylori membrane. Additionally, knockdown of endogenous cathelicidin in human gastric epithelial HFE-145 cells markedly increased the intracellular survival of H. pylori. Consistently, cathelicidin knockout mice exhibited stronger H. pylori colonization, higher expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and ICAM1, and lower expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the gastric mucosa upon H. pylori infection. In wild-type mice, H. pylori infection also stimulated gastric epithelium-derived cathelicidin production. Importantly, pretreatment with bioengineered Lactococcus lactis that actively secretes cathelicidin significantly increased mucosal cathelicidin levels and reduced H. pylori infection and the associated inflammation. Moreover, cathelicidin strengthened the barrier function of gastric mucosa by stimulating mucus synthesis. Collectively, these findings indicate that cathelicidin plays a significant role as a potential natural antibiotic for H. pylori clearance and a therapeutic agent for chronic gastritis.
Hydrogen Storage for Mobility: A Review (2019)

Numerous reviews on hydrogen storage have previously been published. However, most of these reviews deal either exclusively with storage materials or the global hydrogen economy. This paper presents a review of hydrogen storage systems that are relevant for mobility applications. The ideal storage medium should allow high volumetric and gravimetric energy densities, quick uptake and release of fuel, operation at room temperatures and atmospheric pressure, safe use, and balanced cost-effectiveness. All current hydrogen storage technologies have significant drawbacks, including complex thermal management systems, boil-off, poor efficiency, expensive catalysts, stability issues, slow response rates, high operating pressures, low energy densities, and risks of violent and uncontrolled spontaneous reactions. While not perfect, the current leading industry standard of compressed hydrogen offers a functional solution and demonstrates a storage option for mobility compared to other technologies.
Reldesemtiv in Patients with Spinal Muscular Atrophy: a Phase 2 Hypothesis-Generating Study (2021)

This phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled, hypothesis-generating study evaluated the effects of oral reldesemtiv, a fast skeletal muscle troponin activator, in patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Patients ≥ 12 years of age with type II, III, or IV SMA were randomized into 2 sequential, ascending reldesemtiv dosing cohorts (cohort 1: 150 mg bid or placebo [2:1]; cohort 2: 450 mg bid or placebo [2:1]). The primary objective was to determine potential pharmacodynamic effects of reldesemtiv on 8 outcome measures in SMA, including 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP). Changes from baseline to weeks 4 and 8 were determined. Pharmacokinetics and safety were also evaluated. Patients were randomized to reldesemtiv 150 mg, 450 mg, or placebo (24, 20, and 26, respectively). The change from baseline in 6MWD was greater for reldesemtiv 450 mg than for placebo at weeks 4 and 8 (least squares [LS] mean difference, 35.6 m [p = 0.0037] and 24.9 m [p = 0.058], respectively). Changes from baseline in MEP at week 8 on reldesemtiv 150 and 450 mg were significantly greater than those on placebo (LS mean differences, 11.7 [p = 0.038] and 13.2 cm H<sub>2</sub>O [p = 0.03], respectively). For 6MWD and MEP, significant changes from placebo were seen in the highest reldesemtiv peak plasma concentration quartile (C<sub>max</sub> > 3.29 μg/mL; LS mean differences, 43.3 m [p = 0.010] and 28.8 cm H<sub>2</sub>O [p = 0.0002], respectively). Both dose levels of reldesemtiv were well tolerated. Results suggest reldesemtiv may offer clinical benefit and support evaluation in larger SMA patient populations.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Aza‐Henry Reaction to Provide Oxindoles with Quaternary Carbon Stereocenter Catalyzed by a Metal‐Templated Chiral Broensted Base. (2015)

Abstract The title reaction between isatin‐derived ketimines and aryl nitromethanes is catalyzed by an inert octahedral chiral‐at‐metal iridium(III) complex that serves as a chiral Broensted base, providing oxindoles with a quaternary stereocenter.
Single chain polymeric nanoparticles as compartmentalised sensors for metal ions (2012)

3,3′-Bis(acylamino)-2,2′-bipyridine substituted benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BiPy-BTA) grafted polynorbornene polymers were prepared via ring-opening metathesis polymerisation using a third generation Grubbs catalyst. The polymers fold intramolecularly via π–π interactions into fluorescent, compartmentalised particles of nanometer-size in mixtures of tetrahydrofuran and methylcyclohexane. Spectroscopic and light scattering techniques show that the compact conformation of the folded polymer is affected by increasing the BiPy-BTA functionalisation degree and by changing the solvent polarity. Changes in the conformation are accompanied by changes in the fluorescence intensity. Due to the affinity of the 2,2′-bipyridine units for metal ions such as copper, the particles obtained are effective sensors for these metals. The compartmentalisation of the binding motifs in SCPNs proves to be advantageous in sensor applications of these particles.
Computational aspects of a nonlinear problem involving electromagnetic transients in ferromagnetic shields (2002)

Previously, an analytical procedure was developed to characterize the nonlinear electric field transients induced at the inner surface of long, thin-walled, cylindrical, electrically conductive, ferromagnetic shields by short-duration, surface current pulses directed axially along the outer surface. The analytical procedure uses mathematical analysis supplemented with numerical calculations. Previous papers emphasized the mathematical aspects of the problem. This paper considers the computational aspects. Some practical aspects associated with the implementation of a finite difference time-domain (FDTD) formulation are discussed. The effects of spatial and time increments on numerical results are investigated. A method for estimating the residual error in benchmark calculations is proposed and demonstrated, and results of example calculations are presented.
An Oxidative Enzyme Boosting Mechanical and Optical Performance of Densified Wood Films (2023)

Nature has evolved elegant ways to alter the wood cell wall structure through carbohydrate-active enzymes, offering environmentally friendly solutions to tailor the microstructure of wood for high-performance materials. In this work, the cell wall structure of delignified wood is modified under mild reaction conditions using an oxidative enzyme, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO). LPMO oxidation results in nanofibrillation of cellulose microfibril bundles inside the wood cell wall, allowing densification of delignified wood under ambient conditions and low pressure into transparent anisotropic films. The enzymatic nanofibrillation facilitates microfibril fusion and enhances the adhesion between the adjacent wood fiber cells during densification process, thereby significantly improving the mechanical performance of the films in both longitudinal and transverse directions. These results improve the understanding of LPMO-induced microstructural changes in wood and offer an environmentally friendly alternative for harsh chemical treatments and energy-intensive densification processes thus representing a significant advance in sustainable production of high-performance wood-derived materials.
Wave biomechanics of skeletal muscle (2006)

Physiological functions of skeletal muscle, such as voluntary contraction and force development, are accompanied by dramatic changes of its mechanical and acoustical properties. Experimental data show that during contraction, the muscle’s Young’s modulus, shear viscosity, and anisotropy parameter are changed by over an order of magnitude. None of the existing models of muscle contraction and muscle biomechanics can adequately explain the phenomena observed. A new mathematical model [O. Rudenko and A. Sarvazyan, Acoust. Phys. (6), (2006)], has been developed relating the shear wave propagation parameters to molecular structure of the muscle and to the kinetics of the mechanochemical crossbridges between the actin and myosin filaments. New analytical solutions describing waves in muscle including nonlinear phenomena are found. A molecular mechanism for the dependence of acoustical characteristics of muscle on its fiber orientation and the contractile state is proposed. It is shown that although the anisotropy connected with the preferential direction along the muscle fibers is characterized by five elastic moduli, only two of these moduli have independent values in the muscle. The potential implications of the proposed model in terms of the acoustical assessment of muscle function are explored.
Study of the mechanism for fast ion heating in the GOL-3 multimirror magnetic confinement system (2005)

Results are presented from experimental studies of ion heating in the GOL-3 device. The experiments were carried out in a multimirror configuration with a local magnetic well. It was found that, during the injection of a relativistic electron beam, a decrease in the local density of the beam in a magnetic well, which is proportional to the decrease in the strength of the longitudinal magnetic field, results in the formation of a short plasma region with a low electron temperature. The measured longitudinal gradient of the plasma pressure corresponds to an electron temperature gradient of ∼2–3 keV/m. Axially nonuniform heating of the plasma electrons gives rise to the macroscopic motion of the plasma along the magnetic field in each cell of the multimirror confinement system. The mixing of the counterpropagating plasma flows inside each cell leads to fast ion heating. Under the given experimental conditions, the efficiency of this heating mechanism is higher than that due to binary electron-ion collisions. The collision and mixing of the counterpropagating plasma flows is accompanied by a neutron and γ-ray burst. The measured ratio of the plasma pressure to the vacuum magnetic field pressure in these experiments reaches 0.2.
An efficient non-Lambertian organic light-emitting diode using imprinted submicron-size zinc oxide pillar arrays (2013)

We report phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with a substantially improved light outcoupling efficiency and a wider angular distribution through applying a layer of zinc oxide periodic nanopillar arrays by pattern replication in non-wetting templates technique. The devices exhibited the peak emission intensity at an emission angle of 40° compared to 0° for reference device using bare ITO-glass. The best device showed a peak luminance efficiency of 95.5 ± 1.5 cd/A at 0° emission (external quantum efficiency—EQE of 38.5 ± 0.1%, power efficiency of 127 ± 1 lm/W), compared to that of the reference device, which has a peak luminance efficiency of 68.0 ± 1.4 cd/A (EQE of 22.0 ± 0.1%, power efficiency of 72 ± 1 lm/W).
Mitigating Noncirculating Bearing Currents by a Correct Stator Magnetic Circuit and Winding Design (2020)

Different mechanisms by which bearing currents flow inside the electrical machine are well studied. In contrast, investigation and development of different techniques to mitigate these currents remain a field for improvement, and the final common solution to the problem has not been provided yet. In pursuit of addressing the problem, this article deals with noncirculating (or capacitive) bearing currents. The circuit mechanism of capacitive currents is explained in brief, and an approach for their mitigation is introduced. This article studies the influence of the stator winding and the slot geometry and presents different geometries to modify the motor to reduce the capacitive bearing currents. The effectiveness of the proposed mitigation technique is shown by finite-element-based modeling and verified by laboratory tests with different induction motor designs, where the winding and magnetic circuit geometries are varied. The technique can be used, in particular, for the mitigation of noncirculating currents, but it also offers potential for further research.
Luminescent iridium(iii) complexes of N-heterocyclic carbene ligands prepared using the ‘click reaction’ (2019)

A series of imidazolium salt, N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand precursors, combined with 1,2,3-triazoles were synthesized using the Cu(i) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition 'click reaction'. These pro-ligands were prepared from imidazolium molecules that were functionalized with either a terminal alkyne or azide group. Methylation of the triazole unit with methyl iodide produced a series of imidazolium/triazolium NHC pro-ligands. From these pro-ligands a family of luminescent Ir(iii) complexes of the general form [Ir(ppy)2(C^N)]+ or [Ir(ppy)2(C^C)]+ (where ppy is 2-phenylpyridine and C^N represents a bidentate imidazolylidene/triazole ligand and C^C represents a bidentate imidazolylidene/triazolylidene ligand) were prepared. The electrochemical, photophysical and electrochemiluminescence properties of the complexes have been evaluated and a preliminary study of two of these compounds as luminescent probes for cell imaging studies was conducted in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma basal epithelial cells. Co-localisation studies with the commercial dye MitoTracker CMXRos were consistent with mitochondrial uptake for these compounds.