gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lipid Requirements and Lipid Uptake by Giardia lamblia Trophozoites in Culture (1996)

To better understand the lipid requirements of Giardia lamblia trophozoites and the mechanisms of lipid uptake, we supplemented serum‐free TYI‐S‐33 medium with lipids incorporated into different lipid carriers. We found that serum lipoproteins, β‐cyclodextrins, and bile salts are able to supply cholesterol and phospholipids to Giardia and to support the multiplication of the parasite in vitro. The growth rates obtained with different lipoproteins or bile salts and lipid mixtures were similar to that in standard culture medium containing serum. Pulse labelling experiments using fluorescent lipid analogs demonstrated that Giardia can take up lipids from lipoproteins, β‐cyclodextrins, or bile salt micelles, but with different kinetics, and that bile salts greatly facilitated lipid transfer from lipoproteins and cyclodextrins to the parasite surface. The binding of different radioiodinated lipoprotein classes to the trophozoite surface, inhibition of lipoprotein interiorization at 4°C or by cytochalasin D, and incorporation studies using fluorescent LDL suggested that a small component of lipid uptake by trophozoites was likely due to endocytosis of lipoproteins.
Automatic Reference Selection Method for Unsupervised Artery/Vein Separation in Time-Resolved Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography (2007)

Identification of reference points or reference time behaviors is a crucial issue in artery/vein separation algorithms, because it is both time consuming and a possible source of uncertainties. For this study, three-dimensional datasets are acquired during the first pass of a contrast agent bolus; the time courses of the brightnesses of all voxels are separated into clusters by a modified k-means algorithm, and center points of the clusters (centroids) are automatically selected as reference time courses for a subsequent artery/vein separation algorithm. In all considered datasets, reference were correctly identified and correct artery/vein separation could be performed.
Conceptual design of a distillation process for the separation of styrene monomer from polystyrene pyrolysis oil: experiment and simulation (2023)

This study presents experiments and modeling of batch distillation for the separation of styrene monomer from polystyrene pyrolysis oil. The bottoms obtained from the batch distillation was further fractionated applying a short-path distillation unit to study the separation efficiency of styrene from the polystyrene pyrolysis oil. GC-FID and GCMS were applied for the composition analysis of the polystyrene pyrolysis oil, distillate, and bottom fractions. Styrene monomer was obtained with a purity of 99.9 wt% from the batch distillation. The batch distillation was modeled employing the NRTL–RK thermodynamic model. A good agreement was achieved for the purity of styrene between the experimental analysis and model prediction. Additionally, a continuous distillation column was modeled for the scale-up of the process. Furthermore, viscosities and densities of the bottoms fraction were measured at the temperature range of 298–348 K.
Supplemental Table 2 from mWTX-330, an IL-12 INDUKINE Molecule, Activates and Reshapes Tumor-Infiltrating CD8<sup>+</sup> T and NK Cells to Generate Antitumor Immunity (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Differential Gene Expression Analysis of Bulk RNA from MC38 Tumors After mWTX-330 Treatment&lt;/p&gt;
Image classification with quantum pre-training and auto-encoders (2018)

Computer vision has a wide range of applications from medical image analysis to robotics. Over the past few years, the field has been transformed by machine learning and stands to benefit from potential advances in quantum computing. The main challenge for processing images on current and near-term quantum devices is the size of the data such devices can process. Images can be large, multidimensional and have multiple color channels. Current machine learning approaches to computer vision that exploit quantum resources require a significant amount of manual pre-processing of the images in order to be able to fit them onto the device. This paper proposes a framework to address the problem of processing large scale data on small quantum devices. This framework does not require any dataset-specific processing or information and works on large, grayscale and RGB images. Furthermore, it is capable of scaling to larger quantum hardware architectures as they become available. In the proposed approach, a classical autoencoder is trained to compress the image data to a size that can be loaded onto a quantum device. Then, a Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) is trained on the D-Wave device using the compressed data, and the weights from the RBM are then used to initialize a neural network for image classification. Results are demonstrated on two MNIST datasets and two medical imaging datasets.
Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors Inhibit the Growth of Malaria Parasites In Vitro and In Vivo (2003)

The inhibition of farnesyltransferase was recently suggested as a new strategy for malaria therapy. A class of farnesyltransferase inhibitors such as 1 has been prepared which have in vivo activity in a murine malaria model. These inhibitors significantly reduce the farnesylation of parasite proteins.
Carl Schmitt (2012)

There continues to be a remarkable revival in academic interest in Carl Schmitt's thought within politics and social theory but this is the first book to address his thought from an explicitly legal theoretical perspective. Transcending the prevailing one-sided and purely historical focus on Schmitt’s significance for debates that took place in the Weimar Republic 1919-1933, this book addresses the actual and potential significance of Schmitt's thought for controversies within contemporary Anglo-American legal theory that have emerged during the past three decades. These include: the critique of liberal forms of legal positivism; the relative ‘indeterminacy’ of legal doctrine and the need for an explicitly interpretative approach to its range of meanings, their scope and policy rationale; the centrality of discretion and judicial law-making within the legal process; the important role played by ideological prejudices and assumptions in legal reasoning; the reinterpretation of law as a form of strategically disguised politics; the legal theoretical critique of universalistic approaches to "human" rights and associated liberal-cosmopolitan 'ideologies of humanity,' including the rhetoric of 'humanitarian intervention'; and the limitations of liberal constitutionalism and liberalism more generally as an approach to law. In Carl Schmitt: Law as Politics, Ideology and Strategic Myth, the author provides an overview and assessment of Schmitt's thought, as well as a consideration of its relevance for contemporary legal thought and debates.
Simulation of structure and interaction forces for surfaces coated with grafted chains in a compressible solvent (1998)

Lennard-Jones chains grafted to solid surfaces in a supercritical solvent are simulated with a continuum grand canonical Monte Carlo method. The force of interaction between two surfaces is calculated as a function of solvent density and temperature and analyzed as a function of the conformational properties of the grafted chains. At high, liquidlike bulk solvent densities, the chains are solvated and the interaction forces are repulsive. As the solvent density is lowered, the chains collapse, and the surfaces become attractive, indicating flocculation. The critical flocculation density coincides with the critical solution density for a bulk mixture of chains and solvent (corrected for local density enhancement). The bulk critical solution density, in turn, corresponds to the coil-to-globule transition of a single chain in bulk solution. The predicted correspondence between these properties agrees with results from lattice-fluid self-consistent field theory and colloid stability experiments. In good and poor solvents, the range of the interaction force between surfaces is much longer than the length of the grafted chains, due to expulsion of solvent from the interface as the surfaces are compressed. Very similar ranges were seen for forces measured with the surface forces apparatus in liquid solvent [G. Hadziioannou et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108, 2869 (1986)].
Fluctuations of accommodation and aberrations for both eyes with or without cycloplegia (2010)

Time series of the first to fourth order of Zernike modes of wave aberrations for both eyes were investigated with an open-view binocular Shack Hartmann wavefront sensor. The sampling rate was 24 times a second and the duration of the measurement was 12 seconds. A landscape picture was presented at the far point of each subject during measurement. Two normal subjects in their thirties were measured. For each subject, time series of wavefront aberrations were measured in a normal condition. After one drop of Mydrin-P (containing 0.5% tropicamide and 0.5% phenylephrine) was applied, time series of wavefront aberrations were measured again. After the time series of each mode were differenced to achieve a statistically stationary condition, standard deviations and power spectra were calculated. The standard deviation of the defocus term with cycloplegia was largest. A correlation between left eye and right eye in low frequency ([[lt]] 3 Hz) was found only in defocus mode without cycloplegia. With cycloplegia, the correlation was lost and the cross spectrum of the defocus mode was similar to those of the other modes. We speculate that the slow change in time series of defocus was from activity of the autonomic nervous system.
NMR structure and dynamics of the Specifier Loop domain from the Bacillus subtilis tyrS T box leader RNA (2010)

Gram-positive bacteria utilize a tRNA-responsive transcription antitermination mechanism, designated the T box system, to regulate expression of many amino acid biosynthetic and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase genes. The RNA transcripts of genes controlled by this mechanism contain 5' untranslated regions, or leader RNAs, that specifically bind cognate tRNA molecules through pairing of nucleotides in the tRNA anticodon loop with nucleotides in the Specifier Loop domain of the leader RNA. We have determined the solution structure of the Specifier Loop domain of the tyrS leader RNA from Bacillus subtilis. Fifty percent of the nucleotides in the Specifier Loop domain adopt a loop E motif. The Specifier Sequence nucleotides, which pair with the tRNA anticodon, stack with their Watson-Crick edges rotated toward the minor groove and exhibit only modest flexibility. We also show that a Specifier Loop domain mutation that impairs the function of the B. subtilis glyQS T box RNA disrupts the tyrS loop E motif. Our results suggest a mechanism for tRNA-Specifier Loop binding in which the phosphate backbone kink created by the loop E motif causes the Specifier Sequence bases to rotate toward the minor groove, which increases accessibility for pairing with bases in the anticodon loop of tRNA.
Unraveling current hysteresis effects in regular-type C60-CH3NH3PbI3heterojunction solar cells (2017)

Comprehensive studies were carried out to understand the origin of the current hysteresis effects in highly efficient C<sub>60</sub>-CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>(MAPbI<sub>3</sub>) heterojunction solar cells, using atomic-force microscopy, transmittance spectra, photoluminescence spectra, X-ray diffraction patterns and a femtosecond time-resolved pump-probe technique. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of C<sub>60</sub>-MAPbI<sub>3</sub> solar cells can be increased to 18.23% by eliminating the point (lattice) defects in the MAPbI<sub>3</sub> thin film which is fabricated by using the one-step spin-coating method with toluene washing treatment. The experimental results show that the point defects and surface defects of the MAPbI<sub>3</sub> thin films can be minimized by varying the dropping time of the washing solvent. The point defects (surface defects) can be reduced with an (a) increase (decrease) in the dropping time, resulting in an optimized dropping time for obtaining the defect-minimized MAPbI<sub>3</sub> thin film deposited on top of the C<sub>60</sub> thin film. Consequently, the formation of the defect-minimized MAPbI<sub>3</sub> thin film allows for high-efficiency MAPbI<sub>3</sub> solar cells.
Nanostructuring Strategies To Increase the Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Activity of Silicon Photocathodes (2019)

Photoelectrochemical water splitting is a promising route for sustainable hydrogen production. Herein, we demonstrate a photoelectrode motif that enables a nanostructured large-surface area electrocatalyst without requiring a nanostructured semiconductor surface with the goal of promoting electrocatalysis while minimizing surface recombination. We compare the photoelectrochemical H2 evolution activity of two silicon photocathode nanostructuring strategies: (1) direct nanostructuring of the silicon surface and (2) incorporation of nanostructured zinc oxide to increase the electrocatalyst surface area on planar silicon. We observed that silicon photocathodes that utilized nanostructured ZnO supports outperformed nanostructured silicon electrodes by ∼50 mV at open circuit under 1 sun illumination and demonstrated comparable electrocatalytic activity.
K&#246;hler integrators embedded into illumination optics add functionality (2008)

The K&ouml;hler illumination concept was originally invented to achieve uniform illumination in microscopy<sup>1</sup>. K&ouml;hler integrators can also be formed by arrays of lenticulations that can be any combination of reflective and/or refractive surfaces, organized in corresponding pairs. Arrays of integrating facets can be arranged not only on flat surfaces but on rotationally symmetric and even freeform surfaces<sup>6</sup>. Currently flat lenslet arrays are widely applied as homogenizing optics<sup>2</sup> for lithography, machine vision illumination, and projection. Adding K&ouml;hler facets onto already designed surfaces can improve the optical system performance, while respecting its original function. In general, the optics output can be made somewhat independent of the source characteristics, although at the expense of a slight ètendue dilution or efficiency losses. This work revises the K&ouml;hler concept and its application to different kind of optics, ranging from photovoltaic concentrators to automotive LED headlights. In the former, irradiance peaks on the solar cell can be avoided, while preserving high aiming tolerance (acceptance) of the solar concentrator. In the latter, LEDs drawbacks like large source image sizes, source misalignments, ill defined source edges, and low source radiance can be compensated.
Cubic nanoassembly of garnet nanocrystals (2009)

A general strategy is demonstrated for achieving a cubic nanoassembly of complex oxide nanocrystals such as yttrium aluminum garnet. The synthesis route is based on the principle of surface energy minimization whilst taking advantage of the material's crystallization pathway. The results show that each nanocrystal in the ensemble is around 10 nm in size and the cubic nanoassembly stretches its dimensions to about 200 nm. Modifying the mechanism that minimizes surface energies during crystallization suggests a new route to structural changes. Doping large cations into the material system transforms the cubic nanoassemblies into single-crystal nanocubes. These approaches provide the general procedures to a template-free ordered nanostructure. They are likely to attract significant interest in a myriad of applications and provide opportunities to fundamentally explore their collective properties.
Subspace Detection from Structured Union of Subspaces via Linear Sampling (2013)

Lower dimensional signal representation schemes frequently assume that the signal of interest lies in a single vector space. In the context of the recently developed theory of compressive sensing (CS), it is often assumed that the signal of interest is sparse in an orthonormal basis. However, in many practical applications, this requirement may be too restrictive. A generalization of the standard sparsity assumption is that the signal lies in a union of subspaces. Recovery of such signals from a small number of samples has been studied recently in several works. Here, we consider the problem of subspace detection in which our goal is to identify the subspace (from the union) in which the signal lies from a small number of samples, in the presence of noise. More specifically, we derive performance bounds and conditions under which reliable subspace detection is guaranteed using maximum likelihood (ML) detection. We begin by treating general unions and then specify the results to the special case in which the subspaces have structure leading to block sparsity. In our analysis, we treat both general sampling operators and random sampling matrices. With general unions, we show that under certain conditions, the number of measurements required for reliable subspace detection in the presence of noise via ML is less than that implied using the restricted isometry property which guarantees signal recovery. In the special case of block sparse signals, we quantify the gain achievable over standard sparsity in subspace detection. Our results also strengthen existing results on sparsity pattern recovery in the presence of noise under the standard sparsity model.
Structural Basis for Accommodation of Emerging B.1.351 and B.1.1.7 Variants by Two Potent SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies (2021)

Emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains, B.1.1.7 and B.1.351, from the UK and South Africa, respectively show decreased neutralization by monoclonal antibodies and convalescent or vaccinee sera raised against the original wild-type virus, and are thus of clinical concern. However, the neutralization potency of two antibodies, 1-57 and 2-7, which target the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike, was unaffected by these emerging strains. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of 1-57 and 2-7 in complex with spike, revealing each of these antibodies to utilize a distinct mechanism to bypass or accommodate RBD mutations. Notably, each antibody represented a response with recognition distinct from those of frequent antibody classes. Moreover, many epitope residues recognized by 1-57 and 2-7 were outside hotspots of evolutionary pressure for both ACE2 binding and neutralizing antibody escape. We suggest the therapeutic use of antibodies like 1-57 and 2-7, which target less prevalent epitopes, could ameliorate issues of monoclonal antibody escape.
Dynamically tuning processor resources with adaptive processing (2003)

By using adaptive processing to dynamically tune major microprocessor resources, developers can achieve greater energy efficiency with reasonable hardware and software overhead while avoiding undue performance loss. Adaptive processors require few additional transistors. Further, because adaptation occurs only in response to infrequent trigger events, the decision logic can be placed into a low-leakage state until such events occur.
Finding news curators in twitter (2013)

Users interact with online news in many ways, one of them being sharing content through online social networking sites such as Twitter. There is a small but important group of users that devote a substantial amount of effort and care to this activity. These users monitor a large variety of sources on a topic or around a story, carefully select interesting material on this topic, and disseminate it to an interested audience ranging from thousands to millions. These users are news curators, and are the main subject of study of this paper. We adopt the perspective of a journalist or news editor who wants to discover news curators among the audience engaged with a news site.
Interplay Between Strain and Thickness on the Effective Carrier Lifetime of Buffer-Mediated Epitaxial Germanium Probed by the Photoconductance Decay Technique (2023)

We report contactless effective minority carrier lifetime of epitaxially grown unstrained and in-plane <110> biaxially tensile-strained (001) germanium (ε-Ge) epilayers measured using microwave-reflectance photoconductance decay measurements. Strained Ge epilayers were grown using InxGa1–xAs linearly graded buffers on (001) GaAs substrates. Using homogeneous excitation of unstrained Ge epilayers, thickness-dependent separation of minority carrier lifetime components under low injection conditions yielded a bulk lifetime of 114 ± 2 ns and low surface recombination velocity of 21.3 ± 0.04 cm/s. More notably, an effective minority carrier lifetime of >100 ns obtained from sub-50 nm 1.6% tensile-strained Ge epilayers showed no degradation relative to the unstrained counterpart. Detailed material characterization using X-ray diffractometry revealed successful strain transfer of 0.61 and 0.89% to the Ge epilayers via InxGa1–xAs metamorphic buffers and confirms pseudomorphic growth. Lattice coherence observed at the ε-Ge epilayer and InxGa1–xAs buffer heterointerfaces via transmission electron microscopy substantiates the prime material quality achieved. The relatively high carrier lifetimes achieved are an indicator of excellent material quality and provide a path forward to realize low-threshold Ge laser sources.
Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled, Dose‐Escalating Study of Aerosolized Interferon Gamma‐1b in Patients With Mild to Moderate Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease (2004)

Interferon gamma-1b (IFN-gamma1b) is a pleiotropic cytokine with immunomodulatory activities that could decrease bacterial burden, inflammation, and obstruction in patients with CF. Patients with CF (> or =12 years old, FEV1 > or =40% predicted) were randomly assigned to sequential dose cohorts inhaling 500 microg IFN-gamma1b, 1,000 microg IFN-gamma1b, or placebo by Respirgard II nebulizer thrice weekly for 12 weeks. Sputum bacterial density and spirometry were measured. Safety, antibiotic use, hospitalization, and sputum neutrophils, elastase, DNA, IL-8, and myeloperoxidase were also evaluated. Sixty-six patients (mean age, 24 years, with mean baseline FEV1 of 74 +/- 20 (SD) percent predicted) were studied. One patient had bronchospasm after the first dose of IFN-gamma1b; the overall withdrawal rate was 15% (5 in the placebo group, 2 in the 500-microg IFN-gamma1b group, and 3 in the 1,000 microg IFN-gamma1b group). The 500-microg IFN-gamma1b dose was well-tolerated, but the 1,000-mug dose cohort, who had a higher baseline bacterial density than placebo patients (mean difference, 1.2 log(10) CFU/g sputum, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.1,2.8, P=0.04), had 24% more hospitalizations for exacerbation than placebo patients (95% CI, 2,45%, P=0.05). There was a 0.12-l difference between the 500-microg IFN-gamma1b and placebo groups with respect to the 12-week change in FEV1 (active group minus placebo group, 95% CI, -0.03,0.26, P=0.11), as compared to a 0.01-l difference between the 1,000-microg IFN-gamma1b and placebo groups (95% CI, -0.16,0.17, P=0.96). No effects of IFN-gamma1b were seen in sputum bacterial density or inflammatory biomarkers at 12 weeks. Aerosolized IFN-gamma1b did not improve pulmonary function, reduce sputum bacterial density, or affect inflammatory sputum markers in patients with mild-moderate lung disease.