gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The convergence of top-down and bottom-up nanofabrication: formation of 3D structures (2005)

Lithography and the processes associated with it are the backbone of the nanotechnology revolution. Several developments are occurring simultaneously: a drive to reduce minimum feature size leading to advances in microelectronics, the use of lithographically patterned structures to prepare devices for photonics, biotechnology and other forms of nanotechnology and finally the drive to create three-dimensional (3D) structures for device and new materials creation. Thus the controlled formation of nanometer scale structures in two and three dimensions is of increasing interest in many applications. This paper will overview new approaches for the construction of small-scale structures using methods generally considered as next generation lithography. New approaches derived from two photon processes for the formation of complex images and the development of patterned structures will be described. Finally in the production of 3D patterns, the possible role of self-assembly coupled to lithography will be examined. Photodefinable block copolymers with erodable microstructures have been successfully used to form mesoporous materials and will be discussed.
Video S5 from ICOS Is an Indicator of T-cell–Mediated Response to Cancer Immunotherapy (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Video S5: PD-1 i.p group Day 2 PET image&lt;/p&gt;
Switching well noise analysis and minimization strategy for low V/sub th/ CMOS integrated circuits (2003)

An accurate equation and solution to estimate switching well noise in CMOS integrated circuits with low V/sub th/ is proposed. The propagation characteristics of the noise are fully analyzed with a distributed parameter model, which enables us to derive a novel design guideline and layout strategy to minimize switching well noise.
Expedition Memory: Towards Agent-based Web Services for Creating and Using Mars Exploration Data. (2005)

Explorers ranging over kilometers of rugged, sometimes "feature-less" terrain for over a year could be overwhelmed by tracking and sharing what they have done and learned. An automated system based on the existing Mobile Agents design [ I ] and Mars Exploration Rover experience [2], could serve as an "expedition memory" that would be indexed by voice as wel1 as a web interface, linking people, places, activities, records (voice notes, photographs, samples). and a descriptive scientific ontology. This database would be accessible during EVAs by astronauts, annotated by the remote science team, linked to EVA plans, and allow cross indexing between sites and expeditions. We consider the basic problem, our philosophical approach, technical methods, and uses of the expedition memory for facilitating long-term collaboration between Mars crews and Earth support teams. We emphasize that a "memory" does not mean a database per se, but an interactive service that combines different resources, and ultimately could be like a helpful librarian.
Polymer Flow in a Melt Pressure Regulator (2005)

A non-Newtonian, non-isothermal flow analysis has been developed to assist the design of a self-compensating polymer melt regulator, which is a device capable of regulating the melt pressure in polymer processing via an open loop control architecture. The governing mass and momentum equations for the two-dimensional, axisymmetric flow field are solved by a mixed finite element method, in which the velocity components are interpolated by quadratic functions, and the pressure is interpolated by a linear function. The temperature field is solved by the finite difference method. Results of the outlet pressure, valve pin position, bulk temperature rise, and flow rate as functions of the control force for Newtonian isothermal analyses and non-Newtonian non-isothermal analyses are provided. The simulation demonstrates the behavior of candidate regulator designs and provides the performance attributes such as outlet pressure, flow rate, temperature rise, etc., given the decision variables, such as valve parameters, process conditions, and polymer melt rheology. The results indicate that for a regulator design on the order of 20mm diameter, the regulator operates in a mostly closed condition with an aperture opening varying between 0.1 and 1mm. The results suggest that the bulk temperature increases with control force and flow rate and is largely attributable to the increases in viscous heating of the melt through the flow channels, rather than the pinch off between the valve pin and the valve body.
User-aware DASH over Wi-Fi (2015)

Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) is being adopted as a cost effective means for multimedia delivery. User Adaptive Video (UAV) is a new technique that exploits the perceptual limits of the human visual system to modulate a video stream's bit rate based on the viewing conditions, such as viewing distance and ambient illuminance, resulting in significant bandwidth reduction without perceived loss of quality to the user. UAV presents an opportunity to significantly improve the efficiency of DASH by not requesting unnecessarily high bit rate video. Due to the random access nature of the Wi-Fi MAC protocol and the intricate interaction among DASH traffic flows, it is not clear whether UAV will manifest its benefits in Wi-Fi networks. We design UAV-enabled DASH (UDASH) and evaluate its performance in Wi-Fi networks. We show that UDASH in a Wi-Fi network has the benefits of not only improving the video streaming performance such as reducing the rebuffering probability, but also enhancing the performance of cross traffic. We also give the conditions under which the benefits can be achieved. Simulation results confirm that the benefits of UDASH are significant.
Genomic analyses identify hundreds of variants associated with age at menarche and support a role for puberty timing in cancer risk (2017)

The timing of puberty is a highly polygenic childhood trait that is epidemiologically associated with various adult diseases. Using 1000 Genomes Project-imputed genotype data in up to ∼370,000 women, we identify 389 independent signals (P < 5 × 10<sup>-8</sup>) for age at menarche, a milestone in female pubertal development. In Icelandic data, these signals explain ∼7.4% of the population variance in age at menarche, corresponding to ∼25% of the estimated heritability. We implicate ∼250 genes via coding variation or associated expression, demonstrating significant enrichment in neural tissues. Rare variants near the imprinted genes MKRN3 and DLK1 were identified, exhibiting large effects when paternally inherited. Mendelian randomization analyses suggest causal inverse associations, independent of body mass index (BMI), between puberty timing and risks for breast and endometrial cancers in women and prostate cancer in men. In aggregate, our findings highlight the complexity of the genetic regulation of puberty timing and support causal links with cancer susceptibility.
High-performance thermal interface technology overview (2007)

An overview on recent developments in thermal interfaces is given with a focus on a novel thermal interface technology that allows the formation of 2-3 times thinner bondlines with strongly improved thermal properties at lower assembly pressures. This is achieved using nested hierarchical surface channels to control the particle stacking with highly particle-filled materials. Reliability testing with thermal cycling has also demonstrated a decrease in thermal resistance after extended times with longer overall lifetime compared to a flat interface.
Enantioselective Alkylation of Aldehydes with Diethylzinc Using a New Catalyst System, ((R)-Thiolan-2-yl)diphenylmethanol and Metal Alkoxides (2002)

Abstract Various optically active secondary alcohols are obtained by asymmetric alkylation of aldehydes with diethylzinc by way of a new catalyst system, ((R)-thiolan-2-yl)diphenylmethanol and several metal alkoxides. The transition states are also discussed in terms of experimental results and theoretical calculation.
Comparison of Five Short-Term Assays That Measure Nonspecific Cytotoxicity Mediated to Tumor Cells by Activated Macrophages (1986)

Five different short term assays (less than 48 h) used to measure macrophage-mediated, nonspecific cytotoxicity were compared under similar conditions in the same laboratory using the same reagents. The purpose was to determine the extent to which results were comparable. Three of the assays were dependent on the release of a radioisotope to measure cytotoxicity, one was dependent on cell counting, and the last was dependent on flow cytometric quantification of remaining viable tumor target cells after they had been exposed to macrophages. The variables examined were the following: three different populations of macrophages; four different kinds of target cells; two types of radioisotopes; and two different agents that trigger the expression of cytolytic activity by primed macrophages. Recombinant gamma interferon was used as the priming agent in all the experiments. There was unexpectedly good agreement between the results of the various assays. No differences were found among the different macrophage populations, the isotopes or the triggering agents. Perhaps the most important finding was that differences in target cell susceptibility to killing by activated macrophages, which were apparent in assays of less than 24 h duration, disappeared when the same kinds of targets were compared in assays of greater than 40 h duration. The results of this study are an important first step toward standardizing the way in which macrophage-mediated, nonspecific cytotoxicity is measured in short-term assays, laboratory to laboratory.
High sensitivity bearing tester and systems thereof (2023)

The present invention relates to an apparatus for testing a bearing, as well as systems including such an apparatus. In one instance, the apparatus allows for torsional losses of a bearing to be determined in a highly sensitive manner. Results can be determined in a controlled environment, as the system can include an environmental enclosure to encapsulate the testing apparatus.
Audio-visual tracking by density approximation in a sequential Bayesian filtering framework (2017)

This paper proposes a novel audio-visual tracking approach that exploits constructively audio and visual modalities in order to estimate trajectories of multiple people in a joint state space. The tracking problem is modeled using a sequential Bayesian filtering framework. Within this framework, we propose to represent the posterior density with a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). To ensure that a GMM representation can be retained sequentially over time, the predictive density is approximated by a GMM using the Unscented Transform. While a density interpolation technique is introduced to obtain a continuous representation of the observation likelihood, which is also a GMM. Furthermore, to prevent the number of mixtures from growing exponentially over time, a density approximation based on the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm is applied, resulting in a compact GMM representation of the posterior density. Recordings using a camcorder and microphone array are used to evaluate the proposed approach, demonstrating significant improvements in tracking performance of the proposed audio-visual approach compared to two benchmark visual trackers.
Minimizing Response Time for Quorum-System Protocols over Wide-Area Networks (2007)

A quorum system is a collection of sets (quorums) of servers,where any two quorums intersect. Quorum-based protocols underly modern edge-computing architectures and throughput-scalable service implementations. In this paper we propose new algorithms for placing quorums in wide-area networks and tuning which quorums clients access, so as to optimize clients' average response time in quorum-based protocols. We examine scenarios in which the service is lightly loaded and hence network latency is the dominant delay, and in which client-induced load contributes significantly to the delay that clients observe.In each case, we evaluate our algorithms on topologies ranging from 50 to over 150 wide-area locations.
Quartz friction vacuum gauge for pressure range from 0.001 to 1000 Torr (1986)

A quartz friction vacuum gauge (QF gauge) is based on the fact that the resonance impedance of a quartz oscillator is proportional to the frictional force of ambient gas. The first model of the QF gauge, which was developed by the authors as a wide range pressure monitor, has the minimum measuring pressure of 0.01 Torr with an accuracy of the order of 10%. To lower the minimum measurable pressure, we developed a sensing head consisting of a tuning fork oscillator with higher sensitivity fixed on a temperature-stabilized metal rod and a digital readout circuit. The performance of the gauge was evaluated from results of measurement of pressure dependence, temperature variations, and fluctuations of the gauge output, which is proportional to the resonance current of the oscillator. It was confirmed that an error in measurement by the gauge is within ±10% for pressure from 0.001 to 1000 Torr.
Cover Picture: Oral, Direct Thrombin and Factor Xa Inhibitors: The Replacement for Warfarin, Leeches, and Pig Intestines? (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 20/2011) (2011)

The large water cascade (ital. cascare=to fall) in the baroque landscaped park Wilhelmshöhe in Kassel (Germany) is reminiscent of the blood-clotting cascade in which the different clotting factors initiate the formation of fibrin thrombi in an amplification cascade. This protective mechanism against blood loss is, however, also the cause of thrombotic diseases. In order to inhibit it an extensive search for low-molecular-weight factor Xa and thrombin inhibitors has been carried out. More on this in the Review by A. Straub et al. on page 4574 ff.
Performance evaluation of a new design of cable-suspended camera system (2017)

Adaptive cable-driven parallel robots can adjust the position of one or more pulley blocks to optimize performance within a given workspace. Because of their augmented kinematic redundancy, adaptive systems have several advantages over their traditional counterparts featuring the same numbers of cables. In this paper, we explore the application of adaptive cable-driven robots to cable-suspended camera systems. Performance of the traditional and of the adaptive designs are analyzed, using dexterity and stiffness as performance metrics. Results show superior performance of the adaptive design compared to the traditional system. An illustrative design problem for adaptive cable-suspended camera systems is also presented and solved.
Phrase and word level strategies for detecting appositions in speech (2009)

Appositions are grammatical constructs in which two noun phrases are placed side-by-side, one modifying the other. Detecting them in speech can help extract semantic information useful, for instance, for co-reference resolution and question answering. We compare and combine three approaches: wordlevel and phrase-level classifiers, and a syntactic parser trained to generate appositions. On reference parses, the phrase-level classifier outperforms the other approaches while on automatic parses and ASR output, the combination of the appositiongenerating parser and the word-level classifier works best. An analysis of the system errors reveals that parsing accuracy and world knowledge are very important for this task. Index Terms: Speech understanding, Punctuation, Apposition detection.
Active halogen compounds and proteinaceous material: loss of activity of topical anti-infectives by halogen consumption (2012)

The observed consumption effects are the result of the differing oxidizing (chlorinating) potencies. Since consumption and irritation are founded on the very same reactions, representatives with low reactivity (N-chloro amino acids) are regarded as more tolerable and retain more oxidative capacity, which provides a more sustained antimicrobial activity.
Overcoming database heterogeneity to facilitate social networks: the Colombian displaced population as a case study (2009)

In this paper we describe a two-step approach for the publication of data about displaced people in Colombia, whose lack of homogeneity represents a major barrier for the application of adequate policies. This data is available in heterogeneous data sources, mainly relational, and is not connected to social networking sites. Our approach consists in a first step where ontologies are automatically derived from existing relational databases, exploiting the semantics underlying the SQL-DDL schema description, and a second step where these ontologies are aligned with existing ontologies (FOAF in our example), facilitating a better integration of data coming from multiple sources.
Heidegger on technology (2011)

One of the dominant themes of Heidegger's later writing is his critique of modern technology. Heidegger never liked modern cosmopolitan life, with its consumerism, shallow values and disregard for nature, but from the 1950s onwards this feeling intensified greatly. He wrote: “Everywhere we remain unfree and chained to technology, whether we passionately affirm or deny it” (“The Question Concerning Technology”, in BW: 311).
Effects of mammary-derived growth inhibitor on proliferation of bovine myoepithelial cells in vitro (1993)

The effects of mammary-derived growth inhibitor (MDGI) on proliferation of bovine mammary myoepithelial cells was examined. MDGI (10 ng L −1 ) inhibited myoepithelial proliferation. The specificity of the MDGI effect was tested with anti-MDGI rabbit serum which was shown to neutralize MDGI and abolish the effect of MDGI on myoepithelial cell proliferation. Key words: Bovine, MDGI, myoepithelial cells
An all-silicon channel waveguide fabricated using direct proton beam writing (2008)

We report a novel technique for the fabrication of an all-silicon channel waveguide using direct proton beam writing and subsequent electrochemical etching. A focused beam of high energy protons is used to selectively inhibit porous silicon formation in the irradiated regions. By over-etching beyond the ion range, the irradiated region becomes surrounded by porous silicon cladding. Waveguide characterization carried out at 1550 nm on the proton irradiated waveguide shows that the propagation losses improve significantly from 20&plusmn;2 dB/cm to 9&plusmn;2 dB/cm after vacuum annealing at 800°C for 1 hour.
Effects of solute-coupled transport on lymph flow and oncotic pressures in cat ileum. (1978)

The effects of net volume absorption rate on steady-state lymphatic and capillary volume flows, lymphatic protein flux, and lymph oncotic pressure were analyzed in an isolated vascularly perfused cat ileum preparation. Solute-coupled fluid transport was stimulated by instilling either Tyrode solution, Tyrode + glucose, Tyrode + taurocholic acid (TC), Tyrode + TC + oleic acid, or Tyrode + aspartic acid, into the ileal lumen. Lymph flow increased in a sigmoidal fashion as net volume absorption rate increased. A linear relationship was observed between lymphatic protein flux and net volume absorption rate. The relative contributions of the intestinal capillary and lymphatic systems in removing absorbed volume from the mucosal interstitium was highly dependent on the rate of net volume absorption. Lymph oncotic pressure decreased progressively as net volume absorption rate increased with a maximal reduction in lymph oncotic pressure of 6.0-7.0 mmHg at the higher volume absorption rates. The results of this study indicate that 1) the rate of solute-coupled fluid transport greatly influences the rate of intestinal lympathic and capillary volume flows, lymphatic protein flux, and lymph oncotic pressure, 2) a reduction in tissue oncotic pressure may serve as the major driving force for vascular removal of absorved volume, and 3) the increase in capillary permeability to plasma proteins during fluid transport is related to the rate of volume absorption.
Lincomycin, an inhibitor of aminoacyl sRNA binding to ribosomes. (1966)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Prosthetists’ perceptions and use of outcome measures in clinical practice (2016)

Continuing education had a long-term impact on prosthetists' confidence in administering outcome measures and may influence their clinical practices. However, remaining barriers to using standardized measures need to be addressed to keep practitioners current with evolving practice expectations. Clinical relevance Continuing education (CE) had a significant long-term impact on prosthetists' confidence in administering outcome measures and influenced their clinical practices. In all, approximately 20% of prosthetists, who previously were non-routine outcome measure users, became routine users after CE. There remains a need to develop strategies to integrate outcome measurement into routine clinical practice.
Orographic Modification of Cyclone Development (1994)

The orographic modification of cyclone development is examined by means of primitive equation model simulations. When a mature baroclinic wave impinges on an east—west oriented mountain ridge, a relatively intense cyclone forms on the south side of the ridge. This cyclone extends throughout the depth of the troposphere and possesses relatively small vertical tilts, large velocities, and strong temperature perturbations compared to classical baroclinic eddies. The vorticity growth in the orographic cyclone center is larger than that of baroclinic eddies that grow over flat terrain. However, there is no absolute instability associated with this orographic enhancement. A longer ridge produces a more intense eddy. The behavior of small-amplitude normal modes on a zonally symmetric mountain ridge shows that baroclinic development is enhanced where the topography slopes in the same direction as the isentropes. This is consistent with earlier studies using uniform slopes that show that the heat flux forced by this terrain enhances the conversion of available potential energy. It is shown that the structure of nonlinear waves is similar to that of linear modes over a mountain ridge with steep slopes, in which the cross-ridge flow and the associated heat flux are partially blocked by the mountain. Simulations of a stationary cold front interacting with a mountain ridge suggest that orographic cyclogenesis is triggered when the mountain ridge locally modifies the frontal circulation as it impinges on the ridge. Warm southerly flow in the front is diverted westward by the mountain ridge, intensifying the strong hydrostatic pressure gradient between the mountain anticyclone and the developing cyclone to the south. In contrast, cold northerly flow is diverted eastward as it approaches the mountain and effectively broadens the mountain anticyclone toward the north. This produces the characteristic pressure dipole observed in orographic cyclogenesis. It is concluded that mature baroclinic eddies approaching the mountain ridge should have a strong frontal zone with a considerable temperature contrast and strong circulation for an intense response.
Synthesis, Antiviral and Antitumor Activity of New 4‐Nitroimidazoles. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.