gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective copper catalysed aromatic N-arylation in water (2012)

4,7-Dipyrrolidinyl-1,10-phenanthroline (DPPhen) was identified as an efficient ligand for copper catalysed selective aromatic N-arylation in water. N-Arylation of indoles, imidazoles and purines proceeds with moderate to excellent yields and complete selectivity over aliphatic amines. Aqueous medium and the possibility for low metal and ligand loadings give the process a benign environmental profile.
Direct DC-Link Current Control Considering Voltage Saturation for Realization of Sinusoidal Source Current Waveform Without Passive Components for IPMSM Drives (2017)

In order to reduce the cost and the size of a single-phase to three-phase power converter, an electrolytic capacitor-less single-phase to three-phase inverter is proposed. As the system does not have energy storage, such as an electrolytic capacitor, it results in source current harmonics due to the spatial harmonics of the motor. Adding an inductor for filtering the source current harmonics increases the cost and size of the system. In order to improve the source current waveform without adding passive components, it is necessary to reduce the source current harmonics via inverter control. However, when the inverter control reduces the source current harmonics, voltage saturation of the inverter causes source current distortion. At the rated speed and load, the voltage saturation region amounts to 40-50% of the source period, and the source current harmonics do not meet the guideline of IEC 61000-3-2. This paper proposes a direct dc-link current control (DDCCC) considering voltage saturation and the dq -axis current reference calculation for applying the DDCCC, which reduces the source current harmonics below the guideline. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through experiments.
Yop Fusions to Tightly Folded Protein Domains and Their Effects on Yersinia enterocolitica Type III Secretion (2002)

Yersinia enterocolitica organisms secrete Yop proteins via the type III pathway. Translational fusion of yop genes to ubiquitin or dihydrofolate reductase results in hybrid proteins that cannot be secreted. The folding of hybrids prevents their own transport, but it does not hinder the type III secretion of other Yops.
Projection Cathode‐Ray Tubes Comprising Blue Emitting Phosphors with Interference Filters (1989)

Multilayer interference filters enhance the luminance, emitted in the forward direction, of cathode‐ray tubes used for projection television. These filters also affect the chromaticity of the emitted light. Both effects are calculated from first principles. Using these calculation methods, it is found that by the use of multilayer interference filters, the chromaticity of practically all blue emitting phosphors can be brought within the E.B.U. recommendations for the blue primary. Moreover, this change in chromaticity can be achieved without any loss in white‐D capability.
Surface modification of neural stimulating/recording microelectrodes with high-performance platinum-pillar coatings (2017)

High-fracture platinum (Pt)-pillars were electrodeposited on Pt microelectrodes using a potential sweep technique. Detailed investigations of the structure, morphology and electrochemical properties of the electrodeposited Pt-pillar coatings were performed. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements revealed that Pt-pillar coated microelectrodes exhibited significantly increased charge storage capacity and real surface area compared with uncoated Pt electrodes. Stability tests of Pt pillars revealed good mechanical stability as well as electrochemical stability, which is highly preferred for effective neural stimulation and recording in various applications.
Inside Back Cover: Amine‐Rich Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanodots as a Platform for Self‐Enhancing Electrochemiluminescence (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 17/2017) (2017)

Carbon nanodots are the latest member to join the carbon nanomaterial family, thus generating many expectations based on their fascinating properties. In their Communication on page 4757 ff., M. Prato, L. De Cola et al. demonstrate the promising use of amine-rich nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots as co-reactant for Ru(bpy)32+ electrochemiluminescence (ECL). The covalently linked hybrid acts as an ECL self-enhancing system, showing higher emission than the combination of the single components.
Next-gen ultrasound (2009)

Almost invariably, a new baby's photo album begins with a grainy black-and-white picture taken months before birth - a prenatal ultrasound image, which is often detailed enough to inspire comments about the child's resemblance to various members of the family. But jokes about balding uncles notwithstanding, such scans serve a serious purpose and can prove immensely important, as when they allow doctors to diagnose and sometimes even repair a congenital malformation while the baby is still in the womb.
Fabrication of novel interactive biomaterials via peptide integration for tissue engineering applications (2002)

New classes of materials are being designed to interact specifically with mammalian cells to control their behavior and subsequently direct the formation of organ specific tissue. One approach is to modify the surface of the material so that it will selectively interact with cells through specific biomolecular recognition events, thus, rendering it "biomimetic". Materials can be functionalized with a large variety of biologically active molecules including: peptides that affect cell attachment, growth factors that promote cell growth, and cellular differentiation. A novel approach to creating biomimetic materials lies in the identification of peptides that bind commercially available polymers with high specificity and affinity. Phage display technology, a combinatorial method of screening peptide sequence library, was used to select peptides that have binding specificity to the polymer-based biomaterials studied.
Centenary Lecture. Long-range electron-transfer in blue copper proteins (1986)

H. B. Gray, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1986, 15, 17 DOI: 10.1039/CS9861500017
Cultural effects on eating attitudes in Israeli subpopulations and hospitalized anorectics. (1994)

We assessed eating attitudes and body image using the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT: Garner & Garfinkel, 1979) and a 17-item body image scale in Israeli Jewish female high school populations in five distinct residential settings (kibbutz, moshav, city, and 2 different boarding schools); in five ethnically distinct Arab female high school populations (Muslim, Christian, Druze, Circassian, and Bedouin); and in a group of hospitalized adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. We hypothesized that the attitudes of the adolescent females most exposed to Western body shape ideals and simultaneously undergoing role conflict between traditional and modern images of the female role would most resemble attitudes of anorectics. This was partly supported by the findings. Ethnic differences also emerged in attitude toward food. All the Arab populations except the Circassian showed strong Western influences in their attitudes toward eating and body image and thus may well be prone to epidemics of anorexia and similar eating disorders in the near future. Kibbutz girls were most similar to the anorectic group.
Concatenated Polar codes (2010)

Polar codes have attracted much recent attention as one of the first codes with low computational complexity that provably achieve optimal rate-regions for a large class of information-theoretic problems. One significant drawback, however, is that for current constructions the probability of error decays sub-exponentially in the block-length more detailed designs improve the probability of error at the cost of significantly increased computational complexity. In this work we show how the the classical idea of code concatenation - using "short" polar codes as inner codes and a "high-rate" Reed-Solomon code as the outer code - results in substantially improved performance. In particular, code concatenation with a careful choice of parameters boosts the rate of decay of the probability of error to almost exponential in the block-length with essentially no loss in computational complexity. We demonstrate such performance improvements for three sets of information-theoretic problems - a classical point-to-point channel coding problem, a class of multiple-input multiple output channel coding problems, and some network source coding problems.
“Electronic photoreceptors” for restoration of sight in age-related macular degeneration (2021)

Macular degeneration leads to blindness due to loss of the “image capturing” photoreceptors, while neurons in the “image-processing” inner retinal layers are relatively well preserved. Photovoltaic subretinal prosthesis converts light into pulsed electric current, stimulating the nearby inner retinal neurons. Clinical trial with such implants having 100um pixels, as well as preclinical measurements with 75 and 55um pixels, confirm that spatial resolution of prosthetic vision can reach the pixel pitch. For a broad acceptance of this technology, visual acuity should exceed 20/100, which requires pixels smaller than 25um. I will present 3-dimensional electro-neural interface scalable down to cellular-scale pixel size.
Surface Layer Formation and Stripping Process on LiMn[sub 2]O[sub 4] and LiNi[sub 1∕2]Mn[sub 3∕2]O[sub 4] Thin Film Electrodes (2009)

Surface layer formation and stripping processes on and thin film electrodes were analyzed by using in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. For , the peak intensity of in situ FTIR gradually increased up to vs during anodic polarization and decreased more anodic electrode potential. In situ FTIR spectra of showed a strong peak intensity at a two electrode potential, vs and vs . These observations indicated that a surface layer formation process is accelerated by a redox couple of transition metals ( or ) in active materials. In addition, in situ FTIR spectra for a plateau area of were also investigated to confirm the surface layer formation and stripping by redox couple of transition metals at low electrode potential. The surface layer stripping was observed at vs , and the lower electrode potential and formation process was also observed from vs . It can be explained that the surface layer was formed by immersing the cathode materials into the electrolyte solution.
Role of corpectomy in cervical spondylosis (2002)

The management of cervical spondylosis has evolved over the past several decades. Surgical decompressive and stabilization techniques have become more widely accepted for use in patients with intractable pain or neurological deficits. Advances in neuroimaging, surgical technique, and surgery-related technology including the operating microscope and anterior fixation devices have all contributed to the expanding role of surgery for the treatment of this condition. In this paper the author will focus on the role of corpectomy as a surgical option for managing cervical spondylosis.
Bandwidth Maintenance and Decoupling for Two Planar Inverted-F Antennas Using Bridge Line (2023)

In this paper, a simple method is proposed that allows two planar inverted-F antennas (PIFAs) maintain their bandwidth while simultaneously reducing the mutual coupling between them. By creating a slit on each PIFA patch and then connecting the two PIFAs by a bridge line (BL), the bandwidth can be maintained and the mutual coupling between them can be simultaneously reduced to less than －10 dB. Therefore, total antenna efficiency can be significantly improved over a wide band. The proposed model is fabricated and measured, and the simulation results are validated by the measurement results.
Carbon-Nanotubes for Full-Color Field-Emission Displays (2000)

A 4.5-inch fully sealed carbon-nanotube field-emission display with a 200-µm narrow gap was fabricated on glass using paste squeezing and surface rubbing techniques. The fabricated displays were fully scalable at low temperatures below 415°C and showed very high luminance of 1800 cd/m 2 at 4 V/µm. The degradation of emission currents for single-wall carbon nanotubes was less than 10% in electrical aging tests. Large field-enhancement factors and low turn-on voltages (1.5–3 V/µm) were attributed to well-aligned carbon nanotubes on substrates and a large number density of carbon nanotubes of 5–10/µm 2 , which was confirmed by high-resolution electron microscopy. Although localized states exist for various tip morphologies, which was calculated by density-functional tight-binding calculations, the contribution from such states was found to be negligible.
Two Year Outcomes, Cognitive and Behavioral Markers of Decline in Healthy, Cognitively Normal Older Persons with Global Deterioration Scale Stage 2 (Subjective Cognitive Decline with Impairment) (2019)

SCD(I) persons decline at an annual rate of approximately 6.7% /year from several recent studies. The BCRS assessments and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test can be sensitive measures for future studies of progression mitigation.
Supplementary Figure 5 from Brain Tumor Cells in Circulation Are Enriched for Mesenchymal Gene Expression (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Immunohistologic and DNA-FISH analysis of tumor cells and CTCs from a patient with metastatic GBM.&lt;/p&gt;
Early Apoptotic Changes in the Leukocytes of Rhesus Macaques Challenged With Chimeric Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (Shiv) (1999)

Abstract Introduction Chimeric Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (SHIV) causes persistent infection characterized by CD4+ T cell lymphopenia in rhesus monkeys. The SHIV model infection closely resembles HIV-1 infection and disease in humans, except that it progresses at an accelerated rate. During the early stages of HIV-1 infection, viral replication is at its highest rate and there is a rapid decline of the immune system. Cell death induced by apoptosis, a feature in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-like syndromes of many lentiviral infections, is thought to be important in the progressive decline of lymphocytes and the cell mediated immunity of infected individuals. The apoptosis is not specific for lymphocytes, this phenomenon also occurs in numerous cell types of the immune system, including the polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Abnormalities of neutrophil function and number because of HIV-1 and other retroviral infections have been recognized.
Corrigendum: Efficient Hyperpolarization of U‐13C‐Glucose Using Narrow‐Line UV‐Generated Labile Free Radicals (2019)

In Table 1ofthis Communication, several entries in the second and third row have been swapped inadvertently.The corrected Table 1i sshown below.
Abstract 17085: Recombinant Glial Growth Factor-2 Selectively Modifies Post-myocardial Infarction Fibroblast Form and Function (2016)

Background: Left ventricular (LV) remodeling occurs following a myocardial infarction (MI), which includes changes in the myocardial and extracellular matrix (ECM) domains, and determines the extent of heart failure progression. LV fibroblasts (FIBROs) regulate the ECM and thus represent a cellular target for modifying post-MI remodeling. Neuregulin-1beta (NG-1) is a growth factor that regulates neonatal LV development and delivery of the full-length recombinant NG-1 Glial Growth Factor-2 (GGF2) has been shown to alter post-MI remodeling. However, the effects of GGF2 on LV FIBROs, particularly post-MI FIBROs in terms of phenotype and determinants of ECM remodeling, remain unknown.

Methods and Results: LV FIBROs were isolated from normal adult pigs (n=6) and post-MI pigs (14 days, coronary occlusion, n=6) and FIBRO function (3-D collagen gel contraction rate, ECM adhesion) and gene expression (PCR arrays) with and without exposure to GGF2 (175 ng/mL/24 hrs). GGF2 reduced post-MI FIBRO gel contraction (49±2%, p<0.05; 8hrs) and ECM adhesion (33±7%, p<0.05; 24 hrs), but not in normal FIBROs. GGF2 differentially induced FIBRO collagen VI expression in normal vs post-MI (36±13 vs 3±10%, p<0.05) and altered expression of determinants of ECM remodeling only in post-MI FIBROs (Table). Using targeted PCR, the predominant NG-1/GGF2 receptor, ErbB4, was increased by over 2-fold in post-MI vs control FIBROs (p<0.05).

Conclusions: The novel findings of this study demonstrated that post-MI FIBROs, a critical cellular determinant of ECM remodeling, are sensitive and responsive to recombinant GGF2. These studies demonstrate that selective targeting of post-MI FIBROs through specific growth signaling pathways, such as NG-1, is feasible and may favorably alter adverse ECM remodeling post-MI.

 ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Anatomic, Histologic, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Abnormalities of the Shoulder (1996)

Six fresh frozen, human cadaver shoulders were evaluated for gross anatomic, magnetic resonance imaging, and histologic abnormalities. The shoulders underwent routine magnetic resonance imaging with and without intraarticular Gadolinium using a standard surface shoulder coil. The shoulders were dissected in a systematic fashion to yield 18 anatomic specimens from the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendon as well as the glenoid labrum. These specimens were studied histologically using hematoxylin and eosin and Goldner's trichrome stains. Gross anatomic and magnetic resonance image abnormalities of the rotator cuff corresponded to histologic changes consistent with tendon degeneration. However, there was a poor correlation between gross anatomic, magnetic resonance image, and histologic changes of degeneration in the glenoid labrum. In general, histologic degeneration was more severe than abnormalities seen either grossly or on magnetic resonance images.
Humor Detection in English-Hindi Code-Mixed Social Media Content :\n Corpus and Baseline System (2018)

The tremendous amount of user generated data through social networking sites\nled to the gaining popularity of automatic text classification in the field of\ncomputational linguistics over the past decade. Within this domain, one problem\nthat has drawn the attention of many researchers is automatic humor detection\nin texts. In depth semantic understanding of the text is required to detect\nhumor which makes the problem difficult to automate. With increase in the\nnumber of social media users, many multilingual speakers often interchange\nbetween languages while posting on social media which is called code-mixing. It\nintroduces some challenges in the field of linguistic analysis of social media\ncontent (Barman et al., 2014), like spelling variations and non-grammatical\nstructures in a sentence. Past researches include detecting puns in texts (Kao\net al., 2016) and humor in one-lines (Mihalcea et al., 2010) in a single\nlanguage, but with the tremendous amount of code-mixed data available online,\nthere is a need to develop techniques which detects humor in code-mixed tweets.\nIn this paper, we analyze the task of humor detection in texts and describe a\nfreely available corpus containing English-Hindi code-mixed tweets annotated\nwith humorous(H) or non-humorous(N) tags. We also tagged the words in the\ntweets with Language tags (English/Hindi/Others). Moreover, we describe the\nexperiments carried out on the corpus and provide a baseline classification\nsystem which distinguishes between humorous and non-humorous texts.\n
Sofosbuvir plus ribavirin for the treatment of patients with chronic genotype 1 or 6 hepatitis C virus infection in Hong Kong (2015)

NCT02021643.
Genomic definition of species (1991)

The subject of this paper is the definition of species based on the assumption that genome is the fundamental level for the origin and maintenance of biological diversity. For this view to be logically consistent it is necessary to assume the existence and operation of the new law which we call genome law. For this reason the genome law is included in the explanation of species phenomenon presented here even if its precise formulation and elaboration are left for the future. The intellectual underpinnings of this definition can be traced to Goldschmidt. We wish to explore some philosophical aspects of the definition of species in terms of the genome. The point of proposing the definition on these grounds is that any real advance in evolutionary theory has to be correct in both its philosophy and its science.
Phenotypic and Genotypic HIV-1 Drug Resistance Assays Provide Complementary Information (2002)

To determine the extent to which genotype (GT) or phenotype (PT) methods provide HIV-1 drug resistance information that is overlapping or complementary, both tests were performed on 1378 patient plasma samples. Discordance, defined as determination of reduced susceptibility measured by PT but sensitivity by GT (PT-R/GT-S), or vice versa (PT-S/GT-R), was common: 83, 62, 43, and 28% of samples with evidence of drug resistance had at least 1, 2, 3, or 4 drugs discordant, respectively. Three types of discordance were observed: PT-R/GT-S, and PT-S/GT-R with or without the presence of mixtures at resistance-associated positions (25%, 34%, and 41% of all discordance, respectively). After accounting for mixtures, results for didanosine (30%), zalcitabine (18%), tenofovir (17%), abacavir (14%), lamivudine (12%), and amprenavir (11%) were discordant in >or= 10% of samples. PT-S/GT-R results were most common for didanosine and zalcitabine, whereas PT-R/GT-S results were most common for lamivudine and amprenavir. PT provided quantitative assessment of the degree of reduced susceptibility and identified reduced susceptibility (PT-R/GT-S) or normal susceptibility (PT-S/GT-R) that was not recognized by the GT interpretation algorithm. GT provided valuable information when mixtures were present and minor populations of drug resistant virus were not detected by phenotyping (PT-S/GT-R results). This demonstrates the complementary nature of information provided by PT and GT tests and suggests that their combined use can provide additional clinically-relevant information.
Two-layer precoding for dimensionality reduction in massive MIMO (2016)

Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) is a promising technology for the upcoming 5G as it provides significant beamforming gains and interference reduction capabilities due to the large number of antennas. However, massive MIMO is computationally demanding, as the high antenna count results in high-dimensional matrix operations when conventional MIMO processing is applied. In this paper, we focus on two-stage digital beamforming, where the beamformer is split into a slow-varying statistics-based outer beamformer and an inner beamformer accounting for fast channel variations. We formulate two two-stage precoding optimization problems: weighted sum-rate maximization and minimum user rate maximization for a single-cell downlink system. We also provide different heuristic methods of forming the outer precoder matrix via user channel covariance, while the inner precoder is obtained as a result for the optimization problem. Unlike most previous work, which consider the outer precoder design based on energy maximization and user group location, our aim is to design it to offer a tradeoff between energy maximization and interference reduction, and also take into account the fairness between users. We evaluate the performance of the different heuristic methods as a function of the number of statistical pre-beams and a fixed user angular spread to see the overall effect of complexity reduction on the system sum-rate and minimum user rate. We also evaluate the advantages of different methods in terms of user fairness.