gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Classifying Objects from Visual Information (1986)

Consider a world of 'objects.' Our goal is to place these objects into categories that are useful to the observer using sensory data. One criterion for utility is that the categories allow the observer to infer the object's potential behaviors, which are often non-observable. Under what condidtions can such useful categories be created? We propose a solution which requires 1.) that modes or clusters of natural structures are present in the world, and, 2.) that the physical properties of these structures are reflected in the sensory data used by the observer for classification. Given these two constraints, we explore the type of additional knowledge sufficient for the observer to generate an internal representation that makes explicit the natural modes. Finally we develop a formal expression of the object classification problem.
Chemistry and Chemicals from Renewables Resources within Solvay (2016)

For Solvay, a leader in the chemical industry, sustainability is a priority. Within Solvay, the authors have developed considerable experience and expertise in the manufacture of differentiated specialty chemicals from renewable resource. This chapter highlights some of these products such as triglycerides, cellulose acetate (CA), guar gum and vanillin, and their chemistry, performance, and applications. The Epicerol® bio-based technology processes renewable glycerol to produce epichlorohydrin. The chapter also focuses on the fastest-growing class of oleo-based amphoteric/zwitterionic surfactants that are specially designed to provide optimal viscoelastic surfactants (VESs) properties at extremely low concentrations. CAs are bio-based polymers, as the main raw material used is cellulose. Due to their high optical and mechanical performances and also dimensional stability, CA films first developed in many applications like photographic films. To fulfill consumer demand for natural flavors, alternative sources for natural vanillin are key to ensure availability, constant quality, and prices.
Bayesian structure from motion (1999)

Formulates structure from motion as a Bayesian inference problem and uses a Markov-chain Monte Carlo sampler to sample the posterior on this problem. This results in a method that can identify both small and large tracker errors and yields reconstructions that are stable in the presence of these errors. Furthermore, the method gives detailed information on the range of ambiguities in structure given a particular data set and requires no special geometric formulation to cope with degenerate situations. Motion segmentation is obtained by a layer of discrete variables associating a point with an object. We demonstrate a sampler that successfully samples an approximation to the marginal on this domain, producing a relatively unambiguous segmentation.
Vector diffraction from subwavelength optical disk structures: Two-dimensional near-field profiles (1998)

An efficient finite-difference frequency-domain method is developed for calculating electromagnetic fields in the neighborhood of subwavelength dielectric and metallic structures. The method is used to investigate two-dimensional near-field and far-field patterns of a focused beam diffracted from an optical disk, specifically from a DVD (Digital Versatile Disk). It is shown that the polarization of illumination has a significant impact on diffraction patterns as expected and that scalar theory does not provide an accurate analysis of diffraction from a DVD.
Contemporary Approach Coupled with Traditional Techniques Tackles Extreme Wellbore Environment in Schoonebeek Heavy Oil Field (2011)

Abstract The Schoonebeek heavy oil field was first developed by Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij BV (NAM) in the late 1940s. Due to economics, it was abandoned in 1996. In 2008, the Schoonebeek Redevelopment Project, using a gravity assisted steam flood (GASF) design concept, was initiated with 73 wells (44 producers, 25 injectors and 4 observation wells). Steam injection and cool-down cycles subject a cement sheath to some of the most severe load conditions in the industry. Wellbore thermal modeling predicted surface and production sections would experience temperatures in excess of 285°C [545°F] and considerable stress across weak formations. A key design requirement was long-term integrity of the cement sheath over an expected 25-30 year field life span. Complicating this requirement was the need for lightweight cementing systems, as lost circulation issues were expected in both hole sections, particularly in the mechanically weak Bentheim sandstone. The long-term integrity challenge was divided into chemical and mechanical elements. Prior research on high-temperature cement performance by the operator provided necessary guidance for this project. Laboratory mechanical and analytical tests were conducted to confirm the high-temperature stability of the chosen design. In addition to using lightweight components, foaming the slurry allowed the density, mechanical and economic targets to be met. A standardized logistical plan was put in place to allow use of the same base blend for the entire well, adjusted as needed using liquid additives and applying the foaming process when necessary. This single-blend approach greatly simplified bulk-handling logistics, allowing use of dedicated bulk-handling equipment. The first well was constructed in January 2009; all 73 wells have been successfully cemented to surface. The steaming process, initiated in May 2011, has progressed with no well integrity issues to date.
Relaxation Dynamics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ReI(CO)3(α-diimine)(HisX)+ (X = 83, 107, 109, 124, 126)CuII Azurins (2009)

Photoinduced relaxation processes of five structurally characterized Pseudomonas aeruginosa Re(I)(CO)(3)(alpha-diimine)(HisX) (X = 83, 107, 109, 124, 126)Cu(II) azurins have been investigated by time-resolved (ps-ns) IR spectroscopy and emission spectroscopy. Crystal structures reveal the presence of Re-azurin dimers and trimers that in two cases (X = 107, 124) involve van der Waals interactions between interdigitated diimine aromatic rings. Time-dependent emission anisotropy measurements confirm that the proteins aggregate in mM solutions (D(2)O, KP(i) buffer, pD = 7.1). Excited-state DFT calculations show that extensive charge redistribution in the Re(I)(CO)(3) --> diimine (3)MLCT state occurs: excitation of this (3)MLCT state triggers several relaxation processes in Re-azurins whose kinetics strongly depend on the location of the metallolabel on the protein surface. Relaxation is manifested by dynamic blue shifts of excited-state nu(CO) IR bands that occur with triexponential kinetics: intramolecular vibrational redistribution together with vibrational and solvent relaxation give rise to subps, approximately 2, and 8-20 ps components, while the approximately 10(2) ps kinetics are attributed to displacement (reorientation) of the Re(I)(CO)(3)(phen)(im) unit relative to the peptide chain, which optimizes Coulombic interactions of the Re(I) excited-state electron density with solvated peptide groups. Evidence also suggests that additional segmental movements of Re-bearing beta-strands occur without perturbing the reaction field or interactions with the peptide. Our work demonstrates that time-resolved IR spectroscopy and emission anisotropy of Re(I) carbonyl-diimine complexes are powerful probes of molecular dynamics at or around the surfaces of proteins and protein-protein interfacial regions.
Synthetic inositol phosphate analogues in complex with PPIP5K2 uncover a substrate capture site as a target for drug discovery (2014)

Diphosphoinositol polyphosphates (PP-InsPs) are regulatory molecules that function at the interface of cell signaling and organismic homeostasis. We report the first synthesis of naturallyoccurring 5-PP-InsP4 and a new family of inositol polyphosphate analogues, and we studied their interactions with the PPIP5Ks that synthesize PP-InsPs. Through X-ray analysis of several analogues in crystal complexes with the catalytic domain of PPIP5K, together with biochemical assays and mutagenesis, we show that PPIP5Ks possess a surface-mounted, ligand-binding site adjacent to the catalytic pocket. We conclude that this site facilitates substrate capture from the bulk phase, prior to its transfer into the catalytic pocket; that transfer is described at an atomic level. By demonstrating that catalytic activity of PPIP5K is inhibited through binding of 2,5-diO-Bn-InsP4 to the substrate-capture site, we provide “proof-of-principle” of a new, specific target for drug discovery.
Guided wave optics (1974)

Phenomena associated with the propagation and manipulation of light in thin-film dielectric waveguides are presently the object of considerable research effort, directed toward possible applications in communications and information processing. The theory of dielectric waveguide modes is reviewed, and the topics of directional coupling, input-output coupling, modulation, and distributed feedback laser sources are treated on the basis of coupled-mode theory. A summary of experimental results for each of the guided-wave optical phenomena covered by the theory is also presented.
Role of Computational Methods in Pharmaceutical Sciences (2012)

Over the past two decades computational methods have eased up the financial and experimental burden of early drug discovery process. The in silico methods have provided support in terms of databases, data mining of large genomes, network analysis, systems biology on the bioinformatics front and structure-activity relationship, similarity analysis, docking, and pharmacophore methods for lead design and optimization. This review highlights some of the applications of bioinformatics and chemoinformatics methods that have enriched the field of drug discovery. In addition, the review also provided insights into the use of free energy perturbation methods for efficiently computing binding energy. These in silico methods are complementary and can be easily integrated into the traditional in vitro and in vivo methods to test pharmacological hypothesis.
&lt;i&gt;Time and temperature requirements for improved heat killing of pathogens in swine transport trailers&lt;/i&gt; (2020)

Abstract. Biosecurity continues to be one of the most important elements of modern swine production. Transport trailers are of particular concern for spreading pathogens between premises, and require extensive cleaning, washing and disinfection after each load. In addition, the industry is using heat-bays for disinfection of trailers, which expose trailers to hot air for varying amounts of time. Current protocols involve heating trailers to 70<sup>o</sup>C for 10-15 minutes. The objective of this study was to find the optimal time and temperature required to heat-inactivate selected swine pathogens including Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), Swine influenza virus (SIV), Streptococcus suis, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli to name a few. We chose three different experimental settings for our analysis. First, purified pathogens were inactivated in cell culture. Secondly, fecal matter was included to resemble the insulating capacity of biological material. Thirdly, the pathogens were added directly into fecal matter to closer resemble field conditions. It was determined that viral inactivation was complete for RNA and DNA viruses at 75<sup>o</sup>C in cell culture for 20 minutes. However, we were able to confirm that remainders of fecal matter within the trailer negatively affect the effectiveness of the heat-treatment. For example, within fist-size mass of dried fecal matter, the inside never reached temperatures above 65<sup>o</sup>C, highlighting the need for proper cleaning. In summary, our data suggests that heat-treatment of a clean trailer for 75<sup>o</sup>C for 20 minutes is sufficient to inactivate both bacterial and viral pathogens relevant to the swine industry.
Antihyperalgesic Effect of theGABAALigand Clobazam in a Neuropathic Pain Model in Mice: A Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Study (2012)

Facilitation of spinal GABAergic inhibition with benzodiazepines (BZDs) reverses pain sensitization in animals; however, the use of BZDs in man is limited by their sedative effect. The antihyperalgesic effects of GABA(A) agonists are mediated by GABA(A) receptors containing α2 subunits, whereas sedation is linked to α1 subunit-containing receptors. α2 and α3 selective GABA(A) receptor modulators have been tested in animals but are not yet available for use in human beings. Clobazam is a 1,5-BZD, which exhibits less cognitive side effects than other benzodiazepines. Here, we studied its antihyperalgesic effects in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. Clobazam showed a dose-dependent antihyperalgesic effect in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain, peaking at 1 hr after administration and lasting for 4 hr with no relevant sedation at a dose of 3 mg/kg. At higher doses, the antihyperalgesic effect was stronger, but sedation became significant. The blood and brain kinetics of clobazam were linear over the range of doses tested with a short half-life of the parent compound and a ready penetration of the blood-brain barrier. Clobazam blood concentrations decreased rapidly, falling below the limit of detection at 120 min. after drug application. Its main metabolite, N-desmethyl-clobazam, showed more delayed and prolonged pharmacokinetics, partly explaining why antihyperalgesia persisted when clobazam was no longer detectable in the blood. Considering its therapeutic margin and its pharmacokinetic properties, clobazam would be a valuable compound to assess the role of the GABAergic pathway in pain transmission in human beings.
Electronic structure studies of single-wall carbon nanotubes using electron energy-loss spectroscopy in transmission (1998)

We present momentum-dependent electron energy-loss measurements of bulk samples of purified single-wall carbon nanotubes. The π and the π+σ plasmons have dispersion relations similar to those of the graphite plane, and thus signal the graphitic nature of the electronic system along the tube axis. In contrast, the interband plasmons at low energy, which are related to transitions between the characteristic singularities in the nanotube density of states, have a vanishingly small dispersion in momentum space and can be used to show that these samples contain a significant fraction of semiconducting nanotubes.
Production of Enterotoxin by Yersinia bercovieri , a Recently Identified Yersinia enterocolitica -Like Species (1999)

Yersinia bercovieri, a recently identified Y. enterocolitica-like species, produces a heat-stable enterotoxin (designated YbST) which has biologic activity in infant mice and increases short circuit current in Ussing chambers. Although YbST has some properties in common with the heat-stable enterotoxins of Y. enterocolitica (YST I and YST II), it appears to be a novel toxin because (i) it was not neutralized by anti-YST I antiserum, (ii) YbST-neutralizing antiserum did not neutralize YST I, and (iii) Y. bercovieri strains did not hybridize with genetic probes for yst I, yst II, and other known enterotoxins.
Steric Inhibition of 5′ UTR Regulatory Elements Results in Upregulation of Human CFTR (2019)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive monogenic disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene. Therapeutic approaches that are focused on correcting CFTR protein face the challenge of the heterogeneity in CFTR mutations and resulting defects. Thus, while several small molecules directed at CFTR show benefit in the clinic for subsets of CF patients, these drugs cannot treat all CF patients. Additionally, the clinical benefit from treatment with these modulators could be enhanced with novel therapies. To address this unmet need, we utilized an approach to increase CFTR protein levels through antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)-mediated steric inhibition of 5' UTR regulatory elements. We identified ASOs to upregulate CFTR protein expression and confirmed the regulatory role of the sites amenable to ASO-mediated upregulation. Two ASOs were investigated further, and both increased CFTR protein expression and function in cell lines and primary human bronchial epithelial cells with distinct CF genotypes. ASO treatment further increased CFTR function in almost all CF genotypes tested on top of treatment with the FDA approved drug Symdeko (ivacaftor and tezacaftor). Thus, we present a novel approach to CFTR therapeutic intervention, through ASO-mediated modulation of translation.
Solvent‐Free Aerobic Oxidation of Ethylbenzene Promoted by NHPI/Co(II) Catalytic System: The Key Role of Ionic Liquids (2019)

Abstract The synergistic action between imidazolium based ionic liquid (IL) [bmim][OcOSO 3 ] and Co(II)/ N ‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) systems in the catalytic aerobic oxidation of ethylbenzene under solvent‐free conditions have been here demonstrated by reaching a 35 % conversion with 83 % of selectivity in acetophenone at 80 °C. This highly performing catalytic system have been selected after screening several different IL and Co(II) salt combinations, and making sure that the complete solubilization of the polar NHPI in the lipophilic medium, without thus requiring any chemical modification of the organic catalyst, could be attained. This solubilizing effect can be ascribed to a direct interaction between [bmim][OcOSO 3 ] IL and NHPI as revealed by a detailed NMR investigation which also allowed to exclude the formation of higher IL aggregates in the form of micelles or vesicles.
Nanoscale strain characterization in microelectronic materials using X-ray diffraction (2010)

The engineering of strained semiconductor materials represents an important aspect of the enhancement in CMOS device performance required for current and future generations of microelectronic technology. An understanding of the mechanical response of the Si channel regions and their environment is key to the prediction and design of device operation. Because of the complexity of the composite geometries associated with microelectronic circuitry, in situ characterization at a submicron resolution is necessary to verify the predicted strain distributions. Of the measurement techniques commonly used for strain characterization, synchrotron-based X-ray microbeam diffraction represents the best nondestructive method to provide spatially resolved information. The mapping of strain distributions in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) features induced by overlying silicon nitride structures and embedded heteroepitaxial features adjacent to SOI device channels are presented. The interaction regions of the SOI strain were observed to extend large distances from the SOI/stressor interfaces leading to significant overlap in the strain distributions at technically relevant dimensions. Experimental data were also compared to several mechanical models to assess their validity in predicting these strain distributions.
Effect of lanreotide depot (LAN) on 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) and chromogranin A (CgA) in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine (GEP NET) tumors: Correlation with tumor response and progression-free survival (PFS) from the phase III CLARINET study. (2017)

4095 Background: 5HIAA or CgA are biomarkers in some GEP NETs. We present posthoc analyses using prospectively collected urinary 5HIAA and serum CgA data from CLARINET. Methods: Adults with moderately or well differentiated, nonfunctioning (no symptoms of carcinoid syndrome), locally advanced or metastatic GEP NETs were randomized to LAN 120mg or placebo (PBO) every 4 weeks (wks) for 96 wks. Tumor response evaluated centrally (RECIST 1.0) and PFS were assessed by treatment. Biochemical response was defined as baseline &gt; upper limit of normal (ULN, 41.6µmol/d 5HIAA; 98.1µg/L CgA) and ≥50% decrease from baseline to ≤ULN value on study. CgA analyses excluded gastrinoma patients (pts). Results: 48% (82/171) (45LAN; 37PBO) and 66% (129/195) (65LAN, 64PBO) of pts had &gt; ULN baseline 5HIAA and CgA. In those pts with no radiologic progression, significantly greater reductions in 5HIAA (Table) and CgA were observed in LAN vs PBO pts at all assessments (all P&lt; 0.05). PFS was significantly prolonged in LAN 5HIAA responders vs nonresponders (median not reached vs 22.1 months, P= 0.0076) but was not significantly different in PBO 5HIAA responders vs nonresponders. There were no significant differences in PFS by CgA response (responders vs nonresponders) in either LAN or PBO pts. Conclusions: These data suggest that serotonin is secreted by nonfunctioning tumors, but does not reach the threshold required for clinical carcinoid symptoms. Monitoring 5HIAA and CgA may be useful during LAN treatment of nonfunctional GEP NETs. Clinical trial information: NCT00353496. [Table: see text]
Liquid-Phase Oxidations of Cyclic Alkenes1 (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLiquid-Phase Oxidations of Cyclic Alkenes1Dale E. Van Sickle, Frank R. Mayo, and Richard M. ArluckCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 21, 4824–4832Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00949a028https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00949a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views352Altmetric-Citations71LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Nanoimprint Lithography‐Directed Self‐Assembly of Bimetallic Iron–M (M=Palladium, Platinum) Complexes for Magnetic Patterning (2020)

Abstract Self‐assembly of d 8 metal polypyridine systems is a well‐established approach for the creation of 1D organometallic assemblies but there are still challenges for the large‐scale construction of nanostructured patterns from these building blocks. We describe herein the use of high‐throughput nanoimprint lithography (NIL) to direct the self‐assembly of the bimetallic complexes [4′‐ferrocenyl‐(2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine)M(OAc)] + (OAc) − (M=Pd or Pt; OAc=acetate). Uniform nanorods are fabricated from the molecular self‐organization and evidenced by morphological characterization. More importantly, when top‐down NIL is coupled with the bottom‐up self‐assembly of the organometallic building blocks, regular arrays of nanorods can be accessed and the patterns can be controlled by changing the lithographic stamp, where the mold imposes a confinement effect on the nanorod growth. In addition, patterns consisting of the products formed after pyrolysis are studied. The resulting arrays of ferromagnetic FeM alloy nanorods suggest promising potential for the scalable production of ordered magnetic arrays and fabrication of magnetic bit‐patterned media.