gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Discovery ofN-((2H-Tetrazol-5-yl)methyl)-4-((R)-1-((5r,8R)-8-(tert-butyl)-3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-oxo-1,4-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-1-yl)-4,4-dimethylpentyl)benzamide (SCH 900822): A Potent and Selective Glucagon Receptor Antagonist (2014)

A novel series of spiroimidazolone-based antagonists of the human glucagon receptor (hGCGR) has been developed. Our efforts have led to compound 1, N-((2H-tetrazol-5-yl)methyl)-4-((R)-1-((5r,8R)-8-(tert-butyl)-3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-oxo-1,4-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-1-yl)-4,4-dimethylpentyl)benzamide (SCH 900822), a potent hGCGR antagonist with exceptional selectivity over the human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. Oral administration of 1 lowered 24 h nonfasting glucose levels in imprinting control region mice on a high fat diet with diet-induced obesity following single oral doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg. Furthermore, compound 1, when dosed orally, was found to decrease fasting blood glucose at 30 mg/kg in a streptozotocin-treated, diet-induced obesity mouse pharmacodynamic assay and blunt exogenous glucagon-stimulated glucose excursion in prediabetic mice.
De novo whole-genome assembly of a wild type yeast isolate using nanopore sequencing (2017)

<ns4:p> <ns4:italic>Background:</ns4:italic> The introduction of the MinION <ns4:sup>TM</ns4:sup> sequencing device by Oxford Nanopore Technologies may greatly accelerate whole genome sequencing. It has been shown that the nanopore sequence data, in combination with other sequencing technologies, is highly useful for accurate annotation of all genes in the genome. However, it also offers great potential for <ns4:italic>de novo</ns4:italic> assembly of complex genomes without using other technologies. In this manuscript we used nanopore sequencing as a tool to classify yeast strains. </ns4:p> <ns4:p> <ns4:italic>Methods:</ns4:italic> We compared various technical and software developments for the nanopore sequencing protocol, showing that the R9 chemistry is, as predicted, higher in quality than R7.3 chemistry. The R9 chemistry is an essential improvement for assembly of the extremely AT-rich mitochondrial genome. </ns4:p> <ns4:p> <ns4:italic>Results:</ns4:italic> In this study, we used this new technology to sequence and <ns4:italic>de novo</ns4:italic> assemble the genome of a recently isolated ethanologenic yeast strain, and compared the results with those obtained by classical Illumina short read sequencing. This strain was originally named <ns4:italic>Candida vartiovaarae</ns4:italic> ( <ns4:italic>Torulopsis vartiovaarae</ns4:italic> ) based on ribosomal RNA sequencing. We show that the assembly using nanopore data is much more contiguous than the assembly using short read data. </ns4:p> <ns4:p> <ns4:italic>Conclusions:</ns4:italic> The mitochondrial and chromosomal genome sequences showed that our strain is clearly distinct from other yeast taxons and most closely related to published <ns4:italic>Cyberlindnera</ns4:italic> species. In conclusion, MinION-mediated long read sequencing can be used for high quality <ns4:italic>de novo</ns4:italic> assembly of new eukaryotic microbial genomes. </ns4:p>
Hybrid optical retarders fabricated from liquid crystal polymer and form birefringent thin films (2008)

JDSU has developed a new family of optical retarders based on liquid crystal polymer (LCP) and form birefringent dielectric thin film technologies. The manufacturing processes are wafer-based, allowing components up to 200mm diameter to be produced. The component designs allow customization over a wide range of retardance values with excellent accuracy, uniformity and low transmitted wavefront distortion. Form birefringent components are integrated monolithically with an LCP-based retarder to create flat retardance response of &plusmn;2nm over an incident cone angle of ±30degrees. This paper will present an overview of the technology, measured performance attributes and provide examples of product applications.
Design of a spoke type IPM synchronous motor with segmented rotor for low DC voltage applications (2014)

This paper presents design, analysis and experimental verification of a 12-pole spoke type interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous motor with 1 slot-per-pole-per-phase for low voltage applications. Stepped rotor is used to improve the torque quality and to obtain sinusoidal back-EMF waveform. Single rotor lamination (SRL) is used in the design of the rotor in order to provide some benefits on both motor performance and mass production process. A prototype motor has been built to test the performance and validate the FEA results.
Resonant CarbonK-Edge Soft X-Ray Scattering from Lattice-Free Heliconical Molecular Ordering: Soft Dilative Elasticity of the Twist-Bend Liquid Crystal Phase (2016)

Resonant x-ray scattering shows that the bulk structure of the twist-bend liquid crystal phase, recently discovered in bent molecular dimers, has spatial periodicity without electron density modulation, indicating a lattice-free heliconical nematic precession of orientation that has helical glide symmetry. In situ study of the bulk helix texture of the dimer CB7CB shows an elastically confined temperature-dependent minimum helix pitch, but a remarkable elastic softness of pitch in response to dilative stresses. Scattering from the helix is not detectable in the higher temperature nematic phase.
A colloquium on the status and challenges in science for decarbonizing our energy landscape (2020)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Tutorial 2 Real-time Operating Systems For Embedded Computing (1998)

Summary form only given. Embedded DSPs and CPUs are already commonplace in board-level systems and are becoming increasingly popular on systems-on-silicon. As embedded software grows in size and complexity, real-time operating systems [(RTOSs) are required to manage the embedded processor and ensure real-time response. This tutorial will introduce the attendee to real-time operating systems for embedded computing and their use in the design of embedded software. with both basic principles and advanced practice.
Modelling gas flow pressure gradients in gelcast ceramic foam diesel particulate filters (2008)

New mathematical models are proposed that predict fluid flow pressure gradients in gelcast ceramic foam diesel exhaust particulate filters by considering the foam structure conceptually as serially connected orifices. The resulting multiple orifice mathematical (MOM) model is based on the sum of a viscous term derived from an extended Ergun model and the kinetic energy loss derived from the Bernoulli and conservation of mass equations. The MOM model was calibrated using experimental data obtained from measuring the air flowrate and pressure drop across a physical large-scale three-dimensional model of a cellular foam structure produced using rapid manufacturing techniques. The calibrated model was then validated using fluid flow data obtained from gelcast ceramic foam filters of various cell sizes and was found to require no empirical recalibration for each gelcast ceramic foam sample. The MOM model for clean filters was extended to predict pressure gradients of filters loaded with particulate matter (PM). The prediction of pressure gradients through gelcast ceramic filters using the MOM model for clean and PM-loaded cases was shown to be in reasonable agreement with experimental data. The models were finally applied to design a filter for a turbocharged, charge-cooled, 2.0l, four-stroke, common rail, direct injection passenger car diesel engine.
On Multi-Cell Uplink-Downlink Duality with Treating Inter-Cell\n Interference as Noise (2019)

We consider the information-theoretic optimality of treating inter-cell\ninterference as noise in downlink cellular networks modeled as Gaussian\ninterfering broadcast channels. Establishing a new uplink-downlink duality, we\ncast the problem in Gaussian interfering broadcast channels to that in Gaussian\ninterfering multiple access channels, and characterize an achievable GDoF\nregion under power control and treating inter-cell interference as (Gaussian)\nnoise. We then identify conditions under which this achievable GDoF region is\noptimal.\n
Objective Measures of Listener Envelopment in Multichannel Surround Systems (2003)

A common goal in multichannel musical recordings is to create a better approximation of the concert-hall experience than can be achieved with a traditional stereo reproduction system. Listener envelopment (LEV) is known to be an important part of good concert-hall acoustics and is therefore desirable in multichannel reproduction. In the present study a series of subjective tests were conducted to determine which acoustic parameters are important to the creation of LEV. It is shown that LEV can be controlled systematically in a home listening environment by varying the level and angular distribution of the late arriving sound. While the perceptual transition point between early and late energy has traditionally been set to 80 ms when predicting LEV, this matter has not been investigated rigorously. Subjective tests were conducted wherein the temporal and spatial distributions of the late energy were varied. A new frequency-dependent objective measure GS perc was derived, and it was shown to outperform other objective measures significantly.
Therapeutic Array Transducer Element Using Coresonance between Hemispherical Piezoceramic Shell and Water Sphere: Effect of Load Masses of Support and Electric Contact (2012)

For therapeutic ultrasound array transducers, it is necessary to reduce the electrical impedance of their elements so that the transducer can produce high ultrasonic power at a relatively low drive voltage. For this purpose, a new concept of a breathing-mode piezoceramic transducer element has been proposed. Numerical simulation showed its low electric impedance as well as good acoustical coupling between the concave hemispherical piezoceramic shell, with a diameter on the order of a wavelength in water, and the volume of a water sphere half enclosed by the shell. In the preparation of a prototype transducer, the effect of additional load masses of the flange supporting the shell and the electric contact for driving the element was numerically analyzed in this paper.
The Brain Metabolic Activity after Resuscitation with Liposome-Encapsulated Hemoglobin in a Rat Model of Hypovolemic Shock (2015)

We examined the effect of resuscitation with liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH) on cerebral bioenergetics in a rat model of 45% hypovolemia. The rats were resuscitated with isovolemic LEH or saline after 15 minutes of shock and followed up to 6 hours. Untreated hypovolemic rats received no fluid. The cerebral uptake of F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was measured by PET, and at 6 hours, the brain was collected for various assays. Hypovolemia decreased cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), phosphocreatine, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)/NADH ratio, citrate synthase activity, glucose-6-phosphate, and nerve growth factor (NGF), even when FDG uptake remained unchanged. The FDG uptake was reduced by saline, but not by LEH infusion. The reduced FDG uptake in saline group was associated with a decrease in hexokinase I expression. The LEH infusion effectively restored ATP content, NAD/NADH ratio, and NGF expression, and reduced the hypovolemia-induced accumulation of pyruvate and ubiquitinated proteins; in comparison, saline was significantly less effective. The LEH infusion was associated with low pH and high anion gap, indicating anionic gap acidosis. The results suggest that hypovolemic shock perturbs glucose metabolism at the level of pyruvate utilization, resulting in deranged cerebral energy stores. The correction of volume and oxygen deficits by LEH recovers the cerebral metabolism and creates a prosurvival phenotype.
Asymmetric tunneling metal-insulator-metal diode for high frequency application (2012)

To rectify high frequency AC bias, the characteristics and the structure of asymmetric tunneling metal-insulator-metal (MIM) diode has been studied. Needle like nanometer level electrode structure makes a high probability of electron tunneling due to high electrical field density on the electrode structure. The result enhances the asymmetric characteristic of current-voltage at negative to positive bias sweep, which induces a low leakage current level and a high rectifying efficiency.
Screening of Human Brain Tumors for SV40-Related T Antigen (1977)

Since 1971 several new papovaviruses have been found and isolated from humans, especially from the brains of patients suffering from progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy(PML). These human papovaviruses (such as JC, BK, SV40-PML viruses), though antigenically dissimilar to papilloma or polyoma viruses, bear certain physicochemical similarities to simian virus 40 (SV40). The oncogenic potential in hamster of these human papovaviruses (JC, BK) has been reported, raising a suspicion that some human brain tumors may have a viral etiology. As virus-induced animal tumors display virus-specific common antigen(s) irrespective of tumor histology or site, our attention has been directed to the immunocytochemical screening of human brain tumors for the presence or absence of SV40-related T(tumor) antigen, because this protein is known to share common antigenic activity with T antigen(s) induced by human papovaviruses. At the time of writing this paper, 39 human brain tumors have been screened for SV40-related T antigen in vivo by immunoperoxidase technique using hamster anti-SV40 T antibody as well as normal hamster serum as a control. Two (one ependymoma, one choroid plexus papilloma) out of 39 cases examined displayed markedly positive staining in the nuclei of tumor cells with anti-SV40 T antiserum, but neither with normal hamster serum nor with anti-SV40 V (nucleocapsid antigen) antibody. An independent complement fixation assay of the nuclear extracts from one of the two positive tumors also confirmed the presence of the antigen which specifically reacted with hamster anti-SV40 T antiserum. There have been few systematic searches for papovavirus-related antigens in human neoplasms. However, in 1975 SV40-related T and U antigens have been observed in three cases of human meningioma cells by an immunofluorescence test. Since human cells are semipermissive for papovaviruses, these and our findings strongly suggest a viral etiology for some human brain tumors.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Reactivity and Crystal Structure of Trimesitylgermylamine, Mes3GeNH2. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Midlife Systemic Inflammation Is Associated With Frailty in Later Life: The ARIC Study (2018)

Systemic inflammation during midlife may independently promote pathophysiological changes underlying frailty in a subset of the population.
Densely Distilled Flow-Based Knowledge Transfer in Teacher-Student Framework for Image Classification (2020)

We propose a new teacherstudent framework (TSF)-based knowledge transfer method, in which knowledge in the form of dense flow across layers is distilled from a pre-trained "teacher" deep neural network (DNN) and transferred to another "student" DNN. In the case of distilled knowledge, multiple overlapped flow-based items of information from the pre-trained teacher DNN are densely extracted across layers. Transference of the densely extracted teacher information is then achieved in the TSF using repetitive sequential training from bottom to top between the teacher and student DNN models. In other words, to efficiently transmit extracted useful teacher information to the student DNN, we perform bottom-up step-by-step transfer of densely distilled knowledge. The performance of the proposed method in terms of image classification accuracy and fast optimization is compared with those of existing TSF-based knowledge transfer methods for application to reliable image datasets, including CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, MNIST, and SVHN. When the dense flow-based sequential knowledge transfer scheme is employed in the TSF, the trained student ResNet more accurately reflects the rich information of the pre-trained teacher ResNet and exhibits superior accuracy to the existing TSF-based knowledge transfer methods for all benchmark datasets considered in this study.
Functionalization Routes for Keratin from Poultry Industry Side-Streams—Towards Bio-Based Absorbent Polymers (2023)

Keratin is a largely available protein that can be obtained from the ca. 3 million tons of feathers that the European poultry industry produces as a side-stream. Here, the functionalization of keratin from poultry feathers was evaluated using a one- versus two-stage process using two functionalization agents (succinic anhydride-SA and ethylene dianhydride-EDTAD). The functionalization resulted in the keratin having improved liquid swelling capacities, reaching up to 400%, 300%, and 85% increase in water, saline, and blood, respectively, compared to non-functionalized keratin. The highest swelling was obtained for samples functionalized with EDTAD (one-stage process), while the highest saline uptake was noted for samples processed with 25 wt% SA (two-stage process). Swelling kinetics modeling indicated that the water uptake by the functionalized samples takes place in two steps, and the EDTAD samples showed the highest diffusivity. It is demonstrated that the one-stage functionalization of keratin utilizing EDTAD results in better performance than two-stages, which allows for resource-saving and, thereby, protecting the environment. The results show some potential for the keratin to be utilized as liquid absorbent materials in water, saline, and blood uptake applications. Using keratin from side-streams is an advantage from a sustainability perspective over biomacromolecules that need to be extracted from virgin biomass.
Liver metastasis restrains immunotherapy efficacy via macrophage-mediated T cell elimination (2022)

Abstract Metastasis is the primary cause of cancer mortality, and cancer frequently metastasizes to the liver. It is not clear whether liver immune tolerance mechanisms contribute to cancer outcomes. We report that liver metastases diminish immunotherapy efficacy systemically in patients and preclinical models. Patients with liver metastases derive limited benefit from immunotherapy independent of other established biomarkers of response. In multiple mouse models, we show that liver metastases siphon activated CD8+ T cells from systemic circulation. Within the liver, activated antigen-specific Fas+CD8+ T cells undergo apoptosis following their interaction with FasL+CD11b+F4/80+ monocyte-derived macrophages. Consequently, liver metastases create a systemic immune desert in preclinical models. Similarly, patients with liver metastases have reduced peripheral T cell numbers and diminished tumoral T cell diversity and function. In preclinical models, liver-directed radiotherapy eliminates immunosuppressive hepatic macrophages, increases hepatic T cell survival and reduces hepatic siphoning of T cells. Thus, liver metastases co-opt host peripheral tolerance mechanisms to cause acquired immunotherapy resistance through CD8+ T cell deletion, and the combination of liver-directed radiotherapy and immunotherapy could promote systemic antitumor immunity. This work was supported in part by research grants from the NIH/NCI grants for WZ (CA248430, CA123088, CA099985, CA193136, and CA152470); AC (1UM1HG006508); TSL (U01CA216449); IEN (CA233487); FW (S10OD020053); MAM (CA240515) and the NIH through the University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center Support Grant (P30CA46592).
Metadata record for: Global karst springs hydrograph dataset for research and management of the world’s fastest-flowing groundwater (2019)

This dataset contains key characteristics about the data described in the Data Descriptor Global karst springs hydrograph dataset for research and management of the world’s fastest-flowing groundwater. <br> Contents: <br> 1. human readable metadata summary table in CSV format 2. machine readable metadata file in JSON format<br><br><br>Versioning Note:Version 2 was generated when the metadata format was updated from JSON to JSON-LD. This was an automatic process that changed only the format, not the contents, of the metadata.<br>
AIDS Patient Monocytes Target CD4 T Cells for Cellular Conjugate Formation and Deletion through the Membrane Expression of HIV-1 Envelope Molecules (1996)

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes in humans the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It replicates at a high rate in lymphoid organs even before it causes clinical symptoms. It binds to CD4 cell surface markers and destroys T lymphocytes that express the receptor. The immune system replenishes CD4 T cells at a formidable rate but, unable to keep up with the losses, allows the CD4 T cell compartment to disintegrate gradually. The net loss of CD4 T cells is an indicator for disease progression. How the virus destroys CD4 T cells and whether their loss accounts for the ensuing immunodeficiency have not been fully explained. We have reported evidence, and confirm here, that HIV-infected subjects deposit on monocytes immune complexes containing the virus or its envelope molecule gp120. Armed with these immune complexes monocytes form specific cellular conjugates with CD4 T cells and kill them. The destruction of normal CD4 T cells by monocytes from AIDS patients can be blocked by soluble CD4 and by free gp120. Normal monocytes and macrophages can be armed with CD4-binding gp120, and so induced to destroy CD4 T cells, by incubating them with gp120 and gp120-specific antibody. CD4-reactive HIV-1 components have a short half-life on the phagocyte surface. Removed from the HIV-infected environment, monocytes clear their surfaces of antibody-complexed viral components within hours, which abrogates their ability to destroy CD4 T cells. Rearming the monocytes with gp120-anti-gp120 complexes restores their capacity to destroy CD4 T cells. The data imply that for uninterrupted deletion of CD4 T cells, monocytes require a continued productive HIV-1 infection of their host.
Follicular dendritic cell function and murine AIDS. (1994)

Infection of mice with LP-BM5 elicits an immunodeficiency state referred to as murine acquired immune deficiency syndrome (MAIDS). Shortly after infection, retrovirus particles become associated with follicular dendritic cells (FDC) and this study was undertaken to determine whether retroviruses alter FDC functions. The FDC functions examined included the ability to: (1) retain antigen (Ag) trapped prior to infection; (2) trap new Ag after infection; (3) maintain specific IgG responses; and (4) provide co-stimulatory signals to B cells. Mice were infected with LP-BM5 and the ability of their FDC to trap and retain 125I-Ag (HSA) was assessed. Serum anti-HSA levels were monitored and FDC co-stimulatory activity was indicated by increased B-cell proliferation. HSA trapped on FDC prior to infection began to disappear by 3 weeks and was practically gone by 6 weeks. Serum anti-HSA titres were maintained normally for about 3 weeks after infection and then declined precipitously. The ability of FDC to trap new Ag began to disappear around the second and third week of infection and was markedly depressed by the fourth week. However, FDC recovered from infected mice retained their ability to co-stimulate anti-mu- and interleukin-4 (IL-4)-activated B cells throughout a 5-week period. In short, the ability of FDC to trap and retain specific Ag and maintain specific antibody levels was markedly depressed after retrovirus infection. However, FDC from infected mice continued to provide co-stimulatory signals and these signals may contribute to the lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly characteristic of MAIDS.