gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modal Engineering of Inductive Circuits to Achieve Rapid Settling Times (2021)

Inductive circuits and devices are a ubiquitous and important design element in many applications such as magnetic drives, galvanometers, magnetic scanners, applying DC magnetic fields to systems, RF coils in NMR systems and vast array of other applications. They are widely used to generate both DC and AC magnetic fields. Many of these applications require a rapid step and settling time, turning the DC or AC magnetic field on and off quickly. The inductive response normally makes this a challenging thing to do. In this article we discuss open loop control algorithms for achieving rapid step and settling times in four general categories of applications: DC and AC systems where the system is either under or over damped. Each of these four categories requires a different algorithm which we describe here. We show the operation of these drive methods using Simulink and Simscape modeling tools, analytical solutions to the underlying differential equations and in experimental results using an inductive magnetic coil and a Hall sensor. Finally, we demonstrate application of these techniques to significantly reduce ringing in a standard NMR circuit. We intend this article to be practical with useful, easy to apply algorithms and helpful tuning tricks.
Host groups (1985)

The extensive use of local networks is beginning to drive requirements for internetwork facilities that connect these local networks. In particular, the availability of multicast addressing in many local networks and its use by sophisticated distributed applications motivates providing multicast across internetworks.
A Full MALDI-Based Approach to Detect Plasmid-Encoded KPC-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (2018)

KPC-producing <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> represents a severe public health concern worldwide. The rapid detection of these isolates is of fundamental importance for the adoption of proper antibiotic treatment and infection control measures, and new applications of MALDI-TOF MS technology fit this purpose. In this study, we present a full MALDI-based approach to detect plasmid-encoded KPC-producing strains, accomplished by the automated detection of a KPC-specific peak (at 11,109 m/z) by a specific algorithm integrated into the MALDI Biotyper system (Bruker Daltonik), and the confirmation of carbapenemase activity by STAR-Carba imipenem hydrolysis assay. A total of 6209 <i>K. pneumoniae</i> isolates from Italy and Germany were investigated for the presence of the KPC-related peak, and a subset of them (<i>n</i> = 243) underwent confirmation of carbapenemase activity by STAR-Carba assay. The novel approach was further applied directly to positive blood culture bottles (<i>n</i> = 204), using the bacterial pellet obtained with Sepsityper kit (Bruker Daltonik). The novel approach enabled a reliable and very fast detection of KPC-producing <i>K. pneumoniae</i> strains, from colonies as well as directly from positive blood cultures. The automated peak detection enabled the instant detection of KPC-producing <i>K. pneumoniae</i> during the routine identification process, with excellent specificity (100%) and a good sensitivity (85.1%). The sensitivity is likely mainly related to the prevalence of the specific plasmid harboring clones among all the KPC-producing circulating strains. STAR-Carba carbapenemase confirmation showed 100% sensitivity and specificity, both from colonies and from positive blood cultures.
Deregulation of genes related to TGF-β signaling pathway via aberrant methylation in human cancers (2004)

4180 The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β super family plays a complex dual function in carcinogenesis acting as a tumor suppressor gene or an oncogene during different stages of cancer pathogenesis. Although mutations of type I and II receptor genes or Smad genes are well recognized in some types of cancers, a little is known about the molecular mechanism of other components in TGF-β superfamily signaling pathway. We investigated silencing, via methylation, of both facilitative (RUNX3) and inhibitory (HPP1 and DRM/Gremlin) genes regulating this signaling pathway by studying cell lines (n = 30) and primary tumors (n = 220) representing the major forms of human cancers (lung, breast, colorectal, bladder, and prostate cancers). RUNX3 is a member of RUNT domain family and interacts with Smad proteins, suggesting a key molecule in TGF-β signaling pathway. Loss of RUNX3 expression with hemizygous deletion or promoter methylation was reported in gastric cancers. HPP1 is a transmembrane receptor containing follistatin like domains and has the potential to inhibit TGF-β superfamily signaling. Aberrant methylation was reported in several cancers. DRM/Gremlin is an antagonist of TGF-β superfamily, bone morphogenetic proteins. Loss of DRM/Gremlin expression was observed, but the mechanism of its silencing is not clearly established in human cancers. Here we show that loss of RUNX3, HPP1, and DRM/Gremlin mRNA expression by reverse transcription PCR in human lung and breast cancer cell line is associated with promoter methylation (concordance: 92-100%) and reactivated their expression after treatment with a demethylating agent, 5-aza-2’-deocxycytidine. We also examined promoter methylation of the three genes in major types of human tumors by methylation specific PCR. Methylation frequencies of each gene were as follows: RUNX3 (23-43%), HPP1 (32-64%), and DRM/Gremlin (21-65%). We found that the three genes related to TGF-β superfamily signaling pathway, RUNX3, HPP1, and DRM/Gremlin, are often methylated and silenced in human cancers. Our results provide strong evidence that TGF-β signaling pathway is frequently deregulated via epigenetic changes of facilitative and inhibitory genes in the major human cancer types.
Imaging the field inside nanophotonic devices (2022)

Controlling optical fields on the subwavelength scale is at the core of any nanophotonic device. Of particular interest are nanophotonic particle accelerators that promise a compact alternative to conventional radiofrequency-based accelerators. Efficient electron acceleration in such compact devices critically depends on achieving nanometer control of electron trajectories by precisely designed optical nearfields inside the device. However, these nearfields have so far been inaccessible due to the complexity of the devices and their geometrical constraints, hampering efforts to design and optimize future nanophotonic particle accelerators. Here we present the first measurement of the field distribution inside a nanophotonic accelerator. We develop a novel microscopy approach based on photon-induced nearfield electron microscopy (PINEM) to achieve frequency-tunable deep-subwavelength imaging of the nearfield inside nanophotonic accelerators. We compare the two leading designs of nanophotonic accelerators, also known as dielectric laser accelerators (DLAs): a dual-pillar structure with distributed Bragg reflector and an inverse-designed resonant structure. Our experiments are complemented by full 3D simulations, unveiling surprising deviations from the expected designs, showing complex field distributions related to intricate 3D features in the device and its fabrication tolerances. We further envision a tomography method to image the 3D field distribution, key for the future development of high-precision and hence high-efficiency DLA devices as well as other nanophotonic devices.
Comparative evaluation of multi-loop control schemes for a high-bandwidth AC power source with a two-stage LC output filter (2012)

This paper presents a comparative evaluation of four different multi-loop control schemes for a high-bandwidth AC power source. The power source considered in this work is based on a three-level T-type inverter with a two-stage LC output filter. The control schemes evaluated in this paper have an output voltage controller in the outer loop. For the inner control loop the following options are evaluated: capacitor current feedbacks, proportional-integral and proportional inverter output current control in combination with reference voltage and load current feedforward, and first LC stage capacitor voltage and inverter output current feedback.
Optimized Near-Field Thermophotovoltaic Cell using InAs and InAsSbP (2022)

Industrial waste heat is a free and abundant energy source, a quarter of which exists at medium grade temperatures of 600–900 K. For this temperature range, near-field thermophotovoltaics (NFTPVs) are theorized to be the most effective solid-state technology to recycle the waste heat into electrical power. NFTPV devices rely on the enhanced radiation transfer between a radiator and a thermophotovoltaic (TPV) cell separated <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">${ &lt; 0.2\mu \mathrm{m}}$</tex> , which can improve power density and efficiency. Unoptimized NFTPV devices and/or large bandgap TPV cells have limited experimental efficiencies of < 1 % for 600–900 K radiators. In this work, we employ a validated 2D drift-diffusion model to optimize an NFTPV device composed of a lattice matched double-heterostructured InAsSbP/ InAs/InAsSbP TPV cell positioned 0.1 µm away from a 700 K radiator. Our optimized device shows a 5 <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">${.6\times}$</tex> higher above-bandgap energy transfer compared to the blackbody limit, which produces enhanced power density. Within the 600–900 K temperature range, we locate a maximum efficiency of 13.1 % and maximum power output of 1.56 W/cm2 at 900 K, although for different radiator- TPV gaps of 0.1 µm and 0.01 µm, respectively. The maximum efficiency was reached for a larger radiator- TPV gap because of the high parasitic sub-bandgap energy transfer for radiator- TPV gaps less than 0.1 µm, At all temperatures, device efficiency is higher with near-field than far-field illumination.
Graphene Growth and Device Integration This paper describes one of the emerging methods for growing grapheneVthe chemical vapor deposition methodVwhich is based on a catalytic reaction between a carbon precursor and a metal substrate such as Ni, Cu, and Ru, to name a few. (2013)

Graphene has been introduced to the electronics community as a potentially useful material for scaling elec- tronic devices to meet low-power and high-performance targets set by the semiconductor industry international road- map, radio-frequency (RF) devices, and many more applica- tions. Growth and integration of graphene for any device is challenging and will require significant effort and innovation to address the many issues associated with integrating the monolayer, chemically inert surface with metals and dielec- trics. In this paper, we review the growth and integration of graphene for simple field-effect transistors and present physical and electrical data on the integrated graphene with metals and dielectrics.
Automatic Determination of Transmission Powerflow Mechanizability Using Graph Theory (2007)

A methodology has been developed to automatically generate planetary geartrain topologies based on criteria such as the number of desired speed ratios and the number of torque transmitting mechanisms [1]. This paper describes an algorithm and computer code for automatically determining the mechanizability of the candidate geartrains. The mathematical description of each topology is interpreted as a graph, a collection of vertices and connecting edges, which can then be tested for planarity using graph-processing algorithms. A planar graph implies mechanizability. Using another algorithm based on graph theory, the computer code also detects and eliminates duplicate designs that may be hard to detect via visual inspection. The computer program significantly reduces the time needed to manually process design data sets by eliminating those design candidates that are infeasible.
Generation of Accurate Reference Current for Data Sensing in High-Density Memories by Averaging Multiple Pairs of Dummy Cells (2011)

Methods to generate an accurate reference current by averaging multi-pair dummy cells' currents for distinguishing the data in sense amplifiers (S/As) of a large scale memory with resistance change cell is presented and analyzed. The predicted characteristics are confirmed by comparing them with measurement results of the functionalities and the retention time distributions in a floating body random access memory (FBRAM). The methods are found to be especially effective in situations where signals are seriously degraded such as in sensing the signals of tail bit cells in retention time distributions, making the retention time performance of the FBRAM improved drastically. The sense amplifiers which can accommodate the dummy cell averaging methods are identified to find a necessary condition for a S/A to afford the methods.
Principal-component analysis of two-particle azimuthal correlations in PbPb and pPb collisions at CMS (2017)

For the first time a principle-component analysis is used to separate out different orthogonal modes of the two-particle correlation matrix from heavy ion collisions. The analysis uses data from $\sqrt{{s}_{{}_{NN}}}=2.76\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\text{TeV}$ PbPb and $\sqrt{{s}_{{}_{NN}}}=5.02\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\text{TeV}$ $p\text{Pb}$ collisions collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Two-particle azimuthal correlations have been extensively used to study hydrodynamic flow in heavy ion collisions. Recently it was shown that the expected factorization of two-particle results into a product of the constituent single-particle anisotropies is broken. The new information provided by these modes may shed light on the breakdown of flow factorization in heavy ion collisions. The first two modes (``leading'' and ``subleading'') of two-particle correlations are presented for elliptical and triangular anisotropies in PbPb and $p\text{Pb}$ collisions as a function of ${p}_{\mathrm{T}}$ over a wide range of event activity. The leading mode is found to be essentially equivalent to the anisotropy harmonic previously extracted from two-particle correlation methods. The subleading mode represents a new experimental observable and is shown to account for a large fraction of the factorization breaking recently observed at high transverse momentum. The principle-component analysis technique was also applied to multiplicity fluctuations. These also show a subleading mode. The connection of these new results to previous studies of factorization is discussed.
Taking the Temperature of the Interiors of Magnetically Heated Nanoparticles (2014)

The temperature increase inside mesoporous silica nanoparticles induced by encapsulated smaller superparamagnetic nanocrystals in an oscillating magnetic field is measured using a crystalline optical nanothermometer. The detection mechanism is based on the temperature-dependent intensity ratio of two luminescence bands in the upconversion emission spectrum of NaYF4:Yb(3+), Er(3+). A facile stepwise phase transfer method is developed to construct a dual-core mesoporous silica nanoparticle that contains both a nanoheater and a nanothermometer in its interior. The magnetically induced heating inside the nanoparticles varies with different experimental conditions, including the magnetic field induction power, the exposure time to the magnetic field, and the magnetic nanocrystal size. The temperature increase of the immediate nanoenvironment around the magnetic nanocrystals is monitored continuously during the magnetic oscillating field exposure. The interior of the nanoparticles becomes much hotter than the macroscopic solution and cools to the temperature of the ambient fluid on a time scale of seconds after the magnetic field is turned off. This continuous absolute temperature detection method offers quantitative insight into the nanoenvironment around magnetic materials and opens a path for optimizing local temperature controls for physical and biomedical applications.
LNS-Madam: Low-Precision Training in Logarithmic Number System using Multiplicative Weight Update (2021)

Representing deep neural networks (DNNs) in low-precision is a promising approach to enable efficient acceleration and memory reduction. Previous methods that train DNNs in low-precision typically keep a copy of weights in high-precision during the weight updates. Directly training with low-precision weights leads to accuracy degradation due to complex interactions between the low-precision number systems and the learning algorithms. To address this issue, we develop a co-designed low-precision training framework, termed LNS-Madam, in which we jointly design a logarithmic number system (LNS) and a multiplicative weight update algorithm (Madam). We prove that LNS-Madam results in low quantization error during weight updates, leading to stable performance even if the precision is limited. We further propose a hardware design of LNS-Madam that resolves practical challenges in implementing an efficient datapath for LNS computations. Our implementation effectively reduces energy overhead incurred by LNS-to-integer conversion and partial sum accumulation. Experimental results show that LNS-Madam achieves comparable accuracy to full-precision counterparts with only 8 bits on popular computer vision and natural language tasks. Compared to FP32 and FP8, LNS-Madam reduces the energy consumption by over 90% and 55%, respectively.
Piezoelectric ink jet printing of horseradish peroxidase on fibrous substrates (2007)

Solid phase bioanalysis relies on the creation of a highly selective and sensitive layer of bioagent on a solid support capable of recognizing specific target analytes. Using ink jet printing technology picoliter volumes of bioagents can be precisely patterned over large surfaces with controlled uniformity. Despite the advantages of bioanalytical methods and the flexibility of ink jet printers, producing this type of functional materials is challenging. Solid supports can affect the biological activity, the spatial distribution and the binding capacity of the bioagent causing problems during post print detection. In this study a bioink containing the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was jetted with a piezoelectric-based ink-jet deposition system on various fibrous substrates with differences in composition, surface chemistry and pore structure. Enzyme activity in solution and after printing was tested colorimetrically using 2, 2&#x2032;-azino-di-(3- ethylbenzthiazoline) 6-sulphonate (ABTS) as chromogen. It was found that the papers tested have significantly different bioanalytical response in the detection of hydrogen peroxide. The uncoated papers showed the most sensitive green color response; whereas, the uncoated wood free paper gave the broader range of measurement and the highest color intensity. In contrast, the coated papers developed lower color intensity and the cast coated paper produced a pink color response possibly due to enzyme intermediate compounds produced under conditions of substrate inhibition.
Microstructure (2016)

In the past, aggregation and self-assembly have been associated principally with micellar and colloidal systems of molecules; however, with the advent of supramolecular chemistry, molecular self-assembly has been opened to a much wider understanding that has facilitated access to a variety of different shapes and sizes, along with the construction of new and fascinating molecular topologies. This document aims at defining more than 150 terms related to aggregation and self-assembly in the particular case of macromolecules. The list is restricted to the most commonly encountered terms.
Training Toddlers Seated on Mobile Robots to Drive Indoors Amidst Obstacles (2011)

Mobility is a causal factor in development. Children with mobility impairments may rely upon power mobility for independence and thus require advanced driving skills to function independently. Our previous studies show that while infants can learn to drive directly to a goal using conventional joysticks in several months of training, they are unable in this timeframe to acquire the advanced skill to avoid obstacles while driving. Without adequate driving training, children are unable to explore the environment safely, the consequences of which may in turn increase their risk for developmental delay. The goal of this research therefore is to train children seated on mobile robots to purposefully and safely drive indoors. In this paper, we present results where ten typically-developing toddlers are trained to drive a robot within an obstacle course. We also report a case study with a toddler with spina-bifida who cannot independently walk. Using algorithms based on artificial potential fields to avoid obstacles, we create force field on the joystick that trains the children to navigate while avoiding obstacles. In this "assist-as-needed" approach, if the child steers the joystick outside a force tunnel centered on the desired direction, the driver experiences a bias force on the hand. Our results suggest that the use of a force-feedback joystick may yield faster learning than the use of a conventional joystick.
Highly Efficient Double-Doped Heterojunction FET' s for Battery-Operated (1994)

Microwave power performance of double-doped AIGaAslInGaAdAlGaAs heterojunction field-effect transistors (HJFET's) operated at a drain bias of 3 V is described. The fabricated 1.0 pm gate-length HJFET exhibited a maximum drain current of 500 mA/mm, a transconductance of 300 mSlmm, and a gate-to-drain breakdown voltage of 10 V. Power performance for a 14 mm gate periphery device demonstrated a maximum output power of 1.7 W with a 66% power-added efficiency (PAE) at 900 MHz. When the device was tuned for a maximum PAE, it delivered a 71% PAE with an output power of 1.2 W. The results indicate that the developed HJFET has great potential for 3 V battery-operated portable power applications.
Do higher-volume hospitals provide better value in revision hip and knee arthroplasty? (2017)

While a high-volume hospital is less likely to be a high cost outlier, the higher mean Medicare reimbursements at these facilities may be due to increased case complexity. Further study should focus on measures for cost savings in revision total joint arthroplasties. Cite this article: <i>Bone Joint J</i> 2017;99-B:1611-17.
Monodisperse Starburst Oligofluorene‐Functionalized 4,4′,4″‐Tris(carbazol‐9‐yl)‐triphenylamines: Their Synthesis and Deep‐Blue Fluorescent Properties for Organic Light‐Emitting Diode Applications (2007)

Abstract Four monodisperse starburst oligomers bearing a 4,4′,4″‐tris(carbazol‐9‐yl)‐triphenylamine (TCTA) core and six oligofluorene arms are synthesized and characterized. The lengths of oligofluorene arms vary from one to four fluorene units, giving the starburst oligomers molecular weights ranging from 3072 to 10 068 Da (1 Da = 1.66 × 10 –27 kg). All of the starburst oligomers have good film‐forming capabilities, and display bright, deep‐blue fluorescence (λ max = 395–416 nm) both in solution and in the solid state, with the quantum efficiencies of the films (Φ PL ) varying between 27 and 88 %. Electrochemical studies demonstrate that these materials have large energy gaps, and are stable for both p‐doping and n‐doping processes. Electroluminescent devices are successfully fabricated using these materials as hole‐transporting emitters, and emit deep‐blue light. Devices with luminance values up to 1025 cd m –2 at 11 V and luminous efficiencies of 0.47 cd A –1 at 100 cd m –2 have been produced, which translates to an external quantum efficiency of 1.4 %. In addition, these large‐energy‐gap starburst oligomers are good host materials for red electrophosphorescence. The luminance of the red electrophosphorescent devices is as high as 4452 cd m –2 , with a luminous efficiency of 4.31 cd A –1 at 15 mA cm –2 : This value is much higher than those obtained from the commonly used hole‐transporting materials, such as poly(vinyl carbazole) (PVK) (1.10 cd A –1 at 16 mA cm –2 ).