gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Integrative Approaches to Hybrid Multifunctional Materials: From Multidisciplinary Research to Applied Technologies (2010)

Achieving nanostructured or hierarchical hybrid architectures involves cross-cutting synthetic strategies where all facettes of chemistry (organic, polymers, solid-state, physical, materials chemistries, biochemistry, etc..), soft matter and ingenious processing are synergistically coupled. These cross-cutting approaches are in the vein of bio-inspired synthesis strategies where the integration of different areas of expertise allows the development of complex systems of various shapes with perfect mastery at different size scales, composition, porosity, functionality, and morphology. These strategies coined "Integrative Chemistry" open a land of opportunities to create advanced hybrid materials with organic-inorganic or bio-inorganic character. These hybrid materials represent not only a new field of basic research where creative chemists can express themselves, but also, via their remarkable new properties and multifunctional nature, hybrids are allowing the emergence of innovative industrial applications in extremely diverse fields.
A Fundamental Study of the Electron Beam Lithography beyond Sub 100nm Process and its Application (2015)

It is well known that electron beam lithography is one of the potential candidates to fulfill of the demand of the miniaturization of the design rule of semiconductor integrated circuits beyond sub 100nm size with high reproducibility. It is also a fact that the resolution is recognized to depend on the various factors which are oriented to the machine and process conditions, for example, electron beam diameter, the intensity distribution of the beam itself, the resistance properties polymers, the development conditions, etc. Therefore, it is thought that it is impossible to be derivable directly and unambiguously from the resist material itself. In this study, the intrinsic resolution of the resist polymer was discussed based on the hypothesis that the resolution itself may be able to improve to the same size as the size of an electron beam profile, or less. The bi-layer structure ZEP520A/poly methyl glutar imide (PMGI) was proposed and tested. As for the results achieved, the contrast γ was improved constantly with a reduction in the development time and a decrease in the development temperature. The highest γ value, approximately 18, was obtained during development at the-20°C condition. An approximately 70nm with high aspect ratio pattern which is almost the same size of the beam pattern was obtained. This result provides an understanding how the intrinsic resolution of the resist material should be, and can be applied to other lithography methods. This process was applied to the actual electrode pattern making process. An approximately 100nm width of Copper nanowire as the gate electrode for the AlGaN/GaN HFET was successfully demonstrated. In addition, AlGaN/GaN HFET operated at about 73.5GHz, successfully.
A monodentate 1,3-diphenyl-2-triazeno terpyridineplatinum(II) complex (1993)

The compound (l,3-diphenyl-2-triazeno )(2,2',2"-&#13;\nterpyridine)platinum(II) perchlorate dimethylformamide&#13;\nsolvate (1) is formed by reaction of dpt (dptH = 1,3-diphenyltriazene) and [Pt(tpy)Cl]Cl (tpy =&#13;\nterpyridine) in the presence of excess base (NEt3). There are two independent cations in the asymmetric unit. The platinum centers have a monodentate triazeno ligand with the remaining coordination sites occupied by the terpyridine group. The crystal packing is dominated by π-π stacking interactions, and metal-metal interactions are conspicuously absent.
Quantitative genetics meets ecotoxicology to assess the ability of adaptation to contamination: lessons learned from one assay with the crustacean Gammarus pulex (2008)

Quantitative genetics protocoles were performed to estimate the genetic part of the variability of sensitivities to cadmium among individuals from a field population of Gammarus pulex and the heritability of this trait. Pairing between breeders was monitored to supply two nested full-sib, half-sib mating designs. The survival of 356 juveniles was recorded during a continuous exposure to 20 µg/L of cadmium. A significant part of the variability was explained by differences in sensitivity between full sibships. Only non-additive genetic variance (dominance) or sibship-specific maternal effect could be in cause. The decomposition of the genetic variability of toxic sensitivity between additive and non-additive components is here of broad interest because it conditions the possibility that a selection process could arise in case of sexual reproduction. Then quantitative genetics protocoles appear to be achievable to predict a priori the possiblity of adaptation to toxic stress.
A 32Mb–4b/cell analog flash memory supporting variable density with 3V–only supply and serial I/O (1999)

This 8M cells Flash EEPROM using the Analog Flash technology is able to store up to 32Mbit of digital data (4bit/cell). The fully integrated memory chip has a 3V-only power supply and a dual standard configurable serial I/O interface (SPI and I2C) to allow 6+1 pin packaging suited for small form factor removable memory card. The analog flash programming is managed by an embedded microcontroller. The chip is fabricated in a standard 3V 0.5µm common-ground NOR Flash-EEPROM process (2 polys, 3 metals) with channel hot electron programming and Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling erasing. The cell is 1.7×1.9µm2, the chip area is 13.5×6.1mm2.
Mobility of enzymes on insoluble substrates: The β‐amylase–starch gel system (1988)

Abstract The movement of enzymes along the surfaces of biopolymers containing enzyme‐susceptible sites can be described as a lateral diffusion process characterized by an apparent diffusion coefficient [E. Katchalski‐Katzir, J. Rishpon, E. Sahar, R. Lamed, and Y. I. Henis (1985) Biopolymers 24 , 257–277]. Studies on the diffusion of enzymes on biopolymer substrates can therefore provide important information on the mechanism of enzyme–biopolymer interaction. For this reason, the motion of fluorescently labeled β‐amylase [α‐ D ‐(1 → 4)glucan maltohydrolase; E.C. 3.2.1.2] on the surface of starch gels was studied by fluorescence photobleaching recovery. The results indicate that the motion of β‐amylase on the surface of the gel substrate occurs by both lateral diffusion along the surface (over micron distances) and exchange between bound and free enzyme molecules in the solution covering the gel, and that the two processes occur concomitantly and in a random manner. Surface diffusion also appears an important process with respect to the action of the enzyme on the substrate sites, since this component of the motion disappears upon inactivation of the enzyme, leaving only exchange to contribute to the measured motion.
Effect of Environmental pH on the Efficiency of Cellular Hybridization (1972)

The hybridization of a human and mouse cell was strikingly pH-dependent, with a well defined optimum at (about) pH 7.6-8.0. The yield of hybrid cell colonies (1 per 500-2000 heterokaryocytes) was several hundred times greater than that obtained at pH 6.8-7.2. Although there was a significant effect on the efficiency of cell fusion, the critical time for the pH effect was in the first 4-8 days after fusion, presumably while viable hybrids were being formed from the multinucleated heterokaryocytes.
Constant Bit-Rate control efficiency with fast motion estimation in H.264/AVC video coding standard (2004)

The emerging H.264/AVC video coding standard provides significant enhancements in compression efficiency with respect to its ancestors in the MPEG and H.26x families. In this paper, we analyse the performance of two different Con-stant Bit-Rate control methods, suitable for H.264/AVC en-coding at SD-TV resolution, where the motion estimation is performed by a fast proprietary predictive algorithm. 1.
Evaluation of optimum diversity combining in DECT (2002)

Optimum diversity combining in a wireless communications system using TDMA/TDD is considered. By the use of optimum diversity combining a receiving antenna array is able to suppress interference and thus the capacity of the system is increased. The results in this paper are obtained by simulations. In the simulations a DECT-like system is used as the TDMA/TDD system. The results show that in the uplink direction M-1 interferers can be suppressed by an M element array. However the downlink transmit diversity performance is much worse, due to the changes in the radio channel during the dwell time between the uplink and downlink burst. That is the reason why it is concluded that optimum diversity combining is only useful for a TDD system with a short dwell time.
Intracellular MR Contrast Agents based on l-Tat and d-Tat: A Comparative Study (2005)

Noninvasive imaging techniques like MRI possess the prospective to observe molecular-genetic and cellular processes. But the exogenously administered molecular imaging agents are often unable to reach their molecular and cellular targets as the lipid bilayer of the cell poses a formidable natural barrier. However, a unique class of peptides known as cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) has the ability to traverse this barrier and convey cargo molecules attached to it across the cell membrane. Amongst a variety of natural and chimeric CPPs, HIV-1 tat protein derived Tat peptide (Tat49-57) has received much attention mainly because of its high efficiency to deliver a large variety of cargo molecules across the membrane. Considering the potential of Tat as a molecular transporter, we coupled its derivatives with fluorescence imaging agent FITC as well as with MR agent Gd-DTPA, thus obtaining bimodal cell internalizing agents. We aimed at comparing the effect of chirality on the internalization efficiency and thus synthesized l-Tat49-57 and its retro-inverso isomer d-Tat57-49. The effect of the two isomers on the vitality of cells and induction of metabolic changes was also studied. Fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy as well as MRI were used on cell cultures for these studies. Although both the peptides showed concentration and time dependent cellular delivery, the unnatural d-Tat coupled agent exhibited better cellular internalization compared to the natural form. This could be attributed to the increased stability of the d-form of the peptide to enzymatic cleavage. Also the d-form affected the cell vitality at concentrations above 9µM and induced slight changes in metabolic activities.
Synthesis of Chiral Pyridyl Alcohols Using a Two-Step Catalytic Approach (2007)

Chiral pyridyl alcohols have been prepared by developing a two-step approach that uses the asymmetric cyanation of aldehydes­ to give cyanohydrins and subsequent [2+2+2]-cyclotri­merization reaction with acetylene.
Autologous Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Secreting Neurotrophic Factors (Nurown™) In ALS: Results of a Phase 2 Clinical Trial (P2.059) (2015)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of transplantation of NurOwn™ (MSC-NTF), autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) induced to secrete neurotrophic factors (NTF), in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01777646. BACKGROUND: MSC-NTF cells secreting GDNF, BDNF, VEGF and HGF have been shown to have neuroprotective effects in-vitro and in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS. A prior phase 1 study showed a single intrathecal (IT) or intramuscular (IM) administration of MSC-NTF cells to be safe and well tolerated, and several subjects receiving IT administration had stabilization of ALSFRS scores. DESIGN/METHODS: The current study enrolled 14 ALS patients in three ascending dose cohorts. During a three month run-in period, ALS Functional Rating Score-Revised (ALSFRS-R) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were assessed monthly and bone marrow-derived MSC were isolated, expanded ex-vivo and induced to secrete NTFs. Subjects then received a single dose of MSC-NTF cells via IT and IM administration to the right biceps and triceps, and were followed for safety and efficacy measures, including ALSFRS-R and FVC, for six months after administration. RESULTS: No serious treatment-related adverse events were observed, and administration of MSC-NTF cells was well-tolerated up to the highest doses administered in this study (2x10^6 cells/kg IT, and a maximum individual IT dose of 140x10^6 cells). During the six-month post-transplantation period, there was a decrease in the mean rate of change in ALSFRS-R and FVC compared to the three month run-in period prior to treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous IT and IM administration of autologous MSC-NTF cells as single doses is safe and well-tolerated in ALS patients, and may slow progression in some. This study extends prior observations made in ALS patients receiving either IT or IM administration and supports an ongoing randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02017912). Study Supported by: BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics Ltd.
Changes in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Gene Expression Induced by Rod Outer Segment Uptake (2004)

ROS uptake is associated with regulation of multiple RPE genes in a gene-specific temporal pattern. These genes are candidates for involvement in ROS uptake and degradation, particularly PAI-1, for which the study provided evidence suggesting that it may participate in the negative feedback of ROS uptake.
Case Study for Introductory Mechanical Design Competitions (2015)

Freshman/sophomore design projects provide students with hands-on experiences in conceptual design and manufacturing. For some of these courses, a design competition is used to teach the design and construction components. These competitions are often reused from semester to semester, so the students typically suffer from design fixation. When design competition tables are erected new every single semester, it requires advanced planning and high budgets. This paper discusses a case study of a different structure for introductory design courses and competitions at Harvard. We summarize a yearlong effort to improve an existing early design competition with more machine component elements and linkage design. The goal of a interchangeable design competition was to prevent design fixation while at the same time providing boundaries for students to successfully implement their robot designs, independent of their previous mechanical engineering exposure.
Numerical investigation of thermal comfort and transport of expiratory contaminants in a ventilated office with an air curtain system (2018)

Air distribution systems generally focus on diluting contaminants and distributing conditioned air. However, this strategy has a potential for spreading particulate matter or bioaerosols. Thus, it is considered to be useful to create a non-uniform indoor environment to prevent such dispersion of particulate matter or bioaerosols, and an air curtain could serve for this purpose. This study investigates the effects of an air curtain system in a ventilated office to prevent the dispersion of expiratory droplets that are generated locally, while also considering thermal comfort. Droplets dispersion was modelled with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with the Lagrangian method. In the CFD simulations, an air curtain system was installed in the middle of an office with varied factors of design, orientation and jet velocity of the air curtain system. Numerical results showed that unless there was an independent inlet and outlet for each region, the air curtain system alone could not create a non-uniform thermal environment; however, it was effective in removing and preventing dispersion of the expiratory droplets. The droplet removal performance of an air curtain system was not proportional to its jet velocity, but a velocity of 3 m/s was found to be feasible for this office. The air curtain system showed better performance than an air cleaner used to exhaust and filter the expiratory droplets.
State of Health Estimation of Lithium Batteries for Automotive Applications with Artificial Neural Networks (2019)

This paper presents an algorithm based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for the estimation of the State of Health (SOH) in Lithium batteries. The method exploits a feed-forward pattern recognition classifier trained with datasets collected at different temperatures and at a predefined current mean value of the discharging profile. During the real implementation, the algorithm scans the time history of the battery load and analyses it on buffers of 60 seconds. Whenever the same conditions of the training dataset are encountered during the scanning (i.e. the same temperature and current mean value), the designed algorithm is enabled and provides an estimation of the SOH. The classifier acquires as input a set of predictors extracted from the direct measurement of characteristic parameters of the battery, namely voltage, temperature, capacity, energy and estimated State of Charge (SOC). The networks are trained and validated by means of a battery model based on look-up tables and previously characterized in a laboratory environment.
Specific Absorption Rate and Current Densities in the Human Eye and Head Induced by the Telemetry Link of an Epiretinal Prosthesis (2009)

The fields induced in the human head by the wireless telemetry used for Second Sight Medical Product, Inc.'s epiretinal prosthesis system are characterized for compliance testing with international safety standards using a three-dimensional (3-D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) code in D-H formulation. The specific system under consideration utilizes an inductive link with a primary coil mounted on the subject's eyeglasses and a secondary coil that is strapped on the eye, over the sclera. The specific absorption rate (SAR) and the current density have been obtained computationally for different relative positions of the primary and secondary coils to account for the relative misalignment of the two due to the movement of the eye with the implant. For a peak normalized current of 0.62 A in the primary coil at 10 MHz, the highest peak 1-g SAR was found to be 0.45 W/Kg, and the maximum root mean square (rms) current density averaged over a 1-cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> area was found to be 16.05 A/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , both of which are within the limits imposed by IEEE and ICNIRP safety standards. Simulations between 2 and 20 MHz indicated that the induced electric field values scale well with frequency, thus providing guidelines for the determination of the final frequency and input power requirements of operation for the telemetry system to meet safety standards.
Immunoregulatory Natural Killer Cells Suppress Autoimmunity by Down-Regulating Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cells in Mice (2012)

Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system. Besides their role in antitumor immunity, NK cells also regulate the activity of other cells of the immune system, including dendritic cells, macrophages, and T cells, and may, therefore, be involved in autoimmune processes. The aim of the present study was to clarify the role of NK cells within this context. Using two mouse models for type 1 diabetes mellitus, a new subset of NK cells with regulatory function was identified. These cells were generated from conventional NK cells by incubation with IL-18 and are characterized by the expression of the surface markers CD117 (also known as c-Kit, stem cell factor receptor) and programmed death (PD)-ligand 1. In vitro analyses demonstrated a direct lysis activity of IL-18-stimulated NK cells against activated insulin-specific CD8(+) T cells in a PD-1/PD-ligand 1-dependent manner. Flow cytometry analyses revealed a large increase of splenic and lymphatic NK1.1(+)/c-Kit(+) NK cells in nonobese diabetic mice at 8 wk of age, the time point of acceleration of adaptive cytotoxic immunity. Adoptive transfer of unstimulated and IL-18-stimulated NK cells into streptozotocin-treated mice led to a delayed diabetes development and partial disease prevention in the group treated with IL-18-stimulated NK cells. Consistent with these data, mild diabetes was associated with increased numbers of NK1.1(+)/c-Kit(+) NK cells within the islets. Our results demonstrate a direct link between innate and adaptive immunity in autoimmunity with newly identified immunoregulatory NK cells displaying a potential role as immunosuppressors.
Abstract 1823: AZ20, a novel potent and selective inhibitor of ATR kinase with in vivo antitumour activity (2012)

Abstract The DNA damage response (DDR) comprises a range of mechanisms that ensure the integrity of the genome. As part of the DDR and in response to specific DNA damage, the master kinases ATM, ATR and DNA-PK are activated in a coordinated fashion inducing cell cycle arrest and repair of the damage before resuming DNA replication. Alternatively they may induce apoptosis if the DNA damage is incompatible with cell viability. Due to their genetic instability, tumour cells may be more reliant on the DNA damage response and so inhibiting specific DDR components may lead to antitumour activity while minimizing toxicity in normal tissue. ATR (Ataxia telangectasia and Rad 3 mutated) is recruited at specific sites of DNA damage, namely ssDNA (single stranded DNA) coated with RPA (Replication Protein A). ATR activates downstream substrates that regulate replication fork progression, cell cycle checkpoint, and DNA repair proteins. Here we report the discovery of AZ20, a novel potent and selective inhibitor of ATR kinase identified by screening a subset of the AZ compound collection against the target enzyme. In vitro, AZ20 decreases pChk1 Ser345, pChk1 Ser317 and pChk1 Ser296 levels in a concentration-dependent manner. Prolonged exposure with AZ20 increases γH2AX pan-nuclear staining, indicative of replication stress. This is associated with S-phase arrest and increase in phospho-histone H3. AZ20 induces growth inhibition and cell death in vitro and its profile of activity is distinct from other cytotoxic agents such as platinum derivatives, permetrexed or docetaxel. The cytotoxic effect of AZ20 can be increased in combination with the selective ATM inhibitor KU-60019. AZ20 induces significant tumour growth inhibition in vivo at well tolerated doses. This is associated with a persistent elevation of γH2AX pan-nuclear staining in xenograft tissue, but a transient increase in mouse bone marrow at therapeutic doses, suggesting a favourable therapeutic index. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1823. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1823