gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unsupervised segmentation of words into morphemes - morpho challenge 2005 application to automatic speech recognition (2006)

Within the EU Network of Excellence PASCAL, a challenge was organized to design a statistical machine learning algorithm that segments words into the smallest meaning-bearing units of language, morphemes. Ideally, these are basic vocabulary units suitable for different tasks, such as speech and text understanding, machine translation, information retrieval, and statistical language modeling. Twelve research groups participated in the challenge and had submitted segmentation results obtained by their algorithms. In this paper, we evaluate the application of these segmentation algorithms to large vocabulary speech recognition using statistical n-gram language models based on the proposed word segments instead of entire words. Experiments were done for two agglutinative and morphologically rich languages: Finnish and Turkish. We also investigate combining various segmentations to improve the performance of the recognizer. Index Terms: speech recognition, language modelling, morphemes, unsupervised learning.
Transformation ofBacillus amyloliquefaciensby electroporation (1989)

A method for transformation of whole Bacillus amyloliquefaciens cells by electroporation was developed. The procedure is as efficient as the protoplast transformation method, resulting in up to 10(5) transformants/micrograms plasmid DNA, but requires less effort and time. Cells for electroporation were grown to late exponential phase in a rich medium supplemented with 0.25 M sucrose, washed with and resuspended in 0.25 M sucrose, 1 mM HEPES, 1 mM MgCl2, 10% (v/v) glycerol, pH 7.0, at 3-5 x 10(10) cells/ml for storage at -80 degrees C. The highest transformation frequency was obtained at 7.5 kV/cm with a 25 microF capacitor. The transformation efficiency increased linearly with DNA concentration at least over the range 10 ng-12.5 micrograms/ml. Transformations with ligated DNA and of industrial strains were also successful. In addition, B. subtilis cells treated as above could be transformed by electroporation, resulting in 10(4) transformants/micrograms DNA at 12.5 kV/cm.
Introduction (2021)

Lithography creates a resist image on the wafer. The subsequent etching, lift off, or ion implantation process is masked by the resist image at the areas dictated by the lithography mask. Hence, the thin-film material on the wafer is selectively removed or built up, or its characteristics are selectively altered. The resist image is produced by replicating the mask pattern, except in the cases of mask making or direct writing on the wafer. Figure 1.1 depicts the mask replication process with an imaging lens. Light from the source is collected by the condenser to illuminate the mask pattern. It passes through the imaging lens to form an aerial image that selectively exposes the resist. After development, the resist image as shown is produced. Figure 1.2 illustrates various forms of image transfer from the resist to the underlying thin film. The film can be isotropically or anisotropically etched, lifted off, plated, or implanted, using the patterned resist as the mask. Detailed descriptions of these transfer processes are given in Chapter 4.
Sirolimus, tacrolimus, and low-dose methotrexate for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis in mismatched related donor or unrelated donor transplantation (2003)

We studied the feasibility and activity of adding sirolimus to tacrolimus and low-dose methotrexate as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis in recipients of alternative donor transplants. Forty-one patients with hematologic malignancies were conditioned with cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation. Marrow stem cells were from an HLA-A, -B, and -DR compatible, unrelated donor (n = 26, 68%), from a 5 of 6 antigen-matched unrelated donor (n = 8, 20%), or from a 5 of 6 antigen-matched family member (n = 5, 12%). Therapeutic serum levels of sirolimus were attained in most patients. All evaluable patients engrafted. An absolute neutrophil count of 500/microL was achieved on day +18 (range, 11-32 days). Sustained platelet counts of more than 20 000/ microL were attained on day +29 (range, 14-98 days). Grades 0-I acute GVHD occurred in 75% of patients. Grades II, III, and IV acute GVHD occurred in 13%, 8%, and 5%, respectively (total grades II-IV GVHD, 26%). Median survival is 366 days (95% CI 185, not estimable) and actuarial survival at 1 year is 52%. Oral sirolimus is tolerable, adequate blood levels are achievable, and there is a low rate of acute GVHD compared with historical data in this high-risk population. This novel agent is worthy of further study in allogeneic transplantation.
Underreamer with Real-time Communications and Optimal Bit Design Achieves Successful Lateral Well Placement - A Case Study (2014)

Abstract As long as underreamers have existed in the oil field, operators have wanted a clearer understanding of how these tools are operating in real time. A new integrated underreamer that provides real-time communication via the same mud pulse telemetry system as the familiar MWD/LWD/RSS (Measurement While Drilling/Logging While Drilling/Rotary Steerable System) tools and allows the placement of the underreamer closer to the bit (to aid vibration management and minimize rat hole length), has been used. This advanced underreamer system reveals the current condition of the tool and the position of the blades (implied hole caliper) to the operator, additionally, it uses internal hydraulic oil pumped-pressure activation (and deactivation) of the blades. This integrated underreamer was used to simultaneously drill and underream an 8½-in. × 9⅞-in. pilot hole section interval and then side-track to drill an 8½-in. × 9⅞-in. mainbore lateral section to the top reservoir horizon. A case study in the UK North Sea Harding field is included as part of this paper describing the critical challenges of simultaneously drilling and underreaming a development well, including the equivalent circulating density (ECD) management within narrow pressure margins. Underreaming an 8½-in. × 9⅞-in. wellbore all the way to TD was viewed as the most acceptable method to manage ECD and be able to get the production liner to bottom. Other ECD control methods used on this well, and detailed in this paper, include a combination of adjustments of rate of penetration (ROP) and rotations per minute (RPM), drilling fluid rheology management and pumping of sweeps at different stages of drilling to aid hole cleaning. The PDC (polycrystalline diamond compact) bit design was matched to that of the reamer with a proprietary technology to optimize the drilling assembly and minimize stick-slip or coupled lateral vibrations. The reaming system was used to drill and underream 6,645 ft. in two runs totalling 288 hours on-bottom drilling, with minimal vibrations. The well was drilled with an inclined trajectory of up to 90° with as much as 5°/100 ft. dog leg severity. The reamer appeared to provide an in-gauge borehole allowing for successful running, rotation and cementing of approximately 4,300 ft. of 7-5/8″ liner without any issues, demonstrating superior borehole quality. This paper outlines the problems anticipated in this challenging well, the thinking behind the unusual reamer selection, the method for proper synchronization with the pilot bit, and the keys to overall success.
Al-2.119 Resolution (2021)

As increasingly smaller molecular materials and material structures are devised or developed for technological applications, the demands on the processes of lithography now routinely include feature sizes that are of the order of 10 nm. In reaching such a fine level of resolution, the methods of lithography have increased markedly in sophistication and brought into play 2terminology that is unfamiliar, on the one hand, to scientists tasked with the development of new lithographic materials or, on the other, to the engineers who design and operate the complex equipment that is required in modern-day processing. Publications produced by scientists need to be understood by engineers and vice versa, and these commonly arise from collaborative research that draws heavily on the terminology of two or more of the traditional disciplines. It is developments in polymer science and material science that lead progress in areas that cross traditional boundaries, such as microlithography. This document provides the exact definitions of a selection of unfamiliar terms that researchers and practitioners from different disciplines might encounter.
UAV Channel Models: Review and Future Research (2019)

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) or drones, is growing, for an expanding variety of applications, and this growth is expected to continue for the foreseeable future. Since these platforms are not only mobile, but can ascend to significant altitudes above the earth, channel models for ground to/from UAVs are distinct from typical terrestrial channel models. Because of the importance of wireless channel models for communications (and navigation, surveillance), work on UAV-ground channels has seen much recent attention. In this paper we provide a review of the UAV wireless channel. We compare with other types of channels, and review some measurements and current models. We finish with a discussion of future work on UAV channel modeling.
Design and Optimization of Tunable Silicon-Integrated Evanescent-Mode Bandpass Filters (2018)

This paper reports on the design and optimization of MEMS-tunable evanescent-mode cavity-based bandpass filters with continuously variable center frequency within an octave tuning range. The devised filters are manufactured using silicon-micromachining techniques that enable their actualization for frequencies located in the millimeter-wave (30-100 GHz) regime. An RF design methodology that takes into consideration all microfabrication-induced constrains-e.g., nonvertical wall profiles and finite MEMS deflection-enables high unloaded factor (Q <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">u</sub> ) and also minimizes bandwidth (BW) variation within the octave tuning range is reported. Furthermore, a new passively compensating package-integrated input/output feeding structure that enables optimal impedance matching over the entire tuning range is also presented. In order to evaluate the devised RF design methodology, a filter prototype was manufactured and measured at Ka-band. It exhibits a measured frequency tuning between 20 and 40 GHz (2:1 tuning range), relative BW between 1.9 and 4.7%, insertion loss between 3.1 and 1.1 dB, and input reflection below 15 dB. This paper also explores important tradeoffs between mechanical stability and insertion loss by comparing creep-resistant to pure-Au tuning diagrams.
Finite geometry effects on the stability of a charged beam propagating through a relativistic annular electron beam (1984)

Finite geometry effects on the stability properties of a charged beam propagating through an intense relativistic annular electron beam have been studied. The stability of the system under transverse oscillation has been examined in detail in a parameter domain pertinent to the collective particle accelerator, currently under development at the Naval Research Laboratory. Both the normal mode and the convective aspects of this instability have been investigated. Despite a substantial temporal growth rate as predicted by the normal mode approach, this instability does not prevent successful acceleration of a portion of the axial beam. Thus the transverse oscillation is not fatal to the collective particle accelerator operation.
Linear Quadratic Stochastic Differential Games under Asymmetric Value of Information (2017)

This paper considers a variant of two-player linear quadratic stochastic differential games. In this framework, none of the players has access to the state observations for all the time, which restricts the possibility of continuous feedback strategies. However, they can observe the state intermittently at discrete time instances by paying some finite cost. Having on demand costly measurements ensure that open-loop strategy is not the only strategy for this game. The individual cost functions for each player explicitly incorporate the value of information and the asymmetry that comes along with different costs of state observation for different players. We study the structural properties of the Nash equilibrium for this particular class of problems when the cost of observation is finite and positive. We show that the game problem simplifies into two decoupled game problems: one for deciding the control strategies, and the other for deciding the observation acquisition times. The study also reveals that under two extreme cases -cost of observation being 0 or ∞- the strategies coincide with feedback and open-loop strategies respectively.
Accurate localisation of ground faults in non-solidly earthed networks based on transients analysis (2017)

In this study, the authors present a new approach for localising ground faults, using transients in the currents and voltages. The authors&apos; approach is based on the double sided estimation of the transient voltage at an unknown ground fault location. It is assumed that the calculated transient profile from both sides of the line is comparable for a known fault location. For better accuracy, an existing higher frequency spectrum is used, and through that, redundant information from each existing frequency is extracted. The precise idea, accuracy analysis, as well as further relevant benefits of our method will be thoroughly described in this study.
TagRec++: Hierarchical Label Aware Attention Network for Question Categorization (2022)

Online learning systems have multiple data repositories in the form of transcripts, books and questions. To enable ease of access, such systems organize the content according to a well defined taxonomy of hierarchical nature (subject-chapter-topic). The task of categorizing inputs to the hierarchical labels is usually cast as a flat multi-class classification problem. Such approaches ignore the semantic relatedness between the terms in the input and the tokens in the hierarchical labels. Alternate approaches also suffer from class imbalance when they only consider leaf level nodes as labels. To tackle the issues, we formulate the task as a dense retrieval problem to retrieve the appropriate hierarchical labels for each content. In this paper, we deal with categorizing questions. We model the hierarchical labels as a composition of their tokens and use an efficient cross-attention mechanism to fuse the information with the term representations of the content. We also propose an adaptive in-batch hard negative sampling approach which samples better negatives as the training progresses. We demonstrate that the proposed approach \textit{TagRec++} outperforms existing state-of-the-art approaches on question datasets as measured by Recall@k. In addition, we demonstrate zero-shot capabilities of \textit{TagRec++} and ability to adapt to label changes.
Ultra Strong Silicon-Coated Carbon Nanotube Nonwoven Fabric as a Multifunctional Lithium-Ion Battery Anode (2012)

Materials that can perform simultaneous functions allow for reductions in the total system mass and volume. Developing technologies to produce flexible batteries with good performance in combination with high specific strength is strongly desired for weight- and power-sensitive applications such as unmanned or aerospace vehicles, high-performance ground vehicles, robotics, and smart textiles. State of the art battery electrode fabrication techniques are not conducive to the development of multifunctional materials due to their inherently low strength and conductivities. Here, we present a scalable method utilizing carbon nanotube (CNT) nonwoven fabric-based technology to develop flexible, electrochemically stable (∼494 mAh·g(-1) for 150 cycles) battery anodes that can be produced on an industrial scale and demonstrate specific strength higher than that of titanium, copper, and even a structural steel. Similar methods can be utilized for the formation of various cathode and anode composites with tunable strength and energy and power densities.
Sorafenib, rapamycin, and venetoclax attenuate doxorubicin-induced senescence and promote apoptosis in HCT116 cells (2021)

Emerging evidence has shown that the therapy-induced senescent growth arrest in cancer cells is of durable nature whereby a subset of cells can reinstate proliferative capacity. Promising new drugs named senolytics selectively target senescent cells and commit them into apoptosis. Accordingly, senolytics have been proposed as adjuvant cancer treatment to cull senescent tumor cells, and thus, screening for agents that exhibit senolytic properties is highly warranted. Our study aimed to investigate three agents, sorafenib, rapamycin, and venetoclax for their senolytic potential in doxorubicin-induced senescence in HCT116 cells. HCT116 cells were treated with one of the three agents, sorafenib (5 µM), rapamycin (100 nM), or venetoclax (10 µM), in the absence or presence of doxorubicin (1 µM). Senescence was evaluated using microscopy-based and flow cytometry-based Senescence-associated-β-galactosidase staining (SA-β-gal), while apoptosis was assessed using annexin V-FITC/PI, and Muse caspase-3/-7 activity assays. We screened for potential genes through which the three drugs exerted senolytic-like action using the Human Cancer Pathway Finder PCR array. The three agents reduced doxorubicin-induced senescent cell subpopulations and significantly enhanced the apoptotic effect of doxorubicin compared with those treated only with doxorubicin. The senescence genes <i>IGFBP5</i> and <i>BMI1</i> and the apoptosis genes <i>CASP7</i> and <i>CASP9</i> emerged as candidate genes through which the three drugs exhibited senolytic-like properties. These results suggest that the attenuation of doxorubicin-induced senescence might have shifted HCT116 cells to apoptosis by exposure to the tested pharmacological agents. Our work argues for the use of senolytics to reduce senescence-mediated resistance in tumor cells and to enhance chemotherapy efficacy.
A Genome-Wide CRISPR-Cas9 Screen Reveals the Requirement of Host Cell Sulfation for Schmallenberg Virus Infection (2020)

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is an insect-transmitted orthobunyavirus that can cause abortions and congenital malformations in the offspring of ruminants. Even though the two viral surface glycoproteins Gn and Gc are involved in host cell entry, the specific cellular receptors of SBV are currently unknown. Using genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 forward screening, we identified 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) transporter 1 (PAPST1) as an essential factor for SBV infection. PAPST1 is a sulfotransferase involved in heparan sulfate proteoglycan synthesis encoded by the solute carrier family 35 member B2 gene (<i>SLC35B2</i>). SBV cell surface attachment and entry were largely reduced upon the knockout of <i>SLC35B2</i>, whereas the reconstitution of <i>SLC35B2</i> in these cells fully restored their susceptibility to SBV infection. Furthermore, treatment of cells with heparinase diminished infection with SBV, confirming that heparan sulfate plays an important role in cell attachment and entry, although to various degrees, heparan sulfate was also found to be important to initiate infection by two other bunyaviruses, La Crosse virus and Rift Valley fever virus. Thus, PAPST1-triggered synthesis of cell surface heparan sulfate is required for the efficient replication of SBV and other bunyaviruses.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> SBV is a newly emerging orthobunyavirus (family <i>Peribunyaviridae</i>) that has spread rapidly across Europe since 2011, resulting in substantial economic losses in livestock farming. In this study, we performed unbiased genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening and identified PAPST1, a sulfotransferase encoded by <i>SLC35B2</i>, as a host entry factor for SBV. Consistent with its role in the synthesis of heparan sulfate, we show that this activity is required for efficient infection by SBV. A comparable dependency on heparan sulfate was also observed for La Crosse virus and Rift Valley fever virus, highlighting the importance of heparan sulfate for host cell infection by bunyaviruses. Thus, the present work provides crucial insights into virus-host interactions of important animal and human pathogens.
Data from The Bromodomain Inhibitor JQ1 and the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Panobinostat Synergistically Reduce N-Myc Expression and Induce Anticancer Effects (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; Patients with neuroblastoma associated with &lt;i&gt;MYCN&lt;/i&gt; oncogene amplification experience a very poor prognosis. BET bromodomain inhibitors are among the most promising novel anticancer agents as they block BRD3 and BRD4 from activating oncogene transcription. However, treatment with BET bromodomain inhibitors alone does not result in cancer remission in many murine models.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;MYCN&lt;/i&gt;-amplified neuroblastoma cells were treated with vehicle control, the BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1, the histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat, or the combination of JQ1 and panobinostat. Genes modulated by JQ1, panobinostat, or the combination therapy were identified by Affymetrix microarray, and cell proliferation and apoptosis were examined by Alamar blue assays and flow cytometry analysis. Modulation of &lt;i&gt;LIN28B&lt;/i&gt; promoter activity by BRD3 and BRD4 was examined by chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays. In addition, neuroblastoma-bearing mice were treated with vehicle control, JQ1, and/or panobinostat.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;LIN28B&lt;/i&gt; was one of the top genes synergistically reduced by JQ1 and panobinostat. BRD3 and BRD4 directly bound to the &lt;i&gt;LIN28B&lt;/i&gt; gene promoter and activated &lt;i&gt;LIN28B&lt;/i&gt; gene transcription, and knocking down LIN28B reduced the expression of N-Myc protein, but not N-Myc mRNA. JQ1 and panobinostat synergistically reduced &lt;i&gt;LIN28B&lt;/i&gt; gene and N-Myc protein expression, and synergistically induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells, but not normal nonmalignant cells &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;. In neuroblastoma-bearing mice, JQ1 and panobinostat synergistically and considerably reduced N-Myc protein expression in tumor tissues and blocked tumor progression.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; Our findings have identified a novel strategy to reduce the N-Myc oncoprotein expression and a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of aggressive neuroblastoma. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 22(10); 2534–44. ©2016 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Morphology and Thermal Properties of Precision Polymers: The Crystallization of Butyl Branched Polyethylene and Polyphosphoesters (2016)

Chemical irregularities such as side chain branches or comonomers in an otherwise regular polymer influence its crystallization. In most polymer systems, these chemical defects are randomly distributed along the chain, and it is difficult to understand in detail their effect on crystallization. We have examined three precision polymers prepared by acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization. This synthesis ensures exact placement of the chain defects; here they are all separated by 20 CH2 units. The polymers are two polyphosphoesters with a phosphate or phosphonate group in the main chain and one polyethylene with butyl branches. Although the alkyl part is identical for all three polymers, their thermal and crystal properties differ noticeably. By means of differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray scattering, and transmission electron microscopy, we characterize the lamellar crystals and correlate our findings to the observed difference in thermal behavior.