gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Untangling the balancing and searching of balanced binary search trees (2003)

Abstract A balanced binary search tree can be characterized by two orthogonal issues: its search strategy and its balancing strategy. In this paper, we show how to decouple search and balancing strategies so that they can be expressed independently of each other, communicating only by basic operations such as rotations. Different balancing strategies, such as red–black trees and splay trees, and different search applications, such as key search and rank search, can be combined arbitrarily. As a new result, we show how optimal string search can be expressed as a search application on any balanced binary tree. We implement our framework in C++, with the heavy use of templates and inlining. It keeps balancing and searching separate, while still delivering a performance that compares favorably to widely used binary tree implementations. Common services, such as correctness checks and timing measurements, do not have to be rewritten for each tree implementation. The common framework simplifies experimentation with trees and search algorithms; as a demonstration, we present some simple comparisons of red–black trees, splay trees and treaps. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Insulin Resistance Is Related to Silent Cerebral Infarction in Patients With Essential Hypertension (1997)

Recently, hyperinsulinemia or insulin resistance has been suggested to be a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. We evaluated the role of insulin resistance in the occurrence of silent cerebral infarction in 28 patients with essential hypertension (40 to 75 years, 157 +/- 4/89 +/- 2 mm Hg). Patients with diabetes mellitus or obesity (BMI > or = 30) were excluded. Insulin resistance was evaluated by means of constant glucose infusion rate (M value) during euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp test. Infarction was defined as a focal area with prolonged T1 and T2 relaxation times that was > 5 mm in diameter on brain magnetic resonance imaging. The severity of periventricular hyperlucency was evaluated by the distribution of the high intensity area. The number of silent infarctions significantly correlated only with the M value (F = 7.58, R2 = 0.23, P = .01) in multiple regression analysis using all variables: age, blood pressure, smoking history, lipid profile, levels of plasma glucose and insulin on fasting, and total amounts during 75-g OGTT. However, the severity of periventricular hyperlucency did not show a correlation with any factors. The occurrence of cerebral infarction was significantly correlated with thickening of the intima-media complex (IMC) of the common carotid artery on B-mode ultrasonography (F = 8.43, R2 = 0.25, P < .01). In conclusion, insulin resistance and thickening of IMC show a close relationship with the occurrence of silent cerebral infarction. Therefore, it may be important to improve insulin resistance for prevention of cerebral infarction in essential hypertensives.
Protein‐Functionalized Synthetic Antiferromagnetic Nanoparticles for Biomolecule Detection and Magnetic Manipulation (2009)

Direct protein functionalization provides synthetic antiferromagnetic nanoparticles with high chemical specificity and multifunctionality. These nanoparticle-protein conjugates function as improved magnetic labels for biological detection experiments, and exhibit tunable responses to a small external magnetic field gradient, thus allowing the observation of distinctive single nanoparticle motion.
Kinetic studies of the interaction between spergualin or 15-deoxyspergualin and amine oxidase from bovine plasma. (1994)

Spergualin (SG) and 15-deoxyspergualin (DSG) are derivatives of spermidine. Their substrate and inhibitor activities toward amine oxidase from bovine plasma were determined. SG was a good substrate of amine oxidase next to spermidine. The Km and Vmax for SG were 46.5 microM and 0.429 microM/minute, respectively, whereas the Km and Vmax for spermidine were 111 microM and 3.75 microM/minute, respectively. Thus SG has about two-fold stronger affinity to amine oxidase than spermidine, but its catalysis rate was one ninth of spermidine. In contrast, DSG was hardly oxidized and inhibited spermidine oxidation at low concentration. Affinity of both compounds for amine oxidase was determined by inhibition kinetics using benzylamine as substrate. SG and DSG competitively inhibited amine oxidase activity showing the Ki values of 175 microM and 7.46 microM, respectively.
Chiral-at-Metal Ruthenium Complex as a Metalloligand for Asymmetric Catalysis (2007)

The mononuclear [Ru(bpy)2(bpym)][PF6]2 complex (bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine; bpym = 2,2‘-bipyrimidine) has been prepared in its enantiopure Λ form. Because of the chelating property of the bipyrimidine moiety, it is possible to use this chiral-at-metal complex as a chiral inorganic ligand for a second metal cation acting as a catalytic center. Here we report the synthesis and the structural characterization of a novel dinuclear Λ-[(bpy)2Ru(bpym)RuCl(p-cymene)]3+ compound (1). The asymmetric-inducing properties of the enantiopure chiral-at-metal metalloligand have been probed during asymmetric transfer hydrogenation to ketones catalyzed by 1. This provides one of the very few illustrations of the potential of this original class of chiral inorganic ligands.
A hydrated crystalline calcium carbonate phase: Calcium carbonate hemihydrate (2019)

As one of the most abundant materials in the world, calcium carbonate, CaCO<sub>3</sub>, is the main constituent of the skeletons and shells of various marine organisms. It is used in the cement industry and plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and formation of sedimentary rocks. For more than a century, only three polymorphs of pure CaCO<sub>3</sub>-calcite, aragonite, and vaterite-were known to exist at ambient conditions, as well as two hydrated crystal phases, monohydrocalcite (CaCO<sub>3</sub>·1H<sub>2</sub>O) and ikaite (CaCO<sub>3</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O). While investigating the role of magnesium ions in crystallization pathways of amorphous calcium carbonate, we unexpectedly discovered an unknown crystalline phase, hemihydrate CaCO<sub>3</sub>·½H<sub>2</sub>O, with monoclinic structure. This discovery may have important implications in biomineralization, geology, and industrial processes based on hydration of CaCO<sub>3</sub>.
Vasoconstriction by Electrical Stimulation: New Approach to Control of Non-Compressible Hemorrhage (2013)

Non-compressible hemorrhage is the most common preventable cause of death on battlefield and in civilian traumatic injuries. We report the use of microsecond pulses of electric current to induce rapid constriction in femoral and mesenteric arteries and veins in rats. Electrically-induced vasoconstriction could be induced in seconds while blood vessels dilated back to their original size within minutes after stimulation. At higher settings, a blood clotting formed, leading to complete and permanent occlusion of the vessels. The latter regime dramatically decreased the bleeding rate in the injured femoral and mesenteric arteries, with a complete hemorrhage arrest achieved within seconds. The average blood loss from the treated femoral artery during the first minute after injury was about 7 times less than that of a non-treated control. This new treatment modality offers a promising approach to non-damaging control of bleeding during surgery, and to efficient hemorrhage arrest in trauma patients.
The role of ceramic and glass science research in meeting societal challenges: Report from an NSF-sponsored workshop (2017)

Under the sponsorship of the U.S. National Science Foundation, a workshop on emerging research opportunities in ceramic and glass science was held in September 2016. Reported here are proceedings of the workshop. The report details eight challenges identified through workshop discussions: Ceramic processing: Programmable design and assembly; The defect genome: Understanding, characterizing, and predicting defects across time and length scales; Functionalizing defects for unprecedented properties; Ceramic flatlands: Defining structure-property relations in free-standing, supported, and confined two-dimensional ceramics; Ceramics in the extreme: Discovery and design strategies; Ceramics in the extreme: Behavior of multimaterial systems; Understanding and exploiting glasses and melts under extreme conditions; and Rational design of functional glasses guided by predictive modeling. It is anticipated that these challenges, once met, will promote basic understanding and ultimately enable advancements within multiple sectors, including energy, environment, manufacturing, security, and health care.
Behavior of the complexes embedded in oriented molecular assembly layers (1985)

Behavior of the porphinato iron (heme) complexes embedded in phospholipid bilayer was described. Novel and finely modified heme derivatives were synthesized by expecting that compatibility of the heme with lipid bilayer and oxygen-binding ability of the heme are improved. The heme was oriented in parallel and molecularly dispersed to and in the bilayer, and reinforced the assemble bilayer structure. Oxygen-binding reaction was much influenced by fluidity of phase state of the environmental bilayer.
Synthesis and .beta.-adrenoceptor activity of the erythro and threo isomers of substituted .alpha.-hydroxytrimetoquinol (1978)

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Earth Dies Streaming&lt;/em&gt; collects the best of A. S. Hamrah&amp;#8217;s film writing for n+1, The Baffler, Bookforum, Harper&amp;#8217;s, and other publications. Acerbic, insightful, hilarious, and damning, Hamrah&amp;#8217;s aphoristic capsule reviews and lucid career retrospectives of filmmakers and critics have taken up the mantle of serious American film criticism pioneered by James Agee, Robert Warshow, and Pauline Kael and carried it into the 21st century. Taken together, these reviews and essays represent some of the best film criticism in the English language. &lt;em&gt;The Earth Dies Streaming&lt;/em&gt; showcases a remarkable critical intelligence while offering a cultural history of the cinema of our times.&lt;/p&gt;\n
Additional Algorithms and Identifiers for use of Elliptic Curve Cryptography with PKIX (2006)

This document gives additional algorithms and associated ASN.1
identifiers for elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) used with the
Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate
Revocation List (CRL) Profile (PKIX). The algorithms and identifiers
here are consistent with both ANSI X9.62-2005 and X9.63-2001, and
shall be consistent with the forthcoming revisions of these documents.
Consistency shall also be maintained with SEC1 and SEC2, and any
revisions or successors of such documents.
Evaluation of Semiautomatic and Deep Learning–Based Fully Automatic Segmentation Methods on [18F]FDG PET/CT Images from Patients with Lymphoma: Influence on Tumor Characterization (2023)

The objective is to assess the performance of seven semiautomatic and two fully automatic segmentation methods on [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG PET/CT lymphoma images and evaluate their influence on tumor quantification. All lymphoma lesions identified in 65 whole-body [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG PET/CT staging images were segmented by two experienced observers using manual and semiautomatic methods. Semiautomatic segmentation using absolute and relative thresholds, k-means and Bayesian clustering, and a self-adaptive configuration (SAC) of k-means and Bayesian was applied. Three state-of-the-art deep learning-based segmentations methods using a 3D U-Net architecture were also applied. One was semiautomatic and two were fully automatic, of which one is publicly available. Dice coefficient (DC) measured segmentation overlap, considering manual segmentation the ground truth. Lymphoma lesions were characterized by 31 features. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) assessed features agreement between different segmentation methods. Nine hundred twenty [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG-avid lesions were identified. The SAC Bayesian method achieved the highest median intra-observer DC (0.87). Inter-observers' DC was higher for SAC Bayesian than manual segmentation (0.94 vs 0.84, p < 0.001). Semiautomatic deep learning-based median DC was promising (0.83 (Obs1), 0.79 (Obs2)). Threshold-based methods and publicly available 3D U-Net gave poorer results (0.56 ≤ DC ≤ 0.68). Maximum, mean, and peak standardized uptake values, metabolic tumor volume, and total lesion glycolysis showed excellent agreement (ICC ≥ 0.92) between manual and SAC Bayesian segmentation methods. The SAC Bayesian classifier is more reproducible and produces similar lesion features compared to manual segmentation, giving the best concordant results of all other methods. Deep learning-based segmentation can achieve overall good segmentation results but failed in few patients impacting patients' clinical evaluation.
DIFFERENTIAL ROLE OF CD4+ CELLS IN THE SENSITIZATION AND EFFECTOR PHASES OF ACCELERATED GRAFT REJECTION (1991)

Although CD4-targeted therapy markedly prolongs survival of organ allografts in naive rodents, its effects in primed hosts have not been studied. In our model of accelerated rejection (ACCR) of cardiac Tx in rats, treatment with BWH-4, a CD4 mAb (IgG2a), in the sensitization (between skin and heart Tx) but not in the effector (after cardiac Tx) phase, abrogated fulminant less than 36 hr rejection response and prolonged Tx survival to ca. 11 days. This effect correlated with decreased frequency of circulating CD4+ cells, but it did not depend upon their total depletion. It was also related to BWH-4 mAb-mediated elimination/depression of strong anti-donor humoral responses and cellular responses as determined by lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity and mixed lymphocyte reaction and mounted otherwise at the time of engraftment by untreated sensitized hosts. Immunoperoxidase studies of cardiac Tx from BWH-4-conditioned recipients revealed reduced T and B cell activities, reflected in abolition/reduction in deposition of humoral mediators, infiltrating cells, intra-Tx elaboration of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma, and cell activation. This first report of the successful use of CD4 mAb in sensitized recipients of vascularized organ Tx, stresses the role of CD4+ cells as potential targets for immunosuppression in the sensitization phase of accelerated Tx injury. The beneficial therapeutic effect, probably due to both depletion and functional inhibition of CD4+ T cells, has been achieved by using relatively low doses of BWH-4 mAb.
NF1-Associated Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Have Unique Clinical, Phenotypic, and Genotypic Characteristics (2005)

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) have been reported to occasionally occur in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). This study aims to describe the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of GIST in NF1 patients and attempts to elucidate the relationship between them. We analyzed GIST arising in 15 NF1 patients (8 males and 7 females, 19-82 years of age). Eleven patients had multiple GISTs (3 to >100 tumors) ranging from 1 mm to 10 cm in size and predominantly involving the small intestine including the duodenum. Tumors were symptomatic in 8 patients and incidental findings in the remaining 7 patients. Microscopically, the tumors cells were typically spindled and the mitotic rate low; 9 patients had tumors classified as very low or low risk and 6 as intermediate risk GIST. Nine patients were treated surgically and none developed metastases or died of disease. Immunohistochemical stains for CD117 were strongly positive in 47 of 50 GIST; they also accentuated hyperplastic foci (diffuse and focal) of the interstitial cells of Cajal that were often associated with microscopic GIST in the surrounding intestinal muscle wall. No KIT or PDGFRA mutations were detected in 24 GIST from 12 patients using dHPLC analysis and DNA sequencing. We conclude that patients with NF1 have a high risk of developing GIST. NF1-associated GIST are also phenotypically and genotypically distinct from sporadic GIST, indicating that different pathogenetic mechanisms are involved in their evolution.
UHF band semi-lumped active notch filter (2010)

This paper presents a novel semi-lumped active notch filter that has been designed under high constraints of cost, performance and size. The filter comprises lumped elements, interconnecting transmission lines and an active capacitance circuit. The aim of this work is to reduce at the same time the filter size and the insertion loss, while keeping a high notch depth. The proposed concept is applied to the design of a filter in the upper UHF band, using a very low-cost FR4-based substrate.
Photonic integration: Si or InP substrates? (2009)

A brief review of recent progress in photonic integrated circuits (PICs) is presented. By examining Moore&apos;s Law and the roadmap of conventional electronic ICs, valuable lessons in host material selection for PICs are discussed. Finding a primary host material for integration is necessary and vital to the success of the PIC industry. Initial success has been achieved in both InP-based and silicon-based commercial PICs; however, we believe that cost and performance may select silicon as the primary host material, with the urgency to deploy optical interconnects on Si electronic ICs as one of the main reasons. A recently introduced hybrid silicon evanescent platform and devices and silicon/germanium APDs are reviewed as examples to understand the viability of silicon PICs and lead to an understanding of a possible roadmap to next generation large-scale PICs.
Toward Energy-Efficient 5G Wireless Communications Technologies (2014)

The densification and expansion of wireless networks pose new challenges on energy efficiency. With a drastic increase of infrastructure nodes (e.g. ultra-dense deployment of small cells), the total energy consumption may easily exceed an acceptable level. While most studies focus on the energy radiated by the antennas, the bigger part of the total energy budget is actually consumed by the hardware (e.g., coolers and circuit energy consumption). The ability to shutdown infrastructure nodes (or parts of it) or to adapt the transmission strategy according to the traffic will therefore become an important design aspect of future wireless architectures. Network infrastructure should be regarded as a resource that can be occupied or released on demand. However, the modeling and optimization of such systems are complicated by the potential interference coupling between active nodes. In this article, we give an overview on different aspects of this problem. We show how prior knowledge of traffic patterns can be exploited for optimization. Then, we discuss the framework of interference functions, which has proved a useful tool for various types of coupled systems in the literature. Finally, we introduce different classes of algorithms that have the objective of improving the energy efficiency by adapting the network configuration to the traffic load.
3-D Reconstruction Of High Contrast Objects From Limited Conic X-Ray Projections (1989)

We address the problem of reconstructing a 3-D object using a few of its conic projections measured with a 2-D X-ray detector. This problem is ill-posed and prior information must therefore be used to regularize the solution. We propose a non-parametric method based on a detection-estimation scheme that is particulary well-suited to the reconstruction of sparse objects such as 3-D vascular structures. We present results of 3-D reconstruction obtained from both computer simulated and experimentally measured projections.
IL-33 activates ILC2 expansion and modulates endometriosis (2021)

Abstract Introduction: Chronic inflammation drives endometriosis (EM) and its associated symptoms. Interleukin (IL)-33, has gained therapeutic interest as it is elevated in the plasma, peritoneal fluid (PF), and lesions of EM patients. However, how IL-33 contributes to EM is largely unknown. For the first time, we demonstrate, using both human samples and murine models, that IL-33 expands local group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and that IL-33 activated ILC2s modulate hallmark features of EM. Methods: We identified ILC2s (CD45+Lin−CRTH2+CD127+ST2+) in the PF of EM patients using flow cytometry. Using immunofluorescence, we determine whether IL-33 forms epithelial or stromal cell niches within the EM lesion. Then, using our well established EM model, we induced EM in female C57Bl/6 mice and treated with PBS or IL-33. Hallmark features of EM were assessed including inflammation (using multiplex cytokine analysis), immune cell profiling (using flow cytometry), and lesion architecture (using immunohistochemistry and Nanostring transcriptomic profiling). To establish cause and effect, we treated ILC2 deficient mice with PBS (n=5) or IL-33 (n=5). Unpaired t-tests and one-way ANOVAs were done when appropriate. Results/Discussion: In humans, ILC2s are present and elevated in EM patients (n=5) compared to healthy donors (n=3) and IL-33 colocalized with both epithelial and stromal cells within the EM lesion. Using murine models, IL-33 drove hallmark features of EM including increased inflammation, alterations in PF immune cells (including eosinophils, T cells, macrophages and ILC2s), as well as increased lesion proliferation, neurogenesis and fibrosis. Using ILC2 deficient mice, we show that IL-33 induced pathology is ILC2 dependent.
The Effects of Ultra Low Input Impedance Preamplifiers on Phased Array Coil Design (2002)

The benefits to using low impedance preamplifiers for phased array coil construction are well known. but there seems to be some uncertaintv whether the decoupling aspects of the low impedance design could he exploited even further for improved SNR in some array designs. In this study, an 8-channel head array and a variable coupling two-loop array with standard 4.5n input impedance preamps are tested against ultra-low 0.8n input impedance preamps. The extra decoupling not only made detuning less severe with changes in coupling but the SNR achieved in moderate to strong coupling cases was far superior to that using standard low input impedance preamps.
Blind channel identification and equalization with modulation-induced cyclostationarity (1998)

Recent results have pointed out the importance of inducing cyclostationarity at the transmitter for blind identification and equalization of communication channels. This paper addresses blind channel identification and equalization relying on the modulation-induced cyclostationarity, without introducing redundancy at the transmitter. It is shown that single-input single-output channels can be identified uniquely from output second-order cyclic statistics, irrespective of the location of channel zeros, color of additive stationary noise, or channel order overestimation errors, provided that the period of modulation-induced cyclostationarity is greater than half the channel length. Linear, closed-form, nonlinear correlation matching, and subspace-based approaches are developed for channel estimation and are tested using simulations. Necessary and sufficient blind channel identifiability conditions are presented. A Wiener cyclic equalizer is also proposed.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells with Dissociated Signaling Domains Exhibit Focused Antitumor Activity with Reduced Potential for Toxicity <i>In Vivo</i> (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 1301K, Figure S2. Absence of degranulation by CD19-28z CART cells in response to tumor cells expressing mesothelin or FRa or both. CD19-28z CART cells were cultured with the indicated antigen-negative tumor cells or tumor cells expressing FRa or mesothelin, or both antigens for 5 h while being stained by an anti-CD107a,b antibody conjugated with FITC. After incubation, T cells were stained for CD8 and CD69 and analyzed by flow cytometry.&lt;/p&gt;