gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combustion properties of coal-char blends: NO{sub x} emission characteristics. [Quarterly] technical report, March 1, 1993--May 31, 1993 (1993)

Tests under pulverized coal combustion conditions suggest that NO{sub x} formed during release of volatile matter far exceed NO{sub x} formed during combustion of the resulting char. This is attributed to char/NO{sub x} interactions by both direct reduction of NO{sub x} by carbon and char-catalyzed reduction by CO. This implies combustion of char not only produces substantially lower NO{sub x} but the presence of char in the flame during initial stages of combustion may potentially provide catalytic activity for reduction of NO{sub x} produced from volatile nitrogen. The goal of the project is to determine if the concept of NO{sub x} reduction by char/NO{sub x} interactions, while maintaining a high combustion efficiency by co-firing coal with char, is a technically feasible way to reduce NO{sub x}, emissions. The project will provide important combustion data required to establish the feasibility of utilizing chars in industrial combustion applications and the advantages of burning coal-char blends in reducing NO{sub x} and SO{sub 2} emissions. During the reporting period, 19 runs were made with a continuous feed charring oven (CFCO) to produce 237 pounds of char(about 16%vm) required for preparing coal-char blends.
Fracture properties from seismic scattering (2007)

The seismic trace is a complex aggregate of reflected and scattered signals from subsurface formation interfaces and heterogeneities. Although many varieties of random noise may also be present in the trace, we know from reacquiring the same seismic survey that seismic data are highly repeatable, indicating that significant information about the subsurface is contained in the trace but not yet used by our standard analysis methods. Seismic scattering is a type of signal contained in the data that is generally not utilized.
DataSlicer: Task-Based Data Selection for Visual Data Exploration (2017)

In visual exploration and analysis of data, determining how to select and transform the data for visualization is a challenge for data-unfamiliar or inexperienced users. Our main hypothesis is that for many data sets and common analysis tasks, there are relatively few "data slices" that result in effective visualizations. By focusing human users on appropriate and suitably transformed parts of the underlying data sets, these data slices can help the users carry their task to correct completion. To verify this hypothesis, we develop a framework that permits us to capture exemplary data slices for a user task, and to explore and parse visual-exploration sequences into a format that makes them distinct and easy to compare. We develop a recommendation system, DataSlicer, that matches a "currently viewed" data slice with the most promising "next effective" data slices for the given exploration task. We report the results of controlled experiments with an implementation of the DataSlicer system, using four common analytical task types. The experiments demonstrate statistically significant improvements in accuracy and exploration speed versus users without access to our system.
Supporting Information from Optimizing Radiolabeled Engineered Anti-p185<sup>HER2</sup> Antibody Fragments for <i>In vivo</i> Imaging (2023)

Supporting Information from Optimizing Radiolabeled Engineered Anti-p185&lt;sup&gt;HER2&lt;/sup&gt; Antibody Fragments for &lt;i&gt;In vivo&lt;/i&gt; Imaging
Rheology of Concentrated Suspensions: A Lattice Model (2004)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Behaviour of Suspensions: The Generation of Clusters Conclusions References
Picosecond transient reflectance of thin metal films (1989)

Picosecond transient reflectance (PTR) of metals is shown to depend strongly on temperature and strain coefficients of the complex dielectric constant. For short times the PTR is influenced by the strains, and byproducts of the heating process. Thermal transport properties may be determined after the strain edge moves farther than several optical penetration depths. Methods are suggested for the determination of temperature and strain coefficients of the complex dielectric constant as well as for the extraction of the thermal transport parameters of thin films.
Effect of Hydrofluoroether Cosolvent Addition on Li Solvation in Acetonitrile-Based Solvate Electrolytes and Its Influence on S Reduction in a Li–S Battery (2016)

Li-S batteries are a promising next-generation battery technology. Due to the formation of soluble polysulfides during cell operation, the electrolyte composition of the cell plays an active role in directing the formation and speciation of the soluble lithium polysulfides. Recently, new classes of electrolytes termed "solvates" that contain stoichiometric quantities of salt and solvent and form a liquid at room temperature have been explored due to their sparingly solvating properties with respect to polysulfides. The viscosity of the solvate electrolytes is understandably high limiting their viability; however, hydrofluoroether cosolvents, thought to be inert to the solvate structure itself, can be introduced to reduce viscosity and enhance diffusion. Nazar and co-workers previously reported that addition of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE) to the LiTFSI in acetonitrile solvate, (MeCN)<sub>2</sub>-LiTFSI, results in enhanced capacity retention compared to the neat solvate. Here, we evaluate the effect of TTE addition on both the electrochemical behavior of the Li-S cell and the solvation structure of the (MeCN)<sub>2</sub>-LiTFSI electrolyte. Contrary to previous suggestions, Raman and NMR spectroscopy coupled with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations show that TTE coordinates to Li<sup>+</sup> at the expense of MeCN coordination, thereby producing a higher content of free MeCN, a good polysulfide solvent, in the electrolyte. The electrolytes containing a higher free MeCN content facilitate faster polysulfide formation kinetics during the electrochemical reduction of S in a Li-S cell likely as a result of the solvation power of the free MeCN.
Design and operation of an enhanced pervaporation device with static mixers (2021)

Abstract Pervaporation has a high potential for separating miscible solutions, particularly azeotropic mixtures. However, mass transfer limitations have long been a common concern in pervaporation device design. Therefore, in this work, we design a static mixer‐based pervaporation device using water–ethanol separation as a model system and further develop computational fluid dynamics tools to investigate systematically all the influencing parameters. In the experiments, we use three‐dimensional printed helical static mixers in the feed liquid channel to enhance mass transfer and implement a Sulzer pervaporation membrane for fast removal of water from ethanol. Using flow and mass‐transfer simulations, we fit the membrane mass transfer coefficient and provide predictive models for optimal process design. Our pervaporation assembly exhibits promising performance and potential toward pervaporation processes for the removal of water from organics and is preferably scaled out by using stackable designs.
Improved ACOM pattern matching in 4D STEM through adaptive sub pixel peak detection and image reconstruction (2023)

The technique known as 4D-STEM has recently emerged as a powerful tool for the local characterization of crystalline structures in materials, such as cathode materials for Li-ion batteries or perovskite materials for photovoltaics. However, the use of new detectors optimized for electron diffraction patterns and other advanced techniques requires constant adaptation of methodologies to address the challenges associated with crystalline materials. In this study, we present a novel image processing method to improve pattern matching in the determination of crystalline orientations and phases. Our approach uses sub-pixelar adaptative image processing to register and reconstruct electron diffraction signals in large 4D-STEM datasets. By using adaptive prominence and linear filters such as mean and gaussian blur, we are able to improve the quality of the diffraction pattern registration. The resulting data compression rate of 103 is well-suited for the era of big data and provides a significant enhancement in the performance of the entire ACOM data processing method. Our approach is evaluated using dedicated metrics, which demonstrate a high improvement in phase recognition. Our results demonstrate that this data preparation method not only enhances the quality of the resulting image but also boosts the confidence level in the analysis of the outcomes related to determining crystal orientation and phase. Additionally, it mitigates the impact of user bias that may occur during the application of the method through the manipulation of parameters.
Coherence transfer in three-level systems: Controlled violation of adiabaticity and antiparallel double resonant irradiation (1995)

It is shown by theory and experiment how coherent superpositions of quantum states in three-level systems can be manipulated by irradiating two connected transitions with two resonant fields with suitably shaped time-dependent amplitudes and phases. Three variants are discussed in detail; (i) adiabatic coherence transfer (ACT) between two transitions, which may be either allowed or forbidden; (ii) nonadiabatic transfer of coherence to a nonirradiated transition by controlled violation of adiabaticity (CVA); (iii) coherence transfer to a nonirradiated transition by antiparallel double resonant irradiation (APDRI). A geometrical representation of these experiments gives a clear physical picture of the phenomena and provides a tool for the development of new methods. The principles are illustrated experimentally by applications to magnetic resonance of deuterium (I=1) in anisotropic phase at high magnetic field, but could also be applied to three level-systems in nuclear quadrupole resonance, optics, and other areas of spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Chlorides. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Convergent evidence for the molecular basis of musical traits (2016)

To obtain aggregate evidence for the molecular basis of musical abilities and the effects of music, we integrated gene-level data from 105 published studies across multiple species including humans, songbirds and several other animals and used a convergent evidence method to prioritize the top candidate genes. Several of the identified top candidate genes like EGR1, FOS, ARC, BDNF and DUSP1 are known to be activity-dependent immediate early genes that respond to sensory and motor stimuli in the brain. Several other top candidate genes like MAPK10, SNCA, ARHGAP24, TET2, UBE2D3, FAM13A and NUDT9 are located on chromosome 4q21-q24, on the candidate genomic region for music abilities in humans. Functional annotation analyses showed the enrichment of genes involved in functions like cognition, learning, memory, neuronal excitation and apoptosis, long-term potentiation and CDK5 signaling pathway. Interestingly, all these biological functions are known to be essential processes underlying learning and memory that are also fundamental for musical abilities including recognition and production of sound. In summary, our study prioritized top candidate genes related to musical traits.
Two dimensional thermo-optic beam steering using a silicon photonic optical phased array (2016)

Components for free space optical communication terminals such as lasers, amplifiers, and receivers have all seen substantial reduction in both size and power consumption over the past several decades. However, pointing systems, such as fast steering mirrors and gimbals, have remained large, slow and power-hungry. Optical phased arrays provide a possible solution for non-mechanical beam steering devices that can be compact and lower in power. Silicon photonics is a promising technology for phased arrays because it has the potential to scale to many elements and may be compatible with CMOS technology thereby enabling batch fabrication. For most free space optical communication applications, two-dimensional beam steering is needed. To date, silicon photonic phased arrays have achieved two-dimensional steering by combining thermo-optic steering, in-plane, with wavelength tuning by means of an output grating to give angular tuning, out-of-plane. While this architecture might work for certain static communication links, it would be difficult to implement for moving platforms. Other approaches have required N<sup>2</sup> controls for an NxN element phased array, which leads to complexity. Hence, in this work we demonstrate steering using the thermo-optic effect for both dimensions with a simplified steering mechanism requiring only two control signals, one for each steering dimension.
Self-fabrication ofavoid arrayinfused silica byfemtosecond laser (2005)

Voidsfabricated intransparent materials [1-2] indicate a large refractive indexchange. If periodically aligned voids areself-assembled, wecanmanipulate light inmicroscopic rangeusing multiple arrays ofthefabricated voids asaphotonic crystal device. Technological study offabricating voids andcontrolling voidstructure istherefore essential todevelop anarray ofvoids. Wereport ontheself-fabrication ofsub-micrometer-sized voidarray infused silica using Ti:sapphire femtosecond lasers. Wehaveinvestigated theeffect ofthefocusing condition ontheshape ofthefabricated void.Thevoid hadalinearly drawnline inthedirection ofthelaser irradiation whena single pulse wasirradiated andthenincreasing thenumber oftheincident pulses resulted inthesplit of thestraight-line voidinto multiple ones, which leads toavoidarray. Itisfound that theshape ofthevoids wasvaried withthedepth ofafocusing point fromthesample surface, because theself-focusing process hasasignificant effect onthegeneration ofthevoids. Weuseda100fs, jiJ-level pulse andfocused thelaser inside thefused silica sample using ahigh NAobjective lens.Thelaser system operates atarepetition rate of1kHzandwechanged thenumber of theirradiation pulses byahigh speed shutter. Figure Ishows alaser microscope image ofvoidformation inwhichindividual kinds ofvoids fabricated bydiffering number ofthepulses areshown.Whena single pulse isirradiated, thevoidshowsalinearly drawnline inthedirection ofthefocusing asshownin i Fig.1(a). Increasing thenumber oftheincident pulsesl causes splitting ofthevoidtomultiple onesasshownin Figs. 1(b) to(d). Thiseventually formns avoids array. We willpresentthedetailed results of voidarrayevolution anddiscuss theformation l physics.
CDC EMDR-4, CDC EMDR-9, and CDC EMDR-14 spring wheats (2002)

Early-maturing spring wheat germplasm lines CDC EMDR-4, CDC EMDR-9, and CDC EMDR-14 have high levels of seed dormancy. Their agronomic performance is comparable to that of the cultivar Columbus. These three lines had similar grain protein concentration and kernel hardness relative to the check cultivars, except CDC EMDR-4, which had a soft endosperm texture. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., germplasm, seed dormancy, pre-harvest sprouting resistance
Synthesis of Gold Square‐like Plates from Ultrathin Gold Square Sheets: The Evolution of Structure Phase and Shape (2011)

It's hip to be square: Gold square-like plates exhibit alternating hexagonal close-packed (hcp, see picture, yellow) and face-centered cubic (fcc, red) structures in the center and defect-free fcc structures at one pair of the opposite thick edges. They can be synthesized from Au square sheets in a secondary growth process. For the first time, the hcp-to-fcc phase transformation associated with shape variation in Au nanostructures is demonstrated. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Using Rescue Points to Navigate Software Recovery (Short Paper) (2007)

We present a new technique that enables software recovery in legacy applications by retrofitting exception-handling capabilities, error virtualization using rescue points. We introduce the idea of “rescue points” as program locations to which an application can recover its execution in the presence of failures. The use of rescue points reduces the chance of unanticipated execution paths thereby making recovery more robust by mimicking system behavior under controlled error conditions. These controlled error conditions can be thought of as a set erroneous inputs, like the ones used by most quality-assurance teams during software development, designed to stress-test an application. To discover rescue points applications are profiled and monitored during tests that bombard the program with bad/random inputs. The intuition is that by monitoring application behavior during these runs, we gain insight into how programmer-tested program points are used to propagate faults gracefully.
Electron-beam-enhanced flow and instability in amorphous silica fibres and tips (1992)

Abstract Amorphous silica structures which are a few nanometres in width and tens of nanometres in length are seen to become unstable under intense electron irradiation against plastic deformation, necking and failure. Similarly irradiated atomistically sharp tips, which are observed to be stable in crystalline materials, undergo rapid blunting in amorphous structures, caused by evaporation and enhanced viscous flow. The tip extremities separate into spherical bulbs by necking, and local clustering is seen during fluctuations in the microscopic structure. The observations provide information on the nature of microscopic diffusion and flow, during kinetic phenomena such as failure of amorphous structures.
Sequential gene promoter methylation during HPV-induced cervical carcinogenesis (2007)

We aimed to link DNA methylation events occurring in cervical carcinomas to distinct stages of HPV-induced transformation. Methylation specific-multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA) analysis of cervical carcinomas revealed promoter methylation of 12 out of 29 tumour suppressor genes analysed, with MGMT being most frequently methylated (92%). Subsequently, consecutive stages of HPV16/18-transfected keratinocytes (n=11), ranging from pre-immortal to anchorage-independent phenotypes, were analysed by MS-MLPA. Whereas no methylation was evident in pre-immortal cells, progression to anchorage independence was associated with an accumulation of frequent methylation events involving five genes, all of which were also methylated in cervical carcinomas. TP73 and ESR1 methylation became manifest in early immortal cells followed by RARbeta and DAPK1 methylation in late immortal passages. Complementary methylation of MGMT was related to anchorage independence. Analysis of nine cervical cancer cell lines, representing the tumorigenic phenotype, revealed in addition to these five genes frequent methylation of CADM1, CDH13 and CHFR. In conclusion, eight recurrent methylation events in cervical carcinomas could be assigned to different stages of HPV-induced transformation. Hence, our in vitro model system provides a valuable tool to further functionally address the epigenetic alterations that are common in cervical carcinomas.
FIXing postinfusion monitoring: Assay experiences with N9‐GP (nonacog beta pegol; Refixia®; Rebinyn®) (2019)

N9-GP (nonacog beta pegol; Refixia<sup>®</sup> ; Rebinyn<sup>®</sup> , Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) is a glycoPEGylated extended half-life recombinant factor IX (rFIX) that exhibits efficacy and potency comparable to unmodified FIX molecules in non-clinical models. Phase 3 clinical trials have confirmed the efficacy and tolerability of N9-GP for the prevention and on-demand treatment of bleeding episodes in patients with haemophilia B. Recent studies have shown that PEGylation affects clotting times in activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)-based one-stage activity assays due to interaction between the FIX molecule and certain aPTT reagents. In recognition of the challenges surrounding FIX activity assessment, the identification of consistent, reproducible and accurate assays to measure FIX activity has been a priority for Novo Nordisk, running in parallel to the clinical development program for N9-GP. N9-GP activity can be reliably measured using chromogenic substrate assays and specific aPTT reagents. The conjugation of the PEG moiety to the FIX molecule may affect one-stage aPTT-based clotting assays in a reagent-dependent manner. Many aPTT reagents that use silica as the contact activator dramatically overestimate N9-GP activity due to premature activation. On the other hand, the contact activator in some other aPTT reagents negatively affects the enzymatic activity of FXIa, causing the underestimation of N9-GP activity. While N9-GP activity cannot be measured consistently with all available aPTT reagents, accurate N9-GP measurements can be achieved with certain aPTT reagents. Here, we review the studies that led to these findings and summarize the current options for accurate measurement of N9-GP in patient samples.
Box-shaped and A-shaped low-loss waveguides in Si<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf>/SiO<inf>2</inf> TriPleX technology (2008)

Dielectric waveguides with a box-shaped and an A-shaped cross-section realized in the emerging Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> /SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> TriPleX technology are experimentally compared. Box-shaped waveguides offer the best compromise between low loss, low polarization-dependent loss and low birefringence.
Unbiasing fermionic quantum Monte Carlo with a quantum computer (2022)

Interacting many-electron problems pose some of the greatest computational challenges in science, with essential applications across many fields. The solutions to these problems will offer accurate predictions of chemical reactivity and kinetics, and other properties of quantum systems<sup>1-4</sup>. Fermionic quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) methods<sup>5,6</sup>, which use a statistical sampling of the ground state, are among the most powerful approaches to these problems. Controlling the fermionic sign problem with constraints ensures the efficiency of QMC at the expense of potentially significant biases owing to the limited flexibility of classical computation. Here we propose an approach that combines constrained QMC with quantum computation to reduce such biases. We implement our scheme experimentally using up to 16 qubits to unbias constrained QMC calculations performed on chemical systems with as many as 120 orbitals. These experiments represent the largest chemistry simulations performed with the help of quantum computers, while achieving accuracy that is competitive with state-of-the-art classical methods without burdensome error mitigation. Compared with the popular variational quantum eigensolver<sup>7,8</sup>, our hybrid quantum-classical computational model offers an alternative path towards achieving a practical quantum advantage for the electronic structure problem without demanding exceedingly accurate preparation and measurement of the ground-state wavefunction.