gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
13C NMR spectra of tactic and atactic hydrogenated ring-opened polymers of enantiomeric and racemicendo,exo-5,6-dimethylnorbornene (1998)

Polymers 1 of the title monomer, prepared using well-defined molybdenum carbene complexes as catalysts, have been hydrogenated and the structures of the resultant polymers 2 examined by 13C NMR spectroscopy. The hydrogenated polymer made from the all-cis isotactic polymer of (±)-monomer showed a single set of 13C NMR lines as expected for an NX sequence of endo (N) and exo (X) substituents. The hydrogenated polymer made from a cis isotactic polymer of (±)-monomer showed additional fine structure arising from the random incorporation of both enantiomers in the isotactic polymer chain: four equal lines for C-9 (orientational triad sensitivity), two equal lines for C-3, C-4, C-5, and C-1 (dyad sensitivity), but single lines for C-8, C-2, C-7 and C-6 (insensitive to the relative orientation of adjacent repeating units). The hydrogenated polymer made from a trans atactic polymer of (±)-monomer showed fine structure due to the presence of both m and r dyads. That made from a trans atactic polymer of (±)-monomer contains 16 possible triad sequences and gave a more complicated spectrum. A complete assignment was made for the first three polymers and a partial assignment for the fourth. Polymers made using non-carbene catalysts were also examined. Hydrogenation of an all-trans precursor made from (±)-monomer using RuCl3 as catalyst gave an atactic polymer, confirming previous observations. Hydrogenation of a 61% cis, cis/trans blocky precursor, made from (±)-monomer using OsCl3/PhCCH as catalyst, gave a syndiotactic-biased stereoblocky polymer, indicating a c/r, t/m correlation in the precursor polymer.
Single grain boundary characterization of Nb-doped SrTiO3 bicrystals using ac four-point impedance spectroscopy (2000)

AC four-point impedance spectroscopy has been applied to Nb-doped SrTiO3 bicrystals. Due to the simplified geometry and highly conductive bulk of the bicrystal, the reference impedance of the electrode was significantly reduced, validating the applicability of ac four-point impedance spectroscopy for electroceramics. DC current–voltage characteristics without any interference due to electrodes confirmed these ac measurements. Using ac four-point impedance spectroscopy, grain boundary contributions are isolated and the corresponding grain boundary thickness and resistivity are estimated.
Digital Control Generations -- Digital Controls for Power Electronics through the Third Generation (2007)

Digital control in power electronics can be divided into three "generations." First-generation digital controls use digital "outside the loop" in communications, setup, and supervisory roles. Second generation digital controls use digital processes "inside the loop," including discrete-time feedback loops and sometimes even digital signal processing. Today, first-generation digital methods are expanding quickly, as new communication protocols and adjustable analog loops become common. Even companies that continue to design analog controls for power electronics often include these types of digital processes. Second-generation digital controls are a hot topic right now, as real-time digital controllers become feasible. In third-generation digital controls, the digital process functions directly with individual switches to push performance up to the physical limits of power electronics. A digital switch decides when it must turn on or off. The control is on direct switch timing rather than a converter duty ratio or a setting. Extreme performance is possible with this approach, such as converters that do not exhibit output disturbances when confronted with load or line step changes. The talk compares these different arenas, all of which are current active topics in power electronics, and shows what can become possible as the third generation develops.
Hydrophilic, Potent, and Selective 7-Substituted 2-Aminoquinolines as Improved Human Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors (2017)

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is a target for development of antineurodegenerative agents. Most nNOS inhibitors mimic l-arginine and have poor bioavailability. 2-Aminoquinolines showed promise as bioavailable nNOS inhibitors but suffered from low human nNOS inhibition, low selectivity versus human eNOS, and significant binding to other CNS targets. We aimed to improve human nNOS potency and selectivity and reduce off-target binding by (a) truncating the original scaffold or (b) introducing a hydrophilic group to interrupt the lipophilic, promiscuous pharmacophore and promote interaction with human nNOS-specific His342. We synthesized both truncated and polar 2-aminoquinoline derivatives and assayed them against recombinant NOS enzymes. Although aniline and pyridine derivatives interact with His342, benzonitriles conferred the best rat and human nNOS inhibition. Both introduction of a hydrophobic substituent next to the cyano group and aminoquinoline methylation considerably improved isoform selectivity. Most importantly, these modifications preserved Caco-2 permeability and reduced off-target CNS binding.
Material Classification By Drilling (2000)

Material Classification By Drilling Diana LaBelle, John Bares, Illah Nourbakhsh Pages 1-6 (2000 Proceedings of the 17th ISARC, Taipei, Taiwan, ISBN 9789570266986, ISSN 2413-5844) Abstract: Underground coal mining is one of the most dangerous occupations. Years of effort have been dedicated to researching methods of characterizing mine roof and floor for improving the mining environment. This research investigates using a neural network to classify rock strata based on the physical parameters of a roof bolting drill. This paper presents our methodology, as well as early results based on drilling experiments conducted in the laboratory using a custom poured concrete test block. We have classified, with a trained network, the five layers of the test block with less than 5% error. Keywords: mining automation, rock classification, neural networks, drilling, coal interface detection DOI: https://doi.org/10.22260/ISARC2000/0088 Download fulltext Download BibTex Download Endnote (RIS) TeX Import to Mendeley
Learning Domain Randomization Distributions for Training Robust Locomotion Policies (2020)

This paper considers the problem of learning behaviors in simulation without knowledge of the precise dynamical properties of the target robot platform(s). In this context, our learning goal is to mutually maximize task efficacy on each environment considered and generalization across the widest possible range of environmental conditions. The physical parameters of the simulator are modified by a component of our technique that learns the Domain Randomization (DR) that is appropriate at each learning epoch to maximally challenge the current behavior policy, without being overly challenging, which can hinder learning progress. This so-called sweet spot distribution is a selection of simulated domains with the following properties: 1) The trained policy should be successful in environments sampled from the domain randomization distribution; and 2) The DR distribution made as wide as possible, to increase variability in the environments. These properties aim to ensure the trajectories encountered in the target system are close to those observed during training, as existing methods in machine learning are better suited for interpolation than extrapolation. We show how adapting the DR distribution while training context-conditioned policies results in improvements on jump-start and asymptotic performance when transferring a learned policy to the target environment <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> .
Ultrasound modalities and quantification: developments of multiparametric ultrasonography, a new modality to detect, localize and target prostatic tumors. (2015)

The novel ultrasound modalities of SWE and CEUS imaging open the door for taking targeted biopsies based on the detection and localization of PCa by these novel modalities. This potentially improves PCa detection wherein significantly reducing the number of biopsy cores.
Development and characterization of liposomal formulations for rapamycin delivery and investigation of their antiproliferative effect on MCF7 cells (2009)

Rapamycin (Sirolimus) is a macrolide lactone with antifungal, immunosuppressant, and antiproliferative actions. The mechanism of rapamycin action involves the inhibition of mTOR and subsequent cytostasis. Rapamycin also prevents angiogenesis in tumors and can prevent cancer cells' resistance to other chemotherapeutic agents. However, very poor water solubility, bioavailability, only slight solubility in acceptable parenteral excipients, chemical instability, and major sequestration (95%) of free rapamycin into the erythrocytes have prevented its development as an anticancer drug. To address these problems, it was attempted to develop liposomal rapamycin delivery systems in this study. Conventional and pegylated liposomes were prepared with various lipid and cholesterol ratios. They were then characterized; these liposomes contained 0.68-0.90 mg of rapamycin per milliliter of liposome suspension. Having suitable particle size, these liposomes successfully retained the entrapped drug. Both types of liposomes were found to be effective; however, conventional liposomes showed better antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 cells than pegylated liposomes. But, pegylated liposome showed better stability than conventional liposomes. In conclusion, the enhanced permeability and retention effects of tumors should provide the opportunity for pegylated liposomal rapamycin to be applied as an intravenous drug-delivery system for targeted delivery to cancer cells, avoiding the major sequestration of free rapamycin into the erythrocytes.
Targeting the Conformational Transitions of MDM2 and MDMX: Insights into Dissimilarities and Similarities of p53 Recognition (2008)

MDM2 and MDMX are oncogenic homologue proteins that regulate the activity and stability of p53, a tumor suppressor protein involved in more than 50% of human cancers. While the large body of experiments so far accumulated has validated MDM2 as a therapeutically important target for the development of anticancer drugs, it is only recently that MDMX has also become an attractive target for the treatment of tumor cells expressing wild type p53. The availability of structural information of the N-terminal domain of MDM2 in complex with p53-derived peptides and inhibitors, and the very recent disclosure of the crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of MDMX bound to a p53 peptide, offer an unprecedented opportunity to provide insight into the molecular basis of p53 recognition and the identification of discriminating features affecting the binding of the tumor suppressor protein at MDM2 and MDMX. By using coarse graining simulations, in this study we report the exploration of the conformational transitions featured in the pathway leading from the apo-MDM2 and apo-MDMX states to the p53-bound MDM2 and p53-bound MDMX states, respectively. The results have enabled us to identify a pool of diverse conformational states of the oncogenic proteins that affect the binding of p53 and the presence of conserved and non-conserved interactions along the conformational transition pathway that may be exploited in the design of selective and dual modulators of MDM2 and MDMX activity.
Analysis of Instantaneous Milk Flow Rate Patterns (1982)

ABSTRACT MEASUREMENTS of instantaneous milk flow rates from unsupported teats (i.e., linerless teat cups) and corresponding analysis of flow charcteristics are presented in this report. Milk flow measurements were made with an ultrasonic flow meter, using techniques described in a previous report (Delwiche, Scott, and Drost, 1980). Data were gathered according to a V fac-torial experiment design, conducted over 16 days on four cows. Parameters investigated were pulsation frequency, 1.0 and 0.3 Hz; pulsation ratio, 63 and 42 percent milk-ing vacuum, 51 and 41 kPa; and quarter, front (right) and rear (left). Milk flow patterns from each test are divided into three stages: the low flow beginning stage (stage 1), the high average flow rate stage (stage 2), and the tapering off stage (stage 3). Within each stage, se-quences of four to 15 milk flow and vacuum pulses are analysed. Treatment effects during stages 1 to 3 are tested for significance by analysis of variance. Peak and average milk flow rates per pulsation cycle are significantly higher for the lower pulsation frequency (0.3 vs. 1.0 Hz). Similarly, the higher vacuum level (51 vs. 41 kPa) yielded significantly higher flow rates. Differences due to the ef-fects of pulsation frequency are greater than differences due to milking vacuum level. Milk flow rate patterns from unsupported teats show distinct smooth muscle ac-tivity affecting flow rate characteristics. Contractions of smooth muscles in the teat and at the teat end produce rhythmic oscillations of the peak milk flow rate from pulse to pulse and determine the overall shape of each milk pulse.
On Increasing of Read Range of Miniaturized UHF Tags (2021)

This paper presents a passive booster to improve the read range of miniaturized UHF RFID tags attached to small metallic objects. The improvement is realized by coupling the tag antenna to an auxiliary radiating dipole-based radiating structure. A cost-effective prototype of the radiating element was realized on FR4, kept at the right distance from the miniaturized tag by means of a properly optimized low-permittivity 3D-printed support structure. Measurement results show that the read range is increased by a factor of 24, passing from 0.35 m without the booster up to 8.4 m with the booster.
Combined Heterogeneous Metal/Chiral Amine: Multiple Relay Catalysis for Versatile Eco‐Friendly Synthesis (2014)

Abstract Herein is described a versatile and broad synergistic strategy for expansion of chemical space and the synthesis of valuable molecules (e.g. carbocycles and heterocycles), with up to three quaternary stereocenters, in a highly enantioselective fashion from simple alcohols (31 examples, 95:5 to &gt;99.5:0.5 e.r.) using integrated heterogeneous metal/chiral amine multiple relay catalysis and air/O 2 as the terminal oxidant. A novel highly 1,4‐selective heterogeneous metal/amine co‐catalyzed hydrogenation of enals was also added to the relay catalysis sequences.
Disparities in colorectal cancer early detection and prevention among sub-populations in Israel: Patient activation score according to mother tongue, gender, and age (2018)

Objective: To determine concrete disparities in CRC prevention among Israelis of varying mother tongues while considering the role of patient activation.
Supplementary File 2 from Genomic Characterization of Brain Metastases Reveals Branched Evolution and Potential Therapeutic Targets (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary File 2. Detailed plots of SCNA calls in TARGET genes. The description for the plots in Supplementary File 2 can be found in the Legend of Supplementary Figure S3.&lt;/p&gt;
Nsc and Fmoc Nα‐amino protection for solid‐phase peptide synthesis: a parallel study (2000)

Abstract The 2‐(4‐nitrophenylsulfonyl)ethoxycarbonyl (Nsc) group is an alternative to Fmoc for N α ‐protection in solid‐phase peptide synthesis. Nsc‐amino acids may be particularly suitable for automatic synthesizers, in which the amino acids are stored in solution, and the incorporation of residues prone to racemization such as Cys and His. Owing to the hydrophilicity of the Nsc group, these derivatives are useful for the preparation of protected peptides in convergent solid‐phase peptide synthesis strategies.
Synthesis of 1‐Aryl‐1H‐indazoles via Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Amination of Aryl Halides. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Applying Machine Learning to a Conventional Data Processing Task (2020)

Though machine learning (ML) can be applied to a wide spectrum of applications, it has been hardly used and evaluated in the context of conventional data processing tasks. Such conventional data processing tasks are characterized by a set of calculations that follow strict rules, such as in accounting or banking applications. This paper quantitatively evaluates how software which is automatically generated by ML methods and tools compares to software programmed by hand. The assessment of poker hands according to Texas Hold'em rules is a representative example for conventional data processing tasks, because of the various exceptions how to assess and compare hands. For some hand values, the rank (two, three, ... king, ace) of the cards is relevant and the suit (club, diamond, heart, spade) irrelevant, and vice versa. This paper shows how an accuracy of 100% can be achieved for assessing poker hands according to Texas Hold'em rules, with a small set of labeled training data compared to the number of possible hands. We also evaluate quantitatively the effect of the labeling quality on accuracy.
(2S,3S)‐(+)‐(3‐Phenylcyclopropyl)Methanol (2003)

Abstract (2S,3S)‐(+)‐(3‐phenylcyclopropyl)methanol reactant: 24 mL (0.22 mol) of bromobutane reactant: 10 mL (89.2 mmol) of trimethyl borate intermediate: [(2‐)‐N,O,O′[2,2′‐Iminobis[ethanolato]]]‐2‐butylboron, intermediate: 5.15 g (50.5 mmol) of butylboronic acid intermediate: (4R‐trans)‐2‐Butyl‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl[1,3,2]dioxaborolane‐4,5‐dicarboxamide reactant: 11.9 g (58.3 mmol) of (R,R)‐(+)‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyltartaric acid diamide product: (2S,3S)‐(+)‐(3‐phenylcyclopropyl)methanol
Preparation of polypyrrole nanoparticles in mixed surfactants system (2008)

Abstract Polypyrrole nanoparticles were prepared by emulsion polymerization, and the surface charge of PPy nanoparticles was controlled by the mixed surfactant system of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid and isooctylphenyl ether. The shape and size of nanoparticles prepared could be controlled by changing concentration of surfactant. In addition, it was confirmed that the nanoparticles with good conductivity could be obtained by this preparation method. Consequently, well dispersed PPy nanoparticles with 60–100 nm in diameter with cubic shape were obtained and whose conductivity was 56.53 S/cm. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Distribution of histone H4 modifications as revealed by a panel of specific monoclonal antibodies (2015)

Post-translational histone modifications play a critical role in genome functions such as epigenetic gene regulation and genome maintenance. The tail of the histone H4 N-terminus contains several amino acids that can be acetylated and methylated. Some of these modifications are known to undergo drastic changes during the cell cycle. In this study, we generated a panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies against histone H4 modifications, including acetylation at K5, K8, K12, and K16, and different levels of methylation at K20. Their specificity was evaluated by ELISA and immunoblotting using synthetic peptide and recombinant proteins that harbor specific modifications or amino acid substitutions. Immunofluorescence confirmed the characteristic distributions of target modifications. An H4K5 acetylation (H4K5ac)-specific antibody CMA405 reacted with K5ac only when the neighboring K8 was unacetylated. This unique feature allowed us to detect newly assembled H4, which is diacetylated at K5 and K12, and distinguish it from hyperacetylated H4, where K5 and K8 are both acetylated. Chromatin immunoprecipiation combined with deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) revealed that acetylation of both H4K8 and H4K16 were enriched around transcription start sites. These extensively characterized and highly specific antibodies will be useful for future epigenetics and epigenome studies.
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of TSLP Function in Human Allergic Disorders - TSLP Programs the “Th2 code” in Dendritic Cells (2012)

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has been recently implicated as a key molecule for initiating allergic inflammation at the epithelial cell-dendritic cell (DC) interface. In humans, aberrant TSLP expression is observed in allergic tissues, such as lesional skins of atopic dermatitis, lungs of asthmatics, nasal mucosa of atopic rhinitis and nasal polyps, and ocular surface of allergic keratoconjunctivitis. TSLP is produced predominantly by damaged epithelial cells and stimulates myeloid DCs (mDCs). TSLP-activated mDCs can promote the differentiation of naïve CD4(+) T cells into a Th2 phenotype and the expansion of CD4(+) Th2 memory cells in a unique manner dependent on OX40L, one of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily members with Th2-promoting function, and lack of production of IL-12. From a genetic point of view, multiple genome-wide association studies have repeatedly identified the TSLP gene as one of the loci associated with susceptibility to allergic diseases. Thus, TSLP is a rational therapeutic target for the treatment of allergic disorders. Elucidating the mechanisms that regulate TSLP expression and the effects of TSLP on orchestrating the immune response toward a Th2 phenotype is essential for developing anti-TSLP therapy.
Evaluation of a functional epigenetic approach to identify promoter region methylation in phaeochromocytoma and neuroblastoma (2008)

The molecular genetics of inherited phaeochromocytoma have received considerable attention, but the somatic genetic and epigenetic events that characterise tumourigenesis in sporadic phaeochromocytomas are less well defined. Previously, we found considerable overlap between patterns of promoter region tumour suppressor gene (TSG) hypermethylation in two neural crest tumours, neuroblastoma and phaeochromocytoma. In order to identify candidate biomarkers and epigenetically inactivated TSGs in phaeochromocytoma and neuroblastoma, we characterised changes in gene expression in three neuroblastoma cell lines after treatment with the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine. Promoter region methylation status was then determined for 28 genes that demonstrated increased expression after demethylation. Three genes HSP47, homeobox A9 (HOXA9) and opioid binding protein (OPCML) were methylated in >10% of phaeochromocytomas (52, 17 and 12% respectively). Two of the genes, epithelial membrane protein 3 (EMP3) and HSP47, demonstrated significantly more frequent methylation in neuroblastoma than phaeochromocytoma. These findings extend epigenotype of phaeochromocytoma and identify candidate genes implicated in sporadic phaeochromocytoma tumourigenesis.
Explanations of Socioeconomic Differences in Excess Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Swedish Men and Women (2004)

In men, the excess risk of type 2 diabetes was partly explained by established risk factors (36-42%), whereas psychosocial factors had no effect. In women, most of the socioeconomic differences in type 2 diabetes were explained by simultaneous adjustment for established risk factors and psychosocial factors (81-100%).