gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simulation and optimization of binary full-adder cells in rapid single flux quantum logic (1993)

The authors consider the design of a binary carry full-adder cell using the logic gates and buffers belonging to the rapid single-flux-quantum (RSFQ) logic family. They have taken advantage of the unique properties of RSFQ pulse logic to realize two designs: one using two logic gates and a toggle flip-flop in two stages of logic, the other using two logic gates in one stage of logic. They have determined the parameter margins of the two full-adder cells and optimized them to obtain critical margins approaching +or-30%. Simulations of the full-adder cells have revealed critical delays and maximum clock frequencies of 58 ps and 17 GHz and 33 ps and 30 GHz, respectively.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Novel approaches in optical imaging and visualization of early cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment (2007)

Ultrathin, flexible endoscopes are being developed for imaging cancer in previously inaccessible regions of the body, allowing image-guided biopsy and laser diagnostics/therapeutics. Cancer diagnosis at high sensitivity/specificity is achieved with optical tomography microscopes.
Author response: Corticothalamic phase synchrony and cross-frequency coupling predict human memory formation (2014)

Memories, both the mundane and the significant, play an integral role in our daily lives. Scientists have long sought to establish exactly how our memories are formed; how does an experience, with its sights, sounds and feelings, become a mental representation stored within our brain? One way to investigate this question is to look at the activity of different parts of the brain. Brain imaging techniques have helped researchers identify two key brain regions that are involved in the process of memory formation: the neocortex and the hippocampus. The neocortex forms the outer layer of the brain, and performs complex tasks such as decision-making and language comprehension. The hippocampus, which sits deeper within the brain, deals primarily with memory and navigation. Research has shown that memory formation depends on communication between the neocortex and the hippocampus. However, scientists suspected that additional structures located beneath the neocortex—among them, the anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN)—are also crucial for forming memories. This has been difficult to confirm as the small size of the ATN, and their location deep within the brain, make their activity almost impossible to monitor using standard brain imaging techniques. One way reliable data can be recorded from the ATN is by inserting electrodes into the brain. Brain surgery of course cannot be carried out on healthy human participants, but occasionally an opportunity arises to study the brain activity of patients who have electrodes inserted for therapeutic purposes. For example, in cases where a patient's epilepsy does not respond to conventional treatments, electrodes may be implanted to electrically stimulate the ATN in an attempt to improve their symptoms. Sweeney-Reed et al. asked eight volunteers to perform a memory task, and monitored the activity of each volunteer's ATN via electrodes that had already been implanted in their brain to treat epilepsy. Simultaneously, electrodes attached to the scalps of the volunteers recorded the activity of the neocortex. When a memory was successfully stored in the brain, the activity of the two regions became synchronized. This suggests that successful memory formation depends upon communication between the ATN and the neocortex. While the involvement of the ATN in human memory formation has long been a topic of speculation, Sweeney-Reed et al. now provide direct biological evidence for its crucial role in the process. Consequently, future research into memory formation should focus upon the ATN in addition to the more familiar structures of the neocortex and the hippocampus.
GroupReduce: Block-Wise Low-Rank Approximation for Neural Language Model Shrinking (2018)

Model compression is essential for serving large deep neural nets on devices with limited resources or applications that require real-time responses. As a case study, a state-of-the-art neural language model usually consists of one or more recurrent layers sandwiched between an embedding layer used for representing input tokens and a softmax layer for generating output tokens. For problems with a very large vocabulary size, the embedding and the softmax matrices can account for more than half of the model size. For instance, the bigLSTM model achieves state-of- the-art performance on the One-Billion-Word (OBW) dataset with around 800k vocabulary, and its word embedding and softmax matrices use more than 6GBytes space, and are responsible for over 90% of the model parameters. In this paper, we propose GroupReduce, a novel compression method for neural language models, based on vocabulary-partition (block) based low-rank matrix approximation and the inherent frequency distribution of tokens (the power-law distribution of words). The experimental results show our method can significantly outperform traditional compression methods such as low-rank approximation and pruning. On the OBW dataset, our method achieved 6.6 times compression rate for the embedding and softmax matrices, and when combined with quantization, our method can achieve 26 times compression rate, which translates to a factor of 12.8 times compression for the entire model with very little degradation in perplexity.
Electrochromic Conducting Polymers via Electrochemical Polymerization of Bis(2-(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thienyl) Monomers (1996)

A series of bis(2-(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thiophene)-based monomers have been synthesized and fully characterized; specifically (E)-1,2-bis(2-(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thienyl)vinylene (BEDOT-V), 1,4-bis(2-(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thienyl)benzene (BEDOT-B), 4,4‘-bis(2-(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thienyl)biphenyl (BEDOT-BP), 2,5-bis(2-(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thienyl)furan (BEDOT-F), 2,5-bis(2-(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thienyl)-thiophene (BEDOT-T), and 2,2‘:5‘,2‘‘-ter(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thiophene, TER-EDOT. The X-ray crystal structures of BEDOT-V and BEDOT-B have been determined. These monomers oxidize and polymerize at low potentials relative to other reported electropolymerizable heterocycles. The electroactive polymers formed exhibit low redox switching potentials and are quite stable in the conducting state. TER-EDOT was found to have the lowest peak oxidation potential of +0.2 V vs Ag/Ag+, making it the most easily oxidized polymerizable thiophene monomer reported. The electronic bandgaps of these EDOT based polymers range from 1.4 to 2.3 eV (measured as the onset of the π−π* transition) offering a diverse range of colors which may prove useful in electrochromic devices. For example, poly(BEDOT-V) is deep purple and opaque in the reduced state and transmissive sky blue in the oxidized state, poly(BEDOT-T) is deep blue opaque in the reduced state and transmissive blue in the oxidized state, while poly(BEDOT-BP) is transmissive orange in the reduced state and opaque purple in the oxidized state. A thin film of poly(BEDOT-V) was found to switch rapidly between redox states (under 2 s) with an initial optical contrast of 43%. This polymer was found to retain 47% of its optical contrast and 48% of its original charge density after 600 double potential steps.
Diffusion Coatings for Corrosion-Resistant Components in Coal Gasification Systems (2006)

Heat-exchangers, particle filters, turbines, and other components in integrated coal gasification combined cycle system must withstand the highly sulfiding conditions of the high-temperature coal gas over an extended period of time. The performance of components degrades significantly with time unless expensive high alloy materials are used. Deposition of a suitable coating on a low-cost alloy may improve its resistance to such sulfidation attack, and decrease capital and operating costs. The alloys used in the gasifier service include austenitic and ferritic stainless steels, nickel-chromium-iron alloys, and expensive nickel-cobalt alloys. In previous tests, we had frequently encountered problems with our steam generator that were exacerbated by the very low flow rates that we needed. During this period we installed a new computer-controlled system for injecting water into the steam generator that eliminated this problem. We also tested alloy coupons coated by using the improved procedures described in our last quarterly report. Most of these coatings were nitrided Ti and Ta coatings, either by themselves, or sometimes with barrier layers of Al and Si nitrides. The samples were tested for 300 h at 900 C in a gas stream designed to mimic the environment in the high temperature heat recovery unit (HTHRU). Three samples that showed least corrosion were exposed for an additional 100 h.
A stable fast solver for quasi-Helmholtz decomposition methods (2009)

The method proposed in this work has been tested on a square plate of dimension λ/10. The performance of the Helmholtz stable solver proposed in this work are compared with the one of a standard ACA solver [5] (Fig 2). The impedance matrix precision is set equal to 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−3</sup> for both solvers. From the figure it is clear that while the standard fast solver has a deterioration in the spectrum, the method proposed in this work is still maintaining the regular spectral properties of the uncompressed hierarchical impedance matrix.
ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENT OF POLYETHYLENE WEAR WITH USE OF RADIOGRAPHS OF TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENTS (2003)

With laboratory radiographs, computerized methods of polyethylene wear measurement offered distinctly greater accuracy than did manual methods; however, with clinical radiographs, they offered only slightly better accuracy. Although the increased accuracy of computerized methods may be necessary in research settings, manual methods provided sufficient accuracy for routine clinical assessment of wear.
Antibodies to Brewer's Yeast in Rheumatoid Arthritis (2019)

Antibodies to brewer's yeast or anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) have been detected in 70% of patients with Crohn's disease and have become a part of the evaluation of a patient for Crohn's disease. Prior evaluation of these antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis have been inconsistent. In an initial small study, the levels of antibodies were elevated but not statistically significant. In a second large study from China, 40% of rheumatoid arthritis patients were positive for immunoglobulin A (IgA) ASCA and 20% positive for immunoglobulin G (IgG) ASCA. Our study was inspired by the observation that several seronegative patients with rheumatoid arthritis were positive for ASCA antibodies. Between January 1, 2016 and January 1, 2018, a total of 241 patients with clinical rheumatoid arthritis were evaluated for antibodies to IGA and IGG ASCA, rheumatoid factor, cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP), and antinuclear antibody (ANA). Our results indicate that 158 (66%) of these patients were positive for ASCA; 70 (29%) of these patients were positive for ASCA but negative for other serologies; 62% of the patients were positive for rheumatoid factor. Our results also indicate that the percentage of rheumatoid factor (95%) and CCP positive (78%) patients in the ASCA negative group was higher than the percentage of rheumatoid factor positive (49%) and CCP positive (37%) patients in the ASCA positive group, suggesting serologic differences between the two groups. Only 4% of the rheumatoid patients were negative for all the evaluated serologies. The possible role of mannan, a mucopolysaccharide from the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) in producing rheumatoid arthritis is discussed.
Mechanical Property Measurement of Carbon Infiltrated Carbon Nanotube Structures for Compliant Micromechanisms (2014)

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be grown in dense lithographically patterned forests to form framework structures that can be filled in via chemical vapor deposition to form solid structures. These solid structures can then be used in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications. Initial testing with these structures suggests that when these frameworks are filled with carbon, the resulting material exhibits favorable properties for use in compliant MEMS. To better understand this material's properties, we conducted tests to measure its Young's modulus, failure stress, and stress relaxation in the direction perpendicular to the CNT growth, as well as the modulus and stress in the direction parallel to the CNTs. To determine the properties in the transverse direction, we applied vertical loads to the tips of simple cantilever beam samples, and recorded the force and deflection until failure. The results showed failure strain up to 2.48%. Cantilever samples prepared from the same pattern were also used to measure the stress relaxation of the material. The first test for each sample showed an average force relaxation of 3.72%, while successive tests only produced 1.23% after 24 h. To determine the properties in the direction parallel to the CNTs, we prepared simple rectangular beams and subjected them to 3-point bending tests. The average strain calculated in the parallel direction was 8.17%.
Linearization of S-Parameter Cascading for Analysis of Multiple Reflections (2018)

This paper develops a method to derive intuitive understanding of the root causes of reflective interference created by the many impedance discontinuities between the packages, PCBs and connectors. Scattering parameters are cascaded to describe the system response and linearized to analyze the multiple reflections. An upper error bound of the linearization is derived and is validated with Monte Carlo studies.
Future railway communications [Guest Editorial] (2015)

The growth of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) has recently accelerated as governments and regulators seek to use ITS to achieve important economic and policy goals. ITS must be efficient, environmentally friendly ("green"), and, of course, safe. The scope of ITS is broad, and all transportation modes will require communications, including future vehicular (automotive) systems and vehicle-to-vehicle/vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2V/V2I) communications, aeronautical communications, maritime communications, satellite communications, railway communications, and possibly others.
Synthesis of Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acid Membrane Monomers by Utilizing Liquid‐Phase Direct Fluorination. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A review on powder bed fusion technology of metal additive manufacturing (2017)

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a novel method of manufacturing parts directly from digital model by using layer-by-layer material build-up approach. This tool-less manufacturing method can produce fully dense metallic parts in short time with high precision. Features of AM like freedom of part design, part complexity, light weighting, part consolidation, and design for function are garnering particular interests in metal AM for aerospace, oil and gas, marine and automobile applications. Powder bed fusion, in which each powder bed layer is selectively fused using energy source like laser or electron beam, is the most promising AM technology that can be used for manufacturing small, low volume, and complex metallic parts. This review presents evolution, current status, and challenges of powder bed fusion technology. It also compares laser and electron beam-based technologies in terms of performance characteristics of each process, advantages/disadvantages, materials, and applications.
Nucleophilic character of the alkyl radicals. 16. Absolute rate constants and the reactivity-selectivity relationship in the homolytic aromatic alkylation (1977)

The rate constants for the homolytic alkylation of protonated heteroaromatic bases (4-methyl- and 4-cyanopyridine, 4-methylquinoline, benzothiazole, and quinoxaline) were measured from 15 to 80 Â°C. A good agreement was obtained with two different kinetic models involving 5-hexenyl and n-heptyl radicals. The high values of the rate constants (a range of 105108 M-ls-1was obtained) explain the great synthetic interest of these reactions. On the contrary the homolytic alkylation of benzene derivatives has lower rate constants (102L mol-1 s-I), and shows a very poor synthetic interest. The observed failure of the reactivity-selectivity principle (RSP) was discussed in terms of polar effects and frontier orbitals theory. Â© 1977, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
Demonstration of tunable energy propagation using magneto-mechanical oscillator arrays (2017)

This work reports, for the first time, a MEMS testbed platform that not only demonstrates complex energy propagation behaviors in periodic arrays of magnetically coupled mechanical oscillators, but also a technique to alter those behaviors externally, after fabrication of the device. Using the microfabricated oscillator arrays, we show frequency bandgaps and a technique to modify the bandgap response, providing valuable experimental data to validate theoretical models. Additionally, the devices demonstrate that those behaviors are affected by the strength of the inter-oscillator coupling force and stiffness of the array oscillators. Each device consists of multiple 1-D arrays of microfabricated magnet-on-cantilever oscillators, utilizing the magnets for inter-oscillator coupling and transmission of energy. Through experimental investigation of these behaviors, fundamental insights can be applied to sensors, shock absorption, filters and energy conversion systems.
Konduktometrische und spektroskopische Untersuchungen der Wechselwirkung von Lewis‐Säuren mit Halogenkomplexen (1980)

Conductometric and Spectroscopic Investigations of the Interaction of Lewis Acids with Halide Complexes The interaction of counter ions with Lewis acids has been investigated using mode systems of the type (C 6 H 5 ) 3 C ⊕ MX n+1 ⊖ (M = Sb, As, B, Fe; X = Cl, F) by means of conductometrical and UV‐spectroscopic methods. The changes of conductivity were strongly dependent on the nature and concentration of the Lewis acid. The results point to 1:1‐complexes between Lewis acids and counter ions. The behaviour was found to be complicated by dissoziation resp. assoziation processes. Ligand exchange reactions between Lewis acid and counter ion have also been found.
O3‐05‐06: Treatment of prion infection in vitro and in vivo (2010)

Prion diseases are transmissible neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the conversion of cellular prion protein, PrPC, into the infectious scrapie isoform, PrPSc. There are no existing treatments, leading investigators to pursue drug therapies such as quinacrine which successfully clears prion infection in vitro but has poor results in vivo. The structurally similar fluphenazine and trimipramine have potential to clear prion infection like quinacrine, but have never been tested.. A library of styryl-based compounds originally synthesized to image amyloid deposits in vivo has applications in prion disease by possibly recognizing the β-sheet-rich PrPSc and blocking the PrPSc to PrPC interaction. None of these compounds have previously been used in prion therapeutics. All compounds were screened for therapeutic efficacy in our N2a/22L tissue culture model of prion infection, as well as the inhibition of PrP peptide fibril formation in vitro. Compounds were applied over a range of concentrations for 72 hrs. Based on therapeutic efficacy, two styryl-based imaging compounds, 23I and 59 (out of a library of 90 agents), along with fluphenazine and trimipramine were chosen for in vivo testing. After a week of in vivo treatment to ensure non-toxicity, 15 mice per group were inoculated with 139a prion strain and treated within hours and subsequently five times a week until sacrifice. At 60 dpi where CNS presence of PrPSc is not expected, 2 animals per group were sacrificed and their spleens analyzed for lymphatic PrPSc. Beginning around 100 dpi, animals underwent a test of ataxia and will be sacrificed after scoring positive three consecutive weeks. Brain and spleen tissue will be analyzed for evidence of disease, including spongiform changes and presence of PrPSc In tissue culture studies, fluphenazine and trimipramine showed a 99% and 87.6% PrPSc reduction at 1.6 μM, with an IC50 of 0.15 μM and 0.66 μM, respectively. The two imaging agents, 23I and 59, reduce PrPSc by 25% and 20% at 5 μM, respectively. Animals are currently undergoing treatment following 139a prion inoculation. We demonstrate the utility of four compounds to significantly inhibit PrPSc infection in a N2a/22L tissue culture system. We are in the progress of testing these in vivo.
Theoretical studies of O2−:(H2O)n clusters (1986)

Abstract The interaction of superoxide ion O 2 − with up to four water molecules [O 2 − : (H 2 O) n , n = 1, 2, 4] has been investigated using ab initio molecular orbital theory. The binding energy of O 2 − : H 2 O is calculated to be −20.6 kcal/mol in good agreement with gas phase experimental data. At the MP3/6‐31G * level the O 2 − :H 2 O complex has a C 2 v structure with a double (cyclic) hydrogen bond between O 2 − and H 2 O. A C s structure with a single hydrogen bond is only 0.7 kcal/mol less stable. Interaction of H 2 O with the doubly occupied π * orbital of O 2 − is preferred slightly over interaction with the singly occupied π * orbital. Natural bond orbital analysis suggests that both electrostatic and charge transfer interactions are important in anionic complexes. The charge transfer occurs predominantly in the O 2 − → H 2 O direction and is important in determining the relative stabilities of the different structures and states. Singly and doubly hydrogen‐bonded structures for the O 2 − : (H 2 O) 2 and O 2 − : (H 2 O) 4 clusters were found to be similar in stability and the increase in binding of the cluster becomes smaller as each additional water molecule is added to the cluster.
Enhancing Metabolite Coverage in MALDI-MSI using Laser Post-Ionisation (MALDI-2). (2023)

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) of metabolites can reveal how metabolism is altered throughout heterogeneous tissues. Here MALDI-MSI has been coupled with laser post-ionsiation (MALDI-2) and applied to the MSI of metabolites for the first time. Using mouse kidney and tumour-bearing liver tissue, MALDI-2 significantly improved metabolite coverage and the detection sensitivity of many metabolites. This approach provides a significant advancement for metabolite MSI, enabling the metabolic environment of tissues to be imaged at increased levels of detail.