gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence Of Structure On The Dielectric Properties Of PECVD Polymer Films (2006)

Polymer dielectric films fabricated by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) have inherent superiority due to their smooth surface, pin-hole free morphology, and dense crosslinked bulk structure. These spatially uniform films also exhibit good adhesion to a variety of substrates, excellent chemical inertness, high thermal resistance, and are formed from a rapid, inexpensive, solvent-free, room temperature process. In this work, we describe PECVD polymer dielectric films prepared from three precursors including benzene, octafluorocyclobutane (OFCB) and hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS) using two different feed locations including in the plasma zone center and in the downstream region. The chemical structure of the PECVD films was determined by XPS, FTIR and ESR. The dielectric constant and dissipation of the films were studied over a range of frequencies up to 1 MHz, and the dielectric strength was characterized by the current-voltage method. Spectroscopic ellipsometry was performed to determine the thickness and refractive index of the resultant films. The PP-benzene films showed strong aromatic characteristics, PP-OFCB films maintained a high F/C ratio with a variety of fluorine moieties, and PP-HMDS retained a large fraction of Si-O bonds. All the PECVD films showed higher dielectric constants than those of corresponding conventional polymers. There is a small sharp drop in dielectric constant at low frequencies for all the PECVD films, attributed to the orientational polarization caused by trapped free radicals, oxygenated groups (C=O), and unsaturated moieties. The largest drop occurred for the PP-HMDS films. All films exhibit a continuous increase in dielectric loss as a function of frequency. Among all the PECVD films, the PP-benzene exhibited high breakdown strength. These variations in the dielectric properties are closely associated with the unique structure features of PECVD films.
Numerical Study on Forced Regeneration of Wall-Flow Diesel Particulate Filters (2001)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A computational model which describes the combustion and heat transfer that takes place during forced regeneration of honeycomb structured wall flow type diesel particulate filter was developed. In this model, heat released by the soot- oxygen reaction, convection heat transfer in the gas phase, conductive heat transfer in solid walls, and heat transfer between the gas and wall of each honeycomb cell at various radial positions in a filter are calculated. Each honeycomb cell was modeled as one solid phase and two gas phases and these three phases were divided in the axial direction into small elements. Conductive heat transfer between the small solid elements and convection heat transfer between the small gas elements were calculated for each small time increment. Conductive radial heat transfer between honeycomb cells was also calculated. By comparison between calculated results with this model and experimental results under available limited conditions, the accuracy of the calculation model was verified. Filter temperature distributions were calculated for a wide range of material thermal properties, various cell structures and various filter shapes. Using the calculated temperature distributions, thermal stress analyses were performed for various filter designs and materials to discuss the relative merits of materials and structures. As conclusions, effects of material properties and structural design on filter durability in respect to thermal stress during forced regeneration are presented and favorable material selection and an example of stress relief design are proposed.&lt;/div&gt;
Expression of aspartylglucosaminidase in human tissues from normal individuals and aspartylglucosaminuria patients. (1993)

Aspartylglucosaminidase (AGA: E.C. 3.5.1.26) is a lysosomal amidase that hydrolyzes the N-acetylglucosamine-asparagine linkage as one of the final steps in the breakdown of glycoproteins. Deficiency of this enzyme results in aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU), an inherited lysosomal storage disease. In an attempt to establish the tissue-specific expression of AGA in normal individuals and in AGU patients, we adapted biochemical and immunohistochemical techniques to analyze AGA polypeptides in human cells and tissues. The biochemical analysis revealed the existence of alpha- and beta-subunit structures of AGA in all tissues. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated a cell specificity in the distribution of AGA: immunoreactivity was strongest in hepatocytes, pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex, and proximal tubule cells in the kidney. In tissues from AGU patients, AGA immunoreactivity could be detected in hepatocytes and in proximal tubule cells but not in the pyramidal cells. The regulation of the expression of AGA was approached by analyzing the transcript levels and the methylation of the AGA gene. Both heavy methylation of the AGA gene and the constant level of AGA mRNA were typical of a "house-hold" type of enzyme that can be found in small quantities in all tissues. This was in contrast to the variability of the amount of AGA polypeptides observed in different cells and tissues, suggesting that the expression of AGA is regulated not at the transcriptional but rather at the translational level.
Spatiotemporal imaging of 2D polariton wave packet dynamics using free electrons (2021)

Coherent optical excitations in two-dimensional (2D) materials, 2D polaritons, can generate a plethora of optical phenomena that arise from the extraordinary dispersion relations that do not exist in regular materials. Probing of the dynamical phenomena of 2D polaritons requires simultaneous spatial and temporal imaging capabilities and could reveal unknown coherent optical phenomena in 2D materials. Here, we present a spatiotemporal measurement of 2D wave packet dynamics, from its formation to its decay, using an ultrafast transmission electron microscope driven by femtosecond midinfrared pulses. The ability to coherently excite phonon-polariton wave packets and probe their evolution in a nondestructive manner reveals intriguing dispersion-dependent dynamics that includes splitting of multibranch wave packets and, unexpectedly, wave packet deceleration and acceleration. Having access to the full spatiotemporal dynamics of 2D wave packets can be used to illuminate puzzles in topological polaritons and discover exotic nonlinear optical phenomena in 2D materials.
Study of crystal growth and scintillation properties as a neutron detector of 2-inch diameter eu doped LiCaAlF<inf>6</inf> single crystal (2009)

Eu doped LiCaAlF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> (Eu:LiCAF) single crystal with 2-inch in diameter was grown by Czochralski technique. The grown crystal was free from any visible inclusions or cracks. The neutron responses using <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">252</sup> Cf were compared with that of Li-glass (GS20, Saint-Gobain). The position dependence of light yield in Eu:LiCAF single crystal was measured and the average value was 9700 ± 900 photons/neutron.
Introduction to NMR Quantum Information Processing (2002)

After a general introduction to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), we give the basics of implementing quantum algorithms. We describe how qubits are realized and controlled with RF pulses, their internal interactions, and gradient fields. A peculiarity of NMR is that the internal interactions (given by the internal Hamiltonian) are always on. We discuss how they can be effectively turned off with the help of a standard NMR method called ``refocusing''. Liquid state NMR experiments are done at room temperature, leading to an extremely mixed (that is, nearly random) initial state. Despite this high degree of randomness, it is possible to investigate QIP because the relaxation time (the time scale over which useful signal from a computation is lost) is sufficiently long. We explain how this feature leads to the crucial ability of simulating a pure (non-random) state by using ``pseudopure'' states. We discuss how the ``answer'' provided by a computation is obtained by measurement and how this measurement differs from the ideal, projective measurement of QIP. We then give implementations of some simple quantum algorithms with a typical experimental result. We conclude with a discussion of what we have learned from NMR QIP so far and what the prospects for future NMR QIP experiments are.
152-OR: Postabsorptive Splanchnic and Leg Glucagon Metabolism in Healthy Subjects: Use of 13C 15N Glucagon (2020)

Glucagon metabolism in humans is poorly understood and is currently under active investigation. We have recently developed a novel isotope dilution method using nonradioactive, stable human glucagon (Phe 6 13C9, 15N; Phe 22 13C9, 15N) tracer to measure glucagon turnover. In this study we combined this method with organ catheterization technique to estimate splanchnic and leg glucagon extraction and uptake. We present data from the first 6 healthy subjects (age 25±3.6 yrs; BMI 26.7±4.5 kg/m2; fasting glucose 4.6±0.5 mM; HbA1c 5.1±0.3%) completed thus far. After IRB approval and informed consent, subjects were admitted in the morning after an overnight fast to Interventional Radiology, where catheters were placed in the right femoral artery and vein under local anesthesia with aseptic precautions. Under fluoroscopic guidance, a hepatic venous catheter was positioned through the femoral vein. Glucagon tracer was infused intravenously and Indocyanine Green infused via the femoral artery sheath to measure splanchnic and femoral plasma flows. Plasma samples were collected periodically from femoral artery, femoral vein and hepatic vein for concentrations of glucagon tracer (Tandem Mass Spectrometry), glucagon, glucose and Indocyanine Green (Spectrophotometry) concentrations. Fractional splanchnic glucagon extraction was 24.0±12.5 % while total splanchnic glucagon uptake was 214.3±56.1 ng/kg total body weight/min. Net splanchnic glucagon balance was -34.4±10.0 ng/kg total body weight/min implying net splanchnic glucagon production. Fractional leg glucagon extraction was 13.5±3.8% while total leg glucagon uptake was 53.0±21.2 pg/kg total body weight/min. To the best of our knowledge, these initial data provide the first direct assessment of regional glucagon metabolism in healthy humans in the post absorptive fasting state. Disclosure F. Ruchi: None. Y.R. Yadav: None. D. Romeres: None. S. Sawleh: None. L.M. Benson: None. K.L. Johnson: None. C. Dalla Man: Research Support; Self; Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH. C. Cobelli: None. D.J. McCormick: None. L.R. Wilkins: None. R. Basu: Consultant; Self; GENFIT. Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca. A. Basu: Consultant; Spouse/Partner; GENFIT. Research Support; Spouse/Partner; AstraZeneca. Funding National Institutes of Health (R01DK029953 to R.B.), (R01DK085516 to A.B.), (DK059637, DK020593)
Type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor deficiency aggravates the course of experimental glomerulonephritis through overactivation of transforming growth factor β (2003)

Type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) is the primary inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). Whereas PAI-1 is not expressed in normal kidneys, it is strongly induced in glomerular diseases and thus could promote the local accumulation of fibrin. To study the role of PAI-1 in the development of inflammatory glomerular injury, passive antiglomerular basement membrane (GBM) glomerulonephritis (GN) was induced in PAI-1 knockout mice and in wild-type mice of the same genetic background. Unexpectedly, PAI-1 deficiency was associated with an early and severe exacerbation of glomerular injury: Infiltration by CD4 T cells, proportion of fibrinous crescents, and renal function impairment were significantly more pronounced in PAI-1 -/- mice. Interestingly, activation of transforming growth factor (TGF)- beta, which is known to be dependent on the PA/plasmin system in vitro, was dramatically enhanced in the kidneys in the absence of PAI-1. Moreover, administration of neutralizing antibodies against TGF-beta significantly attenuated the disease in PAI-1 -/- mice. This suggests that the poor outcome of GN in PAI-1 -/- mice is consecutive to an uncontrolled activation of TGF-beta and confers PAI-1 with a new, immunomodulatory role.
401. In Vivo Expression of Plasmid Encoded IgG for PD-1 or LAG3 by Synthetic DNA as a New Tool for Cancer Immunotherapy (2016)

Cancers employ various strategies to escape immune surveillance including the exploitation of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Checkpoint inhibitors are receptors found on immune and stromal cells whose function can impact the duration or potency of an immune response. Tumor cells often upregulate ligands for these receptors to protect themselves from the host immune response. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) therapeutics which block checkpoint inhibitor-ligand interactions restore T cell destruction of cancer cells in vivo. MAbs that target the inhibitory T cell signaling mediated by CTLA-4 and/or PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors have recently gained regulatory approval for the treatment of some cancers based on remarkable clinical outcomes. Here we have focused on a new method to improve MAb delivery through direct engineering of MAb in the form of synthetic DNA plasmids. This technology would improve many aspects of such a therapy by lowering cost, increasing in vivo expression times and allowing for simple combination formulations in the absence of a host anti-vector immune response, possibly extending use of these groundbreaking therapies to disadvantaged patient populations. We report that “enhanced and optimized” DNA plasmid technology can be used to direct in vivo production of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains of established monoclonal antibodies which can target the immune checkpoint inhibitors LAG3 and PD-1 as determined in Flow cytometry, ELISA and Western blot assays. Both antibodies are produced at physiologically relevant levels in blood and other tissues of mice using electroporation-enhanced delivery of DNA plasmids encoding genes for each antibody. We report that serum antibodies from inoculated animals retain the ability to bind to their targets and are bioactive in vivo and exhibit immune stimulatory effects for host T cells. These studies have significant implications for prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for cancer and other important diseases and warrants further attention.
Internal Reorganization Energies for Copper Redox Couples:  The Slow Electron-Transfer Reactions of the [CuII/I(bib)2]2+/+Couple (1998)

[CuII(bib)2]2+ and [CuI(bib)2]+ (bib = 2,2‘-bis(2-imidazolyl)biphenyl) have similar geometries, with the Cu(II) complex best described as pseudo-square planar and the Cu(I) complex pseudo-tetrahedral. The cyclic voltammograms in acetonitrile are only quasi-reversible, with ΔEp/p ∼ 103 mV, which leads to uncertainty in E1/2. UV−vis measurements of the reaction [CuII(bib)2]2+ + [CoII((nox)3(BC6H5)2)] ⇌ [CuI(bib)2]+ + [CoIII((nox)3(BC6H5)2)]+ ((nox)3(BC6H5)2 = a clathrochelate ligand) yield K = 2.6 in acetonitrile at 25 °C with μ = 0.1 M (Et4NBF4). Using the known E° for the CoIII/II couple yields E° = 0.274 V vs Ag/AgCl for [CuII/I(bib)2]2+/+. This, in turn, leads to K = 72 for reaction with [CoII((nox)3(BC4H9)2)]. The reaction of [CuII(bib)2]2+ with [CoII((nox)3(BC4H9)2)] obeys simple bimolecular kinetics with k = 87 M-1 s-1. Similar behavior occurs with [CoII((nox)3(BC6H5)2)] and [CoII((dmg)3(BC4H9)2)] as reductants. A value of k11 = 0.16 M-1 s-1 is calculated for the [CuII(bib)2]2+/[CuI(bib)2]+ self-exchange reaction based on the Marcus cross-exchange relationship and the known electron-self-exchange rate constants for the Co(III)/Co(II) couples. This value of k11 is remarkably small for a Cu(II/I) system, especially in view of the small structural change at copper (Δ(Cu−N)ave = 0.07 Å) during redox turnover. However, molecular mechanics calculations with newly developed copper force fields demonstrate ΔG‡in to be the major factor that accounts for the small value of k11. Much of this large reorganization energy appears to arise from angular distortions around copper. Nevertheless, the structural changes for the [CuII/I(bib)2]2+/+ couple are small relative to those for systems that have much greater self-exchange rate constants. These considerations underscore the difficulties in applying the entatic hypothesis to cuproprotein active sites.
ROTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SUPERSONIC FREE JET SPECTRA OF THE $6^{1}_{0}$ BAND OF \v{A} $^{1}B_{2u}$, BENZENE (1978)

$^{1}$ J. H. Callomon, T. M, Dunn, and I. M. Mills, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 259, 499-532 (1966). $^{2}$ R. E. Smalley, L, Wharton, D. H. Levy, and D. W. Chandler, J. Chem. Phys. (in press) (1978).""
Detection of a Widespread Clone of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Pediatric Cystic Fibrosis Clinic (2002)

Cross-infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa between unrelated patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is believed to be uncommon. After detecting a genotypically identical strain of P. aeruginosa in five unrelated children with CF dying from severe lung disease, we determined its prevalence within a large CF clinic using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and random amplified polymorphic DNA assays. The clinical status of P. aeruginosa-infected patients was also determined. Between September and December 1999, 152 patients, aged 3.9-20.7 years, provided sputum for culture. P. aeruginosa was detected in 118 children of mean (SD) age 13.5 (3.8) years. The genotyping techniques were concordant, showing that 65 (55%) infected patients carried an indistinguishable or closely related strain. No distinctive antibiogram or environmental reservoir was found. Patients with the clonal strain were more likely than those with unrelated isolates to have been hospitalized in the preceding 12 months for respiratory exacerbations. This study demonstrates extensive spread of a single, clonal strain of P. aeruginosa in a large pediatric CF clinic. Whether this strain is also more virulent than sporadic isolates remains to be determined. As transmissible strains could emerge elsewhere, other CF clinics may also need to consider molecular methods of surveillance for cross-infection.
Sensitivity improvement of an electro-optic high-impedance probe (1998)

This paper describes techniques for improving sensitivity of an electro-optic (EO) high-impedance probe, which is a powerful tool for measuring multigigahertz signals of on-board circuits. Higher sensitivity is achieved by decreasing the half-wave voltage of the EO crystal in the probe head and by increasing the laser power. To decrease the half-wave voltage, we employ Bi/sub 12/TiO/sub 20/, a newly developed crystal with a larger EO coefficient, and a 1.3-/spl mu/m laser diode instead of a 1.55-/spl mu/m laser diode. To boost the laser output power, the sampling rate is increased by using a specially designed laser driver unit. These techniques improve the total voltage sensitivity of the probe system 3.6 times compared with our previous system. This directly leads to a more than one order reduction of signal acquisition time. Moreover these techniques make the probe system cost effective because they eliminate the need for expensive optical components.
Topology Inference for a Vision-Based Sensor Network (2005)

In this paper we describe a technique to infer the topology and connectivity information of a network of cameras based on observed motion in the environment. While the technique can use labels from reliable cameras systems, the algorithm is powerful enough to function using ambiguous tracking data. The method requires no prior knowledge of the relative locations of the cameras and operates under very weak environmental assumptions. Our approach stochastically samples plausible agent trajectories based on a delay model that allows for transitions to and from sources and sinks in the environment. The technique demonstrates considerable robustness both to sensor error and non-trivial patterns of agent motion. The output of the method is a Markov model describing the behavior of agents in the system and the underlying traffic patterns. The concept is demonstrated with simulation data and verified with experiments conducted on a six camera sensor network.
Double-edge pulsewidth modulation for multidrop backplanes (2011)

Multilevel signaling, such as pulse amplitude modulation (4-PAM), has been actively surveyed in the band-limited channels with sharp frequency roll-off. Due to the longer symbol period, multilevel signalling requires a lower channel bandwidth and offers a better spectral efficiency. This paper discusses a different type of multilevel modulation - double-edge pulsewidth modulation (DPWM), which encodes symbols into time domain on both rising/falling transition edges. DPWM offers the same spectral efficiency achieved by 4-PAM and resolves the dynamic range constrain for 4-PAM in advanced CMOS technology. In this paper, we demonstrate the benefits of using DPWM in the multidrop bus backplanes which form the channels with sharp attenuation dips because of multiple impedance discontinuities.
Kinetics of Rapid Thermal Oxidation (1989)

A model for rapid thermal oxidation (RTO) is presented which generalizes the initial growth enhancement factor recently derived by Murali and Murarka (1) for ultrathin oxides. In the RTO case, the enhancement factor is derived directly from the oxygen diffusion equation under nonsteady state conditions. The model correctly predicts that the initial high growth rate decreases with time as the oxide thickness increases sufficiently enough to resist oxygen diffusion into the region just below the reaction site. This condition is reached when the oxygen rich region is fully converted into an oxide layer. And, the initial enhanced oxidation rate happens during the time which the subsurface region is being converted. Experimental and simulation results are in good agreement in describing the thickness of this region to be on the order of 10–25Å for RTO temperatures in the 1050°–1200°C range. The final oxide thickness is shown to be dependent on whether the oxygen rich region exists or not. The model also describes the native oxide sensitivity and self‐limiting nature of the enhancement cycle of the RTO process.
Assessment the influence of P availability of sediments in Lake Taihu to Microcystis aeruginosa using different methods (2011)

Diffusive gradients in thin-films(DGT) technique,four traditional extraction methods for bioavailable phosphorus(water soluble P,readily desorbable P,algal-available P and NaHCO3extractable P) and algal assay were compared to investigate availability of phosphorus(P) in sediments from 9 sampling sites in Lake Taihu to Microcystis aeruginosa.DGT-measured P(DGT-P) showed higher correlation(R2 =0.941,P0.01) with algal growth than other traditional extraction methods for bioavailable phosphorus(R2 =0.780,0.806,0.849 and 0.910 for WSP,RDP,AAP and Olsen-P,respectively,P0.01).Therefore,DGT technology could be considered as a good tool to assess bioavailability of phosphorus in sediments to algae.
Design and linearization of Class-E power amplifier for non-constant envelope modulation (2008)

This paper presents design and linearization techniques for a highly efficient but nonlinear class-E power amplifier (PA) applied to linear RF transmitters. A predistorted envelope modulation scheme is proposed to linearize the class-E PA. To accomplish this scheme, the class-E PA is designed with consideration of finite DC-feed inductance for wide supply-voltage modulation bandwidth. In addition, a digital envelope predistorter (DEP) is designed to provide the predistored envelope modulation for both RF-input and supply-voltage signals fed to the class-E PA. A cdma2000 1x transmitter incorporating such a Class-E PA and a DEP has been implemented to serve as an evidence for the simultaneous achievement of high efficiency and high linearity.