gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Near-perfect optical mirrors based on thin all-dielectric zero index metamaterial coatings (2011)

A new all-dielectric metamaterial design methodology based on effective medium theory is proposed for perfect optical mirrors. The optical metamaterial parameters required to obtain a high reflection are derived. A robust genetic algorithm technique is then employed to evolve the optimal design for an optical mirror targeting near-perfect reflection at 3.3 μm (3.5 μm with substrate loading effects included). The as-designed optical mirror was also fabricated and characterized, yielding excellent agreement between simulated and measured results.
Storage solutions II---Global data sharing (2006)

YottaYotta provides a summary of its Global Data Sharing project at the Data Intensive Computing Environment (DICE). DICE provides a multi-agency environment aimed at reducing the time-to-solution for complex data intensive problems in a diverse geographical setting over real-world wide area networks.One of the serious barriers to data sharing is the challenge of data locality. In order to ensure optimal utilization of globally distributed IT resources, data must be both local and global at the same time. Users must ensure that their data is local so that processing at any given site can progress without the delays of remote I/O or file transfer. However, at the same time, the data must be global so that it remains consistent, while offering coherency of data access between sites. YottaYotta presents a new architecture that leverages clustered file systems and enables site agnostic resource scheduling across wide area heterogeneous storage environments.
Review article: dose optimisation of infliximab for acute severe ulcerative colitis (2017)

Uncontrolled studies suggest a benefit for infliximab dose optimisation in patients with acute severe UC. A randomised controlled trial in acute severe UC patients comparing a personalised infliximab dose-optimisation strategy with conventional dosing is a research priority.
Evaluation of Breast Tumor Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy with Tomographic Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy: Case Studies of Tumor Region-of-Interest Changes (2009)

http://radiology.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/full/2522081202/DC1.
Effect of water uptake on the fracture behavior of low-k organosilicate glass (2014)

Water uptake in porous low-k dielectrics has become a significant challenge for both back-end-of-the-line integration and circuit reliability. This work examines the effects of water uptake on the fracture behavior of nanoporous low-k organosilicate glass. By using annealing dehydration and humidity conditioning, the roles of different water types and their concentrations are analyzed in detail. For as-deposited SiCOH films, annealing dehydration can enhance the resistance to crack occurrence, and these enhancements can be offset by higher humidity conditioning. It was found that the film-cracking threshold can be lowered by in-diffused water in the film as well as by water at the SiCOH/subtract interface. This occurs because the water decreases the film fracture energy and adhesion energy, respectively. By conditioning at high humidity, the variation of the film cracking threshold agrees well with the behavior of the film hardness and modulus of elasticity as a function of relative humidity. The crack morphologies of low-k porous films are also implicitly related to water uptake in the materials. Film cracking thresholds and crack morphologies of UV-cured low-k materials exhibit a weaker dependence on the water uptake, indicating a low degree of hydrophilicity of the SiCOH film after UV curing, which corroborates the previous results. Furthermore, by measuring the surface crack length, the material–fracture toughness can be found. The results demonstrate that neither annealing dehydration nor water uptake have significant effects on fracture toughness of as-deposited SiCOH, while for UV-cured SiCOH, annealing enhances the film-fracture toughness.
Locally advanced prostate cancer: a population‐based study of treatment patterns (2011)

• Treatment of LAPC varies widely, and treatment patterns shifted during the study period. • The slightly increased use of multimodality therapy since 2003 is encouraging, but further work is needed to increase combination therapy in appropriate patients and to define the role of RP.
Electric Field Dependence of Strain Induced by Electric Field on Piezoelectric Ceramics (1995)

Electric field dependence of the strain characteristics on the (Pb, Ba, Sr) (Zr, Ti, Sn, Nb)O3 compositions were investigated. It was found that the measured strain (δ) increases with increasing applied DC electric field. The δ was larger than the strain of calculated value (δcal) from multiplying the piezoelectric constant (d31) by the applied DC electric field (E). The difference strain (δp) between δ and δcal increased with increasing applied DC field. On high DC electric field, the δp was saturated with compositions near the morphotropic phase boundary and the rhombohedral structure. We deduced that δ and δp were involved with the electric field dependence on rotation of domain which was measured by XRD analysis. These results indicated that the δp was caused by rotation of domain. The electric field dependence on the change of δ in the durability test, under repetitious DC electric field, was investigated. Higher applied DC electric field produced larger change of δcal and decreasing the δp. We found that the increase of δcal and the decrease of δp were caused by accelerating the polarization.
A new iterative weighted norm minimization algorithm and its applications (2003)

A general class of linear inverse problems in which the solutions are sparse and localized is considered. The proposed algorithm is a nonparametric approach that finds sparse and localized solutions without prior information on the constraints. Each step of the iterative procedure consists in solving a weighted least squares problem wherein the weighting matrix is determined by the solution from the previous iteration. Some properties of the algorithm along with its applications to problems in direction of arrival and spectrum estimation are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Blood vessels constitute the first organ in the embryo and form the largest network in our body but, sadly, are also often deadly. When dysregulated, the formation of new blood vessels contributes to numerous malignant, ischemic, inflammatory, infectious and immune disorders. Molecular insights into these processes are being generated at a rapidly increasing pace, offering new therapeutic opportunities that are currently being evaluated. (2003)

Vessel growth: modes and impact on health Small blood vessels consist only of endothelial cells (ECs), whereas larger vessels are surrounded by mural cells (pericytes in medium-sized and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in large vessels). Vessels can grow in several ways. Vasculogenesis refers to the formation of blood vessels by endothelial progenitors, angiogenesis and arteriogenesis refer to the sprouting and subsequent stabilization of these sprouts by mural cells, and collateral growth denotes the expansive growth of pre-existing vessels, forming collateral bridges between arterial networks. Both capillary angiogenesis and arterial growth are targets for therapy, as distal capillaries distribute the flow while proximal arterioles provide bulk flow to the tissue. When vessel growth is dysregulated, it has a major impact on our health and contributes to the pathogenesis of many disorders, some quite unexpected. Indeed, a long list of disorders is characterized or caused by excessive angiogenesis. Historically, the best known are cancer, psoriasis, arthritis and blindness, but many additional common disorders such as obesity, asthma, atherosclerosis and infectious disease are included, and the list is still growing (Tab le 1). Several congenital or inherited diseases are also caused by abnormal vascular remodeling (Tab le 1). In addition, insufficient vessel growth and abnormal vessel regression not only cause heart and brain ischemia, but can also lead to neurodegeneration, hypertension, pre-eclampsia, respiratory distress, osteoporosis and other disorders (Tab le 2). Few other processes have as daunting an impact as angiogenesis on the well-being of so many people worldwide. Recent advances in the understanding of molecular, genetic and cellular mechanisms of vessel growth and their possible implications for medicine will be discussed in this overview. Endothelial progenitors
Gamut expanded halftone prints (2012)

We propose a framework for printing high chroma and bright colors which are beyond both the display sRGB and the classical cmyk print gamuts. These colors are printed with a combination of classical cmyk inks and the two additional daylight fluorescent magenta and yellow inks. The goal is to enhance image parts by printing them with high chroma and bright colors. We first select the image parts to be enhanced. We then apply to their colors a gamut expansion that increases both their chroma and their lightness towards the colors located at the boundary of the gamut formed by the combination of classical and fluorescent inks. This expansion can be controlled by user-defined parameters. We create smooth chroma transitions between the expanded and non-expanded image parts. We also preview the printable gamut expanded image generated according to user-defined gamut expansion parameters. The resulting prototype software enables artists to create and print their own designs.
Zero-voltage and zero-current-switching full bridge PWM converter for high power applications (2002)

A novel zero-voltage and zero-current-switching (ZVZCS) full bridge (FB) PWM converter is proposed. The new converter overcomes the limitations of the ZVS-FB-PWM converter such as high circulating energy, severe parasitic ringing on the rectifier diodes, and limited ZVS load range for lagging leg switches. By utilizing the DC blocking capacitor and adding a saturable inductor, the primary current during the freewheeling period is reduced to zero, allowing the lagging leg switches to be operated with ZCS. Meanwhile, the leading leg switches are still operated with ZVS. The new converter is attractive for high voltage, high power applications where IGBTs are predominantly used as the power switches. The principle of operation, and DC characteristics of the new converter are analyzed and verified on a 2 kW, 83 KHz experimental circuit.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Virtual Machine Placement solution for VGPU enabled Clouds (2019)

Virtual machine placement in cloud set-ups is crucial for the efficient management of resources and meeting customer service level agreements (SLAs). Earlier approaches for VM placement problem did not consider GPU requirement of virtual machines while designing the solution. Newer GPUs by NVIDIA are virtualizable. The multiple virtual machines can share a single physical GPU by time division multiplexing. In our work, we address the problem of VM placement considering virtual machines’ GPU resource requirement. We formulated the vGPU aware VM placement problem as Integer Linear Programming (ILP) problem. The solution of ILP model minimizes the total number of physical GPUs used in the cloud for a given set of GPU access requests. We have also designed two heuristics– VIRD and VIRI, for placement of virtual machines. Our experiment shows that heuristic based algorithms perform better than ILP approach in terms of time taken to reach the solution. Also, our results show that the output of VIRD heuristic is same as the ILP approach.
Catalytic Oxidative Desulfurization of Diesel Fuels Using Air in a Two-Step Approach (2014)

This study presents a novel approach to fuel desulfurization in two steps where air is used as oxidant for the in situ generation of hydroperoxides from aromatics in diesel fuel and then the sulfur compounds are oxidized by the hydroperoxides to sulfones. Bulk and supported CuO based catalysts were examined for oxidation of surrogate and real diesel fuels for generation of hydroperoxides in situ using air. Among bulk CuO, CuO/Al2O3, CuO/SiO2, CuO/TiO2, and CuO-ZnO/Al2O3 tested, CuO/Al2O3 gave the highest conversion, but the highest yield and selectivity for hydroperoxide was obtained on bulk CuO catalyst for liquid phase air oxidation of isopropylbenzene. H2-Temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR) revealed the presence of dispersed CuO phase on supported catalysts with bulk CuO as the dominant phase on the unsupported catalyst. Three real diesel fuels were tested for liquid phase air oxidation at 120 °C in the presence of bulk CuO catalyst which revealed different levels of hydroperoxides generation. This was consistent with model aromatic compound study which showed different levels of hydroperoxide formation in the order of isopropylbenzene > cyclohexylbenzene ≈ sec-butylbenzene ≫ isopropylnaphthalene. As the second step of the process, the hydroperoxides formed in the real diesel fuel were then tested as oxidant for oxidation of sulfur compounds over Al2O3 and SiO2 supported MoO3 catalysts. MoO3/SiO2 catalyst was more effective with higher activity and selectivity for oxidation of 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene in diesel fuel with a total S concentration of 41 ppmw. At 40 °C, 90% of sulfur compounds in diesel were oxidized at oxidant to sulfur molar ratio of 25. Selectivity ((% of sulfone produced)/(% of peroxide consumed)) measurement revealed 82% selectivity over MoO3/SiO2 catalyst and only 43% over MoO3/Al2O3 catalyst under similar conditions. Catalysts with varying MoO3 loadings on both supports were characterized by XRD and H2-TPR methods. The results show that MoO3 based catalysts which have a weak interaction with the support might be more preferred for sulfur oxidation.
Charge state specific facile gas-phase cleavage of Asp 75-met 76 peptide bond in the α-chain of human apohemoglobin probed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (1994)

Herein, we present the first example of charge state specific facile gas-phase cleavage of an aspartic acid-methionine peptide linkage. This cleavage (Asp 75-Met 76) was observed in the alpha-chain of human adult hemoglobin (Hb) and was probed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. This specific conformational and/or charge density dependent dissociation was observed primarily in the [M + 11H]11+ and [M + 12H]12+ species. A mechanism involving an intramolecular proton transfer from the protonated carboxyl side chain of Asp 75 to the neighboring Met 76 residue yielding an anhydride moiety at the C-terminal of the Asp 75 is proposed. Dramatic differences in dissociation of [M + 13H]13+ and [M + 14H]14+ species were observed.
Three-Component One-Pot Total Syntheses of Glyantrypine, Fumiquinazoline F, and Fiscalin B Promoted by Microwave Irradiation (2005)

A microwave-promoted three-component one-pot reaction has been developed to provide access to the core pyrazino[2,1-b]quinazoline-3,6-dione (1) scaffold, which is common to several families of alkaloids with significant biological activities. By adapting this synthetic strategy through the use of selected Boc-amino acids and amino acid esters, we have accomplished highly efficient and concise total syntheses of glyantrypine (2), fumiquinazoline F (3), and fiscalin B (5), achieving overall yields of 55, 39, and 20%, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Syntheses of Camptothecin Alkaloids. Part 2. Concise Synthesis of (S)‐Camptothecins. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Histologic Evaluation of a Polylactic Acid Confluent Sheet in the Treatment of Osseous Defects, (1992)

Abstract : Polylactic and polyglycolic acids(alpha polyamides) or combinations thereof are biodegradable materials commonly used in suture materials and surgical meshes for the temporary support of abdominal organs. The materials are well known in the clinical literature and have been in common usage without risk for over two decades. The polyamides are rich in polyester linkages that are degraded in aqueous environments by hydrolysis. Various investigators have shown that the pure form of polyglycolic acid (PGA) degrades over a period of 5 months whereas pure polylactic acid (PLA) takes about 6.5 months. copolymers of PLA/PGA have been synthesized that degrade within a few weeks to several months depending upon the ratios employed and the specific sequencing of the chemical units. Further, the alpha polyamides show no adverse host tissue reactions when implanted in numerous animal models.
Coronary stents with inducible VEGF/HGF-secreting UCB-MSCs reduced restenosis and increased re-endothelialization in a swine model (2018)

Atherosclerotic plaques within the vasculature may eventually lead to heart failure. Currently, cardiac stenting is the most effective and least invasive approach to treat this disease. However, in-stent restenosis is a complex chronic side effect of stenting treatment. This study used coronary stents coated with stem cells secreting angiogenic growth factors via an inducible genome-editing system to reduce stent restenosis and induce re-endothelialization within the artery. The characteristics of the cells and their adhesion properties on the stents were confirmed, and the stents were transplanted into a swine model to evaluate restenosis and the potential therapeutic use of stents with stem cells. Restenosis was evaluated using optical coherence tomography (OCT), microcomputed tomography (mCT) and angiography, and re-endothelialization was evaluated by immunostaining after cardiac stent treatment. Compared to a bare metal stent (BMS) or a parental umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell (UCB-MSC)-coated stent, the stents with stem cells capable of the controlled release of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) successfully reduced restenosis within the stent and induced natural re-endothelialization. Furthermore, UCB-MSCs exhibited the ability to differentiate into endothelial cells in Matrigel, and HGF and VEGF improved this differentiation. Our study indicates that stents coated with UCB-MSCs secreting VEGF/HGF reduce the restenosis side effects of cardiac stenting with improved re-endothelialization.
Novel in Situ Forming, Degradable Dextran Hydrogels by Michael Addition Chemistry:  Synthesis, Rheology, and Degradation (2007)

Various vinyl sulfone functionalized dextrans (dex-VS) (Mn,dextran = 14K or 31K) with degrees of substitution (DS) ranging from 2 to 22 were conveniently prepared by a one-pot synthesis procedure at room temperature. This procedure involved reaction of a mercaptoalkanoic acid with an excess amount of divinyl sulfone yielding vinyl sulfone alkanoic acid, followed by conjugation to dextran using N,N‘-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC)/4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium 4-toluenesulfonate (DPTS) as a catalyst system. By using two different mercaptoalkanoic acids, 3-mercaptopropionic acid (1a) and 4-mercaptobutyric acid (1b), dex-VS conjugates with either an ethyl spacer (denoted as dex-Et-VS) or a propyl spacer (denoted as dex-Pr-VS) between the thioether and ester groups were obtained. Linear and four-arm mercaptopoly(ethylene glycol) (Mn = 2.1K) with two or four thiol groups (denoted as PEG-2-SH and PEG-4-SH, respectively) were also prepared. Hydrogels were rapidly formed in situ under physiological conditions by Michael type addition upon mixing aqueous solutions of dex-VS and multifunctional PEG-SH at a concentration of 10−20% w/v. The gelation time ranged from 0.5 to 7.5 min, depending on the DS, concentration, dextran molecular weight, and PEG-SH functionality. Rheological studies showed that these dextran hydrogels are highly elastic. The storage modulus increased with increasing DS, concentration, and dextran molecular weight, and hydrogels with a broad range of storage moduli from 3 to 46 kPa were obtained. Swelling/degradation studies revealed that these dextran hydrogels have a low initial swelling and are degradable under physiological conditions. The degradation time varied from 3 to 21 days depending on the DS, concentration, dextran molecular weight, and PEG-SH functionality. Interestingly, dex-Pr-VS hydrogels showed prolonged degradation times, but otherwise similar properties compared to dex-Et-VS hydrogels. The hydrolysis of the linker ester bonds of the dex-VS conjugates under physiological conditions was confirmed by 1H NMR. The results showed that the hydrolysis kinetics were independent of the DS and the dextran molecular weight. Therefore, the degradation rate of these hydrogels can be precisely controlled.
Recursive Distributed Detection for Composite Hypothesis Testing: Nonlinear Observation Models in Additive Gaussian Noise (2017)

This paper studies recursive composite hypothesis testing in a network of sparsely connected agents. The network objective is to test a simple null hypothesis against a composite alternative concerning the state of the field, modeled as a vector of (continuous) unknown parameters determining the parametric family of probability measures induced on the agents' observation spaces under the hypotheses. Specifically, under the alternative hypothesis, each agent sequentially observes an independent and identically distributed time-series consisting of a (nonlinear) function of the true but unknown parameter corrupted by Gaussian noise, whereas, under the null, they obtain noise only. Two distributed recursive generalized likelihood ratio test type algorithms of the consensus+innovations form are proposed, namely, CIGLRT - L and CIGLRT - NL, in which the agents estimate the underlying parameter and in parallel also update their test decision statistics by simultaneously processing the latest local sensed information and information obtained from neighboring agents. For CIGLRT - NL, for a broad class of nonlinear observation models and under a global observability condition, algorithm parameters which ensure asymptotically decaying probabilities of errors (probability of miss and probability of false detection) are characterized. For CIGLRT - L, a linear observation model is considered and upper bounds on large deviations decay exponent for the error probabilities are obtained.
End Group Dye‐Labeled Polycarbonate Block Copolymers for Micellar (Immuno‐)Drug Delivery (2022)

Defined conjugation of functional molecules to block copolymer end groups is a powerful strategy to enhance the scope of micellar carriers for drug delivery. In this study, an approach to access well-defined polycarbonate-based block copolymers by labeling their end groups with single fluorescent dye molecules is established. Following controlled polymerization conditions, the block copolymers' primary hydroxy end group can be converted into activated pentafluorophenyl ester carbonates and subsequently aminolyzed with fluorescent dyes that are equipped with primary amines. During a solvent-evaporation process, the resulting end group dye-labeled block copolymers self-assemble into narrowly dispersed ∼25 nm-sized micelles and simultaneously encapsulate hydrophobic (immuno-)drugs. The covalently attached fluorescent tracer can be used to monitor both uptake into cells and stability under biologically relevant conditions, including incubation with blood plasma or during blood circulation in zebrafish embryos. By encapsulation of the toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) agonist CL075, immune stimulatory polymeric micelles are generated that get internalized by various antigen-presenting dendritic cells and promote their maturation. Generally, such end group dye-labeled polycarbonate block copolymers display ideal features to permit targeted delivery of hydrophobic drugs to key immune cells for vaccination and cancer immunotherapy.