gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Using Porous PEEK Implants at Levels Adjacent to a Previous Fusion (2019)

Objective: We report the results of a prospective, single center clinical study in which anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) was performed using a porous PEEK implant and plate at intervertebral disc spaces in patients who had symptomatic, degenerative cervical disc disease at levels adjacent to a previous ACDF. Methods: Twenty-eight consecutive patients (15 females, 13 males; average age, 54 years) with degenerative cervical disc disease at levels adjacent to a previous fusion underwent anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) using a porous PEEK interbody fusion cage and plate. There were 22 single-level and 6 two-level adjacent level fusions between C3 and C7. Patients were assessed at 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. Standardized clinical outcome measures were used to evaluate the patient’s condition before and after surgery. Plain radiographs were used to assess fusion, bony ingrowth, sagittal plane angulation, subsidence, and migration of the implant. Results: No patients were lost to follow up; all patients were followed for a minimum of 12 months. Six patients were followed for more than 24 months. At the last follow up, NDI and neck and pain scores showed improvement in all patients. All had previous anterior cervical fusions and 22 had at least 1 additional co-morbidly for an adverse event (diabetes, osteoporosis, smoking, obesity). Following revision surgery, all patients showed radiographic fusion with no motion across the instrumented interspaces on dynamic flexion-extension lateral radiographs. Segmental lordosis at the surgical site improved to an average of 5° (2° to 9°) with no evidence of implant migration or subsidence. Average disc space height increased 4 mm. No patient showed radiographic evidence of a pseudarthrosis. No patient developed any radiolucency at the implant interface with the host bone. Conclusion: This prospective, nonrandomized study shows that porous-surface PEEK is a clinically viable alternative for improving the osseointegration and fusion rates of interbody implants in patients undergoing revision fusion surgery at 1 to 2 levels adjacent to previous surgical fusions.
A dual 23Gb/s CMOS transmitter/receiver chipset for 40Gb/s RZ-DQPSK and CS-RZ-DQPSK optical transmission (2012)

This paper presents the first CMOS dual bitrate chipset with equalization in transmitter and receiver as well as a clock to data skew adjustment. Both the transmitter and the receiver consume less power than those in previously published results in the works of Hosida et al. (2007).
Studies of heterocyclic compounds. Part 22. Reactions of 1,6-dioxa-6aλ4-thiapentalenes (1977)

Electrophilic substitution of 1,6-dioxa-6aλ4-thiapentalene involves attack at position(s) 3 (and 4) and gives either normal substitution products or products of substitution with rearrangement. Bromination of 1,6-dioxa-6aλ4-thiapentalene invariably gave 3,4-dibromo-1,6-dioxa-6aλ4-thiapentalene. Iodination with iodine and silver acetate could be controlled to give either 3,4-di-iodo- or 3-iodo-1,6-dioxa-5aλ4-thiapentalene. Tritylation with trityl perchlorate in the presence of calcium carbonate gave 3-trityl-1,6-dioxa-6aλ4-thiapentalene. Acetoxymercuration in acetic acid afforded an insoluble bisacetoxymercurio-derivative quantitatively. The position of substitution was established by comparative 1H n.m.r. spectral studies. Attempts to formylate, acetylate, and nitrate 1,6-dioxa-6aλ4-thiapentalene were unsuccessful. 1,6-Dioxa-6aλ4-thiapentalene couples with p-nitrobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate with rearrangement to give 1-p-nitrophenyl-6-oxa-6aλ4-thia-1,2-diazapentalene-3-carbaldehyde, the first derivative of the 6-oxa-6aλ4-thia-1,2-diazapentalene system to be reported. 1,6-Dioxa-6aλ4-thia-pentalenes show aldehyde reactivity. 3,4-Dibromo- and 3,4-di-iodo-1,6-dioxa-6aλ4-thiapentalene reacted with methylamine in aqueous acetonitrile to give 3,4-dibromo-6-methyl- and 3,4-di-iodo-6-methyl-1-oxa-6aλ4-thia-6-azapentalene, respectively, the first derivatives of the 1-oxa-6aλ4-thia-6-azapentalene system to be reported. 3-Iodo-1,6-dioxa-6aλ4-thiapentalene reacted with methylamine to give a mixture of 3-iodo-6-methyl- and 4-iodo-6-methyl-1-oxa-6aλ4-thia-6-azapentalene, which were not separated. 3-lodo-1,6-dioxa-6aλ4-thiapentalene underwent halogen–metal exchange with n-butyl-lithium at –70 °C. The resulting 3-lithio-derivative reacted in situ with dimethylformamide or with the Vilsmeier reagent (Me2[graphic omitted]CHCl·PO2Cl2–) to give 1,6-dioxa-6aλ4-thiapentalene-3-carbaldehyde in low yield.
Correction to Enhanced Acidity and Accessibility in Al-MCM-41 through Aluminum Activation (2016)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionNEXTORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionCorrection to Enhanced Acidity and Accessibility in Al-MCM-41 through Aluminum ActivationRoel Locus, Danny Verboekend*, Ruyi Zhong, Kristof Houthoofd, Tony Jaumann, Steffen Oswald, Lars Giebeler, Gino Baron, and Bert F. Sels*Cite this: Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 2, 904Publication Date (Web):December 16, 2016Publication History Published online16 December 2016Published inissue 24 January 2017https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b04899Copyright © 2016 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views524Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (134 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Red and blue luminescent metallo-supramolecular coordination polymers assembled through π–π interactions † (2000)

The use of π-stacking interactions to control the aggregation of photo-active metal centres is explored through the design of bis(2,2′;6′,2′′-terpyridyl) metal complexes functionalised with biphenyl ‘tails’. Aryl–aryl interactions control the aggregation of the metal complexes into polymetallic arrays in the solid state. Cobalt(II), ruthenium(II), nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II) and cadmium(II) bis-ligand complexes and a mixed ligand ruthenium(II) complex have been structurally characterised. The solid-state structures are dependent on which units dominate the π-stacking. For cobalt, ruthenium, nickel and copper, biphenylene–biphenylene interactions lead to linear rod-like arrays, while for the group 12 d10 ions zinc and cadmium, biphenylene–pyridyl interactions lead to two-dimensional sheets. The addition of the biphenylene tail has favourable effects on the photophysical-properties of the complexes which exhibit room temperature red (ruthenium) or blue (zinc and cadmium) luminescence, both in solution and the solid state.
Vinylic radicals are intermediates in the oxidation of vinylic lithium reagents to lithium enolates by dioxygen, but not by lithium tert-butyl peroxide (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTVinylic radicals are intermediates in the oxidation of vinylic lithium reagents to lithium enolates by dioxygen, but not by lithium tert-butyl peroxideEdward J. Panek, Larry R. Kaiser, and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 11, 3708–3713Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00453a032https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00453a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views363Altmetric-Citations54LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
All-optical flip-flop with high on-off contrast ratio using two injection-locked single-mode Fabry-Perot laser diodes (2007)

An all-optical flip-flop with inverted output is presented. The flip-flop is realized based on the optical bistability of an injection-locked single-mode Fabry-Perot laser diode (FP-LD). The operation principle is explained and experimental results are presented in this paper. The flip-flop with separate optical set and reset inputs had an on-off contrast ratio of over 35 dB.
Peptide 15-mers of defined sequence that substitute for random amino acid copolymers in amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (2005)

Myelin basic protein (MBP) is a major candidate autoantigen in multiple sclerosis (MS). Its immunodominant epitope, MBP 85-99, forms a complex with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR2 with which multiple sclerosis is genetically associated. Copolymer 1 (Copaxone), a random amino acid copolymer [poly (Y,E,A,K)n] as well as two modified synthetic copolymers [poly (F,Y,A,K)n and poly (V,W,A,K)n] also form complexes with HLA-DR2 (DRA/DRB1*1501) and compete with MBP 85-99 for binding. Moreover, two high-affinity synthetic peptide 15-mers that could inhibit binding even more effectively were previously designed. Here, we show that further-modified peptide 15-mers inhibited even more strongly (in order J5 > J3 > J2) both the binding of MBP 85-99 to HLA-DR2 and IL-2 production by two MBP 85-99-specific HLA-DR2-restricted T cells. J5, J3, and J2 also suppressed both MBP 85-99-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in humanized mice and proteolipid protein 139-151-induced EAE in SJL/J mice. Moreover, none of these previously uncharacterized peptide inhibitors crossreacted with MBP 85-99- or proteolipid protein 139-151-specific T cells. In both cases, spleen and lymph node cultures stimulated with these peptides produced large amounts of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10), and adoptive transfer of established T cell lines suppressed disease induction. These peptide 15-mers provide specific, nonrandom sequences that appear to be at least as effective as random copolymers in suppressing EAE in several models.
Creating conversational interfaces for interactive software agents (1997)

While much research and design has been presented on designing interactive agents and on speech interfaces, little has been said about combining these areas. This tutorial presents recommended guidelines for creating conversational interfaces with agents presented as interactive characters.
An open multicentre study of the efficacy and safety of a single dose of fluconazole 150 mg in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis in general practice (1990)

The efficacy and tolerability of fluconazole given as a single oral dose of 150 mg were assessed in 1,017 patients in general practice presenting with signs and symptoms of vaginal candidiasis. At the review visit 7-14 days after treatment, about 95 per cent of patients reported being either cured or improved. High vaginal swabs taken from 43 patients out of 50 who failed following treatment revealed Candida albicans in 17 (1.8 per cent). Efficacy in patients with predisposing factors (oral contraceptives, antibiotics and recurrent vaginal candidiasis - four episodes or more in previous year) was not significantly different from that in those without these factors. Of patients who had received previous intravaginal therapy for vaginal candidiasis, 88 per cent preferred fluconazole, 10 per cent previous therapy and two per cent had no preference. Investigators assessed efficacy after fluconazole as excellent or good in 91 per cent and tolerability as excellent or good in 91 per cent of patients. Significant adverse effects were reported in less than one per cent of patients.
Development of a Nonlinear Near-Wall Turbulence Model for Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer (2001)

Abstract A new nonlinear near-wall turbulence model is developed on the basis of realizability constraints to predict turbulent flow and heat transfer in strongly nonequilibrium flows. The linear k–e–fμ model of Park and Sung (Fluid Dyn. Res., 20 (1997) 97) is extended to a nonlinear formulation. The stress–strain relationship is derived from the Cayley–Hamilton theorem in a homogeneous flow. The ratio of production to dissipation (Pk/e) is employed to solve an algebraic equation of the strain dependent coefficients. A near-wall treatment is dealt with by reproducing the model coefficients from a modified strain variable. An improved explicit heat flux model is proposed with the aid of Cayley–Hamilton theorem, which includes the quadratic effects of flow deformations. The near-wall asymptotic behavior is incorporated by modifying the fλ function. Emphasis is placed on the model performance on the truncated strain terms. The model performance is shown to be generally satisfactory.
Micronization of polyethylene terephthalate via freezing of highly sheared emulsions of polyethylene terephthalate in saturated liquid tetrahydrofuran (2012)

Abstract A novel technique for micronizing polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resin (∼ 3 mm) with saturated liquid tetrahydrofuran (THF) has been developed. PET pellets were introduced to a high‐pressure vessel filled halfway with THF at loadings up to ∼ 7 wt % PET. When the vessel was closed and heated, the PET pellets exhibited significant melting point depression at 190°C in saturated liquid THF at 17.1 bar. Although other organic solvents were also able to depress the melting point of PET, only THF was able to facilitate the formation of an emulsion of PET‐rich liquid droplets in the saturated liquid solvent when the mixture was agitated. In an attempt to generate the smallest possible PET droplets, a high‐speed (5000 rpm), close‐clearance, radial flow impeller was used to shear and disperse the droplets at ∼ 200°C and 20.1 bar. Emulsion was rapidly cooled while mixing. The PET droplets froze at ∼ 190°C, and the vessel was then cooled to ambient temperature. The excess liquid THF was decanted, and the PET particles were dried in a vacuum oven to remove residual THF. The PET particle sizes ranged between 2 and 70 μm, with number, area, and volume average diameters of 6, 20, and 30 μm, respectively. A comparison between the PET resin and PET powder properties indicated that the micronization reduced the M w from 32,700 to 22,800. DSC results suggest that the rapid quench leads to a morphology different from equilibrium, with small somewhat imperfect crystallites, a lower overall degree of crystallinity, and a suppressed Δ C p at the glass transition. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Machine Learning with DBOS (2022)

We recently proposed a new cluster operating system stack, DBOS, centered on a DBMS. DBOS enables unique support for ML applications by encapsulating ML code within stored procedures, centralizing ancillary ML data, providing security built into the underlying DBMS, co-locating ML code and data, and tracking data and workflow provenance. Here we demonstrate a subset of these benefits around two ML applications. We first show that image classification and object detection models using GPUs can be served as DBOS stored procedures with performance competitive to existing systems. We then present a 1D CNN trained to detect anomalies in HTTP requests on DBOS-backed web services, achieving SOTA results. We use this model to develop an interactive anomaly detection system and evaluate it through qualitative user feedback, demonstrating its usefulness as a proof of concept for future work to develop learned real-time security services on top of DBOS.
Quorum placement in networks to minimize access delays (2005)

A quorum system is a family of sets (themselves called quorums), each pair of which intersect. In many distributed algorithms, the basic unit accessed by a client is a quorum of nodes. Such algorithms are used for applications such as mutual exclusion, data replication, and dissemination of information. However, accessing spread-out quorums causes access delays that we would like to minimize. Furthermore, every member of the quorum incurs processing load to handle quorum accesses by clients.In this paper we study the problem of placing quorums in a physical network so as to minimize the delay that clients incur by accessing quorums, and while respecting each physical node's capacity (in terms of the load of client requests it can handle). We provide approximation algorithms for this problem for two natural measures of delay (the max-delay and total-delay). All our algorithms ensure that each node's load is within a constant factor of its capacity, and minimize delay to within a constant factor of the optimal delay for all capacity-respecting solutions. We also provide better approximations for several well-known quorum systems.
Facile Synthesis of Rod–Coil Block Copolymers with Chiral, Helical Polycarbodiimide Segments via Postpolymerization CuAAC “Click” Coupling of Functional End Groups (2015)

Using the living nickel(II)-mediated polymerization of carbodiimides, the chiral (R)- or (S)-N-1-phenethyl-N′-methylcarbodiimide (PMC) monomers were polymerized with a new TIPS protected alkyne functional nickel initiator forming PPMC with an excess single-handed screw sense and the alkyne moiety covalently attached to the terminus of the polymer, as confirmed by 1H NMR and MALDI-TOF MS. After deprotection, the alkyne end groups of rigid-rod PPMC-2 were coupled with azide-terminated, random-coil PS and PEG homopolymers forming a novel class of helical-b-coil block copolymers. In the thin-film, all synthesized diblock copolymers formed interesting nanofibular morphologies when subject to specific conditions. The triblock RCP-4, however, adopted unique macroporous morphology as identified by AFM and SEM with average pore diameters of ca. 832 ± 194 nm. The origin of this was found to be associated with the ordering of large, hollow vesicle aggregates upon solvent evaporation followed by the melting of these aggregates filling in the hollow interior forming the submicron pores observed. Furthermore, the size of these aggregates can be easily modulated in a linear fashion from 272 to 1648 nm simply by increasing the concentration of RCP-4 in THF. Finally, the three PPMC–PEG copolymers synthesized were found to adopt lyotropic cholesteric mesophases in concentrated toluene solutions (ca. 30 wt %).
Application of Numerical Transient Fluid Dynamics to Snow Avalanche Flow. Part I. Development of Computer Program Avalnch (1979)

Abstract A two-dimensional, transient fluid-dynamics computer code has been modified for specific application to the avalanche-runout problem. This code, called AVALNCH, permits the separation of path geometry effects from such flow factors as friction and viscosity. The longitudinal profile of the avalanche path is divided into cells, 10 to 20 m long, each of which can be assigned specific values for slope gradient, surface friction, and internal kinematic viscosity. The program gives average avalanche speed cell-by-cell down the path and the location and depth of avalanche debris. Internal kinematic viscosity and surface friction were modeled on an avalanche path of simple geometry and were found to be of about equal significance in predicting runout distance. Additionally, surface friction is represented by an exponentially increasing function as speed decreases in the runout zone, in order to model observed avalanche terminal-motion characteristics. Program AVALNCH is reduced to a basic algorithm that is efficient to run, and contains the essential mechanics to model avalanche flow accurately. The most pressing need is for more physical data to permit the matching of program output to observed results under a variety of conditions.
Minimum Probability Flow Learning (2011)

Fitting probabilistic models to data is often difficult, due to the general intractability of the partition function and its derivatives. Here we propose a new parameter estimation technique that does not require computing an intractable normalization factor or sampling from the equilibrium distribution of the model. This is achieved by establishing dynamics that would transform the observed data distribution into the model distribution, and then setting as the objective the minimization of the KL divergence between the data distribution and the distribution produced by running the dynamics for an infinitesimal time. Score matching, minimum velocity learning, and certain forms of contrastive divergence are shown to be special cases of this learning technique. We demonstrate parameter estimation in Ising models, deep belief networks and an independent component analysis model of natural scenes. In the Ising model case, current state of the art techniques are outperformed by at least an order of magnitude in learning time, with lower error in recovered coupling parameters.
Postprandial glucose fluxes and insulin sensitivity during exercise: A study in healthy individuals (2013)

Quantifying the effect size of acute exercise on insulin sensitivity (SI(exercise)) and simultaneous measurement of glucose disappearance (R(d)), endogenous glucose production (EGP), and meal glucose appearance in the postprandial state has not been developed in humans. To do so, we studied 12 healthy subjects [5 men, age 37.1 ± 3.1 yr, body mass index 24.1 ± 1.1 kg/m², fat-free mass (FFM) 50.9 ± 3.9 kg] during moderate exercise at 50% V(O₂max) for 75 min, 120-195 min after a triple-tracer mixed meal consumed at time 0. Tracer infusion rates were adjusted to achieve constant tracer-to-tracee ratio and minimize non-steady-state errors. Glucose turnover was estimated by accounting for the nonstationary kinetics introduced by exercise. Insulin sensitivity index was calculated in each subject both in the absence [time (t) = 0-120 min, SI(rest)] and presence (t = 0-360 min, SI(exercise)) of physical activity. EGP at t = 0 min (13.4 ± 1.1 μM·kg FFM⁻¹·min⁻¹) fell at t = 120 min (2.4 ± 0.4 μM·kg FFM⁻¹·min⁻¹) and then rapidly rose almost eightfold at t = 180 min (18.2 ± 2.6 μM·kg FFM⁻¹·min⁻¹) before gradually falling at t = 360 min (10.6 ± 0.9 μM·kg FFM⁻¹·min⁻¹). R(d) rapidly peaked at t = 120 min at the start of exercise (89.5 ± 11.6 μM·kg FFM⁻¹·min⁻¹) and then gradually declined at t = 195 min (26.4 ± 3.3 μM·kg FFM⁻¹·min⁻¹) before returning to baseline at t = 360 min. SI(exercise) was significantly higher than SI(rest) (21.6 ± 3.7 vs. 12.5 ± 2.0 10⁻⁴ dl·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹ per μU/ml, P < 0.0005). Glucose turnover was estimated for the first time during exercise with the triple-tracer technique. Our results, applying state-of-the-art techniques, show that moderate exercise almost doubles postprandial insulin sensitivity index in healthy subjects.