gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Common Acronyms in Plastics Technology (2018)

No AccessPlastics HandbookJan 2019Common Acronyms in Plastics TechnologyErwin Baur, Tim A. Osswald, Natalie RudolphErwin BaurSearch for more papers by this author, Tim A. OsswaldSearch for more papers by this author, Natalie RudolphSearch for more papers by this authorhttps://doi.org/10.3139/9781569905609.001SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to FavoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsCopy LTI LinkPDF key 'share (en)' returned an object instead of string.FacebookTwitterEmailLinkedIn previous chapternext chapter FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 2018Pages: 1-11Print ISBN: 978-1-56990-559-3eISBN: 978-1-56990-560-9 Copyright & Permissions© 2019 Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KGPDF downloadLoading ...
Efficient Cu‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Additions of Alkylzincs to Trisubstituted Cyclic Enones. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Polymer thin film deposited on liquid for varifocal encapsulated liquid lenses (2008)

We developed a process for making liquid lenses that have a tunable focal distance. In our process, polymer thin films are directly deposited on liquid droplets in vacuum. Conducting the deposition in vacuum helps preserve the delicate spherical droplet shape so that they can be used as lenses. The polymer film is mechanically stable, which protects the droplets from the ambient, but it is also extremely thin and flexible, which allows the droplets to deform. The droplets are deformed using electrostatic force to change their focal distance. Our lens is structurally simple and can be operated by an electrical input.
Enzyme‐Labile Protecting Groups for the Synthesis of Natural Products: Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Thiocoraline (2013)

Another (orthogonal) dimension: The solid-phase synthesis of thiocoraline was accomplished for the first time by a combined approach involving chemical and enzymatic methods. One-pot cleavage of the phenylacetamidomethyl protecting group using immobilized penicillin G acylase enzyme (see picture) and disulfide formation are the key steps of the synthetic strategy. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Photo‐Emde Degradation of 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroquinolinium Salts (1985)

Abstract It is shown that 1,1‐dimethyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolinium ions undergo, under direct irradiation through quartz in CH 3 OH and independent of the nature of the counterion (I − , BF ), a reductive cleavage of the N(1)–C(8a) bond (photo‐ Emde degradation). The corresponding N , N ‐dimethyl‐3‐phenylpropylamines are formed in high yields and without contamination by Hofmann degradation products of the tetrahydroquinolinium salts. Me groups at C(2) as well as substituents at C(6) (CH 3 , Cl, CH 3 O) favour the photo‐ Emde degradation. The aromatic Cl‐substituent is reductively split off in the course of the photoreaction.
Human in vivo phosphate metabolite imaging with 31P NMR (1988)

Phosphorus (31P) spectroscopic images showing the distribution of high-energy phosphate metabolites in the human brain have been obtained at 1.5 T in scan times of 8.5 to 34 min at 27 and 64 cm3 spatial resolution using pulsed phase-encoding gradient magnetic fields and three-dimensional Fourier transform (3DFT) techniques. Data were acquired as free induction decays with a quadrature volume NMR detection coil of a truncated geometry designed to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio on the coil axis on the assumption that the sample noise represents the dominant noise source, and self-shielded magnetic field gradient coils to minimize eddy-current effects. The images permit comparison of metabolic data acquired simultaneously from different locations in the brain, as well as metabolite quantification by inclusion of a vial containing a standard of known 31P concentration in the image array. Values for the NMR visible adenosine triphosphate in three individuals were about 3 mM of tissue. The ratio of NMR detectable phosphocreatine to ATP in brain was 1.15 +/- 0.17 SD in these experiments. Potential sources of random and systematic error in these and other 31P measurements are identified.
Achieving low latency and energy consumption by 5G TDD mode optimization (2014)

The target for a new 5G radio access technology is to support multi-Gbps and ms latency connectivity simultaneously at noticeably lower energy consumption and cost compared to the existing 4G technologies, such as LTE-Advanced. Extremely short air interface latency is required to achieve these requirements in a TDD-based local area network. In this paper, we discuss how the required short TDD latency can be achieved and further utilized in 5G physical air interface. First, we investigate the enablers and limits of TDD latency by analyzing the performance of OFDM in different channel environments and discussing on the consequent frame length limits. We then provide a description on how the achieved short TDD latency can further be utilized to enable remarkably low energy consumption. A numerical analysis comparing the battery life time of the suggested 5G TDD air interface and LTE is provided, showing remarkable gains for the 5G air interface concept.
Prognostic Value of Microvascular Invasion in Predicting the Cancer Specific Survival and Risk of Metastatic Disease in Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Multicenter Investigation (2011)

Microvascular invasion occurs in nearly 1 of 5 patients with renal cell carcinoma, is tightly correlated with adverse clinicopathological features and is an independent predictor of metastatic spread including in those presenting with low stage tumors.
X-Ray Standing Waves at Crystal Surfaces (1980)

With use of bromine atoms, deposited on the surface of a silicon single crystal, the presence of x-ray standing waves above the crystal surface has been detected under conditions of strong Bragg diffraction.
Graphenic carbon as etching mask: patterning with laser lithography and KOH etching (2019)

Abstract The wet anisotropic etching process is generally used in the field of micromachining (MEMS), particularly for commercial products such as accelerometers. Hard masks like oxide or nitride play a key role in the transfer of patterns to the substrate during the lithography process. This work reports on the use of polycrystalline graphenic carbon as an etch mask for wet chemical processing and outlines a simple method to create patterned structures on (100) silicon wafers. Graphenic carbon (GC) was deposited on the silicon substrate by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using C 2 H 4 as precursor. The desired pattern was written in the spin-coated negative photoresist using UV laser lithography. Different geometrical shapes were printed on the substrate with dimensions ranging from 10 to 50 micrometers. In the next stage, the O 2 plasma etched away the carbon from the area not covered by the photoresist, acting as an additional mask for this and the subsequent processing steps. Finally, the sample was immersed in the KOH bath saturated with isopropanol and the etching rate was evaluated for each crystal plane. Compared to the use of a sacrificial oxide mask, this technique is simpler and produces more reliable results.
Self-Injection Locking of a Spin Torque Nano-Oscillator to Magnetic Field Feedback (2018)

Low output power and limited spectral purity are two major challenges in developing spin-transfer nano-oscillators (STNOs) for applications in spintronics. The authors demonstrate that a combination of delayed magnetic field feedback and injection locking can be used to overcome both challenges, for significantly improved signal power and quality. Furthermore, with increasing feedback strength a phase is found in which oscillations are stabilized by the feedback itself, showing that a network of strongly coupled STNOs is feasible. By controlling the phase of oscillation, one can reduce the linewidth, and also can synchronize many oscillators.
Analysis of Elliptical Rolling Contact Joints in Compression (2011)

Abstract This paper presents elliptical rolling contact joints in compression as an alternative to circular rolling contact and conventional revolute joints where high quality force transmission—low friction and backlash—with variable output are desired. Parameters specific to the joint and its position are defined in terms of relative link angles and elliptical surface geometry. These relationships allow elliptical rolling contact joints to be incorporated in vector loop summations used in kinematic analysis. Notably, elliptical rolling contact is developed as the more general case of which circular rolling contact is a subset. Elliptical rolling contact joints are shown to offer several benefits over circular rolling contact, including reduced Hertz contact stresses, variable output velocity, maximum use of contact interface by distributing small rotations across surfaces of small curvature, reduced forces on constraining members, and no-slip pure rolling provided by either connecting links or flexures, without the need for gear teeth or friction.
MRI of pulmonary embolism using Gd-DTPA-polyethylene glycol polymer enhanced 3D fast gradient echo technique in a canine model (1997)

This study was to evaluate the accuracy of MR angiography (MRA) using a Gd-DTPA-polyethylene glycol polymer (Gd-DTPA-PEG) with a 3D fast gradient echo (3D fgre) technique in diagnosing pulmonary embolism in a canine model. Pulmonary emboli were created in six mongrel dogs (20-30 kg) by injecting tantalum oxide-doped autologous blood clots into the femoral veins via cutdowns. MRI was performed with a 1.5 T GE Signa imager using a 3D fgre sequence (11.9/2.3/15 degrees) following intravenous injection of 0.06 mmol Gd/kg of Gd-DTPA-PEG. The dogs were euthanized and spiral CT of the lungs were then obtained on the deceased dogs. The MRI images were reviewed independently and receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curves were used for statistical analysis using spiral CT results as the gold standard. The pulmonary emboli were well visualized on spiral CT. Out of 108 pulmonary segments in the six dogs, 24 contained emboli >2 mm and 27 contained emboli < or = 2 mm. With unblinded review, MRI detected 79% of emboli >2 mm and only 48% of emboli < or = 2 mm. The blinded review results were significantly worse. Gd-DTPA-PEG enhanced 3D fgre MRI is potentially able to demonstrate pulmonary embolism with fairly high degree of accuracy, but specialized training for the interpretations will be required.
Automated learning of muscle-actuated locomotion through control abstraction (1995)

We present a learning technique that automatically syn- thesizes realistic locomotion for the animation of physics-based models of animals. The method is especially suitable for animals with highly flexible, many-degree-of-freedom bodies and a consid- erable number of internal muscle actuators, such as snakes and fish. The multilevel learning process first performs repeated loco- motion trials in search of actuator control functions that produce efficient locomotion, presuming virtually nothing about the form of these functions. Applying a short-time Fourier analysis, the learn- ing process then abstracts control functions that produce effective locomotion into a compact representation which makes explicit the natural quasi-periodicities and coordination of the muscle actions. The artificial animals can finally put into practice the compact, efficient controllers that they have learned. Their locomotion learn- ing abilities enable them to accomplish higher-level tasks specified by the animator while guided by sensory perception of their vir- tual world; e.g., locomotion to a visible target. We demonstrate physics-based animation of learned locomotion in dynamic models of land snakes, fishes, and even marine mammals that have trained themselves to perform SeaWorld stunts.
Application of functional principal component analysis in race walking: An emerging methodology (2009)

This study considered the problem of identifying and evaluating the factors of individual performance during race walking. In particular, the study explored the use of functional principal component analysis (f-PCA), a multivariate data analysis, for assessing and classifying the kinematics and kinetics of the knee joint in competitive race walkers. Seven race walkers of international and national level participated to the study. An optoelectronic system and a force platform were used to capture three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics of lower limbs during the race walking cycle. Functional principal component analysis was applied bilaterally to the sagittal knee angle and net moment data, because knee joint motion is fundamental to race walking technique. Scatterplots of principal component scores provided evidence of athletes' technical differences and asymmetries even when traditional analysis (mean ± s curves) was not effective. Principal components provided indications for race walkers' classification and identified potentially important technical differences between higher and lower skilled athletes. Therefore, f-PCA might represent a future aid for the fine analysis of sports movements, if consistently applied to performance monitoring.
Deep Learning Segmentation of the Right Ventricle in Cardiac MRI: The M&Ms Challenge (2023)

In recent years, several deep learning models have been proposed to accurately quantify and diagnose cardiac pathologies. These automated tools heavily rely on the accurate segmentation of cardiac structures in MRI images. However, segmentation of the right ventricle is challenging due to its highly complex shape and ill-defined borders. Hence, there is a need for new methods to handle such structure's geometrical and textural complexities, notably in the presence of pathologies such as Dilated Right Ventricle, Tricuspid Regurgitation, Arrhythmogenesis, Tetralogy of Fallot, and Inter-atrial Communication. The last MICCAI challenge on right ventricle segmentation was held in 2012 and included only 48 cases from a single clinical center. As part of the 12th Workshop on Statistical Atlases and Computational Models of the Heart (STACOM 2021), the M&Ms-2 challenge was organized to promote the interest of the research community around right ventricle segmentation in multi-disease, multi-view, and multi-center cardiac MRI. Three hundred sixty CMR cases, including short-axis and long-axis 4-chamber views, were collected from three Spanish hospitals using nine different scanners from three different vendors, and included a diverse set of right and left ventricle pathologies. The solutions provided by the participants show that nnU-Net achieved the best results overall. However, multi-view approaches were able to capture additional information, highlighting the need to integrate multiple cardiac diseases, views, scanners, and acquisition protocols to produce reliable automatic cardiac segmentation algorithms.
Influence of Ventricular Fibrillation Duration on Defibrillation Energy in Dogs Using Bidirectional Pulse Discharges (1988)

The automatic implantable defibrillator device typically discharges 5-30 seconds after detection of ventricular fibrillation. To investigate the importance of the duration of ventricular fibrillation on defibrillation, the effects of ventricular fibrillation durations of 5, 15, and 30 seconds on the energy requirements for successful internal defibrillation were compared in 15 closed chest dogs with internal electrodes. The electrode configuration utilized a transvenous right heart catheter with two electrodes and a precordial subcutaneous patch electrode, with a single bidirectional pulse discharged between the distal catheter electrode and the proximal catheter and patch electrodes. Curves of energy vs. percentage of successful defibrillation were constructed and logistic regression was used to derive 90% and 50% successful energy doses (ED90 and ED50). The mean ventricular fibrillation activation interval just prior to defibrillation was determined from discrete RV endocardial electrograms. Four dogs died during testing, all because of inability to defibrillate after 30 s of ventricular fibrillation. In the remaining 11 dogs, the ED90 increased from (mean +/- SD) 27 +/- 13J at 5 s to 41 +/- 14J at 30 s (p less than .01). The mean ventricular fibrillation activation interval decreased from 107 +/- 21 ms at 5 s to 95 +/- 18 ms at 30 s (p less than .01). In conclusion, the energy required for internal defibrillation in dogs using this electrode configuration increases with longer durations of ventricular fibrillation, and is associated with more rapid ventricular fibrillation activation intervals.
Efficient Computation of Multidimensional Lambertian Optical Absorption (2018)

Approximate analytic expressions are given for the absorption of light emanating from a nonuniformly illuminated Lambertian surface into an absorptive layer having a spatially uniform coefficient of absorption, α. This situation is particularly relevant for silicon solar cells, which have deliberately textured surfaces and grid fingers that create nonuniform illumination. The approach uses Fourier superposition to represent spatial variation in the plane of the surface, represented by a series of wavenumbers in each axis. It is observed that the absorption rate and flux density at any given distance, z, into the layer is given by an effective wavenumber, keff, that is the root-sum-square of the wavenumbers in the two axes. This allows for simple analytic expressions that, for each Fourier component, depend only on the dimensionless terms keffz and αz. This Fourier-superposition approach is computationally efficient compared with ray tracing, and is particularly effective when the nonuniform illumination is periodic and symmetric in each axis, in which case the Fourier superposition becomes a cosine series of spatial harmonics. An example illustrates the good fidelity that can be obtained using as few as ten harmonics in each axis.
A Field Study Into Hong Kong’s Wet Markets: Raised Questions Into the Hygienic Maintenance of Meat Contact Surfaces and the Dissemination of Microorganisms Associated With Nosocomial Infections (2019)

Millions every day purchase their raw meat in wet markets around the globe, especially in Hong Kong city, where modern and a traditional way of living is made possible. While food hygiene standards in Hong Kong have more recently focused on the safety of meat sold in these wet markets, the hygienic surface level of wooden cutting boards used for processing meats is seldom observed. This original study performed microbial community profiling, as well as isolating and identifying various strains multiple wooden cutting boards from nine wet markets located on Hong Kong Island. Our study also investigated the efficiency of scraping the surface of cutting boards as a traditional cleaning technique in Hong Kong. Results indicate that these hygienic practices are inefficient for guarantying proper surface hygiene as some most tested cutting boards were found to harbor microbial species typically associated with hospital nosocomial infections, such as <i>Klebsiella pneumoni</i>ae. Further analysis also led to discovering the presence of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) among isolated strains. Our results showcase the significance and effects of cross-contamination in Hong Kong wet markets, especially with regards to the potential spreading of clinically-relevant strains and ARGs on food processing surfaces. This study should, therefore, serve as a basis to review current hygienic practices in Hong Kong's wet market on a larger scale, thereby improving food safety and ultimately, public health.
Modeling of sinewave inverters: a geometric approach (2002)

Three fundamental sinewave inverter topologies are analyzed: 2-leg (1-phase, 2-wire); 3-leg (3-phase, 3-wire); and 4-leg (3-phase, 4-wire). The topologies are "full-bridge" voltage-source inverters with LC filters suitable for producing sinusoidal output voltages. The switching states and corresponding output voltage-vectors produced by each inverter are identified and presented along with an analysis of the geometric arrangement of these voltage-vectors. A pattern of characteristics is established whereby the "qd" modeling forms commonly used with 3-leg inverters are extended to address the expanded capabilities of the 4-leg inverter. A unique 4/spl times/4 decoupling transformation matrix is presented for the 4-leg inverter that enables direct transformation between the four degree-of-freedom (DOF) leg-modulation space of the inverter and its corresponding 3-DOF output-voltage space. This is shown to be directly analogous to the well-known "abc-qd" transformation developed for the 3-leg inverter. Fully decoupled models for each inverter are presented.
Global governor-side damping controller for low frequency oscillation of power systems based on partial state feedback (2010)

Low frequency oscillation (LFO) is harmful to power system security and stability. The traditional solutions for LFO are the power system stabilizer (PSS) with local or global signal implemented on the excitations. This paper explores the global governor-side damping controllers for LFO, i.e., controller with input from the wide area measurement system (WAMS). Design strategy of global governor-side damping controller with remote signal from WAMS is proposed, based on the partial state feedback theory. Simulation results in a 4-generator-2-area power system show the effectiveness of the proposed global governor-side damping controller.
Three-year clinical performance of a HEMA-free one-step self-etch adhesive in non-carious cervical lesions (2011)

Despite the fact that one-step adhesives are currently used routinely in clinical practice, long-term studies on their clinical performance are scarce. The objective of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to test the hypothesis that a 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)-free one-step self-etch adhesive performs worse than a conventional multistep etch-and-rinse adhesive. Two-hundred and seventy-six non-carious cervical lesions in 52 patients were restored with a micro-hybrid composite (Gradia Direct; GC). These restorations were bonded in random order either with the HEMA-free one-step adhesive G-Bond (GC) or with the 'gold-standard' (control) three-step adhesive Optibond FL (Kerr). The restorations were evaluated after 6, 12, 24, and 36 months of clinical service regarding retention, marginal adaptation, microleakage, caries occurrence, and sensitivity. After a medium-long period of 3 yr, similar success in clinical performance was observed for the simplified all-in-one adhesive and the conventional three-step adhesive. However, the one-step adhesive exhibited significantly more incisal marginal defects and discolorations. Whereas marginal degradation appeared to arrest for the multistep etch-and-rinse adhesive after 12 months, the enamel margins of the restorations bonded with the one-step self-etch adhesive continued to deteriorate. These incisal marginal defects were, however, small and could easily be removed by polishing. For both adhesives, large and sclerosed lesions appeared to be at higher risk of retention loss.