gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent Evolution in the DRAM Interface: Mile-Markers Along Memory Lane (2019)

As stated in the introductory section, DDR signaling has evolved tremendously over the last two decades, leading to diversification not only in the architecture of the memory array but also in that of the interface. Application-specific channels have influenced the I/O design nearly as much as system power and bandwidth requirements have. The growing impact of the multidrop server channel, along with a broad range of target environments, has led the DDR branch to incorporate multitap DFE, while shrinking supply voltages to facilitate low-power operation led LPDDR to completely rethink the output driver structure. At the same time, GDDR has reached speeds requiring nearly equal care of the external channel and the chip itself. With all these adaptations and many others not captured here, the broader DDR family looks to continue to push the boundaries of single ended signaling into the future. For additional details, see the perspective on the DRAM interface.
[Gene engineering studies on sleep]. (1998)

Recent advancements in molecular engineering techniques have enabled us to study sleep of animals lacking or overproducing any protein molecule we are interested in. Abnormalities in sleep have already been observe in knockout mice lacking the gene for prion protein, 55 kD-receptor of tumor necrosis factor, etc. We also started a project to examine the effect of the loss or the overproduction of prostaglandin D synthase in sleep. The enzyme is responsible for biosynthesis of prostaglandin D2, the most potent endogenous substance to promote sleep reported so far. We generated both knockout and transgenic mice of prostaglandin D synthase. We are currently analysing the sleep of these mutant mice.
Positron emission tomography with a large axial acceptance angle: signal-to-noise considerations (1991)

A volume imaging positron emission tomography (PET) scanner with a large acceptance angle, such as the PENN-PET, offers fine spatial sampling and resolution in three dimensions, and a high sensitivity because of the inclusion of all cross-plane rays. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is used to evaluate image quality for different scanning conditions of the PENN-PET using an activated cylindrical phantom with cold spheres of various sizes. Raising the energy threshold to 400 keV improves the SNR by lowering the scatter fraction, though it also reduces the sensitivity. Increasing the axial acceptance angle from +/-1.3 degrees to +/-6.5 degrees improves the SNR by increasing the sensitivity, even with a two-dimensional reconstruction algorithm, which compromises spatial resolution in the axial direction for points at the edge of the radial field of view. Initial results show that a three-dimensional reconstruction offers an improved SNR over a two-dimensional reconstruction that does not use all cross-plane rays.
Assessment of Tissue Damage due to Mechanical Stresses (2006)

While there are many benefits to minimally invasive surgery, force feedback, or touch sensation, is lacking in the currently available MIS tools, including surgical robots, creating the potential for excessive force application during surgery. The goal of this work was to develop a methodology with which to identify stress magnitudes and durations that can be safely applied with a grasper to different tissues, helping to improve MIS device design and reduce potential for clinically relevant consequences. Using the porcine model, stresses typically applied in MIS were applied to liver, ureter, and small bowel using a motorized endoscopic grasper. Acute indicators of tissue damage including cellular death, activation of the coagulation cascade, and infiltration of inflammatory cells were measured using histological and image analysis techniques. ANOVA and post-hoc analyses were used to detect stress magnitudes and durations that caused significantly increased tissue damage with the goal to ultimately identify safe stress 'thresholds' during grasping of the studied tissues. Preliminary data suggests a graded non-linear response between applied stress magnitude and apoptosis in liver and small bowel as well as granulocyte infiltration in small bowel
PEFC catalytic properties of Pt – Ni nanoparticles prepared by a plasma-gas-condensation (2017)

Pt – Ni nanoparticles were fabricated via the gas phase method. Their performance as anode catalysts for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell was investigated as a function of Ni concentration. The microscopic configurations of the nanoparticles were rather heterogeneous; Pt-rich alloys existed in the core region of particles while a part of the surface layer was composed of the Ni-rich layer. Despite the Ni-rich layer in the shell region, the anode catalyst performance of the Pt – Ni nanoparticles was never deteriorated compared with that of the Pt ones. When the anode catalyst was composed of the Pt nanoparticles, a maximum power density of 112 mW/cm2 was obtained. However, 90% of the power density was still kept even when 40 at. % of Pt was replaced with Ni. The results suggest that a further decrease of Pt composition with maintaining its catalyst performance can be feasible by effective particle dispersing.
Quantum light-matter interfaces based on rare-earth ions and nano-photonics (2017)

I present our progress towards developing on-chip quantum light-matter interfaces like quantum memories and quantum transductors based on nanophotonic resonators coupled to rare-earth ions (Neodymium, Erbium, Ytterbium) in crystals.
From NEDC to WLTP: Effect on the Energy Consumption, NEV Credits, and Subsidies Policies of PHEV in the Chinese Market (2020)

The switching from new European driving cycle (NEDC) to worldwide harmonized light vehicles test procedure (WLTP) will affect the energy consumption of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), and then affect the new energy vehicle (NEV) credit regulation and subsidy policy for PHEVs. This paper reveals the impact on energy consumption, NEV credit regulation, and subsidy policy for PHEV in the Chinese market of the switching from NEDC to WLTP based on qualitative analysis and quantitative calculation. The results show that the WLTP procedure is stricter than NEDC in the determination of road load, test mass, driving resistance forces, and tire selection. Firstly, the electricity consumption (EC) of PHEV in charge-depleting mode (CD) under the WLTP procedure is 26% higher than NEDC on average, which makes the all-electric range (AER) significantly lower under WLTP. The weight EC tested in the WLTP procedure is higher than NEDC. Secondly, the fuel consumption (FC) of PHEV in CD mode is related to the adjustment of the engine management system (EMS) and the size of battery energy under the WLTP procedure. For the FC in the charge-sustaining (CS) mode of PHEV under the WLTP procedure is 20% higher than NEDC on average. However, the weight fuel consumption of PHEVs under WLTP with a long AER may be lower than that of NEDC due to the characteristics of utility factor in the WLTP procedure. Thirdly, most PHEVs fail to meet the requirements of 50 km AER due to the switching of the test procedures. However, the Chinese government reduced the technical specification of PHEV’s AER under the WLTP procedure to 43 km to support the development of PHEV technology. It ensures that the switching of test procedures does not change the treatment that they could obtain, the NEV credits, and subsidy as a NEV in China. However, the increasing of the EC in CD mode and the FC in CS mode under the WLTP procedure makes the PHEV obtain lower credit and subsidy multiple compared with NEDC procedure.
Optical similarity of turbulent jets (1997)

Similarity of radiation characteristics of heated turbulent jets was revealed experimentally and confirmed theoretically. A universal function that describes thermal radiation of many jets with different outlet parameters was found. A method was developed for prediction of IR radiation emitted by exhaust jets in finite spectral intervals containing many spectral lines.
Concepts f or transboundary groundwater management in a region of extensive groundwater use and numerous contaminated sites (2010)

The Rhine gravel aquifer in the Basel area (northwestern Switzerland) extends to both France and Germany. Since Basel developed into a major center for the chemical and pharmaceutical industry in the 19 th century, vast areas in this region were or were likely to have been contaminated. In addition, there are abandoned sites of small enterprises and numerous areas (fillings of former gravel pits) on adjacent French and German territory which are probably also contaminated. The aquifer is used by numerous municipal and industrial water suppliers. Two case studies are presented that illustrate the need for transboundary groundwater management concepts in the region. Whereas the first case study illustrates short-term impacts on groundwater resources during a major suburban development project, the second case study shows long-term changes of groundwater flow regimes and the regional distribution of contaminants. For both case studies it is shown that river-groundwater interaction along the Rhine is an important element of the regional groundwater flow regime. It further can be demonstrated that considerable risk, with regards to the mobilization of contaminants, can be caused by changes in regional scale groundwater flow regimes together with changed hydraulic boundary conditions. The change in groundwater flow regimes and the reversal of flow lines may lead to the contamination of areas that were formerly not or only weakly polluted. These areas suddenly may lie within the capture zones of municipal or industrial groundwater wells or within the groundwater drainage of construction sites. Such risks of contamination require the development of concepts and methods for groundwater protection and management. A prerequisite for groundwater protection and management is a good knowledge of the spatiotemporal processes of regional scale groundwater flow regimes, which requires appropriate modeling and monitoring. This allows the evaluation of the impacts of planned changes at an early stage and to develop suitable groundwater management systems.
Modified distributed iterative hard thresholding (2015)

In this paper, we suggest a modified distributed compressed sensing (CS) approach based on the iterative hard thresholding (IHT) algorithm, namely, distributed IHT (DIHT). Our technique improves upon a recently proposed DIHT algorithm in two ways. First, for sensing matrices with i.i.d. Gaussian entries, we suggest an efficient and tight method for computing the step size μ in IHT based on random matrix theory. Second, we improve upon the global computation (GC) step of DIHT by adapting this step to allow for complex data, and reducing the communication cost. The new GC operation involves solving a Top-K problem and is therefore referred to as GC.K. The GC.K-based DIHT has exactly the same recovery results as the centralized IHT given the same step size μ. Numerical results show that our approach significantly outperforms the modified thresholding algorithm (MTA), another GC algorithm for DIHT proposed in previous work. Our simulations also verify that the proposed method of computing μ renders the performance of DIHT close to the oracle-aided approach with a given “optimal” μ.
Power Efficiency Improvement of White Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diode with Thin Double-Emitting Layers and Hole-Trapping Mechanism (2011)

This study is carried out to discuss how to reduce the driving voltage of blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) by using a thin double-emission layer. A hole transport-type host (TCTA) is inserted between the hole transport layer (TAPC) and the emitting layer (EML), constituting a buffer layer between them with the aim of improving charge carrier balance. Furthermore, in this study, we also utilize the interface between double light-emitting layers of devices by codoping them with a red phosphorescent dopant [Os(bpftz)2(PPh2Me)2]. An Os complex with a high-lying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level (trapping holes) is codoped at the interface between emitting layers and an exciton-formation zone is expanded to obtain a white PHOLED with high efficiency. From the results, the optimal structure of the white device exhibits a yield of 35 cd A-1, a power efficiency of 22 lm W-1, and CIE coordinates of (0.33,0.38) at a luminance of 1000 cd m-2. Furthermore, the power efficiency can be improved to 30 lm W-1 by attaching the outcoupling enhancement film.
nirsLAB: A Computing Environment for fNIRS Neuroimaging Data Analysis (2014)

A publicly available MATLAB GUI-based resource for analysis and mapping of near infrared topographic neuroimaging measures is described. The code supports sensor registration, Level 1 and 2 GLM-based statistical parametric mapping and hyperscanning, among other features.
Elevated Cytokine Levels in Synovial Fluid of Rheumatoid Arthritis Correlates with the Presence of Cytomegalovirus Genome (1994)

Synovial fluid aspirated from 34 patients with symptomatic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was evaluated for the presence of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) genomic material using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and for levels of interleukin 8 (IL-8) and IL-6 using enzyme-linked immunoadsorbence assay. IL-8 and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in CMV DNA-positive RA patients than CMV DNA-negative RA patients and at least 10-fold higher than in both corresponding control groups of patients with osteoarthritis (OA). These findings suggest an association between elevated IL-8 and IL-6 levels and the presence of the CMV genome in RA patients.
Compact plasmonic variable optical attenuator (2008)

We demonstrate plasmonic nanowire-based thermo-optic variable optical attenuators operating in the 1525-1625 nm wavelength range. The devices have a footprint as low as 1 mm, extinction ratio exceeding 40 dB, driving voltage below 3 V, and full modulation bandwidth of 1 kHz. The polarization dependent loss is shown to be critically dependent on the nanowire geometry but devices with polarization-dependent loss as low as +/-2.5 dB PDL over most of the attenuation range have been fabricated. We propose an even more compact device design to reduce insertion loss to approximately 1 dB.
Diazoacetaldehyde (2001)

[6832-13-9] C2H2N2O (MW 70.06) InChI = 1S/C2H2N2O/c3-4-1-2-5/h1-2H InChIKey = PIMASLJEYMYKCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (cyclopropanation of alkenes;2 condensation with organoboranes;3 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with alkynes, yielding substituted pyrazoles2, 4) Physical Data: bp 40 °C/10 mmHg: d 1.159 g cm−3. Solubility: sol water, ethanol, diethyl ether, THF, and dichloromethane; insol hydrocarbon solvents. Preparative Methods: diazoacetaldehyde is not commercially available, but can be prepared from β-N-methylanilinoacrolein and p‐Toluenesulfonyl Azide.2 A simple and convenient preparation involves the treatment of Acetic Formic Anhydride with Diazomethane in diethyl ether.5 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: extreme caution must be exercised when handling diazoacetaldehyde. It is thermally unstable and will detonate violently if overheated (do not expose to temperatures above 50 °C), emitting toxic fumes of NOx. At low temperatures, diazoacetaldehyde can be stored for several weeks without noticeable decomposition. This reagent should only be handled in a fume hood.
Biodistribution and Imaging of Polyethyleneimine-A Gene Delivery Agent (1999)

Polyethyleneimine (PEI) has been described as a potentially effective agent for gene delivery. To track the delivery of this gene vector, the biodistribution and imaging of PEI labeled with 111Indium (111In) was studied in Fischer 344 rats. PEI was conjugated with diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid dianhydride (DTPA), dialyzed, and chelated with 111In. Breast adenocarcinoma 13762 tumor cells were inoculated into the thighs of the rats. The first group of rats (n = 3) were injected intravenously with 300 mu g of the Indiumlabeled DTPA-polyethlyeimine (111In-DTPA-PEI) (50 mu Ci per rat) or 111In-DTPA. These animals were imaged with a gamma camera with a medium energy parallel hole collimator at 5 min, 2 hr, and 24 hr postinjection. The percentage of uptake in tumor (region of interest) was quantitated by a computer image analyzer and expressed as a percentage of injected dose (%ID) per pixel. To further characterize the tissue distribution of 111In-DTPA-PEI (300 mu g, 10 mu Ci per rat) and 111In-DTPA (10 mu Ci per rat), a second group of animals (n = 18) bearing breast tumors were studied with tissue uptake quantified at 2 hr, 24 hr, and 48 hr using a gamma counter. In addition, autoradiography was used to further characterize the distribution of the labeled polymer in two rats at 2 and 24 hr. From these studies, PEI was found to be rapidly cleared, primarily through the kidneys of the rats. In addition, the distribution of 111In-DTPA-PEI was found to be significantly different from 111In-DTPA with a higher tumor-to-blood ratio. These studies show that radio-labeled PEI may have potential as a gamma scintigraphy imaging agent and in tracking the delivery of genetic material.
Concurrent inflammatory bowel disease and myelodysplastic syndromes (2007)

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) may be associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We characterized the clinical features and outcomes of patients with concurrent IBD and MDS. Using a diagnostic index, we identified all patients with both IBD and MDS at our center between 1976 and 1997. We also calculated an incidence rate of MDS in IBD using population-based data from Olmsted County, Minnesota, between 1950 and 1993. Among ˜15,000 IBD patients seen, 25 (˜0.17%) were diagnosed with MDS. Fourteen had Crohn's disease and II had ulcerative colitis. The median age at diagnosis of IBD, particularly Crohn's disease, was higher than expected. Median age at diagnosis of MDS was typical. All but one ulcerative colitis patient was diagnosed before the diagnosis of MDS, while one-half of Crohn's disease patients were diagnosed with both ailments simultaneously. Five patients who had been diagnosed with IBD first were persistently anemic for at least 1 year prior to diagnosis of MDS. Two Crohn's disease patients had received purine analogs in the past. Median follow-up after MDS diagnosis was 1 year. Seven patients died, including two who progressed to acute myeloid leukemia. The incidence rate of MDS in IBD based on Olmsted County data was 0 cases per 100,000 person-years (95% CI, 0-55.2). The seemingly high frequency of myelodysplastic syndromes in a large referral-based group of patients with IBD suggests an association; however, an increased risk of MDS was not observed in a small regional cohort of IBD patients. Patients with MDS are diagnosed with concurrent IBD at an age older than expected. Simultaneous diagnoses were made in one-half of Crohn's disease patients. MDS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of anemia in IBD patients.
Typical peak sidelobe level of binary sequences (2010)

For a binary sequence <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Sn</sub> = { <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">si</sub> : <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</sub> =1,2,..., <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sub> } ∈ {±1} <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sub> , <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sub> > 1, the peak sidelobe level (PSL) is defined as M(S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sub> )=max <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k=1,2,...,n-1</sub> |∑ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i=1</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n-k</sup> S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</sub> S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</sub> +k|. It is shown that the distribution of <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</sub> ( <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Sn</sub> ) is strongly concentrated, and asymptotically almost surely γ(S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sub> ) = (M(S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sub> ))/√(n In n) ∈ [1-o(1),√2]. Explicit bounds for the number of sequences outside this range are provided. This improves on the best earlier known result due to Moon and Moser that the typical γ( <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Sn</sub> ) ∈ [o([1/(√(ln n))]),2], and settles to the affirmative the conjecture of Dmitriev and Jedwab on the growth rate of the typical peak sidelobe. Finally, it is shown that modulo some natural conjecture, the typical γ( <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Sn</sub> ) equals <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">√2</sub> .
Recovery of retinal oxygenation after MEMS implant activation (2019)

Purpose: Retinal ischemia due to diabetic retinopathy or retinal vascular occlusions is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Although, the underlying pathophysiology from each condition is different, the common end results are: inner retinal hypoxia and ischemia. Changes associated with retinal hypoxia include the simultaneous activation of different pathways including inflammatory, aerobic and anaerobic metabolic response. Supplementing intravitreal oxygen has been demonstrated as a novel option in preliminary reports. Our implantable MEMS oxygenator drivesoxygen from the sub-conjunctival space to the proximity of the inner retina. The main objective of this study is to determine the efficacy of the oxygenation therapy in an ischemic animal model.&#13;\nMethods: Nine eyes from six pigmented rabbits were included, split evenly between either healthy, implant-treated or non-treated groups. Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) was created in all animals from treated and non-treated groups 3 days prior to surgical implantation and activation of the oxygenator. Continuous measurements of pO2 levels were performed next to the diffuser and retinal vessels using an oxygen probe controlled by a micromanipulator and monitored under indirect ophthalmoscopy. Eyes were then enucleated and the retina was peeled off and cryogenically preserved in liquid nitrogen for subsequent analysis of protein expression.&#13;\nResults: RVO was confirmed in all animals immediately after the procedure and remained occluded over the experiment. Oxygenator devices were successfully implanted without complications. In the treated group, oxygen levels increased progressively after a couple of minutes of activation and remained over 15 mmHg and 100 mmHg respectively (Figure 1A). For the non-treated group, pO₂ levels did not increase at the retina or nearby the device (below 5mmHg). Changes among protein expression and ratio (upregulation on NFkB and PDH; down-regulation of HIF1a, NFkB/IKKa ratio and P-PDH/PDH ratio) were observed in the treated group (Figure 1B-C).&#13;\nConclusions: The MEMS oxygenator device can be safely implanted into the eye. This study supports the feasibility of intravitreal oxygen delivery for treatment of ischemic retinal diseases through inflammatory response modulation. Future experiments will evaluate long-term efficacy.