gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fractures of the upper thoracic spine: approaches and surgical management. (2005)

Management of upper thoracic spinal fractures continues to be a challenging task for spinal surgeons. Appropriate treatment depends on a variety of factors, including the nature of the fracture, the need for neural decompression, and the need for spinal stabilization. A number of surgical approaches have been developed to address these lesions. Each approach carries its own inherent advantages and disadvantages and an understanding of each is required to optimize the treatment of any individual patient. As our surgical experience and expertise continues to grow in the field of minimally invasive surgery, these techniques and novel approaches will provide alternatives for our patients that will maintain the current quality of care but minimize surgical trauma and improve recovery times.
Immunogenicity of Protein-N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide Copolymer Conjugates in A/J and B10 Mice (1990)

Two proteins (model targeting residues) human immunoglobulin fraction (IgG) and human transferrin have been conjugated to N-(2-hydroxy propyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer and the antibody titer elicited, after subcutaneous or intraperitoneal administration to A/J and B10 mice of free and conjugated protein, was measured using the ELISA technique. The measured IgG titer against protein-HPMA copolymer conjugates was always higher than the IgM titer. Also, the titer (IgG) measured against native protein was up to 250-fold greater than that raised against protein-HPMA copolymer conjugates. This reduction in antibody titer against conjugate had a limited de pendence on its molecular weight.
Influence of surface states on tunneling spectra ofn-type GaAs(110) surfaces (2009)

We show that surface states within the conduction band of $n$-type GaAs(110) surfaces play an important role in reducing the tunneling current out of an accumulation layer that forms due to an applied potential from a nearby probe tip. Numerical computation of the tunneling current combined with an electrostatic potential computation of the tip-induced band bending (TIBB) reveals that occupation of the surface states limits the TIBB, thus leading to the limitation of the accumulation. As a result, the tunneling current out of the accumulation layer is strongly suppressed, which is in quantitative agreement with the experiment.
Successful Reprogramming of Epiblast Stem Cells by Blocking Nuclear Localization of β-Catenin (2014)

Epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) in mice and rats are primed pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). They barely contribute to chimeric embryos when injected into blastocysts. Reprogramming of EpiSCs to embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like cells (rESCs) may occur in response to LIF-STAT3 signaling; however, low reprogramming efficiency hampers potential use of rESCs in generating chimeras. Here, we describe dramatic improvement of conversion efficiency from primed to naive-like PSCs through upregulation of E-cadherin in the presence of the cytokine LIF. Analysis revealed that blocking nuclear localization of β-CATENIN with small-molecule inhibitors significantly enhances reprogramming efficiency of mouse EpiSCs. Although activation of Wnt/β-catenin signals has been thought desirable for maintenance of naive PSCs, this study provides the evidence that inhibition of nuclear translocation of β-CATENIN enhances conversion of mouse EpiSCs to naive-like PSCs (rESCs). This affords better understanding of gene regulatory circuits underlying pluripotency and reprogramming of PSCs.
Early Management of the Child With Multiple Injuries (2000)

Resuscitation of the child with multiple injuries is similar to that for adults, except that instrumentation and therapy must be tailored in accordance with variable patient size, emotional maturity, and injury response. Because this response is rapid and often compensatory, there is greater reliance on noninvasive means to diagnose and manage the injured child. Children who suffer multisystem trauma typically present with head injury, followed in decreasing frequency by limb fracture and trauma to the torso. The timing of fracture fixation in a patient with multiple injuries remains controversial. In general, clinical judgment will determine the optimal timing for fracture reduction or operative fracture fixation. Management of an associated vascular injury must take into consideration the mechanism of injury, tissue viability, vessel size, and technical limitations. With appropriate initial resuscitation, careful monitoring, and sound clinical judgement, most injured children can be expected to have a good clinical outcome.
Moment and Probability Bounds with Quasi-Superadditive Structure for the Maximum Partial Sum (1982)

Let $X_1, \cdots, X_n$ be arbitrary random variables and put $S(i, j) = X_i + \cdots + X_j$ and $M(i, j) = \max \{|S(i, i)|, |S(i, i + 1)|, \cdots, |S(i, j)|\}$ for $1 \leq i \leq j \leq n$. Bounds for $E\{\exp tM (1, n)\}, E M^\gamma(1, n)$ and $P\{M(1, n) \geq t\}$ are established in terms of assumed bounds for $E \{\exp t|S(i, j)|\}, E|S(i, j)|^\gamma$ and $P\{|S(i, j)| \geq t\}$, respectively. The bounds explicitly involve a nonnegative function $g(i, j)$ assumed to be quasi-superadditive with index $Q(1 \leq Q \leq 2): g(i, j) + g(j + 1, k) \leq Q g(i, k)$, all $1 \leq i \leq j < k \leq n$. Results previously established for the case $Q = 1$ are improved and are extended to the case $1 < Q < 2$. When $g(i, j)$ is given by $\operatorname{Var} S(i, j)$, applications of the case $Q > 1$ include sequences $\{X_i\}$ exhibiting long-range dependence, in particular certain self-similar processes such as fractional Brownian motion.
Exact Multifractal Spectra for Arbitrary Laplacian Random Walks (2002)

Iterated conformal mappings are used to obtain exact multifractal spectra of the harmonic measure for arbitrary Laplacian random walks in two dimensions. Separate spectra are found to describe scaling of the growth measure in time, of the measure near the growth tip, and of the measure away from the growth tip. The spectra away from the tip coincide with those of conformally invariant equilibrium systems with arbitrary central charge c < or = 1, with c related to the particular walk chosen, while the scaling in time and near the tip cannot be obtained from the equilibrium properties.
Fabricating PFPE Membranes for Capillary Electrophoresis (2009)

A process has been developed for fabricating perfluoropolyether (PFPE) membranes that contain microscopic holes of precise sizes at precise locations. The membranes are to be incorporated into laboratory-on-a-chip microfluidic devices to be used in performing capillary electrophoresis. The present process is a modified version of part of the process, described in the immediately preceding article, that includes a step in which a liquid PFPE layer is cured into solid (membrane) form by use of ultraviolet light. In the present process, one exploits the fact that by masking some locations to prevent exposure to ultraviolet light, one can prevent curing of the PFPE in those locations. The uncured PFPE can be washed away from those locations in the subsequent release and cleaning steps. Thus, holes are formed in the membrane in those locations. The most straightforward way to implement the modification is to use, during the ultraviolet-curing step, an ultraviolet photomask similar to the photomasks used in fabricating microelectronic devices. In lieu of such a photomask, one could use a mask made of any patternable ultraviolet-absorbing material (for example, an ink or a photoresist).
Chemosensitization of human prostate carcinoma cell lines to anti-fas-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis. (1997)

Androgen ablation has been an effective treatment in patients with advanced prostate cancer. However, most treated patients develop hormonally resistant disease and do not respond to conventional chemotherapy. Immunotherapy against prostate cancer is an alternative approach in overcoming hormonal/drug-resistant prostate cancer. Cytotoxic immune lymphocytes kill target cells via the perforin/granzyme and the Fas-ligand (Fas-L) pathways. We hypothesize that tumor cells respond poorly to immunotherapy by developing resistance to killing by the Fas-L mechanism. This study investigated whether prostate tumor cells are sensitive to Fas-mediated killing. The human prostate carcinoma cell lines DU145, PC-3, and LnCAP were examined for their sensitivity to killing and apoptosis by the Fas-L agonist anti-Fas antibody and CTLs. All three lines moderately expressed the Fas antigen on the cell surface; however, all three lines were relatively resistant to cytotoxicity mediated by anti-Fas (CH-11) antibody. Pretreatment of DU145 and PC-3 with subtoxic concentrations of drugs followed by anti-Fas antibody resulted in synergistic cytotoxicity and apoptosis, whereas only an additive effect was obtained with LnCAP. Chemosensitization with drugs and anti-Fas was completely blocked by the addition of neutralizing anti-Fas antibody. The murine CTL hybridoma, PMMI, which kills only via the Fas-L pathway, was able to kill chemosensitized PC-3 and DU145 but not LnCAP cells. Furthermore, this cytotoxicity was blocked by anti-Fas neutralizing antibody. Chemosensitization of PC-3 and DU145 prostate tumor cells was not due to up-regulation of Fas-receptor antigen expression. Treatment of tumor cells with cisplatin did not down-regulate the antiapoptotic genes bcl-2, FAP-1, and c-myc. Further, there was no induction by cisplatin of Fas-L on the tumor cells, thus ruling out Fas/Fas-L-mediated autologous killing. These findings demonstrate that pretreatment of drug-resistant/CTL-resistant prostate DU145 and PC-3 tumor cells with subtoxic concentrations of certain chemotherapeutic drugs sensitizes the tumor cells to Fas-mediated cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that chemosensitization of tumor cells should optimize the response to immunotherapeutic interventions in the treatment of hormone-resistant/drug-resistant prostate cancer.
In vitro models of the blood–brain barrier: An overview of commonly used brain endothelial cell culture models and guidelines for their use (2016)

The endothelial cells lining the brain capillaries separate the blood from the brain parenchyma. The endothelial monolayer of the brain capillaries serves both as a crucial interface for exchange of nutrients, gases, and metabolites between blood and brain, and as a barrier for neurotoxic components of plasma and xenobiotics. This "blood-brain barrier" function is a major hindrance for drug uptake into the brain parenchyma. Cell culture models, based on either primary cells or immortalized brain endothelial cell lines, have been developed, in order to facilitate in vitro studies of drug transport to the brain and studies of endothelial cell biology and pathophysiology. In this review, we aim to give an overview of established in vitro blood-brain barrier models with a focus on their validation regarding a set of well-established blood-brain barrier characteristics. As an ideal cell culture model of the blood-brain barrier is yet to be developed, we also aim to give an overview of the advantages and drawbacks of the different models described.
Inversion‐recovery‐prepared SSFP for cardiac‐phase‐resolved delayed‐enhancement MRI (2007)

Delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (DE-MRI) can be used to visualize myocardial infarction (MI). DE-MRI is conventionally acquired with an inversion-recovery gradient-echo (IR-GRE) pulse sequence that yields a single bright-blood image. IR-GRE imaging requires an accurate estimate of the inversion time (TI) to null the signal from the myocardium, and a separate cine acquisition is required to visualize myocardial wall motion. Simulations were performed to examine the effects of a steady-state free precession (SSFP) readout after an inversion pulse in the setting of DE-MRI. Using these simulations, a segmented IR-SSFP sequence was optimized for infarct visualization. This sequence yields both viability and wall motion images over the cardiac cycle in a single breath-hold. Viability images at multiple effective TIs are produced, providing a range of image contrasts. In a study of 11 patients, IR-SSFP yielded infarct sizes and left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEFs) similar to those obtained by IR-GRE and standard SSFP, respectively. IR-SSFP images yielded improved visualization of the infarct-blood border because of the simultaneous nulling of healthy myocardium and blood. T(1) (*) recovery curves were extracted from IR-SSFP images and showed excellent qualitative agreement with theoretical simulations.
A multicamera fusion framework for multiple occluding objects tracking in intelligent monitoring and sport viewing applications (2005)

The aim of this paper is to present a multi camera system for location estimation inspired to a model inherited from the Data Fusion domain: the Joint Directorate of Laboratories (JDL) model (E. Waltz et al., 1990). The problem specifically faced is the tracking of objects in two complementary applications: intelligent monitoring (video surveillance) and sport viewing (football players tracking), where multiple occluding objects have to be successfully segmented and located using different features such as color, position and dynamics.
Finally, An Apoptosis-Targeting Therapeutic for Cancer (2016)

Resistance to cell death represents one of the hallmarks of cancer. Various genetic and epigenetic changes in malignant cells afford cytoprotection in the face of genomic instability, oncogene activation, microenvironment stress, chemotherapy, targeted anticancer drugs, and even immunotherapy. Central among the regulators of cell life and death are Bcl-2 family proteins, with the founding member of the family (B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2) discovered via its involvement in chromosomal translocations in lymphomas. The quest for therapeutics that target cell survival protein Bcl-2 represents a long road traveled, with many dead-ends, disappointments, and delays. Finally, a Bcl-2-targeting medicine has gained approval as a new class of anticancer agent. Cancer Res; 76(20); 5914-20. ©2016 AACR.
Selection and prioritization of mitigation measures to realize climate neutral operation of a water cycle company (2015)

Waternet, the public water cycle utility of Amsterdam and surroundings, has the ambition to operate climate neutrally in 2020. This requires a reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 48 kton CO2-eq. An inventory was made of measures to realize the target either in 2020 or in 2050. For all measures the effects on GHG emissions and on costs were determined. To comply with two core values of Waternet – economic effectivity and sustainability – the measures were prioritized based on CO2 effectivity, defined as costs per ton GHG emission reduction. To realize the target in 2020, 34 measures have to be implemented. The total investments are € 60 million, while the measures result in a decrease in yearly costs of € 5 million from 2020 onwards. In the case where the target has to be realized in 2050, 10 measures have to be implemented with a total investment of € 100 million and a decrease in yearly costs of € 16 million from 2050 onwards. As the cumulative cost savings in 2050 are € 50 million higher for the case where the target is already reached in 2020, and the uncertainty is lower, the realization of the target in 2020 is preferred.
Measurement of Cutoff Wavelength in Few-Mode Multi-Core Fiber (FM-MCF) (2015)

We propose a definition of the cutoff wavelength of high order mode in FM-MCF and its measurement technique. The cutoff wavelength of high order mode in FM-MCF is successfully estimated by the proposed method.
Supplementary Figure Legends, Table Legends, Figure 1, Tables 1 - 4 from Evaluating TBK1 as a Therapeutic Target in Cancers with Activated IRF3 (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 1334KB, S1. IC50 values of TBK1 inhibitors Compound number 5, Compound number 4 and Compound number 3 from the selected PDAC, colorectal cancer and NSCLC cancer cell lines using are shown. Table 1S. List of shRNAs Targeting TBK1 Table 2S. RAS Gene Signature Score Correlation with Sensitivity to the TBK1i (Compound #1) and Meki (PD0325901) in NSCLC Cell Lines Table 3S. List of Cell Lines from 6-Cell Line Panels that were Used in TBK1 Inhibitor Screening in the 2-Dimensional Cell Viability Assay (NSCLC and Colorectal cancer panels) Table 4S. List of Cell Lines from 6-Cell Line Panels that were Used in TBK1 Inhibitor Screening in the 2-Dimensional Cell Viability Assay (Ovarian cancer, GBM and Lymphoma panels).&lt;/p&gt;
Broadband payloads for the emerging Ka‐band market (2002)

In response to the demands for broadband satellite systems and services, TRW initiated the Gen*Star processing payload in 1995. The Gen*Star system objectives of profitable broadband connectivity with seamless interfaces to a terrestrial infrastructure imply highly reliable network nodes in space. To achieve these objectives, robust communications links and sophisticated onboard signal and data processing are required. The Gen*Star satellite payload provides those communication links and processing functions in a package suitable for launch into space, using technologies designed to operate for years in space. The TRW Gen*Star payload development incorporated business analysis, network simulation and analysis, payload technologies, network operations, and terminal concepts. Since initiating the effort, TRW has completed simulations, a functional hardware prototype of the payload, and a complete engineering model payload. The end‐to‐end engineering model of a broadband payload operating at Ka‐band features engineering model hardware built to flight production standards and tested to flight environmental conditions. This presentation and paper will summarize features and capabilities of the TRW broadband engineering model payload and the payload test results.
Influence de la position de vergence sur la fusion et la refusion sensorielles (1999)

Les aires de fusion et de refusion sensorielles sont determinees sur un champ de 24' pour sept observateurs a l'aide d'un dispositif experimental dichoptique permettant de presenter une image differente a chaque œil. Les mesures ont ete effectuees pour des positions de vergence (1) symetriques dans le plan horizontal entre 400 et 900 mm de l'observateur, (2) asymetriques a 400 mm dans le plan horizontal et (3) symetrique a 400 mm dans un plan incline de 30' vers le bas. La taille et le taux de variation avec l'excentricite des aires de fusion et de refusions presentent de fortes differences interindividuelles. Les resultats en convergence symetrique mettent en evidence deux profils de variation des aires fusionnelles avec l'excentricite, illustrant ainsi les resultats contradictoires de la litterature : augmentation de la taille des aires fusionnelles avec l'excentricite ou quasi-constance avec l'excentricite. Pour toutes les positions de vergence et pour toutes les excentricites, la taille des aires de refusions est inferieure a celle des aires de fusion. La taille des aires de fusion diminue lineairement avec la distance de fixation pour toutes les excentricites testees. En convergence asymetrique, la taille des aires de fusion augmente en peripherie avec l'angle de rotation du plan median jusqu'a une valeur seuil pour ensuite diminuer. La convergence basse a pour effet de diminuer la taille des aires fusionnelles en region foveale. Nos resultats montrent que le systeme visuel integre non seulement l'angle de vergence, mais aussi la position relative de chacun des deux axes visuels. Pour nos conditions experimentales, cette integration semble etre essentiellement d'origine extra-retinienne. L’etude separee des disparites croisees et homonymes conforte l'existence de deux voies de traitement de la disparite en fonction de son signe.
A Pitch-Matched ASIC with Integrated 65V TX and Shared Hybrid Beamforming ADC for Catheter-Based High-Frame-Rate 3D Ultrasound Probes (2022)

Intra-cardiac echography (ICE) probes (Fig. 32.2.1) are widely used in electrophysiology for their good procedure guidance and relatively safe application. ASICs are increasingly employed in these miniature probes to enhance signal quality and reduce the number of connections needed in mm-diameter catheters [1]–[5]. 3D visualization in real-time is additionally enabled by 2D transducer arrays with, for each transducer element, a high-voltage (HV) transmit (TX) part, to generate acoustic pulses of sufficient pressure, and a receive (RX) path, to process the resulting echoes. To achieve the required reduction in RX channels, micro-beamforming (µBF), which merges the signals from a subarray using a delay-and-sum operation, has been shown to be an effective solution [3], [4]. However, due to the frame-rate reduction that is associated with µBF, these designs cannot serve emerging high-frame-rate imaging modes (~1000 volumes/s) like 3D blood-flow and elastography imaging. In-probe digitization has recently been investigated to provide further channel-count reduction, make data transmission more robust, and enable pre-processing in the probe [1]–[3]. However, these earlier designs have either no TX functionality [2], [3] or only low-voltage (LV) TX [1] integrated. Combining µBF and digitization with area-hungry HV transmitters in a pitch-matched scalable fashion while supporting high-frame-rate imaging remains an unmet challenge. The work presented in this paper meets this target, enabled by a hybrid ADC, the small die size of which allows for co-integration with 65V element-level pulsers.
DOP006 A multicentre cohort study to assess the safety of vedolizumab for inflammatory bowel disease (2018)

We aimed to quantify rates and identify predictors of serious adverse events (SAE) with vedolizumab (VDZ) for Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). This was a review of a multicentre, US-based consortium of CD and UC patients treated with VDZ. Serious infections (SI) were defined as those requiring antibiotics or hospitalisation, or resulting in discontinuation of VDZ or death. SAE were defined as SI or adverse events resulting in discontinuation of VDZ or death. Multivariable logistic regression analyses with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported for independent predictors of SI and SAE. 1087 patients (n = 650 CD; 45% male) with a median follow-up of 302 days (interquartile range 171–434) were included. SI occurred in 66 patients (6%); the most common SI were C. difficile (n = 24), abscess (n = 11), respiratory tract infections (n = 10), zoster (n = 7), and bacteraemia (n = 6). SAE occurred in 73 patients (7%), with no reported malignancies. Transverse myelitis (n = 1) and optic neuritis (n = 1) were the only two reported central nervous system adverse events. SI and SAE were observed in 3.7% and 4.3% of patients on VDZ monotherapy, 6.1% and 6.7% of patients on VDZ in combination with steroids or an immunomodulator (azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate), and 9.8% and 10.7% of patients on VDZ in combination with both steroids and an immunomodulator. On multivariable analyses, after adjusting for inflammatory bowel disease type (CD vs. UC), age, and sex, concomitant immunosuppressive (steroid or immunomodulator) therapy was the only independent predictor of SI (OR 1.67 per number of immunosuppressive agents used, 95% CI 1.17–2.38) and SAE (OR 1.65 per number of immunosuppressive agents used, 95% CI 1.17–2.31). VDZ is well tolerated in clinical practice, with SI and SAE being reported in 6% and 7% of patients, respectively. The strongest predictor of SI or SAE is the use of concomitant steroids or immunomodulators, with the greatest risk seen in patients on triple therapy with VDZ, steroids, and immunomodulator therapy. Further studies are needed to identify patients who will most benefit from concomitant immunosuppressive therapy use with VDZ to optimise the safety profile in clinical practice.