gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gene Expression Regulation in Airway Pathogens: Importance for Otitis Media (2022)

Otitis media (OM) is an inflammatory disorder in the middle ear. It is mainly caused by viruses or bacteria associated with the airways. <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae</i> and <i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i> are the three main pathogens in infection-related OM, especially in younger children. In this review, we will focus upon the multifaceted gene regulation mechanisms that are well-orchestrated in <i>S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae</i>, and <i>M. catarrhalis</i> during the course of infection in the middle ear either in experimental OM or in clinical settings. The sophisticated findings from the past 10 years on how the othopathogens govern their virulence phenotypes for survival and host adaptation <i>via</i> phase variation- and quorum sensing-dependent gene regulation, will be systematically discussed. Comprehensive understanding of gene expression regulation mechanisms employed by pathogens during the onset of OM may provide new insights for the design of a new generation of antimicrobial agents in the fight against bacterial pathogens while combating the serious emergence of antimicrobial resistance.
Development and testing of new biologically-based polymers as advanced biocompatible contact lenses (2000)

Nature has evolved complex and elegant materials well suited to fulfill a myriad of functions. Lubricants, structural scaffolds and protective sheaths can all be found in nature, and these provide a rich source of inspiration for the rational design of materials for biomedical applications. Many biological materials are based in some fashion on hydrogels, the crosslinked polymers that absorb and hold water. Biological hydrogels contribute to processes as diverse as mineral nucleation during bone growth and protection and hydration of the cell surface. The carbohydrate layer that coats all living cells, often referred to as the glycocalyx, has hydrogel-like properties that keep cell surfaces well hydrated, segregated from neighboring cells, and resistant to non-specific protein deposition. With the molecular details of cell surface carbohydrates now in hand, adaptation of these structural motifs to synthetic materials is an appealing strategy for improving biocompatibility. The goal of this collaborative project between Prof. Bertozzi's research group, the Center for Advanced Materials at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Sunsoft Corporation was the design, synthesis and characterization of novel hydrogel polymers for improved soft contact lens materials. Our efforts were motivated by the urgent need for improved materials that allow extended wear, and essential feature for those whose occupation requires the use of contact lenses rather than traditional spectacles. Our strategy was to transplant the chemical features of cell surface molecules into contact lens materials so that they more closely resemble the tissue in which they reside. Specifically, we integrated carbohydrate molecules similar to those found on cell surfaces, and sulfoxide materials inspired by the properties of the carbohydrates, into hydrogels composed of biocompatible and manufacturable substrates. The new materials were characterized with respect to surface and bulk hydrophilicity, and n on-specific protein adsorption, properties which are thought to correlate with comfort in the eye. The outcome of these studies was the discovery of a new material that is superior to present commercial materials. Contact lenses composed of a sulfoxide acrylate and 2-(hydroxyethyl)methacrylate are presently undergoing clinical evaluation at Sunsoft and, if successful, these novel lenses should be commercially available within the next two years.
Development and pathology of the hyaloid, choroidal and retinal vasculature (2004)

During embryogenesis, the development and differentiation of the eye requires the concomitant formation of the neural/glial elements along with a dense vascular network. The adult neural retina is supported by two distinct vascular systems, the proper retinal vessels and the choroidal vessels. The two beds differ not only in their pattern of embryonic differentiation, but also in their function in the adult organism. The retinal vasculature has barrier properties similar to those observed in the brain, whereas the choroidal vessels display a highly fenestrated phenotype. The hyaloid vasculature is a transient embryonic vascular bed which is complete at birth in mammals and regresses contemporaneously with the formation of the retinal vasculature. The dependence of the retina on its blood supply makes it highly vulnerable to any vascular changes and indeed ocular diseases, such as proliferative retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration and the hyperplastic primary vitreous, which are associated with abnormalities of the different vascular beds of the eye. A number of factors have been implicated in developmental and pathological changes in vessel formation and regression, including fibroblast growth factors, platelet-derived endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor, among others. The purpose of this review is to describe and discuss new insights into the mechanisms and molecular cues involved in the development of the normal and pathological vascular systems of the eye. The characterization of the molecules and cell-cell interactions involved in the formation, stabilization and regression of new vessels has led to the identification of potential control points for therapeutic intervention.
Fast spin‐echo characteristics of visual stimulation‐induced signal changes in the human brain (1995)

A fast spin-echo (FSE) technique used in a conventional MR imaging scanner has been successfully developed for obtaining functional MR images with high spatial resolution and multiple slices. Our preliminary visual stimulation studies using the FSE technique show that the nuclear MR signal increases by 2.6% during activation in the primary visual cortex. These results provide evidence that the diffusion of tissue water molecules plays a key role in determining functional MR signal amplitude. Because the FSE functional MR imaging signal is extremely sensitive to microvascular (brain capillaries) hemodynamics, the FSE technique can be a powerful tool for studying the neuronal activity of the human brain.
DASH-based peer-to-peer video streaming in cellular networks (2016)

Cellular networks have increasing demands for video streaming applications recently. This makes it challenging for cellular networks operators to provide streaming services with high Quality of Experience (QoE). Here, we propose a novel architecture for improving the QoE of video streaming in cellular networks. The architecture employs Base-Station (BS) -assisted Peerto- Peer (P2P) video streaming in cellular networks. Furthermore, the architecture employs the Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH); an adaptive bit rate video streaming technique. We use the Discrete EVent System Specification (DEVS) formalism to build a model for the proposed architecture in an LTE-A network, and use the model to study the performance achieved by the proposed architecture in terms of many video streaming QoE metrics. We also use the model to simulate a conventional DASH video streaming over a cellular network, i.e., without P2P streaming. Simulation results show that the proposed architecture achieves significant improvement in terms of video streaming QoE.
T-cell activation by peptide antigen: effect of peptide sequence and method of antigen presentation. (1985)

A series of synthetic peptide analogues of a determinant recognized by the ovalbumin-specific, I-Ad-restricted, T-cell hybridoma 3DO-54.8 were synthesized. The resulting peptides were tested for activation of 3DO-54.8 cells by using glutaraldehyde-fixed cells as well as reconstituted membranes as antigen-presenting surfaces. The results show that the minimum epitope for activation of this T cell is between 7 and 11 amino acids in length. This region includes two important histidine residues. The order of preference of the various peptide analogues was the same regardless of the method of antigen presentation. However, the amount of peptide required for T-cell activation was considerably higher when reconstituted membranes, rather than fixed cells, were used as antigen-presenting surfaces.
Leukocyte Elastase Inhibition Therapy in Cystic Fibrosis: Role of Glycosylation on the Distribution of Alpha-1–Proteinase Inhibitor in Blood versus Lung (2002)

Cystic fibrosis patients demonstrate an increased susceptibility to bacterial lung infections. Airway infiltration by neutrophils will then lead to an increase in human leukocyte elastase (HLE) within the extracellular compartment, thereby producing deleterious effects. Here, we investigated the properties and tissue distribution of an unglycosylated, recombinant form of the HLE inhibitor alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha(1)-antitrypsin rhalpha1PI) when it is administered to the airway surface. We produced rhalpha1PI using a bacterial expression system and found the purified protein to be indistinguishable from blood-purified, glycosylated alpha1PI at inhibiting elastase in vitro. In contrast to intravenous administration, direct delivery of either alpha1PI or rhalpha1PI to the airway surface of CD-1 mice by nasal instillation produced similar highly detectable levels of protein in bronchoalveolar lavage at all time points, suggesting that glycosylation of alpha1PI does not play the same critical role in determining protein stability at the respiratory surface as it does in the vascular compartment. Interestingly, this unglycosylated rhalpha1PI was also highly protective against elastase-mediated injury 24 h after rhalpha1PI instillation and was consistently found to be significantly more protective than glycosylated blood-derived alpha1PI. Thus, these results provide evidence that aerosol delivery of rhalpha1PI could be an effective strategy for controlling HLE-dependent pathophysiology associated with cystic fibrosis lung disease.
The Origins of the Cultural Revolution (1997)

Abstract This is the final volume in a trilogy which examines the politics, personalities, economics, culture, and international relations of China from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s. The book uses a multitude of new Chinese sources to answer the question: Why did Chairman Mao Zedong launch the Cultural Revolution which plunged China into chaos and almost destroyed its Communist Party? This book begins with the great famine of the early 1960s, which resulted in tens of millions of deaths, setting in train a series of emergency measures which increasingly divided Mao from his comrades-in-arms. The Chairman's anger that they were prepared to adopt ‘capitalist’ methods to rescue the country was sharpened by his belief that Moscow was denouncing his revolutionary diplomacy because the Soviet leadership had gone capitalist and sold out to the ‘imperialist’ West. From 1961 to 1966, the increasingly urgent question for Mao was how to prevent a similar revolutionary deterioration in China. The Cultural Revolution, in which tens of thousands of loyal party veterans were publicly disgraced to make way for a supposedly more leftist generation of Red Guards, was his answer. Ironically, after it all ended with Mao's death, one survivor, Deng Xiaoping, was so appalled at the destructiveness of the Chairman's final cataclysm that he actually did turn to capitalism to revive the country.
Immunohistochemical Investigations on the Expression of Lewis y Antigens in Tumors (2000)

We have investigated the expression of Lewis Y (a member of the Lewis blood group family) with regard to both its diagnostic use in surgical pathology and its therapeutic application. A total of 228 tumor samples (carcinoma, benign and malignant soft tissue tumors) were included in the study. By using an ABC immunohistochemical method, we demonstrated that the expression of Lewis Y is highly correlated with an epithelial origin of a tumor. With a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 96% a positive Lewis Y immunohistochemical reaction was found to discriminate epithelial tumors from non-epithelial tumors. Monoclonal antibodies raised against Lewis Y and humanized can be used in tumor therapy. Prior to a therapeutic application the expression of Lewis Y in different tumor types and the amount of positive tumor cells has to be known. From our data we conclude that epithelial, but not mesenchymal tumors may be suitable for immunotherapy with humanized monoclonal LewisY antibodies. An immunohistochemical assessment of the LewisY expression should be carried out prior to an application of humanized LewisY antibodies. Of the investigated tumors, especially breast cancer may be taken into consideration for the first clinical trial.
Complexation of captopril with gold(I) and its exchange reactions with thiomalate and cyanide (1993)

Captopril {Hcap, 1-[(2S)-3-mercapto-2-methylpropionyl]-L-proline} with gold(I) forms a 1 : 1 crystalline complex [Au(cap)]. The exchange reactions of thiomalate and cyanide with [Au(cap)] have been studied using 13C NMR spectroscopy. It is found that [Au(cap)] forms a very high-molecular-weight polymer compared to gold(I) thiomalate. Thiomalate and CN– both bind to [Au(cap)], however, as expected, CN– binds more strongly. When 13CN– was added to [Au(cap)] solution, 13C NMR resonances due to [Au(cap)(13CN)]–(two isomers containing cis or trans cap) and [Au(13CN)2]– were observed. Evidence is presented which shows that the cis isomer of [Au(cap)(13CN)]– is more stable than the trans.
Temperature Measurements in a Linear Generator and Marine Substation for Wave Power (2010)

This paper analyzes temperature measurements acquired in offshore operation of a wave energy converter array. The three directly driven wave energy converters have linear generators and are connected to a marine substation placed on the seabed. The highly irregular individual linear generator voltages are rectified and added on a common DC-link and inverted to 50 Hz to facilitate future grid-connection. The electrical power is transmitted to shore and converted to heat in a measuring station. First results of temperature measurements on substation components and on the stator of one of the linear generators are presented from operation in linear and in non-linear damping. Results indicate that there might be some convective heat transport in the substation vessel. If high power levels are extracted from the waves, this has to be considered when placing components in the substation vessel to avoid heating from neighbouring components. The results also indicate that the temperature increase in the linear generator stator is very small. Failure due to excessive heating of the stator winding PVC cable insulation is unlikely to occur even in very energetic sea states. Should this conclusion be incorrect, the thermal conductivity between the stator and the hull of the WEC could be enhanced. Another suggested alteration would be to lower the resistive losses by reducing the linear generator current density.
Markierung und Glycosylierung von Peptiden mithilfe der Klick‐Chemie: ein allgemeiner Ansatz zur Synthese von 18F‐Glycopeptiden, leistungsstarken Tracern für die Positronenemissionstomographie (2009)

Eine effiziente 18F-Markierung von Alkin tragenden Peptiden unter gleichzeitiger Glycosylierung gelingt mithilfe einer Klick-Reaktion. Die milden Bedingungen und die allgemeine Anwendbarkeit dieser Reaktion machen eine neue Klasse von 18F-Glycopeptid-Radiopharmazeutika mit verbesserten Bioeigenschaften für die In-vivo-Bildgebung mit der Positronenemissionstomographie (PET) zugänglich. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
NO2 trace gas monitoring in air using off-beam quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) and interference studies towards CO2, H2O and acoustic noise (2017)

We present the development and characterization as well as comprehensive interference studies of a photoacoustic NO2 trace gas detection system. The system is based on an off-beam quartz enhanced photoacoustic scheme (off-beam QEPAS) and signal generation was initiated by amplitude modulating a low-cost diode laser emitting at 450 nm. The QEPAS sensor element features double-resonant amplification, still it is only ∼ 5 × 5 × 2.5 mm in size. The individual and combined resonance characteristics were investigated and specified to 52 dB amplification, adding up 15 dB acoustic- and 37 dB mechanical-resonance amplification. The linearity of the photoacoustic signal dependency on the analyte concentration was verified from 200 ppbV to 100 ppmV NO2 in synthetic air. The detection limit (3σ) was determined to 1.8 ppbV using a lock-in time constant of 10 s and an averaging time of 20 s. The normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient was specified to 2.5·10−8 W cm−1 Hz−0.5. The stability of the signal was investigated over time and a slight drift by 1‰ was observed after 30 min without temperature stabilizing the photoacoustic cell (PAC). Noise analysis was performed by means of Allan deviation and the inverse dependency of response time and precision of the system on the lock-in time constant was outlined. We performed interference analyses towards N2, O2, CO2, H2O and acoustic noise, respectively. Although neither spectral interferences nor losses due to slow NO2 VT-relaxation were observed, O2 was identified to cause a 15% signal drop due to VVNO2-O2-relaxation. Changing H2O concentrations were found to cause acoustic detuning, which cannot be compensated by adjusting the frequency of modulation, because of the double-resonant feature of the PAC. However, alternative approaches of compensation were discussed. Finally, we carried out heavy traffic noise simulations and determined the QEPAS setup to be 46 times less susceptible towards ambient noise compared to standard microphone-based photoacoustic setups.
High-efficient kW-level single-mode ytterbium fiber lasers in all-fiber format with diffraction-limited beam at wavelengths in 1000-1030 nm spectral range (2020)

The kW-level single-mode Yb fiber lasers at wavelengths in 1000 -1030nm spectral range with diffraction-limited beam and with direct diode pumping are remarkable high brightness and low quantum defect sources for tandem pumping of multi-kilowatt fiber and crystal laser systems. In this paper we present SM Yb fiber lasers in all-fiber format with powers 0.75kW, 0.90kW, 1.33kW and 1.40kW at 1007nm, 1010nm, 1018nm and 1030nm respectively with M<sup>2</sup> values of output beams &lt; 1.1. These are the highest powers of single mode CW Yb fiber lasers at wavelengths near 1 micron to the best of our knowledge. The fiber oscillators with direct diode pumping are highly efficient and have optical slope efficiencies from 64% at 1007nm to 78% at 1018nm relative to total laser diode pump power. The fiber lasers have 3-5m output delivery cable terminated with a LC-8 connector in dependence on power level and MFD of output fiber. The pump and non-linear process (SRS and MI) limitations are discussed.
Polarization-Engineered High-Efficiency GaInN Light-Emitting Diodes Optimized by Genetic Algorithm (2015)

A genetic algorithm is employed to find an optimum epitaxial structure of multiple quantum wells (MQWs) and electron-blocking layer (EBL) for a GaInN-based light-emitting diode (LED). The optimized LED is composed of locally Si-doped quantum barriers (QBs) in the MQWs and a quaternary heterostructured AlGaInN EBL having a polarization-induced electric field directed oppositely to that of a conventional AlGaN EBL. The optimized LED shows 15.6% higher internal quantum efficiency, 24.6% smaller efficiency droop, and 0.21 V lower forward voltage at 200 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> comparing to the reference LED, which has fully Si-doped QB and 20-nm-thick Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.19</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.81</sub> N EBL. We find that local Si doping near the QB/QW interface compensates the negative polarization-induced sheet charge at the interface and reduces electric field in the QWs, thereby enhancing electron-hole wave function overlap. In addition, the inverted polarization field in the quaternary EBL provides a high barrier for electrons but a low barrier for holes, resulting in enhanced electron-blocking and hole-injection characteristics.
Viscoelastic Properties and Thermal Stability of Nanohydroxyapatite Reinforced Poly-Lactic Acid for Load Bearing Applications (2021)

We studied the reinforcing effects of treated and untreated nanohydroxyapatite (NHA) on poly-lactic acid (PLA). The NHA surface was treated with three different types of chemicals; 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES), sodium <i>n</i>-dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and polyethylenimine (PEI). The nanocomposite samples were prepared using melt mixing techniques by blending 5 wt% untreated NHA and 5 wt% surface-treated NHA (mNHA). Based on the FESEM images, the interfacial adhesion between the mNHA filler and PLA matrix was improved upon surface treatment in the order of mNHA (APTES) > mNHA (SDS) > mNHA (PEI). As a result, the PLA-5wt%mNHA (APTES) nanocomposite showed increased viscoelastic properties such as storage modulus, damping parameter, and creep permanent deformation compared to pure PLA. Similarly, PLA-5wt%mNHA (APTES) thermal properties improved, attaining higher Tc and Tm than pure PLA, reflecting the enhanced nucleating effect of the mNHA (APTES) filler.
Optical properties of solid-state laser lighting devices using SiAlON phosphor–glass composite films as wavelength converters (2016)

Abstract In this work, SiAlON phosphor–glass films were investigated as wavelength converters in solid-state laser lighting. The phosphor–glass composite films were prepared by dispersing phosphor powders into a silica precursor solution and sintering at 500 °C. Both simulation and experiment were carried out to evaluate the optical properties of solid-state lighting devices using SiAlON:Eu or YAG:Ce–glass films. The device using SiAlON:Eu phosphors initially has lower brightness than that of the device using YAG:Ce at lower laser powers, but the latter has an illuminance saturation at 1000 lx whereas the SiAlON-based device is free of saturation even at higher laser powers. The device using SiAlON phosphor–glass composite films has a maximum illuminance 15% higher than that of the device using YAG when the temperature exceeds 250 °C. These better optical properties are ascribed to the higher thermal stability of SiAlON phosphors that are able to achieve high luminance and thermally robust solid-state lighting.
Cover Feature: A Novel Sterically Bulky Hole Transporter to Remarkably Improve the Lifetime of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent OLEDs at High Brightness (Chem. Eur. J. 18/2018) (2018)

A hexaphenylbenzene derivative hole-transporter significantly enhances the lifetime of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) at high brightness. A green TADF OLED simultaneously achieves a high external quantum efficiency of over 20 %, a high power efficiency of 54 lm W−1, and operation lifetime at 50 % of approximately 10 000 h at 1000 nit. This result promises a bright future for TADF OLED. More information can be found in the Full Paper by H. Sasabe, J. Kido et al. on page 4590.