gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coexpression of galanin and adrenocorticotropic hormone in human pituitary and pituitary adenomas. (1991)

Galanin is a neuropeptide that regulates the secretion of several pituitary hormones, including prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH). Galaninlike immunoreactivity (Gal-IR) and galanin mRNA in the rat anterior pituitary is cell lineage specific, with predominant expression in lactotrophs and somatotrophs. The authors examined the cellular distribution of human Gal-IR in seven normal postmortem pituitaries and 62 pituitary tumors by immunoperoxidase staining. In contrast to the rat, Gal-IR in human anterior pituitaries was present in corticotrophs scattered throughout the gland, but not in lactotrophs, somatotrophs, thyrotrophs, or gonadotrophs. Distinct Gal-IR also was present in hyperplastic and neoplastic corticotrophs in 19 of 22 patients with Cushing's disease. In noncorticotroph cell tumors, unequivocal Gal-IR was present in 5 of 11 GH-secreting tumors associated with clinical acromegaly, 9 of 18 nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas, and 2 of 14 prolactinomas. Of these galanin-positive tumors, four of the five GH-secreting adenomas, six of the nine nonfunctioning adenomas, and both of the prolactinomas also contained adrenocorticotropic hormone immunoreactivity (ACTH-IR). Immunostaining and in situ hybridization on adjacent sections using an 35S-labeled probe complementary to human galanin mRNA demonstrated predominant galanin expression in normal corticotrophs. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the presence of Gal-IR in pituitary cells characteristic of corticotrophs in both normal and neoplastic pituitaries. Thus, as in the rat, galanin gene expression in the human pituitary is cell-type specific. Unlike the rat, however, human galanin gene expression is restricted to the corticotroph lineage. Studies of tumors confirmed the observed coexpression of galanin and adrenocorticotropic hormone. The divergent cell type specificity of galanin production in human and rat pituitaries reflects different patterns of gene activation in these two species. In addition, these results suggest that galanin in the human pituitary may participate locally in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Collagen Content and Stiffness Affect the Biomechanical Response of Collagen Gels to Acupuncture In Vitro (2008)

Acupuncture is an ancient therapy that has been clinically proven for treating pain and nausea [1], though by unknown mechanisms. Recent in vivo and ex vivo studies demonstrate that acupuncture generates changes in the local tissue biomechanical environment, which may have been overlooked in previous neurophysiological studies [2].
Use of thiazole rings to enhance molecular second-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUse of thiazole rings to enhance molecular second-order nonlinear optical susceptibilitiesC. W. Dirk, H. E. Katz, M. L. Schilling, and L. A. KingCite this: Chem. Mater. 1990, 2, 6, 700–705Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00012a020https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00012a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views354Altmetric-Citations122LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
3D sequential CMOS top tier devices demonstration using a low temperature Smart Cut™ Si layer transfer (2021)

A low temperature Smart Cut™ process was used to fabricate SOI substrates, suitable for 3D sequential device stacking. Electrical performance of FDSOI planar devices fabricated on such low temperature SOI substrate was compared to devices fabricated on a reference high temperature SOI wafer. Electrical parameters (VT, SS, DIBL, BTI) of the devices closely match for the two substrates, while a small degradation of the electron and hole carrier mobility is observed in the low temperature substrate. Additional thermal steps during processing, such as spike anneal, or after processing, such as FGA, did not have a significant impact on the carrier mobility.
Chemical consequences of orbital interactions. 13. Ab initio molecular orbital study of the geometries, properties, and protonation of alkyl chlorides (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemical consequences of orbital interactions. 13. Ab initio molecular orbital study of the geometries, properties, and protonation of alkyl chloridesWilliam L. JorgensenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 4, 1057–1061Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00472a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00472a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views73Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An interactive framework for visualizing foreign currency exchange options (1999)

Analyzing options is a complex, multi-variate process. Option behavior depends on a variety of market conditions which vary over the time course of the option. The goal of this project is to provide an interactive visual environment which allows the analyst to explore these complex interactions, and to select and construct specific views for communicating information to non-analysts (e.g., marketing managers and customers). In this paper we describe an environment for exploring 2- and 3-dimensional representations of options data, dynamically varying parameters, examining how multi-variate relationships develop over time, and exploring the likelihood of the development of different outcomes over the life of the option. We also demonstrate how this tool has been used by analysts to communicate to non-analysts how particular options no longer deliver the behavior they were originally intended to provide.
Grade-specific prostate cancer associations of IGF1 (CA)19 repeats and IGFBP3-202A/C in blacks and whites. (2007)

Carrying the cytosine-adenosine (CA)19 repeat polymorphism in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) is associated with lower serum proteins and decreased prostate cancer risk. Carrying the -202A/C genotype in insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) also has been associated with lower serum levels of the binding protein. However, the association between this variant and prostate cancer is inconsistent. To test the hypothesis that inconsistencies are partly due to cancer grade-specific differences in strength and direction of associations, we reanalyzed data from our previous Durham Veterans Administration Hospital study of blacks and whites comprising 47 cases (19 African Americans) with Gleason sum > or = 7, 50 cases (30 African Americans) with Gleason sum < 7 and 93 controls (49 African Americans). Compared to controls, the association between carrying the IGFBP3 C allele and prostate cancer risk was in OR(Low-Gleason) = 4.0; 95% CI: 1.4-12.3 compared to OR(High-Gleason) = 1.0; 95% CI: 0.4-2.2. Association patterns were similar in African Americans (OR(Low-Gleason) = 3.6; 95% CI: 1.0-13.2 vs. OR(High-Gleason) = 1.4; 95% CI: 0.4-2.3) and whites (OR(Low-Gleason) = 5.6; 95% CI: 0.6-49.0 vs. OR(High-Gleason) = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.2-2.2). The inverse association between carrying the IGF1 (CA)19 repeat variant did not vary by grade or ethnicity. If confirmed in larger studies, these findings support the hypothesis that the association between IGFBP3 C allele and prostate cancer is grade specific in both ethnic groups.
Internal Structure and Preferential Protein Binding of Colloidal Aggregates (2016)

Colloidal aggregates of small molecules are the most common artifact in early drug discovery, sequestering and inhibiting target proteins without specificity. Understanding their structure and mechanism has been crucial to developing tools to control for, and occasionally even exploit, these particles. Unfortunately, their polydispersity and transient stability have prevented exploration of certain elementary properties, such as how they pack. Dye-stabilized colloidal aggregates exhibit enhanced homogeneity and stability when compared to conventional colloidal aggregates, enabling investigation of some of these properties. By small-angle X-ray scattering and multiangle light scattering, pair distance distribution functions suggest that the dye-stabilized colloids are filled, not hollow, spheres. Stability of the coformulated colloids enabled investigation of their preference for binding DNA, peptides, or folded proteins, and their ability to purify one from the other. The coformulated colloids showed little ability to bind DNA. Correspondingly, the colloids preferentially sequestered protein from even a 1600-fold excess of peptides that are themselves the result of a digest of the same protein. This may reflect the avidity advantage that a protein has in a surface-to-surface interaction with the colloids. For the first time, colloids could be shown to have preferences of up to 90-fold for particular proteins over others. Loaded onto the colloids, bound enzyme could be spun down, resuspended, and released back into buffer, regaining most of its activity. Implications of these observations for colloid mechanisms and utility will be considered.
Manufacturing readiness of BVA technology for ultra-high bandwidth package-on-package (2014)

Bond Via Array (BVA) technology has been developed to enable more than 1000 vertical connections between memory and processor components in a standard outline Package-on-Package (PoP) configuration. This higher density interconnect more than doubles current PoP capability and thereby addresses next generation wide IO mobile device demands for increased bandwidth [1]-[3]. In this paper, we discuss BVA manufacturing process details and associated demonstration test vehicle design. This prototype BVA PoP demonstrates 1020 vertical interconnects at 0.24mm pitch within an industry standard 14 × 14mm package footprint. Information regarding test vehicle design optimization, critical assembly process steps, package reliability, and testing will be discussed along with the overall high volume manufacturing (HVM) readiness of BVA.
Demonstration of subtype (D or Y)-specific determinants on the surface of the presumed hepatitis B virus. [Radioimmunoassay] (1977)

Dane particles isolated from the sera of HBsAg/ad and HBsAg/ay carriers were reacted with monospecific antibodies to the d and y subtype-specific determinants of HBsAg/. Dane particles from HbsAg/ad sera expressed the d determinant on their surfaces and those from HBsAg/ay sera contained the y specificity. Both complete (DNA-P and HBcAg) and defective (HBcAg alone) Dane particles expressed the subtype-specific determinants.
A screening tool for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies: Identifying the most stable protein and its best formulation based on thioflavin T binding (2011)

The lack of a fast selection method to identify the most stable protein is one of the major challenges for developing successful therapeutic protein formulations more rapidly. The swift and accurate detection of small amounts of aggregates is another problem since aggregates may trigger an immunological response and the aggregation decreases the biological activity of the antibody. Here we present an alternative method for initial screening of the aggregation propensity of proteins, using monoclonal antibodies (mAb) as an example and thioflavin T (ThT) binding. The major advantage of ThT binding is the short duration of testing compared with size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) measurements that can take 6 months or more even under accelerated conditions. The tendency to aggregate of each therapeutic human mAb probed with the ThT assay, together with SEC, is employed to formulate the ranking of mAb aggregation. ThT binding can determine the propensity of proteins to aggregate in a few days, illustrating that ThT binding would be a valuable screening tool.
A Novel Low Grade Heat Driven Process to Re-Concentrate Process Liquor in Alumina Refineries (2015)

Abstract Evaporation is an essential process in alumina refineries both to produce water for such applications as residue washing processes, and re-concentrating process liquor back to the main process circuit for further digestion. This article reports on the application of a re-concentration process driven by low grade heat. It couples flash and falling film evaporation, fed by a low-grade heat source, to recover heat and concentrate process liquor. Process condensate is the stream used for this evaluation. The condenser of the re-concentration process is cooled barometrically by water from the recovery lake. The freshwater generated is either discharged or sent to the freshwater lake so as to manage the water balance of a refinery. For 200 m 3 /h process condensate simulated at two fixed temperatures of 75 °C and 85 °C, the process generates up to 36% more re-concentrated process liquor, and about 10% less specific capital cost compared to the conventional multi effect falling film evaporation system.
Efficient Recursive Digital Filters with Variable Magnitude Characteristics (2006)

This paper considers designing in the minimax sense complementary low-pass/high-pass recursive digital filters with variable magnitude characteristics. A filter structure based on the parallel connection of two variable fractional delay all-pass filters is proposed for implementing these filters. The filter optimization is performed in two basic steps. First, an initial filter is generated using a simple design scheme. Second, this filter is used as a start-up solution for further optimization being carried out by an efficient constrained nonlinear optimization algorithm. Examples are included for illustrating the efficiency of the proposed design scheme. In addition, the performance and the complexity of the proposed variable recursive digital filters are compared with those of the other variable recursive digital filters proposed in the literature. This comparison shows that the number of multipliers for the proposed filters is less than 15 percent compared with other existing structures
Microstructural aspects on wear of cemented carbides (2000)

Cemented carbides are known to be very wear resistant and are therefore often usedin applications involving surface damage and wear. The work presented hereinvestigates the coupling between the microstructure and some fundamental wearand deformation mechanisms typical for cemented carbides. A model to calculate the indentation hardness of cemented-carbides from thecarbide grain size and Co-content has been developed. The model predicts thehardness with 85 % accuracy for compositions ranging from 0 to 40 % Co andcarbide grains between 0.07 to 5μm. The anisotropic nature of WC has been used to explain the abrasive wearmechanisms of WC single crystals and cemented carbides. The microstructure and tribological properties of binderless carbides havebeen examined in detail. It is shown that the wear properties are closely connected tothe choice of γ-phase and that the binderless carbides behave more like cemented carbides than ceramics. A descriptive model for mild abrasion of cemented carbides is proposed. Themodel explains why fairly different cemented carbides behave very similarly whenabraded mildly. The importance of the binder metal for the performance of cemented carbidesin applications involving combined corrosive and mechanical wear has beeninvestigated. The results show that the binder should be corrosion resistant in itselfbut also be able to control the behaviour of WC. Wear phenomena on cemented carbide face seals have been analysed withvarious analytical tools including focused ion beam and transmission electronmicroscopy. It is shown that it is possible to form a several micron thick nano-crystalline (WC-Co) tribofilm during dry operation.
The changes of the stromal elastotic framework in the growth of peripheral lung adenocarcinomas (1996)

BACKGROUND Most peripheral lung adenocarcinomas form a characteristic central fibrosis; however, the mechanism of formation has not yet been clarified. METHODS The stromal elastosis of 176 patients with peripheral lung adenocarcinomas was studied histologically, morphometrically, radiographically, and clinicopathologically. RESULTS The tumors were classified into two types, according to the histomorphological pattern of the stromal elastosis: (1) a preserved framework composed of a uniformly thick stroma (Type 1; 20 patients) and (2) a disrupted framework in the central fibrosis in which many air spaces were collagenized or collapsed (Type 2; 156 patients). Around the central fibrosis in the Type 2 tumors, replacement growth took the form of a thin-walled, elastic framework. Image analysis disclosed that the elastotic framework had an increased elastic fiber volume (approximately three- to- nine-fold, compared with the normal alveolar wall), especially in Type 1 tumors, related to the contraction of the pre-existing alveolar wall. In Type 2 replacement growth, the amount of elastic fibers was slightly increased, which suggested mild reaction of the pre-existing alveolar wall. Radiographically, Type 1 tumors were characterized by a gradual increase of the density without enlargement, while the Type 2 tumors often enlarged within a short period. Recurrence was seen in 54% of the patients with Type 2 tumors, but in none of those with Type 1 tumors. CONCLUSIONS In the early development of peripheral adenocarcinoma, there is preservation of the elastotic framework (Type 1) of the stroma due to contraction and thickening of the alveolar walls. As the tumors grow, the elastotic framework is disrupted (Type 2), indicating stromal invasion. Based on the clinicopathologic findings and the outcome, Type 1 tumors may be in situ peripheral lung adenocarcinomas. Cancer 1996; 77:646-56.
Signaling and Control Procedures Using Generalized MPLS Protocol for IP over an Optical Network (2002)

This paper reviews the existing research activities on signaling and control procedures for IP over optical networks. We focus on the IP-centric signaling and control architecture based on the generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS) protocol and analyze various scenarios and technical issues for deploying the IP over an optical network. We analyze the signaling and operations and administration and maintenance requirements for integrating an IP network and an optical network in order to cope with the high bandwidth and poor resource granularity of the optical network, including the optical cross-connect system. On the basis of network architecture and a reference configuration model, we investigate the GMPLS-based control architecture and interconnection model appropriate for controlling IP bandwidth and optical lambda resources. The signaling and control procedure based on GMPLS on optical user-network interface and network-network interface are comparatively investigated to provide the optical lightpath. We also study protection and restoration procedures to protect link failure when it applies to GMPLS signaling.
Fast algorithm for discrete cosine transform (DCT)-domain image downsampling using Winograd DCTs (2003)

A fast algorithm for discrete cosine transform (DCT)-domain image resizing is presented. To reduce computations, fast Winograd DCTs are applied to a recently reported image resizing scheme that uses DCT low-pass truncatedapproximation. Our fast algorithm yields significant improvement in computational complexity over the fast algorithm of the reported method.
High-performance field-emission electron gun using a reticulated vitreous carbon cathode (2011)

Proof-of-concept experimental results stemming from beam simulations for a microfocus electron gun are presented. The simulations demonstrate the potential to produce 4 mA of current through a 40-μm-diameter spot, at an energy of 30 keV, emitted from a 1-mm-diameter cathode with low energy spread and high brightness. The experimental realization, scaled down for practicality, but consistent with and confirming the higher-energy simulation, produced 2 μA of current with an approximately 28 μm spot size at an energy of 9.3 keV. The electrons originated from an Ar+-ion-treated reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) field-emission cathode shaped as an approximately 1-mm-diameter disk. The primary application for this work is a highly monochromatic microfocus x-ray source for use in phase-contrast imaging, although other beam applications exist. The use of an Ar+-ion-irradiated RVC cathode allows high, stable current at low electric field, superior to what is achievable using field-emitter arrays or carbon-nanotube cathodes. This method, scaled up to its maximum potential, also enables a high-current-density microfocus beam, which, to date, has not been demonstrated using thermionic cathodes. Such a beam applied to an x-ray source for phase-contrast imaging represents a significant benefit in medical diagnostics.
RL-37, an Alpha-Helical Antimicrobial Peptide of the Rhesus Monkey (2001)

Rhesus monkey bone marrow expresses a cathelicidin whose C-terminal domain comprises a 37-residue alpha-helical peptide (RL-37) that resembles human LL-37. Like its human counterpart, RL-37 rapidly permeabilized the membranes of Escherichia coli ML-35p and lysed liposomes that simulated bacterial membranes. When tested in media whose NaCl concentrations approximated those of extracellular fluids, RL-37 was considerably more active than LL-37 against staphylococci. Whereas human LL-37 contains five acidic residues and has a net charge of +6, rhesus RL-37 has only two acidic residues and a net charge of +8. Speculating that the multiple acidic residues of human LL-37 reduced its efficacy against staphylococci, we made a peptide (LL-37 pentamide) in which each aspartic acid of LL-37 was replaced by an asparagine and each glutamic acid was replaced by a glutamine. LL-37 pentamide's antistaphylococcal activity was substantially greater than that of LL-37. Thus, although the precursor of LL-37 is induced in human skin keratinocytes by injury or inflammation, its insufficiently cationic antimicrobial domain may contribute to the success of staphylococci in colonizing and infecting human skin.