gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Al-2.139 X-Ray Resist (2021)

As increasingly smaller molecular materials and material structures are devised or developed for technological applications, the demands on the processes of lithography now routinely include feature sizes that are of the order of 10 nm. In reaching such a fine level of resolution, the methods of lithography have increased markedly in sophistication and brought into play 2terminology that is unfamiliar, on the one hand, to scientists tasked with the development of new lithographic materials or, on the other, to the engineers who design and operate the complex equipment that is required in modern-day processing. Publications produced by scientists need to be understood by engineers and vice versa, and these commonly arise from collaborative research that draws heavily on the terminology of two or more of the traditional disciplines. It is developments in polymer science and material science that lead progress in areas that cross traditional boundaries, such as microlithography. This document provides the exact definitions of a selection of unfamiliar terms that researchers and practitioners from different disciplines might encounter.
0.05 µm (3σ) Overlay Accuracy Through-the-lens Alignment in an Excimer Laser Lithography System (1992)

This paper presents a t hrough- t he- l ens (TTL) alignment, called s eparated mar k T TL alignment (SMART), applied to a KrF excimer laser lithography system. This SMART optical system does not require any complicated compensation mechanisms for longitudinal chromatic aberration. Several advanced methods for SMART optics to obtain higher overlay accuracy, such as optical heterodyne interferometry, real-time alignment system, and alignment signal processor, have been developed and adopted. The performance of such an improved SMART in an excimer laser lithography system was experimentally evaluated using d ynamic r andom a ccess m emory (DRAM)-processed wafers. An overlay accuracy of 0.05 µm (3σ) has been achieved.
Artifacts in AES microanalysis for semiconductor applications (2000)

Auger electron spectroscopy analyses of submicron features on semiconductor surfaces are routinely accompanied by analytical artifacts such as sample degradation and background contributions arising from electron beam scattering. Submicron analyses are commonly carried out at electron beam densities in excess of 1 A cm−2 and are especially damaging to silicon oxides. The evolution of oxide reduction is observed both as a loss of oxygen versus beam exposure and in a complementary growth of Si LVV and Si KLL elemental peaks. The O KLL signal intensity from a 1 µm2 area of thermally grown oxide is found to decrease by 22% after exposure to a rastered 20 kV/10 nA beam for 10 min. Another aspect of submicron analysis is the contribution to survey spectra that originates when surrounding material is excited by backscattered electrons. Background contributions may dominate AES spectra even when the sample is flat and the probing beam is smaller than the feature of interest. Tungsten damascene contacts provide a useful platform for investigating this phenomenon in the absence of topography. Spectra have been collected from tungsten contacts of various sizes and the target and background contributions quantified. When a 0.25 µm diameter tungsten contact is probed with a narrow 20 kV beam, the W MNN signal intensity is determined to be only 70% of that emitted from a large tungsten structure. Target signal reduction coincides with increased signal contributions from the surrounding oxide. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereoselective deuterium labeling of proRβ‐protons in the NMR structure determination of a helix‐turn‐helix turn peptide mimic (2000)

The NMR structure of a small, side-chain-cyclized tripeptide mimic of the turn in the helix-turn-helix (HTH) motif was determined. The four beta-protons were stereospecifically assigned by stereoselective deuterium replacement of only the proR beta-protons. All 24 of 30 NOESY cross-peaks not involving chemically defined or freely rotating protons, and six of seven coupling constants from the P.COSY were used as distance and angle constraints in molecular modeling. MacroModel found 33/1000 structures in the NMR constrained search and 263/1000 structures in the unconstrained search, indicating meaningful constraint by the NMR data. However, the 10 lowest-energy structures from the unconstrained and constrained searches are very similar, so modeling alone was able to find the experimentally determined structure.
A hyper-pyramid network topology for image processing (2003)

The authors describe a novel network topology for image processing, called the hyper-pyramid network topology. This structure is hierarchical and implements local, inside-region communications at each level, and upward/downward communications in the whole structure. Intraregion communications are shown by an image processing algorithm study. The authors display the implementation of a component labeling algorithm onto a hyper-pyramid network with a computational complexity of O(log/sup 2/(n)). This complexity is the same as that of the hypercube network. It is also demonstrated that the wiring complexity is less than that of the hypercube network.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Robot-Audition-based Human-Machine Interface for a Car (2015)

This paper describes a Robot-Audition based Car Human Machine Interface (RA-CHMI). A RA-CHMI, like a car navigation system, has difficulty dealing with voice commands, since there are many noise sources in a car, including road noise, air-conditioner, music, and passengers. Microphone array processing developed in robot audition, may overcome this problem. Robot audition techniques, including sound source localization, Voice Activity Detection (VAD), sound source separation, and barge-in-able processing, were introduced by considering the characteristics of RA-CHMI. Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), based on a Deep Neural Network (DNN), improved recognition performance and robustness in a noisy environment. In addition, as an integrated framework, HARK-Dialog was developed to build a multi-party and multi-modal dialog system, enabling the seamless use of cloud and local services with pluggable modular architecture. The constructed multi-party and multimodal RA-CHMI system did not require a push-to-talk button, nor did it require reducing the audio volume or air-conditioner when issuing speech commands. It could also control a four-DOF robot agent to make the system's responses more understandable. The proposed RA-CHMI was validated by evaluating essential techniques in the system, such as VAD and DNN-ASR, using real speech data recorded during driving. The entire design of the RA-CHMI system, including the system response time and the proper use of cloud/local services, are also discussed.
Cementless Acetabular Reconstruction After Acetabular Fracture (2001)

The intermediate-term clinical results of total hip arthroplasty with cementless acetabular reconstruction for posttraumatic osteoarthritis after acetabular fracture were similar to those after the same procedure for nontraumatic arthritis, regardless of whether the acetabular fracture had been internally fixed initially. However, total hip arthroplasty after acetabular fracture was a longer procedure with greater blood loss, especially in patients with previous open reduction and internal fixation. Previous open reduction and internal fixation predisposed the hip to more intraoperative instability but less bone deficiency.
Model-driven development: The good, the bad, and the ugly (2006)

In large software development organizations, increased complexity of products, shortened development cycles, and heightened expectations of quality have created major challenges at all the stages of the software life cycle. As this issue of the IBM Systems Journal illustrates, there are exciting improvements in the technologies of model-driven development (MDD) to meet many of these challenges. Even though the prevalent software-development practices in the industry are still immature, tools that embody MDD technologies are finally being incorporated in large-scale commercial software development. Assuming MDD pervades the industry over the next several years, there is reason to hope for significant improvements in software quality and time to value, but it is far from a foregone conclusion that MDD will succeed where previous software-engineering approaches have failed.
A Triangulation-Based Backward Adaptive Motion Field Subsampling Scheme (2020)

Optical flow procedures are used to generate dense motion fields which approximate true motion. Such fields contain a large amount of data and if we need to transmit such a field, the raw data usually exceeds the raw data of the two images it was computed from. In many scenarios, however, it is of interest to transmit a dense motion field efficiently. Most prominently this is the case in inter prediction for video coding. In this paper we propose a transmission scheme based on subsampling the motion field. Since a field which was subsampled with a regularly spaced pattern usually yields suboptimal results, we propose an adaptive subsampling algorithm that preferably samples vectors at positions where changes in motion occur. The subsampling pattern is fully reconstructable without the need for signaling of position information. We show an average gain of 2.95 dB in average end point error compared to regular subsampling. Furthermore we show that an additional prediction stage can improve the results by an additional 0.43 dB, gaining 3.38 dB in total.
A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study of Anion–π Interactions in N6‐ and N9‐Decyladenine Salts (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 27/2010) (2010)

Abstract The cover picture shows the interesting anion–π/π–π/anion–π assembly that is found in the solid‐state architecture of an adenine derivative hydrochloride salt. The adenine has been decorated with a long alkyl chain (C 10 ) in order to have a predefined ordering in the crystal due to hydrophobic effects. The influence of anion–π and π–π interactions on the final structure has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. Details are discussed in the article by A. Garcia‐Raso et al. on p. 5171 ff. The background picture depicts the scientific tradition of the Balearic Islands that springs from Ramon Llull, a 13th century philosopher, who founded a college in Miramar that is located in the northwest of the island of Majorca.
Bovine Herpesvirus 1 VP22 Enhances the Efficacy of a DNA Vaccine in Cattle (2005)

For this study, the intercellular trafficking ability of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) VP22 was applied to improve the efficacy of a DNA vaccine in calves. A plasmid encoding a truncated version of glycoprotein D (tgD) fused to VP22 was constructed. The plasmid encoding tgD-VP22 elicited significantly enhanced and more balanced immune responses than those induced by a plasmid encoding tgD. Furthermore, protection against a BHV-1 challenge was obtained in calves immunized with the plasmid encoding tgD-VP22, as shown by significant reductions in viral excretion. However, less significant protection was observed for animals vaccinated with the tgD-expressing plasmid, correlating with the lower level of immunity observed prechallenge. This is the first report of the use of VP22 as a transport molecule in the context of a DNA vaccine for a large animal species.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Neutral Phosphate Triester Backbone-Modified siRNAs (2020)

Two unsymmetrical dinucleotide phosphate triesters were synthesized via transesterification from tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate. The protected triesters were phosphytilated to generate phosphoramidites for solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis. Neutral phenylethyl phosphate-modified short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were synthesized and evaluated for their gene-silencing ability, siRNA strand selection, and resistance to nucleases. These backbone-modified phosphate triester siRNAs offer many improvements compared to natural unmodified siRNAs.
High transition temperature superconductors - V/sub 3/Ga wire development. Annual report (1978)

Increased V/sub 3/Ga growth rates resulting from the use of high gallium content V-Ga filaments and Cu-Ga matrix alloys are utilized to improve the critical current density in the superconductor, J sub c, by forming thin layers of V/sub 3/Ga at rather low reaction temperatures. Studies of J sub c as functions of magnetic field strength and temperature are reported and compared with similar data for experimental Nb/sub 3/Sn wires, commercial V/sub 3/Ga tapes, and Nb-Ti wire. These data document the superiority of V/sub 3/Ga over a broad range of magnetic fields and temperatures. Based on results of these investigations of processing variables, specifications for high-current (I sub c) multifilament V/sub 3/Ga wires were defined and an industrial contract for their production was awarded (pertinent specifications appended). Studies of stress effects on I sub c have shown these developmental wires resistant to degradation at acceptable stress levels. Further work in this area is recommended for future superconducting applications.
First experiences with hysterosalpingo-foam sonography (HyFoSy) for office tubal patency testing (2011)

HyFoSy is a successful procedure to demonstrate tubal patency as a first step office procedure.
Fabrication of Arsenic Sulfide Optical Fiber with Low Hydrogen Impurities (2002)

Arsenic sulfide glass optical fibers typically possess extrinsic absorption bands in the infrared wavelength region associated with residual hydrogen and oxygen related impurities, despite using purified precursors. We report a purification process based on the addition of tellurium tetrachloride (TeCl 4 ) to the glass. During melting, the chlorine from TeCl 4 reacts with the hydrogen impurities to produce volatile products (e.g., HCl) that can be removed by subsequent dynamic distillation. The processing conditions have been modified accordingly to produce optical fibers with significantly reduced loss due to hydrogen sulfide impurity content (1.5 dB/m).
Synthesis of a Hemicyanine Dye Bearing Two Carboxylic Groups and Its Use as a Photosensitizer in Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrochemical Cells (2001)

Two hemicyanine (aminostilbazium) dyes, one bearing two carboxylic groups while the other being its ester analogue, were synthesized for use as photosensitizers in dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPEC). Only the dye with carboxylic groups is covalently attached on mesoporous TiO2 films. The ester analogue, however, is physically adsorbed and it is easily washed off by several solvents. DSPECs of the Graetzel type, made of mesoporous TiO2 films (in our case, synthesized through the reverse-micellar route), of the aminostilbazium bicarboxylate photosensitizer and of a I-/I3-/propylenecarbonate electrolyte were tested and were found to yield more than 45% maximum photon to electron conversion efficiency and 0.72% overall photovoltaic efficiency. The cells yielded a linear response within a wide range of illumination intensities.
Al-2.35 Dislocation (2021)

As increasingly smaller molecular materials and material structures are devised or developed for technological applications, the demands on the processes of lithography now routinely include feature sizes that are of the order of 10 nm. In reaching such a fine level of resolution, the methods of lithography have increased markedly in sophistication and brought into play 2terminology that is unfamiliar, on the one hand, to scientists tasked with the development of new lithographic materials or, on the other, to the engineers who design and operate the complex equipment that is required in modern-day processing. Publications produced by scientists need to be understood by engineers and vice versa, and these commonly arise from collaborative research that draws heavily on the terminology of two or more of the traditional disciplines. It is developments in polymer science and material science that lead progress in areas that cross traditional boundaries, such as microlithography. This document provides the exact definitions of a selection of unfamiliar terms that researchers and practitioners from different disciplines might encounter.
Cavitation effects during lithotripsy. Part II. Clinical observations. (1990)

Cavitation effects during biliary lithotripsy can produce sonographically visible microbubbles. The relationship between microbubble formation and clinical outcome of gallstone lithotripsy performed with a commercial lithotriptor was studied in 50 treatments in 29 patients. Microbubble formation in bile was a useful predictor of successful stone fragmentation in 31 of 34 treatments. Microbubble formation in the liver correlated with transient hepatocellular damage (as indicated by a twofold rise in serum transaminase levels) immediately after seven of 10 treatments. Advancing the focal volume of the lithotroptor deeper into the patient (placing the stone at the proximal point of the focal zone) may be a useful strategy for reducing hepatic cavitation effects, which appear to be responsible for temporary hepatocellular damage.
Characterization of a Potential KOR/DOR Dual Agonist with No Apparent Abuse Liability via a Complementary Structure–Activity Relationship Study on Nalfurafine Analogues (2022)

Discovery of analgesics void of abuse liability is critical to battle the opioid crisis in the United States. Among many strategies to achieve this goal, targeting more than one opioid receptor seems promising to minimize this unwanted side effect while achieving a reasonable therapeutic profile. In the process of understanding the structure-activity relationship of nalfurafine, we identified a potential analgesic agent, NMF, as a dual kappa opioid receptor/delta opioid receptor agonist with minimum abuse liability. Further characterizations, including primary in vitro ADMET studies (hERG toxicity, plasma protein binding, permeability, and hepatic metabolism), and in vivo pharmacodynamic and toxicity profiling (time course, abuse liability, tolerance, withdrawal, respiratory depression, body weight, and locomotor activity) further confirmed NMF as a promising drug candidate for future development.
Fast photo-processes in triazole-based push–pull systems (2010)

Electron donor-acceptor compounds 1 (asymmetrical push-pull derivative) and 2 (symmetrical push-pull-push derivative) were studied in which one (push-pull) or two aniline units (push-pull-push) are connected to a biphenyl group via triazole linkers, made by "click" chemistry. Steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopies indicate that highly dipolar charge separated excited states are populated in moderately polar solvents. The very similar photophysical behavior of both compounds implies symmetry breaking in the excited state of 2. The polarity of the solvent determines the efficiency of formation of the charge separated state. While in toluene it is very low, it becomes very high in acetonitrile. The bis-triazole substituted biphenyl unit in 2 behaves as a better electron acceptor than the mono-triazole substituted biphenyl in 1, which leads to a more facile charge separation in 2. Rates of charge separation are of the order of 10(11)-10(12) s(-1), and increase with solvent polarity.
Spatiotemporal patterns and transcription kinetics of induced RNA in single bacterial cells (2009)

Bacteria have a complex internal organization with specific localization of many proteins and DNA, which dynamically move during the cell cycle and in response to changing environmental stimuli. Much less is known, however, about the localization and movements of RNA molecules. By modifying our previous RNA labeling system, we monitor the expression and localization of a model RNA transcript in live Escherichia coli cells. Our results reveal that the target RNA is not evenly distributed within the cell and localizes laterally along the long cell axis, in a pattern suggesting the existence of ordered helical RNA structures reminiscent of known bacterial cytoskeletal cellular elements.
Bevezetés Magyarország Történetének Forrásaiba És Irodalmába, vol. 1. By Domokos Kosáry. Budapest: Tankönyvkiadó, 1970. 900 pp. 104 Ft. (1972)

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Activation of the Contact System in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Alzheimer Disease (1998)

Several converging lines of evidence suggest that beta-amyloid and inflammation may be linked in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD), but the mechanism of beta-amyloid neurotoxicity is unclear. In this study, by demonstrating that high molecular weight kininogen may be massively cleaved in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with AD, we provide evidence of the potential involvement of the contact system in the inflammatory processes taking place in this disease. In the CSF of patients with neuroimmune inflammatory disease (multiple sclerosis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy), there was no evidence of increased cleavage of high molecular weight kininogen, suggesting that this finding may be characteristic of the Alzheimer brain. The data obtained from in vitro experiments seem to indicate that the cleavage of high molecular weight kininogen in vivo may be the result of the interaction of beta-amyloid with factor XII and of kallikrein generation. The actual relevance of such a phenomenon remains to be established in vivo. However, the demonstration that the contact system may be activated in the brains of Alzheimer patients points to the potential involvement of the kallikrein-kinin system in the inflammatory process of this disease.
An Improved Three-Probe Method for Precision Measurement of StraightnessVerbesserung der Drei-Sensoren-Methode für die Präzisions-Geradheitsmessung (2009)

Abstract This paper presents a scanning three-probe method for precision measurement of straightness. This method employs two three-probe units, which are placed on the two sides of a cylindrical workpiece. The error motions of the scanning stage can be cancelled by taking the differential output in each of the probe units. A new algorithm is proposed for calculation and compensation of the difference between the zero-values of the probes, which appears in the differential output as an unknown.
Pressure Drawdown and Buildup Analysis of Horizontal Wells in Anisotropic Media (1987)

Summary An analytic solution is presented for the pressure response during drawdown and buildup of a horizontal well. This method results from solving the three-dimensional diffusion equation with successive integral transforms. Simplified solutions for short, intermediate, and long times that exhibit straight-line sections when pressure is plotted vs. time are presented. The validity of the method is demonstrated by comparing with results generated numerically by a reservoir simulator and with an analogous analytic solution. Methods for analyzing pressure drawdown and buildup data are presented with examples. The method allows reservoir characteristics, including permeability, skin, and distance to boundaries to be determined. The early-time effects, where the well behaves as if it were in an infinite reservoir, are also discussed. Expressions to determine times to critical events, which are important for well test design, are presented.