gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laser-filamentation-induced water condensation and snow formation in a cloud chamber filled with different ambient gases (2016)

We investigated femtosecond laser-filamentation-induced airflow, water condensation and snow formation in a cloud chamber filled respectively with air, argon and helium. The mass of snow induced by laser filaments was found being the maximum when the chamber was filled with argon, followed by air and being the minimum with helium. We also discussed the mechanisms of water condensation in different gases. The results show that filaments with higher laser absorption efficiency, which result in higher plasma density, are beneficial for triggering intense airflow and thus more water condensation and precipitation.
ChemInform Abstract: Acetyl Chloride—Methanol as a Convenient Reagent for: A) Quantitative Formation of Amine Hydrochlorides, B) Carboxylate Ester Formation, C) Mild Removal of N‐Boc‐Protective Group. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Tolerogenic nanoparticles suppress central nervous system inflammation (2020)

Therapeutic approaches for the induction of immune tolerance remain an unmet clinical need for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Based on its role in the control of the immune response, the ligand-activated transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a candidate target for novel immunotherapies. Here, we report the development of AhR-activating nanoliposomes (NLPs) to induce antigen-specific tolerance. NLPs loaded with the AhR agonist ITE and a T cell epitope from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)<sub>35-55</sub> induced tolerogenic dendritic cells and suppressed the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a preclinical model of MS, in preventive and therapeutic setups. EAE suppression was associated with the expansion of MOG<sub>35-55</sub>-specific FoxP3<sup>+</sup> regulatory T cells (Treg cells) and type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1 cells), concomitant with a reduction in central nervous system-infiltrating effector T cells (Teff cells). Notably, NLPs induced bystander suppression in the EAE model established in C57BL/6 × SJL F1 mice. Moreover, NLPs ameliorated chronic progressive EAE in nonobese diabetic mice, a model which resembles some aspects of secondary progressive MS. In summary, these studies describe a platform for the therapeutic induction of antigen-specific tolerance in autoimmune diseases.
Learning and Adapting Robust Features for Satellite Image Segmentation on Heterogeneous Data Sets (2019)

This paper addresses the problem of training a deep neural network for satellite image segmentation so that it can be deployed over images whose statistics differ from those used for training. For example, in postdisaster damage assessment, the tight time constraints make it impractical to train a network from scratch for each image to be segmented. We propose a convolutional encoder-decoder network able to learn visual representations of increasing semantic level as its depth increases, allowing it to generalize over a wider range of satellite images. Then, we propose two additional methods to improve the network performance over each specific image to be segmented. First, we observe that updating the batch normalization layers' statistics over the target image improves the network performance without human intervention. Second, we show that refining a trained network over a few samples of the image boosts the network performance with minimal human intervention. We evaluate our architecture over three data sets of satellite images, showing the state-of-the-art performance in binary segmentation of previously unseen images and competitive performance with respect to more complex techniques in a multiclass segmentation task.
Preparation and properties of polyesters derived from 4,4?-sulfonyl dibenzoyl chloride by solution polycondensation (1996)

Sulfone-containing polyesters of 18 kinds having inherent viscosities of 1.19–0.16 dL g−1 were prepared derived from 4,4′-sulfonyl dibenzoyl chloride by solution polycondensation from various aromatic and aliphatic diols in nitrobenzene at 82°C. The polyesters were examined with IR spectra, inherent viscosity, x-ray diffraction, solubility, DSC, and TGA. Polyester (PE-7) with the greatest inherent viscosity may reflect that bisphenol A having a electron-releasing group increases nucleophilic properties of the phenolate anion. Diols such as bisphenol AF (PE-13) and brominated diols (PE-4, PE-10, and PE-16) gave less favorable results. The diffractograms showed that all polyesters were essentially amorphous except that obtained from bisphenol S and its derivatives. Almost all polyesters except PE-1 and PE-2 were soluble in DMF, THF, tetrachloroethane and phenol/sym-tetrachloroethane (60/40 by mass) but insoluble in typical organic solvents such as acetone, toluene, and chloroform. These polymers obtained from aromatic bisphenols lost no mass below 309°C, but 10% loss of mass was recorded above 380°C in nitrogen. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Composite Elastic Skins for Shape-Changing Structures (2007)

Composite elastic skins having tailorable mechanical properties have been invented for covering shape-changing ( morphable ) structures. These skins are intended especially for use on advanced aircraft that change shapes in order to assume different aerodynamic properties. Many of the proposals for aircraft that could perform large aerodynamic shape changes require flexible skins that could follow shape changes of internal structures driven by actuators. Examples of such shape changes can include growth or shrinkage of bumps, conformal changes in wing planforms, cambers, twists, and bending of integrated leading- and trailing-edge flaps. Prior to this invention, there was no way of providing smooth aerodynamic surfaces capable of large deflections while maintaining smoothness and sufficient rigidity. Although latex rubber, silicone rubber, and similar conventional materials can be made into smooth coverings, they are not suitable for this purpose because, in order to impart required stiffness against out-of-plane bending, it would be necessary to make the coverings excessively thick, thereby necessitating the use of impractically large actuation forces. The basic idea of the invention is that of smoothly wrapping an underlying variable structure with a smooth skin that can be stretched or otherwise warped with low actuation force in one or both in-plane direction(s) and is relatively stiff against out-of-plane bending. It is envisioned that a skin according to the invention could be stretched as much as 20 percent in a desired direction. Because this basic idea admits of numerous variations, the following description is necessarily oversimplified for the sake of brevity.
Development of Azimycin<sup>Ⓡ</sup> ophthalmic solution 1％ based on ophthalmic DDS technology “DuraSite<sup>Ⓡ</sup>” (2022)

アジマイシンⓇ点眼液1％は、アジスロマイシン水和物を有効成分とした日本で唯一のマクロライド系抗生物質点眼液である。アジスロマイシンは良好な組織移行性を示し、酸性pHで安定な特徴をもつ薬物である。また、アジマイシンⓇ点眼液1％の製剤技術には、ポリカルボフィル等を配合した眼科用Drug Delivery System技術のDuraSiteⓇが応用されている。ポリカルボフィルは増粘や粘膜接着性により、眼表面の薬物滞留性および眼内への薬物移行性を向上させることができる。薬物特性や製剤技術により他の抗菌点眼液と比較して､少ない点眼回数で眼感染症の治療が可能であり、患者さんのアドヒアランスの向上が期待できる。
Regenerative medium-voltage AC drive based on a multi-cell arrangement with minimum energy storage requirements (2002)

Multi-cell power circuit topologies have probed to be an effective alternative to medium-voltage AC drives. Commercial units are built up based on modular units, namely cells, which are composed of a three-phase diode-based front-end rectifier, a DC link electrolytic capacitor, and a single-phase fullwave voltage-source inverter. The main advantage is the improved power quality at both AC system and motor sides. However, two drawbacks are present in these configurations. These are: (a) the single-phase operation of the inverter in each cell generates a large second current harmonic that is injected back into the DC link capacitor, thus, a large electrolytic capacitor has to be used in order to guarantee a reduced voltage ripple across it; and (b) the three-phase diode-based front-end rectifier does not provide the regenerative operating mode as required, for instance, by down-hill belt conveyors in mining applications, where this operating mode is the normal one. This paper proposes to replace the diode-based front-end rectifier by an active front-end rectifier and a novel control strategy in order to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks. In fact, the active front-end rectifier allows the topology to regenerate and the control strategy removes the large second current harmonic from the DC link capacitor, thus reducing its size. Both features are achieved without any penalties in the quality of the waveforms. Simulated results confirm the theoretical considerations.
Network flow algorithms for wireless networks and design and analysis of rate compatible LDPC codes (2011)

While Shannon already characterized the capacity of point-to-point channels back in 1948, characterizing the capacity of wireless networks has been a challenging problem. The deterministic channel model proposed by Avestimehr, etc. (2007 - 1) has been a promising approach for approximating the Gaussian channel capacity and has been widely studied recently. Motivated by this model, an improved combinatorial algorithm is considered for finding the unicast capacity for wireless information flow on such deterministic networks in the first part of this thesis. Our algorithm fully explores the useful combinatorial features intrinsic in the problem. Our improvement applies generally with any size of finite fields associated with the channel model. Comparing with other related algorithms, our improved algorithm has very competitive performance in complexity.
In the second part of our work, we consider the design and analysis of rate-compatible LDPC codes. Rate-compatible LDPC codes are basically a family of nested codes, operating at different code rates and all of them can be encoded and decoded using a single encoder and decoder pair. Those properties make rate-compatible LDPC codes a good choice for changing channel conditions, like in wireless communications. The previous work on the design and analysis of LDPC codes are all targeting at a specific code rate and no work is known on the design and analysis of rate-compatible LDPC codes so that the code performance at all code rates in the family is manageable and predictable. In our work, we proposed algorithms for the design and analysis of rate-compatible LDPC codes with good performance and make the code performance at all code rates manageable and predictable. Our work is based on E2RC codes, while our approaches in the design and analysis can be applied more generally not only to E2RC codes, but to other suitable scenarios, like the design of IRA codes. Most encouragingly, we obtain families of rate-compatible codes whose gaps to capacity are at most 0.3 dB across the range of rates when the maximum variable node degree is twenty, which is very promising compared with other existing results.
Rapamycin inhibits BMP‐7‐induced osteogenic and lipogenic marker expressions in fetal rat calvarial cells (2013)

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) promote osteoblast differentiation and bone formation in vitro and in vivo. BMPs canonically signal through Smad transcription factors, but BMPs may activate signaling pathways traditionally stimulated by growth factor tyrosine kinase receptors. Of these, the mTOR pathway has received considerable attention because BMPs activate P70S6K, a downstream effector of mTOR, suggesting that BMP-induced osteogenesis is mediated by mTOR activation. However, contradictory effects of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (RAPA) on bone formation have been reported. Since bone formation is thought to be inversely related to lipid accumulation and mTOR is also important for lipid synthesis, we postulated that BMP-7 may stimulate lipogenic enzyme expression in a RAPA-sensitive mechanism. To test this hypothesis, we determined the effects of RAPA on BMP-7-stimulated expression of osteogenic and lipogenic markers in cultured fetal rat calvarial cells. Our study showed that BMP-7 promoted the expression of osteogenic and lipogenic markers. The effect of BMP-7 on osteogenic markers was greater in magnitude than on lipogenic markers and was temporally more sustained. RAPA inhibited basal and BMP-7-stimulated osteogenic and lipogenic marker expression and bone nodule mineralization. The acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitor TOFA stimulated the expression of osteoblast differentiation markers, whereas palmitate suppressed their expression. We speculate that the BMP-7-stimulated adipogenesis is part of the normal anabolic response to BMPs, but that inappropriate activation of the lipid biosynthetic pathway by mTOR could have deleterious effects on bone formation and could explain paradoxical effects of RAPA to promote bone formation.
Lung deposition of fluticasone propionate/formoterol administered via a breath-triggered inhaler (2017)

<b>Introduction:</b> Inhaled drug efficacy is dependent on adequate pulmonary drug deposition. A scintigraphic study was undertaken to assess in vivo pulmonary deposition for a novel fluticasone propionate/formoterol (FP/FORM) breath-triggered inhaler (BTI; Flutiform<sup>®</sup> K-haler<sup>®</sup>). <b>Aims &amp; Objectives:</b> To determine total lung deposition and regional distribution pattern for FP/FORM BTI in healthy subjects and patients with asthma and COPD. <b>Methods:</b> Healthy, asthmatic and COPD subjects (N=12 per group) received a single dose of 2 puffs technetium-99 (<sup>99m</sup>Tc)-labelled FP/FORM BTI 125/5 µg. Two-dimensional gamma scintigraphy was used to assess the drug deposition pattern. Prior <sup>99m</sup>Tc transmission scans defined regions of interest and attenuation correction factors. <b>Results:</b> The radiolabel and radiolabelled drug conformed to release specifications for the unlabelled product. Of 36 subjects, 35 provided post-dose scintigraphic data. Mean ages were 35.7 (healthy), 44.5 (asthma) and 61.7 years (COPD). The corresponding mean FEV<sub>1</sub> % predicted values were 109.8%, 77.4% and 43.2%, respectively. Whole lung deposition was, on average, 26.6% (healthy), 44.7% (asthma), 39.0% (COPD) of the delivered dose. The respective mean penetration indices (peripheral:central ratio) were 0.44, 0.31 and 0.30. <b>Conclusions:</b> Lung deposition with FP/FORM BTI compares favourably with other combination inhalers. The BTI’s deposition fraction of ~40% in asthma and COPD echoes ex vivo measurements for the same formulation via a pressurised metered-dose inhaler (pMDI). Both results reflect the high fine particle dose of ~40% within the BTI and pMDI. EudraCT number: 2015-000744-42. Funded by: Mundipharma Research Ltd.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF ANTITUMOR EFFECT OF BLEOMYCIN ON SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (1972)

Distribution of 3H-bleomycin among organs of normal mice of various ages and old mice bearing skin carcinoma or sarcoma induced by 20-methylcholanthrene was studied and the ratios of the antibacterial activity to the radioactivity were examined. Higher concentration was shown in carcinoma than in sarcoma and in the former more than 50% of 3H-bleomycin remained in an active form exhibiting antibacterial activity. Slight or no activity was observed in sarcoma. The selective effect of bleomycin on mouse skin carcinoma induced by 20-methylcholanthrene was thus suggested to be due to the low ability of the tumor to inactivate bleomycin and probably also to the high uptake in this tumor. Differences were also observed among distributions of 3H-bleomycin in lung and skin of mice of different ages. The higher concentration of its active form was shown in lung and skin of old mice at higher rate than in those of young ones. An enzyme that releases one mole of ammonia from bleomycin and which inactivates bleomycin was extracted from tissues. The bleomycin inactivating activity of the enzyme protein was significantly lower in the protein extracted from squamous cell carcinoma of mice skin induced by 20-methylcholanthrene than in that extracted from sarcoma induced by the same chemical.
Beam profile diagnostics for the Fermilab medium energy electron cooler (2005)

The Fermilab Recycler ring will employ an electron cooler to store and cool 8.9 GeV antiprotons. The cooler will be based on a Pelletron electrostatic accelerator working in an energy-recovery regime. Several techniques for determining the characteristics of the beam dynamics are being investigated. Beam profiles have been measured as a function of the beam line optics at the energy of 3.5 MeV in the current range of 10/sup -4/-1 A, with a pulse duration of 2 /spl mu/s. The profiles were measured using optical transition radiation produced at the interface of a 250-/spl mu/m aluminum foil and also from YAG crystal luminescence. In addition, beam profiles measured using multiwire detectors were investigated. These three diagnostics will be used together to determine the profile dynamics of the beam. In this paper we report the results so far obtained using these techniques.
Systems analysis identifies miR-29b regulation of invasiveness in melanoma (2016)

In many cancers, microRNAs (miRs) contribute to metastatic progression by modulating phenotypic reprogramming processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity. This can be driven by miRs targeting multiple mRNA transcripts, inducing regulated changes across large sets of genes. The miR-target databases TargetScan and DIANA-microT predict putative relationships by examining sequence complementarity between miRs and mRNAs. However, it remains a challenge to identify which miR-mRNA interactions are active at endogenous expression levels, and of biological consequence. We developed a workflow to integrate TargetScan and DIANA-microT predictions into the analysis of data-driven associations calculated from transcript abundance (RNASeq) data, specifically the mutual information and Pearson’s correlation metrics. We use this workflow to identify putative relationships of miR-mediated mRNA repression with strong support from both lines of evidence. Applying this approach systematically to a large, published collection of unique melanoma cell lines – the Ludwig Melbourne melanoma (LM-MEL) cell line panel – we identified putative miR-mRNA interactions that may contribute to invasiveness. This guided the selection of interactions of interest for further in vitro validation studies. Several miR-mRNA regulatory relationships supported by TargetScan and DIANA-microT demonstrated differential activity across cell lines of varying matrigel invasiveness. Strong negative statistical associations for these putative regulatory relationships were consistent with target mRNA inhibition by the miR, and suggest that differential activity of such miR-mRNA relationships contribute to differences in melanoma invasiveness. Many of these relationships were reflected across the skin cutaneous melanoma TCGA dataset, indicating that these observations also show graded activity across clinical samples. Several of these miRs are implicated in cancer progression (miR-211, -340, -125b, −221, and -29b). The specific role for miR-29b-3p in melanoma has not been well studied. We experimentally validated the predicted miR-29b-3p regulation of LAMC1 and PPIC and LASP1, and show that dysregulation of miR-29b-3p or these mRNA targets can influence cellular invasiveness in vitro. This analytic strategy provides a comprehensive, systems-level approach to identify miR-mRNA regulation in high-throughput cancer data, identifies novel putative interactions with functional phenotypic relevance, and can be used to direct experimental resources for subsequent experimental validation. Computational scripts are available: http://github.com/uomsystemsbiology/LMMEL-miR-miner
Salvage prostatectomy post-definitive radiation therapy: The Vancouver experience (2013)

Introduction: Prostate cancer recurrence following primary radiationis common. If the recurrence remains localized to the prostate gland, surgical removal may result in long-term local control orcure. Despite the well-established oncological outcomes, salvage prostatectomy is infrequently performed or reported. We present our experience with salvage prostatectomy at a Canadian centre.Methods: We identified all patients undergoing salvage prostatectomy at the Vancouver General Hospital between 1995 and 2010 from a prospectively recorded and maintained prostate cancer database. Details regarding initial presentation, delivery of radiotherapy, clinical features at the time of recurrence, as well as oncological and functional outcomes, were collected. Information regarding postoperative morbidity was collected prospectively and confirmed by retrospective chart review.Results: Over a 15-year period, salvage prostatectomy was successfully completed in 21 patients. With a median follow-up period of 68 months (range: 2-122), 9 (43%) patients experienced a biochemical recurrence, with most failing within the first 2 years of surgery. There were 3 deaths in the cohort, all from prostate cancer, giving a prostate cancer specific and overall survival of 86%. The main postoperative morbidity was bladder neck contracture, occurring in 40%. One patient each developed a recto-urethral fistula andosteitis pubis. Physician-recorded data regarding continence was available in 13 (62%). Of these 13 patients, 10 (85%) men were recorded as dry or using 1 pad per day.Conclusions: This is the first Canadian centre to report that salvage prostatectomy can be performed with favourable oncological and functional outcomes.
An Accurate Approach to Develop Small Signal Circuit Models for AlGaN/GaN HEMTs Using Rational Functions and Dependent Current Sources (2022)

In this paper, a technique to develop small signal circuit (SSC) models of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) using dependent current sources is presented. In this technique, experimentally measured broadband Y-parameters of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs are mathematically modeled as a sum of pole-residue terms. By representing each pole-residue term as a dependent current source, it is possible to develop an accurate SSC models for HEMTs which otherwise may not be possible using passive resistive-inductive-capacitive elements. The accuracy of the proposed SSC model is validated against the conventional SSC model using a 2nd, 3rd and 4th order rational function representation of the admittance branches of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. Therefore, the proposed SSC model turns out to be highly robust in nature and can take care of any form of the transfer functions of the admittance branches between the gate, drain, and source terminal of an AlGaN/GaN HEMT.
Challenges with harmonie compensation at a remote bus in offshore wind power plant (2016)

This paper investigates the challenges associated with remote harmonic compensation in offshore wind power plants through long cables and transformers. The interaction between the grid network and the wind power plant network can lead to the amplification of certain harmonics and potentially resonant conditions. Hence, the plant developer is required to maintain the harmonic distortion at the point of common coupling within the planning level limits using harmonic compensation, which is usually done by static filters. In this paper an active damping compensation strategy with a STATCOM using emulation of using emulation of resistance at the harmonic frequencies of concern is analyzed. Finally the results are demonstrated using time domain simulations in PSCAD.