gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In-Season Variations in Head Impact Exposure among Youth Football Players (2018)

Head impact exposure (HIE) is often summarized by the total exposure measured during the season and does not indicate how the exposure was accumulated, or how it varied during the season. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare HIE during pre-season, the first and second halves of the regular season, and playoffs in a sample of youth football players (n = 119, aged 9-13 years). Athletes were divided into one of four exposure groups based on quartiles computed from the distribution of risk-weighted cumulative exposure (RWE<sub>CP</sub>). Mean impacts per session and mean 95th percentile linear and rotational acceleration in practices and games were compared across the four exposure groups and time frames using mixed effects models. Within games, the mean 95th percentile accelerations for the entire sample ranged from 47.2g and 2331.3 rad/sec<sup>2</sup> during pre-season to 52.1g and 2533.4 rad/sec<sup>2</sup> during the second half of regular season. Mean impacts per practice increased from pre-season to the second half of regular season and declined into playoffs among all exposure groups; however, the variation between time frames was not greater than two impacts per practice. Time of season had a significant relationship with mean 95th percentile linear and rotational acceleration in games (both, p = 0.01) but not with practice accelerations or impacts per session. The in-practice mean levels of 95th percentile linear and rotational acceleration remained fairly constant across the four time frames, but in games these changed over time depending on exposure group (interactions, p ≤ 0.05). The results of this study improve our understanding of in-season variations in HIE in youth football and may inform important opportunities for future interventions.
Bradykinin and angiotensin II analogs containing a conformationally constrained proline analog (1992)

Three analogs of bradykinin and one of angiotensin II have been prepared in which the naturally occurring proline residues have been replaced by the bicyclic amino acid, 2,4-methanoproline (2,4-MePro). The relative binding affinities for these analogs were determined to be significantly reduced in the cases of the three bradykinin analogs; [2,4-MePro3]-BK retains 1.3%, [2,4-MePro7]-BK retains 0.3% and [2,4-MePro2]-BK retains 0.021% of the binding affinity of bradykinin. Results from other modification at positions three and seven indicate preference for the trans-amide bond preceding these residues implying that other factors, either steric or conformational, are responsible for the decreased affinity for the receptor seen with 2,4-MePro substitution. The retention of significant binding affinity (26%) in the case of [Ile5,2,4-MePro7]-angiotensin II gives direct evidence that the trans-conformation of the proline amide bond is the one recognized by the AII receptor. Only significant retention of activity can be interpreted unambiguously with the use of this proline analog because of its known conformational differences from Pro as well as its increased steric requirements at the receptor.
Solvation energetics and conformational change in EF‐hand proteins (2001)

Calmodulin and other members of the EF-hand protein family are known to undergo major changes in conformation upon binding Ca(2+). However, some EF-hand proteins, such as calbindin D9k, bind Ca(2+) without a significant change in conformation. Here, we show the importance of a precise balance of solvation energetics to conformational change, using mutational analysis of partially buried polar groups in the N-terminal domain of calmodulin (N-cam). Several variants were characterized using fluorescence, circular dichroism, and NMR spectroscopy. Strikingly, the replacement of polar side chains glutamine and lysine at positions 41 and 75 with nonpolar side chains leads to dramatic enhancement of the stability of the Ca(2+)-free state, a corresponding decrease in Ca(2+)-binding affinity, and an apparent loss of ability to change conformation to the open form. The results suggest a paradigm for conformational change in which energetic strain is accumulated in one state in order to modulate the energetics of change to the alternative state.
Development of Human Adrenocortical Adenoma (HAA1) Cell Line from Zona Reticularis (2022)

The human adrenal cortex is composed of distinct zones that are the main source of steroid hormone production. The mechanism of adrenocortical cell differentiation into several functionally organized populations with distinctive identities remains poorly understood. Human adrenal disease has been difficult to study, in part due to the absence of cultured cell lines that faithfully represent adrenal cell precursors in the early stages of transformation. Here, Human Adrenocortical Adenoma (HAA1) cell line derived from a patient's macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia and was treated with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) and gene expression was examined. We describe a patient-derived HAA1 cell line derived from the zona reticularis, the innermost zone of the adrenal cortex. The HAA1 cell line is unique in its ability to exit a latent state and respond with steroidogenic gene expression upon treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors. The gene expression pattern of differentiated HAA1 cells partially recreates the roster of genes in the adrenal layer that they have been derived from. Gene ontology analysis of whole genome RNA-seq corroborated increased expression of steroidogenic genes upon HDAC inhibition. Surprisingly, HDACi treatment induced broad activation of the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) alpha pathway. This novel cell line we developed will hopefully be instrumental in understanding the molecular and biochemical mechanisms controlling adrenocortical differentiation and steroidogenesis.
Quantum Dot LEDs: Stretchable Organometal‐Halide‐Perovskite Quantum‐Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes (Adv. Mater. 22/2019) (2019)

A stretchable organometal-halide-perovskite quantum-dot light-emitting diode with both high efficiency and mechanical compliancy is reported by Hong-Bo Sun, Qibing Pei, and co-workers in article number 1807516. This work presents a new semiconductor material or microstructure toward the realization of stretchable light-emitting diodes.
Origin of strong G′ band in Raman spectra of carbon whiskers (2002)

Raman scattering has been studied on one kind of carbon whiskers. The G′ band, overtone of D band, is the most intense of all bands—its intensity is up to ten times stronger than that of the G band. Such phenomena can be observed with different excitation wavelength. The strong intensity of the G′ band may be related to the disclination existing in the whiskers. Polarized Raman spectra are obtained from the edge plane of the whiskers. The intensity of G′ bands obtained with polarized light parallel to carbon layers (E⊥c) is ten times as strong as that with polarized light normal to carbon layers (E∥c).
Long-Range Propagation of Exciton-Polaritons in Large-Area 2D Semiconductor Monolayers (2023)

Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), a subclass of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials, have numerous fascinating properties that make them a promising platform for photonic and optoelectronic devices. In particular, excited state transport by TMDs is important in energy harvesting and photonic switching; however, long-range transport in TMDs is challenging due to the lack of availability of large area films. Whereas most previous studies have focused on small, exfoliated monolayer flakes, in this work we demonstrate metal-organic chemical vapor deposition grown centimeter-scale monolayers of WS<sub>2</sub> that support polariton propagation lengths of up to 60 μm. The polaritons form through the strong coupling of excitons with Bloch surface waves (BSWs) supported by all-dielectric photonic structures. We observe that the propagation length increases with the number of dielectric pairs due to the increased quality factor of the supporting distributed Bragg reflector. Furthermore, a longer propagation length is observed as the guided or BSW content of the polariton is increased. Our results provide a practical approach for the systematic engineering of long-range energy transport mediated by exciton-polaritons in TMD layers. Along with the accessibility of large area TMDs, our work enables applications for practical TMD-based polaritonic devices that operate at room temperature.
Effects of phase and thickness of cobalt silicide on field emission properties of silicon emitters (2002)

Cobalt silicide emitters showed the enhanced emission properties in I-V characteristics and long-term current stability, compared to bare silicon emitters. They are mainly caused by the increase of emission area and the formation of chemically stable surface of silicide emitters. Detailed results about the effects of phase and thickness of cobalt silicide on electron emission are discussed.
Fabrication of SiC nanopillars by inductively coupled SF6/O2 plasma etching (2012)

Abstract In this paper, we demonstrate a top-down fabrication technique for nanometre scale silicon carbide (SiC) pillars using inductively coupled plasma etching. A set of experiments in SF 6 -based plasma was carried out in order to realize high aspect ratio SiC nanopillars. The etched SiC nanopillars using a small circular mask pattern (115 nm diameter) show high aspect ratio (7.4) with a height of 2.2 µm at an optimum bias voltage (300 V) and pressure (6 mTorr). Under the optimal etching conditions using a large circular mask pattern with 370 nm diameter, the obtained SiC nanopillars exhibit high anisotropy features (6.4) with a large etch depth (&gt;7 µm). The etch characteristic of the SiC nanopillars under these conditions shows a high etch rate (550 nm min −1 ) and a high selectivity (over 60 for Ni). We also studied the etch profile of the SiC nanopillars and mask evolution over the etching time. As the mask pattern size shrinks in nanoscale, vertical and lateral mask erosion plays a crucial role in the etch profile of the SiC nanopillars. Long etching process makes the pillars appear with a hexagonal shape, coming from the crystallographic structure of α-SiC. It is found that the feature of pillars depends not only on the etching process parameters, but also on the crystallographic structure of the SiC phase.
Overweight can be a protective factor during retroperitoneal laparoscopy (2013)

Rangueil - Toulouse University Hospital, Dept of Anaesthesiology & Intensive Care, Toulouse, France
Development of 50 kW Fuel Processor for Stationary Fuel Cell Applications (2007)

The objective of the project was to develop and test a fuel processor capable of producing high hydrogen concentration (>98%) with less than ppm quantities of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide at lower capital cost and higher efficiency, compared to conventional natural gas reformers. It was intended that we achieve our objective by developing simple reactor/process design, and high durability CO2 absorbents, to replace pressure swing adsorption (PSA) or membrane separators. Cost analysis indicated that we would not meet DOE cost goals so the project was terminated before construction of the full scale fuel processor. The work on adsorbent development was focused on the development of calcium oxide-based reversible CO2 absorbents with various microstructures and morphologies to determine the optimum microstructure for long-term reversible CO2 absorption. The effect of powder production process variables was systematically studied including: the final target compositions, the reagents from which the final products were derived, the pore forming additives, the processing time and temperature. The sorbent materials were characterized in terms of their performance in the reversible reaction with CO2 and correlation made to their microstructure.
Minimax Group Fairness: Algorithms and Experiments (2021)

We consider a recently introduced framework in which fairness is measured by worst-case outcomes across groups, rather than by the more standard differences between group outcomes. In this framework we provide provably convergent oracle-efficient learning algorithms (or equivalently, reductions to non-fair learning) for minimax group fairness. Here the goal is that of minimizing the maximum loss across all groups, rather than equalizing group losses. Our algorithms apply to both regression and classification settings and support both overall error and false positive or false negative rates as the fairness measure of interest. They also support relaxations of the fairness constraints, thus permitting study of the tradeoff between overall accuracy and minimax fairness. We compare the experimental behavior and performance of our algorithms across a variety of fairness-sensitive data sets and show empirical cases in which minimax fairness is strictly and strongly preferable to equal outcome notions.
Energy harvesting and storage with ceramic piezoelectric transducers coupled with an ionic liquid-based supercapacitor (2023)

One of the main issues of wearable electronic devices regards their power supply and autonomy. The exploitation of mechanical energy from body motion and vibrations can be realized by using piezoelectric materials coupled with a proper energy storage device. To this aim, Self-Powered Supercapacitors (SPSCs) have been investigated over the last decades, either as internally integrated SPSC (iSPSC), where the piezoelectric element of the device is used as Super Capacitor (SC) separator, or via an external integration (eSPSC), where the piezoelectric unit and the SC are connected by a bridge rectifier. In this paper, an eSPSC power supply is developed by integrating a stuck of commercial ceramic piezoelectric disks and an ionic liquid-based micro-SC. In detail, a stack of 15 commercial lead zirconate titanate (PZT) disks is used as the energy harvesting unit and mechanically stressed by a compressive force of 85 N at 2 Hz. The piezoelectric output successfully charged the 22 mF supercapacitor up to 3.1 V after 2 h of test, achieving a stored energy value equal to 110 mJ. The proposed integrated system outperforms the state-of-the-art SPSC assembled with micro-SC (both iSPSC and eSPSC). The use of the two different units (piezo-energy harvesting unit and micro-SC energy storage unit) allows an independent sizing and tuning of the supercapacitor according to the output current of the piezoelectric unit.
Mouse models for the study of fungal pneumonia (2012)

Mouse models have facilitated the study of fungal pneumonia. In this report, we present the working protocols of groups that are working on the following pathogens: Aspergillus, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Fusarium, Histoplasma and Rhizopus. We describe the experimental procedures and the detailed methods that have been followed in the experienced laboratories to study pulmonary fungal infection; we also discuss the anticipated results and technical notes, and provide the practical advices that will help the users of these models.
Anomalous losses in curved waveguides and directional couplers at &#x201C;magic widths&#x201D; (2008)

We show that recently-demonstrated ldquomagic widthrdquo designs to mitigate TM-like mode radiation losses in high-index-contrast SOI ridge waveguides are significantly impacted by waveguide curvature and coupling elements, requiring additional care in designing high-Q SOI photonics.
Las cadenas de lácteos y su interacción con la dinámica de género: la experiencia en Matiguás y Muy Muy, Nicaragua (2011)

El presente documento forma parte de una serie de informes de investigacion sobre las dinamicas del desarrollo territorial en el area Muy Muy-Matiguas. Uno de estos documentos aborda el marco conceptual mas amplio sobre el 
desarrollo territorial, el cual sirve de marco de referencia global para todas las investigaciones. Una version sucinta del mismo hemos incluido en la seccion 2 
de este cuaderno. En este sentido, la estructura del mismo incluye 7 secciones: la seccion 1 es la introduccion, y la 2, como ya se menciono, un resumen del marco conceptual global; la seccion 3 trata la conceptualizacion de cadenas de valor desde la perspectiva de genero, es el marco conceptual para el analisis del tema que se trata; la seccion 4 es una semblanza de la ganaderia desde el 
dominio masculino, presenta datos de como se origina y evoluciona la actividad ganadera, y, particularmente, la produccion de leche en Matiguas y en Muy Muy; la misma incluye informacion sobre la desigualdad de las mujeres en el acceso a la tierra y al ganado, y hace referencia a la estructura social existente en torno a la ganaderia.
A SimpleRadioTelescope Operating at KuBandforEducational Purposes (2006)

A small radio telescope hasbeendeveloped, whichcanbeinstalled athighschools anduniversities tofurther theinterest of students inscience andtechnology. Thetelescope kitisbasedon existing commercially available satellite television equipment. Safeassembly andoperation ofthetelescope wereprimary drivers inthedesign ofthesystem, along withthe needtokeepthecostdownto-6,000 Euros. Thetelescope usesa1.2m diameter dishandareceiver operating atKuband (10-12 GHz). Thesystem hasabasic tracking capability, andisremotely commandedthrough acomputer interface. Detailed user-friendly manuals werewritten toenable students toassemble, calibrate, andoperate thetelescope themselves, under theguidance ofa highschool teacher. Theperformance oftheprototype telescope wasevaluated, andsunandmoon observations wereexecuted. Although thelowcostofthesystem leads tolimitations insensitivity andpointing accuracy, there arenonetheless significant pedagogical benefits fromthis project inavariety ofeducational subjects involving science andtechnology. A numberofextensions tothebasic telescope kit maybeimplemented toimprove itsperformance.
Control of complement activation by cancer cells and its implications in antibody-mediated cancer immunotherapy (2006)

Complement is a central part of the innate immune system, providing a highly effective means for destruction of non-self cells. Given the numerous genetic and epigenetic changes associated with carcinogenesis, neoplastic transformation may be accompanied by an increased capacity of the malignant cells to activate complement. This is supported by clinical data that demonstrate complement activation in cancer patients. However, malignant cells are often resistant to complement activation by the use of various protective mechanisms. In light of recent advances in the knowledge of the mechanisms regulating complement activity, it begins to be clear that membrane-bound and soluble complement inhibitory proteins play a key role in the protection of neoplastic cells from complement attack. This may hamper the clinical efficacy of cancer immunotherapy strategies based on the use of monoclonal antibodies that, among other mechanisms, can activate complement. Some attempts have been already made to modulate antibody-mediated complement activation. In in vitro and in vivo studies, protection by complement regulatory proteins has been overcome by inhibiting their activities or their expression by the target cells. Other strategies have been aimed to increase the complement-fixing capacity of the therapeutic antibodies or to improve complement-mediated effector mechanisms. Undoubtedly, a better understanding of the role of complement and its mechanisms of control in malignant cells would help to design more efficient complement-mediated cancer immunotherapies.
Combining RAFT and Staudinger Ligation: A Potentially New Synthetic Tool for Bioconjugate Formation (2011)

We report a new route for biocompatible polymer end-group modification by means of the Staudinger ligation. This reaction allows the formation of a peptide bond in aqueous media between a phosphine-containing ester functionality and an azide group. Esterification of the two carboxylic acid-containing chain transfer agents (CTAs), 2-(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropionic acid (1) and 4-cyano-4-(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl)pentanoic acid (2), with different appropriate phosphines gave phosphine-containing CTAs. They allowed us to synthesize polystyrene of medium molecular weight via “reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer” (RAFT) polymerization. 3,6,9-Trioxodecyl azide (TOD-N3) was then used as model compound to study the Staudinger ligation with the corresponding polymers. Among all CTAs tested, the phosphine-functionalized CTA-4, prepared from 2 and P-borane-(diphenylphosphanyl)methanethiol (6), not only proved to be suitable for RAFT polymerization of styrene but the polymer-bound P-borane-(diphenylphosphanyl)methyl thioester group also showed the best performance in the subsequent polymer analogous Staudinger ligation.
Induction of antigen-specific T and B cell immunity in colon carcinoma patients by anti-idiotypic antibody (1995)

Polyclonal goat anti-idiotypic Abs directed against anti-human gastrointestinal carcinoma mAb GA733 were administered to 13 colon cancer patients who had their primary tumor and lymph node metastases removed before immunotherapy. Patients received four s.c. doses (0.5 to 8 mg each) of alum-precipitated anti-idiotypic Ab. Seven of the 13 patients produced anti-anti-Ids that bound specifically to the GA733 epitope on tumor cells and shared idiotopes with mAb GA733. In four of the seven responding patients, anti-Id therapy specifically modulated T cell responses. In two patients who did not demonstrate GA733 Ag/anti-Id-reactive T cells before therapy, anti-Id administration induced CD4+, MHC class II-dependent T cells that specifically proliferated in culture in response to stimulation with either anti-Id or GA733 Ag. In two other patients who did demonstrate Ag/anti-Id-reactive T cells before therapy, anti-Id administration transiently induced lymphocytes that suppressed the proliferative responses of cultured pretherapy lymphocytes to stimulation with anti-Id or GA733 Ag. Nine of the 13 treated patients showed no evidence of disease after 39 to 86 mo of observation. Five of these patients developed Ag-specific Ab3 and one had, in addition, a T cell response.
The autoantigen Ku is indistinguishable from NF IV, a protein forming multimeric protein-DNA complexes. (1990)

We have isolated a cDNA encoding the 84-kD subunit of NFIV. Tryptic peptide sequences were identified within the coding sequences, confirming its proper identity. The primary sequence of the protein is identical to that of the large subunit of the Ku autoantigen. A missing NFIV peptide sequence was identified within the sequence of the small subunit of Ku. In addition, the proteins are identical in immunological aspects. We suggest that the Ku and NFIV proteins are identical. This connection adds new biochemical data to our knowledge of the Ku autoantigen.
Xenogeneic human anti-mouse T cell responses are due to the activity of the same functional T cell subsets responsible for allospecific and major histocompatibility complex-restricted responses. (1983)

Human T cells respond strongly to mouse major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. The response is directed predominantly to the polymorphic determinants of the MHC antigens and there is little or no response to the nonpolymorphic determinants or to non-MHC antigens. Human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are generated specific for the mouse class I MHC antigens and the CTL effectors are blocked by anti-Leu-2a antisera. Human interleukin 2-producing T cells are generated specific for mouse class II antigens and their induction is blocked by anti-Leu-3a antisera. These and other considerations lead us to propose a model for the T cell receptor that provides an explanation for several of the features of T cell recognition. In this model, the recognition of the "class" (I or II) of MHC antigen is separate from the recognition of the polymorphic determinants. We suggest that the initial recognition of the conserved "class" determinants positions another domain of the receptor so that it can only engage with the part of the MHC molecule carrying the polymorphic determinants.