gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
‘That country kind’: Cold War pastoral, carnival and the late style (2013)

This chapter examines Thomas' later style. It argues that immediately after the war Thomas tried to negotiate a new relationship to a fragmenting literary-cultural sphere. Pastoral — placing the complex into the simple — is seen as the governing genre and tactic of all the later work, influencing both its style and language as profoundly as its subject matter. Thomas made compromises with the stereotyping and simplifying pressures of the mass media in some of this work, but the best of it is a salutary ethical (as opposed to ethnic or nationalist) response to the Cold War and the threat of atomic annihilation.
Processing of Cu(In,Ga)Se<inf>2</inf> solar cells from electrodeposited precursors (2009)

Multi-step processing of Cu(In,Ga)Se <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , incorporating electrodeposition (ED) of single-phase precursors coupled with physical vapor deposition (PVD) to tune film composition, is described. ED conditions for a range of precursors, including CuSe, Cu/In alloys and bi-layers, In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> Se <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> , and Cu metal, were optimized. Precursors were processed by PVD at ~500°C for 45-60 minutes. Resultant Cu(In,Ga)Se <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> devices obtained from CuSe precursors showed promising performance, ~13% efficiency, but only with KCN etching of the absorber layer following PVD. This suggests Cu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2-x</sub> Se secondary phases remain in the grain boundaries. The other precursors produced poorly adhered Cu(In,Ga)Se <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> films. E-beam evaporated Cu precursors gave similar results to CuSe precursors. A low toxicity electrochemical-based etch was preliminarily explored, but was less effective than KCN etching.
Increased Levels of Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins Result in Resistance to R5-Tropic HIV-1 in a Subset of Elite Controllers (2015)

HIV is a pandemic health problem, and the majority of seropositive individuals will eventually progress to AIDS unless antiretroviral therapy (ART) is administered. However, rare patients, termed elite controllers, have a natural ability to control HIV infection in the absence of ART, but the mechanisms by which they achieve this phenotype have not been fully explored. This paper identifies one mechanism that may contribute to this natural resistance: some elite controllers have CD4(+) T cells that produce high levels of MIP chemokines, which block R5-tropic HIV entry. This mechanism could potentially be exploited to achieve a therapeutic effect in other HIV-seropositive individuals.
Retinal Vessel Caliber and Peripheral Neuropathy in Diabetic Participants (2010)

Microcirculation (2010) 17, 297–302. doi: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2010.00021.x Abstract Background: Retinal vascular caliber changes predict diabetic microvascular complications such as retinopathy, and nephropathy. However, the association between retinal vasculature and peripheral neuropathy is not well studied. Methods: We evaluated the association between retinal vascular caliber and peripheral neuropathy in a multi-ethnic Asian population with diabetes (n = 423) in Singapore. Retinal arteriolar and venular caliber was measured from digital retinal photographs and summarized as central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal venular equivalent. Peripheral neuropathy was defined from neurothesiometer or monofilament sensory testing. Results: Larger CRAE was positively associated with peripheral neuropathy independent of age, sex, ethnicity, current smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and duration of diabetes. The multivariable odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] of peripheral neuropathy was 2.81 (1.38–5.73) comparing highest vs. lower three quartiles of CRAE. This association was consistently present in analyses stratified by age, sex and ethnicity. Retinal venular caliber was not associated with peripheral neuropathy. Conclusions: These data suggest that larger retinal arteriolar diameters are associated with peripheral neuropathy independent of major risk factors.
Tracing the emergence of primordial germ cells from bilaminar disc rabbit embryos and pluripotent stem cells (2021)

Rabbit embryos develop as bilaminar discs at gastrulation as in humans and most other mammals, whereas rodents develop as egg cylinders. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) appear to originate during gastrulation according to many systematic studies on mammalian embryos. Here, we show that rabbit PGC (rbPGC) specification occurs at the posterior epiblast at the onset of gastrulation. Using newly derived rabbit pluripotent stem cells, we show robust and rapid induction of rbPGC-like cells in vitro with WNT and BMP morphogens, which reveals SOX17 as the critical regulator of rbPGC fate as in several non-rodent mammals. We posit that development as a bilaminar disc is a crucial determinant of the PGC regulators, regardless of the highly diverse development of extraembryonic tissues, including the amnion. We propose that investigations on rabbits with short gestation, large litters, and where gastrulation precedes implantation can contribute significantly to advances in early mammalian development.
Implementation of a portable and reproducible parallel pseudorandom number generator (1994)

We describe in detail the parallel implementation of a family of additive lagged-Fibonacci pseudorandom number generators. The theoretical structure of these generators is exploited to preserve their well-known randomness properties and to provide a parallel system of distinct cycles. The algorithm presented here solves the reproducibility problem for a far larger class of parallel Monte Carlo applications than has been previously possible. In particular, Monte Carlo applications that undergo "splitting" can be coded to be reproducible, independent both of the number of processors and the execution order of the parallel processes. A library of portable C routines (available from the authors) that implements these ideas is also described.
Sleep, respiratory rate, and growth hormone in chronic neonatal lung disease (1998)

This study assessed whether respiratory rates (RRs) correlate with urinary growth hormone (U-GH) excretion and sleep architecture in infants with chronic neonatal lung disease (CNLD) in early (1 month), middle (6 months), and late (10 months) infancy. Twenty-three preterm infants (CNLD=16, controls=7) were studied on 51 occasions. CNLD infants were stratified according to mean non-REM sleep respiratory rate (NREM RR) in early infancy into "High RR CNLD" infants (mean NREM RR >2 SD higher than controls) and "Normal RR CNLD" infants (mean NREM RR within 2 SD of controls' mean). "High RR CNLD" infants (RR >45) had a lower mean birthweight (P=0.015), current weight (P=0.042), current length (P=0.02), and growth velocity in early infancy (grams/week gained: P=0.042) than "Normal RR CNLD" and control infants. Mean (95% CI) U-GH excretion (ng U-GH/g urinary creatinine) was higher in "High RR CNLD" infants in air or their usual O2 (1,932 [459, 3,406]) than "Normal RR CNLD" (394 [147, 642]) and controls (320 [147, 492]) (P=0.024). With resolution of tachypnea by mid-infancy, hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2) >93%, mean growth parameters and U-GH excretion for the "High RR CNLD" group were not significantly different from "Normal RR CNLD" and control groups. CNLD infants demonstrated increased sleep efficiency (P=0.016), whereas controls had similar sleep efficiency between early and middle infancy (P=0.452). Mean percent time in REM sleep (REM%) and slow wave sleep (SWS%) were not significantly different between early and middle infancy and did not vary in relation to respiratory rate. We conclude that tachypneic infants with CNLD have slower growth and elevated U-GH excretion in early infancy. With resolution of tachypnea, growth improved, U-GH excretion decreased, and sleep consolidation occurred. An elevated U-GH in tachypneic CNLD infants may reflect stress, compromised nutrition (GH resistance), or a feedback loop involving a direct effect of GH on lung growth and repair.
D-matrix Based Fault Modeling for Cryogenic Loading Systems (2015)

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The study is motivated by NASA plans to develop technology for an autonomous cryogenic loading operation including online fault diagnostics as a part of Integrated Health Management system. For years, the diagnostic modeling effort is performed in many paradigms. None of these paradigms independently can provide a complete set of efficiency metrics: better diagnostics, lower run-time, etc. D-matrix, a causal 0-1 relationship between faults and tests, is proposed as a single representation between different model-based diagnostic methods for comparison and communication. This framework is suitable to create a common platform for communication via D-matrix for systems engineering process. The knowledge transfer between modeling techniques is done via D-matrix. In addition, D-matrix provides a common paradigm to compare the embedded knowledge and performance of heterogeneous diagnostic systems. D-matrix is generated from physics models to be used with faster run-time performance D-matrix based diagnostic algorithms. Additionally, we will also investigate if the derived D- matrix and thereby the physics model is sufficient and accurate for efficient diagnostics via iDME tool.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;
Dynamic Regulation of Host Restriction Factor Expression over the Course of HIV-1 Infection In Vivo (2014)

In this study, we investigated the expression levels of host restriction factors in six untreated HIV-1-positive patients over the course of infection. We found that the host restriction factor gene expression profile consistently increased over time and was significantly associated with CD4+ T cell activation and viral load. Our data are among the first to demonstrate the dynamic nature of host restriction factors in vivo over time.
Role of Reference Levels in Nuclear Medicine: A Report of the SNMMI Dose Optimization Task Force (2015)

The concept of reference levels has had a long history in diagnostic imaging ([1][1]). In general, reference levels provide guidance regarding appropriate or conventional levels of radiation dose to be delivered to patients. In Europe, the concept has origins in the 1950s with x-ray examination
ChemInform Abstract: SOLID‐PHASE SYNTHESIS OF (2‐ISOLEUCINE, 4‐LEUCINE) OXYTOCIN AND (2‐PHENYLALANINE, 4‐LEUCINE) OXYTOCIN AND SOME OF THEIR PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES (1973)

Abstract Die Oxytocin‐analogen Cyclopeptide (I) und (II) werden nach Merrifield dargestellt.
L-Carnitine Functionalization to Increase Skeletal Muscle Tropism of PLGA Nanoparticles (2022)

Muscular dystrophies are a group of rare genetic pathologies, encompassing a variety of clinical phenotypes and mechanisms of disease. Several compounds have been proposed to treat compromised muscles, but it is known that pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics problems could occur. To solve these issues, it has been suggested that nanocarriers could be used to allow controlled and targeted drug release. Therefore, the aim of this study was to prepare actively targeted poly(lactide-<i>co</i>-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) for the treatment of muscular pathologies. By taking advantage of the high affinity for carnitine of skeletal muscle cells due to the expression of Na<sup>+</sup>-coupled carnitine transporter (OCTN), NPs have been actively targeted via association to an amphiphilic derivative of L-carnitine. Furthermore, pentamidine, an old drug repurposed for its positive effects on myotonic dystrophy type I, was incorporated into NPs. We obtained monodispersed targeted NPs, with a mean diameter of about 100 nm and a negative zeta potential. To assess the targeting ability of the NPs, cell uptake studies were performed on C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes using confocal and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed an increased uptake of carnitine-functionalized NPs compared to nontargeted carriers in myotubes, which was probably due to the interaction with OCTN receptors occurring in large amounts in these differentiated muscle cells.
Mouse Models for Filovirus Infections (2012)

The filoviruses marburg- and ebolaviruses can cause severe hemorrhagic fever (HF) in humans and nonhuman primates. Because many cases have occurred in geographical areas lacking a medical research infrastructure, most studies of the pathogenesis of filoviral HF, and all efforts to develop drugs and vaccines, have been carried out in biocontainment laboratories in non-endemic countries, using nonhuman primates (NHPs), guinea pigs and mice as animal models. NHPs appear to closely mirror filoviral HF in humans (based on limited clinical data), but only small numbers may be used in carefully regulated experiments; much research is therefore done in rodents. Because of their availability in large numbers and the existence of a wealth of reagents for biochemical and immunological testing, mice have become the preferred small animal model for filovirus research. Since the first experiments following the initial 1967 marburgvirus outbreak, wild-type or mouse-adapted viruses have been tested in immunocompetent or immunodeficient mice. In this paper, we review how these types of studies have been used to investigate the pathogenesis of filoviral disease, identify immune responses to infection and evaluate antiviral drugs and vaccines. We also discuss the strengths and weaknesses of murine models for filovirus research, and identify important questions for further study.
Investigation of the Reactivity of Hydroxyborate Salts with Group IV Metal Complexes: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of the Zirconium and Hafnium Ionic Complexes [PPN]+[Cp2MMe(OB(C6F5)3)]− (2011)

The syntheses of some novel fluorinated and nonfluorinated hydroxyborate salts, [Q]+[HOB(C6F5)3]− and [Q]+[HOBPh3]− ([Q]+ = aprotic cation), are reported. The reactivities of both salts with group IV metal complexes were compared. The reaction of [PPN]+[HOB(C6F5)3]− ([PPN]+ = bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium) with Cp2ZrMe2 and Cp2HfMe2 resulted in the formation of the ionic complexes [PPN]+[Cp2ZrMe(OB(C6F5)3)]− and [PPN]+[Cp2HfMe(OB(C6F5)3)]− in high yields. These complexes were fully characterized, and the covalent characteristics of the M–O and B–O bonds were established by X-ray crystallographic structural determination.
TIMING CIRCUITS (1998)

This chapter presents circuit and design details for clocked circuits (latches and flip-flops) and clock-generating circuits (controlled delay lines and oscillators). We show how the basic circuit elements presented in Chapter 4 can be combined to produce robust timing and clocking elements to implement the timing and synchronization systems of Chapters 9 and 10.
Supplementary Figure S5 from Small Molecule–Mediated Activation of RAS Elicits Biphasic Modulation of Phospho-ERK Levels that Are Regulated through Negative Feedback on SOS1 (2023)

&lt;p&gt;SPRY2 is not phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in response to 1 treatment. 293 cells were transiently transfected with V5-SPRY2 and treated with 25 μM 1 over a timecourse of up to 90 minutes. Where indicated, cells were treated with FBS (20% v/v) for 15 minutes. Two biological repeats of this experiment were independently conducted.&lt;/p&gt;
Display of Microwave Waveform Via a Low Frequency Replica Using an Optical Phase-Locking and Sampling Technique (1991)

Waveform measurement and dispay are very important for characterizing oscillator, amplifier or other device output performance. At frequencies below 400 MHz, conventional real time oscilloscope is the usual means to study this kind of waveform, while above 400 MHz, sampling scope takes this place. At present, conventional RF/microwave sampling scope has a maximum bandwidth of 20 GHz. A superconductive sampling scope, (by Hypres, PSP-1000) has extended the bandwidth up to 70 GHz, but this instrument is designed to operate at cryogenic temperature, cooled with liquid helium during normal operation.
Dynamics of Switch-Binding by a Linear Ligand That Transforms to a Macrocycle upon Chelation to a Metal Ion: Synthesis, Kinetics, and Equilibria (2006)

It is proposed that for chemical processes in which equilibration is too slow to achieve certain goals, switchbinding and switch-release reactions may be used to accelerate complex formation. Whereas photo triggers are well known for switch-releasing, switch binding is first described here for notably slow complex formation reactions between metal ions and macrocyclic ligands. A linear tetradentate ligand, LL/C, was designed with functional groups that will react with each other (primary amine, carbonyl) at its extremities. Upon complexation the metal ion is predicted to cause reaction between these functional groups, producing a macrocyclic ligand that encircles the metal ion. Equilibrium studies were made with the metal ions Cu2+, Hg2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ both with the switch-binding ligand, LL/C, and with a ligand, LL, that is very similar except it cannot undergo the switching process. The formation constants were very similar for the two ligands, with the metal ion affinities decreasing in the order Cu2+ ≫ Ni2+ ≈ Zn2+ > Hg2+. The kinetics of reaction were studied for formation of the nickel(II) complexes of both ligands. Results gave a first indication that nickel very rapidly chelates to the switch-binding ligand before forming the macrocycle. The nickel(II) reacts with LL/C in a complicated rapid set of processes on the fractional second time scale, followed by a process in the hour time regime. In contrast, under the same conditions, only a single rapid rate process was observed for the reaction of nickel(II) with LL. The specific rate constants for LL are greater than those for LL/C. Detailed analysis, strongly augmented by mass spectrometric studies, proved that the rapid process produces a nickel complex of the linear ligand and that intramolecular ring closure takes place relatively slowly and under the control of the metal ion. This proof of concept for switch binding, using the template effect, completes the model for replacing equilibration for the reversible formation of metal complexes with a switch-binding and release process.
Light-induced control of protein destruction by opto-PROTAC (2020)

By hijacking endogenous E3 ligase to degrade protein targets via the ubiquitin-proteasome system, PROTACs (PRoteolysis TArgeting Chimeras) provide a new strategy to inhibit protein targets that were regarded as undruggable before. However, the catalytic nature of PROTAC potentially leads to uncontrolled degradation that causes systemic toxicity issues, limiting the application of PROTAC in the clinic. Here, we introduce a light-inducible switch on PROTACs, thereafter termed as opto-PROTAC, to enable the degradation of protein targets in a spatiotemporal manner. By adding a photolabile caging group on pomalidomide as a parental compound and two additional PROTACs, dBET1 and dALK, we demonstrated light-inducible protein degradation. These opto-PROTACs display no activities in the dark, while the restricted degradation can be induced at a specific time and rate by ultraviolet A irradiation. Our approach provides a generalizable platform for the development of light-controlled PROTACs and enables PROTAC to be a precision medicine.
Cold damage to the extremities: frostbite and non-freezing cold injuries (2009)

The treatment of cold injuries to the periphery has advanced substantially in the last 10 years and optimal outcomes are only likely to be achieved if a multidisciplinary team uses the full range of diagnostic and treatment modalities that are now available. The internet and satellite phones with digital images allow immediate access by patients from remote geographical locations to hospital based specialists who can assess cold injuries and advise on early field care. The severity of frostbite injuries can now be assessed with triple phase bone scanning, allowing early prediction of likely subsequent tissue loss. Early hyperbaric oxygen therapy appears to improve outcome and the use of intravenous drugs such as synthetic prostaglandin analogues infusions and tissue plasminogen activator have been shown to reduce amputation rates. In non-freezing cold injuries the early administration of analgesia, the avoidance of secondary exposure, and the use of infrared thermography to assess the injuries are among newer approaches being introduced.
Tunable Fiber-Optic Delay Line Based on Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (2009)

We demonstrate a novel method to build a tunable fiber-optic delay line based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in a single-mode optical fiber. The frequency of a continuous-wave lightwave served as the Brillouin probe is linearly swept to determine the location in the fiber where a pulse signal served as the Brillouin pump is reflected and thus delayed via SBS-intensified acoustic grating. The novel fiber-optic delay line has a linear tunability of more than 4 µs. The pulse distortion is also studied.
Hip capsule biomechanics after arthroplasty (2019)

Native head-size and capsular repair preserves capsular function after arthroplasty. The anterior and posterior approach differentially affect postoperative biomechanical function of the capsular ligaments. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:426-434.
Cover Image, Volume 16, Issue 1 (2018)

The cover image, by Alexandra Keller et al., is based on the Original Article The JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target in canine mastocytoma , DOI: 10.1111/vco.12311 image
Startle reflex in fish (1995)

Directional hearing in fish is a poorly understood phenomenon, whose complexity makes it difficult to analyze. The directional, Mauthner cell mediated, startle response, which does not involve the CNS, is considerably simpler and more amenable to analysis but may still provide insight into the algorithms and mechanisms for more general directional hearing tasks. The startle reflex is modeled and studied experimentally in goldfish. The basic model posits that the initial polarity of both the incident acoustic pressure and particle acceleration measured by the fish’s auditory system determines the direction of a threat, and initiates an escape reflex in the appropriate direction. The startle reflex of goldfish is observed experimentally in a large acoustic test tank at Georgia Tech. The subject is placed in the center of the tank, and its behavior is observed using a video camera. The acoustic stimulus is generated using simple spherical sources driven to provide independent control of pressure and velocity waveform, so that, for example, monopole and nearfield dipole fields could be established. A parallel effort was undertaken in order to determine a potentially relevant acoustical stimulus, the field generated by an attacking fish. [Work supported by ONR.]
COPPER COMPLEXATION OF MACROCYCLIC MOLECULES: TOWARDS ON-CHIP RADIOMETALLIC LABELLING OF PET RADIOTRACERS (2013)

We present the use of microfluidic devices for copper(II) ion complexation of cyclen and cyclam macrocycles. Onchip monitoring of the complexation reactions was achieved via absorbance detection. This work opens the door for the on-chip synthesis of new 64 Cu based radiotracers that are important for positron emission tomography (PET).