gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low temperature plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition of thin vanadium nitride layers for copper diffusion barriers (2013)

Thin vanadium nitride (VN) layers were grown by atomic layer deposition using tetrakis(ethylmethylamino)vanadium and NH3 plasma at deposition temperatures between 70 °C and 150 °C on silicon substrates and polymer foil. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed a composition close to stoichiometric VN, while x-ray diffraction showed the δ-VN crystal structure. The resistivity was as low as 200 μΩ cm for the as deposited films and further reduced to 143 μΩ cm and 93 μΩ cm by annealing in N2 and H2/He/N2, respectively. A 5 nm VN layer proved to be effective as a diffusion barrier for copper up to a temperature of 720 °C.
Towards Self-Powered Internet of Underwater Things Devices (2019)

Exploiting light beams to carry information and deliver power is mooted as a potential technology to recharge batteries of future generation Internet of things (IoT) and Internet of underwater things (IoUT) devices while providing optical connectivity. Simultaneous lightwave information and power transfer (SLIPT) has been recently proposed as an efficient way for wireless power transfer between communicating terminals. In this article, we provide an overview of the various SLIPT techniques in time, power, and space domains. We additionally demonstrate two SLPIT scenarios through underwater channels. Moreover, we discuss the open issues related to the hardware as well as system deployment in harsh environments.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)- and (−)-Nigellamine A2 (2006)

The nigellamine alkaloids are dolabellane diterpenes displaying potent lipid metabolism-promoting activity. Total synthesis of (+)- and (-)-nigellamine A2 has been accomplished. Absolute stereochemistry of synthetic nigellamine A2 was established through an intramolecular asymmetric allylic alkylation using a Pd(phosphinooxazoline) catalyst. Other notable transformations include a radical alkynylation, a diastereoselective Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi cyclization, and a regio- and stereoselective catalytic epoxidation. On the basis of X-ray crystallographic analysis of an optically active intermediate, we have confirmed the assigned absolute stereochemistry of the natural product. Minor modifications of the synthetic sequence outlined here should provide access to the other nigellamine alkaloids.
CHEMOKINE EXPRESSION IN NERVE ALLOGRAFTS (1999)

172 INTRODUCTION: Chemokines, chemoattractant cytokines, play a major role in trafficking of cells to areas of inflammation. Infiltration of allograft tissues by immunocompetent cells is critical for rejection of donor tissues. The role of chemokines in allograft rejection is not clear. We hypothesize that chemokines are responsible for attracting macrophages and T lymphocytes into nerve allograft tissue, initiating the graft rejection process. This study begins to address this by assessing chemokine expression in nerve allografts. METHODS: Lewis rats received 4-cm long peroneal nerve allografts and isografts from ACI and Lewis rats. Twelve hours to 26 days post-transplantation, grafts (n= 4-6/time-point) were removed and total cellular RNA extracted. Intra-graft gene expression of several chemokines (CINC, IL-8, MIP-1 alpha, MIP2, RANTES) was analyzed using RT-PCR. RESULTS: Neutrophil chemoattractants, IL-8 and CINC, were expressed in allo- and isografts, at early time-points (12 hours to 6 days). Expression of MIP-1 alpha, MIP2 and RANTES were observed only in allografts. Kinetics of the macrophage chemoattractant chemokines (MIP-1 alpha and MIP2) revealed an early onset (12-24 hours), plateau from 1-4 days, with expression abruptly declining by day 6. The lymphocyte chemoattractant, RANTES, had delayed kinetics, with a rise at day 3, peaking at 4, and then gradually declined. CONCLUSIONS: Induction of specific chemokine genes precedes nerve allograft infiltration by immunocompetent cells. MIP-1 alpha and MIP2 may be responsible for recruiting macrophages, while RANTES may recruit lymphocytes to the rejecting allograft. In future studies, blockade of these specific chemokines or their receptors may prove to delay or prevent nerve allograft rejection.
Fault tolerant design of a high speed permanent magnet machine (2010)

This paper details the design considerations of a permanent magnet (PM), three phase synchronous machine for fault tolerant operation. A multidisciplinary approach to the optimal design of the machine is adopted targeted at minimising the additional losses resulting from faulty operating conditions and accounting for the remedial control strategy implemented. The design of a closed slot, 6slots, 4pole machine is presented. (6 pages)
A Concentric Multi-ring Overlay for Highly Reliable P2P Networks (2005)

The paper presents a concentric multi-ring overlay networking topology for fast and shortest-path resource discovery in dynamic distributed systems like P2P network. First, we de?ne a highly reliable P2P system called HiPeer, which is deployed on top of the logical overlay with a number of lowest bounds in terms of network performance. Then, we demonstrate that for any De Bruijn digraph of degree1 d = 2 and diameter2 DDB, HiPeer constructs a highly reliable network, where each node maintains a routing table with a size of at most 2d + 3 entries independent of the number N of nodes in the system. Further, we show that for any network with at most d nodes, any existing resource in the network can be found within at most DHiPeer = logd (N(d - 1) + d) - 1 hops. This result is as close to the Moore bound [9] as the query path length in the other best P2P proposals based on the De Bruijn digraphs. Thus, HiPeer de?nes a highly connected network with connectivity d and the lowest yet known lookup bound DHiPeer. Moreover, we show that any node’s "join or leave" operation in HiPeer implies a constant expected reorganization cost of the magnitude order of O(d) control messages.
JAGR: an autonomous self-recovering application server (2003)

This paper demonstrates that the dependability of generic, evolving J2EE applications can be enhanced through a combination of a few recovery-oriented techniques. Our goal is to reduce downtime by automatically and efficiently recovering from a broad class of transient software failures without having to modify applications. We describe here the integration of three new techniques into JBoss, an open-source J2EE application server. The resulting system is JAGR-JBoss with application-generic recovery - a self-recovering execution platform. JAGR combines application-generic failure-path inference (AFPI), path-based failure detection, and micro-reboots. AFPI uses controlled fault injection and observation to infer paths that faults follow through a J2EE application. Path-based failure detection uses tagging of client requests and statistical analysis to identify anomalous component behavior. Micro-reboots are fast reboots we perform at the sub-application level to recover components from transient failures; by selectively rebooting only those components that are necessary to repair the failure, we reduce recovery time. These techniques are designed to be autonomous and application-generic, making them well suited to the rapidly changing software of Internet services.
The Origin and Biosynthesis of the Benzenoid Moiety of Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) in Arabidopsis (2014)

It is not known how plants make the benzenoid ring of ubiquinone, a vital respiratory cofactor. Here, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis thaliana uses for that purpose two separate biosynthetic branches stemming from phenylalanine and tyrosine. Gene network modeling and characterization of T-DNA mutants indicated that acyl-activating enzyme encoded by At4g19010 contributes to the biosynthesis of ubiquinone specifically from phenylalanine. CoA ligase assays verified that At4g19010 prefers para-coumarate, ferulate, and caffeate as substrates. Feeding experiments demonstrated that the at4g19010 knockout cannot use para-coumarate for ubiquinone biosynthesis and that the supply of 4-hydroxybenzoate, the side-chain shortened version of para-coumarate, can bypass this blockage. Furthermore, a trans-cinnamate 4-hydroxylase mutant, which is impaired in the conversion of trans-cinnamate into para-coumarate, displayed similar defects in ubiquinone biosynthesis to that of the at4g19010 knockout. Green fluorescent protein fusion experiments demonstrated that At4g19010 occurs in peroxisomes, resulting in an elaborate biosynthetic architecture where phenylpropanoid intermediates have to be transported from the cytosol to peroxisomes and then to mitochondria where ubiquinone is assembled. Collectively, these results demonstrate that At4g19010 activates the propyl side chain of para-coumarate for its subsequent β-oxidative shortening. Evidence is shown that the peroxisomal ABCD transporter (PXA1) plays a critical role in this branch.
Micropipet-Assisted Formation of Microscopic Networks of Unilamellar Lipid Bilayer Nanotubes and Containers (2001)

We describe a novel micropipet-assisted technique for the construction of complex, surface-immobilized two-dimensional microscopic networks of unilamellar phospholipid bilayer vesicles (1−50 μm in diameter, 10-15−10-12 L) interconnected by lipid nanotubes (100−300 nm in diameter). As starting material for the construction of networks, we used twinned vesicle pairs, one of which is multilamellar and functions as a membrane donor and the other unilamellar and functions as a membrane acceptor upon manipulation. By electromechanical insertion of a pipet tip into the unilamellar vesicle followed by lateral pulling of the micropipet away from the vesicle, a nanotube was formed. Buffer solution contained in the pipet was then injected into the nanotube orifice, forming a vesicle of controlled size that was immobilized on the surface. The networks have controlled connectivity and are well-defined with regard to the container size, angle between nanotube extensions, and nanotube length. The internal fluid composition of individual vesicles is defined during the formation of a network by selection of the solution contained in the micropipet.
Loss of Multi-Epitope Specificity in Memory CD4+ T Cell Responses to B. Pertussis with Age (2013)

Pertussis is still occurring in highly vaccinated populations, affecting individuals of all ages. Long-lived Th1 CD4(+) T cells are essential for protective immunity against pertussis. For better understanding of the limited immunological memory to Bordetella pertussis, we used a panel of Pertactin and Pertussis toxin specific peptides to interrogate CD4(+) T cell responses at the epitope level in a unique cohort of symptomatic pertussis patients of different ages, at various time intervals after infection. Our study showed that pertussis epitope-specific T cell responses contained Th1 and Th2 components irrespective of the epitope studied, time after infection, or age. In contrast, the breadth of the pertussis-directed CD4(+) T cell response seemed dependent on age and closeness to infection. Multi-epitope specificity long-term after infection was lost in older age groups. Detailed knowledge on pertussis specific immune mechanisms and their insufficiencies is important for understanding resurgence of pertussis in highly vaccinated populations.
Effects of composition on structure and activity of PtRu/C catalysts (2009)

A series of carbon supported PtRu bimetallic catalysts with varying Pt:Ru ratio were prepared and characterised using ex situ and in situ XRD, in situ EXAFS at 0 V vs. RHE, ex situ XPS and monolayer CO stripping voltammetry. Although the catalysts were found to be well mixed/alloyed, with no evidence of unalloyed Ru (oxides) present, the surfaces of the electrocatalyst nanoparticles were found to be enriched with Pt compared to the nominal bulk composition. The methanol oxidation activities of the catalysts were determined in 1.0 mol dm(-3) H2SO4. In agreement with published studies of polycrystalline bulk PtRu alloys the catalyst with a 0.6 surface fraction of Pt was found to give the best methanol oxidation activity at 30 degrees C. However, at 80 degrees C a greater surface fraction of Ru could be tolerated, with some activity at low current densities found for a Pt surface fraction as low as 0.2. The results support the conclusion that a limited amount of methanol dehydrogenation occurs at Ru sites or Ru dominated surface ensembles at 80 degrees C.
Scalable Photonic Integration of Long-Lived Tin-Vacancy Memories at 1.3 K (2022)

We demonstrate a scalable integrated photonics platform operating at 1.3 K as an efficient microwave and optical interface for quantum memories based on tin-vacancy color centers in diamond.
Use of recursive mumble models for confidence measuring (1999)

In many speech recognition applications such as name dialing, it is necessary to have the ability to know when a recognition error has occurred so that undesired or unpredicted system behavior can be minimized. Con dence measure is usually used for detection of probable errors. In this paper, a new method for measuring condence is presented. The method is based on use of recursive mumble models. During a regular decoding from which word hypotheses and word boundaries are known, the score of recursive mumblemodels is then determined. The (weighted) di erence between the word detail-match score and the mumble score is used as the con dence measure. It is next compared to a prede ned threshold to decide whether the decoded result is con dently correct or not. The method has been evaluated with two di erent databases. The results show that the new method outperforms our previous method solely based on the word detail-match scores. In particular, the results show that the new method is able to reduce the equal error rate from 32% to 23% and that it rejects far more (78% versus 35%) out-of-domain sentences at the xed 5% false rejection rate.
Piezoelectric properties of zinc oxide films on glass substrates deposited by RF-magnetron-mode electron cyclotron resonance sputtering system (1995)

There are various types of electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) sputtering systems, DC-mode, RF-mode, etc. We reported that zinc oxide (ZnO) films on glass substrates deposited by DC-mode ECR and RF-mode ECR sputtering systems had shown excellent piezoelectric properties and c-axis orientations. The RF-mode ECR sputtering system was capable of depositing ZnO films on glass substrates without evidence of column and fiber grains in cross section and driving a 1.1 GHz fundamental Rayleigh surface acoustic wave (SAW). In this paper, the properties of ZnO film deposited by an RF-magnetron-mode ECR sputtering system, which has added magnets to the outside of a cylindrical zinc metal (Zn) target of the RF-mode ECR sputtering system, are investigated. It is confirmed that the SAW filters using ZnO films on an interdigital transducer (IDT)/glass substrate deposited by the RF-magnetron-mode ECR sputtering exhibit almost the same effective electromechanical coupling factors (keff) as the theoretical keff values calculated by finite element method (FEM) using the constants of ZnO single crystal (measured keff values are 97% of the theoretical values) and 0.6/spl sim/3.7 dB lower insertion loss in comparison with the films deposited by the DC-mode ECR and the RF-mode ECR sputtering system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Machine-Learning in Oil and Gas Exploration: A New Approach to Geological Risk Assessment (2019)

Summary During risk assessment, exploration geoscientists routinely evaluate various individual risk segments to estimate the chance of success of a given prospect. Usually, this estimation is based on subjectivity, unconscious biases that may lead to inconsistent evaluations. In this research project, the goal is to constrain these biases using cognitive advisors, supported by machine learning algorithms, to overcome the frequent subjectivity and have a fair prospect ranking. This new methodology is based on a new metric – the Level of Knowledge (LoK) – that relies on the available data and geological model to characterize a given prospect. This parameter is anchored to a powerful source of information – the Knowledge Base – a database that structures peer-reviewed inputs and other unstructured information, such as research papers or reports, giving more accurate advices to geoscientists. Overall results show a positive response by testers, which identify the value of having a normalized metric on available knowledge and experience (LoK), as the base for having consistent and fair assessments on their Probability of Success evaluations. As the system is continuously trained, oil and gas companies that integrate this system would benefit of having a consistent portfolio management, thus, supporting exploration strategies.
Cryogenic target-implosion experiments on OMEGA (2008)

The University of Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics has been imploding thick cryogenic targets for six years. Improvements in the Cryogenic Target Handling System and the ability to accurately design laser pulse shapes that properly time shocks and minimize electron preheat, produced high fuel areal densities in deuterium cryogenic targets (202±7 mg/cm2). The areal density was inferred from the energy loss of secondary protons in the fuel (D2) shell. Targets were driven on a low final adiabat (α = 2) employing techniques to radially grade the adiabat (the highest adiabat at the ablation surface). The ice layer meets the target-design toughness specification for DT ice of 1-μm rms (all modes), while D2 ice layers average 3.0-μm-rms roughness. The implosion experiments and the improvements in the quality and understanding of cryogenic targets are presented.
Mechanisms of Metabolic Acidosis–Induced Kidney Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease (2020)

Retrospective analyses and single-center prospective studies identify chronic metabolic acidosis as an independent and modifiable risk factor for progression of CKD. In patients with CKD, untreated chronic metabolic acidosis often leads to an accelerated reduction in GFR. Mechanisms responsible for this reduction include adaptive responses that increase acid excretion but lead to a decline in kidney function. Metabolic acidosis in CKD stimulates production of intrakidney paracrine hormones including angiotensin II, aldosterone, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) that mediate the immediate benefit of increased kidney acid excretion, but their chronic upregulation promotes inflammation and fibrosis. Chronic metabolic acidosis also stimulates ammoniagenesis that increases acid excretion but also leads to ammonia-induced complement activation and deposition of C3 and C5b-9 that can cause tubule-interstitial damage, further worsening disease progression. These effects, along with acid accumulation in kidney tissue, combine to accelerate progression of kidney disease. Treatment of chronic metabolic acidosis attenuates these adaptive responses; reduces levels of angiotensin II, aldosterone, and ET-1; reduces ammoniagenesis; and diminishes inflammation and fibrosis that may lead to slowing of CKD progression.
Plant size, nutrient composition and biomass productivity of oats and faba bean in intercropping, and the effect of controlling Rhopalosiphum padi (Hom., Aphididae) on these properties (1990)

Effects of mixed intercropping on plant size, content of mineral nutrients and biomass yields were examined in three field experiments in Southern Finland in 1983—1985. The stand types were monocrops and replacement series of mixtures with 2/3 and 1/3 or 1/3 and 2/3 of oats (Avena sativa) and faba bean (Vicia faba), respectively. In one of the experiments control of R. padi, by means of deltamethrin sprayings, was an additional experimental factor having two levels. The height of stems or the above ground biomass of oats either were not affected or were increased by crop diversification. Bean plants remained smaller in the mixtures than in the monocrop. In plant size, there was a significant interaction between stand type and the effect of aphicide spraying: Oat benefitted most from being grown in the mixture containing most bean, and there was an indication (not statistically significant) that in these mixtures bean had proportionately higher weight loss. This result was interpreted as giving some support to the hypothesis of interspecific compensation between oats and bean against aphid damage to oats. In oats, the content of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg all decreased from the stage of inflorescence emergence to the stage of the onset of milk development. Mixed cropping increased the content in oats of all these nutrients except Ca. At the same time, contents of P and K in bean were decreased. The changes in growth form and composition in oats induced by intercropping are discussed from the point of view of host plant relationship and damage function of the aphid pest. In terms of relative yield total (RYT), there was no overyielding in the dry matter, and in one case only was there overyielding in the nitrogen. During the period of population growth of R. padi, the daily maximum temperatures within the canopy were higher in the mixtures than in the monocrop of oats.
AT1 and TxA2/PGH2 receptors maintain hypertension throughout 2K,1C Goldblatt hypertension in the rat (1996)

Angiotension II (ANG II) increases the generation of vasoconstrictor prostaglandin endoperoxides (PGH2) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2). Two-kidney, one-clip (2K,1C) Goldblatt hypertensive rats have an increased plasma renin activity (PRA) and ANG II level during the early, but not the late, phases of hypertension. Therefore, the aim of these studies was to compare the antihypertensive efficacy of an ANG II type I (AT1) and a TxA2/PGH2 receptor antagonist during different phases of 2K,1C hypertension. Rats were maintained on a fixed sodium intake for 3 days before and throughout the period of drug administration. These studies assessed the antihypertensive response to administration of the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan (20 mg.kg-1.day-1), the TxA2/PGH2 receptor antagonist ifetroban (20 mg.kg-1.day-1) or vehicle given for 3 days to rats with early (2-4 wk postclip), intermediate (10-12 wk postclip), and late (36-42 wk post-clip) 2K,1C hypertension and to two control groups of rats corresponding in age to the early or intermediate and the late 2K,1C groups. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured directly with indwelling arterial cannulas. The MAP of sham-operated rats was 109 +/- 5 mmHg. In the early phase of 2K,1C hypertension, the MAP was increased to 143 +/- 6 mmHg, and it was increased further to 162 +/- 5 mmHg during the intermediate and to 179 +/- 4 mmHg during the late phase. The PRA, compared with age-matched controls, was increased during early and intermediate, but not late phase 2K,1C hypertension. Neither drug lowered blood pressure in control rats. However, both drugs significantly reduced the blood pressure in the early, intermediate, and late phases of 2K, 1C hypertension. At the end of 3 days of administration, blood pressure in early 2K, 1C rats given losartan was reduced to levels of control rats, but remained slightly elevated in other groups and in those receiving ifetroban. In conclusion, AT1 and TxA2/PGH2 receptors maintain hypertension throughout the evolution of 2K, 1C hypertension in the rat, despite changes in PRA.