gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Ti3AlC2 MAX Phase as an Efficient Catalyst for Oxidative Dehydrogenation of n‐Butane (2017)

Abstract Dehydrogenation or oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of alkanes to produce alkenes directly from natural gas/shale gas is gaining in importance. Ti 3 AlC 2 , a MAX phase, which hitherto had not been used in catalysis, efficiently catalyzes the ODH of n‐butane to butenes and butadiene, which are important intermediates for the synthesis of polymers and other compounds. The catalyst, which combines both metallic and ceramic properties, is stable for at least 30 h on stream, even at low O 2 :butane ratios, without suffering from coking. This material has neither lattice oxygens nor noble metals, yet a unique combination of numerous defects and a thin surface Ti 1− y Al y O 2− y /2 layer that is rich in oxygen vacancies makes it an active catalyst. Given the large number of compositions available, MAX phases may find applications in several heterogeneously catalyzed reactions.
Performance of an Auto-Reduced Nickel Catalyst for Auto-Thermal Reforming of Dodecane (2018)

To investigate the catalytic performance of diesel reforming catalysts for production of hydrogen gas, Ni-Al catalyst was prepared by the polymer-modified incipient method (NA10-PM). NA10-PM showed excellent catalytic performance and economic feasibility in the auto-thermal reforming reaction, compared to other commercially available catalysts. In particular, auto-reduced NA10-PM showed higher dodecane conversion and similar selectivity at 750 °C compared to H2-reduced NA10-PM. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies showed that the fresh state of NA10-PM initially automatically reduced by product gases through thermal decomposition of dodecane, and then NiAl2O4 was completely reduced to metallic nickel by the CO and H2 gases produced during the reaction. Additionally, catalytic performance of auto-reduced NA10-PM were investigated at varying steam/carbon molar ratio (S/C) and oxygen/carbon molar ratio (O2/C) in order to determine the optimum conditions of the auto-thermal reforming reaction. The conversion of dodecane over auto-reduced NA10-PM catalyst was remarkable (93%) and increased during the reaction, under conditions of S/C = 1.23, O2/C = 0.25, and gas hourly space velocity of 12,000 h−1 at 750 °C. The results of this study demonstrated that the auto-reduced NA10-PM catalyst was applied successfully for auto-thermal reforming of dodecane.
Cracked Teeth: A Review of the Literature (2010)

Although cracked teeth are a common problem for patients and dentists, there is a dearth of evidence-based guidelines on how to prevent, diagnose, and treat cracks in teeth. The purpose of this article is to review the literature to establish what evidence exists regarding the risk factors for cracked teeth and their prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
The parallel execution of DO loops (1974)

Methods are developed for the parallel execution of different iterations of a DO loop. Both asynchronous multiprocessor computers and array computers are considered. Practical application to the design of compilers for such computers is discussed.
Measurement of Cracking Kinetics of Pure Model Compounds by Thermogravimetric Analysis (2010)

Determination of cracking kinetics by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is attractive but requires careful experimental design to ensure consistent results. Here, we examine three methods for determining kinetic parameters by TGA: differential analysis at a constant heating rate (differential), temperature for constant conversion at multiple heating rates (isoconversional), and maximum rate at multiple heating rates (peak temperature). The test compounds used in this study are based on pyrene, with boiling points high enough that mass loss was dominated by the reaction rather than evaporation. The methods using multiple heating rates gave comparable results to each other but were very different from the results from the differential method. The results of the differential method were insensitive to the heating rate and consistent with kinetics of cracking reported in the literature for similar structures. The differential analysis method for cracking of model compounds was the best approach, because the methods of multiple heating rates consumed more sample and were reported in the literature to be very sensitive to minor experimental errors. The conversion in a microreactor experiment was accurately predicted using the kinetics from the differential TGA method, suggesting a consistent reaction rate in these two different reactions. Hence, the differential approach was concluded to be much more accurate when compared to isoconversional and peak temperature methods.
On Propagating Updates in a Byzantine Environment (1999)

We study how to efficiently diffuse updates to a large distributed system of data replicas, some of which may exhibit arbitrary (Byzantine) failures. We assume that strictly fewer than $t$ replicas fail, and that each update is initially received by at least $t$ correct replicas. The goal is to diffuse each update to all correct replicas while ensuring that correct replicas accept no updates generated spuriously by faulty replicas. To achieve reliable diffusion, each correct replica accepts an update only after receiving it from at least $t$ others. We provide the first analysis of epidemic-style protocols for such environments. This analysis is fundamentally different from known analyses for the benign case due to our treatment of fully Byzantine failures---which, among other things, precludes the use of digital signatures for authenticating forwarded updates. We propose two epidemic-style diffusion algorithms and two measures that characterize the efficiency of diffusion algorithms in general. We characterize both of our algorithms according to these measures, and also prove lower bounds with regards to these measures that show that our algorithms are close to optimal.
Synthesis of enantiomerically pure 3-fluoromethylthreonines from (S)-1-fluoro-3-tolylsulfinylacetone (1996)

The copper(I) catalysed aldol reaction between methyl isocyanoacetate and (S)-3-fluoro-1-(4-methylphenyl)-sulfinylacetone affords oxazoline products which, after diastereoisomer separation, give in high yields optically pure 3-fluoromethylthreonine analogues whose absolute and relative configurations have been assigned through X-ray analyses.
Cell-free human pulmonary heart valves for rvot reconstruction in pediatric patients: first clinical results (2008)

Objectives: Here, we report about our first clinical experience of cell-free Pulmonary Valves (PV) implantations in paediatric patients and the results of early and mid-term follow-up.
Cochlear Outer-Hair-Cell Power Generation and Viscous Fluid Loss (2016)

Since the discovery of otoacoustic emissions and outer hair cell (OHC) motility, the fundamental question of whether the cochlea produces mechanical power remains controversial. In the present work, direct calculations are performed on power loss due to fluid viscosity and power generated by the OHCs. A three-dimensional box model of the mouse cochlea is used with a feed-forward/feed-backward approximation representing the organ of Corti cytoarchitecture. The model is fit to in vivo basilar membrane motion with one free parameter for the OHCs. The calculations predict that the total power output from the three rows of OHCs can be over three orders of magnitude greater than the acoustic input power at 10 dB sound pressure level (SPL). While previous work shows that the power gain, or the negative damping, diminishes with intensity, we show explicitly based on our model that OHC power output increases and saturates with SPL. The total OHC power output is about 2 pW at 80 dB SPL, with a maximum of about 10 fW per OHC.
Using Mass Spectrometry to Characterize Self‐Assembled Monolayers Presenting Peptides, Proteins, and Carbohydrates (2002)

Peptid- und Kohlenhydratbiochips lassen sich MALDI-massenspektrometrisch analysieren. Selbstorganisierte Monoschichten (SAMs), die mit Liganden ausgestattet sind, können zur Identifizierung selektiver Protein-Ligand- und Enzym-Substrat-Wechselwirkungen dienen. MALDI-MS lässt sich als schnelle und empfindliche Nachweismethode einsetzen, wodurch die Notwendigkeit umgangen wird, die Proteinanalyte mit Fluoreszenz- oder radioaktiven Markern zu versehen. Das Bild zeigt das Massenspektrum einer Kohlenhydrat-modifizierten SAM.
Insulin Treatment Reverses the Insulin Resistance of Type II Diabetes Mellitus (1982)

Type II diabetic subjects are both insulin-deficient and insulin-resistant. Recent studies suggest that the insulin resistance is due to a combined receptor and postreceptor defect with the postreceptor defect being the predominant lesion. In the present study, we examined the effects of exogenous insulin therapy upon these defects in insulin action in six untreated type II diabetic subjects. Glycemic control and adipocyte insulin binding were measured and in vivo insulin dose-response curves for overall glucose disposal and suppression of hepatic glucose output were constructed before treatment. Following these initial studies, the diabetic subjects were treated with twice-daily injections of regular and NPH purified pork insulin for 14 days and the pretreatment studies repeated. Glycemic control was significantly improved by this treatment regimen. The mean fasting serum glucose level (±SE) fell from 287 ± 20 to 125 ± 13 mg/dl, the mean glycosylated hemoglobin level (± SE) decreased from 14.2 ± 1.1% to 8.3 ± 0.5%, and the mean 24-h urinary glucose excretion (±SE) declined from 65.6 ± 40.3 to 0.6 ± 0. 1 g/24 h. Adipocyte insulin binding did not change significantly during the treatment period. In contrast, the 14-day period of insulin treatment produced a 72% increase (P &amp;lt; 0.005) in the maximal rate of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, 321 ± 32 mg/M2/min compared with 187 ± 32 mg/M2/min before treatment, indicating that the postreceptor defect in insulin action was significantly ameliorated by insulin treatment. The dose-response curve for insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose output was rightshifted, consistent with the decrease in insulin binding, with no decrease in the maximal effect before treatment and not significantly changed following insulin treatment. In conclusion, the postreceptor defect in insulin-stimulated glucose disposal is largely ameliorated by exogenous insulin treatment, suggesting that this defect in insulin action is an acquired abnormality which is secondary to some aspect of the insulin-deficient state.
Subsumption reduces dataset dimensionality without decreasing performance of a machine learning classifier (2021)

When features in a high dimension dataset are organized hierarchically, there is an inherent opportunity to reduce dimensionality. Since more specific concepts are subsumed by more general concepts, subsumption can be applied successively to reduce dimensionality. We tested whether sub-sumption could reduce the dimensionality of a disease dataset without impairing classification accuracy. We started with a dataset that had 168 neurological patients, 14 diagnoses, and 293 unique features. We applied subsumption repeatedly to create eight successively smaller datasets, ranging from 293 dimensions in the largest dataset to 11 dimensions in the smallest dataset. We tested a MLP classifier on all eight datasets. Precision, recall, accuracy, and validation declined only at the lowest dimensionality. Our preliminary results suggest that when features in a high dimension dataset are derived from a hierarchical ontology, subsumption is a viable strategy to reduce dimensionality.Clinical relevance- Datasets derived from electronic health records are often of high dimensionality. If features in the dataset are based on concepts from a hierarchical ontology, subsumption can reduce dimensionality.
Dabigatran after Short Heparin Anticoagulation for Acute Intermediate-Risk Pulmonary Embolism: Rationale and Design of the Single-Arm PEITHO-2 Study (2017)

Patients with intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism (PE) may, depending on the method and cut-off values used for definition, account for up to 60% of all patients with PE and have an 8% or higher risk of short-term adverse outcome. Although four non-vitamin K-dependent direct oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have been approved for the treatment of venous thromboembolism, their safety and efficacy as well as the optimal anticoagulation regimen using these drugs have not been systematically investigated in intermediate-risk PE. Moreover, it remains unknown how many patients with intermediate-high-risk and intermediate-low-risk PE were included in most of the phase III NOAC trials. The ongoing Pulmonary Embolism International Thrombolysis 2 (PEITHO-2) study is a prospective, multicentre, multinational, single-arm trial investigating whether treatment of acute intermediate-risk PE with parenteral heparin anticoagulation over the first 72 hours, followed by the direct oral thrombin inhibitor dabigatran over 6 months, is effective and safe. The primary efficacy outcome is recurrent symptomatic venous thromboembolism or death related to PE within the first 6 months. The primary safety outcome is major bleeding as defined by the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Secondary outcomes include all-cause mortality, the overall duration of hospital stay (index event and repeated hospitalizations) and the temporal pattern of recovery of right ventricular function over the 6-month follow-up period. By applying and evaluating a contemporary risk-tailored treatment strategy for acute PE, PEITHO-2 will implement the recommendations of current guidelines and contribute to their further evolution.
Extended by Design: A Toolkit for Creation of XR Experiences (2020)

Through the last decade, the creation of extended reality (XR) solutions has significantly increased due to the advent of cheaper, more advanced, and accessible instruments like smartphones, headsets, platforms, development kits, and engines. For instance, the number of GitHub repositories for XR related projects jumped from 51 in 2010 to over 15,000 in 2020. At the same time, the developer community approaches the creation of XR applications using inherited design processes and methods from past mainstream platforms such as web, mobile, or even product design. Unfortunately, those platforms do not consider the spatial aspects of these applications. In this paper, we present a revisited design process and a toolkit focused on the challenges innate to XR, that aims to help beginners and experienced teams in the creation of applications and interactions in Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality. We also present a compendium of 113 techniques and 118 guidelines and a set of canvases that guides users through the process, preventing them from skipping important tasks and discoveries. At last, we present a pilot case where we accompany a team with developers and designers running our process and using our toolkit for the first time, showing the benefits of a process that strikes specific issues of XR apps.
The impact of air flow leakage on server inlet air temperature in a raised floor data center (2008)

One of the most important parameters in the optimal ventilation of a raised air cooled data center is the amount of cool air that is delivered to the front of a server. It is very common in data centers for a significant fraction of the conditioned cool air to bypass the desired locations, i.e. the perforated tiles in front of the IT racks, and leak out through cable cutouts and other openings. This represents energy inefficiencies of two kinds: firstly, the wastage of blower pumping power at the air conditioning units, and secondly, the misdirection of the refrigeration work to create sub-ambient air which performs limited cooling function. The characterization of this leakage flow is the focus of this study. A representative CFD numerical model of a 12000 square foot facility, comprising of 100 server racks, at a heat flux of 100 W/ft2, was utilized for the thermal characterization to provide data to concretize the trends. For a fixed total volumetric air flow rate for a given data center, the amount of leakage air flow was varied and its impact on the inlet air temperature to the servers was quantified. The results showed a decrease in average rack inlet temperature of 0.7-0.9degC for every 10% reallocation of leakage flow to a desired rack inlet location. Observed trends for rack air inlet temperatures for different rack positions within a row, and for different groups of rack or aisles located in different parts of the data center, are also presented. In addition to studying the effect of leakage flow, two perforated tile layouts were characterized; a traditional one and a novel guard tile design, and the new design was shown to yield better data center thermal designs.
My View on National Vocal Music and Chinese National Vocal Music (2008)

The definition of national vocal music is really in boom in the contemporary song circle.Therefore,this paper attempts to elaborate the concept and connotation of national vocal music and Chinese vocal music through the methods of definition and classification on the basis of summary of different national vocal music explanations.One of the important perquisites for definition of national vocal music is cultural transmission which should be focused on inheritance of excellent traditional vocal music foundation.
Improving the Gas Barrier Property of Clay–Polymer Multilayer Thin Films Using Shorter Deposition Times (2013)

Relatively fast exposure times (5 s) to aqueous solutions were found to improve the gas barrier of clay-polymer thin films prepared using layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. Contrary to the common belief about deposition time (i.e., the longer the better), oxygen transmission rates (OTRs) of these nano-brick-wall assemblies are improved by reducing exposure time (from 1 min to 5 s). Regardless of composition, LbL films fabricated using shorter deposition time are always thicker in the first few layers, which correspond to greater clay spacing and lower OTR. A quadlayer (QL) assembly consisting of three repeat units of branched polyethylenimine (PEI), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), PEI and montmorillonite (MMT) clay is only 24 nm thick when deposited with 1 min exposure to each ingredient. Reducing the exposure time of polyelectrolytes to 5 s not only increases this film thickness to 55 nm but also reduces the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) to 0.05 cm3/(m2 day atm), which is 2 orders of magnitude lower than the same film made using 1 min exposures. A conceptual model is proposed to explain the differences in growth and barrier, which are linked to polyelectrolyte relaxation, desorption, and interdiffusion. The universality of these findings is further exemplified by depositing clays with varying aspect ratios. This ability to quickly deposit high-barrier nanocomposite thin films opens up a tremendous opportunity in terms of commercial-scale processing of LbL assemblies.
A contiguous 3-Mb sequence-ready map in the S3-MX region on 21q22.2 based on high- throughput nonisotopic library screenings. (1999)

Progress in complete genomic sequencing of human chromosome 21 relies on the construction of high-quality bacterial clone maps spanning large chromosomal regions. To achieve this goal, we have applied a strategy based on nonradioactive hybridizations to contig building. A contiguous sequence-ready map was constructed in the Down syndrome congenital heart disease (DS-CHD) region in 21q22.2, as a framework for large-scale genomic sequencing and positional candidate gene approach. Contig assembly was performed essentially by high throughput nonisotopic screenings of genomic libraries, prior to clone validation by (1) restriction digest fingerprinting, (2) STS analysis, (3) Southern hybridizations, and (4) FISH analysis. The contig contains a total of 50 STSs, of which 13 were newly isolated. A minimum tiling path (MTP) was subsequently defined that consists of 20 PACs, 2 BACs, and 5 cosmids covering 3 Mb between D21S3 and MX1. Gene distribution in the region includes 9 known genes (c21-LRP, WRB, SH3BGR, HMG14, PCP4, DSCAM, MX2, MX1, and TMPRSS2) and 14 new additional gene signatures consisting of cDNA selection products and ESTs. Forthcoming genomic sequence information will unravel the structural organization of potential candidate genes involved in specific features of Down syndrome pathogenesis.
Nano-Liposomes of Crude Soy Lecithin are Effective for Cleaning Fuel-Contaminated Sands and Soils (2016)

Nano-Liposomes of Crude Soy Lecithin are Effective for Cleaning Fuel-Contaminated Sands and Soils Large multilamellar lipid vesicles (MLV) and nano-liposomes (small unilamellar vesicles-SUV) made of crude soy lecithin were prepared, characterized and compared for their ability to remove crude oil and jet fuel contaminants from sand and soil samples. The SUV formulation was able to remove 85% of the contaminants, and was significantly the most effective formulation when compared to the other tested lipid products. Raising temperature (from RT to 50°C) and exposure to ultrasonic irradiation further improved SUV cleaning efficiency. The SUV used are highly stable in high salinity concentration (up to 32% W/V NaCl). The crude soy SUV reduces surface tension of the water, in agreement with previous results on highly significant reduction of oil/water interfacial tension (IFT). These properties make crude lecithin-based SUV a good candidate for the physical cleaning of oil-contaminated soil as well as for accelerating bioremediation of such soil. The use of liposomes composed of such crude lecithin has major advantages: the lecithin is available in quantity at a reasonable cost; fabrication of such SUV on a large scale is straightforward and, most important, such liposomes are biocompatible and environmentally friendly.
Multiple Cotunneling in Large Quantum Dot Arrays (2005)

We investigate the effects of inelastic cotunneling on the electronic transport properties of gold nanoparticle multilayers and thick films at low applied bias, inside the Coulomb-blockade regime. We find that the zero-bias conductance, g(0)(T), in all systems exhibits Efros-Shklovskii-type variable range hopping transport. The resulting typical hopping distance, corresponding to the number of tunnel junctions participating in cotunneling events, is shown to be directly related to the power-law exponent in the measured current-voltage characteristics. We discuss the implications of these findings in light of models on cotunneling and hopping transport in mesoscopic, granular conductors.