gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
From contrastive linguistics to linguistic typology (2012)

The paper looks back at Hawkins (1986), A comparative typology of English and German , and shows, on the basis of raising and human impersonal pronouns in English, Dutch and German, that contrastive linguistics can be viewed as a pilot study in typology. It also pleads for doing the contrastive linguistics of three languages rather than of two, not least because the third language can teach us something about the other two.
Aspects of Using the QZSS Satellite in the Trimble CenterPointTM RTXTM Service: QZSS Orbit and Clock Accuracy, RTX Positioning Performance Improvements (2012)

Mid of 2011 Trimble introduced the CenterPoint RTX real-time positioning service providing cm-accurate positions for real-time applications. This service targets applications in the precision markets like Precision Agriculture, Survey and Construction, and relies on the generation of precise orbit and clock information for GPS and GLONASS satellites in real-time. The CenterPoint RTX satellite corrections are generated with data from Trimble’s world-wide tracking network, consisting of approximately 100 globally distributed reference stations. A subset of currently 25 stations in the Asia-Pacific region is able to track the QZSS satellite. Unlike GPS and GLONASS, which were supported by CenterPoint RTX from the very beginning, the inclined geostationary orbit of the QZSS satellite causes some additional challenges on the orbit and clock estimation process. The most relevant aspects are the MEO satellite’s higher orbit, the geometry of the orbit track, and the tracking network available in the region of interest. To achieve the biggest benefit from QZSS in a high precision positioning solution, its orbit has to be in the same coordinate frame as the GPS or GLONASS orbits. In addition to that the satellite clocks have to be commonly corrected to the corresponding time system. As QZSS has a similar signal structure as GPS, it would be intuitive to treat QZSS like an additional GPS satellite. However this is unfortunately not possible without any further ado, since all satellites of the current GPS constellation transmit L1P, L1C and L2P signals, while QZSS does not provide either L1P or L2P. This paper describes the technical aspects of the inclusion of the QZSS satellite in the orbit and clock estimation process and GNSS receiver positioning engine, as well as the respective improvement in the overall system quality caused by the use of the additional QZSS satellite. Rover performance analyses will also be shown to demonstrate the effect of the QZSS satellite on the convergence of the RTX positioning solution and the final accuracy achieved on several locations in the Asia-Pacific region. The paper describes aspects of the methodology applied in the multi-system orbit and clock estimation and validation procedure. Achieved orbit and clock accuracies over a longer time span are demonstrated and discussed. The orbit accuracy is estimated to be better than 10 cm. The clock accuracy is estimated to be better than 2 cm.
Predicting the sensitivity and specificity of published real-time PCR assays (2008)

We show that current methods for real-time PCR assay design have unacceptably low sensitivities for most clinical applications. Additionally, as new sequence data becomes available, old assays must be reassessed and redesigned. A standard protocol for both generating and assessing the quality of these assays is therefore of great value. Real-time PCR has the capacity to greatly improve clinical diagnostics. The improved assay design and evaluation methods presented herein will expedite adoption of this technique in the clinical lab.
Statistics of the Distribution of the Abundance of Molecules with Various Drug Loads in Maytansinoid Antibody–Drug Conjugates (2015)

The maytansinoid antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in clinical development for cancer therapy each contain a derivative of the microtubule-targeting agent, maytansine, covalently attached to the antibody via an engineered linker. A sample of any of these conjugates contains molecules with different numbers of maytansinoid molecules, or "drug" loads, the relative abundance of which can be determined by mass spectrometry. We examined the accuracy of the Poisson distribution and the binomial distribution in predicting the relative abundance of species with different drug loads for three antibody-maytansinoid conjugates with different antibodies and linker-maytansinoid pairings. We used variance, calculated from the experimental mass distribution data, as the parameter to determine the optimal value n of the binomial distribution number of trials. The accuracy of the Poisson distribution in predicting distribution of the species abundance in these conjugates varied among the conjugates. In contrast, the accuracy of the binomial distribution was similar for all three conjugates and comparable to the best accuracy of the Poisson distribution, as supported by a paired t-test.
Nitric oxide inhibits mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase activity through peroxynitrite formation (2001)

This study was aimed at assessing the effects of long-term exposure to NO of respiratory activities in mitochondria from different tissues (with different ubiquinol contents), under conditions that either promote or prevent the formation of peroxynitrite. Mitochondria and submitochondrial particles isolated from rat heart, liver and brain were exposed either to a steady-state concentration or to a bolus addition of NO. NO induced the mitochondrial production of superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite, the latter shown by nitration of mitochondrial proteins. Long-term incubation of mitochondrial membranes with NO resulted in a persistent inhibition of NADH:cytochrome c reductase activity, interpreted as inhibition of NADH:ubiquinone reductase (Complex I) activity, whereas succinate:cytochrome c reductase activity, including Complex II and Complex III electron transfer, remained unaffected. This selective effect of NO and derived species was partially prevented by superoxide dismutase and uric acid. In addition, peroxynitrite mimicked the effect of NO, including tyrosine nitration of some Complex I proteins. These results seem to indicate that the inhibition of NADH:ubiquinone reductase (Complex I) activity depends on the NO-induced generation of superoxide radical and peroxynitrite and that Complex I is selectively sensitive to peroxynitrite. Inhibition of Complex I activity by peroxynitrite may have critical implications for energy supply in tissues such as the brain, whose mitochondrial function depends largely on the channelling of reducing equivalents through Complex I.
p53 Null Mutations are Associated with a Telomerase Negative Phenotype in Ovarian Carcinoma (2002)

Telomerase activation and p53 dysfunction are important events in the development and progression of most cancers including ovarian cancer. However, many cancer cell lines and human tumors have been shown to lack telomerase, and maintain telomerase through the ALT (alternative lengthening of telomeres). It is not known whether specific types of p53 mutations are correlated with telomerase activity in human tumors. Invasive ovarian cancers (109) were analyzed for telomerase by ELISA and its subunits human telomerase RNA (hTR), and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) by RT-PCR. p53 protein was analyzed in the same samples using immunohistochemistry, and p53 exons 2-11 were analyzed using SSCP and sequence analysis. Telomerase activity was detected in 80 (74%) of 109 tumors. The subunit hTR was consistently present in all ovarian cancer samples, and hTERT was expressed in 96 (88%) tumors. Thirteen (16%) tumors were negative for hTERT and none of these expressed telomerase. Fifty-seven (52%) tumors stained positive for p53, and there was no correlation with telomerase activity based on p53 staining (p = 0.08). Eighty-two (75%) tumors were found to have a p53 mutation, and 40 (36%) tumors contained a null mutation. Only 14% of the tumors with wild type or missense p53 were negative for telomerase activity. In contrast, 19 (48%) of 40 tumors with a p53 null mutation were negative for telomerase activity (p <0.001). There was no difference in the incidence of telomerase positivity between critical site versus non-critical site missense p53 mutations. Seventy-five percent of the tumors with a p53 mutation in the central region were telomerase positive. In contrast, only 47% of the tumors with a mutation in either the amino- or carboxy-terminus were telomerase positive (p = 0.03). Ovarian cancers with a p53 null mutation are more likely to lack telomerase activity. This may have implications for therapeutic approaches based on telomerase.
Optical imaging provides rapid verification of static small beams, radiosurgery, and VMAT plans with millimeter resolution (2019)

Optical imaging provides ample spatial resolution for imaging small beams. The ability to faithfully image down to 20 MU of 5 mm, 6 MV beamlets prove the ability to perform quality assurance for each control point within dynamic plans. The technique is sensitive to small offset errors in gantry angles and multileaf collimator (MLC) leaf positions, and at certain scenario, it exhibits higher sensitivity than a commercial 2.5D diode array.
Recent progress of animal transplantation studies for treating articular cartilage damage using pluripotent stem cells (2021)

Focal articular cartilage damage can eventually lead to the onset of osteoarthritis with degradation around healthy articular cartilage. Currently, there are no drugs available that effectively repair articular cartilage damage. Several surgical techniques exist and are expected to prevent progression to osteoarthritis, but they do not offer a long-term clinical solution. Recently, regenerative medicine approaches using human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have gained attention as new cell sources for therapeutic products. To translate PSCs to clinical application, appropriate cultures that produce large amounts of chondrocytes and hyaline cartilage are needed. So too are assays for the safety and efficacy of the cellular materials in preclinical studies including animal transplantation models. To confirm safety and efficacy, transplantation into the subcutaneous space and articular cartilage defects have been performed in animal models. All but one study we reviewed that transplanted PSC-derived cellular products into articular cartilage defects found safe and effective recovery. However, for most of those studies, the quality of the PSCs was not verified, and the evaluations were done with small animals over short observation periods. Large animals and longer observation times are preferred. We will discuss the recent progress and future direction of the animal transplantation studies for the treatment of focal articular cartilage damages using PSCs.
Continuous-wave operation of (Al,In)GaN distributed-feedback laser diodes with high-order notched gratings (2018)

We report on the continuous-wave, room-temperature operation of a distributed-feedback laser diode (DFB-LD) with high-order notched gratings. The design, fabrication, and characterization of DFB devices, which are based on the (Al,In)GaN material system, is described. The uncoated devices exhibited single-wavelength emission at 408.6 nm with an optical power of 20 mW at 225 mA. A side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of 35 dB was achieved, with a resolution-limited full-width at half maximum of 6.5 pm.
<title>Method for variable quantization in JPEG for improved perceptual quality</title> (2000)

One of the main limitations of the ubiquitous JPEG standard is the fact that visible artifacts can often appear in the decompressed image at moderate to high compression ratios. This is especially true for parts of the image containing graphics, text, or some other such synthesized component. Artifacts are also common in smooth regions and in image blocks containing a single dominant edge. One approach to deal with this problem is to change the 'coarseness' of quantization as a function of image characteristics in the block being compressed. The latest extension of the JPEG standard, called JPEG Part-3, provides the necessary syntax for supporting this process by means of scale factors that can be used to uniformly vary the quantization step sizes on a block by block basis. However, the standard does not recommend any specific technique or algorithm for determining scale factors. This paper proposes a simple algorithm for computing scale factors for the quantization tables used in the JPEG compression standard. The algorithm classifies each image block according to its activity and type which index into look-up tables that provide the scale factor to be used for the block. The look-up tables are designed experimentally to yield perceptually lossless compression for the target device under consideration.
A Comparison of Engine Coolant in an Accelerated Heavy Duty Engine Cavitation Test (1996)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Propylene glycol (PG) is gaining in popularity as an engine coolant in market areas concerned about the toxicity of ethylene glycol (EG). With the possibility of PG coolants being used in heavy duty diesel engines, the requirement to control cylinder liner cavitation must be maintained. The purpose of this test program was to compare the ability of propylene glycol and ethylene glycol based heavy duty engine coolants to suppress cavitation of wet-cylinder liners in heavy duty diesel engines.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The first task was to develop an engine test that would duplicate liner cavitation in a short time. This was accomplished with a 250 hour accelerated cycle test of a modified Deere six cylinder, 10.1 liter engine. The next step was to establish a baseline with both PG and EG using a modified GM 6038 engine coolant mixed 50 percent by volume with American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard corrosive water. This was followed by tests using coolants with the same formulation containing a full charge of a generic supplemental coolant additive (SCA). Five runs were made in this test program.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This study demonstrated that PG and EG based coolants are essentially equivalent in their ability to suppress cylinder liner cavitation in diesel engines; and, the addition of a suitable heavy duty engine SCA to both types of coolant is equally effective in reducing cavitation sensitivity. This test program also demonstrated a poor correlation between the proposed ASTM Ultrasonic Bench Test and engine tests.&lt;/div&gt;
Colour Difference Formula for Photopic and Mesopic Vision Incorporating Cone and Rod Responses (2022)

The standard colour difference formulas, such as CIEDE2000, operate on colours defined by cone-fundamentals, which ignore the influence of rods on colour perception. In this work, we combine the rod intrusion model by Cao et al. with the popular CIEDE2000 colour difference formula and validate the accuracy of the new formula on three contrast sensitivity datasets. When compared with the standard CIEDE2000 formula, the new colour difference formula improves the perceptual uniformity of the space at low luminance levels.
Starch (2013)

Since the 1980s, pollution due to plastic materials and plastic packaging disposal has grown year by year. Moreover, since the early 2000s, the awareness of nonrenewable resource consumption has led to an increasing interest in finding products coming from renewable resources. Starch-based bioplastics represent a way to reduce the environmental impact of plastic waste. Furthermore, even though oil use for plastic production is very low compared to energy production, starch-based bioplastics can help reduce fossil resource consumption. After years of research and development, starch-based materials have achieved specific in-use performance levels, can replace traditional plastics in different application sectors, and offer original solutions both from technical and environmental point of view. This chapter provides an introduction to starch and its physical chemistry native form before relating its use in polymer technology and the different physical structures it can take after specific processing conditions. A more detailed description of starch destructurization, complexation and Mater-Bi® technology is presented, giving information about peculiar starch-based polymer forms. Scientific and technical considerations related to the use of starch in polymer technology are provided and commercial use of several kind of starch-based bioplastic are disclosed, which should give the reader a useful tool for further in-depth studies.
Large-area low-noise amorphous silicon imaging system (1998)

2D amorphous silicon arrays can be sued for medical imaging, non-destructive testing, and high-speed document scanning. We have built a 200 spi imaging system with an active area containing 2304 X 3200 pixels, the largest amorphous silicon imaging system described to data. Packaged with the array are peripheral electronics which include active matrix drivers, charge sensitive amplifiers, two 12 bit A/D converters, and control logic. Digital data travel via fiber to a frame grabber in a personal computer. Software includes gain/offset corrections, line and pixel corrections, window and level controls, and a user interface. Through a combination of layout optimization, amplifier design, and system timing, we have demonstrated a noise level of 1.5 Ke RMS and a signal to noise ratio of 1900.
Experimental Examination of the Liquid Sheet Disintegration Process Using Combined Photography and Fiber Based Measuring Techniques (2010)

The behavior of liquid sheets in ambient air is examined with a combination of conventional photography methods and a fibre based sensor technique. This combination allows a detailed insight into the sheet flow behavior ahead of the drop formation process, such as sheet velocity, oscillation frequency and amplitude, spray angle and sheet break-up length. The proximate evaluation of the raw image data was performed using contour tracking and image filtering techniques, enabling a fully automated evaluation of whole data sets. The investigation has shown an interrelation between the sheet frequencies and the growth of aerodynamic waves, as well as the spray angles and break-up lengths depending on the operating conditions, liquid properties and nozzle geometry. Within the range examined, the frequency analysis of the sheet oscillation shows dominating oscillation frequencies at all flow conditions. With growing distance to the nozzle orifice, the dominating frequency remains constant. The decrease in sheet thickness due to its spread along divergent streamlines, as well as caused by the growth of wave amplitudes can also be measured indirectly.
Performance analysis of the network management protocol in the CDMA PCS network (2002)

In this paper, we consider standard SNMP (simple network management protocol) and CMIP (common management information protocol) as the management protocol of PCS land mobile network. Also, we present the overall structure of management information taking CDMA PCS characteristics into consideration. Then we present the optimum network management protocol stack for PCS which provides TMN (telecommunications management network) interfaces among all subsystems including wired networks. In addition, we investigate some considerations when SNMP is used as the CDMA PCS network management protocol. Finally we compare the performance of network management in the case when SNMP and CMIP are used as a CDMA PCS network management protocol.
Is There a “Biological Gear” in the Human Middle Ear? (2011)

Objective A mammal’s ability to hear high‐frequency sound is due to unique structures such as 3 distinct middle‐ear (ME) ossicles. In larger mammals such as humans, the ME features a cylindrical malleus cross section, differing eardrum areas on each side of the malleus handle, and a mobile saddle‐shaped malleus‐incus joint (MIJ). Method Based entirely on 3D reconstructions of micro‐CT images, a finite element biocomputation model was constructed, which includes the ear canal, eardrum, ossicles, suspensory soft tissue attachments, and ME joints modeled as mobile and fluid‐filled. Frequency responses of acoustics‐structure interactions were calculated using COMSOL Multiphysics solvers. Results Results indicate that at low frequencies, hinge‐like motion is dominant as expected, and that the orthotropy of the eardrum boosts the ME gain due to increased peak displacement. However, at high frequencies we observe multi‐resonance vibration modes at the eardrum and a bevel‐gear‐like motion at the MIJ, and the orthotropy of the eardrum makes the rotation axis of the malleus more coincident with its long axis. This supports the hypothesis that a “twisting” motion of the malleus and incus is required in larger mammals at high frequencies in order to compensate for larger moments‐of‐inertia of the larger ossicular masses. Conclusion We argue that a new “twisting” gear‐like motion is necessary for efficient high‐frequency sound transmission in larger mammals, due to higher moments of inertia for hinge‐like motion in these species. These features favor the existence of the twisting motion of the malleus‐incus complex in addition to the classical hinge‐like motion.
Renal Cell Carcinoma Invading the Urinary Collecting System: Implications for Staging (2002)

Renal cell carcinoma lesions involving the renal collecting system are characteristically large, high grade and high stage. Clear cell carcinoma most commonly invades, while invasion by papillary tumors is rare. Overall the prognosis for high stage lesions with urothelial involvement is poor and does not appear significantly different from the reported disease specific survival of patients with high stage lesions without urothelial invasion. Localized tumors 4 cm. or less, which are amenable to elective nephron sparing surgery, rarely invade the urothelium. However, when a low stage pT2 or less renal lesion involves the urinary space, survival appears worse than equivalently staged renal cell carcinoma without invasion. Including urothelial invasion into current TNM staging systems for renal cell carcinoma is unlikely to provide significant additional prognostic or therapeutic information.
Effects of gelation on spinodal decomposition kinetics in gelatin (1992)

We have studied the kinetics of spinodal decomposition in a gelatin-water-methanol mixture, which undergoes a sol-gel transition simultaneously with phase separation, using light scattering techniques. The kinetics of the sol-gel transition was investigated using falling-ball microviscometry techniques. We found that the kinetics of phase separation depend very strongly on temperature; and for deep quenches, where the rates of phase separation and gelation are comparable, the phase-separation process does not go to completion. Prior to the onset of gelation the initial growth rate of the structure factor can be described according to the Cahn-Hilliard model, even though the wavevector at maximum scattered intensity decreases as km ∼ t−0.6. For deep quenches after the onset of gelation, km remains unchanged with time, while the peak intensity exhibits a slow growth. The final domain size, k−1final, at which the phase-separating morphology becomes pinned decreases with increasing quench depth. Micrographs of the phase-separated domains reveal a connected structure on length scales of a hundred micrometres superimposed on a finer network structure due to gelation.