gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology (2010)

The prognosis in virtually all solid tumors depends on the presence or absence of lymph node metastases.1-3 Surgical treatment most often combines radical excision of the tumor with a full lymphadenectomy in the drainage area of the tumor. However, removal of lymph nodes is associated with increased morbidity due to infection, wound breakdown and lymphedema.4,5 As an alternative, the sentinel lymph node procedure (SLN) was developed several decades ago to detect the first draining lymph node from the tumor.6 In case of lymphogenic dissemination, the SLN is the first lymph node that is affected (Figure 1). Hence, if the SLN does not contain metastases, downstream lymph nodes will also be free from tumor metastases and need not to be removed. The SLN procedure is part of the treatment for many tumor types, like breast cancer and melanoma, but also for cancer of the vulva and cervix.7 The current standard methodology for SLN-detection is by peritumoral injection of radiocolloid one day prior to surgery, and a colored dye intraoperatively. Disadvantages of the procedure in cervical and vulvar cancer are multiple injections in the genital area, leading to increased psychological distress for the patient, and the use of radioactive colloid. Multispectral fluorescence imaging is an emerging imaging modality that can be applied intraoperatively without the need for injection of radiocolloid. For intraoperative fluorescence imaging, two components are needed: a fluorescent agent and a quantitative optical system for intraoperative imaging. As a fluorophore we have used indocyanine green (ICG). ICG has been used for many decades to assess cardiac function, cerebral perfusion and liver perfusion.8 It is an inert drug with a safe pharmaco-biological profile. When excited at around 750 nm, it emits light in the near-infrared spectrum around 800 nm. A custom-made multispectral fluorescence imaging camera system was used.9. The aim of this video article is to demonstrate the detection of the SLN using intraoperative fluorescence imaging in patients with cervical and vulvar cancer. Fluorescence imaging is used in conjunction with the standard procedure, consisting of radiocolloid and a blue dye. In the future, intraoperative fluorescence imaging might replace the current method and is also easily transferable to other indications like breast cancer and melanoma.
Architecture and protocols for LTE-based device to device communication (2013)

The evolution of cellular wireless communications has involved the introduction of technologies such as multiple antennas, OFDM, higher spectral efficiency through better modulation, denser deployments and carrier aggregation. A different approach to enhancing the cellular network by using direct communication between UEs is presented in this paper. Direct device-to-device (D2D) communication can be used for several purposes including network traffic offloading, public safety, and social applications such as gaming. The architectural and protocol enhancements required to extend the current 3GPP LTE-Advanced system to incorporate D2D communication are described, including the logical functions of a D2D server in the core network, the procedures for devices to discover each other and obtain D2D services, the steps involved in establishing and maintaining a D2D call and procedures for efficient mobility between a traditional cellular mode and a D2D mode of operation.
Ammonia Synthesis: Ruthenium Catalysts Promoted by Lanthanide Oxyhydrides with High Hydride‐Ion Mobility for Low‐Temperature Ammonia Synthesis (Adv. Energy Mater. 4/2021) (2021)

In article number 2003723 Masaaki Kitano, Hideo Hosono and co-workers show that lanthanide oxyhydrides such as LaH3−2xOx and CeH3−2xOx, with a high hydride-ion conductivity effectively promote the activity of a Ru catalyst for low-temperature ammmonia synthesis. The surface or local mobility of hydride ions rather than bulk hydride ion conductivity play a crucial role in the high catalytic performance.
957. Effect of Ligand Binding Affinity and Receptor Density in Relation to Biology of Retargeted Viruses (2006)

The measles virus display platform technology is highly flexible and can accommodate insertions of single-chain antibodies (scFvs) into the viral attachment protein without significant compromise to virus infectivity and cytopathic effects of cell fusion. Using the measles display platform, we investigated the role of ligand affinity and receptor density in the biology of retargeted viruses and sought to evaluate the role of these parameters in modulating efficiency of virus-cell fusion and cell-to-cell fusion. Fully retargeted measles viruses that interact exclusively with the Her-2/neu (Her-2) receptor were used. A panel of 6 viruses displaying scFvs with affinities for Her-2 in the range of 10-6 to 10-11 M was generated. All viruses were rescued and infected cells via the Her-2 receptor with different efficiencies and in a manner that is dependent on receptor density on the target cells. Syncytia were undetectable with the low affinity (10-6 and 10-7 M) scFvs but became apparent above the threshold of 10-8 M. Viruses displaying the high affinity scFvs can overcome the limitation imposed by low receptor density and were significantly more efficient in inducing intercellular fusion in MDA-MB-231 cells that express only 3000 copies of Her-2/cell. While these 6 viruses produced equivalent cell associated virions, release of viral progeny from the infected cells was progressively poorer with increase in scFv affinities, indicating that there is an optimal affinity for target receptors. Potential differences in kinetics of virus entry and cell fusion are currently being evaluated in conjunction with in vivo targeting studies. Results in this work have important implications for the selection of the target tumor antigen and the design of future generations of retargeted measles viruses.
Tail Risk Management for Multi-Asset Multi-Factor Strategies (2019)

Multi-asset multi-factor portfolio allocation is typically centred around a risk-based allocation paradigm, often striving for maintaining equal volatility risk budgets. Given that the common factor ingredients can be highly skewed, we specifically incorporate the notion of tail risk management into the construction of multi-asset multi-factor portfolios. Indeed, we find that the minimum CVaR concentration approach of Boudt, Carl and Peterson (2013) effectively mitigates the dangers of tail risk concentrations. Yet, diversifying across multiple assets and style factors can be in and of itself a good means of tail risk management, irrespective of the risk-based allocation technique employed.
On the Nomenclature and Classification of Compliant Mechanisms: Abstractions of Mechanisms and Mechanism Synthesis Problems (1992)

Abstract A compliant mechanism is one which gains all or part of its mobility from the relative flexibility of its members rather than from rigid-body joints only. Compliant mechanisms offer clear advantages, such as need for fewer parts, less wear, noise and backlash due to clearances, when compared to rigid-body mechanisms performing similar functions. This important field is expected to undergo significant growth as materials with superior properties are developed. In the development of compliant mechanisms, the establishment of nomenclature and classification is of primary importance. This paper discusses common representations, i.e. names and diagrams, for a compliant mechanism. Names and diagrams will be shown to be similar because they represent “abstractions” of the same mechanism. The concept of “levels of abstraction” is introduced, and common levels of abstraction are identified. The relevance of this concept to the naming of mechanisms is shown by applying it to both rigid-body and compliant mechanism examples. Nomenclature is proposed for several of the common levels of abstraction, and issues involved in naming mechanisms are discussed. Finally, a discussion of synthesis types is presented, as are the advantages, disadvantages, and issues involved in the synthesis of a compliant mechanism.
Do Precapillary Sphincters Respond to Vasoactive Substances in an All-or-None Manner? (1971)

Precapillary sphincters are currently thought by most investigators to completely close or open in response to intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. In vivo experiments, using the rat mesentery and a high magnification (up to X6500) image-splitting television microscope recording system, were designed to test this hypothesis. The results clearly, and quantitatively, demonstrate that precapillary sphincters, at least in rat mesentery, do not respond (i.e., constrict or dilate) to vasoactive substances in an all-or-none manner but in a dose-dependent, graded fashion.
Phenol Hydroxylation and Related Oxidations (2008)

Abstract The sections in this article are Introduction Early Industrial Processes for Dihydroxybenzenes Phenol Hydroxylation with H 2 O 2 : Homogeneous Catalysis Phenol Hydroxylation with H 2 O 2 : Heterogeneous Catalysis The E ni C hem Synthesis Process TS ‐1 Catalyst and Reaction Mechanism Phenol Hydroxylation with N 2 O Conclusions
Local and Circulating Microchimerism is Associated with Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (2007)

Our findings (1) demonstrate that patients with HP exhibit increased frequency of fetal microchimerism, (2) confirm the multilineage capacity of microchimeric cells, and (3) suggest that microchimeric cells may increase the severity of the disease.
Effect of Engineered Nanoparticles on Enhancement of Composite Properties Relevant to Oilfield Applications (2020)

Materials with enhanced properties permitting operations under increasingly harsh conditions such as high pressure, high temperature, high salinity, and sour environments are in critical need for the oil industry. The recent progress in composite materials has been facilitated by engineered nanoparticles dispersed or in situ generated in different matrix media. The cases representing examples considered in this paper include elastomers filled with carbon nanotubes, both in as-received and surface-functionalized compositions; metal matrix composites with added diamond nanoparticles; and scintillating glass ceramic nanocomposites. New nanocomposite materials prepared, characterized, and tested demonstrate enhanced mechanical and optical properties, as well as improved thermal and chemical stability, in line with requirements for demanding oilfield applications.
Self-texturing of nitrogenated amorphous carbon thin films for electron field emission (1997)

The electron field-emission process for nitrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H:N) thin films deposited using a magnetically confined hydrocarbon plasma is examined. The morphology of the films obtained using an atomic force microscope is compared to the field-emission properties. Beyond a chemical composition of 14 at. % nitrogen, the mirror smooth a-C:H:N films become self-texturing, and multiple “domelike” cathodes of nanometer scale are observed. The dimensions of these “domelike” cathodes varies with time, and after a 15 min deposition have dimensions of approximately 50 nm base diameter and 20 nm in height. When the electronic field emission of these textured films (N content 15 at. %) are measured, there is an enhancement in the emitted current density of ∼2 orders of magnitude at an electric field of 20 V/μm, in comparison to the untextured films with a nitrogen content of 11 at. %.
Nanostructured Aniline Formaldehyde Resin/Polysilazane Hybrid Materials by Twin Polymerization (2016)

Nanostructured aniline formaldehyde resin/polysilazane hybrid materials are produced by twin polymerization of 2,2′‐spirobi[3,4‐dihydro‐1 H ‐1,3,2‐benzodiazasiline] ( 1 ). An alternative synthetic concept for similar hybrid materials, the apparent twin polymerization, is employed by using the combination of the deficient twin monomer tetrakis(phenylamino)silane ( 2 ) with hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA). Both processes for the synthesis of polysilazane hybrid materials occur under volatilization of byproducts such as ammonia or aromatic nitrogen compounds. The thermal properties of the twin monomer 1 and the combination of 2 /HMTA, respectively, are investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Aniline‐formaldehyde resin/polysilazane hybrid materials are characterized by solid state 13 C‐ and 29 Si‐NMR spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The inorganic network remains hydrolyzable and can be functionalized after polymerization at temperatures below 500 °C due to residuary reactive Si−N bonds. Thermal treatment at 1100 °C leads to the formation of amorphous Si/C/N hybrid materials. image
Efficient Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure -Amino Acids (1998)

A “state of the art” route to enantiomerically pure synthetic α-amino acids on a multigram scale from commonly available starting materials (below) is described; it relies on the combination of palladium-catalyzed amidocarbonylation and enantioselective enzymatic hydrolysis.
Universal NMR Databases for Contiguous Polyols. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stability of Pt10Sn3 Clusters Supported on γ‐Al2O3 in Oxidizing Environment: a DFT Comparison of Alloying and Size Effects (2022)

Abstract The understanding of the structure and properties of γ‐Al 2 O 3 supported platinum‐tin catalysts in oxidizing conditions is of prominent importance for many catalytic reactions. By using density functional theory calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, we identify the adsorption sites of oxygen atoms on a Pt 10 Sn 3 /γ‐Al 2 O 3 (100) cluster model and analyze its reconstruction and electronic charge redistribution. A strengthening of O adsorption is found for the cluster with respect to the Pt 3 Sn(111) surface, due to the key role of Al−Pt interfacial sites at low coverage, the ductility and the metastability of the cluster. Moreover, the ab initio ( , T) thermodynamic phase diagrams show only minor differences between the supported Pt 10 Sn 3 and Pt 13 clusters. Both clusters are much more oxidized than their homologous Pt and Pt 3 Sn(111) surfaces, and their oxygen contents may exceed 1 ML. This suggests a stronger size effect than an alloying effect for the oxidation of the metallic PtSn nanoparticles at small size.
The crossbar latch: Logic value storage, restoration, and inversion in crossbar circuits (2004)

Programmable crossbar circuits are one key architecture proposed for integrated nanoscale electronics. Emphasizing practicality of fabrication, many scenarios advocate crossbar circuits based on two-terminal devices. In this case, however, signal restoration and inversion remain critical weaknesses. Restoration is essential before the degraded output of one logic gate can drive the input of a subsequent logic gate. Inversion is required to generate a complete logic family. Here we describe and demonstrate a solution to both problems, the crossbar latch. This device stores a logic value on a signal wire, enabling logic value restoration, and inversion. In combination with resistor/diode logic gates, these operations in principle enable universal computing for crossbar circuits, and potentially, integrated nanoscale electronics.
Effect of Ga Content on Properties of InGaZnO Thin Film Transistor Processed by Sol-gel Process Technique (2009)

Abstract not Available.
Propagation of an electromagnetic wave in an absorbing anisotropic medium and infrared transmission of liquid crystals: Comparison with experiments (2009)

The theory of the absorbance of a semi-infinite medium characterized by a second-rank dielectric tensor for the entire electromagnetic spectrum, as given by Scaife and Vij [J. Chem. Phys. 122, 174901 (2005)], is extended to include molecules of prolate spheriodal shape with longitudinal and transverse polarizabilities and to cover the case of elliptically polarized incident radiation. The theory is applied to the infrared transmission experiments of biaxial liquid crystals. It is found that the formula for the dependence on frequency and on angle of polarization of the absorbance A(omega,theta)= -log(10)[10(A(omega,0)) cos(2) theta + (10(-A(omega,pi/2)) sin(2) theta)] is unaffected by the anisotropy of the molecules and by the elliptical polarization of the incident radiation. A small (+/-5%) discrepancy between theory and experiment has been found for bands with high absorbances. It is found that this discrepancy does not depend on birefringence of the sample but may depend on the precise method of absorbance measurement and on effects at the surface of the cell containing the liquid crystal under test.
Entwurf und Modellierung geregelter arbeitsteiliger Anwendungssysteme (1993)

Entwurf und Modellierung geregelter arbeitsteiliger Anwendungssysteme sind Massische Aufgabenstellungen der Software-Entwicklung. In diesem Kapitel werden zunächst die wesentlichen Komponenten geregelter arbeitsteiliger Anwendungssysteme eingeführt. Der Entwurf dieser Komponenten wird daran anschließend anhand grundlegender Konstruktionsprinzipien beschrieben. Die Verarbeitungsvorgänge in geregelten arbeitsteiligen Anwendungssystemen können in verschiedenen Modellansätzen idealisiert abgebildet werden. Ein Vergleich dieser Modellansätze führt dazu, daß lediglich die sogenannten Vorgangsmodelle als Ansatz für geregelte arbeitsteilige Anwendungssysteme in Frage kommen. Nach Auswahl der Vorgangsmodelle als Modellansatz werden sie hinsichtlich ihrer Beschreibungselemente und verschiedenen Beschreibungsformen kategorisiert. Aufgrund der enormen Bedeutung der Abläufe in geregelten arbeitsteiligen Anwendungssystemen werden zum Abschluß des Kapitels mögliche formale Repräsentationsformen für die Geregeltheit einer Anwendung aufgezeigt.
Classification of embeddings of abelian extensions of $D_n$ into $E_{n+1}$ (2013)

An abelian extension of the special orthogonal Lie algebra $D_n$ is a nonsemisimple Lie algebra $D_n \inplus V$, where $V$ is a finite-dimensional representation of $D_n$, with the understanding that $[V,V]=0$. We determine all abelian extensions of $D_n$ that may be embedded into the exceptional Lie algebra $E_{n+1}$, $n=5, 6$, and 7. We then classify these embeddings, up to inner automorphism. As an application, we also consider the restrictions of irreducible representations of $E_{n+1}$ to $D_n \inplus V$, and discuss which of these restrictions are or are not indecomposable.
Reduced Activity of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Lyase Induces Podocyte-related Glomerular Proteinuria, Skin Irritation, and Platelet Activation (2015)

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) lyase is considered as a drug target in autoimmune diseases based on the protective effect of reducing activity of the enzyme in animal models of inflammation. Since S1P lyase deficiency in mice causes a severe, lethal phenotype, it was of interest to investigate any pathological alterations associated with only partially reduced activity of S1P lyase as may be encountered upon pharmacological inhibition. Both genetic reduction of S1P lyase activity in mice and inhibition of S1P lyase with a low-molecular-weight compound in rats consistently resulted in podocyte-based kidney toxicity, which is the most severe finding. In addition, skin irritation and platelet activation were observed in both instances. The similarity of the findings in both the genetic model and the pharmacological study supports the value of analyzing inducible partially target-deficient mice for safety assessment. If the findings described in rodents translate to humans, target-related toxicity, particularly podocyte dysfunction, may limit chronic systemic treatment of autoimmune diseases with S1P lyase inhibitors. Furthermore, partial deficiency or inhibition of S1P lyase appears to provide an in vivo rodent model to enable studies on the mechanism of podocyte dysfunction.
Qualification testing of engineering thermoplastics for electrical distribution applications (2003)

Engineering thermoplastic materials are continually being incorporated as a cost competitive alternative for improving the performance characteristics of electrical distribution equipment and their accessories. Proper utilization of any material requires a thorough understanding of not only the inherent properties of the material, but also how it will react under various environments over a prolonged period of time. The material selection process requires that special consideration be given to how the electrical, physical and chemical properties of the material are affected during product operation. Material durability is measured as a function of exposure to elevated temperatures, humidity, outdoor weatherability and chemical resistance as dictated by the application. Numerous polymer types and grades of potential material candidates exist and can include, but are not limited to, the following classes of compounds: polyamides, polyesters, polysulfones, syndiotactic polystyrenes, polyphenylene sulfides and polyimides. Qualification testing should be designed to accelerate the aging characteristics of the material without changing the degradation mechanisms. Various forms of analytical testing are required to assess the degree of degradation, which has occurred to the material, and to allow for a quantitative evaluation of the long-term performance of the material.
“It/I” (1998)

It/I" IS a two-character theater play where the human character I IS taunted and played by an autonomous computer-graphics character It. We beheve that "It/I" IS the first play ever produced mvolvmg a character reactively controlled by a computer. Autonomous characters can bnng a new dlmenslon to the theater experience by enablmg the audience to go up on stage after the performance and interact directly with the characters, re-enacting the story of the play. This paper reports the expenence and examines techmcal developments needed for the successful productlon of "It/I". In particular we descnbe the rntenjual scrrpr paradigm used to program the CGcharacter, the proposed SCD-architecture for story-based interactive systems, and the ACTSCRIF-T language for commumcatlon of actions and goals
DsbD-catalyzed Transport of Electrons across the Membrane ofEscherichia coli (2001)

Dsb proteins catalyze folding and oxidation of polypeptides in the periplasm of Escherichia coli. DsbC reduces wrongly paired disulfides by transferring electrons from its catalytic dithiol motif (98)CGYC. Genetic evidence suggests that recycling of this motif requires at least three proteins, the cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase (TrxB) and thioredoxin (TrxA) as well as the DsbD membrane protein. We demonstrate here that electrons are transferred directly from thioredoxin to DsbD and from DsbD to DsbC. Three cysteine pairs within DsbD undergo reversible disulfide rearrangements. Our results suggest a novel mechanism for electron transport across membranes whereby electrons are transferred sequentially from cysteine pairs arranged in a thioredoxin-like motif (CXXC) to a cognate reactive disulfide.