gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiobjective dynamic programing with application to a reservoir (1979)

The analysis of water resource problems often involves noncommensurable objectives. Where this is the case, no clear‐cut optimum solution exists, but rather a whole set of technologically efficient ‘noninferior’ solutions exists. A water resources decision maker, who reflects society's preferences, chooses the single noninferior solution preferred to all the others. Multiobjective dynamic programing is introduced as an extension of dynamic programing which can provide the decision maker with the entire noninferior set of solutions as well as the explicit trade‐offs between noncommensurable objectives at all objective levels to aid him in the decision‐making process. The technique makes possible the quantitative analysis of multiple‐objective problems which would provide great difficulties for the existing methods. An example of such a problem is presented and solved by multiobjective dynamic programing. The problem involved the generation of the noninferior set and trade‐off curves for the operation of a reservoir considering three objectives.
High-flexibility Configurations of Amplified Star Coupler for Optical Networks (1994)

A novel technique for constructing large star couplers with gain using optical fiber amplifiers is proposed. In contrast to other proposed techniques [7], where m pieces or narrow-band erbium-doped fiber amplifiers with high output saturation power levels, m pieces or different wavelength-dedicated bandpass filters (BPF's) and bandstop filters (BSF's) are needed, this proposed alternative provides more number or supportable users, and requires no more any different wavelength-dedicated BPF's and BSF's again. The problem or difference or received signals due to multiple communication links between different users or the network is alleviated. Furthermore, this technique can provide various flexible configurations for practical optical network applications
Eosinophil count, serum CCL17/18/26 and immunoglobulin E levels in atopic dermatitis: upadacitinib phase 2 study analysis (2020)

To assess upadacitinib (UPA), a selective JAK1 inhibitor, treatment on absolute eosinophil count (AEC), serum Type 2 biomarkers, total and allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Adults with moderate-to-severe AD were randomized to daily placebo (PBO) or UPA 7.5, 15, or 30mg in a 16-wk, phase 2 study. Wk 16 AEC, serum biomarkers, total and allergen-specific IgE (ImmunoCap) levels, changes in Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) and pruritus numeric rating scale (NRS, weekly average of daily patient assessments) were analyzed. Statistical analysis was done using analysis of variance and Spearman correlation. Mean percentage improvements from baseline to wk 16 in EASI (39.4%/61.7%/74.4% vs 23.0%; P<0.05/<0.001/<0.001) and pruritus NRS (39.6%/48.0%/68.9% vs 9.7%; P<0.01/<0.001/<0.001) were significantly greater with UPA 7.5/15/30mg vs PBO. AEC was significantly lower with 30mg UPA vs PBO (P=0.01) at wk 16; significant differences were observed as early as wk 2 in UPA 15mg (P=0.003) and 30mg groups (P<0.0001) vs PBO. Serum levels of the Th2 cytokines, CCL18 and CCL26, and the Th22 cytokine, IL-22, were significantly lower with 15mg and 30mg UPA vs PBO as early as wk 2 (P<0.01); these significant decreases were sustained at wk 16 in UPA 15 and 30mg groups (P<0.01). CCL17 (TARC) showed similar trends (significant at wks 2 and 8 vs baseline) with UPA 30mg dose. There were no clear trends in Th17 cytokine levels (IL-17A, IL-17F, or CCL20). Baseline levels of AEC significantly correlated with baseline EASI (r=0.39, P<0.0001); in addition, percentage change from baseline to wk 16 in AEC correlated with percentage change at wk 16 in EASI (r=0.62, P<0.0001) and pruritus NRS (r=0.66, P<0.0001). Baseline serum levels of Th2 and Th22 cytokines significantly correlated with baseline EASI scores (CCL17/18/26: r=0.44/0.43/0.41, P<0.0001; IL-22: r=0.43, P<0.001). Changes from baseline to wk 16 in Th2 and Th22 cytokines correlated with percentage changes in EASI (CCL18/26: r=0.58/0.57, P<0.0001; IL-22: r=0.48, P<0.0001) and pruritus NRS (CCL18/26: r=0.37/0.43, P<0.01; IL-22: r=0.38, P<0.001). While baseline levels of serum total IgE correlated with baseline EASI (r=0.35, P<0.001), no trends in allergen-specific or total IgE levels as a function of study duration were observed. Eosinophil counts and serum levels of Th2 (CCL18/26) and Th22 (IL-22)-attracting chemokines were significantly reduced with UPA treatment (15/30mg) as early as wk 2, suggesting UPA may have early and robust effects on Th2, Th22, and eosinophil axes. No significant changes in total and specific IgE levels were observed, suggesting that UPA clinical efficacy is independent of IgE levels, and this observation coupled with the lack of clinical efficacy for anti-IgE strategies in patients with AD argues against the primary role of IgE in AD pathogenesis.
Multi-robot exploration and rendezvous on graphs (2012)

We address the problem of arranging a meeting (or rendezvous) between two or more robots in an unknown bounded topological environment, starting at unknown locations, without any communication. The goal is to rendezvous in minimum time such that the robots can share resources for performing any global task. We specifically consider a global exploration task executed by two or more robots. Each robot explores the environment simultaneously, for a specified time, then selects potential rendezvous locations, where it expects to find other robots, and visits them. We propose a ranking criterion for selecting the order in which potential rendezvous locations will be visited. This ranking criterion associates a cost for visiting a rendezvous location and gives an expected reward of finding other agents. We evaluate the time taken to rendezvous by varying a set of conditions including: world size, number of robots, starting location of each robot and the presence of sensor noise. We present simulation results to quantify the effect of the aforementioned factors on the rendezvous time.
Off-Dynamics Reinforcement Learning: Training for Transfer with Domain\n Classifiers (2020)

We propose a simple, practical, and intuitive approach for domain adaptation\nin reinforcement learning. Our approach stems from the idea that the agent's\nexperience in the source domain should look similar to its experience in the\ntarget domain. Building off of a probabilistic view of RL, we formally show\nthat we can achieve this goal by compensating for the difference in dynamics by\nmodifying the reward function. This modified reward function is simple to\nestimate by learning auxiliary classifiers that distinguish source-domain\ntransitions from target-domain transitions. Intuitively, the modified reward\nfunction penalizes the agent for visiting states and taking actions in the\nsource domain which are not possible in the target domain. Said another way,\nthe agent is penalized for transitions that would indicate that the agent is\ninteracting with the source domain, rather than the target domain. Our approach\nis applicable to domains with continuous states and actions and does not\nrequire learning an explicit model of the dynamics. On discrete and continuous\ncontrol tasks, we illustrate the mechanics of our approach and demonstrate its\nscalability to high-dimensional tasks.\n
Enzyme‐Catalyzed Reactions in Ionic Liquids (2010)

Abstract Ionic liquids, also called molten salts, are mixtures of cations and anions that melt below 100°C. Typical ionic liquids are dialkylimidazolium cations with weakly coordinating anions such as [BF 4 ] or [PF 6 ]. Deep eutectic solvents are also included in this review because their properties are similar. Deep eutectic solvents are mixtures of salts such as choline chloride and uncharged hydrogen bond donors such as urea, oxalic acid, or glycerol. The advantage of using ionic liquids is enhanced solubility of substrates or products without inactivation of the enzymes. Ionic liquids as cosolvents with water help to dissolve nonpolar substrates, but do not inactivate enzymes like water‐miscible organic solvents do. The enhanced solubility of substrates usually increases the rate of reaction and often increases the regio‐ or enantio‐selectivity. Ionic liquids can also serve as solvents for nonaqueous reactions. In these cases, they are especially suitable for dissolving polar substrates. Polar organic solvent alternatives inactivate enzymes but ionic liquids do not, even when they have similar polarities. Hydrolases and oxidoreductases are particularly well‐studied in ionic liquids. Besides their solubility properties, ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents may be greener than organic solvents because ionic liquids are nonvolatile and can be made from nontoxic components.
SIMD Parallel Ray Tracing of Homogeneous Polyhedral Grids (2015)

Efficient visualization of unstructured data is vital for domain scientists, yet is often impeded by techniques which rely on intermediate representations that consume time and memory, require resampling data, or inefficient implementations of direct ray tracing methods. Previous work to accelerate rendering of unstructured grids have focused on the use of GPUs that are not available in many large-scale computing systems. In this paper, we present a new technique for directly visualizing unstructured grids using a software ray tracer built as a module for the OSPRay ray tracing framework from Intel. Our method is capable of implicit isosurface rendering and direct volume ray casting homogeneous grids of hexahedra, tetrahedra, and multi-level datasets at interactive frame rates on compute nodes without a GPU using an open-source, production-level ray tracing framework that scales with variable SIMD widths and thread counts.
Emergence of multiple genotypes of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in Hong Kong SAR (2002)

Although A/Hong Kong/156/97 (H5N1/97)-like viruses associated with the "bird flu" incident in Hong Kong SAR have not been detected since the slaughter of poultry in 1997, its putative precursors continue to persist in the region. One of these, Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1 Gs/Gd)-like viruses, reassorted with other avian viruses to generate multiple genotypes of H5N1 viruses that crossed to chickens and other terrestrial poultry from its reservoir in geese. Whereas none of these recent reassortants had acquired the gene constellation of H5N1/97, these events provide insight into how such a virus may have been generated. The recent H5N1 reassortants readily infect and kill chicken and quail after experimental infection, and some were associated with significant mortality of chickens within the poultry retail markets in Hong Kong. Some genotypes are lethal for mice after intra-nasal inoculation and spread to the brain. On this occasion, the early detection of H5N1 viruses in the retail, live poultry markets led to preemptive intervention before the occurrence of human disease, but these newly emerging, highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses provide cause for pandemic concern.
Fast converging and low complexity adaptive filtering using an averaged Kalman filter (1998)

Kalman filtering is applied to obtain a fast converging, low complexity adaptive filter that is of the matrix stepsize normalized least mean square (NLMS) type. By replacing certain variables with averages, the solution of an averaged diagonal Riccati equation allows optimal time varying adaptation gains to be precomputed or computed online with a small number of scalar Riccati equations. The adaptation gains are computed from prior assumptions on impulse response power and shape. This fact results in a systematic procedure for adaptation gain tuning in the time-varying matrix stepsize case. Simulations using music as input, show significant performance improvements as compared with the NLMS algorithm.
The Genetic Inactivation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) Intensifies Fibrosis and Oxidative Stress in the Penile Corpora Cavernosa in Type 1 Diabetes (2010)

The antifibrotic, antioxidative, and SM-protective roles of iNOS in the penile corpora cavernosa were confirmed in the iNOS KO/STZ mouse model. These findings support the importance of endogenously-elicited iNOS induction in protecting the penile corpora cavernosa from the pro-fibrotic effects of hyperglycemia.
A Review of Carbide Fuel Corrosion for Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Applications (1994)

At the operation conditions of interest in nuclear thermal propulsion reactors, carbide materials have been known to exhibit a number of life limiting phenomena. These include the formation of liquid, loss by vaporization, creep and corresponding gas flow restrictions, and local corrosion and fuel structure degradation due to excessive mechanical and/or thermal loading. In addition, the radiation environment in the reactor core can produce a substantial change in its local physical properties, which can produce high thermal stresses and corresponding stress fractures (cracking). Time‐temperature history and cyclic operation of the nuclear reactor can also accelerate some of these processes. The University of New Mexico's Institute for Space Nuclear Power Studies, under NASA sponsorship has recently initiated a study to model the complicated hydrogen corrosion process. In support of this effort, an extensive review of the open literature was performed, and a technical expert workshop was conducted. This paper summarizes the results of this review.
Ein Phasenkontrast‐Mikroskop für Neutronen (2006)

Abstract Phasenkontrast mit sichtbarem Licht ist ein unentbehrliches Hilfsmittel der modernen Mikroskopie. Einem Forscherteam am schweizerischen Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) ist es nun gelungen, ein entsprechendes Abbildungsverfahren auch für Neutronenstrahlen zu entwickeln. So können quantenmechanische Wechselwirkungen von Neutronen mit Materie in Form von zwei‐ und dreidimensionalen Bildern sichtbar gemacht werden.
Vascular Endothelium Expresses 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase and Produces Hydrogen Sulfide (2009)

Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been recognized as a smooth muscle relaxant. Cystathionine gamma-lyase, which is localized to smooth muscle, is thought to be the major H(2)S-producing enzyme in the thoracic aorta. Here we show that 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) and cysteine aminotransferase (CAT) are localized to vascular endothelium in the thoracic aorta and produce H(2)S. Both 3MST and CAT were localized to endothelium. Lysates of vascular endothelial cells produced H(2)S from cysteine and alpha-ketoglutarate. The present study provides a new insight into the production and release of H(2)S as a smooth muscle relaxant from vascular endothelium.
CCAT-prime: design of the Mod-Cam receiver and 280 GHz MKID instrument module (2022)

Mod-Cam is a first light and commissioning instrument for the CCAT-prime project’s six-meter aperture Fred Young Submillimeter Telescope (FYST), currently under construction at 5600 m on Cerro Chajnantor in Chile’s Atacama Desert. Prime-Cam, a first-generation science instrument for FYST, will deliver over ten times greater mapping speed than current and near-term facilities for unprecedented 280–850 GHz broadband and spectroscopic measurements with microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs). CCAT-prime will address a suite of science goals, from Big Bang cosmology to star formation and galaxy evolution over cosmic time. Mod-Cam deployment on FYST with a 280 GHz instrument module containing MKID arrays is planned for early science observations in 2024. Mod-Cam will be used to test instrument modules for Prime-Cam, which can house up to seven instrument modules. We discuss the design and status of the 0.9 m diameter, 1.8 m long Mod-Cam receiver and 40 cm diameter 280 GHz instrument module, with cold stages at 40 K, 4 K, 1 K, and 100 mK. We also describe the instrument module’s cryogenic readout designs to enable the readout of more than 10,000 MKIDs across 18 networks.
Cross-Layer Memory Management to Improve DRAM Energy Efficiency (2018)

Controlling the distribution and usage of memory power is often difficult, because these effects typically depend on activity across multiple layers of the vertical execution stack. To address this challenge, we construct a novel and collaborative framework that employs object placement, cross-layer communication, and page-level management to effectively distribute application objects in the DRAM hardware to achieve desired power/performance goals. This work describes the design and implementation of our framework, which is the first to integrate automatic object profiling and analysis at the application layer with fine-grained management of memory hardware resources in the operating system. We demonstrate the utility of this framework by employing it to control memory power consumption more effectively. First, we design a custom memory-intensive workload to show the potential of this approach to reduce DRAM energy consumption. Next, we develop sampling and profiling-based analyses and modify the code generator in the HotSpot VM to understand object usage patterns and automatically control the placement of hot and cold objects in a partitioned VM heap. This information is communicated to the operating system, which uses it to map the logical application pages to the appropriate DRAM modules according to user-defined provisioning goals. The evaluation shows that our Java VM-based framework achieves our goal of significant DRAM energy savings across a variety of workloads, without any source code modifications or recompilations.
Supplementary Figure S10 from A Clinical PET Imaging Tracer ([<sup>18</sup>F]DASA-23) to Monitor Pyruvate Kinase M2–Induced Glycolytic Reprogramming in Glioblastoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Imaging of IC-4&lt;/p&gt;
Enhancing the Fast Charging Capability of High-Energy-Density Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Pack Design Perspective (2020)

In recent years, Lithium-ION (LI-ION) battery packs have been the dominant energy storage system (ESS) in electrified transportation applications such as material handling, robotics, and electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft. These applications prefer a high-energy-density and lightweight ESS owing to size and weight limitations. However, they are often equipped with an oversized battery pack to mitigate the long downtime due to the low charging rates (1C) of high-energydensity Li-ion batteries. Fast charging is a potential solution to create a "filling a tank" experience that has recently drawn tremendous interest from researchers and the industry.
Anti-slip re-adhesion control of electric motor coach based on force control using disturbance observer (2002)

In electric motor coaches, when the adhesion force coefficient between rail and driving wheel decreases suddenly, the electric motor coach has slip phenomena. In order to overcome this problem, the authors have already proposed the anti-slip control system based on ordinary disturbance observer. However, on condition of large variation of adhesion force coefficient, it is sometimes difficult for this control method to carry out the desired anti-slip re-adhesion control. For the purpose of realizing the desired anti-slip re-adhesion control, this paper proposes a new force control method using a new disturbance observer and a new torque command function. The numerical simulation results shows that the proposed control method accelerates the driving wheel torque of electric motor coach stably and robustly on condition of large variation of adhesion force coefficient.
Co-delivery of gemcitabine and simvastatin through PLGA polymeric nanoparticles for the treatment of pancreatic cancer: in-vitro characterization, cellular uptake, and pharmacokinetic studies (2019)

Despite the ongoing extensive research, cancer therapeutics still remains an area with unmet needs which is hampered by shortfall in the development of newer medicines. The present study discusses a nano-based combinational approach for treating solid tumor. Dual-loaded nanoparticles encapsulating gemcitabine HCl (GM) and simvastatin (SV) were fabricated by double emulsion solvent evaporation method and optimized. Optimized nanoparticles showed a particle size of 258 ± 2.4 nm, polydispersity index of 0.32 ± 0.052, and zeta potential of -12.5 mV. The size and the morphology of the particles wee further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy, respectively of the particles. The entrapment efficiency of GM and SV in the nanoparticles was 38.5 ± 4.5% and 72.2 ± 5.6%, respectively. The in vitro release profile was studied for 60 h and showed Higuchi release pattern. The cell toxicity was done using MTT assay and lower IC<sub>50</sub> was obtained with the nanoparticles as compared to the pure drug. The bioavailability of GM and SV in PLGA nanoparticles was enhanced by 1.4-fold and 1.3-fold respectively, compared to drug solution. The results revealed that co-delivery of GM and SV could be used for its oral delivery for the effective treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Myogenic potential of mouse primordial germ cells (2003)

Primordial germ cells are the only stem cells that retain true developmental totipotency after gastrulation, express markers typical of totipotent/pluripotent status and are able both in vivo and in vitro to give rise to pluripotent stem cells as EC and EG cells. We have therefore explored the possibility of the trans-differentiation of mouse PGCs to a myogenic lineage by transplanting them directly or after in vitro culture into a regenerating muscle and by culturing them on monolayers of differentianting muscle cells. The results obtained suggest that mouse PGCs may trans-differentiate into myogenic cells, provided that their somatic environment is preserved. This occurs at an estimated frequency of 0.01%, which is no higher than that reported for stem cells of adult tissues.
The 2015 super-resolution microscopy roadmap (2015)

Far-field optical microscopy using focused light is an important tool in a number of scientific disciplines including chemical, (bio)physical and biomedical research, particularly with respect to the study of living cells and organisms. Unfortunately, the applicability of the optical microscope is limited, since the diffraction of light imposes limitations on the spatial resolution of the image. Consequently the details of, for example, cellular protein distributions, can be visualized only to a certain extent. Fortunately, recent years have witnessed the development of 'super-resolution' far-field optical microscopy (nanoscopy) techniques such as stimulated emission depletion (STED), ground state depletion (GSD), reversible saturated optical (fluorescence) transitions (RESOLFT), photoactivation localization microscopy (PALM), stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), structured illumination microscopy (SIM) or saturated structured illumination microscopy (SSIM), all in one way or another addressing the problem of the limited spatial resolution of far-field optical microscopy. While SIM achieves a two-fold improvement in spatial resolution compared to conventional optical microscopy, STED, RESOLFT, PALM/STORM, or SSIM have all gone beyond, pushing the limits of optical image resolution to the nanometer scale. Consequently, all super-resolution techniques open new avenues of biomedical research. Because the field is so young, the potential capabilities of different super-resolution microscopy approaches have yet to be fully explored, and uncertainties remain when considering the best choice of methodology. Thus, even for experts, the road to the future is sometimes shrouded in mist. The super-resolution optical microscopy roadmap of Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics addresses this need for clarity. It provides guidance to the outstanding questions through a collection of short review articles from experts in the field, giving a thorough discussion on the concepts underlying super-resolution optical microscopy, the potential of different approaches, the importance of label optimization (such as reversible photoswitchable proteins) and applications in which these methods will have a significant impact.