gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: THE IMPORTANCE OF VINYLSILANE STEREOCHEMISTRY AND .SIGMA±PI. STABILIZATION IN IMINIUM ION‐VINYLSILANE CYCLIZATIONS. A SHORT TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF THE AMARYLLIDACEAE ALKALOID (.+‐.)‐EPIELWESINE (1985)

Abstract Die Cyclisierung des Vinylsilans (I) mit Trifluoressigsäure in Acetonitril liefert das Cyclisierungsprodukt (II), das zu (III) reduziert wird.
When bad things happen to good chips (panel session) (2000)

Design of reliable chips with high yield is an extremely challenging task in UDSM technologies. Time to market pressures, which often limit the necessary verification before tape-out, typically are manifested as ramp-to-production problems on “good” designs either in the manufacturing process or in the field. Burn-in process, a reactive measure to ship reliable chips, is not effective for high volume designs. Another cause for concern is hidden failures that go undetected due to incompleteness of test vectors.
Determining block detector positions for PET scanners (2009)

We present an algorithm for accurate localization of block detectors in a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner. Accurate reconstruction of PET images requires precise knowledge of the physical position and orientation of the detectors. However, in some systems, block detector positioning and orientation can have relatively large tolerances, leading to implicit errors in the coincidence line-of-response (LOR) positioning. To compensate we utilize a rotating point source phantom where the rotational angle of the phantom is used to precisely determine the location of each scintillator crystal within a detector block. The aggregate block positions are then applied to the system model to determine the true location of each LOR. Images reconstructed with the more accurate LOR positioning demonstrate improved image fidelity.
Learning Visual Object Categories for Robot Affordance Prediction (2009)

A fundamental requirement of any autonomous robot system is the ability to predict the affordances of its environment. The set of affordances define the actions that are available to the agent given the robot’s context. A standard approach to affordance learning is direct perception, which learns direct mappings from sensor measurements to affordance labels. For example, a robot designed for cross-country navigation could map stereo depth information and image features directly into predictions about the traversability of terrain regions. While this approach can succeed for a small number of affordances, it does not scale well as the number of affordances increases. In this paper, we show that visual object categories can be used as an intermediate representation that makes the affordance learning problem scalable. We develop a probabilistic graphical model which we call the Category—Affordance (CA) model, which describes the relationships between object categories, affordances, and appearance. This model casts visual object categorization as an intermediate inference step in affordance prediction. We describe several novel affordance learning and training strategies that are supported by our new model. Experimental results with indoor mobile robots evaluate these different strategies and demonstrate the advantages of the CA model in affordance learning, especially when learning from limited size data sets.
On an equivalence of the reduction of k-unicast to 2-unicast capacity and the edge removal property (2015)

In recent work, Kamath et al. show that network code design for any k-unicast network reduces to network code design for a related 2-unicast network. The proof assumes that codes achieve their desired rates precisely (rather than approaching them asymptotically) and that error probability equals zero. We study two questions posed in but left unanswered by the Kamath et al. paper. The first asks whether the reduction for 0-error code design can be extended to show an equivalence in 0-error network capacity, which includes rates approached asymptotically. The second asks whether the reduction can be generalized to show an equivalence in Shannon capacity, which requires that error probability approach (but not necessarily hit) zero. While we do not solve these questions, we show that finding the k-unicast capacity reduces to finding the 2-unicast capacity under this reduction if and only if the so called “edge removal statement” is true for all networks. This equivalence holds under both 0-error and asymptotic notions of reliability.
Dual‐band millimeter‐wave/infrared focal‐plane arrays (2005)

Abstract In this paper, a novel arrangement for dual‐band millimeter‐wave and infrared focal plane array based on slot‐antenna‐coupled metal‐oxide‐metal diodes is demonstrated. The receiving properties for millimeter‐wave and infrared antenna‐coupled detector pixels are presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 46: 78–80, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20906
Group 1 ILCs regulate T cell–mediated liver immunopathology by controlling local IL-2 availability (2022)

Group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which comprise both natural killer (NK) cells and ILC1s, are important innate effectors that can also positively and negatively influence adaptive immune responses. The latter function is generally ascribed to the ability of NK cells to recognize and kill activated T cells. Here, we used multiphoton intravital microscopy in mouse models of hepatitis B to study the intrahepatic behavior of group 1 ILCs and their cross-talk with hepatitis B virus (HBV)–specific CD8 + T cells. We found that hepatocellular antigen recognition by effector CD8 + T cells triggered a prominent increase in the number of hepatic NK cells and ILC1s. Group 1 ILCs colocalized and engaged in prolonged interactions with effector CD8 + T cells undergoing hepatocellular antigen recognition; however, they did not induce T cell apoptosis. Rather, group 1 ILCs constrained CD8 + T cell proliferation by controlling local interleukin-2 (IL-2) availability. Accordingly, group 1 ILC depletion, or genetic removal of their IL-2 receptor a chain, considerably increased the number of intrahepatic HBV-specific effector CD8 + T cells and the attendant immunopathology. Together, these results reveal a role for group 1 ILCs in controlling T cell–mediated liver immunopathology by limiting local IL-2 concentration and have implications for the treatment of chronic HBV infection.
Effect of Antimicrobial Denture Base Resin on Multi-Species Biofilm Formation (2016)

Our aims of the research were to study the antimicrobial effect of dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) modified denture base resin on multi-species biofilms and the biocompatibility of this modified dental material. Candida albicans (C. albicans), Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis), as well as Actinomyces naeslundii (A. naeslundii) were used for biofilm formation on denture base resin. Colony forming unit (CFU) counts, microbial viability staining, and 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) array were used to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of DMADDM. C. albicans staining and Real-time PCR were used to analyze the morphology and expression of virulence genes of C. albicans in biofilm. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) array and Real-time PCR were conducted to examine the results after biofilm co-cultured with epithelial cell. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining followed by histological evaluation were used to study the biocompatibility of this modified material. We found that DMADDM containing groups reduced both biomass and metabolic activity of the biofilm significantly. DMADDM can also inhibit the virulence of C. albicans by means of inhibiting the hyphal development and downregulation of two virulence related genes. DMADDM significantly reduced the cell damage caused by multi-species biofilm according to the LDH activity and reduced the expression of IL-18 gene of the cells simultaneously. The in vivo histological evaluation proved that the addition of DMADDM less than 6.6% in denture material did not increase the inflammatory response (p > 0.05). Therefore, we proposed that the novel denture base resin containing DMADDM may be considered as a new promising therapeutic system against problems caused by microbes on denture base such as denture stomatitis.
Micro‐/Nanorobots in Antimicrobial Applications: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities (2021)

The evolution of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria remains one of the most urgent threats to public health worldwide. Even worse, the bacterial cells commonly form biofilms through aggregation and adhesion, preventing antibiotic penetration and resisting environmental stress. Moreover, biofilms tend to grow in some hard-to-reach regions, bringing difficulty for antibiotic delivery at the infected site. The drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria and intractable biofilm give rise to chronic and recurrent infections, exacerbating the challenge in combating bacterial infections. Micro/nanorobots (MNRs) are capable of active cargo delivery, targeted treatment with high precision, and motion-assisted mechanical force, which enable transport and enhance penetration of antibacterial agents into the targeted site, thus showing great promise in emerging as an attractive alternative to conventional antibacterial therapies. This review summarizes the recent advances in micro-/nanorobots for antibacterial applications, with emphasis on those novel strategies for drug-resistance bacterium and stubborn biofilm infections. Insights on the future development of MNRs with good functionality and biosafety offer promising approaches to address infections in the clinic setting.
Semi-quantitative and simulation analyses of effects of γ rays on determination of calibration factors of PET scanners with point-like22Na sources (2011)

The uncertainty of radioactivity concentrations measured with positron emission tomography (PET) scanners ultimately depends on the uncertainty of the calibration factors. A new practical calibration scheme using point-like (22)Na radioactive sources has been developed. The purpose of this study is to theoretically investigate the effects of the associated 1.275 MeV γ rays on the calibration factors. The physical processes affecting the coincidence data were categorized in order to derive approximate semi-quantitative formulae. Assuming the design parameters of some typical commercial PET scanners, the effects of the γ rays as relative deviations in the calibration factors were evaluated by semi-quantitative formulae and a Monte Carlo simulation. The relative deviations in the calibration factors were less than 4%, depending on the details of the PET scanners. The event losses due to rejecting multiple coincidence events of scattered γ rays had the strongest effect. The results from the semi-quantitative formulae and the Monte Carlo simulation were consistent and were useful in understanding the underlying mechanisms. The deviations are considered small enough to correct on the basis of precise Monte Carlo simulation. This study thus offers an important theoretical basis for the validity of the calibration method using point-like (22)Na radioactive sources.
Error correcting codes for robust transmission of scalable video bit-stream over fading channels (2002)

The transmission of low bit rate video signals over wireless channels is considered. Fading channels introduces burst errors which cannot be corrected using conventional error correcting techniques. Turbo codes have been proved to be capable of giving better performance for bursty channels. Turbo codes are presented for use with a scalable video coder. Error correcting codes improve the transmission performance at the cost of the data rate. The channel capacity is taken into consideration and the coder is regulated to operate either in the basic mode or in the enhancement mode. A rate 1/2 turbo encoder with an interleaver length of 10000 bits and a recursive MAP decoder has been considered. Simulation results indicate that low bit error rates (BER<10/sup -4/) can be obtained in transmitting low bit rate video sequences over a wireless channel using turbo codes.
Macrovoids in Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Hollow Fiber Membranes (2009)

Large, characteristically tear- or finger-shaped voids found in polymer hollow fiber membranes, termed macrovoids, have been known since the early development of asymmetric membranes. These voids are undesirable as they decrease the mechanical integrity of the hollow fiber membrane, limiting the use of high pressure feeds for separations. Moreover, if such macrovoids penetrate the selective layer they become and even more serious problem for membrane performance. With current membrane technology moving toward a mixed-matrix hybrid format with inorganic and carbon molecular sieves embedded in a polymer matrix, additional complications caused by the presence of particulates within the spinning dope toward the formation of macrovoids must be considered. While numerous hypotheses have been suggested regarding the formation of macrovoids formed in polymer-only membranes, no mention so far has been made of such macrovoids initiated in hollow fiber membranes by particles present in the spinning dope. This paper provides evidence for the presence of such macrovoids for such a spinning dope and presents a hypothesis for their formation. This hypothesis is presented in terms of a similar basic mechanism for macrovoid formation in mixed-matrix membranes that benefits from an understanding of macrovoid formation in conventional polymer-only asymmetric membranes. Moreover, decreasing the sieve particle size tends to suppress macrovoid formation tendency, which is consistent with the proposed mechanism.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION OF THE OPTICALLY ACTIVE FORMS OF 2‐(BIS(2‐CHLOROETHYL)AMINO)‐4‐METHYLTETRAHYDRO‐2H‐1,3,2‐OXAZAPHOSPHORINE 2‐OXIDE (4‐METHYLCYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE) (1977)

Abstract Crotonester (I) addiert das optisch aktive Amin (II) zu stereoisomeren Amino‐estern (III), die nach Reduktion zum Carbinol (IVa) zu (IVb) gespalten werden.
Orbital magnetic moments of Co in multilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (1994)

The out-of-plane orbital magnetic moment of Co in Co/X multilayers (X=Pd, Pt, and Ni) with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy has been investigated using x-ray magnetic-circular-dichroism spectroscopy. The orbital d moment per Co atom, ${\mathit{m}}_{\mathrm{orb}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$, is considerably enhanced by (0.15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02)${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$ and (0.07\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02)${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$ in Co/Pd and Co/Pt multilayers, respectively, compared with a single thick Co film. No respective enhancement is found in the case of Co/Ni. This enhancement does not scale with the spin-orbit coupling parameter ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{SO}}$ of Ni-3d, Pd-4d, and Pt-5d bands despite strong d-d mixing which leads to the presence of ferromagnetic moments of Pd and Pt atoms. However, a roughly linear scaling relation of the out-of-plane orbital moment ${\mathit{m}}_{\mathrm{orb}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$ with the intrinsic uniaxial anisotropy constant ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{u},1}^{\mathrm{Co}}$ per Co volume is observed. This experimental finding is interpreted in conjunction with recent ab initio and tight-binding band-structure calculations as evidence for a preferential enhancement of the out-of-plane orbital moment of Co in Co/Pd and Co/Pt multilayers.
Computational Modeling of Thermal and Electrical Fields of a High Power Density Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (2006)

The electrical performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) has been traditionally characterized using isothermal cell tests and button cell tests. However, the evaluation of performance, operation, and structural integrity of cells in a typical SOFC stack are not only less amenable to confirmation through testing but are also significantly expensive than computational simulations. Computational models are invaluable in extending the measured isothermal cell test characteristics to predict both electrical performance and mechanical behavior of SOFCs in a stack under different operating conditions. The present investigation is part of an ongoing program of numerical developments and investigations to model the cell thermal and electrical characteristics in a stack environment. The ultimate objective is the development of an optimized cell geometry based on performance, structural integrity, and manufacturability. The flattened tubular high power density (HPD) cell, featuring five air channels fed by air feed tubes, was investigated. A CFD model of the HPD cell was developed using the commercial CFD software Fluent 6.2. A Fluent based SOFC model was used to simulate the electrochemical effects. The cathode, the anode, and the interconnection layers of the cell were resolved in the model and all modes of heat transfer, conduction, convection, and radiation were included. The results of the CFD model at isothermal conditions are presented and compared with experimentally measured isothermal cell V-J’s at 1000°C, 900°C, and 800°C. The model results agree well with the experimental data for cell temperatures of 1000°C and 900°C, after some tuning of exchange current density and tortuosity values. The agreement with the 800°C data however is not as good. The CFD model was then configured and analyzed with operating conditions typically encountered with a stack design that is currently under development. The resulting thermal, electrical, and flow fields are presented herein and discussed. It was found that the Fluent based SOFC model is a robust and effective tool for analyzing the complex and highly interactive three-dimensional electrical, thermal, and fluid flow fields, generally associated with the HPD cells. The computational time with the Fluent based model is however large in comparison with lumped-parameter approaches, mainly due to slow radiation convergence. Nevertheless, the comprehensive current density and thermal fields generated with the Fluent based model are necessary to enable a better prediction of thermal stresses within the cell, thereby permitting a more robust cell and module design.
Feedback processes between magmatic events and flank movement at Mount Etna (Italy) during the 2002–2003 eruption (2005)

The 2002–2003 Mount Etna eruption and the associated deformation provide a unique possibility to study the relationships between volcanism and volcano instability. The sequence started with movement of the eastern volcano flank and was associated with earthquakes and the formation of surface ruptures. Then the eruption occurred from fissures at the north and south rift zones and was followed by additional flank movement, seismic swarms, and surface ruptures. The overall area of flank movement implicated more than 700 km 2 . In this paper we investigate how episodes of magmatic events (eruptions and intrusions) and flank movement interact. In three‐dimensional numerical models we simulate the volcano‐tectonic events and calculate changes in the static stress field. The models suggest that the 2002–2003 events are the result of interrelated processes consisting of (1) the preeruptive intrusion of magma and inflation of the volcano, which induced (2) the movement of the volcano east flank, (3) facilitated the eruption, and (4) led to the slip of a much larger part of the eastern and southeastern flanks. Understanding the precise interconnectivity of these processes may help to forecast the behavior during future volcanic crisis at Mount Etna, which is crucial in minimizing volcanic and seismic hazards on the highly populated eastern sector of the volcano.
A Higher-Order Method for Dynamic Optimization of Controllable LTI Systems (2011)

This work describes a new procedure for dynamic optimization of controllable Linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. Unlike the traditional approach, which results in 2n first order differential equations, the method proposed here yields a set of m differential equations, whose highest order is twice the controllability index of the system p. This paper generalizes the approach presented in a previous work [1] to any controllable LTI system.
Evaluation of severity of cardiac ischemia using In Silico ECG computed from 2D reaction diffusion model (2020)

This study focuses on the analysis of the bioelectrical activity of the left ventricle using a 2D Bueno-Orovio-Fenton-Cherry monodomain reaction diffusion model. ECGs signals are simulated for normal and ischemic conditions of varying severity. Changes in ischemia are examined in a single precordial lead as the size of the ischemic area increases in various locations. Analyzing this single lead ECG, we determine the ratio between ST deviation and T-wave amplitude and establish a threshold sufficient for monitoring acute ischemic event. This method may be potentially implemented to predict sudden cardiac death.
SCREENING FOR STREPTOMYCES SOIL ROT RESISTANCE IN SWEETPOTATO (1993)

Streptomyces soil rot or pox, caused by the actinomycete Streptomyces ipomoea, is a destructive root disease of sweetpotato. Evaluation for resistance to S. ipomoea in naturally infested fields, requires much space and results may vary from year to year. In this study a greenhouse method for evaluating the response of sweetpotato clones to infection with S. ipomoea was developed. The greenhouse method used fibrous roots, developed on terminal vine cuttings. Experiments showed no time by clone interaction, indicating that this method gave consistent results when repeated. A study to determine corrrelation between field resistance of clones and resistance as found by the greenhouse method was done. Thirty-nine clones were screened for resistance using the greenhouse method and were also planted in a field naturally infested with S. ipomoea. Severity of disease on fibrous roots (greenhouse method) and on storage roots (field method) was evaluated visually using a scale of 0 to 5 (0: no symptoms. 5: severe symptoms). Although correlations between data from the greenhouse and field methods were low lo moderate (r=0.17 to 0.49). extremely susceptible or resistant clones were identified as such by both methods. These results suggest that it is possible to select clones with high resistance to S. ipomoea using the greenhouse method, which provides a better controlled environment, and requires less space than field evaluations.
TFCX-S toroidal field coil design using a superfluid helium-cooled winding (1983)

This paper discusses the design and performance of the toroidal field (TF) coils for one of the possible options for the Tokamak Fusion Core Experiment (TFCX). TFCX is a proposed long-pulse, ignited next-step tokamak to follow the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR). In the TFCX option considered here, designated TFCX-S, there are 16 superconducting TF coils which produce 4.3 T at a plasma major radius of 3.75 m. Each of the TF coils is rated at 5.06 MAT, and operates at a peak field of 9.8 T at the winding. Several winding/cooling approaches have been considered for the TFCX-S TF coils. A NbTi winding, cooled by superfluid helium (He/sub II/) at 1.8 K, is discussed here. The conductor is similar to that being developed by GA Technologies as part of the Department of Energy (DOE) 12 T conductor development program. Use of either sub-cooled atmospheric pressure He/sub II/ or saturated sub-atmospheric pressure He/sub II/ has been considered; both cooling schemes appear feasible.
Submicron CCD memory structures fabricated by electron-beam lithography (1984)

We present experimental data of the first Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) fabricated in a single-level polysilicon process with sub micron gates separated by submicron gaps. Both electron-beam and optical lithography is used. Further it will be shown that using this technology and fully exploiting the basic simplicity of the CCD-concept, memory structures can be made with extremely high bit densities with 2 to 5 µm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> cells.