gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theoretical and Experimental Approach to Accurately Predict the Complex Molecular Weight Distribution in the Polymerization of Strainless Cyclic Esters (2014)

Polyesters obtained by the catalytic ring-opening polymerization of macrolactones in many aspects resemble the properties of polyethylene. However, the molecular weight distribution is intrinsically different and equals the molecular weight distribution observed for a step-growth process even though macrolactone ring-opening polymerization follows a chain-growth mechanism. The concurrent occurrence of transesterification reactions leading to the formation of cyclic polymers is responsible for the deviation from the molecular weight distribution characteristic for chain-growth polymerization. To explain and extent on the theoretical principles forming the basis of this peculiar molecular weight distribution, in this work the cyclization process during the polymerization of the 17-membered macrolactone ambrettolide has been analyzed. Liquid chromatography under critical conditions has been applied to semiquantitatively analyze the fractions of cyclic and linear products. In addition, low molecular weight size exclusion chromatography has been used to independently quantify the fractions of the smallest cyclics. Using the combination of these techniques it has been shown that cyclics are present during the whole polymerization process. Furthermore, the thermodynamics of the polymerization reaction were determined. The negligible ΔH⊖p = 0.9 ± 1.9 kJ·mol–1 and a positive ΔS⊖p = 38.5 ± 6.5 J·mol–1·K–1 clearly demonstrate the absence of significant ring strain and proofs that the polymerization is driven by entropy. Individual equilibrium concentrations of the cyclics, from monomer to pentamer, were determined and these values were used in combination with the Jacobson and Stockmayer theory to calculate the effective molarity of the cyclic monomer, B = 0.087 M. This value subsequently yields a critical monomer concentration of 0.155 M, for which it was also experimentally determined that polymerizations having a monomer concentration below this value only yield cyclic polymers. Finally, B was used in combination with the monomer and initiator concentration to successfully predict the molecular weight distribution, which shows that real Mn’s are far lower and dispersities far higher than predicted from often-applied theories.
Modeling down-conversion and down-shifting for photovoltaic applications (2012)

The efficiency improvements achieved by adding idealized, top-mounted, down-conversion (DC) and luminescent down-shifting (LDS) layers to a commercial grade silicon solar cell are studied. A comparison is then made to silicon nanocrystals (Si-NC) LDS layer coupled to a silicon solar cell, where the optical properties of the Si-NC are based on measured data. Since the modeled DC and LDS layers are electrically isolated from the solar cell, the devices are studied by modifying the incident AM1.5G spectrum according to the bandgap, absorption and emission profiles, and global efficiency of the DC and LDS layers. Simulation results indicate that a minimum DC/LDS efficiency of 1% is required to enhance the solar cell efficiency, and that this threshold rises to 38% for a Si-NC based LDS layer. Additionally, the incorporation of an optimal, perfectly efficient DC layer (200%) is shown to enhance the photovoltaic efficiency from 14.1% to 16.6% as opposed to 16.3% for a perfect LDS layer (100%).
Characteristics analysis of polarization module on optical proximity effect (2007)

In hyper NA system, specific illumination combined with polarization can be used as one of major RET techniques. Polarization at high NA dry system is also regarded as important technology to bring improvement of very low k1 process. The benefits of polarization on repeated structure are very well known. However we also need to understand the effect on random pattern in peripheral region to adopt polarization technology successfully into real devices. Memory device such as DRAM and NAND Flash has repeated cell structure and also loose pattern in peripheral region. In this study two kinds of polarization function will be applied to real memory devices and the polarization behavior on various patterns in peripheral circuit will be analyzed through actual printing process using 6% attenuated PSM at ArF high NA dry system. The printed result will be compared on random patterns through in-line metrology tool and process guideline including OPC treatment will be discussed based on this study, especially with regard to ID bias.
Syntheses and differentiating action of vitamin D endoperoxides. Singlet oxygen adducts of vitamin D derivatives in human myeloid leukemia cells (HL-60) (1985)

Singlet oxygen adducts of various vitamin D derivatives, 6,19-dihydro-6,19-epidioxyvitamin D (vitamin D endoperoxides, 2 and 2'), were chemically synthesized, and their biological activity in inducing differentiation of a human myeloid leukemia cell line (HL-60 cells) was examined. The potency of the endoperoxides derived from vitamin D derivatives possessing the 1 alpha-hydroxyl group such as 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 endoperoxides (2b and 2b') was markedly (10(-2)) diminished relative to the respective parent vitamin D compounds. In contrast, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 endoperoxides [25-(OH)D3 endoperoxides, 2a and 2a'] and their analogues fluorinated at the 24- or 26- and 27-positions were 2.5-10 times more potent than 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1a) in spite of the absence of the conjugated triene structure typical of vitamin D compounds. The potency of these vitamin D endoperoxides (2 and 2'), especially those lacking the 1 alpha-hydroxyl group, in inducing differentiation of HL-60 cells was not correlated with their activity in binding to the cytosol receptor for 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1b). The binding efficiency to the receptor was relatively lower than the differentiating activity. To examine the action of vitamin D endoperoxides, carbon analogues of 25-(OH)D3 endoperoxides, two C-6 epimers of 25-hydroxy-6,19-dihydro-6,19-ethanovitamin D3 (6 and 6'), were synthesized. The carbon analogues (6 and 6') had no potential to induce differentiation of HL-60 cells. These results suggest that vitamin D endoperoxides (2 and 2') express their biological activity probably after being converted to some other compounds.
Preparation, Characterization and Performance of CVR Coatings for PBR Fuels (1994)

As a part of the US Space Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Program, a process to deposit refractory carbide coatings using a fluidized bed chemical vapor reaction (CVR) process has been developed. Several types of coating have been applied to the graphite substrate which served as a surrogate fuel kernel. The coatings include NbC in various thicknesses and a bilayer coating consisting of NbC and TaC with an intermediate layer of pyrolytic graphite(PG). They were applied to a surrogate fuel kernel consisting of a PG‐coated, graphite particle. The particles were characterized prior to test for coating thickness, grain size, stoichiometry (NbC only), free carbon and surface area.The initial screening tests for these coatings consisted of heating in flowing hot hydrogen at one atmosphere. The carbon loss from these particles was measured as a function of time. Exposure temperatures ranging from 2500 to 3000 K were used and samples were exposed for up to 14 minutes in a cyclical fashion, cooling to room temperature between exposures. Microscopic examination of the coatings after exposure was conducted. The rate of weight loss from these particles can be characterized as a simple Arrhenius process. These rates are compared to that from other tests of coated materials under similar conditions.
Interpars - an anatomical examination of the lumbar pars interarticulares with significance for spinal decompression. (2014)

The amount of bone in the PI available for surgical removal becomes smaller moving from L5 to L1. There is a larger "margin-for-error" at L4 and L5 when decompressing the spinal canal from one side to the other than there is in the upper lumbar spine. At L1 and L2, de- compressing the entire width of the spinal canal leaves only a millimeter of remaining pars on either side. Care should be taken to use "undercutting techniques" in upper lumbar decompressions to preserve the PI.
Isolation of Rotaviruses from Calves with Acute Enteritis and Their Cultivation in Vitro (1993)

Five bovine rotavh-us strains were isolated in monolayers of idA-I04 cell culture from faeces of 3-to ll-day-old calves suffering from gastroenteritis. Cytophatic effect, accompanied by the release of cells from the glass surface of cultivation flasks was ()bs~ed,from the 5th to the 6th passage. After the stabilization of the cytopathic effect, the highest virus concentration was observed in cell cultures that had been, frozen 18-36 hrs after inoculation. Electron microscopy revealed particles with typical rotavirus morphology. Antigenic relationship of the isolates with the reference strain Lincolil was' confirmed by ELIS:A. The isolates were classified as members of the serological group A by ELISA and immunofluorescence assay. The identity of the rotavirus isolates was also confirmed by electrophoresis in agarose gel. The assay confirmed that their genome consists of segmented viral RNA, which produced in the electric field migration patterns, electrophorogrammes, typical of rotaviruses. In 4 isolates the migration speed of the segments in the electric field was identical with that ()f the reference strain. A different electropherotype was identified in the remaining isolate.
MALDI and LDI Imaging of Forensic Samples by Using A Spiral-Trajectory Ion Optics Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (2015)

Recently, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging techniques have been developed for biological sciences to evaluate and understand the distribution of various chemicals on biological surfaces. In particular, this technique provides useful visual information about the locations of specific chemicals on surfaces.
Potential impact of thermal effects during ultrasonic neurostimulation: retrospective numerical estimation of temperature elevation in seven rodent setups (2017)

In the past decade, a handful but growing number of groups have reported worldwide successful low intensity focused ultrasound induced neurostimulation trials on rodents. Its effects range from movement elicitations to reduction of anesthesia time or reduction of the duration of drug induced seizures. The mechanisms underlying ultrasonic neuromodulation are still not fully understood. Given the low intensities used in most of the studies, a mechanical effect is more likely to be responsible for the neuromodulation effect, but a clear description of the thermal and mechanical effects is necessary to optimize clinical applications. Based on five studies settings, we calculated the temperature rise and thermal doses in order to evaluate its implication in the neuromodulation phenomenon. Our retrospective analysis shows thermal rise ranging from 0.002 °C to 0.8 °C in the brain for all setups, except for one setup for which the temperature increase is estimated to be as high as 7 °C. We estimate that in the latter case, temperature rise cannot be neglected as a possible cause of neuromodulation. Simulations results were supported by temperature measurements on a mouse with two different sets of parameters. Although the calculated temperature is compatible with the absence of visible thermal lesions on the skin, it is high enough to impact brain circuits. Our study highlights the usefulness of performing thermal simulations prior to experiment in order to fully take into account not only the impact of the peak intensity but also pulse duration and pulse repetition.
Complete Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to Methane by H2 under Solar Light Irradiation (2014)

Nickel supported on silica-alumina is an efficient and reusable photocatalyst for the reduction of CO2 to methane by H2, reaching selectivity above 95% at CO2 conversion over 90%. Although NiO behaves similarly, it undergoes a gradual deactivation upon reuse. About 26% of the photocatalytic activity of Ni/silica-alumina under solar light derives from the visible light photoresponse.
Bilateral optic nerve abnormalities associated with a 4-10 chromosomal translocation (1985)

A neonate with ocular abnormalities and a chromosomal aberration is described. The patient demonstrates a typical choroidal coloboma involving the iris ciliary body and choroid of the right eye, bilateral optic pits-coloboma and a karyotype with a 4-10 chromosomal translocation. Although a random occurrence of the ocular phenomena and the chromosomal aberration cannot be ruled out, it is appealing to speculate about the possible association of the ocular colobomata and the chromosomal translocation harbored by this patient.
An expert system to evaluate geologic risk for onshore domestic petroleum exploration (1988)

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1988An expert system to evaluate geologic risk for onshore domestic petroleum explorationAuthors: Margaret A. LessengerMargaret A. LessengerColorado School of Mineshttps://doi.org/10.1190/1.1892523 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1892523FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1988ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645Copyright: 1988 Pages: 1359 publication data© 1988 Copyright © 1988 Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished: 10 Feb 2005 CITATION INFORMATION Margaret A. Lessenger, (1988), "An expert system to evaluate geologic risk for onshore domestic petroleum exploration," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 1315-1317. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1892523 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...
Dextran-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: A Versatile Platform for Targeted Molecular Imaging, Molecular Diagnostics, and Therapy (2011)

Advances in our understanding of the genetic basis of disease susceptibility coupled with prominent successes for molecular targeted therapies have resulted in an emerging strategy of personalized medicine. This approach envisions risk stratification and therapeutic selection based on an individual's genetic makeup and physiologic state (the latter assessed through cellular or molecular phenotypes). Molecularly targeted nanoparticles can play a key role in this vision through noninvasive assessments of molecular processes and specific cell populations in vivo, sensitive molecular diagnostics, and targeted delivery of therapeutics. A superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle with a cross-linked dextran coating, or CLIO, is a powerful and illustrative nanoparticle platform for these applications. These structures and their derivatives support diagnostic imaging by magnetic resonance (MRI), optical, and positron emission tomography (PET) modalities and constitute a versatile platform for conjugation to targeting ligands. A variety of conjugation methods exist to couple the dextran surface to different functional groups; in addition, a robust bioorthogonal [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between 1,2,4,5-tetrazene (Tz) and trans-cyclooctene (TCO) can conjugate nanoparticles to targeting ligands or label pretargeted cells. The ready availability of conjugation methods has given rise to the synthesis of libraries of small molecule modified nanoparticles, which can then be screened for nanoparticles with specificity for a specific cell type. Since most nanoparticles display their targeting ligands in a multivalent manner, a detailed understanding of the kinetics and affinity of a nanoparticle's interaction with its target (as determined by surface plasmon resonance) can yield functionally important insights into nanoparticle design. In this Account, we review applications of the CLIO platform in several areas relevant to the mission of personalized medicine. We demonstrate rapid and highly sensitive molecular profiling of cancer markers ex vivo, as part of detailed, individualized molecular phenotyping. The CLIO platform also facilitates targeted magnetic resonance and combined modality imaging (such as MR/PET/fluorescence/CT) to enable multiplexed measurement of molecular phenotypes in vivo for early diagnosis and disease classification. Finally, the targeted delivery of a photodynamic therapy agent as part of a theranostic nanoparticle successfully increased local cell toxicity and minimized systemic side effects.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in the Generation and Use of Nitrogen‐Centered Radicals (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Layer-separated distribution of nitrogen doped graphene by wrapping on carbon nitride tetrapods for enhanced oxygen reduction reactions in acidic medium (2014)

Layer-separated 3D nitrogen doped graphene (NG) with an accessible interstitial surface and modulated activity characteristics for oxygen reduction in acidic medium could be prepared by wrapping NG sheets on in situ generated carbon nitride (CNx) tetrapods.
Abstract 20013: The Alpha-Arrestin Arrdc3 Regulates Obesity in Mice and Humans (2010)

Obesity, a major contributor to cardiovascular disease, has a significant genetic component, yet few genes are known to contribute to the risk of obesity. A genome-wide linkage scan for high body mass index (BMI) in 3893 males and 4445 females identified a linkage peak on chromosome 5q13-15. Positional cloning revealed an association of a rare haplotype to high BMI in males (P=0.000006) but not females, with an odds ratio of 3.8. The risk locus contains a single gene named “arrestin domain containing 3” (ARRDC3), an uncharacterized alpha-arrestin. Alpha-arrestins are related to the visual and beta-arrestins that regulate receptor signaling, but little is known about alpha-arrestin function. We investigated ARRDC3 expression by Northern analysis and detected prominent expression in non-neural tissues, especially adipose and muscle. Analysis of gene expression in human omental fat biopsies showed significant correlation of ARRDC3 mRNA with BMI in males but not females, supporting the male-specific linkage t...
Clinical efficacy and safety of angiogenesis inhibitors: sex differences and current challenges (2021)

Vasoactive molecules, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelins, share cytokine-like activities and regulate endothelial cell (EC) growth, migration, and inflammation. Some endothelial mediators and their receptors are targets for currently approved angiogenesis inhibitors, drugs that are either monoclonal antibodies raised towards VEGF, or inhibitors of vascular receptor protein kinases and signalling pathways. Pharmacological interference with the protective functions of ECs results in a similar spectrum of adverse effects. Clinically, the most common side effects of VEGF signalling pathway inhibition include an increase in arterial pressure, left ventricular dysfunction facilitating the development of heart failure, thromboembolic events including pulmonary embolism and stroke, and myocardial infarction. Sex steroids, such as androgens, progestins, and oestrogens and their receptors (ERα, ERβ, GPER; PR-A, PR-B; AR) have been identified as important modifiers of angiogenesis, and sex differences have been reported for anti-angiogenic drugs. This review article discusses the current challenges clinicians are facing with regard to angiogenesis inhibitor therapy, including the need to consider sex differences affecting clinical efficacy and safety. We also propose areas for future research taking into account the role of sex hormone receptors and sex chromosomes. Development of new sex-specific drugs with improved target- and cell-type selectivity likely will open the way to personalized medicine in men and women requiring anti-angiogenic therapy to reduce adverse effects and to improve therapeutic efficacy.
A practical and stereoselective synthesis of (+/−)‐trans‐4‐benzyloctahydropyrrolo[3,4‐b][1,4]oxazine (2010)

Abstract magnified image trans ‐Octahydropyrrolo[3,4‐ b ][1,4]oxazine is an important heterocycle within the pharmaceutical industry for the preparation of biologically active analogs, including the phase III drug, finafloxacin. A practical synthesis of the title compound ( 2 ) is described in eight steps and ca. 10% overall yield. The key synthetic step is the formation of the pyrrolo[3,4‐ b ][1,4]oxazine core 20 via a one pot double N ‐alkylation of the corresponding bis‐tosylate 18 with 4‐nitrobenzenesulfonamide. Subsequent removal of the nosyl group occurred under mild conditions. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
In-depth quantification by using multispectral time-resolved diffuse optical tomography (2015)

Near-infrared diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is a medical imaging which gives the distribution of the optical properties of biological tissues. To obtain endogenous chromophore features in the depth of a scattering medium, a multiwavelength/time-resolved (MW/TR) DOT setup was used. Reconstructions of the three-dimensional maps of chromophore concentrations of probed media were obtained by using a data processing technique which manages Mellin-Laplace Transforms of their MW/TR optical signals and those of a known reference medium. The point was to put a constraint on the medium absorption coefficient by using a material basis composed of a given set of chromophores of known absorption spectra. Experimental measurements were conducted by injecting the light of a picosecond near- infrared laser in the medium of interest and by collecting, for several wavelengths and multiple positions, the backscattered light via two fibers (with a source-detector separation of 15 mm) connected to fast-gated single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) and coupled to a time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) system. Validations of the method were performed in simulation in the same configuration as the experiments for different combination of chromophores. Evaluation of the technique in real conditions was investigated on liquid phantoms composed of an homogenous background and a 10 mm depth inclusion formed of combination of intralipid and inks scanned at 30 positions and at three wavelengths. Both numerical and preliminary phantom experiments confirm the potential of this method to determine chromophore concentrations in the depth of biological tissues.
Improving Operating Room Efficiency: Machine Learning Approach to Predict Case-Time Duration (2019)

Our study is a notable advancement toward statistical modeling of case-time duration across all surgical departments in a large tertiary medical center. Machine learning approaches can improve case duration estimations, enabling improved operating room scheduling, efficiency, and reduced costs.