gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preclinical pharmacological profiles and clinical efficacy of the novel antipsychotic drug brexpiprazole (REXULTI<sup>®</sup> Tablets 1 mg, 2 mg) (2019)

Brexpiprazole (Rexulti<sup>®</sup>) is the second antipsychotic agent in the world with dopamine D2 receptor partial agonist which was developed by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. It is categorized as 〝Serotonin- dopamine Activity Modulator (SDAM)〟 that regulates both serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems by acting as a partial agonist for serotonin 5-HT1A receptors and D2 receptors and as an antagonist for 5-HT2A receptors. In preclinical pharmacological studies, brexpiprazole showed the equivalent antipsychotic-like effects to those of other atypical antipsychotics. And it was suggested that brexpiprazole has the low potentials to induce extrapyramidal symptoms, hyperprolactinemia and tardive dyskinesia, with improvement effects on cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, brexpiprazole has the weak effects on histamine H1 receptors which are associated with sedation and weight gain in clinical. In the clinical trials in patients with schizophrenia in both acute and maintenance phase, brexpiprazole showed improvement of antipsychotic effects against placebo, and low incidence of adverse events, e.g., extrapyramidal symptoms, hyperprolactinemia, and weight gain, as suggested in preclinical studies. Furthermore, brexpiprazole showed low incidence of metabolic abnormalities. In particular, brexpiprazole showed relatively low incidences of akathisia, insomnia and agitation which has been commonly reported with aripiprazole. This would be based on the pharmacological features of brexpiprazole that is more potent antagonism at 5-HT2A receptors and D2 receptors partial agonism with lower intrinsic activity compared to those of aripiprazole. In conclusion, brexpiprazole could be one of the antipsychotics with the most rational mechanism of action, and the better efficacy and safety/tolerability profiles would contribute to the treatment of patients with schizophrenia.
The Public Interest of Private Benefits: How Tax Free Energy Benefits Can Change How We Think About Efficiency (2014)

Despite decades of work to support comprehensive home energy efficiency improvements, these programs have not been able to achieve results at scale, and are reaching only a small subset of the population, The key barriers are effective engagement and individual financial resources (including accessible, low-interest financing) to support these investments. Employer-supported, tax-advantaged energy savings accounts could be a solution to this problem. Tax-advantaged employer benefits and savings accounts have grown considerably in the past twenty years, and they represent an opportunity to enable individuals to save for and invest in efficiency and renewable energy improvements to their homes. For example, in 1981, only 4.6 million U.S. employees were enrolled in a 401(k) plan. Today, the count is approaching 70 million, with sixty percent of large employers automatically enrolling employees in a dedicated savings plan. Such accounts have also been used for health and child care expenses. Employers can also provide tax-free transportation benefits to their employees. There are factors driving this trend – including recognition of rising costs and the desire to enable individuals to make these important investments. These reasons hold true for energy efficiency and renewable energy investments, as overall energy costs are projected to rise and we see the environmental imperative of encouraging investment in these areas. Additionally, such investments support local job growth and increased discretionary income by decreasing monthly expenditures on energy. This paper will investigate the origins of tax-advantaged savings accounts, and propose how a tax-free energy savings account could be designed and integrated into traditional benefits packages, informed by experience with creating and implementing energy benefits programs in multiple states. Background Origins of Employee Benefits Looking back over the last century, there were a number of motivations behind employers introducing new benefits in the workplace. The examples cited below reveal a multitude of driving factors—from a desire to recruit and retain the best talent to the recognized societal benefits of supporting the long-term health and financial well-being of individuals.  In the early 1940s, when war-induced wage freezes pushed industries to find new means of attracting employees, only five million people in the U.S. had health insurance. By 1960, that number was 140 million. Today, nine out of ten large employers offer a major medical policy to employees (Buchmueller and Monheit 2009).  Employer-sponsored retirement savings accounts (Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) and 401(k)s), have grown significantly since their introduction in the early 1980s.
Pathways of trunk neural crest cell migration in the mouse embryo as revealed by vital dye labelling (1990)

Analysis of neural crest cell migration in the mouse has been difficult due to the lack of reliable cell markers. Recently, we found that injection of DiI into the chick neural tube marks premigratory neural crest cells whose endfeet are in contact with the lumen of the neural tube (Serbedzija et al. Development 106, 809-819 (1989)). In the present study, this technique was applied to study neural crest cell migratory pathways in the trunk of the mouse embryo. Embryos were removed from the mother between the 8th and the 10th days of development and DiI was injected into the lumen of the neural tube. The embryos were then cultured for 12 to 24 h, and analyzed at the level of the forelimb. We observed two predominant pathways of neural crest cell migration: (1) a ventral pathway through the rostral portion of the somite and (2) a dorsolateral pathway between the dermamyotome and the epidermis. Neural crest cells were observed along the dorsolateral pathway throughout the period of migration. The distribution of labelled cells along the ventral pathway suggested that there were two overlapping phases of migration. An early ventrolateral phase began before E9 and ended by E9.5; this pathway consisted of a stream of cells within the rostral sclerotome, adjacent to the dermamyotome, that extended ventrally to the region of the sympathetic ganglia and the dorsal aorta.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Co-purification and analysis of global gene expression and allele-specific copy number from a single microdissected FFPE sample in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. (2008)

4964 Background: Unlike numerous other tumor types, little is known about the expression and copy number patterns of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) primary tumors. This is due in large part to the difficulty obtaining tissue from this retroperitoneal organ, and the poor quality of nucleic acids obtained. Severe desmoplasia leads to stromal contamination and the extreme autodigestive properties often leads to degraded nucleic acids. Nevertheless, robust and accurate molecular measurements are essential in generating predictive and prognostic biomarkers in this disease.  Methods: We selected FFPE blocks from 20 Whipple resections performed for PDA at UCSF. Microdissection was performed. Genomic DNA and total RNA were isolated using proprietary technology at Response Genetics. After amplification cRNA was hybridized to Affymetric Hu133Plus2 chips. Co-extracted genomic DNA (~70ng) was subjected to genome wide allele-specific copy number analysis using molecular inversion probe (MIP) technology. We assessed the quality of MIP data by the median proportion of overlapping clones in neighboring segments. We compared this to similar datasets from 1) cancer cell lines and 2) non-microdissected frozen primary tumors. We also analyzed the correlation between gene copy number and expression to identify dosage effects in co-extracted tissues.  Results: Expression and copy number data were successfully obtained in 20 and 19 samples respectively. The quality assessment of the MIPs showed that only 15% of all MIPs overlap with neighboring clones, whereas we observed 22% overlap for non microdissected tumors. A strong influence of copy number on mRNA expression was also observed.  Conclusion: Primary tumor samples are a valuable, limited resource. We show here that genomic DNA and mRNA can be successfully and consistently co-isolated from a single microdissected FFPE sample in PDA and analyzed for global expression and allele specific copy number. Gene expression reflects copy number as in samples extracted separately. FFPE MIP data compared favorably to non-microdissected, frozen tumor samples. This work maximizes data from rare samples and has implications for the personalization of treatment, prognosis studies and adjuvant clinical trial tissue analysis. Future work will focus on needle-based biopsy procedures.
Stochastic resource allocation for orthogonal access based on quantized CSI: Optimality, convergence and delay analysis (2009)

Dynamic allocation of power, rate and channel access is a critical task in wireless networks. Capitalizing on convex optimization and stochastic approximation tools, this paper develops a stochastic resource allocation algorithm that minimizes average transmit power under individual average rate constraints. Focus is placed on networks where users transmit orthogonally over a set of parallel channels and transmissions are adapted based on quantized channel state information (CSI) allowing even channel statistics to be unknown. Convergence of the developed stochastic scheme is characterized and the average queue delays are obtained in closed form.
The origins of SARS-CoV-2: A critical review (2021)

Since the first reports of a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronavirus in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, there has been intense interest in understanding how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in the human population. Recent debate has coalesced around two competing ideas: a "laboratory escape" scenario and zoonotic emergence. Here, we critically review the current scientific evidence that may help clarify the origin of SARS-CoV-2.
Characterization of 18:1 and 18:2 isomers produced during microbial biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids from canola and soya bean oil in the rumen of lactating cows (2002)

Ruminal production of biohydrogenation intermediates in response to unsaturated oils was assessed using 24 Jersey cows fed a control diet or the control diet supplemented at 35 g/kg dry matter (DM) with canola, soya bean, or a mixture of equal amounts of canola plus soya bean oil for 4-weeks. Total fatty acid content averaged 63 or 35 g/kg DM for oil-supplemented diets or control. Oleic acid accounted for 6, 29, 21 or 12 g/kg DM in the control, canola, mixture, or soya bean oil diet, respectively. Linoleic acid averaged 17, 19, 26, or 33 g/kg DM and linolenic acid 5, 5, 6 or 8 g/kg DM for control, canola, mixture, or soya bean oil. Concentrations of cis12-, trans11-, trans13+14, and trans15-18:1 were 0.81, 2.99, 2.24, and 0.73 mg/g rumen fluid, respectively, in response to soya bean oil and were 126, 90, 45, and 38% greater compared with other diets. Trans11cis15-, cis9trans11- and cis9 cis11-18:2 also were greater when soya bean oil (0.30, 0.34 and 0.01 mg/g, respectively) was fed compared with other treatments (0.12, 0.21 and 0.004 mg/g, respectively). Feeding canola oil resulted in greater concentrations of trans4-, trans5-, trans6+7+8-, trans9- and trans10-18:1 (0.20, 0.25, 0.87, 0.39 and 0.70 mg/g, respectively) compared with other diets (0.09, 0.15, 0.36, 0.20 and 0.46 mg/g, respectively). Trans10cis12-18:2 concentration did not differ as a result of diet and averaged 0.002 mg/g rumen contents. The pattern of 18:1 and 18:2 isomers formed during ruminal biohydrogenation depends greatly on dietary profile of unsaturated fatty acids.
Experimental study on compensation of element pattern in array sensor (2004)

A measurement technique by using equally spaced dipole sensors is presented to estimate undesired electromagnetic source location emitted from electronic equipment in a short time. A compensation method for array element pattern is also proposed. Experimental values of the difference of the amplitude and phase between the received voltage of each array element and that of a single sensor placed at the same position of each array element of array sensor are obtained for the cases of 3-element and 5-element array sensors with the array spacing of 0.5 wavelength and 1 wavelength. It is also shown that the received voltage after compensation using experimental data agrees with the received voltage by scanning a single sensor within 0.4 dB in amplitude and 2.4 degrees in phase.
Are Semi-Quantitative Clinical Cultures Inadequate? Comparison to Quantitative Analysis of 1053 Bacterial Isolates from 350 Wounds (2021)

Early awareness and management of bacterial burden and biofilm is essential to wound healing. Semi-quantitative analysis of swab or biopsy samples is a relatively simple method for measuring wound microbial load. The accuracy of semi-quantitative culture analysis was compared to 'gold standard' quantitative culture analysis using 428 tissue biopsies from 350 chronic wounds. Semi-quantitative results, obtained by serial dilution of biopsy homogenates streaked onto culture plates divided into 4 quadrants representing occasional, light, moderate, and heavy growth, were compared to total bacterial load quantified as colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g). Light growth, typically considered an insignificant finding, averaged a clinically significant 2.5 × 10<sup>5</sup> CFU/g (SE = 6.3 × 10<sup>4</sup> CFU/g). Occasional growth (range: 10<sup>2</sup>-10<sup>6</sup> CFU/g) and light growth (10<sup>3</sup>-10<sup>7</sup> CFU/g) corresponded to quantitative values that spanned a 5-log range; moderate and heavy growth corresponded to a range of 4-log and 6-log, respectively, with a high degree of overlap in range of CFU/g per category. Since tissue biopsy and quantitative culture cannot be widely practiced and semi-quantitative analysis is unreliable, other clinically relevant approaches are required to determine wound bioburden and guide best management practices. Fluorescence imaging is a point-of-care technology that offers great potential in this field.
Corneal guttata associated with the corneal dystrophy resulting from a beta ig-h3 R124H mutation (2000)

Corneal guttata are one of the characteristics of the corneal dystrophy resulting from betaig-h3 R124H mutation.
Integrated chalcogenide waveguide resonators for mid-IR sensing: Leveraging material properties to meet fabrication challenges (2011)

Efforts to reduce loss and tailor optical characteristics of planar chalcogenide devices are presented. Post-fabrication trimming based on the intrinsic photosensitivity of the chalcogenide glass are exploited to compensate for fabrication imperfections of ring resonators.
Metal Artifact Reduction in Flat-Detector CT Acquisitions of Stent-Assisted Coiled Intracranial Aneurysms (2013)

Poster: ECR 2013 / C-1951 / Metal Artifact Reduction in Flat-Detector CT Acquisitions of Stent-Assisted Coiled Intracranial Aneurysms by: P. van de Haar, D. Ruijters, J. Timmer; Best/NL
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization of aerosols: The ionization mechanism (1993)

Ultraviolet laser ionization of aerosols has provided a new way to study the mechanism of matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI). An ultraviolet absorbing matrix molecule is dissolved in solution with an analyte biomolecule. Aerosols are sprayed into vacuum using a pneumatic nebulizer and pass through a heated drying tube to remove the solvent. A frequency tripled Nd:YAG laser focused into the source region of a time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer is used to ablate the aerosol surface and form intact biomolecule ions. Mass separation is achieved in a 1.1 m flight tube. The work presented in this paper focuses on the MALDI ionization of bovine insulin using 4‐nitroaniline as the matrix. The behavior of aerosol MALDI was investigated under various experimental conditions and the results are used to elucidate the ionization mechanism.
Modeling of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain Test Cell Using Bond Graphs (2005)

A bond graph model of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) powertrain test cell is proposed. The test cell consists of a motor/generator coupled to a HEV powertrain and powered by a bidirectional power converter. Programmable loading conditions, including positive and negative resistive and inertial loads of any magnitude are modeled, avoiding the use of mechanical inertial loads involved in conventional test cells. The dynamics and control equations of the test cell are derived directly from the bond graph models. The modeling and simulation results of the dynamics of the test cell are validated through experiments carried out on a scaled-down system.
ARAC - The Montreal Jewish General Hospital Alzheimer Risk Assessment Clinic (2011)

It is hoped that ARAC and similar initiatives will help prevent or delay dementia by innovating effective interventions based on increasingly nuanced estimation of modifiable AD risk in presymptomatic persons.
High field conduction in mineral oil based ZnO nanofluids prior to negative streamer inception (2021)

Abstract The electric conduction under intense electric fields (up to ∼ 10 9 V/m) in nanofluids using surface-modified ZnO–C 18 nanoparticles dispersed in mineral oil as host, is investigated with both experiments and numerical simulations. The measurements are used to estimate unknown parameters necessary to represent the generation and loss of electrons in an electrohydrodynamic model for mineral oil with and without ZnO–C 18 nanoparticles in a needle-plane configuration. The model suggests that ZnO–C 18 nanoparticles induce an enhanced field emission from negative needles, explaining the significantly larger conduction currents measured in the nanofluid compared with those in the host liquid. It is also found that the scavenging of electrons by ZnO–C 18 nanoparticles is a process which is negligible compared with the loss of electrons due to attachment in mineral oil. It is shown that ZnO–C 18 nanoparticles hinder the streamer initiation process by reducing the effective electric field at the tip of the needle. This electric field reduction is caused by the combined effect of enhanced electron injection through ZnO–C 18 nanoparticles and strong electron attachment in mineral oil. Thus, the electric field on the needle tip reaches the same threshold value when the streamer is incepted in the nanofluid as in mineral oil, although at a larger voltage. Solid evidence indicating that the additional electron scavenging and the reduced electron mobility introduced by nanoparticles has no effect in the conduction currents and in the negative streamer inception in the tested ZnO–C 18 nanofluids is shown.
Radical⋯radical chalcogen bonds: CSD analysis and DFT calculations (2020)

This manuscript reports a combination of crystallographic analysis (Cambridge Structural Database) and theoretical DFT calculations in chalcogen bonding interactions involving radicals in both the Ch bond (ChB) donor and acceptor. As a radical ChB acceptor (nucleophile) we have used benzodithiazolyl radical (BDTA) and as Ch bond donors (electrophile) we have used dithiadiazolyl and diselenadiazolyl radicals of the general formula p-X-C6F4-CNChChN (Ch = S, and Se). We have evaluated how the para substituent (X) affects the interaction energy, spin density and charge/spin transfer from the electron rich BDTA radical to the electron poor dichalcogenadiazolyl ring. The ability of the latter rings to form ChBs in the solid state has been examined by a comprehensive search in the CSD; several cases are used to exemplify the preferred geometric features of the complexes and they are compared with the theory. The molecular surface electrostatic potentials calculated for these ChB donors allow for a very precise rationalization of the self-assembly motifs most frequently adopted in the crystalline state and of their relative robustness.
Sparsity and Sentence Structure in Encoder-Decoder Attention of Summarization Systems (2021)

Transformer models have achieved state-of-the-art results in a wide range of NLP tasks including summarization. Training and inference using large transformer models can be computationally expensive. Previous work has focused on one important bottleneck, the quadratic self-attention mechanism in the encoder. Modified encoder architectures such as LED or LoBART use local attention patterns to address this problem for summarization. In contrast, this work focuses on the transformer's encoder-decoder attention mechanism. The cost of this attention becomes more significant in inference or training approaches that require model-generated histories. First, we examine the complexity of the encoder-decoder attention. We demonstrate empirically that there is a sparse sentence structure in document summarization that can be exploited by constraining the attention mechanism to a subset of input sentences, whilst maintaining system performance. Second, we propose a modified architecture that selects the subset of sentences to constrain the encoder-decoder attention. Experiments are carried out on abstractive summarization tasks, including CNN/DailyMail, XSum, Spotify Podcast, and arXiv.
Arsenic deactivation enhanced diffusion and the reverse short-channel effect (1997)

The effect of enhanced diffusion caused by the electrical deactivation of arsenic on the reverse short-channel effect (RSCE) in NMOS devices is investigated. A simple four-mask process was utilized to fabricate deep sub-micron NMOS devices. Source/drain (S/D) implant and anneal conditions were varied in order to determine their implications on the RSCE. Results indicate that when high concentrations of arsenic deactivate, enhanced diffusion occurs, leading to significantly more RSCE. This implies that the dose of the arsenic implant and the subsequent anneals should be carefully considered in source/drain engineering.
A Fully Integrated Energy-Efficient H.265/HEVC Decoder With eDRAM for Wearable Devices (2017)

Data movement to and from off-chip memory dominates energy consumption in most video decoders, with DRAM accesses consuming 2.8x-6x more energy than the processing itself. We present a H.265/HEVC video decoder with embedded DRAM (eDRAM) as main memory. We propose the following techniques to optimize data movement and reduce the power consumption of eDRAM: 1) lossless compression is used to store reference frames in 2x fewer eDRAM banks, reducing refresh power by 33%; 2) eDRAM banks are powered up on-demand to further reduce refresh power by 33%; 3) syntax elements are distributed to four decoder cores in a partially compressed form to reduce decoupling buffer power by 4x. These approaches reduce eDRAM power by 2x in a fully-integrated H.265/HEVC decoder with the lowest reported system power. The decoder chip requires no external components and consumes 24.9-30.6mW for 1920×1080 video at 24-50 fps.
Sacroiliac joint pain: burden of disease (2014)

Patients with SIJ pain presenting for minimally invasive surgical care have marked impairment in quality of life that is worse than in many chronic health conditions, and this is similar to other orthopedic conditions that are commonly treated surgically. SIJ utility values are in the lowest two deciles when compared to control populations.
Chimie des matériaux hybrides (2012)

Cours : chimie des matériaux hybrides Depuis plus d’une vingtaine d’années, les méthodes d’élaboration de nanomatériaux inorganiques ou hybrides reposant sur la « chimie douce » suscitent un très fort intérêt, aussi bien dans le monde universitaire qu’industriel. Ces méthodes de synthèse mettent en jeu des réactions de « polymérisation » au sens large s’effectuant à température ambiante, en solvant aqueux ou organique, à partir de précurseurs moléculaires ou nanoparticulaires. Ces conditions ...