gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative Effects of Estrogen and Raloxifene on B Lymphopoiesis and Bone Loss Induced by Sex Steroid Deficiency in Mice (2000)

Estrogen deficiency caused by ovariectomy (OVX) results in a marked bone loss because of stimulated bone resorption. We have reported that OVX selectively stimulates B lymphopoiesis in mouse bone marrow, which is somehow related to bone resorption. Estrogen prevents both the increased B lymphopoiesis and the bone resorption caused by estrogen deficiency. Raloxifene also has a potent estrogenic activity for bone with minimal estrogenic activity for the uterus. To examine the effects of raloxifene on B lymphopoiesis and bone resorption, OVX mice were given either estrogen or raloxifene subcutaneously for 2-4 weeks using a miniosmotic pump. Reduced uterine weight in OVX mice was restored completely by 17beta-estradiol (E2). Some 300-fold higher doses of raloxifene increased uterine weight of OVX mice, but only slightly. The number of B220- positive pre-B cells was increased markedly in bone marrow after OVX. The increased B lymphopoiesis was prevented not only by E2 but by raloxifene. In OVX mice, the trabecular bone volume (BV) of the femoral distal metaphysis was reduced markedly, when measured by microcomputed tomography (microCT) scanning and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Both E2 and raloxifene similarly restored it. Like estrogen deficiency, androgen deficiency induced by orchidectomy (ORX) also resulted in a marked bone loss and increased B lymphopoiesis. Both E2 and raloxifene prevented the changes in ORX mice. These results indicate that both estrogen deficiency and androgen deficiency similarly stimulate B lymphopoiesis in mouse bone marrow, which accompany bone loss. Raloxifene exhibits estrogenic actions in bone and bone marrow to prevent bone loss and regulate B lymphopoiesis without inducing estrogenic action in the uterus.
Thermal Conductivity and Compressive Strain of Aerogel Insulation Blankets Under Applied Hydrostatic Pressure (2006)

Aerogel is among the best solid thermal insulators. Aerogel is a silica gel formed by supercritical extraction which results in a porous open cell solid insulation with a thermal conductivity as low as 0.013W∕mK. Aerogels have a wide range of uses such as insulation for windows, vehicles, refrigerators∕freezers, etc. Usage for aerogel can be extended for use where flexibility is needed, such as apparel, by embedding it into a polyester batting blanket. These aerogel blankets, although flexible, have little resistance to compression and experience a residual strain effect upon exposure to elevated pressures. It was suggested, by Aspen Aerogels Inc., that a prototype aerogel blanket would have increased resistance to compression and minimized residual strain upon exposure to elevated pressures. Samples of prototype and normal product-line aerogel insulating blankets were acquired. These materials were separately tested for thermal conductivity and compressive strain at incremental pressure stops up to 1.2MPa. The compressive strain of the prototype aerogel blanket reached a level of 0.25mm∕mm whereas the product-line aerogel blanket compressed to 0.48mm∕mm at 1.2MPa. Before compression, the thermal conductivity of the prototype aerogel blanket was slightly higher than the product-line aerogel blanket. During compression the thermal conductivity increased 46% for the product-line aerogel blanket whereas it increased only 13% for the prototype aerogel blanket at 1.2MPa. The total thermal resistance decreased 64% for the product-line aerogel blanket at 1.2MPa and remained at that value upon decompression to atmospheric pressure. The total thermal resistance of the prototype aerogel blanket decreased 33% at 1.2MPa and returned to within 1% of its initial value upon decompression to atmospheric pressure. It was found that the prototype aerogel blanket has approximately twice as much resistance to hydrostatic compression to a pressure of 1.2MPa and also recovers to its original state upon decompression. The thermal resistance of the prototype aerogel blanket remained 37% higher than the product-line aerogel blanket at 1.2MPa. This resistance to compression and the ability to recover to its original state upon decompression from elevated pressures makes the prototype aerogel blanket suitable for applications where high insulation, resistance to compression, and recovery after a compression cycle is needed.
Local orientation and texture fixation statistics during free-viewing of natural scene images following brief adaptation (2010)

While the global structure of natural scene images is known to exhibit relatively stable biases across a large number of images with respect to the 1/fa amplitude relationship and horizontal-vertical amplitude biases, the local structure within given images varies considerably as a function of distance. It has recently been shown that when macaque (Dragoi, Sharma, Miller, & Sur, Nat. Neurosci., 2002) or rhesus (Dragoi & Sur, J. Cog. Neurosci., 2006) monkeys free-view natural scene images, a largely orthogonal difference between the orientation statistics of sequential fixations was observed for long saccades. Dragoi and colleagues proposed that orientation-selective neurons in V1 have evolved to take advantage of such eye movement statistics with respect to orientation discrimination, and that adaptation in V1 was unlikely to contribute to fixation region selections. Here, we sought to extend this paradigm to human observers by examining the local orientation statistics or local amplitude spectrum slope of fixated natural or synthetic image regions during free-viewing following brief adaptation to narrow or broadband orientation patterns or isotropic visual noise patterns possessing different amplitude spectrum slopes. The data showed that while human observers tended to fixate image regions containing orientation statistics approximately orthogonal to the adapting patterns, this effect was dependent on global structural sparseness of the free-viewed images, with the strongest effects occurring for scenes possessing sparse structure. A similar effect was observed when the adapting pattern possessed a steep or shallow amplitude spectrum slope, only this effect was less dependent on the global structural sparseness of the free-viewed images. Taken together, these findings argue that when specific processing units of V1 are briefly adapted, the selection of content at subsequent fixation regions in natural images possessing sparse structure is influenced by adaptation.
CORRECTIONS, NOTES, &c. TO THE HANDBOOK OF DOUBLE STARS (2011)

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Highly Hindered Amido-Lithium and Amido-Magnesium Complexes. Crystal-Structures of [Li(Mu-N(SiMe3)2)(Tetrahydrofuran)]2 and [MgBus(Mu-N(SiMe3)2)]2 (1986)

Treatment of hexamethyldisilazane in thf (tetrahydrofuran) with LiBu in hexane yields [Li{µ-N(SiMe3)2}(thf)]2, (1). MgBu8Bu in heptane with hexamethyldisilazane results in initially formation of [MgBus(µ- N(SiMe3)2}]2, (2), then ?Mg{N(SiMe3)2}2,(3). The structures of (1) and (2) have been determined by X-ray diffraction. Remarkably, they are isomorphous: crystals are tetragonal, space group P4n2 with a 9.970(7), c 16.753(9) ? for (1), and a 9.524(6), c 17.385(9) ? for (2), with Z = 2. The lattices are comprised of discrete molecules with symmetry 222, and thus Bus disorder in (2), yith the amido ligands bridging three- coordinate metal centres [Li-N 2.025(9), Li-O 1.882(14) ?, Li-N-Li 73.7(5)°, N-Li-N 106.3(6)°, O-Li-N 126.8(3)° (1); Mg-N 2.118(4), Mg-C 2.08(1) ?, Mg-N-Mg 87.1(2)°, N-Mg-N 92.9(2)°; C-Mg-N 133.6(1)°(2)].
Energy and wear optimisation of train longitudinal dynamics and of traction and braking systems (2015)

Traction and braking systems deeply affect longitudinal train dynamics, especially when an extensive blending phase among different pneumatic, electric and magnetic devices is required. The energy and wear optimisation of longitudinal vehicle dynamics has a crucial economic impact and involves several engineering problems such as wear of braking friction components, energy efficiency, thermal load on components, level of safety under degraded or adhesion conditions (often constrained by the current regulation in force on signalling or other safety-related subsystem). In fact, the application of energy storage systems can lead to an efficiency improvement of at least 10% while, as regards the wear reduction, the improvement due to distributed traction systems and to optimised traction devices can be quantified in about 50%. In this work, an innovative integrated procedure is proposed by the authors to optimise longitudinal train dynamics and traction and braking manoeuvres in terms of both energy and wear. The new approach has been applied to existing test cases and validated with experimental data provided by Breda and, for some components and their homologation process, the results of experimental activities derive from cooperation performed with relevant industrial partners such as Trenitalia and Italcertifer. In particular, simulation results are referred to the simulation tests performed on a high-speed train (Ansaldo Breda Emu V250) and on a tram (Ansaldo Breda Sirio Tram). The proposed approach is based on a modular simulation platform in which the sub-models corresponding to different subsystems can be easily customised, depending on the considered application, on the availability of technical data and on the homologation process of different components.
Three-dimensional Bayesian optical diffusion tomography with experimental data (2002)

Reconstructions of a three-dimensional absorber embedded in a scattering medium by use of frequency domain measurements of the transmitted light in a single source-detector plane are presented. The reconstruction algorithm uses Bayesian regularization and iterative coordinate descent optimization, and it incorporates estimation of the detector noise level, the source-detector coupling coefficient, and the background diffusion coefficient in addition to the absorption image. The use of multiple modulation frequencies is also investigated. The results demonstrate the utility of this algorithm, the importance of a three-dimensional model, and that out-of-plane scattering permits recovery of three-dimensional features from measurements in a single plane.
A phase 1 study of enoblituzumab in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with advanced B7-H3-expressing cancers. (2016)

TPS3104 Background: Enoblituzumab, an Fc optimized humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody that binds to B7-H3 (CD276), a member of the B7 family, is currently in Phase 1 testing. Enoblituzumab is Fc-engineered with 5 amino acid substitutions to enhance binding to the activating FcγR and decrease binding to the inhibitory FcγR. B7-H3 has limited expression in normal tissue but high expression in many cancers including melanoma (M), squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (SCCHN) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). B7-H3 overexpression correlates with poor prognosis in a broad range of cancers suggesting a potential role in enabling tumor immune escape. The hypotheses for combining enoblituzumab with pembrolizumab are: 1) immune-modulating agent combinations may mediate additive or synergistic antitumor activity and in tumors where neither single agent alone has substantial anti-tumor effect, 2) engagement of both innate and adaptive immunity, 3) targeting both B7-H3 and PD-1 may enhance the immune response against tumors via modulation of T-cell immunosuppression, 4) limited expression of B7-H3 on normal tissues may limit the risk of auto-immune related adverse events; thus enoblituzumab may be combined more readily with immune-modulating agents. Methods: This Phase 1 trial is a dose escalation/cohort expansion study (NCT02475213) enrolling patients with advanced B7-H3 expressinors. The escalation phase uses a 3+3+3 plan to enroll successive cohorts of patients with escalating doses of weekly intravenous (IV) enoblituzumab starting at 3 mg/kg, and 2 mg/kg IV pembrolizumab administered every 3 weeks. Response is first determined at 6 weeks and followed by irRECIST; based on response, both drugs will be given up to 1 year. A 3-cohort expansion phase will open at the established maximum tolerated dose (16 patients each) with M, SCCHN, and NSCLC. Progression on previous checkpoint inhibitor is allowed. Study objectives are the characterization of safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary antitumor activity of the combination. This is the first clinical trial evaluating combined targeting of B7-H3 and PD-1 in patients with advanced cancer. Enrollment is ongoing. Clinical trial information: NCT02475213.
Simple Models and Simple Analyses of Virus Capsid Assembly (2005)

Assembly of even a simple virus is a complex reaction. Yet, in many cases, the capsids of isometric viruses assemble spontaneously and with high fidelity in vitro . In vitro reactions can be used as the basis for interpreting assembly in vivo , searching for assembly‐directed small molecules, or subverting normal assembly to generate novel structures. A model is required to interpret experimental observation of any complex reaction. To this end, we developed a thermodynamickinetic (master equation) model, in which assembly is described in terms of a cascade of low order reactions. The resulting model can readily be adjusted to match the specific features of a biological system. Simulations replicate experimental observations of assembly and lead to experimentally testable predictions. Analyses based on a basic model, in which only a single path from monomer to capsid was posited, are equally applicable to sparse and complete models that include selected intermediates and every possible intermediate, respectively.
Interlayer Charge Transfer Coupled with Acoustic Phonon in Organic/Inorganic van der Waals Stacked Heterostructures: Self-Assembled Pt(II) Complex on a PtSe2 Monolayer (2020)

Interlayer charge-transfer (CT) excitons in heterostructures are of great importance because of their crucial roles in manipulating the device performance and many-body quantum behaviors. Nonetheless, enigmas arise in organic/inorganic heterointerfaces because localized excitons and inhomogeneity in organic materials hinder the interlayer CT processes. Here, we demonstrate that the interlayer CT excitons form in the new organic/inorganic heterostructure composed by the Pt(II) complex 4Me and monolayered transition-metal dichalcogenide PtSe2. The “edge-on” alignment of 4Me is resolved by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction. Photoelectron spectroscopies verify that the interlayer CT was promoted by the type-II energy band alignment. Moreover, steady-state vis/NIR spectroscopy captures the interlayer CT optical transition and transient absorption spectroscopies unveil the fast charge separation (0.4 ps) coupled with the out-of-plane acoustic phonon mode (0.40 THz) from the PtSe2 monolayer, followed by the slow charge recombination (0.86 μs). This work systematically characterizes the morphology of the 2D heterointerface and the photophysical mechanism of interlayer CT processes, which expand the vision of the material design in organic/inorganic heterostructures and monolayer-based devices.
Crystal Structure of the tRNA Processing Enzyme RNase PH from Aquifex aeolicus (2003)

RNase PH is one of the exoribonucleases that catalyze the 3' end processing of tRNA in bacteria. RNase PH removes nucleotides following the CCA sequence of tRNA precursors by phosphorolysis and generates mature tRNAs with amino acid acceptor activity. In this study, we determined the crystal structure of Aquifex aeolicus RNase PH bound with a phosphate, a co-substrate, in the active site at 2.3-A resolution. RNase PH has the typical alpha/beta fold, which forms a hexameric ring structure as a trimer of dimers. This ring structure resembles that of the polynucleotide phosphorylase core domain homotrimer, another phosphorolytic exoribonuclease. Four amino acid residues, Arg-86, Gly-124, Thr-125, and Arg-126, of RNase PH are involved in the phosphate-binding site. Mutational analyses of these residues showed their importance in the phosphorolysis reaction. A docking model with the tRNA acceptor stem suggests how RNase PH accommodates substrate RNAs.
Anticaries potential of a stabilized stannous-containing sodium fluoride dentifrice. (2010)

Fluoride uptake: The mean fluoride uptake from both the test dentifrice and the positive control dentifrice was significantly greater than the negative control. There was no statistically significant difference between the two fluoride dentifrices, although the test dentifrice was directionally higher. pH cycling: The remineralization measured with the test dentifrice was directionally higher though not significantly different from the positive control dentifrice. Remineralization by both fluoride-containing dentifrices was significantly greater versus the negative control. Surface microhardness: The percent increase in surface microhardness measured on enamel surfaces after treatments with the test dentifrice was found to be significantly higher than that measured for the positive control and the negative control.
Optimized optode placement strategy for diffuse optical tomography (2022)

Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is a widely used optical method for functional neuroimaging. When a dense grid of optodes is used, DOT can produce functional brain imaging maps that are comparable with fMRI in terms of spatial resolution. However, when the available number of sources and detectors are limited, it is important to understand where to place them to image a region of interest (ROI) with optimal coverage and sensitivity to the brain. Conventionally, the optode configuration is heuristically determined by the experimenter. Recently, a total sensitivity maximizing algorithm was proposed to answer the question as an optimization problem. However, in larger ROIs and complex geometries, optodes tend to crowd over only a small portion of the ROI and have therefore unsatisfactory coverage of the ROI. ArrayDesigner was proposed as an attempt to address these limitations by adding a coverage term, so that the algorithm can balance between sensitivity and coverage of the ROI. In this work, we demonstrate that such modification still may not suffice in certain geometries, and the inherent nature of sensitivity maximization can limit the uniformity of imaging. We propose a resolution- based optimization algorithm Grid Resolution with Optimized Uniformity Placement (GROUP)" that aims to provide high-resolution, uniform DOT imaging. We show simulated data using a realistic head model that GROUP can provide better uniformity of resolution and has the flexibility to tune the focus to voxels of different depths.
Oligomeric poly(acetalcarbonates) obtained by repolymerisation of paraformaldehyde (2016)

The synthesis and characterization of oligomeric poly(acetalcarbonates) obtained with the use of formaldehyde as a sustainable and renewable C1-building block is reported.
Sensitive X-ray Detectors Synthesised from CsPbBr3 (2019)

The materials used in detection of high energy photons are of primary importance in the construction of efficient, cost effective and sensitive detectors. Current research into Perovskites for solar cell technology has stimulated interest in their potential alternative uses, one of which is in direct photon conversion radiation detectors, owed primarily to their high-Z elemental composition twinned with exceptional charge carrier transport properties. Here, the Perovskite CsPbBr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> has been synthesised through solution growth. The raw CsPbBr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> was a granular powder which was formed into disks of 8 mm diameter and 1-2 mm thickness by two methods: 1). the powders were pressed into pellets using a hydraulic press or 2). sealed in a quartz ampoule under vacuum and then melted and quenched to form a polycrystalline solid which was cut to size. Metallic contacts were deposited on the front and back faces to permit charge collection. The results from the pressed devices are promising, particularly given that the production method is cost effective, repeatable and scalable. The solid-from-melt devices show similar performance but further development is required to optimise the production method.
CabiNet: Scaling Neural Collision Detection for Object Rearrangement with Procedural Scene Generation (2023)

We address the important problem of generalizing robotic rearrangement to clutter without any explicit object models. We first generate over 650K cluttered scenes-orders of magnitude more than prior work-in diverse everyday environments, such as cabinets and shelves. We render synthetic partial point clouds from this data and use it to train our CabiNet model architecture. CabiNet is a collision model that accepts object and scene point clouds, captured from a single-view depth observation, and predicts collisions for SE(3) object poses in the scene. Our representation has a fast inference speed of 7μs/query with nearly 20% higher performance than baseline approaches in challenging environments. We use this collision model in conjunction with a Model Predictive Path Integral (MPPI) planner to generate collision-free trajectories for picking and placing in clutter. CabiNet also predicts waypoints, computed from the scene's signed distance field (SDF), that allows the robot to navigate tight spaces during rearrangement. This improves rearrangement performance by nearly 35% compared to baselines. We systematically evaluate our approach, procedurally generate simulated experiments, and demonstrate that our approach directly transfers to the real world, despite training exclusively in simulation. Supplementary material and videos of robot experiments in completely unknown scenes are available at: cabinet-object-rearrangement.github.io.
DoF analysis in a two-layered heterogeneous wireless interference network (2017)

Degrees of freedom (DoF) is studied in the downlink of a heterogenous wireless network modeled as a two-layered interference network. The first layer of the interference network is the backhaul layer between macro base stations (MBs) and small cell base stations (SBs), which is modeled as a Wyner type linear network. The second layer is the transmission layer between SBs and mobile terminals (MTs), which is modeled as a linear Wyner LT network. The SBs are assumed to be half-duplex, thus restricting the per user degrees of freedom (puDoF) in the system to 1/2. It is established that the optimal puDoF of 1/2 can be achieved in the linear network with sufficient number of antennas using only interference avoidance schemes. For the case of higher connectivity in the transmission layer, it is shown that the optimal puDoF is achieved by sending an appropriate linear combination to the SB to zero-force interference at the intended user. These results are also extended to a more realistic hexagonal cellular model.