gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stromal cell oxidation: a mechanism by which tumors obtain vitamin C. (1999)

Human tumors may contain high concentrations of ascorbic acid, but little is known about how they acquire the vitamin. Certain specialized cells can transport ascorbic acid directly through a sodium ascorbate cotransporter, but in most cells, vitamin C enters through the facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) in the form of dehydroascorbic acid, which is then reduced intracellularly and retained as ascorbic acid. Mice with established hematopoietic and epithelial cell xenografts were studied for the accumulation of injected ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid. Most hematopoietic and epithelial tumor cell lines can only transport vitamin C in the oxidized form (dehydroascorbic acid) in vitro; however, when grown as xenografts in mice, they rapidly accumulated vitamin C after administration of radiolabeled ascorbic acid. The involvement of the GLUTs in vitamin C uptake by the xenografted tumors was demonstrated by competitive inhibition with D-glucose but not L-glucose. Because the malignant cells were not capable of directly transporting ascorbic acid, we reasoned that the ascorbic acid was oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor accumulation of vitamin C in animals injected with ascorbic acid was inhibited by coadministration of superoxide dismutase, implying a role for superoxide anion in the oxidation of ascorbic acid. Whereas the epithelial cancer cell lines could not generate superoxide anion in culture, the minced xenograft tumors did. Our studies show the transport of dehydroascorbic acid by GLUTs is a means by which tumors acquire vitamin C and indicate the oxidation of ascorbic acid by superoxide anion produced by cells in the tumor stroma as a mechanism for generating the transportable form of the vitamin.
ETS Proteins Bind with Glucocorticoid Receptors: Relevance for Treatment of Ewing Sarcoma (2019)

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) acts as a ubiquitous cortisol-dependent transcription factor (TF). To identify co-factors, we used protein-fragment complementation assays and found that GR recognizes FLI1 and additional ETS family proteins, TFs relaying proliferation and/or migration signals. Following steroid-dependent translocation of FLI1 and GR to the nucleus, the FLI1-specific domain (FLS) binds with GR and strongly enhances GR's transcriptional activity. This interaction has functional consequences in Ewing sarcoma (ES), childhood and adolescence bone malignancies driven by fusions between EWSR1 and FLI1. In vitro, GR knockdown inhibited the migration and proliferation of ES cells, and in animal models, antagonizing GR (or lowering cortisol) retarded both tumor growth and metastasis from bone to lung. Taken together, our findings offer mechanistic rationale for repurposing GR-targeting drugs for the treatment of patients with ES.
Reduction of dinitrogen (2006)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Conception d’un guide d’ondes en plastique pour le transfert de données à haut débit et bas coût aux fréquences millimétriques (2015)

National audience
Use of cylindrical diffusing fibers as detectors for interstitial tissue spectroscopy (2015)

Interstitial photodynamic therapy (iPDT) describes the use of implanted optical fibers for delivery of treatment light to activate photosensitizer in regions that can be located deep within the body. Since sensitive healthy structures are often located nearby, this requires careful treatment planning that is dependent on tissue optical properties. Determination of these values usually involves the insertion of additional fibers into the volume, or the use of flat-cleaved optical fibers as both treatment sources and detectors. The insertion of additional fibers is undesirable, and cylindrical diffusers have been shown to offer superior treatment characteristics compared to flat-cleaved fibers. Using cylindrical diffusers as detectors for spectroscopic measurement is therefore attractive. We describe the determination of the detection profile for a particular cylindrical diffuser design and derive the scatterer concentration gradient within the diffuser core. This detection profile is compared to previously characterized diffusers, and is shown to be dependent on the diffuser design. For diffusers with a constant scatterer concentration and distal mirror, the detection profile is localized to the proximal end of the diffusing region. For diffusers with variable scattering concentration along their length and no distal mirror, the detection profile is shown to be more uniform along the diffusing region. We also present preliminary results showing the recovery of optical properties using arrays of cylindrical diffusing fibers as sources and detectors, with a mean error of 4.4% in the determination of &mu;<sub>eff</sub>. The accuracy of these results is comparable to those obtained with other methods of optical property recovery.
Learning Image Descriptors with Boosting (2014)

We propose a novel and general framework to learn compact but highly discriminative floating-point and binary local feature descriptors. By leveraging the boosting-trick we first show how to efficiently train a compact floating-point descriptor that is very robust to illumination and viewpoint changes. We then present the main contribution of this paper-a binary extension of the framework that demonstrates the real advantage of our approach and allows us to compress the descriptor even further. Each bit of the resulting binary descriptor, which we call BinBoost, is computed with a boosted binary hash function, and we show how to efficiently optimize the hash functions so that they are complementary, which is key to compactness and robustness. As we do not put any constraints on the weak learner configuration underlying each hash function, our general framework allows us to optimize the sampling patterns of recently proposed hand-crafted descriptors and significantly improve their performance. Moreover, our boosting scheme can easily adapt to new applications and generalize to other types of image data, such as faces, while providing state-of-the-art results at a fraction of the matching time and memory footprint.
A metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor with a 20-nm channel length (1990)

We have fabricated a Si metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor with a 20-nm channel length using a novel step/edge technique. An Al gate is evaporated onto a step in the SiO2 gate oxide. A second Al gate, separated from the first by a plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor-deposited SiO2 layer, provides inversion layer extensions of the source and drain contacts. Electrical conductance measurements indicate a channel length approximately equal to the fabricated gate length.
A hierarchical aperture decomposition approach to fast analysis of lens and reflector antennas (2004)

A novel multilevel algorithm for computing the radiation patterns of nonplanar aperture antennas over a range of observation angles is presented. The proposed technique is directly applicable to reflector and lens antennas and also to radomes. The multilevel computational sequence is based on hierarchical decomposition of the aperture and comprises two main steps. First, computation of the radiation patterns of all subdomains of the finest level over a very coarse angular grid. Second, multilevel aggregation of the radiation patterns of neighboring subdomains into the final pattern of the whole aperture via phase compensated interpolation. The multilevel algorithm attains computational complexity comparable to that of the FFT while avoiding its limitations.
The Extracellular Calcium-Sensing Receptor: Its Role in Health and Disease (1998)

The recent cloning of an extracellular calcium (Ca2+o)-sensing receptor (CaR) from parathyroid, kidney and other cell types has clarified the mechanisms through which Ca2+o exerts its direct actions on various cells and tissues. In the parathyroid, the CaR mediates the inhibitory effects of Ca2+o on parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion and likely on expression of the PTH gene and parathyroid cellular proliferation. In the kidney, the receptor mediates direct inhibition of the reabsorption of divalent cations in the cortical thick ascending limb, and it likely underlies the inhibitory actions of hypercalcemia on the urinary-concentrating mechanism in the medullary thick ascending limb and inner medullary collecting duct. The identification of inherited diseases of Ca2+o-sensing that arise from mutations in the CaR gene has proven, by genetic means, the central role of the CaR in mineral ion homeostasis and the importance of the receptor in regulating the parathyroid and kidney. An allosteric CaR agonist ("calcimimetic") is currently being tested for the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism, and CaR-based therapeutics will likely be applicable to other disorders in which CaRs are under- or overactive. Thus the discovery of the CaR and its associated diseases has documented that Ca2+o plays an essential role as an extracellular first messenger, in addition to serving its better recognized role as an intracellular second messenger.
Numerical and Symbolic Algorithms for Application Specific Signal Processing. (1993)

Abstract : Our research under the RASSP program focussed on the development of new signal processing algorithms to exploit the advantages and opportunities of rapid prototyping for signal processing systems. Our work was carried out in the Research Laboratory of Electronics at MIT with close collaboration and interaction with industrial partners including Lockheed Sanders. Our primary accomplishments were in several categories. We developed and explored new classes of signals and algorithms related to chaotic behavior in nonlinear systems. We also developed and explored the use of fractal signals for communications. A third new nonlinear signal class that we explored exploits the solution behavior of certain nonlinear wave equations. A significant part of our effort was directed at the exploration of algorithm-based fault tolerant architectures for signal processing and for the use of approximate processing techniques which can be exploited in the contexts of low-power signal processing architectures and in other aspects of processor resource management. We also explored opportunities to exploit multirate signal processing. In the following section we briefly summarize our results in each of these areas. Section 3 contains a bibliography of the journal articles, book chapters, and conference papers in which the details of our work is presented.
Bayesian Optimization of Computer-Proposed Multistep Synthetic Routes on an Automated Robotic Flow Platform (2022)

Computer-aided synthesis planning (CASP) tools can propose retrosynthetic pathways and forward reaction conditions for the synthesis of organic compounds, but the limited availability of context-specific data currently necessitates experimental development to fully specify process details. We plan and optimize a CASP-proposed and human-refined multistep synthesis route toward an exemplary small molecule, sonidegib, on a modular, robotic flow synthesis platform with integrated process analytical technology (PAT) for data-rich experimentation. Human insights address catalyst deactivation and improve yield by strategic choices of order of addition. Multi-objective Bayesian optimization identifies optimal values for categorical and continuous process variables in the multistep route involving 3 reactions (including heterogeneous hydrogenation) and 1 separation. The platform's modularity, robotic reconfigurability, and flexibility for convergent synthesis are shown to be essential for allowing variation of downstream residence time in multistep flow processes and controlling the order of addition to minimize undesired reactivity. Overall, the work demonstrates how automation, machine learning, and robotics enhance manual experimentation through assistance with idea generation, experimental design, execution, and optimization.
An Ankle–Foot Prosthesis Emulator With Control of Plantarflexion and Inversion–Eversion Torque (2018)

Ankle inversion-eversion compliance is an important feature of conventional prosthetic feet, and control of inversion, or roll, in active prostheses could improve balance for people with amputation. We designed a tethered ankle-foot prosthesis with two independently actuated toes that are coordinated to provide plantarflexion and inversion-eversion torques. A Bowden cable tether provides series elasticity. The prosthesis is simple and lightweight, with a mass of 0.72kg. Strain gauges on the toes measure torque with less than 1% root mean squared (RMS) error. Benchtop tests demonstrated a step response rise time of less than 33 ms, peak torques of 250 N·m in plantarflexion and ±30 N·m in inversion-eversion, and peak power above 3 kW. The phase-limited closed-loop torque bandwidth is 20 Hz with a chirp from 10 to 90 N·m in plantarflexion, and 24 Hz with a chirp from -20 to 20 N·m in inversion. The system has low sensitivity to toe position disturbances at frequencies of up to 18 Hz. Walking trials with an amputee subject demonstrated RMS torque tracking errors of less than 5.1 N·m in plantarflexion and less than 1.5 N·m in inversion-eversion. These properties make the platform suitable for testing inversion-related prosthesis features and controllers in experiments with humans.
Summary: where do we stand in simulations (2019)

This presentation summarizes discussions and results focused on theory and simulations of galaxy halos presented during the Sexten workshop "Light in the suburbs: structure and chemodynamics of galaxy halo".
Noise Reduction in an Aircraft Fuselage Model Using Active Trim Panels (1996)

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of force actuators on a model aircraft interior trim panel as the control element for active control of interior noise. The trim panel, designed specifically for this study, was constructed in three large identical sections and hard mounted to the ring frames of the primary structure. Piezoceramic actuators were bonded to the outer surface of the trim panels. Studies of the interior pressure response due to both the primary source alone and control sources alone were conducted as well as the control cases. A single acoustic loudspeaker, centered at the axial midpoint, generated the acoustic field to be controlled.
Smooth Graph Signal Interpolation for Big Data (2018)

In this paper we present the Markov variation, a smoothness measure which offers a probabilistic interpretation of graph signal smoothness. This measure is then used to develop an optimization framework for graph signal interpolation. Our approach is based on diffusion embedding vectors and the connection between diffusion maps and signal processing on graphs. As diffusion embedding vectors may be expensive to compute for large graphs, we present a computationally efficient method, based on the Nystr\{o}m extension, for interpolation of signals over a graph. We demonstrate our approach on the MNIST dataset and a dataset of daily average temperatures around the US. We show that our method outperforms state of the art graph signal interpolation methods on both datasets, and that our computationally efficient reconstruction achieves slightly reduced accuracy with a large speedup.
Selective Killing of Cancer Cells by Ashwagandha Leaf Extract and Its Component Withanone Involves ROS Signaling (2010)

Ashwagandha leaf extract and Withanone cause selective killing of cancer cells by induction of ROS-signaling and hence are potential reagents that could be recruited for ROS-mediated cancer chemotherapy.
The effect of long-term antipsychotic treatment on the body weight of patients suffering from chronic schizophrenia: clozapine versus classical antipsychotic agents (1999)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of long-term clozapine treatment on body weight changes in neuroleptic-resistant chronic schizophrenic patients and to compare it with that of classical antipsychotic agents. The body mass index (BMI) of 96 neuroleptic-resistant chronic schizophrenic patients was calculated before the beginning and after long-term (mean +/- SD 1.7 +/- 1.3 years) clozapine treatment. These data were compared to the BMI of 98 chronic schizophrenic patients maintained on classical antipsychotic agents for a similar duration (mean +/- SD 1.9 +/- 1.6 years). A significant elevation in BMI was detected in both groups during these periods (P < 0.0001 versus baseline, for both groups). The change in BMI (delta BMI) was similar in both groups (P < 0.9). We conclude that the increase in body weight caused by long-term (> 6 months) clozapine treatment is comparable to that obtained following long-term classical antipsychotic agents treatment.
Topological Nature of Bound States in the Continuum (2014)

We demonstrate all robust bound states in the continuum in photonic crystal slabs are vortex centers in the polarization directions of far-field radiation. They are robust because they carry quantized topological charges, which are conserved if the system is invariant under parity-time (PT) and up-down mirror flip operations.
Rate Splitting Multiple Access in C-RAN: A Scalable and Robust Design (2021)

Cloud radio access networks (C-RAN) enable a network platform for beyond the fifth generation of communication networks (B5G), which incorporates the advances in cloud computing technologies to modern radio access networks. Recently, rate splitting multiple access (RSMA), relying on multi-antenna rate splitting (RS) at the transmitter and successive interference cancellation (SIC) at the receivers, has been shown to manage the interference in multi-antenna communication networks efficiently. This paper considers applying RSMA in C-RAN. We address the practical challenge of a transmitter that only knows the statistical channel state information (CSI) of the users. To this end, the paper investigates the problem of stochastic coordinated beamforming (SCB) optimization to maximize the ergodic sum-rate (ESR) in the network. Furthermore, we propose a scalable and robust RS scheme where the number of the common streams to be decoded at each user scales linearly with the number of users, and the common stream selection only depends on the statistical CSI. The setup leads to a challenging stochastic and non-convex optimization problem. A sample average approximation (SAA) and weighted minimum mean square error (WMMSE) based algorithm is adopted to tackle the intractable stochastic non-convex optimization and guarantee convergence to a stationary point asymptotically. The numerical simulations demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed RS strategy and show a gain up to 27% in the achievable ESR compared with state-of-the-art schemes, namely treating interference as noise (TIN) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) schemes.
Incorporating Contextual Factors Into a Design Process: An Analysis of Engineering for Global Development Literature (2020)

Abstract It is frequently suggested that designing artifacts requires a deep understanding of context. We analyzed 186 papers from three specific literature searches involving a design process for global development applications. Each paper was reviewed and coded for (1) whether or not the study teams performed some level of contextual investigation, (2) the methods and/or approaches for understanding the artifact’s context, and (3) use of open-ended analysis or framework-based analysis for qualitative contextual investigation. In total, 159 papers (85%) described some level of contextual investigation with 46 of these describing performance-focused field tests in the artifact’s context of use and 113 papers using qualitative methods for contextual investigation. 18 papers used a framework, such as a cited questionnaire, for analyzing their contextual data, overwhelmingly during needs assessment and validation stages of design. We find that study teams of every paper motivated their design with contextual information, but there was great diversity in how context was investigated, analyzed, and described. Few linked their design decisions to specific contextual factors. We recommend that researchers include detailed description of methods and contextual factors considered during their design process to improve the transferability and repeatability of design approaches.
On the Class of All Stabilizing Regulators (1988)

The `internal model principle' for linear multivariable regulators tells us necessary and sufficient conditions for achieving stabilizing controllers which achieve structurally stable output regulation for classes of deterministic exogenous reference and disturbance signals. In the absence of structural stability considerations, Antoulas has characterized the entire class of stabilizing regulators in the time-invariant case, building on the Kucera/Youla parametrization techniques. This paper gives an alternative characterization of the class of stabilizing regulators which is convenient to achieve on-line or off-line H <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /H <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">∞</sup> optimization for performance and robustness. The characterization exploits distubance signal reconstruction, and nulling filters. The theory allows a re-interpretation of the necessary and sufficient conditions for regulation. Also novel connections between structurally stable regulation and the internal model principle are exposed.
Sphingolipid rheostat alterations related to transformation can be exploited for specific induction of lysosomal cell death in murine and human glioma (2010)

The search for cancer cell-specific targets suffers from a lack of integrative approaches that take into account the relative contributions of several mechanisms or pathways involved in cell death. A systematic experimental and computational comparison of murine glioma cells with astrocytes, their nontransformed counterparts, identified differences in the sphingolipid (SL) rheostat linked to an increased lysosomal instability in glioma cells. In vitro and in silico analyses indicate that sphingosine metabolized in lysosomes was preferentially recycled into ceramide, the prodeath member of the rheostat, in astrocytes. In glioma cells, it preferentially was used for production of the prosurvival sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). A combination of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) strongly decreased S1P production that resulted in abnormal lysosome enlargement and cell death associated with mitochondrial dysfunction of glioma cells only. Lack of intracellular S1P in glioma cells was concomitant with protein and lipid accumulation in enlarged lysosomes, indicating a blockade in lysosome recycling, and hence a role for S1P in membrane trafficking. A pharmacological sphingosine kinase inhibitor efficiently replaced the TNF-alpha, LPS, and IFN-gamma combination and killed murine and human glioma cells without affecting astrocytes. Our study provides evidence for a novel mechanism of lysosomal death dependent upon the SL rheostat that can be specifically triggered in glioma cells. It further strengthens the potential of cancer therapies based on specific ceramide pathway alterations.