gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measuring Word Alignment Quality for Statistical Machine Translation (2007)

Automatic word alignment plays a critical role in statistical machine translation. Unfortunately, the relationship between alignment quality and statistical machine translation performance has not been well understood. In the recent literature, the alignment task has frequently been decoupled from the translation task and assumptions have been made about measuring alignment quality for machine translation which, it turns out, are not justified. In particular, none of the tens of papers published over the last five years has shown that significant decreases in alignment error rate (AER) result in significant increases in translation performance. This paper explains this state of affairs and presents steps towards measuring alignment quality in a way which is predictive of statistical machine translation performance.
Commensurate Defect Superstructures in a Langmuir-Blodgett Film (1993)

References in paragraphs 3, 4, and 6, and in the abstract to L =0 spin-singlet rotational pairs should be to S=O spin- singlet orientational pairs, as is apparent from the form of the wave function [Eq. ( In addition, an omission should be corrected; the sentence following Eq. ( The point is that a full many-body treat- ment of pairing (Ref. [4]) developed from the crystalline electrostatic limit and rigorously combining both intra-and in-
Intel® 5520 chipset: An I / O hub chipset for server, workstation, and high end desktop (2009)

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on Intel's 5520 chipset, an I/O hub chipset for servers, workstations, and high end desktops. Some of the specific topics discussed include: the special features, system specifications, and system design for this product line; system architecture; applications for use; platforms supported; processing capabilities; memory capabilities; and targeted markets.
ChemInform Abstract: EFFICIENT CONVERSION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS TO CONJUGATED DIENALS (1978)

Abstract Das aus 1‐Ethoxy‐1‐buten‐3‐in dargestellte Stannan (I) reagiert nach Transmetallierung mit Carbonylverbindungen zu den Addukten (II), die in die konjugierten Aldehyde (III) durch Kieselgelchromatographie oder durch Behandeln mit p‐Toluolsulfonsäure in 5%igem wäßrigem Tetrahydrofuran umgewandelt werden.
Potential antitumor agents. 25. Azalogs of the 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfonanilides (1977)

The Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) mode of the IEEE 802.15.4 are two of the most widely used technology standards for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In many applications, both technologies need to be used in the same environment to fulfill application requirements. However, since they share the same 2.4 GHz ISM band, such networks may suffer from cross-technology interference, which decreases the reliability of the network. To solve this problem, we propose a cooperative coexistence solution for BLE and TSCH networks in which joint time-slot and channel hopping synchronization are performed. The proposed solution uses a scheduling matrix to model the resource usage of the networks. Following this, the overlaps in this matrix are eliminated by rescheduling the transmissions of the networks. The proposed solution does not require any protocol change. The performance of the proposed cooperative coexistence mechanism is evaluated using experiments with real wireless devices. The results of those show that our proposed solution considerably decreases Packet Error Rate (PER); an improvement of up to 45% PER is observed.
Validation of the revised International Prognostic Scoring System in treated patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (2013)

The International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) was recently revised (IPSS-R) under the auspices of the MDS Foundation as a collaborative international effort to refine its prognostic power. Our purpose was to externally validate this new risk model using a large single-institution cohort, determine its prognostic power in patients receiving active treatment, and explore its utility in guiding therapeutic decisions. Data were collected retrospectively from our myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) database and verified by chart review. Of the data available for 1,088 patients, 152 (14%), 353 (32%), 237 (22%), 190 (18%), and 156 (14%) patients were classified as very low, low, intermediate, high, and very high risk, respectively, with median overall survival (OS) of 90 (95%CI 71-109), 54 (95%CI 50-59), 34 (95%CI 26-43), 21 (95%CI 17-25), and 13 months (95%CI 11-15), respectively (P < 0.005). We found that the IPSS-R further refined prognostic discrimination in all IPSS risk categories, particularly in the intermediate 1 and 2 groups. Among high and very high IPSS-R patients receiving azacitidine, OS was significantly improved versus patients not receiving azacitidine, with corresponding median OS of 25 versus 18 months (P = 0.028) and 15 versus 9 months (P = 0.005), respectively. Similarly, patients with IPSS-R high- and very high-risk disease who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation had significantly improved OS versus nontransplant approaches (P < 0.005). High and very high IPSS-R patients derived a survival advantage from disease-modifying therapies. Our data validate the prognostic value of the proposed IPSS-R and show that its refined IPSS prognostic discrimination can be applied to actively treated patients.
Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Oligomers in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Azurin Solutions (2011)

We have employed laser-induced liquid bead ion desorption mass spectroscopy (LILBID MS) to study the solution behavior of Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin as well as two mutants and corresponding Re-labeled derivatives containing a Re(CO)(3)(4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)(+) chromophore appended to a surface histidine. LILBID spectra show broad oligomer distributions whose particular patterns depend on the solution composition (pure H(2)O, 20-30 mM NaCl, 20 and 50 mM NaP(i) or NH(4)P(i) at pH = 7). The distribution maximum shifts to smaller oligomers upon decreasing the azurin concentration and increasing the buffer concentration. Oligomerization is less extensive for native azurin than its mutants. The oligomerization propensities of unlabeled and Re-labeled proteins are generally comparable, and only Re126 shows some preference for the dimer that persists even in highly diluted solutions. Peak shifts to higher masses and broadening in 20-50 mM NaP(i) confirm strong azurin association with buffer ions and solvation. We have found that LILBID MS reveals the solution behavior of weakly bound nonspecific protein oligomers, clearly distinguishing individual components of the oligomer distribution. Independently, average data on oligomerization and the dependence on solution composition were obtained by time-resolved anisotropy of the Re-label photoluminescence that confirmed relatively long rotation correlation times, 6-30 ns, depending on Re-azurin and solution composition. Labeling proteins with Re-chromophores that have long-lived phosphorescence extends the time scale of anisotropy measurements to hundreds of nanoseconds, thereby opening the way for investigations of large oligomers with long rotation times.
Pulsradiolytische Untersuchung kurzlebiger Zwischenprodukte der NO‐Reduktion in wäßriger Lösung (1970)

Abstract Das hydratisierte Elektron und das H‐Atom reagieren mit NO zu NO − bzw. HNO. Der pK ‐Wert von HNO wurde zu 4,7 bestimmt. NO − reagiert mit NO zu N 2 O 2 − mit k = 1,7 ± 10 9 M −1 s −1 ± N 2 O 2 − absorbiert maximal bei 3800 Å mit η = 3,3 ± 10 3 M −1 cm −1 . Die Konstante des Gleichgewichts magnified image beträgt 3,5 ± 10 −5 M. Der pK ‐Wert von HN 2 O 2 → H + + N 2 O 2 − ist gleich 3,5. Die Konstante des Gleichgewichts magnified image beträgt 5,8 · 10 −4 M. N 2 O 2 − reagiert mit NO zu N 3 O 3 − mit k = 4,9 · 10 6 M −1 s −1 . N 3 O 3 − absorbiert maximal bei 3800 Å mit η = 4,0 · 10 3 M −1 cm −1 . Der pK ‐Wert von HN 3 O 3 · H + + N 3 O 3 − beträgt 3,1. N 3 O 3 − zerfällt in N 2 O + NO 2 − mit k = 87 s −1 , HN 3 O 3 in N 2 O + HNO 2 mit k = 4600 s −1 . Es wird ferner ein Übersichtsschema über diese und die in drei vorangegangenen Untersuchungen gefundenen kurzlebigen Stickstoffoxide und Stickstoffsäuren gegeben.
Effect of the Nucleation Conditions on the Polarity of AlN and GaN Films Grown on C-face 6H–SiC (2006)

The metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of AlN and GaN on C-face 6H–SiC was investigated. Similar to the procedure on Si-face SiC, GaN films were fabricated in a two-step process, where first a thin AlN base layer was deposited prior to the growth of the main GaN layer. Polarity conversion from the expected N-polar AlN and GaN to Al-polar AlN and Ga-polar GaN films was observed when the AlN base layers were deposited using a low ammonia to trimethylaluminum ratio of 250 during growth. The properties of the resulting Ga-face GaN-films were similar to those grown on Si-face SiC. Hexagonal surface features were seen on the N-polar AlN and GaN films obtained with a high V/III-ratio during AlN growth.
GH safety workshop position paper: a critical appraisal of recombinant human GH therapy in children and adults (2020)

Recombinant human GH (rhGH) has been in use for 30 years, and over that time its safety and efficacy in children and adults has been subject to considerable scrutiny. In 2001, a statement from the GH Research Society (GRS) concluded that ‘for approved indications, GH is safe’; however, the statement highlighted a number of areas for on-going surveillance of long-term safety, including cancer risk, impact on glucose homeostasis, and use of high dose pharmacological rhGH treatment. Over the intervening years, there have been a number of publications addressing the safety of rhGH with regard to mortality, cancer and cardiovascular risk, and the need for long-term surveillance of the increasing number of adults who were treated with rhGH in childhood. Against this backdrop of interest in safety, the European Society of Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE), the GRS, and the Pediatric Endocrine Society (PES) convened a meeting to reappraise the safety of rhGH. The ouput of the meeting is a concise position statement.
Interleukin-10 enhances human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression in a chronically infected promonocytic cell line (U1) by a tumor necrosis factor alpha-independent mechanism. (1995)

TNF-alpha enhances HIV-1 replication in acutely and chronically infected cells and likely contributes to the wasting associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Agents that inhibit TNF-alpha activity should theoretically delay the progression of disease, and several are currently in clinical trials. We hypothesized that IL-10, a cytokine that suppresses the gene expression and synthesis of TNF-alpha in monocytic cells, might inhibit HIV-1 replication. As expected, IL-10 suppressed PMA-induced TNF-alpha production in U1 cells; however, when U1 cells were cultured in the presence of PMA and increasing doses of IL-10, a dose-dependent increase in HIV-1 expression was observed. IL-10 also enhanced IL-1 beta-, TNF-alpha-, and GM-CSF-induced HIV-1 expression in U1 cells, and this occurred, at least in part, at the level of transcription. We next stimulated cells under conditions of TNF-alpha blockade. When PMA-induced TNF-alpha activity and HIV-1 replication were blocked by the presence of soluble TNF receptors, IL-10 independently enhanced HIV-1 replication. In contrast, other agents that are capable of blocking TNF-alpha synthesis or TNF-alpha activity either had no effect (IL-13 and IL-4) or inhibited HIV-1 expression (soluble TNF receptors and pentoxifylline) in U1 cells. These data suggest that IL-10, while inhibiting TNF-alpha synthesis, has an independent mechanism of action that enhances HIV-1 replication. Therefore, IL-10 may have undesirable effects in HIV-1-infected patients.
Meta-Stable Enamines:  Synthesis of Simple Enamines via Catalytic Isomerization of Allylic Amine Substrates and Their Polymerization Behavior (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTMeta-Stable Enamines: Synthesis of Simple Enamines via Catalytic Isomerization of Allylic Amine Substrates and Their Polymerization BehaviorBruce M. Novak and Jeffrey T. CafmeyerView Author Information Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 Department of Polymer Science & Engineering University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 44, 11083–11084Publication Date (Web):October 11, 2001Publication History Received2 July 2001Published online11 October 2001Published inissue 1 November 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja011609ihttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja011609irapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1161Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Catalysts,Isomerization,Monomers,Stability,Tautomerization Get e-Alerts
A Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detector (SnSPD) System for Ultra Low Voltage Time-Resolved Emission (TRE) Measurements of VLSI Circuits (2013)

Abstract In this paper, we present a Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detector (SnSPD) system and its application to ultra low voltage Time-Resolved Emission (TRE) measurements (also known as Picosecond Imaging Circuit Analysis, PICA) of scaled VLSI circuits. The 9 µm-diameter detector is housed in a closed loop cryostat and fiber coupled to an existing Emiscope III tool for collecting spontaneous emission light from the backside of integrated circuits (ICs) down to a world record 0.5 V supply voltage in a few minutes.
Influence of the Boron Atom on the Solvatochromic Properties of 4-Nitroaniline-Functionalized Boronate Esters (2012)

Para-nitroaniline derivatives with peripheral 1,2- and 1,3-diol functionalities [O(2)N-C(6)H(4)-NR(1)-CH(2)CH(OH)CH(2)OH; O(2)N-C(6)H(4)-NR(1)-CH(CH(2)OH)(2); R(1) = -H, -CH(3)] covalently bonded to the amino group are esterified with various para-substituted phenylboronic acids [R(2)-C(6)H(4)-B(OH)(2); R(2) = -OCH(3), -CH(3), -H, -Br, -CHO, -NO(2), -B(OH)(2)], and the solvatochromic properties of these esters are investigated in 33 solvents of different polarity. To interpret the solvent effects, the established linear solvation energy (LSE) multiparameter equations of Kamlet-Taft and the improved Catalán scales are used. Although the boron atom is separated by two or three sp(3)-hybridized carbon atoms from the actual chromophore, solvation effects have a significant positive solvatochromic effect on the nitroaniline unit (R(1) = -CH(3)) as result of the solvent acting as a donor at the boron atom. The influence of the substituent R(2) on the coefficient b of the LSE relationship according to Kamlet-Taft and Catalán, which reflects the quantitative influence of the hydrogen-bonding acceptor or the electron-pair donor capacity of the solvent on the position of the UV-vis absorption maximum, can be determined via a linear Hammett relationship [b = f(σ(p))]. The interpretation of the effects is based on the electronic influence of the solvated boronic acid ester unit on the 4-nitroaniline group, predominantly through inductive interactions.
A Novel Global Pattern Recognition Algorithm (2010)

The background, development, performance assessment, and analysis of a novel pattern recognition algorithm that is applicable to any set of binary images are discussed. The efficacy of the algorithm when applied to the problem of fingerprint recognition is quantified. The conclusion was that the algorithm is relatively poor as a fingerprint identification algorithm, averaging an equal error rate of approximately 19% as calculated by the rules specified in the Year 2000 Fingerprint Verification Competition. The positive attributes of the algorithm were its ultra-fast matching times, orientation independence, lack of rejection events, relative insensitivity to resolution difference, and one-way transformations. The mechanism of algorithm operation as applied to fingerprints was investigated using integral geometry. This investigation showed that the algorithm was an indirect measure of ridge width, which explained the algorithm's relatively poor performance. Another set of experiments suggests that the algorithm may be well-suited to other pattern recognition problems, specifically cloud and precipitation particle recognition and camouflage recognition. In summary, the research extends the field of pattern recognition by developing, assessing the performance, and determining the mechanism of operation of a novel pattern recognition algorithm that is applicable to any set of binary images.
Safety and pharmacokinetics of the orally available antiprionic compound PRI‐002: A single and multiple ascending dose phase I study (2020)

The safety and PK results encourage further clinical development of PRI-002.
Dispersion management in integrated lithium niobate photonics enabling on-chip femtosecond pulse generation (2022)

We demonstrate efficient dispersion management in integrated lithium niobate on insulator. Using a chirped Bragg grating in an integrated electro-optic time lens, we generate femtosecond 545 fs pulses entirely on-chip.
Photonic Z2 Topological Anderson Insulators (2022)

That disorder can induce nontrivial topology is a surprising discovery in topological physics. As a typical example, Chern topological Anderson insulators (TAIs) have been realized in photonic systems, where the topological phases exist without symmetry protection. In this Letter, by taking transverse magnetic and transverse electric polarizations as pseudospin degrees of freedom, we theoretically propose a scheme to realize disorder-induced symmetry-protected topological phase transitions in two-dimensional photonic crystals with a combined time-reversal, mirror, and duality symmetry T_{f}=TM_{z}D. In particular, we demonstrate that the disorder-induced symmetry-protected topological phase persists even without pseudospin conservation, thereby realizing a photonic Z_{2} TAI, in contrast to a Z-classified quantum spin Hall (QSH) TAI with decoupled spins. By formulating a new scattering approach, we show that the topology of both the QSH and Z_{2} TAIs can be manifested by the accumulated spin rotations of the reflected waves from the photonic crystals. Using a transmission structure, we also illustrate the trivialization of a disordered QSH phase with an even integer topological index caused by spin coupling.
The combined constraints for perpendicular recording channels (2006)

The maximum transition run (MTR) and running digital sum (RDS) constraints have a wide variety of applications in magnetic recording systems. The property of an MTR constraint is to eliminate long runs of transitions so that certain common error events can be eliminated. The property of an RDS constraint is desirable for achieving high-density recording for recording channels exhibiting low frequency components, such as perpendicular recording channels. It is very common to implement more than one constraint in practice to achieve the desired effect in the recording channel. In this paper, the labeled graph representations of RDS and MTR [or the time-varying MTR (TMTR)] constraints are combined to obtain new classes of constraints: RDS-MTR and RDS-TMTR constraints. The capacity of a combined constraint is slightly lower than that of its constituent constraints. The spectra of RDS-MTR and RDS-TMTR constraints show the suppression of low frequency contents compared to the conventional MTR and TMTR constraints. A method for designing block codes is proposed to implement the properties of RDS, MTR (or TMTR), the run-length-limited (RLL) (0,k), and twin constraints. The cardinalities of block codes are maximized over various situations of codeword boundaries. The code design methodology is demonstrated via a rate 100/108 RDS-TMTR block code based on a rate 20/21 RDS-TMTR mother code.
Development of an Electronic Sow Feeder for Gestation Sows (2013)

The study was conducted to develop an ESF (electronic sow feeder) for improving animal welfare of group housed gestation sows. Feed intake of both individual and group housed gestation sows was restricted 2 kg a day. ESF system was very effective in reducing feed loss. The amount of feed loss in treatment group (group housed gestation sows with ESF) was only about 55 g, while the amount of feed loss in control group (individually housed gestation sows) was about 200 g. In spend time to feed intake, there was no difference in the result between the control (about 30 min) and the treatment (about 22 min) group. The ESF system ran well without any mechanical problems throughout the entire experiment. These results suggest that the EST is expected to improve the performance feeding of sows.
The effect of an electric field on boiling heat transfer of refrigerant-11-boiling on a single tube (1990)

The effect of an electric field on boiling refrigerant R-11 was investigated experimentally. The test section consisted of a flat plate and a single tube with several rows of electrode wire. The influence of refrigerant oil, the surface roughness of the test tube, and polarity of an applied voltage on the heat transfer performance were studied. The following results were obtained: as the applied voltage increased, the number of boiling bubbles decreased but the heat transfer coefficient increased; no deterioration of heat by the oil contamination occurred; and the polarity of the applied voltage affected the boiling heat transfer.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Surface chemistry of Ti6Al4V components fabricated using selective laser melting for biomedical applications (2016)

Selective laser melting (SLM) has previously been shown to be a viable method for fabricating biomedical implants; however, the surface chemistry of SLM fabricated parts is poorly understood. In this study, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine the surface chemistries of (a) SLM as-fabricated (SLM-AF) Ti6Al4V and (b) SLM fabricated and mechanically polished (SLM-MP) Ti6Al4V samples and compared with (c) traditionally manufactured (forged) and mechanically polished Ti6Al4V samples. The SLM-AF surface was observed to be porous with an average surface roughness (Ra) of 17.6±3.7μm. The surface chemistry of the SLM-AF was significantly different to the FGD-MP surface with respect to elemental distribution and their existence on the outermost surface. Sintered particles on the SLM-AF surface were observed to affect depth profiling of the sample due to a shadowing effect during argon ion sputtering. Surface heterogeneity was observed for all three surfaces; however, vanadium was witnessed only on the mechanically polished (SLM-MP and FGD-MP) surfaces. The direct and indirect 3T3 cell cytotoxicity studies revealed that the cells were viable on the SLM fabricated Ti6Al4V parts. The varied surface chemistry of the SLM-AF and SLM-MP did not influence the cell behaviour.