gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Formal Total Syntheses of Crocacin A—D. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Protease-induced infectivity of hepatitis B virus for a human hepatoblastoma cell line (1996)

The human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 produces and secretes hepatitis B virus (HBV) after transfection of cloned HBV DNA. Intact virions do not infect these cells, although they attach to the surface of the HepG2 cell through binding sites in the pre-S1 domain. Entry of enveloped virions into the cell often requires proteolytic cleavage of a viral surface protein that is involved in fusion between the cell membrane and the viral envelope. Recently, we observed pre-S-independent, nonspecific binding between hepatitis B surface (HBs) particles and HepG2 cells after treatment of HBs antigen particles with V8 protease, which cleaves next to a putative fusion sequence. Chymotrypsin removed this fusion sequence and did not induce binding. In this study, we postulate that lack of a suitable fusion-activating protease was the reason why the HepG2 cells were not susceptible to HBV. To test this hypothesis, virions were partially purified from the plasma of HBV carriers and treated with either staphylococcal V8 or porcine chymotrypsin protease. Protease-digested virus lost reactivity with pre-S2-specific antibody but remained morphologically intact as determined by electron microscopy. After separation from the proteases, virions were incubated with HepG2 cells at pH 5.5. Cultures inoculated with either intact or chymotrypsin-digested virus did not contain detectable levels of intracellular HBV DNA at any time following infection. However, in cultures inoculated with V8-digested virions, HBV-specific products, including covalently closed circular DNA, viral RNA, and viral pre-S2 antigen, could be detected in a time-dependent manner following infection. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that 10 to 30% of the infected HepG2 cells produced HBV antigen. Persistent secretion of virus by the infected HepG2 cells lasted at least 14 days and was maintained during several reseeding steps. The results show that V8-digested HBV can productively infect tissue cultures of HepG2 cells. It is suggested that proteolysis-dependent exposure of a fusion domain within the envelope protein of HBV is necessary during natural infection.
Cardiac and vascular KATP channels in rats are activated by endogenous epoxyeicosatrienoic acids through different mechanisms (2006)

We have reported that epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), the cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA), are potent sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel activators. However, activation of cardiac and vascular KATP channels by endogenously produced EETs under physiological intracellular conditions has not been demonstrated and direct comparison of the mechanisms whereby EETs activate the KATP channels in cardiac myocytes versus vascular smooth muscle cells has not been made. In this study, we examined the effects of AA on KATP channels in freshly isolated cardiac myocytes from rats, wild-type (WT) and transgenic mice overexpressing CYP2J2 cDNA, and mesenteric arterial smooth muscle cells from rats. We also compared the activation of cardiac and vascular KATP channels by extracellularly and intracellularly applied 11,12-EET. We found that 1 microm AA enhanced KATP channel activities in both cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells, and the AA effects were inhibited by preincubation with CYP epoxygenase inhibitors. Baseline cardiac KATP current densities in CYP2J2 transgenic mice were 190% higher than those of WT mice, and both were reduced to similar levels by CYP epoxygenase inhibition. Western blot analysis showed that expression of Kir6.2 and SUR2A was similar between WT and CYP2J2 transgenic hearts. 11,12-EET (5 microm) applied intracellularly enhanced the KATP currents by 850% in cardiac myocytes, but had no effect in vascular smooth muscle cells. In contrast, 11,12-EET (5 microm) applied extracellularly increased KATP currents by 520% in mesenteric arterial smooth muscle cells, but by only 209% in cardiac myocytes. Preincubation with 100 microm m-iodobenzylguanidine or 5 microm myristoylated PKI amide did not alter the activation of cardiac KATP channels by 5 microm 11,12-EET, but significantly inhibited activation of vascular KATP channels. Moreover, EET only enhanced the inward component of cardiac KATP currents, but activated both the inward and outward components of vascular KATP currents. Our results indicate that endogenously derived CYP metabolites of AA potently activate cardiac and vascular KATP channels. EETs regulate cardiac electrophysiology and vascular tone by KATP channel activation, albeit through different mechanisms: the cardiac KATP channels are directly activated by EETs, whereas activation of the vascular KATP channels by EETs is protein kinase A dependent.
Puna-apila ei vaikuta maidon makuun (2001)

Luomumaidontuotannon lisääntyminen on uudelleen tuonut apilat ja muut palkokasvit lehmien laitumen ja säilörehun raaka-aineeksi. Määrällisesti tärkein ja Suomen olosuhteisiin sopivin palkokasvi on puna-apila. Vanhastaan on tiedetty, että apila-odelma voi äkkiseltään aiheuttaa lehmille ripulia, puhaltumisoireita ja niin sanottua odelman makua maitoon. Kuitenkin varsin usein maidon makuvirhe on nopeasti ohimenevä. Puna-apilapitoisen säilörehun vaikutusta maidon makuun ei ole tarkoin selvitetty.
A chronic implantable EMG recording system with wireless power and data transfer (2017)

This paper presents an implantable, wireless, 2-channel electromyography (EMG) recording system that was successfully tested in a chronic experiment in a rodent for up to three months. The system comprises of an implanted device and an external reader module. The implanted device is a multi-channel neural amplifier chip coupled with inductive power and data transfer electronics. The external reader module consists of a transcutaneous power supply, EMG data recovery circuitry, and a USB to computer interface for display and storage purposes. Stainless steel EMG electrodes were connected to the implanted device, and the device was then encapsulated using biocompatible FDA compliant silicone. Chronic recordings in a rodent across a three-month period validated this system's ability to acquire EMG signals (at sample rates of 20 kSPS/channel) in in-vivo conditions. This wireless device can be incorporated into a wireless proximal muscle/neural recording and distal muscle stimulation neuroprosthesis to address peripheral nerve injuries.
The influence of shape cues on the perception of lighting direction (2010)

Three scene properties determine the luminances in the image of a shaded object: the material reflectance, the illuminant position, and the object's shape. Because all three properties determine the image, one cannot solve for any one property without knowing the other two. Nevertheless, people perceive consistent 3D shape and consistent lighting in shaded images; they must therefore be making assumptions about the unknown properties. We conducted two psychophysical experiments to determine how viewers use shape information to estimate the lighting direction from shaded images. In the first experiment, we confirmed that observers use 3D shape information when estimating lighting direction. In the second experiment, we investigated how different shape cues affect lighting direction estimates. Observers can accurately determine lighting direction when a host of shape cues specify the objects. When shading is the only cue, observers always set lighting direction to be from above. We modeled the results in a Bayesian framework that included a prior distribution describing the assumed lighting direction. The estimated prior was slightly counterclockwise from above at a ∼30° slant. Our model showed that an assumption of convexity provides an accurate estimate of lighting direction when the shape is globally, but not locally, consistent with convexity.
The Angiogenic Inhibitor Long Pentraxin PTX3 Forms an Asymmetric Octamer with Two Binding Sites for FGF2 (2010)

The inflammation-associated long pentraxin PTX3 plays key roles in innate immunity, female fertility, and vascular biology (e.g. it inhibits FGF2 (fibroblast growth factor 2)-mediated angiogenesis). PTX3 is composed of multiple protomers, each composed of distinct N- and C-terminal domains; however, it is not known how these are organized or contribute to its functional properties. Here, biophysical analyses reveal that PTX3 is composed of eight identical protomers, associated through disulfide bonds, forming an elongated and asymmetric, molecule with two differently sized domains interconnected by a stalk. The N-terminal region of the protomer provides the main structural determinant underlying this quaternary organization, supporting formation of a disulfide-linked tetramer and a dimer of dimers (a non-covalent tetramer), giving rise to the asymmetry of the molecule. Furthermore, the PTX3 octamer is shown to contain two FGF2 binding sites, where it is the tetramers that act as the functional units in ligand recognition. Thus, these studies provide a unifying model of the PTX3 oligomer, explaining both its quaternary organization and how this is required for its antiangiogenic function.
Macromol. Rapid Commun. 22/2016 (2016)

Front Cover: Shape-memory polymer fibers (SMPFs) by physical design: By decoupling the molecular network and stimuli-responsive species into separate components, we have demonstrated novel, commercial-scale, shape-memory polymer constructs. The two components, a thermoplastic elastomer and a semi-crystalline thermoplastic, are physically integrated via bicomponent melt-spinning and rely on strong interfacial adhesion. The shape-memory properties of these SMPFs can be tuned by physical means. Further details can be found in the article by S. S. Tallury, B. Pourdeyhimi, M. A. Pasquinelli, and R. J. Spontak* on page 1837.
Tin dioxide and noble metal nanostructures for olfactory gas detection (2010)

International audience
Supramolecular Nanoparticles That Target Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase Overcome Insulin Resistance and Exert Pronounced Antitumor Efficacy (2013)

The centrality of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) in cancer etiology is well established, but clinical translation of PI3K inhibitors has been limited by feedback signaling, suboptimal intratumoral concentration, and an insulin resistance "class effect." This study was designed to explore the use of supramolecular nanochemistry for targeting PI3K to enhance antitumor efficacy and potentially overcome these limitations. PI3K inhibitor structures were rationally modified using a cholesterol-based derivative, facilitating supramolecular nanoassembly with L-α-phosphatidylcholine and DSPE-PEG [1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polythylene glycol)]. The supramolecular nanoparticles (SNP) that were assembled were physicochemically characterized and functionally evaluated in vitro. Antitumor efficacy was quantified in vivo using 4T1 breast cancer and K-Ras(LSL/+)/Pten(fl/fl) ovarian cancer models, with effects on glucose homeostasis evaluated using an insulin sensitivity test. The use of PI103 and PI828 as surrogate molecules to engineer the SNPs highlighted the need to keep design principles in perspective; specifically, potency of the active molecule and the linker chemistry were critical principles for efficacy, similar to antibody-drug conjugates. We found that the SNPs exerted a temporally sustained inhibition of phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, S6K, and 4EBP in vivo. These effects were associated with increased antitumor efficacy and survival as compared with PI103 and PI828. Efficacy was further increased by decorating the nanoparticle surface with tumor-homing peptides. Notably, the use of SNPs abrogated the insulin resistance that has been associated widely with other PI3K inhibitors. This study provides a preclinical foundation for the use of supramolecular nanochemistry to overcome current challenges associated with PI3K inhibitors, offering a paradigm for extension to other molecularly targeted therapeutics being explored for cancer treatment.
DEPP Co-Extruded Functionally Graded Piezoceramics (2005)

Functionally Graded Piezoceramics (FGP) offer performance similar to conventional piezoceramic actuators while reducing the problems associated with their bonded construction (high stress levels, large stress discontinuities, delamination, etc.). This paper presents the Dual Electro/Piezo Property (DEPP) gradient method and the tools necessary for designing, modeling, and producing DEPP FGP actuators including: material property gradient maps, a Micro-Fabrication by Co-eXtrusion (MFCX) process, and experimentally validated analytic and numeric performance and stress modeling methodologies that account for continuous and layered material gradients and complex electric field profiles. These models predict a dramatic internal stress reduction achieved by the DEPP method. Preliminary reliability testing confirm this with an increase in piezoelectric actuator lifetimes over 1010 cycles, improvement of almost four orders of magnitude compared to conventional piezoceramic actuation.
Alveolar Recruitment Improves Ventilation During Thoracic Surgery (2012)

Unzueta, C.*; Tusman, G.†; Suarex-Sipmann, F.‡; Öhm, S.§; Moral, V.* Author Information
Mitigating Vulnerabilities of Voltage-based Intrusion Detection Systems in Controller Area Networks (2019)

Data for controlling a vehicle is exchanged among Electronic Control Units (ECUs) via in-vehicle network protocols such as the Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol. Since these protocols are designed for an isolated network, the protocols do not encrypt data nor authenticate messages. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) are developed to secure the CAN protocol by detecting abnormal deviations in physical properties. For instance, a voltage-based IDS (VIDS) exploits voltage characteristics of each ECU to detect an intrusion. An ECU with VIDS must be connected to the CAN bus using extra wires to measure voltages of the CAN bus lines. These extra wires, however, may introduce new attack surfaces to the CAN bus if the ECU with VIDS is compromised. We investigate new vulnerabilities of VIDS and demonstrate that an adversary may damage an ECU with VIDS, block message transmission, and force an ECU to retransmit messages. In order to defend the CAN bus against these attacks, we propose two hardware-based Intrusion Response Systems (IRSs) that disconnect the compromised ECU from the CAN bus once these attacks are detected. We develop four voltage-based attacks by exploiting vulnerabilities of VIDS and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed IRSs using a CAN bus testbed.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Cyclopropanation of Allylic Alcohols with Dioxaborolane Ligands: Scope and Synthetic Applications. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
HORSE SPECIES SYMPOSIUM: Contagious equine metritis: An insidious threat to the horse breeding industry in the United States1 (2010)

Contagious equine metritis (CEM) has given rise to international concern since it was first recognized as a novel venereal disease of equids in 1977 and the etiologic agent was identified as a previously undescribed bacterium, Taylorella equigenitalis. Horse industry concerns over CEM centered on the ease with which this bacterium could be disseminated, the significance of T. equigenitalis as a cause of short-term infertility in the mare, and the existence of the carrier state in the stallion and the mare. The first known outbreak of CEM in the United States was in Kentucky in 1978. The economic impact on the Thoroughbred industry in the state was substantial. Before 2008, additional small-scale outbreaks occurred in Missouri in 1979, Kentucky in 1982, and Wisconsin in 2006, nearly all attributed to the importation of carrier animals. On each occasion, appropriate measures were taken to eliminate the infection, resulting in the United States regaining its CEM-free status. With the exception of the 1978 occurrence in Kentucky, none of the subsequent outbreaks significantly affected the horse industry. That changed dramatically in 2008, however, after the discovery of a Quarter horse stallion in Kentucky that cultured positive. Subsequent investigations turned up 23 carrier stallions and 5 carrier mares belonging to 11 breeds and located in 8 states. Shipment of infective semen and indirect venereal contact in stallion collection centers through the use of contaminated fomites were major factors in the spread of T. equigenitalis. Trace-back investigations of some 1,005 exposed and carrier stallions and mares in 48 states have failed to identify the origin of this latest CEM event. Neither clinical evidence of CEM nor decreased pregnancy rates were reportedly a feature in infected or exposed mares. In light of these findings, there was some question of whether or not the considerable expense incurred in investigating the latest CEM occurrence was warranted. Regaining CEM-free status for the United States will present considerable challenges.
Three dimensional PIC simulations of the transparent and eggbeater cathodes in the Michigan relativistic (2006)

Summary form only given. A novel relativistic magnetron priming technique consisting of either a main center cathode and several satellite cathodes (eggbeater design) or just the satellite cathodes (transparent cathode design [Fuks and Schamiloglu, 2005]) is investigated using the three-dimensional electromagnetic, particle in cell code ICEPIC. Both these cathode designs rely on RF field penetration into the cathode region to enhance performance. This priming technique is thought to allow for larger amplitudes of the synchronous Ee field in the electron hub region which in turn hastens the capture of electrons into spokes. This technique effectively eliminates mode competition with the Pi mode amplitude dominating the other modes by at least a factor of 25. The A6-3 Michigan magnetron was used for all simulations [Lopez 2002]. For both cathode designs the number, radial placement and orientation of the satellite strips were allowed to vary over several axial magnetic field values so that an optimization with respect to output power and efficiency could be determined at a given magnetic field. Performance optimization was achieved for both cathode configurations at B=3.2 kG with nine satellite cathodes at a radial placement of 1.75 times the main cathode radius. A power output efficiency of 35% and an output power exceeding 550 MW was measured for both designs at optimum parameters. Efficiency and output power decreased as satellite radial placement was increased from optimum. Moreover, it was observed in some cases that satellite cathode orientation (with respect to the slow wave structure) provided an additional ~50 MW of output power. Transparent and eggbeater cathode designs were simulated with 3, 6 and 9 satellite cathodes. It was found that the number of satellite cathodes did affect the magnetron output performance characteristics. For example, unlike the 6 and 9 satellite cathode simulations, the 3 cathode transparent design was robust with respect to cathode placement. Power efficiencies for satellite cathode radial placements at 1.75, 2.0 and 2.3 times the cathode radius all yielded efficiencies in the 30% range and output powers ~500 MW. Only after satellite cathode radius exceeded 2.3 times the main cathode radius did efficiencies start to drop off significantly for the transparent 3 cathode design
Forcible Search Scheme for Mixed Gibbs Sampling Massive MIMO Detection (2020)

In this paper, mixed Gibbs sampling multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) detection with forcible search is proposed. In conventional Gibbs sampling MIMO detection, the problem of stalling occurs under high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) which degrades the detection performance. Mixed Gibbs sampling (MGS) is one solution to this problem. In MGS, random sampling is carried out with a constant probability regardless of whether a current search falls into a local minimum. In the proposed scheme, combined with MGS, multiple candidate symbols are forcibly changed when the search is captured by a local minimum. The search restarts away from the local minimum which effectively enlarges the search area in the solution space. Numerical results obtained through computer simulation show that the proposed scheme achieves better performance in a large scale MIMO system with QPSK signals.
Practice of Electric Circuits Using Demonstration of Phasor Locus Calculated by Computer (2020)

This paper describes practice of electric circuits using demonstration of phasor locus calculated by computer. Textbooks that authors has written have been used for an education of electric circuits at National Institute of Technology, Toyota college. It was carried out that a questionnaire survey whether demonstration of phasor locus calculated by computer was needed for students. The questionnaire survey was also performed whether phasor locus calculated by computer was worth to be seen in class. It is considered that demonstration of phasor locus calculated by computer is useful to be higher degree of satisfaction of students who are learning electric circuits and is not concerned with score of test in electric circuits.
Gaussian Process Regression for CSI and feedback estimation in LTE (2015)

With the constant increase in wireless handheld devices and the prospect of billions of connected machines one of the problems for future mobile networks, usually overlooked by the research community, is that more connected devices require proportionally more signalling overhead. Particularly, acquiring users' channel state information is necessary in order for the base station to assign frequency resources. Estimating this channel information with full resolution in frequency and in time is generally impossible and, thus, methods have to be implemented in order to reduce the overhead. In this paper, we propose a channel quality estimation method based on the concept of Gaussian Process Regression to predict users' channel states for varying user mobility profiles. Furthermore, we present a dual-control technique to determine which is the most appropriate prediction time for each user in order to keep the packet loss rate below a pre-defined threshold. The proposed dual-control technique is then analysed in a multicell network with proportional fair and maximum throughput scheduling mechanisms. Remarkably, it is shown that the presented approach allows for a reduction of the overall channel quality signalling by over 90% while keeping the packet loss below 5% with maximum throughput schedulers, as well as signalling reduction of 60% with proportional fair scheduling.