gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MODTRAN4: multiple scattering and bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) upgrades to MODTRAN (1999)

Radiance multiply scattered from clouds and thick aerosols is a significant component in the short wave IR through the visible region of the electro-optical (EO) spectrum. In MODTRAN, until very recently, multiple scattering predictions could not vary with the azimuth of the line-of-sight (LOS), although the single scattering component of the radiance did take the azimuthal variation into account. MODTRAN has now been upgraded to incorporate the dependence of multiple scattering (MS) on the azimuth of the LOS. This was accomplished by upgrading the interface between MODTRAN and DISORT, which is used as an MS subroutine in MODTRAN. Results from the upgraded MODTRAN are compared against measurements of radiance in a cloudy sky in the 1.5 - 2.5 micrometer region. Furthermore, taking advantage of DISORT, the upgraded version of MODTRAN can accommodate parameterized BRDFs (Bi-Directional Reflectance Distribution Functions) for surfaces. Some results, which demonstrate the new MODTRAN capabilities, are presented. Additionally, MS results from MODTRAN are compared to results obtained from a Monte-Carlo model.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Neurodegeneration Are Decreased or Normal in Narcolepsy (2016)

Six CSF biomarkers of neurodegeneration were decreased or normal in narcolepsy indicating that taupathy, synucleinopathy, and immunopathy are not prevalent in narcolepsy patients with a disease duration of 2-29 years. Lower CSF levels of β-amyloid, T-tau protein, and P-tau181 in narcolepsy may indicate that hypocretin deficiency and an abnormal sleep-wake pattern alter the turnover of these proteins in the central nervous system.
Doping-induced strain and relaxation of Al-doped 4H-SiC homoepitaxial layers (2004)

Aluminum-doped 4H-SiC epilayers with Al concentrations in the 7.4×1018–3.8×1020cm−3 range were deposited on off-orientation (0001) wafers by chemical vapor deposition method and analyzed using high-resolution x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and KOH etching. Reciprocal space maps of (0008) reflection revealed two distinct peaks originating from the substrate and doped epilayer. For Al concentration below 3.3×1020cm−3, 10μm thick layers were fully strained with the a-lattice parameter of the layer matching that of the substrate. The equilibrium c-lattice parameter change versus doping was determined to be 1.3±0.3×10−24cm3. The basal planes of the epilayers were tilted in respect to the substrate in the direction of the offcut with the tilt magnitude proportional to the doping concentration. The 10μm thick layers with Al concentration above 3.3×1020cm−3 underwent partial relaxation. The a-lattice parameter of the epilayer was higher than that of the substrate, the width of ω and 2θ scans of (0008) x-ray peaks broadened by a factor of 2 compared to strained layers, and the threading dislocation density increased by several orders of magnitude. Since no inclusions have been found in the relaxed epilayer, we interpret the above changes as due to strain relaxation by nucleation of dislocations.
Radiation-induced leakage current of ultra-thin gate oxide under X-ray lithography conditions (1999)

The effect of X-ray radiation on the reliability of ultra-thin gate oxide has been studied under normal X-ray lithography conditions. A large increase in leakage current was observed on the irradiated oxides. The current-voltage characteristics of this radiation-induced leakage current (RILC) were found to be very similar to the electrical stress-induced leakage currents (SILC). Both currents comprise a DC component due to trap-assisted tunneling, and a transient component attributed to the tunnel charge/discharging of carriers. A further component, related to the redistribution and trapping of generated holes in the oxide bulk, is observed in the RILC, but only for thicker oxides. Therefore, the RILC and the SILC have the same degradation mechanism in ultra-thin oxides of around 45 /spl Aring/ or less. An experimental relationship between the total X-ray dose and the equivalent charge fluence that induces the same amount of degradation, has been established. The oxide thickness dependence of the relationship was also obtained.
Characterization of a new Hencken burner with a transition from a reducing-to-oxidizing environment for fundamental coal studies (2018)

In pulverized coal burners, coal particles usually transition from a locally reducing environment to an oxidizing environment. The locally reducing environment in the near-burner region is due to a dense region of coal particles undergoing devolatilization. Following this region, the particles move into an oxidizing environment. This "reducing-to-oxidizing" transition can influence combustion processes such as ignition, particulate formation, and char burnout. To understand these processes at a fundamental level, a system is required that mimics such a transition. Hence, we have developed and characterized a two-stage Hencken burner to evaluate the effect of the reducing-to-oxidizing transition and particle-to-particle interaction (which characterizes dense region of coal particles) on ignition and ultrafine aerosol formation. The two-stage Hencken burner allows coal particles to experience a reducing environment followed by a transition to an oxidizing environment. This work presents the results of the design and characterization of the new two-stage Hencken burner and its new coal feeder. In a unique approach to the operation of the flat-flame of the Hencken burner, the flame configurations are operated as either a normal flame or inverse flame. Gas temperatures and oxygen concentrations for the Hencken burner are measured in reducing-to-oxidizing and oxidizing environments. The results show that stable flames with well-controlled conditions, relatively uniform temperatures, and species concentrations can be achieved in both flame configurations. This new Hencken burner provides an effective system for evaluating the effect of the reducing-to-oxidizing transition and particle-to-particle interaction on early-stage processes of coal combustion such as ignition and ultrafine particle formation.
Multicomponent Cycloadditions:  The Four-Component [5+1+2+1] Cycloaddition of Vinylcyclopropanes, Alkynes, and CO (2005)

Prompted by the view that intermediates of transition metal-catalyzed reactions could be intercepted by one or more additional components, studies in our laboratory have led to the design and development of new three-component [5+2+1], [4+2+1], and [2+2+1] cycloadditions. These continuing studies have now led to the identification of a fundamentally new four-component [5+1+2+1] cycloaddition reaction of vinylcyclopropanes, alkynes and CO, yielding hydroxyindanone products in generally good yields. Terminal alkynes bearing aryl or alkyl groups are tolerated well. Substitution at any position of the VCP leads predictably to substituted hydroxyindanone products. Using a bis-alkynyl substrate, the reaction can be carried out bi-directionally, forming 10 C-C bonds and four new rings from seven components in a single, operationally simple process.
Abstract 3559: β2-adrenoceptor Protein Expression Is Different Between Buffy Coat And Adipose Tissue (2007)

Background: Obesity and hypertension are associated with β2-adrenoceptor polymorphisms accompanying with heightened sympathetic nerve activity. In the present study we compared β2-adrenoceptor protein expression between buffy coats (white blood cells as a representive for whole-body) and abdominal subcutaneous fat to further evaluate the contributions of sympathetic nerve activity and β2-adrenoceptor to obesity and hypertension. Methods: In 17 obese normotensive Caucasian men (BMI≥30.0 kg/m2) and 8 age-matched lean Caucasian men (BMI&lt;25 kg/m2), we measured BMI, blood pressure (BP), whole-body plasma norepinephrine (NE) spillover, NE clearance, plasma leptin, and β2-adrenoceptor protein concentration and leptin receptor protein concentration in buffy coats and in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. The β2-adrenoceptor protein expression and leptin receptor protein expression were analysed by Western blotting. Results: Obese subjects had significantly higher whole-body NE spillover (673±245 ng/mL vs. 431±156, P&lt;0.05), plasma leptin (15.2±4.3 ng/mL vs. 4.8±2.4, P&lt;0.01), and BP levels (P&lt;0.05) compared to lean subjects, but the whole-body NE clearance rate was similar. Obese subjects had significantly greater expression of β2-adrenoceptor protein in buffy coats (P&lt;0.05) compared to lean subjects, while they had significantly less β2-adrenoceptor protein expression in abdominal fat (P&lt;0.05). Leptin receptor protein expression in both buffy coats and abdominal fat were greater in obese subjects compared to lean subjects. Conclusions: Obese subjects had greater β2-adrenoceptor protein expression in buffy coats, but less β2-adrenoceptor protein expression in fat. This may suggest that blunted sympathetic nerve activity in adipose tissue (observed by less β2-adrenoceptor protein expression in fat) might relate to obesity and heightened sympathetic nerve activity in whole-body (observed by greater β2-adrenoceptor protein expression in buffy coats and higher NE spillover) may be linked to hypertension. The findings support the concept of selective leptin resistance. Sympathetic nerve activity and β2-adrenoceptor, not leptin, plays an important role is mechanisms of obesity and obesity-related hypertension.
Potential use of neurotrophic agents in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. (1990)

The use of neurotrophic agents as therapy for neurodegenerative disorders was originally proposed several years ago (1). Since then, several lines of evidence have converged to support the consideration of neurotrophic factor therapy for clinical disorders. In particular, the cholinergic neuronal atrophy that occurs in Alzheimer's disease has been identified as a strong potential candidate for the first clinical trials of nerve growth factor (NGF) in a human neurodegenerative disorder. In the current communication, we review issues related to potential trials of NGF in Alzheimer's disease.
Progress and Paradigm Shifts in Spatial Vision over the 20 Years of Ecvp (1999)

In the beginning there was light, and form, and visual mechanisms. This paper traces developments in research on spatial vision over the 20 years of ECVP, with particular emphasis on (1) hyperacuity, (2) peripheral vision, (3) amblyopia and development, and (4) learning and plasticity.
NOMA-Assisted Symbiotic Backscatter: Novel Beamforming Designs Under Imperfect SIC (2023)

Optimal beamforming designs under imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) decoding for a symbiotic network of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) primary users and a secondary ambient tag have been lacking. We address that issue here. The primary base station (BS) serves NOMA users and a passive tag simultaneously in this network. We develop two transmit beamforming designs to meet the user and tag requirements while mitigating the effect of imperfect SIC. Specifically, we design optimal BS transmit beamforming and power allocation to either maximize the weighted sum rate of NOMA users and the tag or minimize the BS transmit power under the minimum rate requirements while satisfying the tag minimum energy requirement. Because both these problems are non-convex, we propose algorithms using alternative optimization, fractional programming, and semi-definite relaxation techniques. We also analyze their computational complexity. Finally, we present extensive numerical results to validate the proposed schemes and to show significant performance gains while keeping the tag design intact. For example, the proposed digital beamforming increases the harvested power and data rate by 2.16e3 % and 314.5 % compared to random beamforming.
Atomization and Nebulizers (2006)

PART III: PHARAMACEUTICS AND PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGYRALPH W. NIVEN Innoven, Half Moon Bay, California, U.S.A.University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A.I. IntroductionThe principles of atomization are central to two of the major categories of pharmaceutical aerosol products, pressurized metered dose inhalers and nebulizers. There have been major developments in each of these technologies (Chapter 15) over the last decade, but the basic principles have not changed and remain fundamental to understanding mechanisms of droplet formation from these devices.
Stereostructure of (−)-Chloropeptin I, a Novel Inhibitor of gp120−CD4 Binding, via High- Temperature Molecular Dynamics, Monte Carlo Conformational Searching, and NMR Spectroscopy (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTStereostructure of (−)-Chloropeptin I, a Novel Inhibitor of gp120−CD4 Binding, via High- Temperature Molecular Dynamics, Monte Carlo Conformational Searching, and NMR SpectroscopyHiroaki Gouda, Keiichi Matsuzaki, Haruo Tanaka, Shuichi Hirono, Satoshi Ōmura, John A. McCauley, Paul A. Sprengeler, George T. Furst, and Amos B. SmithView Author Information School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan Research Center for Biological Function, The Kitasato Institute, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 51, 13087–13088Publication Date (Web):December 25, 1996Publication History Received26 August 1996Published online25 December 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja963003dhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja963003drapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views386Altmetric-Citations43LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Chemical structure,Molecular dynamics,Molecular structure,Monomers,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
Low voltage fault attacks to AES and RSA on general purpose processors (2010)

Fault injection attacks have proven in recent times a powerful tool to exploit implementative weaknesses of robust cryptographic algorithms. A number of different techniques aimed at disturbing the computation of a cryptographic primitive have been devised, and have been successfully employed to leak secret information inferring it from the erroneous results. In particular, many of these techniques involve directly tampering with the computing device to alter the content of the embedded memory, e.g. through irradiating it with laser beams. In this contribution we present a low-cost, non-invasive and effective technique to inject faults in an ARM9 general purpose CPU through lowering its feeding voltage. This is the first result available in fault attacks literature to attack a software implementation of a cryptosystem running on a full fledged CPU with a complete operating system. The platform under consideration (an ARM9 CPU running a full Linux 2.6 kernel) is widely used in mobile computing devices such as smartphones, gaming platforms and network appliances. We fully characterise both the fault model and the errors induced in the computation, both in terms of ensuing frequency and corruption patterns on the computed results. At first, we validate the effectiveness of the proposed fault model to lead practical attacks to implementations of RSA and AES cryptosystems, using techniques known in open literature. Then we devised two new attack techniques, one for each cryptosystem. The attack to AES is able to retrieve all the round keys regardless both their derivation strategy and the number of rounds. A known ciphertext attack to RSA encryption has been devised: the plaintext is retrieved knowing the result of a correct and a faulty encryption of the same plaintext, and assuming the fault corrupts the public key exponent. Through experimental validation, we show that we can break any AES with roughly 4 kb of ciphertext, RSA encryption with 3 to 5 faults and RSA signature with 1 to 2 faults.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemokine Receptor Antagonists (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Fabrication and Characterization of 4H-SiC MOSFET with MOCVD-Grown Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Gate Insulator (2007)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
Advances in Desuperheating Technology for Reliable Performance of Combined Cycle Power Plants (CCPP) (2005)

This paper focuses on the advances in desuperheating technology, their application in reliable control of steam temperature in power stations and their implication as far as the overall reliability of cycling units. Typical problems with attemperators/ desuperheaters and the current approach to desuperheater selection are reviewed. Fundamental principles that govern the overall performance in attemperation/ desuperheating are described in conjunction with the analysis and experimental work behind it. Quantifiable, and verifiable, performance criteria for selecting desuperheaters based on the application of these fundamentals are provided. A prediction tool, which is based on the fundamentals approach and shows good agreement with field experience, is described.
Imaging micro-spectrometer with adaptive space-variant dispersion (2006)

A space-variant variable-dispersion imaging micro-spectrometer is described. An array of MEMs mirrors is used to select different optical paths through the spectrometer, permitting dynamically adjustable grating dispersion on a pixel-by-pixel basis across the image. Diffraction-limited performance is achieved across the 500-1000 nm wavelength range; and spectral resolutions ranging from 5 to 20 nm
Optical coherent signal transmission through surface plasmon and optical near field (2008)

We present the first report of optical frequency-multiplexed signal transmission through surface plasmons and the optical near field generated in a random metal-dielectric film composed of submicrometer-sized silica balls and silver.
Proposal for the IETF on "RTP Payload Format for VP8 Video" (2011)

This memo describes an RTP Payload format for the VP8 video codec. The
payload format has wide applicability, as it supports applications
from low bit-rate peer-to-peer usage, to high bit-rate Video
conferences.
What Is So Special about Aerosol-OT? Part IV. Phenyl-Tipped Surfactants (2005)

Properties are reported for new phenyl-tipped anionic surfactants, which are aromatic chain relatives of the normal aliphatic aerosol-OT (AOT, sodium bis(2-ethyl-1-hexyl)sulfosuccinate). Variations in chain length and branching with these aromatic surfactants have important effects on aqueous and water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsion phase properties. In dilute aqueous systems, chain structure affects the cmc and surface tension behavior: compared to linear chain analogues, the branched-chain surfactants display lower surface tensions but also reduced packing as measured by molecular area at the cmc a(cmc). Owing to the phenyl-tipped structure, water-in-oil microemulsions were stabilized with aromatic toluene as an oil but not with aliphatic heptane; the latter is commonly used with normal AOT. Contrast variation small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) was used to characterize the microemulsion aggregates and adsorbed films. These SANS data show that water-in-toluene microemulsions stabilized by aromatic-AOTs contain mildly polydisperse spherical nanodroplets of similar structure to those found in systems containing normal AOT. Molecular areas at the air-water and toluene-water interfaces are found to be of similar magnitude and follow a trend that correlates with variations in surfactant chain structure. The new results with aromatic surfactants build on extensive studies of aliphatic AOT analogues (Nave, S.; Eastoe, J.; Penfold, J. Langmuir 2000, 16, 8733. Nave, S.; Eastoe, J.; Heenan, R. K.; Steytler, D.; Grillo, I. Langmuir 2002, 16, 8741. Nave, S.; Eastoe, J.; Heenan, R. K.; Steytler, D.; Grillo, I. 2002, 18, 1505), suggesting that the versatility of normal AOT originates from an optimized head and chain spacer group rather than from any specific effects of the 2-ethyhexyl chain structure.