gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Passive Prosthetic Foot Shape and Size Optimization Using Lower Leg Trajectory Error (2018)

A method is presented to optimize the shape and size of a passive, energy-storing prosthetic foot using the lower leg trajectory error (LLTE) as the design objective. The LLTE is defined as the root-mean-square error between the lower leg trajectory calculated for a given prosthetic foot's deformed shape under typical ground reaction forces (GRFs), and a target physiological lower leg trajectory obtained from published gait data for able-bodied walking. Using the LLTE as a design objective creates a quantitative connection between the mechanical design of a prosthetic foot (stiffness and geometry) and its anticipated biomechanical performance. The authors' prior work has shown that feet with optimized, low LLTE values can accurately replicate physiological kinematics and kinetics. The size and shape of a single-part compliant prosthetic foot made out of nylon 6/6 were optimized for minimum LLTE using a wide Bezier curve to describe its geometry, with constraints to produce only shapes that could fit within a physiological foot's geometric envelope. Given its single part architecture, the foot could be cost effectively manufactured with injection molding, extrusion, or three-dimensional printing. Load testing of the foot showed that its maximum deflection was within 0.3 cm (9%) of finite element analysis (FEA) predictions, ensuring the constitutive behavior was accurately characterized. Prototypes were tested on six below-knee amputees in India—the target users for this technology—to obtain qualitative feedback, which was overall positive and confirmed the foot is ready for extended field trials.
Design of an Extremely Efficient, Rare-Earth Free, 5 kW Motor in a NEMA 210 Frame (2022)

This paper presents the design of a dual-rotor, conical air gap, axial flux motor with ferrite permanent magnets. This unorthodox topology, which does not use rare earth magnets, enables the design to achieve a much higher efficiency than comparable commercially available NEMA 210 frame motors. Various design aspects, such as winding arrangement and cone angle, are evaluated through 3D finite element analysis, and the selected design has been prototyped and tested. The prototype achieves a peak efficiency above 96.7 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">%</sup> and exceeds an efficiency of 96% over a wide range of torques and speeds.
Short-pulse-width micromachining of hard materials using DPSS Nd:YAG lasers (2002)

The material processing of an industrial, short-pulse duration DPPS YAG laser producing peak powers greater than 0.2MW is discussed in this paper. This peak power provides sufficient materials processing capability to meet the micro machining needs in the automotive, semiconductor, micro- electronic, medical and telecommunication industries. All hard and soft materials including: plastics, metals, ceramics, diamond and other crystalline materials are suitable candidates for the processing capability of this laser. Micro level features can be machined in these materials to a depth in excess of 1mm with high quality results. In most applications feature sizes can be achieved that are not possible or economical with existing technologies. The optical beam delivery system requirements, and overall micro-machining set-up are also described. The drilling and cutting versatility down to feature sizes of less than 7 micrometers , as well as, complex shapes are shown. The wavelength, pulse length, and peakpower are described and relate to their effect on recast, micro-cracking and material removal rates. Material removal effects related to progressive penetration into the material will be reviewed. The requirements of this DPSS laser technology to meet the operational requirements for high duty cycle operation in industrial environments is covered along with processing flexibility and lower operating cost.
Periodate induced cross-linking of concanavalin A-reactive membrane proteins of rabbit thymocytes (1977)

Purified plasma membranes of rabbit thymocytes are exposed to sodium periodate and galactose oxidase at conditions similar to those used to induce mitogenic transformation of lymphocytes. The membrane proteins are then fractionated by dodecyl sulfate poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. At concentrations of 0.005 M, Na IO4 cross-links 55,000 D and 110,000 D glycoproteins which are known to specifically bind concanavalin A. Galactose oxidase has a similar cross-linking effect, but, at the same time causes proteolytic degradation of membrane proteins. Our data indicate that oxidizing agents, like NaIO4 and galactose oxidase, can indeed cross-link receptors of the thymocyte plasma membrane as has often been proposed as a possible mechanism of their action.
Reactivity of CO/H2/CH4/Air Mixtures Derived from In-Cylinder Fuel Reformation Examined by a Micro Flow Reactor with a Controlled Temperature Profile (2020)

The effects of CO/H2/CH4 mixture compositions on the reactivity are investigated based on weak flame responses in a micro flow reactor with a controlled temperature profile (MFR). The ratios of H2 and CH4 are varied widely at a constant fraction of CO and the effects of variations in the compositions on the reactivity of the stoichiometric CO/H2/CH4 mixtures are evaluated both experimentally and computationally at atmospheric pressure. The results show that a weak flame is stabilized at the higher temperature region in MFR as the CH4 mole fraction increases, which indicates that the reactivity of the CO/H2/CH4 mixtures decreases with the increase of the CH4 mole fraction. Ignition delay times of the CO/H2/CH4 mixtures are also computed using a detailed chemical reaction model. The computed ignition delay times of the CO/H2/CH4 mixtures largely increase as the CH4 mole fraction increases, which is consistent with the variation in the reactivity shown by weak flames in MFR. Rate-of-production analyses using a detailed chemical reaction model show that the OH radical consumption by CH4 increases and that by H2 decreases as the CH4 fraction increases. Consequently, the production rate of CH3 radicals, which are less reactive than H radicals, increases and the production rate of H radicals decreases. This can suppress the OH formation from H radicals. Therefore, the primary factor of the significant reduction of the reactivity of the CO/H2/CH4 mixtures seems to be the increase of the OH radical consumption by CH4 and the CH3 radical production due to the increase in the CH4 fraction.
Inter-Rater Agreement of Biofield Tuning: Testing a Novel Health Assessment Procedure (2020)

<b><i>Objectives:</i></b> Practitioners of Biofield Tuning assess health status of their clients by detecting off-the-body biofield perturbations using tuning fork (TF) vibrations. This study tested inter-rater agreement (IRA) on location of these perturbations. <b><i>Design:</i></b> Three Biofield Tuning practitioners, in randomized order, identified locations of the 4-5 "strongest" perturbations along each of 4 sites for the same series of 10 research subjects. <b><i>Setting/Location:</i></b> An Integrative Health and Medicine Center in La Jolla, CA. <b><i>Subjects:</i></b> Adult volunteers with no serious current illness and no prior experience of a Biofield Tuning session. <b><i>Interventions:</i></b> Practitioners used an activated 174 Hz unweighted TF to "comb" the same four sites per subject, located on the left and right sides of the base of the spine and the heart. <b><i>Outcome Measures:</i></b> Practitioners identified and vocalized the distance from the body of perturbations along each site. Distances were recorded by a research assistant in the clinic room. No health information related to perturbation sites was discussed with the subjects. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Practitioners reported 6.3 ± 0.6 (mean ± standard deviation) perturbations per combed site per subject, with no significant difference among the raters. The overall level of IRA was low based initially on a first-pass, nonstatistical, analysis of results, with "agreement" defined within a tolerance of ±2 inches. In this approach agreement was 33%. More rigorous statistical analysis, including a statistical test using a Monte Carlo approach, strongly supported the conclusion of poor IRA. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> IRA was low despite attempts to balance the real-world practice of Biofield Tuning with the constraints of research. For example, while IRA necessitates multiple assessments of the same subject, no information exists as to whether an initial assessment may affect subsequent assessments. Our study exemplifies the challenges faced when attempting to fit interventions with incompletely understood procedures and mechanisms into conventional research designs.
Design and experimental investigation of a three-phase high power density high efficiency unity power factor PWM (VIENNA) rectifier employing a novel integrated power semiconductor module (2002)

The development of guidelines for the practical application of a new power module (IXYS VUM25-E) realizing a bridge leg of a three-phase/switch/level PWM (VIENNA) rectifier system with low effects on the mains is discussed. The inner circuit structure of the power module is formed by a bidirectional bipolar switch and of two free-wheeling diodes. In a first step the switching losses of the power MOSFET and of the free-wheeling diodes are determined by measurement in dependency on the switched current for characteristic values of the junction temperature. The isolated driving stage of the MOSFET is designed for minimum switching losses considering the occurring switching overvoltages and the ringing between the parasitic circuit elements. The conduction losses of the semiconductor elements are calculated directly via simple analytical approximations of the mean and rms values of the device currents. Based on the knowledge of the dependency of the main loss contributions of the semiconductors of the power module on the operating parameters (mains voltage, output voltage, heat sink temperature and switching frequency) the thermally maximum allowable mains current amplitude is calculated. Furthermore, for different switching frequencies an overview over the power loss contributions of the semiconductor elements is given. Also, the reduction of the efficiency caused by the total semiconductor losses is determined. Finally, the overall efficiency of a PWM (VIENNA) rectifier system realised by using the IXYS VUM25-E module is estimated and further possible developments of this module are discussed.
Spatial Characteristics of Distortion Radiated From Antenna Arrays With Transceiver Nonlinearities (2018)

The distortion from massive multiple-input multiple-output base stations with nonlinear amplifiers is studied and its radiation pattern is derived. The distortion is analyzed both in-band and out-of-band. By using an orthogonal Hermite representation of the amplified signal, the spatial cross-correlation matrix of the nonlinear distortion is obtained. It shows that, if the input signal to the amplifiers has a dominant beam, the distortion is beamformed in the same way as that beam. When there are multiple beams without any one being dominant, it is shown that the distortion is practically isotropic. The derived theory is useful to predict how the nonlinear distortion will behave, to analyze the out-of-band radiation, to do reciprocity calibration, and to schedule users in the frequency plane to minimize the effect of in-band distortion.
The effect of α2‐adrenoceptor agonists on the acid secretory responses of rat isolated gastric mucosa to electrical field stimulation (1986)

The effects of clonidine, UK-14,304, noradrenaline, para-aminoclonidine and phenylephrine were examined on the acid secretory response of the rat isolated gastric mucosa preparation to electrical field stimulation. Clonidine, UK-14,304, noradrenaline and para-aminoclonidine but not phenylephrine (10 microM) reduced the response of the gastric mucosa stimulated at 2.5 Hz; gastric mucosae stimulated at higher frequencies were insensitive to the action of these alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists. The inhibitory effect of the selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist UK-14,304 was antagonized by idazoxan but not by prazosin. These findings indicate that clonidine and other alpha 2-adrenoceptor agents inhibit the acid secretory response of the rat gastric mucosa to electrical field stimulation by an action at alpha 2-adrenoceptors, which are probably located on cholinergic nerve terminals.
Development and Functional Properties of Thymic and Extrathymic T Lymphocytes (2008)

Although vertebrate hematopoiesis is known to occur in a variety of locations, the differentiation of T lymphocytes takes place only in the thymus. Conversely, the only known function of the thymus is to produce T lymphocytes. As thymic function progressively diminishes with age in all individuals, and decreased thymic capacity has been linked to an impaired resistance to infections and cancer, increasing thymic function and/or extrathymic T-cell development could thus play an important role in health management in elderly subjects. However, it is currently unclear why the thymus is essential for T-cell development and precisely what is necessary to make a functional T lymphopoietic organ. In this review, we shall discuss the current literature on the similarities and differences between thymic and extrathymic T cells. A major conclusion is that innate T cells can be generated extrathymically, but only the thymus can support the development of classic adaptive T cells. Functional differences between thymic and extrathymic T cells provide a rationale for conservation of the thymus as the sole primary T lymphoid organ. These differences also have implications for the management of thymus involution.
T-Regulatory Cells and Vaccination “Pay Attention and Do Not Neglect Them”: Lessons from HIV and Cancer Vaccine Trials (2016)

Efficient vaccines are characterized by the establishment of long-lived memory T cells, including T-helper (effectors and follicular) and T-regulatory cells (Tregs). While the former induces cytotoxic or antibody responses, the latter regulates immune responses by maintaining homeostasis. The role of Tregs in inflammatory conditions is ambiguous and their systematic monitoring in vaccination along with effector T-cells is not instinctive. Recent studies from the cancer field clearly showed that Tregs suppress vaccine-induced immune responses and correlate with poor clinical benefit. In HIV infection, Tregs are needed during acute infection to preserve tissue integrity from an overwhelmed activation, but are not beneficial in chronic infection as they suppress anti-HIV responses. Current assays used to evaluate vaccine-induced specific responses are limited as they do not take into account antigen-specific Tregs. However, new assays, such as the OX40 assay, which allow for the simultaneous detection of a full range of Th-responses including antigen-specific Tregs responses, can overcome these issues. In this review article we will revise the role of Tregs in vaccination and review the recent work performed in the field, including the available tools to monitor them, from novel assays to humanized mouse models.
Impact of Scaling on the Performance of HfO2-Based Ferroelectric Field Effect Transistors (2014)

The recently discovered ferroelectric behavior of HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -based dielectrics yields the potential to overcome the main challenges of the ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs) - CMOS compatibility as well as scalability to the state-of-the-art technology nodes of logic transistors. In this paper, we study the impact of scaling on the memory performance of FeFET devices employing Si:HfO2 ferroelectric films. The operation capability was proven down to a gate length of 28 nm. Program/erase characteristics, endurance behavior, and retention properties were analyzed for FeFETs with gate lengths scaled down to 32 nm. The detected difference in the performance between the long and short channel devices could be for the most part attributed to transistor short channel effects. In addition, the effect of temperature on the device properties of Si:HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -based FeFETs was investigated in detail. The program/erase speed was ascertained to be independent of temperature. On the other hand, increase in temperature resulted in reduced initial memory window accompanied by its slightly accelerated decay with time.
Tracing Microalloy Precipitation in Nb-Ti HSLA Steel during Austenite Conditioning (2020)

The microalloying with niobium (Nb) and titanium (Ti) is standardly applied in low carbon steel high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels and enables austenite conditioning during thermo-mechanical controlled processing (TMCP), which results in pronounced grain refinement in the finished steel. In that respect, it is important to better understand the precipitation kinetics as well as the precipitation sequence in a typical Nb-Ti-microalloyed steel. Various characterization methods were utilized in this study for tracing microalloy precipitation after simulating different austenite TMCP conditions in a Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulator. Atom probe tomography (APT), scanning transmission electron microscopy in a focused ion beam equipped scanning electron microscope (STEM-on-FIB), and electrical resistivity measurements provided complementary information on the precipitation status and were correlated with each other. It was demonstrated that accurate electrical resistivity measurements of the bulk steel could monitor the general consumption of solute microalloys (Nb) during hot working and were further complemented by APT measurements of the steel matrix. Precipitates that had formed during cooling or isothermal holding could be distinguished from strain-induced precipitates by corroborating STEM measurements with APT results, because APT specifically allowed obtaining detailed information about the chemical composition of precipitates as well as the elemental distribution. The current paper highlights the complementarity of these methods and shows first results within the framework of a larger study on strain-induced precipitation.
Class-based Gaussian selection for efficient decoding in PTM HMMs (2004)

A new Gaussian selection (GS) method is presented for fast decoding in phonetic tied-mixture (PTM) hidden Markov models (HMMs). For efficient likelihood computation, a constraint is imposed on the context-dependent weights as well as the number of Gaussians. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over conventional GS methods.
Orthogonal digital waveform set design for multiaccess communications systems (2003)

This paper proposes a new approach for the design of a set of digital filters which can be used as message-carrying waveforms in multicarrier communication systems. The filter set design problem is formulated as a constrained nonconvex optimization problem. For bandwidth efficiency, all the digital filters in the set are constrained to have approximately the same desired spectral shapes in a prescribed passband; To minimize intersymbol interference and co-channel interference, all the digital filters in the set are constrained to have low values of cross-correlation at all lags and low values of auto-correlation at nonzero lags. Methods for solving the proposed nonconvex optimization problem are outlined. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed approach.
Rowing performance, fluid balance, and metabolic function following dehydration and rehydration (1993)

Eight international class lightweight rowers were examined to determine the efficacy of rehydrating with water following 24 h of dehydration on body fluid balance, metabolic function, and rowing performance. The rowers performed a maximal rowing trial on a Gjessing rowing ergometer (4200 revs, 3-kg resistance) while euhydrated (ET) and following partial rehydration (RT). Body weight was reduced using exercise together with food and fluid restriction over 24 h and was followed by consumption of 1.5 l of water over 2 h. Body weight decreased 5.16 +/- 0.14% (P < 0.05) and plasma volume decreased 12.5 +/- 1.4% (P < 0.05) after dehydration. Rehydration restored plasma volume by 6.02 +/- 0.62%. Rowing trial time increased significantly from 7.02 +/- 0.17 min for the ET to 7.38 +/- 0.21 min for the RT (P < 0.05). The net plasma lactate accumulation decreased significantly from 8.77 +/- 0.31 mmol.l-1 for the ET to 6.77 +/- 0.24 mmol.l-1 for the RT (P < 0.05). Glycogen content (glycosyl units) of the vastus lateralis decreased by 203.6 +/- 18.6 mmol.kg-1 DW during the ET compared with 139.9 +/- 13.4 mmol.kg-1 DW during the RT (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that the dehydration/rehydration protocol reduced maximal rowing performance due to lowered plasma volume and decreased muscle glycogen utilization.
Themed issue on small molecules and monodisperse oligomers for organic electronics (2016)

Guest editors Guillermo Bazan and Martin Bryce introduce this<italic>Journal of Materials Chemistry C</italic>themed issue on small molecules and monodisperse oligomers for organic electronics.
Supplementary Date from ImmunoPET of Ovarian and Pancreatic Cancer with AR9.6, a Novel MUC16-Targeted Therapeutic Antibody (2023)

Supplementary Date from ImmunoPET of Ovarian and Pancreatic Cancer with AR9.6, a Novel MUC16-Targeted Therapeutic Antibody
Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Acylcarnitines in Dried Postmortem Blood Specimens Collected at Autopsy from Infants with Unexplained Cause of Death (2001)

Postmortem metabolic screening can explain deaths in infants and children and provide estimates of the number of infant deaths attributable to inborn errors of metabolism. MS/MS is cost-effective for analysis of postmortem specimens and should be considered for routine use by Medical Examiners and pathologists in unexpected/unknown infant and child death.
A 0.13 μm CMOS fully integrated 0.1 ∼ 12 GHz frequency synthesizer for avionic SDR applications (2017)

In this paper, a fully integrated frequency synthesizer architecture, designed in 0.13 μm CMOS technology, for avionic software defined radio (SDR) applications is presented. The synthesizer provides a carrier frequency range from 100 MHz to 12 GHz covering the avionic communication applications and existing wireless standards. The switched capacitors voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) used realizes a wide tuning range from 8 GHz to 12 GHz. The VCO phase noise simulated at 12 GHz is −125 dBc/Hz at a 10 MHz offset frequency with a power consumption of 1.4 mW. The transient phase locked loop (PLL) response shows a settling time of 3.92 μs whereas the PLL loop bandwidth is of about 600 kHz. Furthermore, the synthesizer exhibits a phase noise, simulated at 12 GHz, of −104 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz frequency offset with an overall power consumption of 14.88 mW, comparing favourable to other documented schemes, but with four time the frequency range.