gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Styrning av bebyggelseutveckling : Förtätning och utglesning (2015)

Det finns ett brett spektrum av styrmedel kopplat till samhällsplanering och kommunal fysisk planering som har betydelse i arbetet med att nå miljökvalitetsmålen och generationsmålet. I denna studie har vi kartlagt 43 olika styrmedel för att styra bebyggelseplaneringen kopplat till förtätning respektive utglesning och studerat konsekvenserna i förhållande till markanvändning, resurseffektivitet, grön infrastruktur och utsläpp till luft/klimatfaktorer. Utöver detta har intervjuer med praktiker inom kommun, länsstyrelser och näringsliv som berörs av dessa styrmedel genomförts. Syfte med intervjuerna har varit att få en ökad förståelse för hur styrmedlen fungerar i praktiken samt vilka behov av förändringar det finns i dagens uppsättning styrmedel, enskilt och samlat. Resultatet från kartläggningen och intervjuerna har sedan analyserats utifrån hinder och möjligheter som påverkar möjligheterna att styra i riktning mot miljökvalitetsmålen. Det är känt att ett styrmedels effektivitet bestäms av hur nära styrningen är till källan av problemet och om det är ett absolut eller ett avvägningsstyrmedel. För att förstå hur effektiva och verkningsfulla styrmedel ska utformas behöver man analysera de bakomliggande orsakerna som styr utvecklingen. Många drivkrafter påverkar förutsättningarna för att uppnå miljökvalitetsmålen och hur olika aktörer väljer att prioritera frågorna kommer att ha betydelse för den framtida utvecklingen. För att förstå varför dagens styrmedel inte uppfyller behoven för att nå miljökvalitetsmålen räcker det inte att bara titta på styrmedel som verkar i syfte att nå miljökvalitetsmålen. Styrmedel som motverkar målen är lika viktiga att analysera för att kunna bedöma vilka förändringar av styrmedel som är lämpliga. Ett exempel är reavinstbeskattningen som i dagsläget förhindrar ett effektivt utnyttjande av befintligt bostadsbestånd. Genom plan- och bygglagen och miljöbalken i kombination med andra styrmedel har kommunen en bred verktygslåda, vilken om den används på rätt sätt, ger möjlighet att styra utvecklingen. Analysen i denna rapport visar att drivkrafterna i bebyggelseutvecklingen inte i tillräcklig mån påverkas av dagens styrmedel. För att i planprocessen bättre förstå hur de bakomliggande drivkrafterna påverkar miljökvalitetsmålen behöver kommunen bättre beskriva omvärldsfaktorerna och förstå sin egen roll i sammanhanget. Detta resonemang talar för att det egentligen inte finns något behov av införande av nya styrmedel utan snarare ett behov av att stärka nuvarande styrmedel. Med stöd av innehållet i denna rapport lämnar vi tre förbättringsförslag som kan utvecklas vidare i myndigheternas arbete med strategier och handlingsplaner för miljömålen. Förbättringsförslagen är; en översyn av miljömålsuppföljningen, stärkt kunskap om miljömålens förhållande till andra sektorer riktat till lokala och regionala beslutsfattare samt förslag om stärkt vägledning för att hantera målkonflikter dels inbördes mellan miljömålen men också målkonflikter kopplat till olika samhällsmål.
Enhanced vertical and lateral hole transport in high aluminum-containing AlGaN for deep ultraviolet light emitters (2013)

Improved p-type conductivity is demonstrated in AlGaN:Mg superlattice (SL) cladding layers with average Al composition ∼60%. The vertical conductivity ranges from 6.6 × 10−5 S/cm at a DC current of 1 mA to ∼0.1 S/cm at 550 mA and approaches the lateral conductivity that was obtained from Hall-effect measurements. The effective acceptor activation energy (EA) in the SL was determined to be 17 meV, nearly 10× smaller than EA in homogeneous p-GaN. The devices sustain current densities of 11 kA/cm2 under DC and up to 21 kA/cm2 under pulsed operation.
Interleukin‐4 and interferon‐gamma production in atopic and non‐atopic children with ashma (1995)

Previous studies have demonstrated increased production of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and reduced production of interferon (IFN)-gamma in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures from children and adults with atopic dermatitis, however, it is unclear whether such an imbalance of cytokine production relates to other childhood atopic diseases such as asthma, and in particular to the presence of the atopic state per se. The production of IL-4 and IFN gamma in phytohaemagglutin- (PHA)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures from atopic and non-atopic children with moderately severe chronic persistent asthma, and a group of age-matched non-atopic controls who did not have asthma was examined. Atopic children with asthma produced significantly more IL-4 and less IFN gamma than non-atopic children with asthma and non-atopic controls who did not have asthma. There was no significant difference in IL-4 or IFN gamma production between non-atopic children with asthma and controls. These findings demonstrate that an imbalance of IL-4 and IFN gamma production is present in atopic asthma as previously documented in atopic dermatitis, therefore suggesting that it is a feature of the atopic state per se.
Modeling the effect of olivocochlear efferents on the subcortical envelope following response in humans (2016)

The medial olivocochlear reflex (MOCR), a feedback mechanism that controls outer-hair-cell gain, is thought to provide protection and signal enhancement for a listener in background noise. This listening advantage can be attributed to reduced auditory-nerve firing to noise, which results in an increased dynamic range for encoding signals of interest. The computational model presented here updates the modeling work of Smalt et al. (2014) by adding dynamic MOCR characteristics to the more recent “humanized” model version (Zilany, et al., 2014). This MOCR implementation effectively reduces outer-hair-cell gain depending on the stimulus frequency, level, and timing. Human Envelope Following Responses (EFRs; Bharadwaj, 2015) were compared to outputs of the Nelson and Carney (2004) Inferior-Colliculus (IC) model combined with the MOCR auditory-nerve model. Adding simultaneous contralateral noise did not significantly affect the model IC modulation-filter energy at the stimulus frequency, while a 500-ms contralateral noise precursor increased the output by ~3 dB consistent with the human data. Further study of the auditory-nerve model with the MOCR may help to understand human susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss, the impact of damage to low-spontaneous rate auditory-nerve fibers, as well as to develop new algorithms for hearing aids to restore normal speech perception in noise.
Some Of These Nights (1915)

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/3370/thumbnail.jpg
Influence of the heterostructure design on noise figure of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs (2004)

In this work, we cover four topics. Three studies are presented on the effect of different epilayer structures on the noise figure of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs in the 4-12 GHz frequency range. The material studies include varying aluminum composition in the barrier, sapphire vs. SiC substrates, and, for the first time, the influence of a thin AlN layer on the noise parameters; all three against frequency and drain current. In addition is a comparison of two equivalent circuit models at 5 GHz.
Cover Picture: Exposing Differences in Monomer Exchange Rates of Multicomponent Supramolecular Polymers in Water (ChemBioChem 3/2016) (2016)

The cover picture shows an artist′s rendition of a peptide-functionalized supramolecular monomer leaving one supramolecular polymer and inserting itself quickly into another. Although multicomponent and dynamic systems hold great promise for use in future generations of molecular therapeutics and biomaterials, it is often difficult to ascertain the position and behavior of the individual components of such a complex system. Utilizing water-soluble benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) polymers, we have directly shown the ability of peptide-functionalized BTA monomers to readily incorporate into BTA-based polymers, while retaining basic polymer characteristics. Several experimental techniques show high similarity between the peptide functionalized and unfunctionalized polymers, but we were able to catch the initially swift exchange of peptide-functionalized monomers in a mixed system. These results show the importance of detailed spatiotemporal knowledge of individual components within multicomponent systems, leading to confidence in the design of such systems and, potentially, direct observation of their interactions with biological targets. More information can be found in the communication by E. W. Meijer et al. on page 207 in Issue 3, 2016 (DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500606).
Combination of thermal ablation by focused ultrasound, pFAR4-IL-12 transfection and lipidic adjuvant provide a distal immune response (2022)

Aim: Gene-based immunotherapy against cancer is limited by low gene transfer efficiency. In the literature, interleukin-12 (IL-12) encoding plasmid associated with sonoporation has been shown to enhance antitumoral activity. Moreover, non-viral carriers and high-frequency ultrasound have both been shown to promote immune response activation. Here, IL-12 encoding plasmid, non-viral carrier stimulating the immune response and focused ultrasound were combined in order to improve the antitumoral efficiency. Methods: In order to enhance a gene-based antitumoral immune response, home-made lipids Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) agonists and plasmid free of antibiotic resistance version 4 (pFAR4), a mini-plasmid, encoding the IL-12 cytokine were combined with high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). The lipid composition and the combination conditions were selected following in vitro and in vivo preliminary studies. The expression of IL-12 from our plasmid construct was measured in vitro and in vivo. The combination strategy was evaluated in mice bearing colon carcinoma cells (CT26) tumors following their weight, tumor volume, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in the serum and produced by splenocytes exposed to CT26 tumor cells. Results: Lipid-mediated cell transfection and intratumoral injection into CT26 tumor mice using pFAR4-IL-12 led to the secretion of the IL-12 cytokine into cell supernatant and mice sera, respectively. Conditions of thermal deposition using HIFU were optimized. The plasmid encoding pFAR4-IL-12 or TLR2 agonist alone had no impact on tumor growth compared with control mice, whereas the complete treatment consisting of pFAR4-IL-12, TLR2 lipid agonist, and HIFU limited tumor growth. Moreover, only the complete treatment increased significantly mice survival and provided an abscopal effect on a metastatic CT26 model. Conclusions: The HIFU condition was highly efficient to stop tumor growth. The combined therapy was the most efficient in terms of IL-12 and IFN-γ production and mice survival. The study showed the feasibility and the limits of this combined therapy which has the potential to be improved.
Patiromer Decreases Serum Potassium and Phosphate Levels in Patients on Hemodialysis (2016)

In 6 hyperkalemic HD patients, patiromer decreased serum K and P levels and increased fecal K.
The influence of reed curvature on the tone quality of lingual organ pipes (2002)

Given certain design constraints, such as the type of stop being voiced and the desired tone quality, reed voicers must use consummate skill to curve each tongue so as to produce the best and most stable tone, as well as maintaining a consistent tone quality across an entire rank of pipes. The curvature given to a reed tongue influences not only the harmonic structure of the steady-state sound, but also the attack. Two fundamentally different types of curvature are typically employed, the chorus reed (trompette) curve (which yields a bright sound) and the smooth-toned curve employed for solo reeds such as the clarinet. This study investigated the effect of reed curvature on the vibration and tone of reed tongues of both types. Two F2 pipes (a trompette and a clarinet) were constructed and voiced with 6 different tongues each to produce a variety of tones. The reed’s vibration was measured under typical conditions by laser vibrometer; the pressure waves in the boot and in the shallot were measured by means of one-eighth inch microphones and the emitted sound was recorded at the egress. By performing various measurements simultaneously, phase differences were also determined.
Unfolded recurrent neural networks for speech recognition (2014)

We introduce recurrent neural networks (RNNs) for acoustic modeling which are unfolded in time for a fixed number of time steps. The proposed models are feedforward networks with the property that the unfolded layers which correspond to the recurrent layer have time-shifted inputs and tied weight matrices. Besides the temporal depth due to unfolding, hierarchical processing depth is added by means of several non-recurrent hidden layers inserted between the unfolded layers and the output layer. The training of these models: (a) has a complexity that is comparable to deep neural networks (DNNs) with the same number of layers; (b) can be done on frame-randomized minibatches; (c) can be implemented efficiently through matrix-matrix operations on GPU architectures which makes it scalable for large tasks. Experimental results on the Switchboard 300 hours English conversational telephony task show a 5% relative improvement in word error rate over state-of-the-art DNNs trained on FMLLR features with i-vector speaker adaptation and hessianfree sequence discriminative training. Index Terms: recurrent neural networks, speech recognition
Cooperative Interaction of Divalent Metal Ions, Substrate, and Tissue Factor with Factor VIIa (1994)

Factor VIIa-tissue factor (TF) complex formation in the presence of EDTA or divalent cations (Me2+) was investigated. The influence of Me2+ on the amidolytic activity of factor VIIa and factor VIIa-TF complex was evaluated using low molecular weight synthetic substrates possessing substituted aminonaphthalenesulfonamides as detecting groups. Factor VIIa expressed low amidolytic activity in the presence of EDTA. In the presence of EDTA and saturating concentrations of TF, the amidolytic activity of factor VIIa was increased approximately 90-fold. Gel electrophoresis and sedimentation velocity studies demonstrated complex formation between factor VIIa and TF in the presence of EDTA. Substrate titration curves obtained at fixed factor VIIa and TF concentrations gave sigmoidal shapes, indicating that substrates influenced factor VIIa amidolytic activity in the presence of TF. In the absence of Me2+, the KD,app of the factor VIIa-TF complex was influenced by substrate structure and varied from 3.9 to 34 nM. All Me2+ used increased the amidolytic activity of factor VIIa approximately 8-fold compared with experiments in the presence of EDTA. The KD,app values for factor VIIa-Ca2+ complex and factor VIIa-Mn2+ complex were independent of substrate and were 270 and 40 microM, respectively. The KD,app for factor VIIa-Mg2+ complex varied from 3 to 12 mM and was substrate structure dependent. The presence of TF had no influence upon the KD,app for the factor VIIa-Ca2+ complex. The amidolytic activity of factor VIIa was enhanced by TF significantly in the presence of Ca2+, and similar results were obtained with Mg2+ and Mn2+.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A hidden battle in the dirt: soil amoebae interactions with Paracoccidioides spp (2019)

Abstract Paracoccidioides spp. are thermodimorphic pathogenic fungi endemic to Latin America. Predation is believed to drive the evolution of virulence for soil saprophytes. We evaluated the presence of environmental amoeboid predators in soil from armadillo burrows where Paracoccidioides had been previously detected and tested if interaction of Paracoccidioides with amoebae increased fungal virulence. Nematodes, ciliates and amoebae – all potential predators of fungi – grew in cultures from soil samples. Microscopical observation and ITS sequencing identified the amoebae as Acanthamoeba spp, Allovahlkampfia spelaea and Vermamoeba vermiformis . These three amoebae efficiently ingested, killed and digested Paracoccidioides spp. yeast cells, as did laboratory-adapted axenic Acanthamoeba castellanii . Sequential co-cultivation of Paracoccidioides with A. castellanii selected for phenotypical traits related to survival of the fungus within a natural predator as well as in murine macrophages and in vivo ( Galleria mellonella and mice). This increase in virulence is linked to the accumulation of cell wall alpha-glucans, polysaccharides that masks recognition of fungal molecular patterns by host pattern recognition receptors. Altogether, our results indicate that Paracoccidioides inhabits a complex environment with multiple amoeboid predators that can exert selective pressure to guide the evolution of virulence traits.
Long‐lasting neuroprotection and neurological improvement in stroke models with new, potent and brain permeable inhibitors of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (2011)

Our results show that HYDAMTIQ is a potent PARP inhibitor that conferred robust neuroprotection and long-lasting improvement of post-stroke neurological deficits.
Bragg Grating Inscription in GeO -Doped Microstructured Optical Fibers (2010)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> We present KrF excimer laser-induced dynamics of Bragg grating growths in GeO<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$_2$</tex></formula> doped microstructured optical fibers. The studied fibers all have 6 rings of airholes in a hexagonal lattice and a GeO<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$_2$</tex> </formula> doped region in the center of the microstructure. We compare the growth rates of fiber Bragg gratings in the different microstructured fibers with UV grating inscription. The influence of the doping level, the airhole filling factor, the airhole pitch distance and the fiber orientation are investigated. We expand the range of microstructured optical fibers in which Bragg gratings can be inscribed, achieving reflection strengths that are useable for FBG-based sensing applications, even for doped regions with GeO<formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$_2$</tex></formula> concentrations as low as 1.36 mol% and 0.45 mol%. </para>
Standardized platform for coregistration of nonconcurrent diffuse optical and magnetic resonance breast images obtained in different geometries (2007)

We present a novel methodology for combining breast image data obtained at different times, in different geometries, and by different techniques. We combine data based on diffuse optical tomography (DOT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The software platform integrates advanced multimodal registration and segmentation algorithms, requires minimal user experience, and employs computationally efficient techniques. The resulting superposed 3-D tomographs facilitate tissue analyses based on structural and functional data derived from both modalities, and readily permit enhancement of DOT data reconstruction using MRI-derived a-priori structural information. We demonstrate the multimodal registration method using a simulated phantom, and we present initial patient studies that confirm that tumorous regions in a patient breast found by both imaging modalities exhibit significantly higher total hemoglobin concentration (THC) than surrounding normal tissues. The average THC in the tumorous regions is one to three standard deviations larger than the overall breast average THC for all patients.
Dynamic Analysis of Modular Multilevel Converters (2012)

Theory for the dynamics of modular multilevel converters is developed in this paper. It is shown that the sum capacitor voltage in each arm often can be considered instead of the individual capacitor voltages, thereby significantly reducing the complexity of the system model. Two selections of the so-called insertion indices, which both compensate for the sum-capacitor-voltage ripples, are considered. The dynamic systems which respectively result from these selections are analyzed. An effective dc-bus model, which takes into account the contribution from the submodule capacitors, is obtained. Finally, explicit formulas for the stationary sum-capacitor-voltage ripples are derived.
D (1992)

The death of neurons, often on a large scale and at defined developmental periods, has become recognized as a common feature of normal development. The role that this neuronal death actually plays in the formation of complex neuronal circuits is less well understood, but several major hypotheses, each with supporting experimental evidence, have been proposed: a) neuronal death may serve to match the size of a neuronal population with its target, removing neurons that are unnecessary for normal function but that would be metabolically costly to maintain; b) cells that form inappropriate connections or are otherwise functionally defective may be removed, making circuits more precise; c) in segmental animals, cell death may be used to produce differences between segments after the same iterated program of fixed lineages in each segment.KeywordsNerve Growth FactorBotulinum ToxinNeuronal Cell DeathTrophic FactorCervical DystoniaThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
The influence of conjugated alkynyl(aryl) surface groups on the optical properties of silicon nanocrystals: photoluminescence through in-gap states (2018)

Developing new methods, other than size and shape, for controlling the optoelectronic properties of semiconductor nanocrystals is a highly desired target. Here we demonstrate that the photoluminescence (PL) of silicon nanocrystals (SiNCs) can be tuned in the range 685-800 nm solely via surface functionalization with alkynyl(aryl) (phenylacetylene, 2-ethynylnaphthalene, 2-ethynyl-5-hexylthiophene) surface groups. Scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy on single nanocrystals revealed the formation of new in-gap states adjacent to the conduction band edge of the functionalized SiNCs. PL red-shifts were attributed to emission through these in-gap states, which reduce the effective band gap for the electron-hole recombination process. The observed in-gap states can be associated with new interface states formed via (-Si-C≡C-) bonds in combination with conjugated molecules as indicated by ab initio calculations. In contrast to alkynyl(aryl)s, the formation of in-gap states and shifts in PL maximum of the SiNCs were not observed with aryl (phenyl, naphthalene, 2-hexylthiophene) and alkynyl (1-dodecyne) surface groups. These outcomes show that surface functionalization with alkynyl(aryl) molecules is a valuable tool to control the electronic structure and optical properties of SiNCs via tuneable interface states, which may enhance the performance of SiNCs in semiconductor devices.
0.34 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{V}_{\mathrm {T}}$ </tex-math> </inline-formula> AlGaN/GaN-on-Si Large Schottky Barrier Diode With Recessed Dual Anode Metal (2015)

A large GaN-Schottky barrier diode (SBD) with a recessed dual anode metal is proposed to achieve improved the forward characteristics without a degradation of the reverse performances. Using optimized dry etch condition for a large device, the electrical characteristics of the device are demonstrated when applying the recessed dual anode metal and changing the recess depths. The device size and channel width are 4 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 63 mm, respectively. The 16-nm recessed dual anode metal SBD has a turn- <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</b> voltage of 0.34 V, a breakdown voltage of 802 V, and a reverse leakage current of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.82~\mu \text{A}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> /mm at −15 V. The packaged SBD exhibits a forward current of 6.2 A at 2 V and a reverse recovery charge of 11.54 nC.