gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thickness optimization algorithm to improve multilayer diffractive optical elements performance (2022)

The diffractive zone thicknesses of conventional diffractive optical elements (DOEs) are generally obtained using the thin element approximation (TEA). However, the TEA yields inaccurate results in the case of thick multilayer DOEs (MLDOEs). The extended scalar theory (EST) is an alternative thickness optimization method that depends on the diffractive order and the optimization wavelength. We developed an algorithm to research suitable EST input parameters. It combines ray-tracing and Fourier optics to provide a performance estimate for each EST parameter pair. The resulting "best" MLDOE designs for three different material combinations are analyzed using rigorous finite-difference time-domain. Compared to the TEA, the proposed algorithm can provide performing zone thicknesses.
Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis of Frontal Plane Gender Differences in Landing Patterns of Recreational Athletes (2004)

1576 Previous analyses of sagittal plane landing mechanics have shown females, compared to males, execute these activities in a more erect posture potentially predisposing the ACL to greater loads. Fewer reports of frontal plane motion of the lower extremities have been conducted and may be more relevant in determining gender differences and predisposition to ACL injury. Purpose: to determine gender differences in lower extremity joint kinematics and kinetics between age and skill matched recreational athletes. Methods: Inverse dynamic solutions estimated the 3D kinematics and kinetics for 15 females and 15 males performing a 60-cm drop landing. Data were processed from contact with the force platform to maximum knee flexion. A series of mixed model repeated measures analysis of variance (gender and joint) were performed on kinematic and kinetic variables. Results: Peak hip and knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion were greater in females in the sagittal plane (Group effect, p<0.05). Females exhibited greater frontal plane motion (group * joint, p<0.05). Differences were attributed to greater knee valgus and maximum foot pronation (Post hoc tests, p < 0.05). Females exhibited a greater range of motion (ROM) in the sagittal plane (group main effect, p<0.05) and the frontal plane (group * joint, p < 0.05). Differences were attributed to the greater knee valgus ROM and foot pronation ROM (Post hoc tests, p < 0.05). Ground reaction forces were different between groups (Group * direction, p < 0.05). Females exhibited less peak vertical force but greater braking force than males (Post hoc tests, p 0.05). Females exhibited a greater hip adduction, knee valgus and ankle pronation moment (Group main effect, p < 0.05). Females also exhibited differences in hip abduction, knee varus and ankle supination moment (Group * joint interaction, p < 0.05). These differences were attributed to reduced knee varus moment in females (Post hoc tests, p < 0.05). Conclusion: Differences in frontal plane kinematic and kinetic variables seem consistent with reported injury mechanisms in female athletes.
Optical Flow with Semantic Segmentation and Localized Layers (2016)

Existing optical flow methods make generic, spatially homogeneous, assumptions about the spatial structure of the flow. In reality, optical flow varies across an image depending on object class. Simply put, different objects move differently. Here we exploit recent advances in static semantic scene segmentation to segment the image into objects of different types. We define different models of image motion in these regions depending on the type of object. For example, we model the motion on roads with homographies, vegetation with spatially smooth flow, and independently moving objects like cars and planes with affine motion plus deviations. We then pose the flow estimation problem using a novel formulation of localized layers, which addresses limitations of traditional layered models for dealing with complex scene motion. Our semantic flow method achieves the lowest error of any published monocular method in the KITTI-2015 flow benchmark and produces qualitatively better flow and segmentation than recent top methods on a wide range of natural videos.
The Central Role of cAMP in Regulating Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Invasion of Human Erythrocytes (2014)

All pathogenesis and death associated with Plasmodium falciparum malaria is due to parasite-infected erythrocytes. Invasion of erythrocytes by P. falciparum merozoites requires specific interactions between host receptors and parasite ligands that are localized in apical organelles called micronemes. Here, we identify cAMP as a key regulator that triggers the timely secretion of microneme proteins enabling receptor-engagement and invasion. We demonstrate that exposure of merozoites to a low K+ environment, typical of blood plasma, activates a bicarbonate-sensitive cytoplasmic adenylyl cyclase to raise cytosolic cAMP levels and activate protein kinase A, which regulates microneme secretion. We also show that cAMP regulates merozoite cytosolic Ca2+ levels via induction of an Epac pathway and demonstrate that increases in both cAMP and Ca2+ are essential to trigger microneme secretion. Our identification of the different elements in cAMP-dependent signaling pathways that regulate microneme secretion during invasion provides novel targets to inhibit blood stage parasite growth and prevent malaria.
Sinusoidally Modulated AC-Link Microinverter Based on Dual-Active-Bridge Topology (2019)

In this article, a bidirectional single-stage ac-link microinverter is proposed with a novel sine pulsewidth modulation. The proposed microinverter operates on the principles of dual-active-bridge converter modulation and thus allows seamless bidirectional power flow with soft switching. Contrary to the traditional two-stage microinverter interfacing a variable input voltage source, the proposed converter integrates dc-dc and dc-ac into a single stage, retaining functionality over a wide input-to-output voltage ratio. The synthesis of the sinusoidal output is achieved by applying a new composite modulation scheme that utilizes phase-shift modulation schemes used in the dual-active-bridge converter. Different parameters of the phase-shift modulation (namely, triple-phase-shift modulation) affect the overall composite modulation in terms of its ability to achieve soft switching and the average power flow. The mode analysis was carried out to demonstrate different modulation segments and its overall effect on the output power, efficiency, total harmonic distortion, etc. Previous works on a similar topology requires computationally intensive optimal modulation methods, which update every switching cycle. However, the proposed modulation parameters are analytically determined; hence, the controller only updates every line cycle, which is a significant reduction of control complexity. The proposed converter modulation scheme is designed and simulated in PSIM environment, which supports the theoretical analysis. A prototype was built for an experimental study. Results verifying the modulation scheme and the working principles of the converter are presented.
REEL: reducing effective execution latency of floating point operations (2013)

The height of the dynamic dependence graph of a program, as executed by a processor, determines the minimum bound on the execution time. This height can be decreased by reducing the effective execution latency of operations that form dependence chains in the graph. In this paper, we propose a technique called REEL to reduce overall latency of chains of dependent floating point (FP) operations by increasing the throughput of computation. REEL comprises of a high-throughput floating point unit (HFP) that allows early issue of an FP Add that is dependent on another FP Add or FP Multiply. This is complemented by instruction scheduler modifications that allow early issue of dependent FP Adds, and a novel checker logic that corrects any precision errors. Unlike conventional static operation fusion, like fused Multiply-Add (FMA), there are no changes to the instruction set to enable utilization of the new hardware, and no recompilation is necessary. Furthermore, unlike ISA-level FMA, our technique produces results that are bit compatible while boosting performance of Add-Add dependence pairs in addition to Multiply-Add pairs. Our evaluation of REEL using CFP2006 benchmarks shows an average performance gain of 7.6% and maximum performance gain of 17% while consuming 1.2% lower energy.
Rapid estimation of cortical neuron activation thresholds by transcranial magnetic stimulation using convolutional neural networks (2022)

Abstract Background Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can modulate neural activity by evoking action potentials in subpopulations of cortical neurons. The TMS-induced electric field (E-field) can be simulated in subject-specific head models derived from MR images, but the spatial distribution of the E-field alone does not predict the physiological response. Coupling E-field models to populations of biophysically realistic neuron models yields insights into the activation mechanisms of TMS, but the significant computational cost associated with these models limits their use and eventual translation to clinically relevant applications. Objective The objective was to develop computationally efficient estimators of the activation thresholds of multi-compartmental cortical neuron models in response to TMS-induced E-field distributions. Methods Multi-scale models combining anatomically accurate finite element method (FEM) simulations of the TMS E-field with layer-specific representations of cortical neurons were used to generate a large dataset of activation thresholds. 3D convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were trained on these data to predict the activation threshold of specific model neurons given the local E-field distribution. Using training and test data from different head models, the CNN estimator was compared to an approach using the uniform E-field approximation to estimate thresholds in the non-uniform TMS-induced E-field. Results The 3D CNNs were more accurate than the uniform E-field approach, with mean absolute percent error (MAPE) on the test dataset below 2.5% compared to 5.9 – 9.8% with the uniform E-field approach. Further, there was a strong correlation between the CNN predicted and actual thresholds for all cell types ( R 2 &gt; 0.96) compared to the uniform E-field approach ( R 2 = 0.62 – 0.91). The CNNs estimate thresholds with a 2 – 4 orders of magnitude reduction in the computational cost of the multi-compartmental neuron models. Conclusion 3D CNNs can estimate rapidly and accurately the TMS activation thresholds of biophysically realistic neuron models using sparse samples of the local E-field, enabling simulating responses of large neuron populations or parameter space exploration on a personal computer.
Radiation damage studies on a 5T sCMOS image sensor with integrated readout electronics (2010)

In this paper we present radiation studies performed on a low-noise, high-speed, large-area CMOS image sensor (CIS) based on the 0.18 &mu;m CMOS process. The sensor has 2560(H) &times; 2160(V) pixels with a readout speed of 100 frames/sec and a readout noise of less than 2 e- rms. The sensor features 5T pinned photodiode pixels on a 6.5 um pitch. In order to measure the impact of radiation exposure on the sensor performance, the device was subjected to x-ray exposure of 50 kRads of incident radiation using a broad band 50 KVP x-ray source to assess Total Ionizing Dose (TID) sensitivity. The active area and the digital control block and amplification circuitry were separately irradiated to evaluate the damage to each. Dark data was captured as a function of radiation dose in order to measure dark current and offset changes in the signal.
Influences of Aortic Motion and Curvature on Vessel Expansion in Murine Experimental Aneurysms (2010)

The direction of AngII aneurysm expansion correlated with the direction of motion, medial elastin dissection, and adventitial remodeling. Anterior infrarenal aortic motion correlated with medial elastin degradation in elastase-induced aneurysms. Results from both models suggest a relationship between aneurysm pathological features and aortic geometry and motion.
Site-Specific Generation of Protein-Protein Conjugates Using Native Amino Acids (2019)

&lt;p&gt;Chimeric protein-protein conjugates provide platforms for immunotherapy, targeted drug delivery, and vaccine development. However, many desirable constructs cannot be produced through direct expression, and the targeted coupling of two proteins is chemically challenging. Here we present a new approach for the rapid and site-specific coupling of proteins using native amino acids. Tyrosinase oxidizes exposed tyrosine residues on polypeptides, generating &lt;i&gt;ortho&lt;/i&gt;-quinones that react rapidly with strategically placed cysteine residues in other proteins. This approach was used to modify CRISPR-Cas9 and other substrates with small molecules, peptides and even intact proteins. The conjugation of cell penetrating peptides to CRISPR-Cas9 was shown to increase cellular genome editing efficiency by 20-fold relative to unmodified Cas9. This technology represents a new paradigm for biomolecular coupling, and paves the way to an unprecedented range of multifunctional bioconjugates.&lt;/p&gt;
From Human Driving to Automated Driving: What Do We Know About Drivers? (2021)

Humanlike automated driving (AD) strategies which are inspired by drivers’ cognition ways may show advantages in dealing with complicated scenarios. However, many humanlike AD strategies just mimic drivers’ behaviors or some specific characteristic. Learning algorithms are powerful technics to realize these strategies, but the architectures in learning-based strategies are too simple or with no detailed foundations. Therefore, we mean to summarize drivers’ cognition characteristics and design a comprehensive and well-founded architecture for humanlike AD solutions. We review the massive studies about drivers with human driving or AD and summarize the characteristics from three perspectives, cognition foundation, cognition process, and cognition strategies. As for cognition foundation, we propose a simple analogy to show the working mechanisms of biological neural networks; as for cognition foundation, the important role of previous experience is highlighted; as for cognition strategies, we discuss drivers’ cognition compensation strategies under the influences of environment, vehicle automation, and personal states systematically. After the above review of drivers’ characteristics, we classify the methods to model drivers. We find that models based on cognition processes can maintain more cognition details, and thus we design a driving-dedicated cognitive architecture. This architecture works by the cooperation of several modules including long-term memory, management module, and so on. It has solid theoretical and factual foundations and can reflect drivers’ cognition characteristics comprehensively. Finally, we discuss what needs to be done in the near future for us to improve humanlike AD solutions gradually.
Obesity, Weight Gain, and the Risk of Kidney Stones (2005)

No AccessJournal of UrologyUrological Survey: Urolithiasis, Endourology and Laparoscopy1 Dec 2005Obesity, Weight Gain, and the Risk of Kidney Stones Ralph V. ClaymanM.D. Ralph V. ClaymanRalph V. Clayman View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)68973-0AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Obesity, Weight Gain, and the Risk of Kidney Stones." The Journal of Urology, 174(6), pp. 2253–2254 © 2005 by American Urological Association, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 174Issue 6December 2005Page: 2253-2254 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2005 by American Urological Association, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Ralph V. Clayman More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Hybrid NOMA/OMA With Buffer-Aided Relay Selection in Cooperative Networks (2019)

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) aims to increase the spectral efficiency of fifth generation networks by relaxing the orthogonal use of radio-resources. In this paper, a network with multiple half-duplex buffer-aided (BA) relays is considered, where the source transmits with a fixed rate toward two users. The users might demand the same rate by the source (e.g., two cellular users requiring the same service), or they could have different rate requirements (e.g., a cellular user coexisting with an Internet of Things device). By deploying multiple BA relays, increased reliability and additional degrees of freedom are provided. Leveraging the spectral efficiency of NOMA and the increased diversity gain of BA relaying, two relay selection algorithms with broadcasting are proposed for power-domain NOMA and hybrid NOMA/OMA, namely BA-NOMA and BA-NOMA/OMA, respectively. BA-NOMA can improve the performance in terms of the outage probability when the power allocation factor α is selected such that robustness against channel uncertainties due to, e.g., outdated channel state information is provided. Moreover, BA-NOMA/OMA further improves the sum-rate by switching to OMA when the relays cannot serve the users through NOMA. For both cases, a theoretical analysis for the outage probability is conducted and the asymptotic performance is studied. Finally, numerical results and comparisons with other state-of-the-art algorithms are provided for the outage probability, average throughput, and average delay.
Effect of ZSM-5 Particle Size and Framework Silica-to-Alumina Ratio on Hexane Aromatization (2022)

Parent ZSM-5 and Ga-modified ZSM-5 catalysts with different Si/Al ratios and particle sizes were prepared. The physicochemical properties of the prepared catalysts were investigated by performing X-ray powder diffraction analysis, BET surface area analysis, and NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-TPD analysis. The performance of the aromatization reaction of the prepared catalysts was evaluated with 1-hexane as a model compound. The zeolite catalysts with a low SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; ratio possessed better activity than those with a high SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; ratio. Ga modification significantly improved the catalyst aromatization selectivity. Through aromatization, the acid sites of Ga-modified nano-sized zeolites promoted the selective conversion of produced olefin to aromatics by removing H-atoms. For the parent ZSM-5 and Ga-modified catalysts, the catalyst stability increased with an increase in the SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; molar ratio. The nano-sized ZSM-5 catalyst with a high SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; ratio exhibited better catalytic stability than the microscale ZSM-5, and the nano-sized catalyst with a low SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; ratio showed very low stability.
Amelioration of Inflammation, Angiogenesis and CTGF Expression in an Arthritis Model by a TSP1-Derived Peptide Treatment. (2006)

Abstract Objective. To evaluate the effect of a thrombospondin 1 (TSP1)-derived peptide on inflammation and angiogenesis in an animal model of erosive arthritis and to assess the relationship between TSP1 and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Methods. Erosive arthritis in Lewis rats was induced by peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-APS). Animals were divided into four groups:negative control and groups receivingno treatment,treatment with a TSP1-derived peptide andtreatment with a scrambled peptide. Samples obtained from ankle joint, spleen and liver were studied using histology, histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Results. Histological data indicated that TSP1-derived peptide treatment decreased neovascularization, leukocyte infiltration and thickening of the synovial lining of the joint, and reduced granuloma formation in spleen and liver when compared to control groups. Higher concentrations of CTGF and TSP1 proteins were observed in the affected areas of animals which did not receive TSP1-derived peptide treatment. Also, immunohistochemical and RT-PCR analyses showed an increase of the CTGF protein expression and regulation, respectively, in the tissues of untreated animals when compared to TSP1-derived peptide treated animals. By immunohistochemistry, TSP1 expression was decreased in the TSP1-derived peptide treated animals. Moreover, macrophage/monocyte-specific staining revealed a decrease in cell infiltration in the articular tissue of the TSP1-derived peptide treated animals. Conclusion. Both inflammation and angiogenesis were decreased after TSP1-derived peptide treatment indicating a potential pathway by which TSP1 interaction with neutrophils induces CTGF in RA affected tissues. Vasculature measurements at the perisynovial tissue of the TSP1-derived peptide treated (DT) and scramble peptide treated (DS) animals after day 16 PG-APS-induced erosive arthritis. Vascular Measurements Disease TSP1-derived peptide treated (DT) Disease scrambled peptide treated (DS) P Value Vascular area mean±SEM (μm2) 77.41 ± 7.96 μm2 336 ± 49.21 μm2 p=0.0008 Vessel wall thickness (μm) 3.53 ± 0.21μm 8.92 ± 0.48;μm p&lt;0.0001 Vascular index (VI) ± SEM (VI=total number of vessels/mm2) 5.6x10−3 ± 0.37x10−3 vessels/mm2 17.9x10−3 ± 1.33x10−3 vessels/mm2 p=0.006
Population pharmacokinetics and stochastic differential equations : Models and methods (2013)

International audience
SYNTHESIS OF 3-AMINO-2-OXO-1,2-OXAPHOSPHOLANES AND 3-AMINO-2-OXO-1,2-OXAPHOSPHORINANES (1993)

Abstract Aminophosphonylation of 4-benzyloxy-2-butanone 1 and 5-hydroxy-2-pentanone 7 led to the phosphonic analogues of α-methylhomoserine which were cyclised under base catalysis to yield the 3-amino-2-oxo-1,2-oxaphospholane 4 or 3-amino-2-oxo-1,2-oxaphosphorinane 9. 31P-NMR analysis of the base catalysed cyclisation of 3 showed the influence of the reaction conditions on the course of the evolution of 4.
THE EFFECT OF DOCARPAMINE, A DOPAMINE PRO-DRUG, ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND CATECHOLAMINE LEVELS IN SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS (2000)

We studied the effects of bolus intravenous injection of the dopamine prodrug, docarpamine (200 microg/kg), on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). In WKY rats (n=18), MAP and HR increased 5 min after docarpamine and then returned to baseline levels within 15 min. In contrast, in SHRs (n=15), MAP and HR gradually decreased, reaching a nadir 20 min after injection. Five min after docarpamine, plasma dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxy phenyl acetic (DOPAC) levels increased in both WKY rats (n=5) and SHRs (n=5). The docarpamine-induced changes in MAP and HR in both rat strains (n=5/strain) were blocked by the D1-like antagonist, SCH23390. alpha-Adrenergic (n=4) and vasopressin V1 (n=3) receptor blockade also abrogated the effects of docarpamine in WKY rats. We conclude that docarpamine differentially affects MAP and HR in WKY and SHRs. In SHRs, the depressor and bradycardiac effects of docarpamine are mediated by D1-like receptors. In WKY rats, the pressor and tachycardiac responses are caused by an interaction among D1-like, alpha-adrenergic, and V1 receptors.