gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Size-Based Characterization of Polysaccharides by Taylor Dispersion Analysis with Photochemical Oxidation or Backscattering Interferometry Detections (2019)

Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA) is a powerful sizing technique very well suited for (macro)molecules between angstroms and submicrons (typically up to 200 nm). However, new detection modes are required for non-UV-absorbing (macro)molecules such as most of the polysaccharides, including starches. In this work, two different detection modes were compared, backscattering interferometry (BSI) and UV-photooxidation detection (UV-POD). TDA-BSI measures the relative change of the refractive index between eluent and sample (water as eluent in this work), whereas TDA-UV-POD detects the UV-absorbing photo-oxidized products of polysaccharides/starches in strong alkaline media (130 mM NaOH or 1 M KOH). TDA-UV-POD detection was evaluated for linearity and sensitivity at two wavelengths, 214 and 266 nm. The mass-average hydrodynamic radius (Rh) obtained by TDA-BSI and TDA-UV-POD was found to be in excellent agreement, whereas higher average Rh values were obtained by batch dynamic light scattering (DLS) under the same conditions, because of the higher sensitivity of DLS to large-size solutes and aggregates. The hydrodynamic radius distributions obtained by TDA and DLS are intrinsically different but both techniques were found to be complementary, providing useful information on sample dispersity. Owing to the absence of the stationary phase, low sample consumption with straightforward sample preparation (no filtration), and no calibration, TDA is anticipated to become a method of choice for the size-based characterization of polysaccharides, including starches.
Analysis of a vapor anode, multi-tube, potassium refractory AMTEC converter for space applications (2001)

Vapor anode, multi-tube AMTEC converters, currently under development for possible use in future space power systems, utilize sodium working fluid. An avenue to improve the conversion efficiency, not seriously considered to date, is using potassium working fluid. This paper compares the performance and operation limits of Mo-41% Re, sodium and potassium AMTEC cells of an identical design. Unlike the sodium cell, the operation of the potassium cell is restrained by incipient dryout in the evaporator wick. Such incipient dryout could be delayed, but not fully avoided, by moving the evaporator wick surface further away from the cell’s hot plate. The potassium cell with a remote evaporator delivers a peak electrical power (Pe) of 8.5 We at a load voltage VL=2.7 V and efficiency of 17.4%, when the hot side temperature, Thot=1174 K. The cell peak efficiency of 17.7% occurs at VL=3.0 V, but lower Pe(7.5 We) and Thot(1136 K). When operated at a 50 K lower hot side temperature, the potassium cell delivers the same electrical power and voltage output as the sodium cell. For the same load voltage and hot side temperature, however, the potassium cell provides 1.2 We more power at a 2 percentage points higher efficiency than the sodium cell. Conversely, the optimized condenser temperature of the potassium cell (560 K) is 90 K lower than that of the sodium cell (650 K), which may increase the surface area of the heat rejection radiator by as much as 85%. Therefore, the choice of a potassium cell should be based on weighing the advantage of attaining higher performance and/or operating at lower Thot versus increasing the surface area of the heat rejection radiator.
Adjuvant treatment for renal cell carcinoma (2006)

Despite significant advances in the diagnosis, staging and treatment of patients with renal cell carcinoma, recurrence rates following surgical resection of locally aggressive tumours remain high. In an effort to delay disease progression and improve survival, the concept of adjuvant therapy has been proposed. Optimal adjuvant therapy for surgically resected renal cell carcinoma remains to be defined and the evaluation of adjuvant therapies will require properly controlled and adequately powered randomised trials. Promising preliminary results have been seen with active immunotherapies and agents that target critical signalling pathways, and there are several Phase III trials of these novel treatment options that are underway. In addition, classification of patients into high- and low-risk subgroups on the basis of a prognosis profile will serve as a useful means to guide clinicians in improving the selection of patients who are likely to derive benefit from adjuvant therapy. This will lead to a future area of investigation, which will be the identification of patients within the target population that should respond to a given treatment. This review will discuss the role and current status of adjuvant therapies for renal cell carcinoma.
Molecular circulator driven by motor proteins (2002)

We have fabricated a uni-directional circulator of microtubules. Since it is already technologically possible to attach foreign materials to microtubules using specific chemical or biochemical reactions, this novel technology to control the direction of microtubule movement should be applicable to drive micrometer-scaled rotating motors, or to applicable to transport materials between micrometer scaled areas.
Sildenafil reduces the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (2021)

Abstract Background There is an urgent need for effective therapeutic treatments for patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Method To address this need, we developed an endophenotype molecular network‐based methodology for AD drug repurposing and then validated network‐based predictions using state of‐the‐art pharmacoepidemiologic analysis of 7.23 million U.S. commercially insured individuals. We conducted five comparison analyses: (i) sildenafil (n = 116,412) vs. a matched control (n = 460,356), (ii) sildenafil vs. diltiazem, (iii) sildenafil vs. losartan, n = 664,265), (iv) sildenafil vs. glimepiride, and (v) sildenafil vs. metformin, n = 723,082). We estimated the un‐stratified Kaplan‐Meier curves and conducted propensity score stratified log‐rank tests and the Cox regression model. Result We found that sildenafil usage was significantly associated with a 69% reduced risk of AD, compared with matched non‐sildenafil users (hazard ratio [HR] =0.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.25‐0.39, P &lt; 1 × 10 ‐8 ) after 6 years of follow‐up. Propensity score‐stratified cohort studies reveal that sildenafil usage is significantly associated with a 65% reduced risk of AD compared to diltiazem (HR 0.35, 95% CI 0.29‐0.44, P &lt; 1 × 10 ‐8 ), a 55% reduced risk compared to losartan (HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.35‐0.55, P &lt;1 × 10 ‐8 ), a 64% reduced risk compared to glimepiride (HR 0.36, 95% CI 0.28‐0.45, P &lt;1 × 10 ‐8 ), and a 63% reduced risk compared to metformin (HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.30‐0.45, P &lt;1 × 10 ‐8 ). Sildenafil usage was significantly associated with reduced likelihood of AD across all five drug cohorts in individuals (Figure 1) with coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension (HT), and type 2 diabetes (T2D), and in individuals after excluding CAD, HT, and T2D. Age‐specific subgroup analyses showed that sildenafil was significantly associated with reduced likelihood of AD across all five drug cohorts in both mid‐older (65‐74 years) and older individuals (75‐100 years). In vitro experiments show that sildenafil downregulates GSK3β and CDK5 in human microglia cells, supporting a possible mechanism for its beneficial effect in AD. Conclusion This study supports a proof‐of‐concept of endophenotype‐based drug discovery and identifies that sildenafil is a promising drug candidate for prevention and treatment of AD.
<title>Determination of the optical coefficients of in vivo biological tissues by analysis of the coherent backscattering line shape</title> (1995)

Precise knowledge of the optical coefficients of a turbid biological medium is fundamental to the analysis of many optical therapeutic and diagnostic techniques that can now be found in medicine. It is unfortunate that the few successful techniques that have been developed for the measurement of absorption and reduced scattering coefficients have been limited to in vitro samples where the optical properties are almost certain to be significantly different to the corresponding in vivo state. The analysis of coherent backscattering peak lineshapes using an analytical solution derived from a scalar diffusion approximation has been recently reported but the results were inconsistent with the coefficients measured with an established method. The progress of this present study has resulted in the development of a Monte Carlo simulation of coherent backscatter from biological media which can cope with many of the practical limitations and theoretical simplifications that have been encountered (e.g., refractive index mismatches and a finite illumination spot size). Our initial results have highlighted the inaccuracies in the earlier study and suggest a novel strategy that may be used to determine the absorption and effective scattering coefficients of in vivo tissues with minimal invasion under clinical conditions.
Increasing prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in all ethnic groups in Mauritius (2004)

In this study, we report an increasing prevalence of diabetes over an 11-year period in Mauritius. This increase was seen in both sexes, and in all age and ethnic groups, and was mainly due to an increase in the numbers of those with known diabetes.
Modulation of viral infections by cytokines. (1992)

The survival of a host challenged by viral infection depends on many factors. Some are specific, such as antiviral T-cell and B-cell responses. Others are nonspecific, such as intrinsic cellular resistance, macrophage activation, and activation of humoral protective mechanisms (e.g., complement, coagulation, etc.). Cytokines are important mediators and regulators of both types of host response. Furthermore, orchestration of specific humoral and cellular immune responses requires the participation of many cytokines. Details of the complex and overlapping roles that cytokines play in specific immune responses is beyond the scope of this review. Instead, this review will focus on the nonspecific antiviral effects of cytokines.
Advanced X-ray Optics Metrology for Nanofocusing and Coherence Preservation (2007)

What is the point of developing new high-brightness
Abstract 1947: Self-reporting dendritic nanoparticles (nanodendrons) for drug delivery targeted to the tumor microenvironment and with reduced neurotoxicity (2012)

Abstract Proteinases, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), contribute to cancer progression and other pathologies. Selective MMP expression can be used to distinguish benign from malignant tumors and identify aggressive tumors associated with poor outcome. MMP9, a basement membrane-degrading type-IV collagenase/gelatinase, is associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. In this project, we describe a new class of dendritic nanoparticles, nanodendrons (NDs), with MMP molecular recognition and targeting capabilities. These NDs can be studied as individual dendrons tuned for specific functions such as enhanced imaging or targeted drug treatments. Additionally, the NDs can be coupled to facilitate multifunctional purposes such as in NDs that can self-report drug delivery to tumors. The prototypical system presented here describes NDs that are activated by MMP9: 1) ND-PB, a near infrared imaging beacon; 2) ND-PXL, a therapeutic that delivers paclitaxel (PXL) and 3) NDPB-NDPXL, a bi-functional agent. In vivo studies in two orthotopic models of breast cancer demonstrate efficacy of these NDs to image and treat breast cancer. The proteinase-activated prodrug, NDPXL, delivers PXL to breast cancer through release of the drug in the tumor microenvironment and increases therapeutic efficacy while reducing systemic toxicity (including peripheral neuropathy). The delivery of PXL using the proteolytically activated ND-PXL is effective in inhibiting tumor growth in two orthotopic models of breast cancer (PyVT-R221A and MDA-MB231). Daily treatment of MDA-MB231 tumors with 12.5 mg/kg PXL as either ND-PXL or Abraxane® (Abx), showed similar reduction in tumor growth as compared with vehicle-treated animals. Further investigation of the NDPXL in a fully immunocompetent mouse model (PyVT-R221A) with treatments given on alternate days at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg (ND-PXL or Abx) yielded similar results: an average reduction in tumor growth of 58% and 53% in ND-PXL and Abx cohorts, respectively. Peripheral nerve toxicity, a debilitating, long term side effect of Abx therapy, was assessed in both tumor and non-tumor mice through monitoring behavior indicative of peripheral nerve damage before, during and after administration of each drug. Peripheral neurotoxicity is markedly reduced in the ND-PXL-treated versus Abraxane®-treated mice as evident in a number of behavioral assessments. The development of this novel class of NDs expands upon the current capabilities of modern proteinase-based optical beacons and prodrugs and is a step forward in treatment of both primary and metastatic cancer. [Supported in part by Susan G. Komen for the Cure®] Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1947. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1947
<title>Optical birefringence of volume photopolymer holograms</title> (1996)

Optical birefringence of volume photopolymer holograms could be applied as polarization elements and an important compensated device for display. In this paper, an analysis of the optical birefringence in volume photopolymer hologram is given. This characteristic analysis is mainly based on the Kogelnik's coupled wave theory. These characteristic properties for index modulation and optical birefringence in hologram formation are theoretically analyzed with respect to the parameter of diffraction efficiency, film thickness, angular and wavelength selectivity. This paper is also considered the holograms in slanted and nonslanted structures. Results of the characteristics of optical birefringence is provided an approach to realize as an optical compensation. This study shows that the property of negative birefringence in volume photopolymer will give a newer application in liquid crystal display technology.
Towards a History of Byzantinesque Revival in Russian Church Paintings. I. M. Snegiryov (2014)

. . . . . - . . , 1834 . 1849 ., , . 1849 ., , , . . .
Over 500 Years Lifetime Dual-Layer Blu-Ray Disc Recordable based on Te-O-Pd Recording Material (2006)

50GB BD-R media with Te-O-Pd recording material was estimated to have a life expectancy of over 500 years according to acceleration test under stressed conditions. This stable recording material will reduce the possibility to lose important data even in sever storage environment.
Packaging characteristics of 6-layer ultra low-k/Cu dual damascene interconnect featuring advanced scalable porous silica (k=2.1) (2009)

To enhance the process damage tolerance, a 2nd generation scalable porous silica (k=2.1) has been developed by reducing pore-size to 2/3. Using this new low-k film, hybrid dual-damascene interconnects were successfully fabricated with low thermal stress and high adhesion strength. Packaging performance of the six-layered multilevel interconnects was also evaluated with wire-bonding and temperature-cycle tests.
[Synthesis, absolute configuration and mass spectroscopic fragmentation of the circulation analeptic cafedrine (author's transl)]. (1980)

The synthesis of [R-(R*,S*)]-7-[2-[(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)amino]-ethyl]-3,7-dihydro-1 ,2-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione (Cafedrine) and its stereoisomers is reported. By means of 1H- and 13C-nmr spectroscopy the relative configuration of the two asymmetric centres is ascertained and the absolute configuration is discussed. The EI-mass spectrometric fragmentation of cafedrine has been elucidated.
Theory of Adsorption and Desorption ofH2Molecules on the Si(111)-(7×7)surface (1997)

The physics of adsorption and desorption of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecules on the Si(111)- $(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7)$ surface is investigated through first-principles density functional theory calculations. The calculated adsorption and desorption energy barriers are 0.8 and 2.4 eV, respectively. The process of adatom backbond breaking is identified as the fundamental microscopic mechanism determining the adsorption energy barrier and the kinetic energy of the desorbed ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecule. These results shed light on controversial experimental findings for this classic surface--molecule system.
Water-Assisted Proton Transport in Confined Nanochannels (2020)

Hydrated excess protons under hydrophobic confinement are a critical component of charge transport behavior and reactivity in nanoporous materials and biomolecular systems. Herein, excess proton confinement effects are computationally investigated for sub-2 nm hydrophobic nanopores by varying the diameters (d = 0.81, 0.95, 1.09, 1.22, 1.36, 1.63, and 1.90 nm), lengths (l ∼3 and ∼5 nm), curvature, and chirality of cylindrical carbon nanotube (CNT) nanopores. CNTs with a combination of different diameter segments are also explored. The spatial distribution of water molecules under confinement is diameter-dependent; however, proton solvation and transport are consistently found to occur in the water layer adjacent to the pore wall, showing an “amphiphilic” character of the hydrated excess proton hydronium-like structure. The proton transport free energy barrier also decreases significantly as the nanopore diameter increases and proton transport becomes almost barrierless in the d > 1 nm nanopores. Among the nanopores studied, the Zundel cation (H5O2+) is populated only in the d = 0.95 nm CNT (7,7) nanopore. The presence of the hydrated excess proton and K+ inside the CNT (7,7) nanopore induces a water density increase by 40 and 20%, respectively. The K+ transport through CNT nanopores is also consistently higher in the free energy barrier than proton transport. Interestingly, the evolution of excess protonic charge defect distribution reveals a “frozen” single water wire configuration in the d = 0.81 nm CNT (6,6) nanopore (or segment), through which hydrated excess protons can only shuttle via the Grotthuss mechanism. Vehicular diffusion becomes relevant to proton transport in the “flat” free energy regions and in the wider nanopores, where protons do not primarily shuttle in the axial direction.
Controlled Release from Modified Amino Acid Hydrogels Governed by Molecular Size or Network Dynamics (2009)

Hydrogels can be prepared using the commercially available Fmoc-phenylalanine or Fmoc-tyrosine as the gelator. Gelation is triggered by careful adjustment of the pH of the solution using glucono-delta-lactone (GdL). Model dyes have been entrapped in the hydrogels, and the release of the dyes from the hydrogels has been monitored. The release ratios indicate that the systems are under Fickian diffusion control. A range of dyes with different radii of gyration diffuse from the Fmoc-phenylalanine hydrogels with similar diffusion coefficients, implying that the network is not specifically retaining even relatively large (5 nm) dyes. On the other hand, the larger dyes are restricted in their diffusion from Fmoc-tyrosine hydrogels. These results correlate with the rheological measurements for the hydrogels, where those formed from Fmoc-tyrosine were shown to have significantly higher storage moduli than those formed from Fmoc-phenylalanine. In addition, the frequency-dependent behavior of the hydrogels demonstrates that Fmoc-tyrosine shows the classic response of a strong gel with a storage modulus that is nearly independent of frequency. However, for Fmoc-phenylalanine, the frequency dependence of moduli is very strong and very similar to that displayed by a transient network, where the interconnections between junction zones in the network are highly flexible and able to withstand large deformations.
Investigation of stereolithography material by depth sensing indentation and differential scanning calorimetry (2007)

AbstractDepth sensing indentation (DSI) has been used to investigate the mechanical properties of the epoxy based resin SL7580, which was manufactured by the stereolithography (SL) process. Post-processing techniques used in the SL process have been studied and their influence on mechanical properties determined. Depth sensing indentation has been used to investigate differences in the polymerisation process in the border scan (edge) and the hatch scan (centre) areas. These experiments showed a higher scatter in the indentation hardness at the edge of the sample than in the centre. This was attributed to the higher surface roughness at the edges, as measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Changes in mechanical properties with respect to time were also observed and these were attributed to post-curing of the SL7580. The curing kinetics was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and found to fit a simple mechanistic model. The predicted degree of cure was found to correlate well with the measured indentation hardness and modulus and a simple method of predicting the variation in mechanical properties with time is proposed.Keywords: NANOINDENTATIONEPOXYDSCAFMSTEREOLITHOGRAPHY
Interspecies DNA Microarray Analysis Identifies WblA as a Pleiotropic Down-Regulator of Antibiotic Biosynthesis in Streptomyces (2007)

Using Streptomyces coelicolor microarrays to discover regulators of gene expression in other Streptomyces species, we identified wblA, a whiB-like gene encoding a putative transcription factor, as a down-regulator of doxorubicin biosynthesis in Streptomyces peucetius. Further analysis revealed that wblA functions pleiotropically to control antibiotic production and morphological differentiation in streptomycetes. Our results reveal a novel biological role for wblA and show the utility of interspecies microarray analysis for the investigation of streptomycete gene expression.
Relative Bioavailability, Intranasal Abuse Potential, and Safety of Benzhydrocodone/Acetaminophen Compared with Hydrocodone Bitartrate/Acetaminophen in Recreational Drug Abusers (2017)

Reduced hydrocodone exposure and drug liking at early time intervals, coupled with adverse nasal effects, can be expected to provide a level of deterrence to the intranasal route of abuse for benzhydrocodone/APAP.
Plasma process optimization for N-type doping applications (2012)

Plasma doping (PLAD) has been adopted across the implant technology space and into high volume production for both conventional DRAM and NAND doping applications. PLAD has established itself as an alternative to traditional ion implantation by beamline implantation. The push for high doping concentration, shallow doping depth, and conformal doping capability expand the need for a PLAD solution to meet such requirements. The unique doping profile and doping characteristics at high dose rates allow for PLAD to deliver a high throughput, differentiated solution to meet the demand of evolving transistor technology. In the PLAD process, ions are accelerated to the wafer as with a negative wafer bias applied to the wafer. Competing mechanisms, such as deposition, sputtering, and etching inherent in plasma doping require unique control and process optimization. In this work, we look at the distinctive process tool control and characterization features which enable an optimized doping process using n-type (PH3 or AsH3) chemistries. The data in this paper will draw the relationship between process optimization through plasma chemistry study to the wafer level result.