gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunization with a Recombinant Vaccinia Virus That Encodes Nonstructural Proteins of the Hepatitis C Virus Suppresses Viral Protein Levels in Mouse Liver (2012)

Chronic hepatitis C, which is caused by infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), is a global health problem. Using a mouse model of hepatitis C, we examined the therapeutic effects of a recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) that encodes an HCV protein. We generated immunocompetent mice that each expressed multiple HCV proteins via a Cre/loxP switching system and established several distinct attenuated rVV strains. The HCV core protein was expressed consistently in the liver after polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid injection, and these mice showed chronic hepatitis C-related pathological findings (hepatocyte abnormalities, accumulation of glycogen, steatosis), liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunization with one rVV strain (rVV-N25), which encoded nonstructural HCV proteins, suppressed serum inflammatory cytokine levels and alleviated the symptoms of pathological chronic hepatitis C within 7 days after injection. Furthermore, HCV protein levels in liver tissue also decreased in a CD4 and CD8 T-cell-dependent manner. Consistent with these results, we showed that rVV-N25 immunization induced a robust CD8 T-cell immune response that was specific to the HCV nonstructural protein 2. We also demonstrated that the onset of chronic hepatitis in CN2-29((+/-))/MxCre((+/-)) mice was mainly attributable to inflammatory cytokines, (tumor necrosis factor) TNF-α and (interleukin) IL-6. Thus, our generated mice model should be useful for further investigation of the immunological processes associated with persistent expression of HCV proteins because these mice had not developed immune tolerance to the HCV antigen. In addition, we propose that rVV-N25 could be developed as an effective therapeutic vaccine.
A Study on Extraction Method of Synonyms in Specification Documents (2012)

Recently, the document information managed in companies tend to be more complex and various. Specification documents are used for the technical transfer and inheritance of manufactures and services. However, the description and the meaning of the component words in specifications are often inconsistent or multiple, because a specification document is made by the persons in charge of various parts. Then the readers may misunderstand the contents of specifications by them. This paper focuses on synonyms, multiple description of words for a meaning or a word, in specification documents and proposes an extraction method of them considering the co-occurrence words of component words. This paper applies the proposed method to a test data, in which some words in an actual specification document are replaced with another words, and studies the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Silicon‐Directed Nazarov Reactions III. Stereochemical and Mechanistic Considerations (1983)

Abstract The influence of remote substituents on the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclization in the silicon‐directed Nazarov reaction has been examined. While the degree of stereocontrol was modest ( ca. 3:1) the substituent in the major isomer (4,5 or 7‐substituted cis ‐hexahydroind‐2‐en‐1‐ones) is always cis to the protons on the ring fusion. Thorough spectroscopic and conformational analysis revealed that divergent senses of electrocyclization are responsible for the observed products. Additional experiments suggest that steric, rather than stereoelectronic forces control the sense of cyclization. A qualitative description of the nature of reactive intermediates in the silicon‐directed Nazarov reaction is proposed as well as an explanation for the remarkable efficacy of FeCl 3 for inducing the reaction.
Transport and structural characterization of solution-processable doped ZnO nanowires (2009)

The use of ZnO nanowires has become a widespread topic of interest in optoelectronics. In order to correctly assess the quality, functionality, and possible applications of such nanostructures it is important to accurately understand their electrical and optical properties. Aluminum- and gallium-doped crystalline ZnO nanowires were synthesized using a low-temperature solution-based process, achieving dopant densities of the order of 10<sup>20</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup>. A non-contact optical technique, photothermal deflection spectroscopy, is used to characterize ensembles of ZnO nanowires. By modeling the free charge carrier absorption as a Drude metal, we are able to calculate the free carrier density and mobility. Determining the location of the dopant atoms in the ZnO lattice is important to determine the doping mechanisms of the ZnO nanowires. Solid-state NMR is used to distinguish between coordination environments of the dopant atoms.
Effect Of Capping Layer During Annealing of Low-Dose Lowenergy Simox Materials (2000)

Abstract Ultra-thin Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) materials are becoming increasingly attractive for fabrication of ultra-large scale integrated (ULSI) devices due to their performance, speed, and power reduction advantages [1]. In SIMOX (Separation by IMplanted OXygen) materials, extensive damage can be repaired by high-temperature annealing in an argon ambient. A small percentage of oxygen is added to give a sufficient oxygen partial pressure to prevent formation of silicon monoxide lumps and subsequent pits [2]. Capping the sample surface to prevent external thermal oxidation during annealing is important to preserve the thickness of the top silicon layer. This is particularly critical for the ultra-thin SIMOX produced by the low-dose low-energy process. However, the surface capping also affects the formation of the buried oxide (BOX). To study this effect, two sets of samples implanted at the same doses of 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0x 1017O+ /cm2 at 65keV were annealed with or without protective cap on the sample surface.
Mixing of a Sonic Transverse Jet Injected into a Supersonic Flow (2000)

The mixing characteristics of an underexpanded sonic jet injected into a Mach 1.6 crosse ow are studied experimentally. Shadowgraph photography and planar laser-induced e uorescence from acetone are used to obtain temporally resolved e owe eld visualizations of a side viewof the barrel shock region, a side view of the downstream plume, and an end view cross section of the plume. Instantaneous images, mean and standard deviation images, and image-intensity probability density functions (PDFs) are used to study the mixing produced by large-scale turbulent structures. PDFs show that time-averaged mixture fraction measurements greatly overestimate the actual level of instantaneous mixing in the e owe eld. Comparisons of the instantaneous images and PDFs show the role of large-scale rolling structures and jetlike plumes in transporting coherent packets of e uid across the threedimensional shear layer formed between the jet and crosse ow. Signie cant instantaneous mixing in this e owe eld occursin the wakeregiondownstream ofthebarrel shock region and below thejetcenterline.Thecounter-rotating streamwisevortex pairin thejetplumeplaysan importantrole in the scalarmixing processes becauseit transports jet e uid down toward the wake and entrains crosse ow e uid from below up into the jet.
Portable Ultrasound Research System for Use in Automated Bladder Monitoring with Machine-Learning-Based Segmentation (2021)

We developed a new mobile ultrasound device for long-term and automated bladder monitoring without user interaction consisting of 32 transmit and receive electronics as well as a 32-element phased array 3 MHz transducer. The device architecture is based on data digitization and rapid transfer to a consumer electronics device (e.g., a tablet) for signal reconstruction (e.g., by means of plane wave compounding algorithms) and further image processing. All reconstruction algorithms are implemented in the GPU, allowing real-time reconstruction and imaging. The system and the beamforming algorithms were evaluated with respect to the imaging performance on standard sonographical phantoms (CIRS multipurpose ultrasound phantom) by analyzing the resolution, the SNR and the CNR. Furthermore, ML-based segmentation algorithms were developed and assessed with respect to their ability to reliably segment human bladders with different filling levels. A corresponding CNN was trained with 253 B-mode data sets and 20 B-mode images were evaluated. The quantitative and qualitative results of the bladder segmentation are presented and compared to the ground truth obtained by manual segmentation.
Flexible sensor matrix with dynamic channel weighting for improved estimation of the fetal heart rate by Doppler ultrasound (2017)

Electronic fetal heart-rate (fHR) monitoring is standard clinical practice to assess the fetal condition and to detect deviations from the normal fHR pattern. Typically, an ultrasound (US) transducer, operating in a pulsed-wave Doppler mode, measures the periodic motion and the resulting flow of the fetal heart, from which the fHR can be derived. However, as the fetus moves antepartum or during labour through the birth canal, the fetal-heart location (fHL) changes continuously. Consequently, the clinical staff needs to manually track the fHL and reposition the US transducer accordingly. In this research, a new flexible sensor matrix with multiple elements is designed; it allows measuring the fHR over a large range of possible fHLs. Further, a method for dynamic combination of the receiving channels is presented. This new method, compared to a standard combining technique, improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the Doppler signal and, therefore, leads to more accurate fHR estimation.
AIM Encrypt: A Case Study of the Dangers of Cryptographic Urban Legends (2003)

Like e--mail, instant messaging (IM) has become an integral part of life in a networked society. Until recently, IM software has been lax about providing confidentiality and integrity of these conversations. With the introduction of AOL's version 5.2.3211 of the AIM client, users can optionally encrypt and protect the integrity of their conversation. Taking advantage of the encryption capabilities of the AIM client requires that signed certificates for both parties be available. AIM (through VeriSign) makes such certificates available for purchase. However, in a "public service" effort to defray the cost of purchasing personal certificates to protect IM conversations, a website (www.aimencrypt.com) is offering a certificate free of cost for download. Unfortunately, the provided certificate is the same for everyone; this mistake reveals the dangers of a public undereducated about computer security, especially public key cryptography.
Multiplex Caspase Activity and Cytotoxicity Assays (2008)

Multiplexed assay chemistries provide for multiple measurements of cellular parameters within a single assay well. This experimental practice not only is more cost efficient but provides more informational content about a compound or treatment. For instance, multiplexed caspase activity assays can help establish the kinetics and magnitude of initiator and effector caspase induction by candidate compounds or treatments. The ability to combine the activity profiles within the same sample provides a level of normalization not possible with parallel assays. Furthermore, multiplexing caspase activity assays with viability and/or cytotoxicity assays can support conclusions regarding cytotoxic mechanism and provide normalization that may help correct for differences in cell number.
Pharmacology of a new triazine antifolate in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys. (1975)

Triazinate (TZT), a potent inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, was selected for detailed investigation to determine its mechanism of selective action as well as its metabolic fate in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys. The serum disappearance of TZT in normal and tumor-bearing mice was similar, with a rapid tissue equilibration phase and a slower elimination phase. Serum disappearance in normal and tumor-bearing rats was 1.5 to 2.2 hr. Serum disappearance in dogs and monkeys was similar, with half-lives of 3 to 4 and 2 to 4 hr, respectively. Urinary excretion of TZT at 24 hr was only 5 to 6% of the injected dose in mice and rats; in contrast, the dogs excreted 60% of the injected dose in 8 hr. TZT accumulated to comparable degrees in the organs of rats and mice, with progressively lesser concentrations in liver, kidney, spleen, and brain. Dihydrofolate reductase activity became almost undectectable in all tissues studied within 15 min after drug adminsitration. An important difference in drug accumulation was in the ascites cells of tumor-bearing animals: in mice, the drug level was consistently lower in the L1210 cells than in the ascites fluid; in contrast, by 30 min after treatment with TZT the drug level in Walker 256 cells was 10-fold higher than the level in the ascites fluid. No evidence for drug metabolism was found in extracts of urine, feces, or organ tissues from either mice or rats. TZT and two related triazines were studied for their ability to accumulate in the cerbrospinal fluid of dogs after i.v. administration. TZT achieved a cerebrospinal fluid level of approximately 15% of the serum concentration at 1 hr; in contrast, the other two triazines reached maximum cerebrospinal fluid values of 1% at 1 hr.
Domain prior based superpixel propagation for optic cup localization (2013)

In this paper, we present an unsupervised framework using domain priors extracted from the primary structures of the optic nerve head for automated optic cup localization. Our approach provides 3 major contributions. First, we identify a new domain prior, optic cup origin. This prior is derived from the physiological understanding that the central retinal vessels traces its origin from the optic cup before extending to the rest of the retinal. Second, we propose extracting the features of the optic nerve head from superpixels, which are obtained from low-level grouping and have more natural and descriptive features than pixel based techniques. Third, the domain knowledge comprising of optic cup origin and cup pallor, and the extracted features from superpixels are then used to drive a similarity-based label propagation and refinement scheme for the optic cup localization. Our approach was validated on a clinical online dataset, ORIGA-light, of 650 population-based images. Overall, our approach is able to achieve a 32.2% nonoverlap ratio (m <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> ), a 33.8% relative absolute area difference (m <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) and a 10.6% absolute CDR error (δ).
Concurrent chemo-radiotherapy with proton therapy: reduced toxicity with comparable oncological outcomes vs photon chemo-radiotherapy (2020)

Concurrent chemo-radiotherapy is a commonly employed curative treatment approach for locally advanced cancers but is associated with considerable morbidity. Chemo-radiotherapy using proton therapy may be able to reduce side effects of treatment and improve efficacy, but this remains an area of controversy and data are relatively limited. We comment on recently published studies and discuss future directions for proton therapy.
Processing of the Human Transferrin Receptor at Distinct Positions within the Stalk Region by Neutrophil Elastase and Cathepsin G (2002)

The ectodomain of the human transferrin receptor (TfR) is released as soluble TfR into the blood by cleavage within a stalk. The major cleavage site is located C-terminally of Arg-100; alternative cleavage sites are also present. Since the cleavage process is still unclear, we looked for proteases involved in TfR ectodomain release. In the supernatant of U937 histiocytic cells we detected alternatively cleaved TfR (at Glu-110). In membrane fractions of these cells we identified two distinct proteolytic activities responsible for TfR cleavage within the stalk at either Val-108 or Lys-95. Both activities could be inhibited by serine protease inhibitors, but not by inhibitors of any other class of proteases. Protein purification yielded a 28 kDa protein that generated the Val-108 terminus. The protease activity could be ascribed to neutrophil elastase according to the substrate specificity determined by amino acid substitution analysis of synthetic peptides, an inhibitor profile, the size of the protease and the use of specific antibodies. The results of analogous experiments suggest that the second activity is represented by another serine protease, cathepsin G. Thus, membrane-associated forms of neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G may be involved in alternative TfR shedding in U937 cells.
Dispersion Tailoring in Dual Slot Waveguide (2010)

Dual slot waveguides incorporate a sub-core in the slot, so that the guided beam is confined two-dimensionally. The modification enlarges the room for tailoring dispersive properties and birefringence. Both zero dispersion and constant-dispersion points are demonstrated.
Факторы, влияющие на клинический выбор врача при назначении специального лечения рака легкого в пожилом и старческом возрасте (2012)

The lung cancer remains the leading reason of death rate from oncological diseases. One of the major components of treatment is the chemotherapy. As a result of clinico-epidemiological research of the problems connected with the prescription of appropriate lung cancer treatment of aged, the factors limiting application of some therapy methods have been allocated. At determining a method of special therapy for patients of average, elderly and senile age, the clinical decision of the doctor is influenced by factors: 1) organizational (late medical aid appealability, late diagnostics, patient’s refusal from special treatment); 2) connected with diagnostics problems (complexities in carrying out thoracoscopy, bronchoscopy, patients’ refusal from thoracoscopy, bronchoscopy); 3) connected with polymorbidity. Such factors as late medical aid appealability, late diagnostics, patients’ refusal from thoracoscopy, bronchoscopy, presence of an accompanying pathology and complexity in carrying out thoracoscopy, bronchoscopy have a greater impact on the doctor’s clinical decision while choosing a lung cancer therapy method for the elderly and senile age patients, rather than for those of the middle age.
Negation in Kulina (2019)

Abstract This study reconstructs the development of a negative existential and a negative pro-sentence in the Arawan language Kulina (Brazil-Peru). We demonstrate that the two elements forming the negative existential construction nowe (hi)ra- are involved in a double polarity swap: (i) an originally neutral lexical item (the dynamic verb nowe ‘show’) has become negative through contamination, and (ii) an originally negative element (hi)ra- , which was responsible for the contamination, is bleaching into a semantically neutral auxiliary. This lexeme nowe , with the auxiliary used only optionally, also functions as a negative pro-sentence now. Thus, synchronically we have a negative pro-sentence that has its origin in a semantically-neutral lexical item. Neither the source of the negative pro-sentence nor this diachronic path has surfaced in the literature on negation so far and thus they are instructive from diachronic and typological perspectives. The hypothesis enriches the literature on both the Jespersen Cycle and the Negative Existential Cycle.
Image reconstruction of effective Mie scattering parameters of breast tissue in vivo with near-infrared tomography (2006)

A method for image reconstruction of the effective size and number density of scattering particles is discussed within the context of interpreting near-infrared (NIR) tomography images of breast tissue. An approach to use Mie theory to estimate the effective scattering parameters is examined and applied, given some assumptions about the index of refraction change expected in lipid membrane-bound scatterers. When using a limited number of NIR wavelengths in the reduced scattering spectra, the parameter extraction technique is limited to representing a continuous distribution of scatterer sizes, which is modeled as a simple exponentially decreasing distribution function. In this paper, image formation of effective scatterer size and number density is presented based on the estimation method. The method was evaluated with Intralipid phantom studies to demonstrate particle size estimation to within 9% of the expected value. Then the method was used in NIR patient images, and it indicates that for a cancer tumor, the effective scatterer size is smaller than the background breast values and the effective number density is higher. In contrast, for benign tumor patients, there is not a significant difference in effective scatterer size or number density between tumor and normal tissues. The method was used to interpret magnetic resonance imaging-coupled NIR images of adipose and fibroglandular tissues, and it indicated that the fibroglandular tissue has smaller effective scatterer size and larger effective number density than the adipose tissue does.
Preparation of ‘Fréchet‐type’ Polyether Dendrons and Aliphatic Polyester Dendrimers by Convergent Growth: An Experimental Primer (2001)

This chapter has sections titled: Introduction ‘Fréchet-Type’ Polyether Dendrons based on 3,5-dihydroxybenzyl Alcohol Preparation of Polyether Dendrimers by Assembly of Fréchet-Type Dendrons around a Core Aliphatic Polyester Dendrons and Dendrimers based on 2,2-bis-hydroxymethylpropionic Acid References
Neuropeptide Y Fragments Derived from Neprilysin Processing Are Neuroprotective in a Transgenic Model of Alzheimer's Disease (2009)

The endopeptidase neprilysin (NEP) is a major amyloid-beta (Abeta) degrading enzyme and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Because NEP cleaves substrates other than Abeta, we investigated the potential role of NEP-mediated processing of neuropeptides in the mechanisms of neuroprotection in vivo. Overexpression of NEP at low levels in transgenic (tg) mice affected primarily the levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY) compared with other neuropeptides. Ex vivo and in vivo studies in tg mice and in mice that received lentiviral vector injections showed that NEP cleaved NPY into C-terminal fragments (CTFs), whereas silencing NEP reduced NPY processing. Immunoblot and mass spectrometry analysis showed that NPY 21-36 and 31-36 were the most abundant fragments generated by NEP activity in vivo. Infusion of these NPY CTFs into the brains of APP (amyloid precursor protein) tg mice ameliorated the neurodegenerative pathology in this model. Moreover, the amidated NPY CTFs protected human neuronal cultures from the neurotoxic effects of Abeta. This study supports the possibility that the NPY CTFs generated during NEP-mediated proteolysis might exert neuroprotective effects in vivo. This function of NEP represents a unique example of a proteolytic enzyme with dual action, namely, degradation of Abeta as well as processing of NPY.
Hospital automation RFID-based (2008)

RFID is a technology have been adopted in many business fields, especially in medical field. This work has the objective to present a system for automation of a hospital clinical analysis laboratory. This system initially uses contactless smart cards to store patientpsilas data and for authentication of hospital employees in the system. The proposed system also uses RFID tags stuck in each patientpsilas collected samples container for correct identification of the patient who gave away the samples. This work depicts a hospital laboratory workflow, presents the system modeling and deals with security matters related to information stored in the smart cards.