gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Flame Design: A Novel Approach Developed to Produce Clean, Efficient Diffusion Flames (2000)

Soot formation and flame extinction are vital concerns in the combustion of fossil fuels. In particular, soot is responsible for pollutant emissions, and extinction can cause inefficient or unstable burning. Normal-gravity experiments have demonstrated that flames can be designed to improve both characteristics by redirecting some or all of the nitrogen from the oxidizer into the fuel. Such nitrogen exchange can produce permanently blue flames, which are soot free under all possible flame conditions. Furthermore, this approach can lead to stronger, extinction-resistant flames. Past investigations of nitrogen exchange were unable to identify the physical mechanisms responsible for its benefits because these mechanisms cannot be isolated when normal-gravity flames are studied. In contrast, the Diffusion Flame Extinction and Soot Inception (DESI) experiment considers spherical flames, where nearly perfect spherical symmetry affords new levels of control. Because of buoyancy, spherical flames cannot be created in Earth s gravity. DESI was conceived by principal investigator Professor R.L. Axelbaum of Washington University in St. Louis. Tests to date have utilized the 2.2-Second Drop Tower at the NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field. The experiment is slated for testing aboard the International Space Station in a few years. Two mechanisms have been proposed to explain the connection between nitrogen exchange and permanently blue flames. These are the structure (chemical effects) and hydrodynamics (flow direction and speed). In normal-gravity flames, the structure and hydrodynamics are coupled, since nitrogen exchange simultaneously modifies both. Spherical microgravity flames, on the other hand, allow independent control of these factors. Specifically, structure can be modified via nitrogen exchange, and flow direction can be reversed by swapping the ambient and burner-feed gases. In DESI, these variations can be accomplished without changing the theoretical flame temperature.
Ethics and Disaster Risk Reduction Including Climate Change Adaptation (2017)

The ethics of disaster risk reduction (DRR) including climate change adaptation (CCA) is ever-changing and often apparently contradictory, depending on the ethical theories one considers. DRR including CCA involves three main schools of ethics: consequentialism, which looks at the outcome; deontology, which is interested in the intention; and the contrarians who investigate the 'ecology' of human relations and how we enter into contracts with each other. Responsibility and blame in DRR inclusive of CCA can be considered from the point of view of who is responsible/blameworthy for climate change and who is responsible/blameworthy for not taking any action when anthropogenic climate change modifies the realms of DRR. The intergenerational problem of climate change and DRR including CCA is the issue of the temporality of the actions that outlive ourselves and ripple into future generations. It is generated by the Earth phenomena operating over periods longer than the life expectancy of individuals.
Perspectives on sipuleucel-T: Its role in the prostate cancer treatment paradigm (2015)

Sipuleucel-T is an autologous cellular immunotherapy approved in the US for patients with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). This significant advance for mCRPC treatment provides healthcare professionals with another effective therapy to extend survival. As an immunotherapy, sipuleucel-T possesses specific characteristics differentiating it from traditional therapies. At a roundtable meeting of experts, sipuleucel-T data were discussed, focusing on interpretation and clinical implications. Important differences between immunotherapies and traditional therapies were explored, e.g., mode of action, outcomes, data consistency and robustness, timing of sipuleucel-T treatment, and future perspectives in areas such as short-term markers of long-term benefit.
Induction of T Cells Specific for the Mutated Segment of Oncogenic P21ras Protein by Immunization In Vivo with the Oncogenic Protein (1993)

Many malignancies harbor mutated ras proto-oncogenes encoding 21 kDa proteins with single amino acid substitutions. Previous studies have shown that the aberrant p21ras proteins are potential tumor-specific antigens in that CD4+ class II major histocompatibility complex-restricted T cells specific for the mutated segment of various oncogenic p21ras proteins can be elicited by immunization in vivo with synthetic peptides corresponding to the mutated segment. T-cell recognition of an antigenic peptide within a protein may be influenced substantially, either positively or negatively, by flanking amino acid sequences as well as by more distal immunogenic or tolerogenic epitopes within the same protein. This study examined whether T cells specific for the mutated segment of an oncogenic p21ras protein can be elicited by immunization in vivo with the protein. The results showed that p21ras protein bearing the transforming single amino acid substitution of leucine for glutamine at residue 61 could elicit T cells specifically reactive to the mutated region of the protein in C3H/HeN mice. Thus, an abnormal p21ras protein specifically associated with malignant transformation can be immunogenic in vivo. These results predict that in some circumstances, mutated p21ras proteins expressed by malignancies might elicit detectable mutation-specific T-cell responses.
Interactions of various skeletal intracrystalline components with calcite crystals (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInteractions of various skeletal intracrystalline components with calcite crystalsS. Albeck, J. Aizenberg, L. Addadi, and S. WeinerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 25, 11691–11697Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00078a005https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00078a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1023Altmetric-Citations278LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Myelodysplastic syndromes, aging, and age: Correlations, common mechanisms, and clinical implications (2007)

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogenous group of myeloid neoplasms that develop primarily in elderly patients. Although a specific molecular basis for the predominant incidence of MDS in higher age groups remains unknown, several lines of evidence suggest that the biology of aging and the pathogenesis of MDS share several genetic, epigenetic, and molecular features. The current review attempts to delineate these common aspects as well as additional discriminative features that are specific for MDS and thus help explaining disease-evolution and progression. In addition, the present review discusses age as an important prognostic factor and co-variable to be considered in treatment algorithms in MDS.
A LONG TERM PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY OF UNCEMENTED TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT FOR REVERSAL OF HIP ANKYLOSIS (2011)

Previously ankylosed or surgically arthrodesed hip joints can be converted successfully to a total hip replacement (THR) in order to improve patient mobility and function. We present a long term prospective cohort study of cementless revisions of previously ankylosed hips. Sixteen hips (15 patients) with a mean age of 52 years (range 16 to 75) had ankylosed hips for a mean of 36 years (range 3.5 to 65 years). They all received a cementless THR between August 1988 and January 2003 and were prospectively followed-up for a mean of 11 years (range 5.0 to 19 years). Two patients died during the study period of unrelated causes and none were lost to follow-up. All patients showed improved mobility and function following the conversion of their ankylosed hips. The Harris Hip Score improved from a pre-operative mean value of 70 (Standard Error of Mean (SEM) 3.4) to a post-operative value of 83 (SEM 4.4) at the latest review, which was statistically significant (p There was one acetabular cup revision at 5 years post implantation for aseptic loosening. At a mean of 11 years post THR, all other femoral and acetabular components remained clinically and radiographically well fixed. One patient with systemic ankylosing spondylitis and spontaneous bilateral bony hip ankylosis developed the unusual complication of Paget’s disease of the left hemipelvis and proximal femur two years after successful bilateral THR surgery. His symptoms resolved following medical therapy for Paget’s disease. We conclude that a previously ankylosed hip can be effectively converted to a cementless total hip replacement with good long term results.
COL11A2 Collagen Gene Transcription Is Differentially Regulated by EWS/ERG Sarcoma Fusion Protein and Wild-type ERG (2003)

A specific t(21;22) chromosomal translocation creates the chimeric EWS/ERG gene in some cases of Ewing's sarcoma. In the resultant EWS/ERG fusion protein, the N-terminal part of the ETS family protein ERG is replaced by the N terminus of the RNA-binding protein EWS. We found that both the EWS/ERG and COL11A2 genes are expressed in the Ewing's sarcoma cell line, CADO-ES1. To investigate a potential role for EWS/ERG in COL11A2 gene expression, we characterized the COL11A2 promoter and tested the ability of wild-type ERG and EWS/ERG sarcoma fusion protein to transactivate COL11A2 promoter using a luciferase assay. We found that expression of EWS/ERG, but not wild-type ERG, transactivated the COL11A2 promoter and that this transactivation required not only the N-terminal region of EWS but also an intact DNA-binding domain from ERG. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay using COL11A2 promoter sequence showed involvement of EWS/ERG in the formation of DNA-protein complexes, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed direct interaction between COL11A2 promoter and EWS/ERG fusion protein in vivo. EWS/ERG, but not wild-type ERG, bound to RNA polymerase II. Treatment of cells with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A enabled ERG to transactivate the COL11A2 promoter, therefore abolishing the differential effects of EWS/ERG and ERG. Taken together, these findings indicate that the COL11A2 gene is regulated both by potential ERG association with a histone deacetylase complex and by direct EWS/ERG recruitment of RNA polymerase II.
Distributed order scheduling and its application to multi-core dram controllers (2008)

We study a distributed version of the order scheduling problem that arises when scheduling memory requests in shared DRAM systems of many-core architectures. In this problem, a set of n customer orders needs to be scheduled on multiple facilities. An order can consist of multiple requests, each of which has to be serviced on one designated facility, and an order is completed only when all its requests have been serviced. In the distributed setting, every facility has its own request buffer and must schedule the requests having only limited knowledge about the buffer state at other facilities In this paper, we quantify the trade-off between the amount of communication among different facilities and the quality of the resulting global solution. We show that without communication, the average completion time of all orders can be by a factor Ω(√n) worse than in the optimal schedule. On the other hand, there exists a 2-approximation algorithm if the complete buffer states are exchanged in n communication rounds. We then prove a general upper bound that characterizes the region between these extreme points. Specifically, we devise a distributed scheduling algorithm that, for any k, achieves an approximation ratio of O(k) in n/k communication rounds. Finally, we empirically test the performance of our different algorithms in a many-core environment using SPEC CPU2006 benchmarks as well as Windows desktop application traces.
Orientation regression in hand radiographs: a transfer learning approach (2018)

Most radiologists prefer an upright orientation of the anatomy in a digital X-ray image for consistency and quality reasons. In almost half of the clinical cases, the anatomy is not upright orientated, which is why the images must be digitally rotated by radiographers. Earlier work has shown that automated orientation detection results in small error rates, but requires specially designed algorithms for individual anatomies. In this work, we propose a novel approach to overcome time-consuming feature engineering by means of Residual Neural Networks (ResNet), which extract generic low-level and high-level features, and provide promising solutions for medical imaging. Our method uses the learned representations to estimate the orientation via linear regression, and can be further improved by fine-tuning selected ResNet layers. The method was evaluated on 926 hand X-ray images and achieves a state-of-the-art mean absolute error of 2.79&deg;.
The investigation of power control schemes for a device-to-device communication integrated into OFDMA cellular system (2010)

Power control is one of the key functions which are able to co-ordinate the system interference. In this paper, several power control schemes are investigated for a hybrid LTE system, which combines the direct device-to-device (D2D) mode communication and the normal cellular mode communication. In the system study, the power control for the D2D mode communication is emphasized. In general, the utilization of local area transmission for D2D communications provides a better SINR than normal cellular communications. In this case, the proper power control for D2D communications can be a flexible way to improve (and balance) the overall system performance. Naturally, the low power transmission of D2D communications leads to many potential advantages, such as low interference level (to normal cellular users) and low power consumption. From the power control point of view, the low power transmission provides more freedom to tune the Tx power. However, power control is not an efficient solution to avoid the strong mutual (co-channel) interference between different types of UEs. In this case, the join consideration of mode selection, resource scheduling, link adaption and power control is needed.
Disparity scaling and correction for inclined surfaces (2010)

The horizontal disparity pattern associated with slant about a horizontal axis can be represented locally as a horizontal shear disparity. If the eyes are torsionally aligned, slant about a horizontal axis is given to close approximation by: S = tan-1 [ (1/m) tan(H) ] where H is the horizontal shear disparity and m is the eyes' vergence. Thus, to estimate slant veridically, the visual system must “scale” disparity by taking distance into account (m). The size disparity created by rotation about the vertical axis must be “corrected” for changes in azimuth (the eyes' version), but an analysis of binocular viewing geometry reveals that such correction is not required if shear disparity is measured in a particular way. We examined the estimation of slant about the horizontal axis from stereoscopic information alone when the distance and azimuth of the stimulus is varied. The stimuli were random-dot planes viewed in a custom haploscope. Perspective cues to slant were minimized by use of a sparse texture, back-projection, and randomly oriented clipping windows. Observers were asked to adjust the slant of a test plane until it matched the perceived slant of a standard plane. In the first experiment, we presented the test and standard planes at different distances (but the same azimuth). We found that observers took distance into account nearly veridically in this task. Thus, disparity scaling occurs with reasonably high accuracy. In the second experiment, we examined whether the vertical disparity gradient or eye-position signals is the predominant signal in disparity scaling. The former predominated. In the third experiment, we presented the test and standard planes at different azimuths (but the same vergence). We found that observers were able to estimate slant nearly veridically across azimuths as expected from use of horizontal shear disparity.
Analog implementations of auditory models (1991)

The challenge of making cost-effective implementations of auditory models has led us to pursue an analog VLSI micro-power approach. Experiments with the first few generations of analog cochlea chips showed some of both the potential and the problems of this approach. The inherent exponential behavior of MOS transistors in the subthreshold or weak-inversion region leads to nonlinear filter circuits, in which the small-signal and large-signal behaviors can be quite different. Early problems with instability, poor dynamic range, and excessive noise are now understood in terms of the transition behavior between these regions, and this understanding has led us to design filter stages with appropriately compressive behavior, resulting in more robust cochea performance. Several types of correlator circuits to follow the cochlea have also been developed into working demonstrations. Videotapes of circuit outputs and simulations illustrate the recent ideas and progress.
Post-operative AICS status in completely resected lung cancer patients with pre-operative AICS abnormalities: predictive significance of disease recurrence (2018)

Abstract The AminoIndex TM Cancer Screening (AICS) system, a plasma-free amino acid (PFAA)-based multivariate discrimination index, is a blood screening test for lung cancer based on the comparison of PFAA concentrations between patients with lung cancer and healthy controls. Pre- and post-operative AICS values were compared among 72 patients who underwent curative resection for lung cancer. Post-operative changes in PFAA concentrations were also evaluated. AICS values were classified as rank A (0.0–4.9), B (5.0–7.9), or C (8.0–10.0). Rank B–C patients were evaluated for outcomes and post-operative changes in their AICS values. Twenty-three of the 44 pre-operative rank B–C patients experienced post-operative reductions in AICS rank. Only one patient experienced cancer recurrence. Post-operative changes in PFAA concentrations were associated with the risk of post-operative cancer recurrence ( p = 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that the absence of a post-operative reduction in AICS rank independently predicted cancer recurrence (hazard ratio: 14.28; p = 0.012). The majority of patients had high pre-operative AICS values and exhibited a reduction in AICS rank after curative resection. However, the absence of a post-operative reduction in AICS rank was associated with cancer recurrence, suggesting that AICS rank may be a sensitive marker of post-operative recurrence.
A sensitive non-radioactive northern blot method to detect small RNAs (2010)

The continuing discoveries of potentially active small RNAs at an unprecedented rate using high-throughput sequencing have raised the need for methods that can reliably detect and quantitate the expression levels of small RNAs. Currently, northern blot is the most widely used method for validating small RNAs that are identified by methods such as high-throughput sequencing. We describe a new northern blot-based protocol (LED) for small RNA (approximately 15-40 bases) detection using digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled oligonucleotide probes containing locked nucleic acids (LNA) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide for cross-linking the RNA to the membrane. LED generates clearly visible signals for RNA amounts as low as 0.05 fmol. This method requires as little as a few seconds of membrane exposure to outperform the signal intensity using overnight exposure of isotope-based methods, corresponding to approximately 1000-fold improvement in exposure-time. In contrast to commonly used radioisotope-based methods, which require freshly prepared and hazardous probes, LED probes can be stored for at least 6 months, facilitate faster and more cost-effective experiments, and are more environmentally friendly. A detailed protocol of LED is provided in the Supplementary Data.
Structural damage detection and localization using NETSHM (2006)

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is an important application area for wireless sensor networks. SHM techniques attempt to autonomously detect and localize damage in large civil structures. Structural engineers often implement and test SHM algorithms in a higher level language such as C/Matlab. In this paper, we describe the design and evaluation of NETSHM, a sensor network system that allows structural engineers to program SHM applications in Matlab or C at a high level of abstraction. In particular, structural engineers do not have to understand the intricacies of wireless networking, or the details of sensor data acquisition. We have implemented a damage detection technique and a damage localization technique on a complete NETSHM prototype. Our experiments on small and medium-scale structures show that NETSHM is able to detect and localized damage perfectly with very few false-positives and no false negatives, and that it is robust even in realistic wireless environments.
Effect of Dust Loading on the Performance of Half-Mask Respirators (1994)

Abstract The effect of dust loading on the protection provided by an air purifying respirator is complicated because of the interplay of two factors: (1) the increase in filter resistance, with its attendant increase in facial seal leakage; and (2) the increase in filter efficiency that occurs with increased loading. The objective of this article is to characterize, based on experimental measurement, the effect of dust loading on the protection provided by three types of respirators: (1) dust and mist (DM, disposable); (2) dust, fume, and mist (DFM, dual cartridge); and (3) dust, fume, mist, and radionuclide (DFMR, dual cartridge). Respirator filters were loaded with AC Fine Test Dust (mass median aerodynamic diameter = 2.8 μm, geometric standard deviation = 2.9) to six successive loading conditions, approximately 0, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 mg, using a breathing machine (work rate 68 W) and a dust chamber. At each loading condition penetration and resistance measurements were made at seven flow rates (2–150 L/min). Penetration was measured at 12 particle sizes (0.14–3.6 μm) with a PMS, Inc. LAS-X optical particle counter. The effect of changes in resistance and penetration on respirator performance was evaluated using a respirator performance predictive model. For DM and DFM respirators protection increased until a loading of 200 to 400 mg was reached and then decreased gradually. In situations where fit factors exceed 100, loading is beneficial in terms of protection factor for DM and DFM respirators, at least until more than 1 g of dust is collected on the filters. Loading decreases the protection provided by respirators using high efficiency (DFMR) filters. Under the usual conditions of use the change in protection factor due to loading is unlikely to exceed a factor of three.