gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nasotemporal Division of Retina is Well Suited for Disparities of Natural Scenes (2019)

In most primates, neurons from nasal retina project to the brain’s contralateral hemisphere, and those from temporal retina to the ipsilateral hemisphere. If contralateral and ipsilateral projections were precisely split along the vertical meridians, objects near the midsagittal plane would send signals to opposite hemispheres, making disparity estimation difficult. But anatomical studies of macaque reveal overlapping projections near the vertical meridians (Fukuda et al., 1989). The overlap expands with eccentricity and is biased toward crossed disparities in the lower visual field (not known in the upper field). We asked whether the overlap is well suited to ensure that common disparities project to the same hemisphere thereby aiding precise stereopsis. To answer this, we must know the distribution of disparities near the vertical meridians. We measured natural retinal disparities in humans using a custom device. Participants performed everyday tasks at close, medium, and far range. The resulting database has ~880,000 video frames. The disparity distributions are peaked with long tails. The most likely disparity depends on position near the vertical meridian: uncrossed in the upper field and crossed in the lower. Variance increases with eccentricity. From those data, we calculated the percentage of disparities that would projection to opposite hemispheres if human contralateral and ipsilateral projections were the same as those in macaque. The macaque overlap would encompass 75–85% of natural disparities if it was symmetric in the two eyes. It would encompass 85–90% if it were biased toward uncrossed disparity in the upper field and crossed in the lower. Because of the long tails of the disparity distribution, wider overlap would not provide significantly better coverage. The pattern of nasal-temporal overlap in retinal-cortical projections is well suited for ensuring that common disparities produce direct projections to the same hemisphere thereby aiding precise stereopsis.
Frame based precoding in satellite communications: A multicast approach (2014)

In the present work, a multibeam satellite that employs aggressive frequency reuse towards increasing the offered throughput is considered. Focusing on the forward link, the goal is to employ multi-antenna signal processing techniques, namely linear precoding, to manage the inter-beam interferences. In this context, fundamental practical limitations, namely the rigid framing structure of satellite communication standards and the on-board per-antenna power constraints, are herein considered. Therefore, the concept of optimal frame based precoding under per-antenna constraints, is discussed. This consists in precoding the transmit signals without changing the underlying framing structure of the communication standard. In the present work, the connection of the frame based precoding problem with the generic signal processing problem of conveying independent sets of common data to distinct groups of users is established. This model is known as physical layer multicasting to multiple co-channel groups. Building on recent results, the weighted fair per-antenna power constrained multigroup multicast precoders are employed for frame based precoding. The throughput performance of these solutions is compared to multicast aware heuristic precoding methods over a realistic multibeam satellite scenario. Consequently, the gains of the proposed approach are quantified via extensive numerical results.
Effects of size and shape on electronic states of quantum dots (2006)

A strained-modified, single-band, constant-potential three-dimensional model is formulated to study the dependence of electronic states of $\mathrm{InAs}∕\mathrm{GaAs}$ quantum dots (QDs) on shape and size variation. The QD shapes considered are (i) cuboid, (ii) cylindrical, (iii) pyramidal, (iv) conical, and (v) lens shaped. Size variations include (i) QD volume (ii) QD base length, and (iii) QD height, taking into account aspect ratio variation. Isovolume QD shapes with narrow tips were found to have higher ground-state energies than those with broad tips, and this is attributed to the smaller effective volume. The volume, base length, and height dependencies were obtained and found to tally well with both experimental results and advanced calculations. Hence, upon growth parameter variation, this can provide an alternative to confirm whether the change to the size of the uncapped QDs implies a similar change to the capped ones. Ground-state energy as function of aspect ratio does not follow a monotonic trend. Owing to the competing effect of a decrease in base length and an increase in height, the energy trend exhibits a sharp decrease to an optimum aspect ratio, followed by gentle, almost linear increase. The optimum aspect ratio varies among shapes and is predicted to be smaller for shapes with broad tips. The effective volume ratio of both shapes $({V}_{\mathrm{eff},\mathrm{CUBOID}}∕{V}_{\mathrm{eff},\mathrm{PYRAMID}})$ was determined, and found to vary with aspect ratio. Furthermore, a ``cross-over'' of lens-shaped QD from ``lower energy'' to ``higher energy'' group is predicted due to significant shape transition.
The Required Research Rotation in Residency (2006)

The University of Pennsylvania orthopaedic surgery residency program under the direction of Dr. Carl T. Brighton was uniquely structured to require a year of research as part of a 5-year program. This requirement was instituted to foster critical thinking, and not necessarily to produce academic orthopaedic surgeons. Nonetheless, measures of academic productivity of the 127 residents who trained under Dr. Brighton's leadership may be instructive. The purpose of this study was to assess metrics of academic productivity. In addition, the six current and former chairmen of orthopaedic surgery programs who performed research while residents at the University of Pennsylvania were surveyed for their impressions regarding required research rotations. Fifty-nine percent of the University of Pennsylvania residents took faculty positions after training; 75% published a peer-reviewed paper after residency; and 17% are current members of the American Orthopaedic Association. Overall, the chairmen surveyed found great value in their own resident research experience, but none have replicated the Brighton model of residency organization. Only two of the six programs have a research year: at both, this research rotation is in addition to the standard 5 years of clinical education and only at one are all residents required to participate.
Fast and robust shadow detection in videoconference applications (2003)

A new approach for real-time shadow detection and elimination is presented. In contrast to existing methods, hue and saturation is approximated in the YUV-colour space straight away. We show the linear influence of shadow to the YUV-values and exploit this behaviour in a fast decision scheme. The proposed method is robust and capable for real-time video processing without any need of colour space transformations.
Genomic analysis of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) to investigate mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to enzalutamide (ENZ) in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). (2015)

5015 Background: ENZ is a potent androgen receptor (AR) antagonist that prolongs survival in mCRPC patients (pts). However, factors driving resistance to ENZ are incompletely understood. Genomic analysis of cfDNA is a promising, minimally invasive approach for interrogating mechanisms of therapeutic resistance in mCRPC. Methods: Baseline plasma samples were collected from 57 mCRPC pts commencing ENZ. In 37 pts, additional samples at 12-weeks +/- end-of-treatment were obtained. DNA was extracted and subjected to array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) for chromosome copy number (CN) analysis and AR gene (exon 2-8) sequencing (MiSeq) for mutation analysis. Endpoints were i) PSA50 or PSA30 response rates (RR) (PSA decline ≥ 50% or 30% for ≥ 3 weeks); and ii) radiographic/clinical progression-free survival (PFS). Results: On aCGH, the most frequent CN changes in baseline samples (n = 57) were 8p loss (25%), 8q gain (35%), MYC gain (26%) and AR gain/amp (33%). Compared to pts with no AR gain/amp, pts with pre-treatment AR gain/amp had lower PSA50 (39% vs. 21%, P= 0.16; Χ2) and PSA30 RR (44% vs. 25%, P= 0.059; Χ2) and shorter median PFS (4.5 vs. 2.2 months, P= 0.002; log-rank). On multivariate analysis, pre-treatment AR gain/amp (HR 2.56 P= 0.01) was confirmed as an independent prognostic factor for PFS. In pts with 12-week +/- end-of-treatment samples, 14% (5/37) had a change in AR CN status from baseline with 3 pts converting from no AR gain to AR gain and 2 pts from AR gain to AR amp. Median PFS in these 5 pts was 2.8 months. AR gene sequencing was performed on a subset of 4 pts with 4 high-frequency mutations detected in 3 pts including H874Y (n = 2) and L702H (n = 2), the latter of which converts glucocorticoids to AR agonists. Notably, both L702H mutations were found in end-of-treatment samples from pts who progressed rapidly on ENZ (2.9 months PFS each). Neither of these pts was on glucocorticoids at progression, potentially implicating L702H in ENZ resistance. Conclusions: Our data indicate that AR gene aberrations may be key biomarkers of primary and acquired resistance to ENZ in mCRPC. Complete AR gene sequencing data will be presented.
Approaches to run-time and standby mode leakage reduction in global buses (2004)

In this paper, we present various design approaches to leakage minimization in global repeaters. We demonstrate the applicability of the MTCMOS scheme to global repeaters for leakage reduction. We then analyze two design approaches called Duplicated Skewed Buses and Skewed Pulsed Buses. We show that significant reduction in standby leakage power can be obtained using these approaches while providing significant improvements in performance. We also illustrate the use of these proposed techniques with the MTCMOS approach to obtain further savings in leakage power. Simulations results in a 90nm process show that skewed pulsed buses with MTCMOS can provide 20% improvement in performance with over 25% reduction in active mode leakage and nearly 100X reduction in standby mode leakage.
Similarity Learning for Motion Estimation (2011)

Motion estimation necessitates an appropriate choice of similarity function. Because generic similarity functions derived from simple assumptions are insufficient to model complex yet structured appearance variations in motion estimation, the authors propose to learn a discriminative similarity function to match images under varying appearances by casting image matching into a binary classification problem. They use the LogitBoost algorithm to learn the classifier based on an annotated database that exemplifies the structured appearance variations: An image pair in correspondence is positive and an image pair out of correspondence is negative. To leverage the additional distance structure of negatives, they present a location-sensitive cascade training procedure that bootstraps negatives for later stages of the cascade from the regions closer to the positives, which enables viewing a large number of negatives and steering the training process to yield lower training and test errors. The authors apply the learned similarity function to estimating the motion for the endocardial wall of left ventricle in echocardiography and to performing visual tracking. They obtain improved performances when comparing the learned similarity function with conventional ones.Request access from your librarian to read this chapter's full text.
Insulin-like growth factor-I receptors are overexpressed and predict a low risk in human breast cancer. (1993)

IGF-I receptor (IGFR) content and its prognostic significance were evaluated in human breast cancer specimens using a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay (V. Pezzino et al., Metabolism, 40: 861, 1991). The prognostic significance of IGFR expression was investigated by two different approaches: (a) detectable IGFR content was measured in 82% of specimens in a consecutive series of 184 human breast cancers and in 32% of 19 normal breast tissues. The average IGFR content in breast cancer was nearly 10-fold higher than the value observed in normal breast tissue (7.6 +/- 0.8 versus 0.8 +/- 0.1 ng/0.1 mg protein, mean +/- SEM; P < 0.001). IGFR content was positively correlated with estrogen (ER) and insulin receptor content (r = 0.269 and 0.515, respectively, Pearson correlation) but not with progesterone receptors (PR). No significant correlation was observed between IGFR content and a variety of tumor parameters (tumor size, lymph node involvement, grade) and host characteristics (age, body mass index, menopausal status); (b) IGFR content was measured in a noncontinuous series of 265 primary breast cancer specimens subdivided into 136 high-risk and 129 low-risk specimens on the basis of being either negative (ER-/PR-/aneuploid/high S-phase) or positive (ER+/PR+/diploid/low S-phase) for four well-established prognostic factors. IGFR levels were significantly higher in the low-risk group (6.4 +/- 0.4 ng/0.1 mg protein, mean +/- SEM) than in the high-risk group (3.6 +/- 0.5; P < 0.0001, Wilcoxon sum rank test). In summary, our data indicate that there is an elevated IGFR content in most human breast cancers compared with normal breast tissue and that an elevated IGFR content is a favorable prognostic indicator.
A system for coupled road traffic utility maximisation and risk management using VANET (2012)

We propose a system for dynamic, online management of traffic accident risk in which vehicles exchange information via a vehicular ad-hoc network and use received information in calculating an estimate of current risk levels. We test the system's effectiveness in increasing the utility of the road network while maintaining the accident rate. We further prove the convergence of our proposed algorithm and investigate the information propagation, convergence rate and bandwidth requirements of the system and find that the system is able to increase the utility at maintained accident rate while operating within the confines of the IEEE 802.11p radio standard.
Wireless Pressure Ulcer Sensor (2019)

Pressure ulcers are increasingly prevalent in an aging population. The most commonly used method of pressure ulcer prevention is pressure off-loading achieved by physically turning bedbound patients or by using expensive, single application devices such as wheelchair cushions. Our aim is to approach the problem of pressure ulcer prevention in a new way: a wireless sensor worn by the patient at locations susceptible to pressure injury. The sensor will monitor local pressure over time and transmits the data wirelessly to a base station (in a hospital setting) or smartphone (for home care). When a condition that would be harmful to tissue is reached, an alert would enable immediate direct intervention to prevent development of a pressure ulcer. The goal of this study was to validate the sensor's use in a live animal model and to lay the foundation for building time-pressure curves to predict the probability of pressure injury. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent surgical implantation of bilateral steel discs deep to the latissimus dorsi muscles. After the animals recovered from the surgical procedure, pressure was applied to the overlying tissue using magnets of varying strengths (30-150 mm Hg) for between 1 and 8 hours. Our sensor was placed on the skin prior to magnet application to wirelessly collect data regarding pressure and time. Three days after pressure application, animals were killed, injuries were graded clinically, and biopsies were collected for histological analysis. Results reveal that all animals with magnet application for more than 2 hours had clinical evidence of ulceration. Similarly, histological findings of hemorrhage were associated with increased time of pressure application. However, at high pressures (120-150 mm Hg), there were ischemic changes within the muscular layer without corresponding skin ulceration. We have developed a wireless sensor that can be placed on any at-risk area of the body and has the potential to alert caregivers when patients are at risk of developing a pressure injury. Our sensor successfully transmitted pressure readings wirelessly in a live, mobile animal. Future studies will focus on safety and efficacy with human use and development of algorithms to predict the probability of pressure ulcer formation.
Immunoglobulin Proteosynthesis in Organ Cultures from Newborn Piglets (1980)

The synthesis of total protein including immunoglobulins by piglet ileum, jejunum, mesenteric lymph node, spleen, lung, trachea, salivary gland and nasal mucosa was studied by affinity chromatography using tissue fragments obtained from 9 colostrum-deprived, hysterectomy-derived and 9 conventional colostrum_fed piglets and grown in culture medium enriched with HC-Iabelled amino acids. Newly synthesized protein and immunoglobulins IgG, 19A and IgM were demonstrated in all the organs under study in the two groups as early as 2 days after birth.
Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode arrays integrated with CMOS timing circuits (2002)

We report monolithic arrays of silicon Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes, and their integration with arrays of CMOS processing circuits. This is an enabling technology for a new class of focal plane arrays whose pixels can detect single photons as well as time their arrival with sub-ns precision. The CMOS circuits can be tailored to support either 3D laser radar applications, where the time of arrival of the first detected photon is of interest, or high-dynamic-range passive imaging, where the rate of arrival of photons is of interest. This combination of capabilities is not supported by traditional focal plane technologies such as CCDs and active-pixel sensors.
Design considerations for switched reluctance machines with higher number of rotor poles for solar-assisted plug-in electric auto rickshaw (2010)

Switched reluctance motor (SRM) technology is a potential candidate for the propulsion systems of hybrid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs and PHEVs). They are robust in harsh operational conditions and have a wide constant power speed range. Conventional SRM configurations have a higher number of stator poles than rotor poles. This paper presents the advantages of a novel SRM configuration with the number of rotor poles greater than number of stator poles. It also investigates different design challenges toward the traction applications in a solar-assisted plug-in electric auto rickshaw. The proposed SRM configuration is based on a pole design (PD) formula. Geometrical design equations and related challenges are introduced and their applicability has been verified on a 3-phase, 6/10 SRM using finite element analysis simulations.
Fluids for continuous renal replacement therapy (2009)

Abstract Chapter 14 discusses fluids for CRRT, including electrolyte composition, buffer composition, fluid prescriptions during permissive hypercapnia, example fluid orders, and fluid compounding.
Model-based Simulation of Free form Surface Generation in Ultra-precision Raster Milling(Analytical advancement of machining process) (2005)

Due to the geometrical complexities, the prediction of form accuracy in ultra-precision raster milling of optical free form surfaces is more difficult than conventional machining. Nowadays, the achievement of submicrometer form accuracy still depends largely on the experience and skills of the machine operators through an expensive trial-and-error approach. In this paper, a model-based simulation system is presented for the prediction of form accuracy in ultra-precision raster milling. The system takes into account the cutting mechanics, cutting strategy and the kinematics of the cutting process. Preliminary experimental work has been done to verify the model and the predicted results agree well with the experimental results. Ultra-precision raster milling is an expensive and complex process, the successful development of the model-based simulation system allows the optimum cutting parameters and cutting strategies to be determined without the need to conduct massive and costly trial-and-error cutting tests.
Strong Near-Field Coupling of Plasmonic Resonators Embedded in Si Nanowires (2016)

The strength of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) near-field interactions scales in a well-known, nearly universal manner. Here, we show that embedding resonators in an anisotropic dielectric with a large permittivity can substantially increase coupling strength. We experimentally demonstrate this effect with Si nanowires containing two phosphorus-doped segments. The near-field decay length scaling factor is extracted from in situ infrared spectral response measurements using the “plasmon ruler” equation and found to be ca. 4−5 times larger than for the same resonators in isotropic vacuum or Si. Discrete dipole approximation calculations support the observed coupling behavior for nanowires and show how it is affected by the resonator geometry, carrier density, and embedding material (Si, Ge, GaAs, etc.). Our findings demonstrate that equivalent near-field interactions are achievable with a smaller total volume and/or at increased resonator spacing, offering new opportunities to engineer plasmon-based chemical sensors, catalysts, and waveguides.
Cutting Edge: Marginal Zone Macrophages Regulate Antigen Transport by B Cells to the Follicle in the Spleen via CD21 (2016)

Marginal zone macrophages (MZM) are strategically located in the spleen, lining the marginal sinus where they sense inflammation and capture Ag from the circulation. One of the receptors expressed by MZM is scavenger receptor macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO), which has affinity for modified self-antigens. In this article, we show that engagement of MARCO on murine macrophages induces extracellular ATP and loss of CD21 and CD62L on marginal zone B cells. Engagement of MARCO also leads to reduction of Ag transport by marginal zone B cells and affects the subsequent immune response. This study highlights a novel function for MZM in regulating Ag transport and activation, and we suggest that MARCO-dependent ATP release regulates this through shedding of CD21 and CD62L. Because systemic lupus erythematosus patients were shown to acquire autoantibodies against MARCO, this highlights a mechanism that could affect a patient's ability to combat infections.
Mutational analysis of the cystathionine β-synthase gene: A splicing mutation, two missense mutations and an insertion in patients with homocystinuria (1998)

RT-PCR and direct sequence analyses were used to define mutations in the cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) gene in two unrelated male patients with vitamin B6 nonresponsive homocystinuria. Both patients were compound heterozygotes for CBS alleles containing point mutations. One patient had a maternally derived G->A transition in the splice-donor site of intron 1, resulting in aberrant splicing of CBS mRNA. The other allele contained a missense mutation resulting in the previously reported E144K mutant CBS protein. The second patient had a maternally derived 4 bp insertion in exon 17, predicted to cause a CBS peptide of altered amino acid sequence. A 494G->A transition was found in exon 4 of the other allele, predicting a C165Y substitution. Expression of recombinant CBS protein, containing the C165Y mutation, had no detectable catalytic activity. Each mutation was confirmed in genomic DNA.