gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Radikalkettenreaktionen mit Maleinsäureanhydriden — Zur kontrathermodynamischen Stereoselektivität (1984)

Abstract Die Reaktion von Cyclohexylquecksilberchlorid mit NaBH 4 und den Alkenen 1a – g liefert in einer Radikalkettenreaktion die Produkte 3 , 4 und 6 in 60‐ bis 84proz. Ausbeuten (s. Tab. 1). Wegen der sterischen Effekte der Substituenten Z erfolgt der Angriff der Radikale zu mindestens 97% am unsubstituierten C‐Atom der Maleinsäureanhydride 1c – g . Allein das Fluormaleinsäureanhydrid 1b wird bevorzugt am substituierten C‐Atom durch Cyclohexyl‐Radikale angegriffen. Die Ursache für diese umgekehrte Regioselektivität liegt in der geringen Raumerfüllung und dem elektronenspendenden Effekt des Fluoratoms. Die H‐Übertragung auf die Radikale 2 erfolgt überwiegend von der anti ‐Seite (s. Abb. 1), so daß die thermodynamisch instabileren cis ‐Verbindungen 3 als Hauptprodukte entstehen. Diese „kontrathermodynamische”︁ Stereoselektivität liegt zwischen 2.3 und 19 (s. Tab. 1).
Spatial Timing Analysis With Exact Propagation of Delay and Application to FPGA Performance (2018)

This paper introduces a method for delay approximation in timing analysis for spatial variation where the parameters representing the sources of variation are based on a convolution of random variation with a basis function. This results in delay models that need only include nine nonzero random variables for each edge in a typical spatial correlation model, less than previous work. As a result the symbolic representation of all potentially critical delays can be carried through the entire timing analysis without the need for approximate maximum function of statistical delays, producing a conservative but accurate upper bound on timing to meet a specified yield target. The algorithm has been applied to a set of field-programmable gate array designs and used to show that it is computationally efficient even with large designs. Further, because the timing is pessimistic but accurate, it removes the need for guardbanding the timing analysis compared to previous approaches. The representation of all potentially critical paths in a symbolic form also enables fast Monte-Carlo (MC) algorithms to supplement the deterministic ones. We show a combined deterministic and MC algorithm that is on average within 0.35% of ideal, and has a 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-6</sup> probability of an optimistic result.
Effect of Intraluminal Thrombus on Wall Stress and Growth Rate of Abdominal Aneurysms (2010)

In the decision for surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), the risk of rupture is weighed carefully against the risk of the surgical procedure. Currently, AAA diameter is the main factor that determines the decision for surgery. However, in rupture risk estimation AAA wall stress has higher sensitivity and specificity than maximum diameter [1]. Moreover, peak wall stress was higher for ruptured than for non-ruptured or asymptomatic AAAs [2, 3].
Body dissatisfaction and psychological distress in adolescents: Is self-esteem a mediator? (2016)

This brief report tests the mediating effect of self-esteem in the relationship between body dissatisfaction and symptoms of depression and anxiety. A sample of 409 adolescents (females = 58.4%) aged between 14 and 18 years completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Contour Drawing Rating Scale, the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Overall, results for the indirect effects analysis were significant for both anxiety and depression, which confirmed the mediating role of self-esteem. Thus, a negative perception of one's body image has the effect of lowering self-esteem, which in turn increases psychological distress.
Search for heavy lepton partners of neutrinos in proton–proton collisions in the context of the type III seesaw mechanism (2012)

A search is presented in proton–proton collisions at s=7TeV for fermionic triplet states expected in type III seesaw models. The search is performed using final states with three isolated charged leptons and an imbalance in transverse momentum. The data, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC, correspond to an integrated luminosity of 4.9fb−1. No excess of events is observed above the background predicted by the standard model, and the results are interpreted in terms of limits on production cross sections and masses of the heavy partners of the neutrinos in type III seesaw models. Depending on the considered scenarios, lower limits are obtained on the mass of the heavy partner of the neutrino that range from 180 to 210GeV. These are the first limits on the production of type III seesaw fermionic triplet states reported by an experiment at the LHC.
On the Geometrically Dependent Quasi-Saturation and Reduction in Advanced DeMOS Transistors (2016)

This paper reveals an early quasi-saturation (QS) effect attributed to the geometrical parameters in shallow trench isolation-type drain-extended MOS (STI-DeMOS) transistors in advanced CMOS technologies. The quasi-saturation effect leads to serious g <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> reduction in STI-DeMOS. This paper investigates the nonlinear resistive behavior of the drain-extended region and its impact on the particular behavior of the STI-DeMOS transistor. In difference to vertical DMOS or lateral DMOS structures, STI-DeMOS exhibits three distinct regions of the drain extension. A complete understanding of the physics in these regions and their impact on the QS behavior are developed in this paper. An optimization strategy is shown for an improved gm device in a state-of-the-art 28-nm CMOS technology node.
Broadly tunable high speed silicon micro-ring modulator (2010)

We present a high speed silicon micro-ring modulator with a tunable resonant wavelength enabled by a local heater. With a ~46 mW thermal tuning power, the working wavelength can expend to more than 100 nm.
Generating with Discourse Combinatory Categorial Grammar (2010)

This article introduces Discourse Combinatory Categorial Grammar (DCCG) and shows how it can be used to generate multisentence paraphrases, flexibly incorporating both intra- and intersentential discourse connectives. DCCG employs a simple, practical approach to extending Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) to encompass coverage of discourse-level phenomena, which furthermore makes it possible to generate clauses with multiple connectives and — in contrast to approaches based on Rhetorical Structure Theory — with rhetorical dependencies that do not form a tree. To do so, it borrows from Discourse Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar (D-LTAG) the distinction between structural connectives and anaphoric discourse adverbials. Unlike D-LTAG, however, DCCG treats both sentential and discourse phenomena in the same grammar, rather than employing a separate discourse grammar. A key ingredient of this single-grammar approach is cue threading, a tightly constrained technique for extending the semantic scope of a discourse connective beyond the sentence. As DCCG requires no additions to the CCG formalism, it can be used to generate paraphrases of an entire dialogue turn using the OpenCCG realizer as-is, without the need to revise its architecture. In addition, from an interpretation perspective, a single grammar enables easier management of ambiguity across discourse and sentential levels using standard dynamic programming techniques, whereas D-LTAG has required a potentially complex interaction of sentential and discourse grammars to manage the same ambiguity. As a proof-of-concept, the article demonstrates how OpenCCG can be used with a DCCG to generate multi-sentence paraphrases that reproduce and extend those in the SPaRKy Restaurant Corpus.
Optical Fibre Sensors in the Oil, Gas and Geothermal Energy Extraction (2014)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text A. H. Hartog, "Optical Fibre Sensors in the Oil, Gas and Geothermal Energy Extraction," in Light, Energy and the Environment, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optica Publishing Group, 2014), paper ETu3A.1. Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Generation–recombination reduction in InAsSb photodiodes (2006)

Generation–recombination processes in a narrow band gap active region of infrared photodiodes are studied theoretically and experimentally. Thanks to an analysis of the transport in InAsSb photodiodes as a function of temperature, we demonstrate that these processes can be reduced by controlling the doping of the active region. The first Auger-dominated detector in this spectral range is shown, with negligible diffusion and SRH generation–recombination processes. This leads to the highest detectivity ever reported for a high-temperature antimonide-based detector in this spectral range: D* = 2.5 × 1010 cm Hz1/2 W−1 at 250 K and 1.3 × 1011 cm Hz1/2 W−1 at 180 K and λ = 3.39 µm.
Near-field probing of photonic crystal directional couplers (2006)

We report the design, fabrication and characterization of a photonic crystal directional coupler with a size of ∼20×20 μm 2 fabricated in silicon-on-insulator material. Using a scanning near-field optical microscope we demonstrate a high coupling efficiency for TM polarized light at telecom wavelengths. By comparing the near-field optical images recorded in and after the directional coupler area, the features of light distribution are analyzed. Finally, the scanning near-field optical microscope observations are found to be in agreement with the transmission measurements conducted with the same sample.
Cationic Polymers for the Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleotides (2014)

In the last decade, insertion of a therapeutic gene and nucleotide into cells termed as gene therapy has shown tremendous potential to cure life-threatening severe diseases. This therapy involves carrying the therapeutic gene to the nucleus of an affected cell through a vector. Initially viral vectors were employed for this purpose, but low production yield, limited carrying capacity, and long-term safety concerns associated with viral vectors led to the development of nonviral vectors as gene carriers. Currently, used nonviral carriers include polymers and lipids with cationic charge. Cationic polymers provide an excellent alternative for gene delivery due to their water solubility, biodegradability, ease of modification, and excellent compatibility with body systems, but challenges still persist to optimize them as ideal vectors. This chapter provides an overview of present status of cationic polymers and challenges associated with their use for gene delivery.
Nanolithography on silicon surface using a tuning fork STM/AFM (2001)

A tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM)/scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) system using a non-optical tuning fork force sensing method has been developed for the scanning probe lithography. In comparisons with the nanolithography done by AFM with the conductive cantilever tip, our method has the following advantages. (1) It has longer tapered length STM tip and smaller half cone angle to perform the nanometer scale patterning with high aspect ratio. (2) Its low cost tungsten or Pt/Ir STM tip can be easily fabricated and attached to our AFM force sensing tuning fork. (3) It can be easily adapted to large-scale parallel processing because of the all-electric force sensing methods. Nanostructures with high aspect ratios and large depths have been successfully performed on the silicon surface by using our AFM/STM nanopatterning system followed by the differential etching process. Lines with different widths and matrices of dots with various diameters were demonstrated for potential applications.
A simple, sensitive and non-destructive technique for characterizing bovine dental enamel erosion: attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (2016)

Although many techniques are available to assess enamel erosion in vitro, a simple, non-destructive method with sufficient sensitivity for quantifying dental erosion is required. This study characterized the bovine dental enamel erosion induced by various acidic beverages in vitro using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Deionized water (control) and 10 acidic beverages were selected to study erosion, and the pH and neutralizable acidity were measured. Bovine anterior teeth (110) were polished with up to 1 200-grit silicon carbide paper to produce flat enamel surfaces, which were then immersed in 20 mL of the beverages for 30 min at 37 °C. The degree of erosion was evaluated using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and Vickers' microhardness measurements. The spectra obtained were interpreted in two ways that focused on the ν1, ν3 phosphate contour: the ratio of the height amplitude of ν3 PO4 to that of ν1 PO4 (Method 1) and the shift of the ν3 PO4 peak to a higher wavenumber (Method 2). The percentage changes in microhardness after the erosion treatments were primarily affected by the pH of the immersion media. Regression analyses revealed highly significant correlations between the surface hardness change and the degree of erosion, as detected by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy (P<0.001). Method 1 was the most sensitive to these changes, followed by surface hardness change measurements and Method 2. This study suggests that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy is potentially advantageous over the microhardness test as a simple, non-destructive, sensitive technique for the quantification of enamel erosion.
Overexpression, Purification, and Characterization of the Catalase-peroxidase KatG from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1997)

Wild-type catalase-peroxidase KatG from Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as a specific mutant (R463L) frequently found in isoniazid-resistant strains have been overexpressed in Escherichia coli, allowing purification of sufficient quantities of enzyme for physical and kinetic characterization. Optical absorption and EPR spectroscopies indicate that KatG is similar to a growing class of bacterial catalase-peroxidases. Optical and EPR spectra of KatG in the presence of either a strong field or weak field ligand suggest that, like horseradish peroxidase and metmyoglobin, KatG is likely to have a histidine as a proximal ligand. The wild-type enzyme functions as a highly active catalase as well as a broad specificity peroxidase. Wild-type KatG and the R463L mutant of KatG exhibit identical spectroscopic and kinetic properties. Furthermore, both enzymes are equally capable of metabolizing the important antituberculosis drug isoniazid.
Arc-PVD coating of powders in a microwave plasma fluidized bed (2008)

Fluidized bed reactors are widely used in chemical engineering, but recently there is also increasing interest for processing particulate advanced materials in fluidized bed reactors. Examples include heat treatment, plasma-assisted surface treatment, etching, and coating. In this paper, a novel process for deposition of thin metallic and metal-nitride coatings on particulate substrates is reported. The coating process takes place in an atmospheric pressure microwave plasma fluidized bed, with the novelty that, mixed with a substrate powder, a fine solid metal powder is used as "target", serving as a source of metal vapor. Interactions of fluidized metal particles with the strong electric field lead to plasma discharges. Due to this, the metal is being evaporated readily below its melting temperature, and being deposited on the surrounding surfaces, primarily on the substrate powder. Final composition of the coatings depends also on the process gas - evidence is presented that N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> plasma yields metal nitrides (where applicable), whereas Ar/H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> plasma treatment results with pure metallic coatings. In this paper, a study of coating of a micro diamond powder with Al, Si, and Ag, is presented.
Craze Initiation and Failure in Glassy Poly(ethylene Terephthalate): The Effects of Physical Aging with and Without Exposure to Chemical Environments (1999)

The nonequilibrium nature of the glassy state leads to the time-dependent embrittlement of glassy polymers by a process known as physical aging. Similarly, exposure of glassy polymers to an aggressive chemical environment may also lead to a time-dependent embrittlement process known as environmental stress cracking. In the latter process, the time required for brittle failure to occur as a result of chemical exposure depends on the nature of the polymer, its morphology, and the chemical environment. Since both physical aging and environmental stress cracking lead to essentially the same result — brittle failure — the question arises as to whether or not the physical aging process might affect the environmental stress cracking process. In this work, we demonstrate the accelerated effects of physical aging on craze initiation in a commercially important engineering thermoplastic, poly(ethylene terephthalate), both with and without exposure to aggressive chemical environments.
Towards sub-300 nm laser diodes on bulk AlN substrates (2011)

Optoelectronic devices such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and lasers emitting in the ultraviolet (UV) spectral range are of great interest for various applications. These include water purification, bioagent detection systems, medical diagnosis devices, UV curing, and material processing. However, the realization of high performance devices within the AlGaInN material system remains still challenging due to physical limitations and the complexity of synthesizing material of high crystalline quality. Typically, the performance of such devices significantly degrades as the wavelength becomes shorter with increasing Al fraction in the epitaxial layers [1]. This reduction in performance can be ascribed in part to reduced electron and hole concentrations as well as to a reduction in injection efficiency. Another major factor underlying the lower performance is the degradation in material quality, for example, when using foreign substrates like sapphire or SiC. For these reasons, the shortest emission wavelength from a laser diode reported to date is 336 nm [2].
Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor α (PPAR α) for the Prevention of Mitochondrial Impairment and Hypertrophy in Cardiomyocytes (2018)

Overall, the results demonstrate that PPARα signaling is critically involved in mitochondrial dysfunction in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes in which miR28 plays a pivotal role.
Chip Package Interaction for 65nm CMOS Technology with C4 Interconnections (2007)

This paper discusses the chip package interaction (CPI) for a 65 nm low k BEOL CMOS chip assembled to an organic package. Inter-level dielectrics with k~3.0 and k~2.7, with oxide terminations, were used in combination with both Sn/Pb and lead-free C4s. Various underfill compounds were tested to determine their effectiveness in mitigating chip stresses without significantly impairing C4 fatigue life. A summary of the reliability stress results will be presented.
Preparation and properties evaluation of PDMS Colloidal Silica composites (2012)

The present research work focuses on the preparation and the characterization of poly(dimethyl)siloxane (PDMS) – colloidal silica (CS) composites. Various parameters such as the size of CS particles, the loading of CS in the composite, the dispersing aid with which CS particles are
dispersed into PDMS, and the surface functionalization of CS are investigated in detail towards obtaining PDMS-CS composites with optimal performance. Both un-functionalized and functionalized CS particles are studied for their composition, thermal and morphological characteristics. The resultant PDMS-CS composites are investigated for their thermal and rheological properties in their un-cure state and for their composition, morphological, optical and mechanical characteristics in their cured state.
Even though, the preparation of PDMS composites with high loadings (up to 40 wt %) of unfunctionalized “hydrophilic” CS could be achieved, these composites lack optimal optical and mechanical properties. The use of suitable dispersion aid can improve the dispersion of CS to a certain extent, the surface functionalization of CS is required to achieve a good dispersion of CS within PDMS. The preparation of surface functionalized CS (FCS) particles is achieved by treating CS with different functional silanes. Among the different commercial colloidal silica dispersions
investigated, CS in water and in methanol dispersions could be functionalized with different monoand tri-functional silanes efficiently. The surface functionalization of CS in IPA and in MEK dispersions, however, is hampered, due to the partial surface functionalization of CS in these cases.
In general, the mechanical properties of the PDMS-CS / FCS composites are found to increase with increasing loading of CS / FCS in the composites.
It has been demonstrated that with the judicious choices of the size of CS particles, the dispersing aid and the surface treatment of CS, one could potentially control the filler-filler and the polymer-filler interactions which in turn allow the preparation of PDMS-CS / FCS composites with
pre-determined optimal optical and mechanical properties.
A new inborn error of glycosylation due to a Cog8 deficiency reveals a critical role for the Cog1–Cog8 interaction in COG complex formation (2007)

The hetero-octameric conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex is essential for the structure/function of the Golgi apparatus through regulation of membrane trafficking. Here, we describe a patient with a mild form of a congenital disorder of glycosylation type II (CDG-II), which is caused by a homozygous nonsense mutation in the hCOG8 gene. This leads to a premature stop codon resulting in a truncated Cog8 subunit lacking the 76 C-terminal amino acids. Mass spectrometric analysis of the N- and O-glycan structures identified a mild sialylation deficiency. We showed that the molecular basis of this defect in N- and O-glycosylation is caused by the disruption of the Cog1-Cog8 interaction due to truncation. As a result, Cog1 deficiency accompanies the Cog8 deficiency, preventing assembly of the intact, stable complex and resulting in the appearance of smaller subcomplexes. Moreover, levels of beta1,4-galactosytransferase were significantly reduced. The defects in O-glycosylation could be fully restored by transfecting the patient's fibroblasts with full-length Cog8. The Cog8 defect described here represents a novel type of CDG-II, which we propose to name as CDG-IIh or CDG caused by Cog8 deficiency (CDG-II/Cog8).