gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence and electron microscopy to visualize the intracellular fate of nanoparticles for drug delivery (2016)

In order to design valid protocols for drug release via nanocarriers, it is essential to know the mechanisms of cell internalization, the interactions with organelles, and the intracellular permanence and degradation of nanoparticles (NPs) as well as the possible cell alteration or damage induced. In the present study, the intracellular fate of liposomes, polymeric NPs and mesoporous silica NPs (MSN) has been investigated in an in vitro cell system by fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. The tested nanocarriers proved to be characterized by specific interactions with the cell: liposomes enter the cells probably by fusion with the plasma membrane and undergo rapid cytoplasmic degradation; polymeric NPs are internalized by endocytosis, occur in the cytoplasm both enclosed in endosomes and free in the cytosol, and then undergo massive degradation by lysosome action; MSN are internalized by both endocytosis and phagocytosis, and persist in the cytoplasm enclosed in vacuoles. No one of the tested nanocarriers was found to enter the nucleus. The exposure to the different nanocarriers did not increase cell death; only liposomes induced a reduction of cell population after long incubation times, probably due to cell overloading. No subcellular damage was observed to be induced by polymeric NPs and MSN, whereas transmission electron microscopy revealed cytoplasm alterations in liposome-treated cells. This important information on the structural and functional relationships between nanocarriers designed for drug delivery and cultured cells further proves the crucial role of microscopy techniques in nanotechnology.
Photon counting system for subnanosecond fluorescence lifetime measurements (1976)

A new photon counting system has been developed for subnanosecond fluorescence lifetime measurements. The system incorporates a nanosecond light pulser, a dual counter unit, and a constant-fraction discriminator. The operating conditions of the light pulser have been adjusted to minimize the spread of the light pulse waveshape. The discriminator has upper and lower level adjustments and a time walk of no more than ±35 psec over a 50-mV to 5-V input pulse amplitude variation. The measuring system has a total system time resolution, expressed as the FWHM of the light pulse, of 800 and 1480 psec using photomultipliers 8850 and 8852, respectively, with full photocathode illumination and optimized operating conditions. The system will measure both single and multiple decay components, and it is designed and optimized for experiments involving measurements of decay time constants as short as 90 psec.
Crystal Structure of Lu 4 Si 2 O 7 N 2 Analyzed by the Rietveld Method Using the Time‐of‐Flight Neutron Powder Diffraction Pattern (2002)

The crystal structure of a lutetium silicon oxynitride (Lu 4 Si 2 O 7 N 2 ) was analyzed by the Rietveld method using time‐of‐flight (TOF) neutron powder diffraction data. The compound crystallizes in a monoclinic cell, space group P 2 1 / c (No. 14‐1) with a = 7.4243(1), b = 10.2728(1), c = 10.6628(1) Å, and β= 109.773(1)° at 297 K. One nitrogen atom in Lu 4 Si 2 O 7 N 2 occupies the bridging site between the two Si atoms, and the other one is statistically situated at the terminal sites of Si 2 O 5 N 2 ditetrahedra. In the local structure, Si 2 O 5 N 2 ditetrahedra consist of SiO 3 N and SiO 2 N 2 tetrahedral units sharing the N atom. Lu atoms are in sixfold, sevenfold (×2) and eightfold coordinations of O/N atoms. X‐ray powder diffraction data were also analyzed with the model obtained by the neutron diffraction.
Energy characterization of a tiled architecture processor with on-chip networks (2003)

Tiled architectures provide a paradigm for designers to turn silicon resources into processors with burgeoning quantities of programmable functional units and memories. The architecture has a dual responsibility: first, it must expose these resources in a way that is programmable. Second, it needs to manage the power associated with such resources.We present the power management facilities of the 16-tile Raw microprocessor. This design selectively turns on and off 48 SRAM macros, 96 functional unit clusters, 32 fetch units, and over 250 unique processor pipeline stages, all according to the needs of the computation and environment at hand.
Structure sensitive selectivity of the NO-CO reaction over Rh single crystal surfaces (1996)

We have studied the effects of temperature, NO conversion, and NO-CO ratio on the activity and selectivity of the NO-CO reaction at high (1 torr < P < 100 torr) pressures over the Rh(100), Rh(110) and Rh(111) single crystal surfaces. Although differences in the overall rate of NO reduction are significant but small, we find large differences between these three single crystal surfaces with regard to their selectivities for the two competitive nitrogen-containing products, N{sub 2}O vs. N{sub 2}. These differences can be understood in terms of the relative surface coverages of adsorbed NO and N-atoms during steady-state reaction. For example, higher N coverages favor N-atom recombination (N{sub 2} formation) more than the NO+N reaction (N{sub 2}O formation). A potentially important cause of varying steady-state coverages of adsorbed nitrogen-containing intermediate species may be differences in site-occupancies and, correspondingly, competition for these sites. We are investigating this possibility with the use of photoelectron diffraction where we are taking advantage of the quite different N(1s) binding energies for adsorbed NO and N-atoms.
In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As/In 0.52 Al 0.48 Asseparate absorption, charge, andmultiplication layer long wavelength avalanche photodiode (1999)

The authors demonstrate the use of In0.52Al0.48As as the gain material in a separate absorption, charge, and multiplication layer avalanche photodiode (APD) with sensitivity to 0.9 – 1.7 µm wavelength light. A hole to electron ionisation rate ratio of k = 0.23 is observed, representing a significant improvement over the 1/k = 0.4 characteristic of InP/In0.53Ga0.47As avalanche photodiodes. Primary dark currents of ~10 nA and gains approaching 100 for 100 µm diameter mesa devices are observed. A 6 dB sensitivity advantage is measured for an APD receiver over an In0.53Ga0.47As pin detector receiver at a wavelength of 1.55 µm, a bit rate of 1.5 Gbit/s, and 10–9 bit error rate.
Interactive fault localization techniques in a spreadsheet environment (2006)

End-user programmers develop more software than any other group of programmers, using software authoring devices such as multimedia simulation builders, e-mail filtering editors, by-demonstration macro builders, and spreadsheet environments. Despite this, there has been only a little research on finding ways to help these programmers with the dependability of the software they create. We have been working to address this problem in several ways, one of which includes supporting end-user debugging activities through interactive fault localization techniques. This paper investigates fault localization techniques in the spreadsheet domain, the most common type of end-user programming environment. We investigate a technique previously described in the research literature and two new techniques. We present the results of an empirical study to examine the impact of two individual factors on the effectiveness of fault localization techniques. Our results reveal several insights into the contributions such techniques can make to the end-user debugging process and highlight key issues of interest to researchers and practitioners who may design and evaluate future fault localization techniques.
Hierarchical formation of helical supramolecular polymers via stacking of hydrogen-bonded pairs in water (2002)

Bifunctional ureido-s-triazines provided with penta(ethylene oxide) side chains are able to self assemble in water, leading to helical columns via cooperative stacking of the hydrogen-bonded pairs (DADA array). Monofunctional ureido-s-triazines do not form such helical architectures. The presence of a linker, covalently connecting the two ureido-s-triazine units, is essential as it generates a high local concentration of aromatic units, favorable for stacking interactions. This hydrophobic stacking of the aromatic units occurs at concentrations as low as 5 x 10(-6) M and can be visualized by using fluorescence spectroscopy. The stacking generates a hydrophobic microenvironment that allows intermolecular hydrogen bonding to occur at higher concentrations because the hydrogen bonds are shielded from competitive hydrogen bonding with water. This hierarchical process results in the formation of a helical self-assembled polymer in water at concentrations above 10(-4) M. Chiral side chains attached to the ureido-s-triazine units bias the helicity of these columns as concluded from CD spectroscopy and "Sergeants and Soldiers" experiments.
Isolated redox centers within microporous environments. 1. Cobalt-containing aluminophosphate molecular sieve five (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIsolated redox centers within microporous environments. 1. Cobalt-containing aluminophosphate molecular sieve fiveConsuelo. Montes, Mark E. Davis, Brendan. Murray, and Mysore. NarayanaCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 16, 6425–6430Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100379a049https://doi.org/10.1021/j100379a049research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views367Altmetric-Citations132LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Field Data Analysis of Rear Occupant Injuries Part I: Adults and Teenagers (2003)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Since more occupants are using rear seats of vehicles, a better understanding of priorities for rear occupant protection is needed as future safety initiatives are considered. A two-part study was conducted on occupant injuries in rear seating positions. In Part I, adult and teenage occupants ≥13 years of age are investigated. In Part II, children aged 4-12 years old and toddlers and infants aged 0-3 are studied separately because of the use of infant and child seats and boosters involve different injury mechanisms and tolerances.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The objectives of this study on adult and teenager, rear-seated occupants (≥13 years old) are to: 1) review accident data, 2) identify the distribution of rear occupants, and 3) analyze injury risks in various crash modes, including rollovers, frontal, side and rear impacts. Three databases were investigated: NASS-CDS, GES and FARS. Results indicate that there is &amp;lt;25% probability of having a rear occupant of any age for every driver involved in any of the databases, and the probability is increasing with accident year. With respect to crash type, the risk for rear occupants to be killed was highest in side and rear impacts and in rollovers, while the rate for serious injury (MAIS 3+) was highest in rollovers and side impacts. However, in comparison to drivers and the right-front passengers, the fatality risk and serious injury rate were greatest in rear impacts.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;63% of the rear occupants were unbelted in FARS, while about 40% were unbelted in NASS. Unbelted adult occupants had a higher risk of serious injury than lap belted and lap/shoulder belted occupants. In the weighted data, front seat occupants have a lower rate of serious injury than 2nd and 3rd row seat occupants. However, lap/shoulder belted occupants have a lower risk to be seriously injured in the 2nd and 3rd row seat.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;For the lap and shoulder belted adult 2nd rear seats occupants, thoracic injuries were most common. They often resulted from contact with the seatbelt.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Current field injury data and the literature point to the following possible priorities for adults and teenagers using rear seats: 1) load-limiting belts with cinching and good restraint geometry, 2) EA material for the seatback, side interior and B-pillar, 3) reduced contact velocity with seatback, side interior and B-pillar, 4) improved containment with inflatable side curtains and laminated side glass, and 5) possible technologies such as inflatable belts.&lt;/div&gt;
4 Ways to Put Lasers on Silicon: You Can Make Many Things with Silicon Photonics, But a Laser is not One of Them (2023)

Photonic Integrate Circuita, which combine a collection of optoelectronic functions on a single chip, are an increasingly common part of everyday life. They are used in high-speed optical transceivers that link server racks in data centers, including the one used to deliver the IEEE Spectrum website, in lidars to keep self-driving cars on track, and in spectrometers to spot chemicals in the atmosphere, among many other applications. All these systems have grown less expensive and, in some cases have become economically feasible, by making most of the IC with silicon fabrication technologies.
Insight into acetylene plasma deposition using molecular dynamics simulations (2021)

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations are carried out for studying the growth and properties of polymers from pure acetylene plasma. A mixture of H, C 2 H, and C 2 H 2 is the initial composition used for running the molecular dynamics simulations. The resulting films are characterized by determining the bond order, [H]/[C] ratio, and simulated infrared spectrum. The latter is qualitatively compared with three different experiments: IR peak identification and positions are recovered.
Milliwatt power AlGaN quantum well deep ultraviolet light emitting diodes (2003)

We report on the development of deep ultraviolet AlGaN multiple quantum well light emitting diodes on sapphire with peak emission wavelength from 278 nm to 340 nm. The high quality of the n+-AlGaN buffer layer was achieved using a new pulsed atomic layer epitaxy growth technique to deposit a high quality AlN buffer layers followed by a strain relief AlN/AlGaN superlattice. These devices exhibited pulsed powers as high as 3 mW, 10 mW and 13 mW for 1 A of pumping current. Under pulsed pumping, the external quantum efficiencies of about 0.1% (278 nm), 0.45% (325 nm) and 0.55% (340 nm) represent record high values and the shortest LED emission wavelengths to date. (© 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measuring VEGF-Flk-1 Activity and Consequences of VEGF-Flk-1 Targeting In Vivo Using Intravital Microscopy: Clinical Applications (2000)

Abstract Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-Flk-1/KDR tyrosine kinase signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in tumor angiogenesis. Targeting this angiogenic signaling pathway presents a promising alternative for the treatment of neoplasms. However, recent experimental and clinical studies have suggested that VEGF-Flk-1/KDR activity is unevenly distributed throughout the tumor microvasculature. To further evaluate this phenomenon, the regional differences in VEGF-Flk-1/KDR signaling activities in vivo were studied using intravital fluorescence videomicroscopy in an experimental murine brain tumor model. Regional VEGF-Flk-1/KDR was assessed using the small molecule inhibitor SU5416, which selectively inhibits the tyrosine kinase receptor Flk-1. C6 glioblastoma cells were implanted into the dorsal skinfold chamber preparation of nude mice. The process of tumor vascularization was repeatedly assessed over 22 days. SU5416 treatment resulted in a significant reduction in tumor vascular density (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Regional microvascular evaluation indicated that the magnitude of this antiangiogenic effect was pronounced in the more angiogenic and better vascularized peritumoral areas than in the intratumoral areas of the tumor microvasculature. These results demonstrate regional differences in Flk-1 activity in vivo that may have significant impact on the susceptibility of tumors to compounds that target VEGF-Flk-1/KDR. This finding should be considered in upcoming clinical trials targeting individual signal transduction systems in cancer patients.
Laser guided ionic wind (2018)

We report on a method to experimentally generate ionic wind by coupling an external large electric field with an intense femtosecond laser induced air plasma channel. The measured ionic wind velocity could be as strong as >4 m/s. It could be optimized by increasing the strength of the applied electric field and the volume of the laser induced plasma channel. The experimental observation was qualitatively confirmed by a numerical simulation of spatial distribution of the electric field. The ionic wind can be generated outside a high-voltage geometry, even at remote distances.
Impact of electrode roughness on metal-insulator-metal tunnel diodes with atomic layer deposited Al2O3 tunnel barriers (2011)

Metal-insulator-metal (MIM) tunnel diodes on a variety of high and low work function metals with various levels of root-mean-square roughness are fabricated using high quality atomic layer deposited Al2O3 as the insulating tunnel barrier. It is found that electrode surface roughness can dominate the current versus voltage characteristics of MIM diodes, even overwhelming the impact of metal work function. Devices with smoother bottom electrodes are found to produce current versus voltage behavior with higher asymmetry and better agreement with Fowler-Nordheim tunneling theory, as well as a greater percentage of functioning devices.
Exploration and Tradeoffs of different Kernels in FPGA Deep Learning Applications (2018)

In the field of deep learning, efficient computational hardware has come to the forefront of the large scale implementation and deployment of many applications. In the process of designing hardware, various characteristics of hardware platforms have been studied in order to best implement the high computational demand, high memory bandwidth, and flexibility of networks. In addition to design space exploration of kernels, kernel design must be seen in the context of full system architectures or in terms of the combination of deep learning and other types of applications whether video encoding/decoding or analytics, speech recognition, or the multitude of potential applications combining deep learning kernels with tightly integrated coprocessor architectures. Kernel sizes, on-chip and off-chip memories, numeric datatypes and efficient compute architectures all must be merged into optimal design choices for both performing computations with maximum efficiency as well as programmable flexibility.
Handbook on Import Risk Analysis for animals and animal products: introduction and qualitative risk analysis (2004)

The importation of animals and their products involves a degree of disease risk to the importing country, represented by one or several diseases or pathogenic agents. OIE Member Countries are strongly encouraged to base their sanitary measures on international standards such as the OIE Terrestrial Code and the OIE Aquatic Code. In the absence of relevant standards or when Members choose to adopt a higher level of protection than that provided by such standards, science-based risk analysis is essential to determine whether the importation of a particular commodity poses a significant risk to human or animal health and, if so, what sanitary measures could be adopted to reduce that risk to an acceptable level. However, the level of protection applied to imports must not be different to that applied to products within the domestic market. In this regard, the principal aim of import risk analysis is to provide importing countries with an objective and defensible method of assessing the disease risks associated with the importation of animals and their products. With the support of the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale' at Teramo (an OIE Collaborating Centre), an OIE ad hoc Group of internationally renowned experts has developed a comprehensive treatise on the subject. Volume I of this handbook introduces the concepts of import risk analysis and discusses qualitative risk analysis while Volume II addresses quantitative risk analysis. The key issues in the discipline are explained within the frameworks provided by the World Trade Organization Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and the chapters in both Codes on risk analysis. The handbook will provide practical guidance to Veterinary Services confronted with the need to analyse the risks posed by imports, to ensure that stakeholders, risk analysts and decision-makers can be confident that the disease risks posed have been identified and can be managed effectively. The handbook will also be useful as a training aid to address the critical need for capacity building in this discipline.
Three-Level De-Multiplexed Dual-Branch Complex Delta-Sigma Transmitter (2018)

In this paper, a dual-branch topology driven by a Delta-Sigma Modulator (DSM) with a complex quantizer, also known as the Complex Delta Sigma Modulator (CxDSM), with a 3-level quantized output signal is proposed. By de-multiplexing the 3-level Delta-Sigma-quantized signal into two bi-level streams, an efficiency enhancement over the operational frequency range is achieved. The de-multiplexed signals drive a dual-branch amplification block composed of two switch-mode back-to-back power amplifiers working at peak power. A signal processing technique known as quantization noise reduction with In-band Filtering (QNRIF) is applied to each of the de-multiplexed streams to boost the overall performances; particularly the Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR). After amplification, the two branches are combined using a non-isolated combiner, preserving the efficiency of the transmitter. A comprehensive study on the operation of this topology and signal characteristics used to drive the dual-branch Switch-Mode Power Amplifiers (SMPAs) was established. Moreover, this work proposes a highly efficient design of the amplification block based on a back-to-back power topology performing a dynamic load modulation exploiting the non-overlapping properties of the de-multiplexed Complex DSM signal. For experimental validation, the proposed de-multiplexed 3-level Delta-Sigma topology was implemented on the BEEcube™ platform followed by the back-to-back Class-E switch-mode power amplification block. The full transceiver is assessed using a 4th-Generation mobile communications standard LTE (Long Term Evolution) standard 1.4 MHz signal with a peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of 8 dB. The dual-branch topology exhibited a good linearity and a coding efficiency of the transmitter chain higher than 72% across the band of frequency from 1.8 GHz to 2.7 GHz.