gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Line Spread Function Study of Kinestatic Charge Detectors Operating at High Gas Pressures (1996)

A systematic study of the line spread function (LSF) in the drift direction of a high-pressure ionization chamber for x-ray detection and imaging is presented. Experimental results, obtained by operating a KCD krypton-filled detector at pressures up to 60 atm and constant electric field-to-gas pressure ratio, indicate that the width of the LSF increases with the drift distance and decreases with increasing pressure, both effects being quite large. The hypothesis of this paper is that, at sufficiently high pressures, formation of clusters of molecular ions with a unique or narrowed mobility distribution take place by means of energy exchange mechanisms. Therefore, the LSF of the ionic signal becomes narrower and the FWHM of the ionic signal improves significantly with increasing gas pressure. This research is aimed at investigating methods to improve the spatial resolution as part of the development of a large field-of-view prototype digital radiographic scanner operating on kinestatic charge detection principles.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure—Activity Relationship of Potent Bicyclic Lactam Thrombin Inhibitors. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Learning Open-World Object Proposals Without Learning to Classify (2022)

Object proposals have become an integral pre-processing step of many vision pipelines including object detection, weakly supervised detection, object discovery, tracking, etc. Compared to the learning-free methods, learning-based proposals have become popular recently due to the growing interest in object detection. The common paradigm is to learn object proposals from data labeled with a set of object regions and their corresponding categories. However, this approach often struggles with novel objects in the open world that are absent in the training set. In this letter, we identify that the problem is that the binary classifiers in existing proposal methods tend to overfit to the training categories. Therefore, we propose a <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">classification-free</b> Object Localization Network (OLN) which estimates the objectness of each region purely by how well the location and shape of a region overlap with any ground-truth object (e.g., centerness and IoU). This strategy learns generalizable objectness and outperforms existing proposals on cross-category generalization on COCO. We further explore more challenging cross-dataset generalization onto RoboNet and EpicKitchens dataset, and long-tail detection on LVIS dataset. We demonstrate clear improvement over the state-of-the-art object detectors and object proposers. The code is publicly available at <uri xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://github.com/mcahny/object_localization_network</uri> .
A Guide to Pharmaceutical Particulate Science (2003)

The pharmaceutical applications of powder technology have long been recognized. Yet while many books focus on aspects of powder formation and behavior, there has been no text that explores the power of particulate science in the design, manufacture, and control of quality medicines. Until now. A Guide to Pharmaceutical Particulate Science discusses
Development of FRET-Based Assays in the Far-Red Using CdTe Quantum Dots (2007)

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are now commercially available in a biofunctionalized form, and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between bioconjugated dots and fluorophores within the visible range has been observed. We are particularly interested in the far-red region, as from a biological perspective there are benefits in pushing to approximately 700 nm to minimize optical absorption (ABS) within tissue and to avoid cell autofluorescence. We report on FRET between streptavidin- (STV-) conjugated CdTe quantum dots, Qdot705-STV, with biotinylated DY731-Bio fluorophores in a donor-acceptor assay. We also highlight the changes in DY731-Bio absorptivity during the streptavidin-biotin binding process which can be attributed to the structural reorientation. For fluorescence beyond 700 nm, different alloy compositions are required for the QD core and these changes directly affect the fluorescence decay dynamics producing a marked biexponential decay with a long-lifetime component in excess of 100 nanoseconds. We compare the influence of the two QD relaxation routes upon FRET dynamics in the presence of DY731-Bio.
Bestimmung der Länge von bis zu 2.8 nm langen TEMPO-Diradikalen mit einem neuen Vier-Puls-Doppel-Elektron-Elektron- Resonanz-Experiment (1998)

Eine Vier-Puls-Version des gepulsten Doppel-Elektron-Elektron-Resonanz(DEER)-Experimentes wurde auf eine Serie von TEMPO-Diradikalen mit definierten Interradikalabständen im Bereich von 1.4 bis 2.8 nm angewendet (siehe Bild). Diese neue Pulssequenz ermöglicht es, breite Verteilungen von Elektron-Elektron-Abständen ohne Totzeitartefakte zu bestimmen.
Activated Human Lung Fibroblasts Produce Extracellular Vesicles with Antifibrotic Prostaglandins (2018)

The differentiation of interstitial lung fibroblasts into contractile myofibroblasts that proliferate and secrete excessive extracellular matrix is critical for the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Certain lipid signaling molecules, such as prostaglandins (PGs), can inhibit myofibroblast differentiation. However, the sources and delivery mechanisms of endogenous PGs are undefined. Activated primary human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) produce PGs such as PGE<sub>2</sub>. We report that activation of primary HLFs with IL-1β inhibited transforming growth factor β-induced myofibroblast differentiation in both the IL-1β-treated cells themselves (autocrine signal) and adjacent naive HLFs in cocultures (paracrine signal). Additionally, we demonstrate for the first time that at least some of the antifibrotic effect of activated fibroblasts on nearby naive fibroblasts is carried by exosomes and other extracellular vesicles that contain several PGs, including high levels of the antifibrotic PGE<sub>2</sub>. Thus, activated fibroblasts communicate with surrounding cells to limit myofibroblast differentiation and maintain homeostasis. This work opens the way for future research into extracellular vesicle-mediated intercellular signaling in the lung and may inform the development of novel therapies for fibrotic lung diseases.
Inhibition of RORγT Skews TCRα Gene Rearrangement and Limits T Cell Repertoire Diversity (2016)

Recent studies have elucidated the molecular mechanism of RORγT transcriptional regulation of Th17 differentiation and function. RORγT was initially identified as a transcription factor required for thymopoiesis by maintaining survival of CD4<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> (DP) thymocytes. While RORγ antagonists are currently being developed to treat autoimmunity, it remains unclear how RORγT inhibition may impact thymocyte development. In this study, we show that in addition to regulating DP thymocytes survival, RORγT also controls genes that regulate thymocyte migration, proliferation, and T cell receptor (TCR)α selection. Strikingly, pharmacological inhibition of RORγ skews TCRα gene rearrangement, limits T cell repertoire diversity, and inhibits development of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Thus, targeting RORγT not only inhibits Th17 cell development and function but also fundamentally alters thymic-emigrant recognition of self and foreign antigens. The analysis of RORγ inhibitors has allowed us to gain a broader perspective of the diverse function of RORγT and its impact on T cell biology.
Bump pattern optimization and stress comparison study for DCA packages (2014)

With the increasing demand for reduced package size and enhanced package performance, the semiconductor industry has intensified focus on the development of alternate technologies, resulting in significant interest in flip chip or direct chip attach (DCA) packages using copper pillar bump interconnects. In DCA packages, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between different materials causes warpage/reliability issues during the reflow process and thermal cycling. These CTE mismatch issues interact with various copper pillar patterns and affect package reliability. This study reports on simulation work to optimize the 1st level copper pillar patterns on DCA packages. Finite element models have been established to understand the effects of various copper pillar patterns on stress conditions in solder regions. In addition to material factors like low CTE core and different underfill compounds, other factors including solder joint thickness, a portion of the copper pillar bumps and die thickness are also simulated to determine the impact on solder stress in relation to the die and substrate interface.
Noncoherent Multiuser Chirp Spread Spectrum: Performance With Doppler Shift and Asynchronism (2021)

In this paper, we investigate multi user chirp spread spectrum with noncoherent detection as a continuation of our work on coherent detection. We derive the analytical bit error ratio (BER) expression for binary chirp spread spectrum (BCSS) in the presence of multiple access interference (MAI) caused by correlation with other user signals because of either asynchronism or Doppler shifts, or both, and validate with simulations. To achieve this we analyze the signal cross correlations, and compare traditional linear chirps with our recently-proposed nonlinear chirps introduced and with other nonlinear chirps from the literature. In doing so we illustrate the superior performance of our new nonlinear chirp designs in these practical conditions, for the noncoherent counterpart.
A follow-up on quantitative and qualitative olfactory dysfunction and other symptoms in patients recovering from COVID-19 smell loss (2022)

While smell ability improves for many individuals who lost it during acute COVID-19, the prevalence of parosmia and phantosmia increases substantially over time. Olfactory dysfunction is associated with broader persistent symptoms of COVID-19, and may last for many months following acute COVID-19. Taste loss in the absence of smell loss is rare. Persistent qualitative smell symptoms are emerging as common long-term sequelae; more research into treatment options is strongly warranted given that even conservative estimates suggest millions of individuals may experience parosmia following COVID-19. Healthcare providers worldwide need to be prepared to treat post COVID-19 secondary effects on physical and mental health.
Orbital Angular Momentum Beams for High-Capacity Communications (2022)

There is a growing interest in structured light, especially orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams, due to its unique amplitude and phase structure. Multiple orthogonal OAM beams can be utilized to enable high-capacity communication systems in various scenarios. This review will discuss the properties, challenges, advances, and perspectives of OAM-based optical communications, including the following (a) basic multiplexing and encoding links; (b) OAM-based communication in free space and fiber; (c) technical hurdles; (d) mitigation approaches; (e) encoded quantum communications; (f) advanced topics including different frequency ranges and novel beams; and (g) ecosystem and commercialization.
Neutrophil chemotaxis induced by corneal epithelial cells after herpes simplex virus type 1 infection (1998)

Purpose. Neutrophil invasion is a primary event in the development of herpetic keratitis. It has been reported that HSV-1 infection of keratocytes induces the synthesis of IL-8, a potent neutrophil chemoattractant, while corneal epithelium does not. Nevertheless, little is known about the correlation between neutrophil migration and the production of chemotactic factors by HSV-1-infected corneal cells, especially in epithelial cells which form an initial barrier of the ocular surface. We examined whether human corneal epithelial cells as well as keratocytes could induce neutrophil chemotaxis in response to HSV-1 infection.Methods. Human corneal epithelial cells immortalized with SV40 (HCE) and human keratocytes were infected with HSV-1. The culture fluids collected at 4, 12, 24 h after infection were assayed for human neutrophil chemotaxis using a modified Boyden chamber method. IL-8 levels in these supernatants were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results. The chemotactic activity induced by HCE and keratocytes after MP strain of HSV-1 infection peaked as early as 4 h postinfection, then declined. Chemotactic activity induced by HSV-1-infected HCE and IL-8 levels on these supernatants paralleled with the infectious virus titer. It was inhibited by monoclonal anti-IL-8 antibody. UV-inactivation of MP strain abrogated neither the induction of chemotactic activity nor IL-8 secretion of infected HCE.Conclusions. At the early phase of HSV-1 infection, corneal epithelial cells play an important role in inducing neutrophil chemotaxis, which was mediated by IL-8. Curr. Eye Res. 17:687–693, 1998.
Feasibility of a resorbable anterior cervical graft containment plate (2002)

In this article the authors review the history of anterior cervical plating for one- and two-level discectomy for degenerative disease and provide background justification for the design and testing of a cervical plate composed of a resorbable material. The design of the plate is discussed with special reference to modifications of its design and tools compared with metallic plates that are necessary because of the different mechanical properties of the less rigid material. The cadaveric and animal in vivo testing methodologies are described, and a novel testing method for reliably quantifying graft containment is also described. Data from a representative sample are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of resorbable plating are discussed.
Carbon nanotube tipped atomic force microscopy for measurement of &lt;100 nm etch morphology on semiconductors (1998)

The use of carbon nanotubes as tips in atomic force microscopy for a systematic study of dry etching pattern transfer in GaAs is described. The GaAs samples are patterned via electron beam lithography and then etched using magnetron reactive ion or chemically assisted ion beam processing. The technique allows diagnosis, in air, of etched features with scale sizes of &amp;lt;100 nm.
Prophylactic immunization with human papillomavirus vaccines induces oral immunity in mice (2017)

NA. Laryngoscope, 128:E16-E20, 2018.
Explicit Bias Discovery in Visual Question Answering Models (2019)

Researchers have observed that Visual Question Answering (VQA ) models tend to answer questions by learning statistical biases in the data. For example, their answer to the question “What is the color of the grass?” is usually “Green”, whereas a question like “What is the title of the book?” cannot be answered by inferring statistical biases. It is of interest to the community to explicitly discover such biases, both for understanding the behavior of such models, and towards debugging them. Our work address this problem. In a database, we store the words of the question, answer and visual words corresponding to regions of interest in attention maps. By running simple rule mining algorithms on this database, we discover human-interpretable rules which give us unique insight into the behavior of such models. Our results also show examples of unusual behaviors learned by models in attempting VQA tasks.
Ground Fault Directional Protection Method for HVDC Multiterminal Networks (2022)

The use of multiterminal HVdc networks is increasingly relevant in electrical power systems for transporting high powers over long distance. HVdc networks are not free from ground faults that represent the main cause of failures in electrical power systems. Their quick detection and actuation in an accurate and selective way are essential to avoid possible outages. For this reason, in this article, a new protection method that develops a directional evaluation of the ground current is presented. It is based on the measurement of the currents that circulate through the grounded shields at the endings of the HVdc cables, then only low voltage devices are required. Afterward, an analysis of the current polarity is performed. If the current in the shield circulates from the shield to ground, the fault takes place in the protected line and it should be disconnected as soon as possible. On the other hand, if the current goes from ground to the shield, there is a ground fault but not in the protected line. The proposed method has been validated by computer simulations and laboratory tests achieving satisfactory results.
Evidence of Electrical Spin Injection Into Silicon Using MgO Tunnel Barrier (2010)

We demonstrate the evidence of electrical spin injection into silicon (Si) using the Fe/MgO tunnel barrier by the following two methods: 1) non-local (NL) four-terminal magnetoresistance (MR) scheme with their respective corresponding ferromagnetic (FM) electrode and 2) Hanle-type spin precession scheme. These results are compatible and in agreement with each other. The spin injection signals in the non-local scheme were observed up to 150 K, and the spin diffusion length (¿ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</sub> ) was estimated to be 2.8 ¿m at 8 K. The experimental data completely matches every detail of the Hanle measurements equation, and spin lifetime (¿) was estimated to be 9.44 ns at 8 K. We will be able to discuss the physical properties of a pure spin current in silicon by this compelling data.
Neurovascular, Muscle, and Skin Changes on [18F]FDG PET/MRI in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome of the Foot: A Prospective Clinical Study (2021)

The increased uptake of [18F]FDG in the symptomatic areas likely reflects the increased metabolism due to the inflammatory response causing pain. Therefore, our approach combining metabolic [18F]FDG PET and anatomic MR imaging may offer noninvasive monitoring of the distribution and progression of inflammatory changes associated with CRPS.
Bilateral Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation after Bilateral Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease (2011)

In this report we discuss the rationale, technical issues, programming nuances and outcome in a patient with preexisting bilateral GPi DBS who was implanted with bilateral STN DBS.
Nanocrystalline Iron Oxides Prepared via Co-Precipitation for Lithium Battery Cathode Applications (2015)

Aqueous, low-temperature co-precipitation syntheses afford environmentally sustainable, economically viable methods to produce energy storage materials based on iron, an earth-abundant material. Systematically altering the parameters of a co-precipitation reaction yields nanomaterials with distinct chemical compositions and crystallite sizes. Compared to bulk material, nanomaterials posses inimitable ion-transport kinetics and cycling ability. Magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) and silver ferrite (Ag x FeO 2 ) are discussed here as examples of nanocrystalline iron oxide materials in which the electrochemical performance (i.e. overall capacity, cycling efficiency, magnitude of polarization) directly correlates with composition and crystallite size.
Methotrexate: historical aspects (2000)

In the early 1940s, folic acid was isolated and found to cure some patients with megaloblastic anemia that did not respond to vitamin B12. As acute leukemia in children had some morphological features that resembled megaloblastic anemia, patients with acute leukemia were treated with folic acid or folate conjugates (polyglutamated forms of folic acid). These proved ineffective and, in fact, were thought to accelerate the disease. The subsequent demonstration by Heinle and Welch [] that a diet-induced deficiency of folic acid caused a decrease in the leukemia cell count, stimulated efforts, primarily by the Lederle group, to synthesize analogs of folic acid. One of these, aminopterin or 4-aminopterolylglutamic acid, proved to be a powerful antagonist that was shown by Farber et al. [], in a landmark paper, to produce remissions in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). With this discovery, and the demonstration by Huggins and Hodges that estrogens caused regressions in prostate cancer [], and that nitrogen mustard caused regressions in patients with lymphoma [[], the modern era of chemotherapy was born in the 1940’s.
Minimizing Excess Opioid Prescribing for Acute Postoperative Pain (2020)

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Is Cognitive Impairment in Cirrhotic Patients Due to Increased Peroxynitrite and Oxidative Stress? (2015)

Cirrhotic patients may suffer minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), with mild cognitive impairment. 3-Nitro-tyrosine levels are a good biomarker for diagnosis of the cognitive impairment and MHE in cirrhotic patients. This suggests that oxidative stress could be involved in the induction of cognitive and motor alterations in MHE. We have observed that patients with MHE show increased oxidative stress in blood compared with cirrhotic patients without MHE, with increased lipid peroxidation, DNA oxidation, protein carbonylation, 3-nitrotyrosine, oxidized glutathione (GSSG)/reduced glutathione (GSH) ratio, and GSH levels. The activities of antioxidant enzymes are enhanced in erythrocytes and mononuclear cells from patients with and without MHE compared with control subjects. Only glutathione peroxidase activity was increased in MHE patients compared with patients without MHE. Oxidative stress markers in blood, especially GSSG/GSH ratio, GSH, malondialdehyde, and 3-nitrotyrosine, correlate with deficits in attention and motor coordination. The increase in antioxidant activities in patients would be an adaptive mechanism to cope with enhanced oxidative stress, although it is not effective enough to normalize it. Our observations lead to the hypothesis that oxidative stress and increased peroxynitrite formation would mediate the synergistic effects of hyperammonemia and inflammation on cognitive and motor impairment in MHE.