gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Injector Fouling in Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engines - A New Test Procedure for the Evaluation of Gasoline Additives (2017)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In order to be ever more fuel efficient the use of Direct Injection (DI) is becoming standard in spark ignition engines. When associated with efficient turbochargers it has generated a significant increase in the overall performance of these engines. These hardware developments lead to increased stresses placed upon the fuel and the fuel injection system: for example injection pressures increased up to 400 bar, increased fuel and nozzle temperatures and contact with the flame in the combustion chamber.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;DISI injectors are thus subjected to undesirable deposit formation which can have detrimental consequences on engine operation such as reduced power, EOBD (Engine On Board Diagnostics) issues, impaired driveability and increased particulate emissions. In order to evaluate the sensitivity of DI spark ignition engines to fuel-related injector deposit formation, a new engine test procedure has been developed.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In this paper the effects of gasoline composition on injector fouling are studied. The ability of the procedure to evaluate the performance of different Deposit Control Additives (DCAs) both in terms of reduction of deposits formation (keep-clean) and of deposits removal (clean-up) is also discussed. In a further aspect the influence of fuel variability on additive response is highlighted.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Establishment of Human Fetal Intestinal Organ Cultures for Growth of Viruses (1970)

Journal Article Establishment of Human Fetal Intestinal Organ Cultures for Growth of Viruses Get access Raphael Dolin, Raphael Dolin From the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, and the National Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Pathology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Neil R. Blacklow, Neil R. Blacklow From the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, and the National Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Pathology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Richard A. Malmgren, Richard A. Malmgren From the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, and the National Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Pathology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Robert M. Chanock Robert M. Chanock From the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, and the National Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Pathology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 122, Issue 3, September 1970, Pages 227–231, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/122.3.227 Published: 01 September 1970 Article history Received: 10 June 1970 Revision received: 13 July 1970 Published: 01 September 1970
Activation of the Steroid and Xenobiotic Receptor (Human Pregnane X Receptor) by Nontaxane Microtubule-Stabilizing Agents (2005)

These findings suggest that activation of hPXR with selective displacement of corepressors is an important mechanism by which microtubule-stabilizing drugs induce drug-metabolizing enzymes both in vitro and in vivo.
Adjuvant Anti-HER2 Therapy, Treatment-Related Amenorrhea, and Survival in Premenopausal HER2-Positive Early Breast Cancer Patients (2018)

In this unplanned analysis, no association between TRA rate and type of anti-HER2 treatment was observed. TRA was associated with statistically significant survival benefits in premenopausal hormone receptor-positive/HER2-positive early breast cancer patients.
Distributed Kalman filtering based on severely quantized WSN data (2005)

This paper deals with recursive random parameter or state estimation for use in distributed tracking applications implemented with a wireless sensor network (WSN). Bandwidth and energy limitations encountered with WSNs, motivate quantization of individual sensor observations before their digital transmission to the fusion center, where tracking is to be performed. Recent results investigating the intertwining between quantization and batch parameter estimation with WSNs, hint that quantization to a single bit per sensor may lead to a small penalty in state estimation variance. Relying on a dynamical model, we derive a Kalman-like filter (KF) based on what we term "sign-differential" quantization, and establish that for all cases of practical interest, its asymptotic variance comes surprisingly close to the asymptotic variance of the clairvoyant minimum mean-square error KF state estimator which is based on the original (analog) observations. In a nutshell, this paper establishes the rather unexpected result that tracking with a WSN can simply rely on sensor observations quantized to a single bit
Recent Approaches against SARS-COV-2: The Ongoing Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (2020)

Novel extreme intense respiratory condition coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lies behind the continuous episode of coronavirus malady 2019 (COVID-19). There is a developing comprehension of SARS-CoV-2 in virology, the study of disease transmission, and clinical administration systems. Be that as it may, no enemy of SARS-CoV-2 medication or antibody has been authoritatively affirmed because of the nonattendance of satisfactory proof. Researchers are dashing to build up a treatment for COVID-19. Late investigations have uncovered numerous alluring remedial choices, regardless of whether some of them stay to be additionally affirmed in thorough preclinical models and clinical preliminaries. In this minireview, we mean to sum up the refreshed potential methodologies against SARS-CoV-2. We stress that further endeavors are justified to build up the most secure and best methodology.
Theory and Design of a Novel Wideband DC Isolated Wilkinson Power Divider (2016)

In this letter, a novel wideband 3-dB Wilkinson power divider (WPD) is presented. It employs port matching using coupled lines to achieve wider isolation bandwidth, without modifying the isolation network. Due to the presence of parallel coupled lines, the design enjoys complete DC isolation. Analysis leading to closed-form design equations shows freedom in choosing design parameters. Many design case studies are provided to show the capabilities of the proposed design. The designed and fabricated prototype shows promising results.
MR elastography of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the rat (2008)

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has an increasing worldwide prevalence. It is characterized by liver steatosis and inflammation leading to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma [1-3]. Elastography techniques [4, 5] have emerged as accurate methods to diagnose and quantify liver fibrosis. It has been shown that the elasticity of the liver increases with increasing degree of fibrosis. The aim of our study was to assess the role of MR elastography in staging NASH and to evaluate which parameters influence the visco-elastic measurements in this model of chronic liver disease.
Interactions (2018)

The influence of different ionic and nonionic CM on clinicochemical parameters determined in serum and urine was examined systematically in the laboratory. For this purpose, reference sera (normal and pathological values) were mixed with up to 20 vol % CM solution and urine with up to 50 % CM solution. Higher concentrations are unlikely to occur in humans even a very short time after a CM injection.
COLORECTAL TUBERCULOSIS REVISITED (2001)

Introduction: Colorectal tuberculosis occurs uncommonly in Hong Kong and even rarer in the West. Its non‐specific clinical presentation and deceiving endoscopic features poses a diagnostic challenge. Aim: To review the presentation, diagnosis and treatment of colorectal tuberculosis. Method: A retrospective review of patients managed in Kwong Wah Hospital between 1995 and 2000. Eleven patients with colorectal tuberculosis were diagnosed and treated at Kwong Wah Hospital. Results: The age of diagnosis ranges from 18 to 70, with a median age of 46. Weight loss (55%), abdominal pain (55%) and per rectal bleeding (45%) were the most common symptoms. Only three patients (27%) have previous history of pulmonary tuberculosis. Endoscopy with biopsy was useful in making a diagnosis in seven out of eight patients that did not required emergency surgery. Five patients required surgery due to severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding, symptomatic ileocaecal mass or recurrent intestinal obstruction. Successful anti‐tuberculosis treatment was achieved in the other patients. Conclusion: Confirmation of diagnosis by endoscopy and biopsy is important as medical treatment is associated with good response. Sometimes repeated biopsy may be required to avoid unnecessary major operation. Although rare, the diagnosis of colorectal tuberculosis should not be overlooked.
Extracellular vesicles: effectors of transfusion-related acute lung injury (2023)

Respiratory transfusion reactions represent some of the most severe adverse reactions related to receiving blood products. Of those, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is associated with elevated morbidity and mortality. TRALI is characterized by severe lung injury associated with inflammation, pulmonary neutrophil infiltration, lung barrier leak, and increased interstitial and airspace edema that cause respiratory failure. Presently, there are few means of detecting TRALI beyond clinical definitions based on physical examination and vital signs or preventing/treating TRALI beyond supportive care with oxygen and positive pressure ventilation. Mechanistically, TRALI is thought to be mediated by the culmination of two successive proinflammatory hits, which typically comprise a recipient factor (1st hit-e.g., systemic inflammatory conditions) and a donor factor (2nd hit-e.g., blood products containing pathogenic antibodies or bioactive lipids). An emerging concept in TRALI research is the contribution of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in mediating the first and/or second hit in TRALI. EVs are small, subcellular, membrane-bound vesicles that circulate in donor and recipient blood. Injurious EVs may be released by immune or vascular cells during inflammation, by infectious bacteria, or in blood products during storage, and can target the lung upon systemic dissemination. This review assesses emerging concepts such as how EVs: <i>1</i>) mediate TRALI, <i>2</i>) represent targets for therapeutic intervention to prevent or treat TRALI, and <i>3</i>) serve as biochemical biomarkers facilitating TRALI diagnosis and detection in at-risk patients.
Sub‐Micrometer Sized Hairy Latex Particles Synthesized by Dispersion Polymerization Using Hydrophilic Macromolecular RAFT Agents (2007)

Abstract Dispersion polymerization of n ‐butyl acrylate has been performed in a mixture of ethanol and water in the presence of poly( N ‐acryloylmorpholine) (polyNAM). These hydrophilic polymer chains are synthesized by the RAFT process and thus incorporate well‐defined chain ends. The dithioester ω ‐end group is used as an efficient chain transfer agent under dispersion polymerization conditions to produce hairy poly( n ‐butyl acrylate) latex particles. Moreover, pre‐functionalization of the polyNAM chains on the α ‐end by a carbohydrate derivative is also achieved to obtain directly functionalized particles according to the same strategy. magnified image
Real-Time ECG Emulation: A Multiple Dipole Model for Electrocardiography Simulation (2009)

A new model for describing electrocardiography (ECG) is presented, which is based on multiple dipoles compared to standard single dipole approaches in vector electrocardiography. The multiple dipole parameters are derived from real data (e.g. four dipoles from 12-channel ECG) by solving the backward problem of ECG numerically. Results are transformed to a waveform description based on Gaussian mixture for every dimension of each dipole. These compact parameterized descriptors are used for a very realistic real-time simulation applying the forward solution of the proposed model.
Detection of Keto-acids in abnormal ‘Sake’ derived from putrified ‘moromi’ mash (1953)

In the paper partition chromatography of abnormal ‘sake’ from putrified ‘moromi’ mash, we obtained some spots of keto-acid, which correspond to acetoacetic, α-ketobutyric and pyruvic acids respectively. The spot of the first was esspecially remarkable.The Simon's colour test was also examined.
Bone-implant interface in a rabbit femur model in vivo: nanoscopic mineralization patterns by atomic force microscopy (2003)

Bone-implant interface is characterized by a complex array of cells and macromolecules in a mineralizing matrix forming a micromechanical environment that transmits biomechanical stresses. The biomechanical properties of the bone-implant interface are unknown. Here we examined the bone-implant interface in a submicron length scale with atomic force microscopy (AFM). three screw-type titanium implants (8/spl times/4.1 mm: length/spl times/diameter) were placed in the femur in each of three, eight-week-old, NZW rabbits by following conventional clinical implant procedures. A four-week duration was given for the implants to osseointegrate. Upon block implant harvest, a diamond knife was used to transect the bone-implant block at a level that was 4 mm from the coronal surface of the fixture with a resulting size of approximately 5 mm volume. The bone-implant interface was then subjected to nanoindentation with atomic force microscopy to obtain force spectroscopy images every 60 microns from the implant surface up to 420 microns outwards in four directions that were separated by 90/spl deg/ angles. The average microelastic moduli demonstrated a gradient distribution, lowest from the implant surface (0.78/spl plusmn/0.01 MPa) and increasing outbound up to 420 microns (1.70/spl plusmn/0.06 MPa). These data suggest that mineralization in the bone-implant interface proceeds inbound towards the implant surface.
Tip design for safety of steerable needles for robot-controlled brain insertion (2017)

The study indicates a general design technique for safe bevel-tipped brain needles based on comparison with relevant damage thresholds for strain, strain rate, and stress. The full potential of the technique awaits the determination of more exact safety thresholds.
Torque Measurements of the Ossicular Chain (2010)

Even the lowest torque measured is more than 1.5 times higher than the "worst-case" torque affecting the FMT during a 1.5 T MRI examination. The torque on an FMT crimped to the long process of the incus should therefore not harm the human middle ear.
Crystal structures of mono- and bi-specific diabodies and reduction of their structural flexibility by introduction of disulfide bridges at the Fv interface (2016)

Building a sophisticated protein nano-assembly requires a method for linking protein components in a predictable and stable structure. Diabodies are engineered antibody fragments that are composed of two Fv domains connected by short peptide linkers. They are attractive candidates for mediators in assembling protein nano-structures because they can simultaneously bind to two different proteins and are rigid enough to be crystallized. However, comparison of previous crystal structures demonstrates that there is substantial structural diversity in the Fv interface region of diabodies and, therefore, reliable prediction of its structure is not trivial. Here, we present the crystal structures of ten mono- and bi-specific diabodies. We found that changing an arginine residue in the Fv interface to threonine greatly reduced the structural diversity of diabodies. We also found that one of the bispecific diabodies underwent an unexpected process of chain swapping yielding a non-functional monospecific diabody. In order to further reduce structural flexibility and prevent chain shuffling, we introduced disulfide bridges in the Fv interface regions. The disulfide-bridged diabodies have rigid and predictable structures and may have applications in crystallizing proteins, analyzing cryo-electron microscopic images and building protein nano-assemblies.
Fructose increases risk for kidney stones: potential role in metabolic syndrome and heat stress (2018)

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00639756 March 20, 2008.
Functionally impaired tRNA from ethionine treated rats as detected in injected Xenopus oocytes (1979)

Treatment of rats with ethionine was found to cause severe impairment in the aminoacylation capacity of tRNA. This effect was only observed when assayed in injected oocytes, while invitro assays of aminoacylation failed to detect differences between normal tRNA and tRNA from ethionine treated animals. The effect of ethionine on the tRNA population was not uniform and differed for various amino acid specific tRNAs. Thus liver tRNA from ethionine treated rats showed a decreased capacity for phenylalanine aminoacylation, while no change was found in the case of leucine. On the other hand, the level of histidine aminoacylation was higher for tRNA from ethionine treated animals. An even more complex response was observed with methionine aminoacylation where tRNA from ethionine treated animals showed an initially faster rate than control tRNA. With more prolonged incubation periods, the methionyl-tRNA from ethionine treated animals was deacylated at an accelerated rate while the level of normal methionyl-tRNA remained almost constant. In addition to the aminoacylation reaction, the participation of aminoacyl-tRNA in protein synthesis was severely impaired. In this case, both the injected oocyte system and the cell-free wheat germ assay revealed these differences which were manifested with various mRNA and viral RNA preparations.
P‐192: Efficient Deep Red Phosphorescent OLEDs with an EL Emission Peak of 670 nm (2017)

Dibenzofuran containing electron‐transporting host materials are developed for deep red phosphorescent OLEDs. These materials can form an exciplex with NPD, and used as host materials. An optimized OLED showed an EQE of 16% with a low turn‐on voltage of 2.4 V with an EL emission peak of 670 nm.
Room-Temperature Diode Laser Monitors for Spacecraft Air Quality (1997)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Room-temperature, tunable diode lasers operating in the visible and near-IR spectral region have been shown to meet detection sensitivity and time response requirements for most major species and rapid-response pyrolysis product measurements identified for spacecraft environmental monitoring applications. Multi-laser sensors with multiplexed fiber-delivery systems appear to be feasible for simultaneous monitoring of several individual contaminants. Work is underway to extend this approach to a number of volatile organic compounds using overtone and combination band absorption in the 1.5 to 2.0 μm wavelength region. The first quantitative measurements of these absorption bands have been obtained in pure vapors using a sensitive, near-IR FTIR spectrometer. These results are being used to guide the selection of custom-fabricated diode lasers for sensitive and rapid detection of trace contaminant levels.&lt;/div&gt;
Towards low loss non-volatile phase change materials in mid index waveguides (2021)

Abstract Photonic integrated circuits currently use platform intrinsic thermo-optic and electro-optic effects to implement dynamic functions such as switching, modulation and other processing. Currently, there is a drive to implement field programmable photonic circuits, a need which is only magnified by new neuromorphic and quantum computing applications. The most promising non-volatile photonic components employ phase change materials such as GST and GSST, which had their origin in electronic memory. However, in the optical domain, these compounds introduce significant losses potentially preventing a large number of applications. Here, we evaluate the use of two newly introduced low loss phase change materials, Sb 2 S 3 and Sb 2 Se 3 , on a silicon nitride photonic platform for future implementation in neuromorphic computing. We focus the study on Mach–Zehnder interferometers that operate at the O and C bands to demonstrate the performance of the system. Our measurements show an insertion loss below 0.04 dB μm −1 for Sb 2 S 3 and lower than 0.09 dB μm −1 for Sb 2 Se 3 cladded devices for both amorphous and crystalline phases. The effective refractive index contrast for Sb 2 S 3 on SiNx was measured to be 0.05 at 1310 nm and 0.02 at 1550 nm, whereas for Sb 2 Se 3 , it was 0.03 at 1310 nm and 0.05 at 1550 nm highlighting the performance of the integrated device.
Fracture Criterion of a Mixed-Mode Crack. 3rd Report, A Study on Evaluation of Fracture Paramenter CED in an Arbitrary Direction by Finite Element Method. (1993)

In the series of papers, the authors proposed the fracture criteria for mode I (opening type) fracture and mode II (shear type) fracture in a mixed-mode crack based on the CED (crack energy density) in an arbitarry direction, εψ, and the applicability of these criteria to mixed-mode crack has been investigated through the fracture experiments of specimens with an inclined crack under tensile/shear type loading. In this paper, the evaluation method of εψ by finite element method is studied. Elastic-plastic finite element analyses are carried out for the above mentioned fracture experiments and εψ and its contribution of each mode are evaluated by path-independent integrals and the method based on load-displacement curves. Based on the results, we examine the fundamental properties in the evaluation of εψ and so on in elastic case and, simultaniously, develop a practical method to evaluate εψ and so on in elastic-plastic case which makes the application of the fractrure criteria to the fracture of a mixed-mode crack realistic and easy.
Joint Bandwidth and Power Allocation for MIMO Two-Way Relays-Assisted Overlay Cognitive Radio Systems (2015)

This paper studies the achievable cognitive sum rate of an overlay cognitive radio (CR) system assisted with multiple antennas two-way relays in which primary users (PUs) cooperate with cognitive users (CUs) for mutual benefits. In this context, the problems of both bandwidth and power allocation are investigated. We propose that the CUs are allowed to allocate a part of the PUs spectrum to perform their cognitive transmission. In return, acting as amplify-and-forward two-way relays, they are exploited to support PUs to reach their target data rates over the remaining bandwidth. Power expressions for optimal transmit power allocated per PU and CU antenna are derived under primary quality-of-service constraint in addition to bandwidth and power budget constraints. More specifically, CUs act as relays for the PUs transmission and gain some spectrum as long as they respect these constraints. After deriving the optimal transmit powers, we employ a strong optimization tool based on swarm intelligence to optimize the full and complex relay amplification gain matrices in addition to the bandwidths released to primary and cognitive transmission. Furthermore, three different utility functions are considered in our optimization problems depending on the level of fairness among CUs.
Comparison of two Endovascular Treatments of a Stenosed Arteriovenous Fistula: Balloon-Angioplasty with and without Stenting (2014)

By maintaining the vessel lumen shape over time, the stent is likely to reduce the risk of restenosis that can otherwise occur after balloon-angioplasty because of the viscoelastic recoil of the vessel.