gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Screening and hormonal therapy of localized prostate cancer shows major benefits on survival. (2000)

Five recent randomized studies demonstrate that treatment of localized prostate cancer saves lives. Since prostate cancer grows insidiously without signs or symptoms until it reaches the bones-when cure has become an exception-screening is essential to diagnose the disease at an earlier stage when cure is possible in the majority of patients. At 7 years' median follow-up with continuous hormonal therapy, cancer-specific death was observed in less than 5% of patients with treatment started at the stage of clinically localized disease, compared to 70% to 90% when treatment is started in patients with bone metastases. With appropriate screening, 99% of prostate cancers can be diagnosed at the localized stage with no sign of bone metastases. Starting androgen blockade at time of diagnosis of localized disease can achieve long-term control of the disease in close to 100% of patients and even cure the disease in the majority of them, as evidenced by maintenance of undetectable PSA in 85% of patients after cessation of long-term combined hormonal therapy. The available data indicate that the use of regular PSA screening and immediate treatment can markedly reduce mortality rates among prostate cancer patients. Next steps toward improving the quality of life for prostate cancer patients including more tolerable treatments and prevention steps are underway.
On the Markovian approximation for block-errors in DS-CDMA transmissions over slow fading channels with multicarrier transmit diversity (2003)

We show that block errors in multicarrier DS-CDMA (MC-CDMA) systems with transmit diversity operating over slow fading channels are accurately modeled by a Markov process. Although earlier contributions have shown that packet transmission over radio channels can be modeled by Markov processes, error models for DS-CDMA systems using multicarrier transmit diversity, convolutional coding with soft-decision Viterbi decoding, and RAKE diversity fingers with maximal ratio combining, have not been reported so far. A major contribution of this work is a novel method to estimate the parameters of the Markov model. Comparisons with results of detailed simulations of the entire system confirm that this is an excellent packet-level error model for MC-CDMA with transmit diversity.
ChemInform Abstract: KINETISCHE UNTERSUCHUNG DER PEPTIDKUPPLUNG (1974)

Abstract Der kinetische Verlauf einiger Kupplungs‐(N‐Acylierungs‐)Reaktionen ist abgebildet.
Identification of a Protein S-Interactive Site on the Factor VIII A2 Domain. (2007)

Abstract Protein S functions as a cofactor of activated protein C that inactivates factor VIII(a) and factor V(a). We recently have reported a new regulatory mechanism that protein S interacted with both the A2 and A3 domains in factor VIII, and consequently this cofactor directly impaired the factor Xase complex by competing the interaction of factor IXa to factor VIIIa (Blood2006; 108, 487a). Since factor IXa blocked the binding of A2 subunit to protein S, we attempted several approaches to localize the protein S-interactive site(s) on the factor VIII A2 domain. An anti-A2 monoclonal antibody (mAb413) with the 484–509 epitope, recognizing a factor IXa-interactive site on the A2, inhibited the A2 binding to immobilized protein S up to approximately 90% in a dose-dependent manner in a surface plasmon resonance-based assay. Furthermore, ELISA-based assay showed that a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues 484–509 directly bound to protein S dose-dependently. Covalent cross-linking was observed between the 484–509 peptide and protein S following reaction with EDC (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide) using SDS-PAGE. The cross-linked product formed with EDC was consistent with 1:1 stoichiometry of reactants, suggesting specificity in the 484–509 peptide and protein S interaction. This cross-linking formation was blocked by the addition of the 484–497 peptide, whilst not by the 498–509 peptide, supporting the presence of protein S-interactive site within residues 484–497. Furthermore, N-terminal sequence analysis of the 484–509 peptide-protein S product showed that three sequential basic residues (S488, R489 and R490) could not be detected, supporting that three residues participate in cross-link formation. To confirm the significance of these residues in A2 domain for protein S-binding, the mutant forms of the A2 domain, converted to alanine, were expressed in baculovirus system and purified. Compared with wild type A2 (Kd: ∼9 nM), each binding affinity of S488A, R489A, or R490A A2 mutant for protein S was decreased by 4∼5-fold (32, 40 and 40 nM, respectively). These results indicate that the 484–509 region in the factor VIII A2 domain, and in particular a cluster of basic amino acids at residues 488–490, contributes to a unique protein S-interactive site.
Time‐accurate, parallel, multi‐zone, multi‐block solver to study the human cardio‐vascular system (2002)

A parallel, time-accurate flow solver is devised to study the human cardio-vascular system. The solver is capable of dealing with moving boundaries and moving grids. It is designed to handle complex, three-dimensional vascular systems. The computational domain is divided into multiple block subdomains. At each cross section the plane is divided into twelve sub-zones to allow flexibility for handling complex geometries and, if needed, appropriate parallel data partitioning. The unsteady, three-dimensional, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically. A second-order in time and third-order upwind finite volume method for solving time-accurate incompressible flows based on pseudo-compressibility and dual time-stepping technique is used. For parallel execution, the flow domain is partitioned. Communication between the subdomains of the flow on Riken's VPP/700E supercomputer is implemented using MPI message-passing library. A series of numerical simulations of biologically relevant flows is used to validate this code.
Tool and velocity model calibration for downhole-based hydraulic fracture monitoring of induced microseismicity (2013)

With downhole-based microseismic monitoring jobs, obtaining accurately mapped hypocentral locations and associated source parameters depends on the correctness of the calibration process. Commonly downhole-based passive microseismic monitoring requires one or more arrays of 3C sensors to be lowered to appropriate depth(s) in one or more monitoring wellbores using wireline cables. During this process, each shuttle housing a three-component sensor might rotate (Le Calvez et al., 2005, Bulant et al., 2006). For this reason, tool orientation using one or more sources at known locations is critical to properly locate detected microseismic events. Similarly, once the tool string has been oriented, the initial log-derived isotropic velocity model must be calibrated for anisotropy. Though a fully 3D velocity model describing the relevant geology and rock physics is preferable, the velocity model used for microseismic monitoring is most often 1D or, at best, 2D (i.e., 1D with dip and azimuth).
Analysis and Enhancement of CSMA/CA With Deferral in Power-Line Communications (2016)

Power-line communications are employed in home networking to provide easy and high-throughput connectivity. The IEEE 1901, the MAC protocol for power-line networks, employs a CSMA/CA protocol similar to that of 802.11, but is substantially more complex, which probably explains why little is known about its performance. One of the key differences between the two protocols is that whereas 802.11 only reacts upon collisions, 1901 also reacts upon several consecutive transmissions and thus can potentially achieve better performance by avoiding unnecessary collisions. In this paper, we propose a model for the 1901 MAC. Our analysis reveals that the default configuration of 1901 does not fully exploit its potential and that its performance degrades with the number of stations. Based on analytical reasoning, we derive a configuration for the parameters of 1901 that drastically improves throughput and achieves optimal performance without requiring the knowledge of the number of stations in the network. In contrast, 802.11 requires knowing the number of contending stations to provide a similar performance, which is unfeasible for realistic traffic patterns. We confirm our results and enhancement with testbed measurements, by implementing the 1901 MAC protocol on WiFi hardware.
INDIRECT ALLORECOGNITION OF DONOR CLASS II MHC PEPTIDES INDUCES ANTIBODY MEDIATED VASCULAR REJECTION OF CARDIAC ALLOGRAFTS (1998)

649 In order to investigate the role and effector mechanisms of indirect allorecognition in allograft rejection, we studied whether priming T cells with donor-derived MHC peptides could accelerate rejection in a vascularized allograft model. LEW recipients of WF cardiac allografts were immunized 7 days prior to transplantation with a mixture of the immunogenic donor strain 15-25 mer class I or II MHC peptides in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Control animals were immunized with adjuvant alone or with non-immunogenic peptides emulsified in CFA. Post-transplantation, the animals were briefly immunosuppressed with cyclosporine (5mg/day s.c. for 7 days) and the grafts were allowed to reject. There was no difference in the time to rejection of cardiac allografts after immunizing the animals with the non-immunogenic class II MHC peptides in CFA or with CFA alone (graft survival 21.1 ± 1.1 versus 22.7±2.4, p=NS). In contrast, animals immunized with the immunogenic class II MHC peptides and treated with cyclosporine rejected their grafts in an accelerated fashion on day 17.0 ± 1.2 days (p=0.04 compared with CFA group and p=0.03 compared with the non-immunogenic peptide group, n=6/group). Specificity was confirmed by the lack of acceleration of rejection of third party BN cardiac allografts (graft survival 19.8±0.3 versus 19.8±1.0 for controls, p=NS). Additional studies demonstrated that, although both were immunogenic, the RT1.Du (HLA-DR like) but not the RT1.Bu (HLA-DQ like) allopeptides were responsible for accelerating the rejection process (17.0±1.9 versus 24.0±0.5 days, p=0.007). Histological analysis of cardiac allografts explanted at the time of rejection revealed marked vascular rejection in the accelerated, though not the control group. In addition, both groups had severe cellular rejection. Immunohistological analysis of allografts in the accelerated, but not the control groups, revealed marked vascular endothelial cell deposition of IgG2a, complement and fibrin, and upregulation of class II MHC expression. In the serum peak production of donor-specific IgM and IgG alloantibodies, detected by flow cytometry analysis, occurred one week earlier in the accelerated as compared with the control group. Interestingly, immunization with immunogenic or non-immunogenic class I MHC allopeptides did not accelerate graft rejection in this model. This is the first demonstration that class II MHC allopeptides primed T cells accelerate rejection of cardiac allografts by inducing an alloantibody mediated vascular type rejection. In our model, a clear hierarchy of MHC peptide immunodominance (class II versus class I, and RT1.D versus RT1.B) exists in relation to effector mechanisms of graft rejection. These data provide evidence of a definitive link between indirect allorecognition and the effector mechanisms of allograft rejection.
Brainstem ADCYAP1+ neurons control multiple aspects of sickness behaviour (2022)

Infections induce a set of pleiotropic responses in animals, including anorexia, adipsia, lethargy and changes in temperature, collectively termed sickness behaviours<sup>1</sup>. Although these responses have been shown to be adaptive, the underlying neural mechanisms have not been elucidated<sup>2-4</sup>. Here we use of a set of unbiased methodologies to show that a specific subpopulation of neurons in the brainstem can control the diverse responses to a bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) that potently induces sickness behaviour. Whole-brain activity mapping revealed that subsets of neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the area postrema (AP) acutely express FOS after LPS treatment, and we found that subsequent reactivation of these specific neurons in FOS<sup>2A-iCreERT2</sup> (also known as TRAP2) mice replicates the behavioural and thermal component of sickness. In addition, inhibition of LPS-activated neurons diminished all of the behavioural responses to LPS. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing of the NTS-AP was used to identify LPS-activated neural populations, and we found that activation of ADCYAP1<sup>+</sup> neurons in the NTS-AP fully recapitulates the responses elicited by LPS. Furthermore, inhibition of these neurons significantly diminished the anorexia, adipsia and locomotor cessation seen after LPS injection. Together these studies map the pleiotropic effects of LPS to a neural population that is both necessary and sufficient for canonical elements of the sickness response, thus establishing a critical link between the brain and the response to infection.
Distributed Network Caching via Dynamic Programming (2019)

Next-generation communication networks are envisioned to extensively utilize storage-enabled caching units to alleviate unfavorable surges of data traffic by pro-actively storing anticipated highly popular contents across geographically distributed storage devices during off-peak periods. This resource pre-allocation is envisioned not only to improve network efficiency, but also to increase user satisfaction. In this context, the present paper designs optimal caching schemes for \textit{distributed caching} scenarios. In particular, we look at networks where a central node (base station) communicates with a number of "regular" nodes (users or pico base stations) equipped with \textit{local storage} infrastructure. Given the spatio-temporal dynamics of content popularities, and the decentralized nature of our setup, the problem boils down to select what, when and \textit{where} to cache. To address this problem, we define fetching and caching prices that vary across contents, time and space, and formulate a global optimization problem which aggregates the costs across those three domains. The resultant optimization is solved using decomposition and dynamic programming techniques, and a reduced-complexity algorithm is finally proposed. Preliminary simulations illustrating the behavior of our algorithm are finally presented.
On growth and form of the distal air exchange surfaces within the lung (2017)

Abstract Herein we show, using several novel imaging and computational approaches, how the air exchange units (AEUs) of the lung develop from the tips and sides of distinct families of tortuous ducts, that themselves ramify as distinct families distal to the bronchoalveolar duct junctions (BADJs), prenatally in humans but postnatally in mice. The mature AEUs thus consist of indented spheroids tightly packed between quite regularly spaced distal ducts. Since the diameter of the BADJs and the distal ducts increases rather than decreasing during the formation of AEUs, we further deduce that the AEUs must form by circular epithelial precursor buckling at their mouths with resulting extrusion of their lumen into the surrounding mesenchyme, stabilized firstly by interlocking rings of elastin and later by rings of elastin and collagen fibers surrounding the mouth of each of the prospective AEUs. Furthermore, we show that the surface of each of the AEUs is highly rugose, being indented by the capillary network that lies close beneath the AES membranes. We propose that, the kissing theorem proposed of Newton that expresses the number of times billiard balls may touch within their frame is a parsimonious solution to achieving optimum packing of the distal AES unit spaces, while allowing sufficient space between them to allow for conducting airways, closely applied pulsatile capillary blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves and other key components of the interstitial mesenchyme. Summary statement Employing novel imaging and computational approaches we here deduce some new concepts as to how the distal shaping of airway lineage stem and progenitor cells may contribute to the growth and form of the air exchange surface (AES) of the lung, distal to the bronchoalveolar duct junction (BADJ). We then propose that the AES extrudes from the sides and tips of distinct families of small ducts, apparently by buckling of the thinning luminal epithelium into the surrounding mesenchyme, stabilized firstly by rings of elastin and later by rings of collagen and elastin fibers, that surround the mouth of each distal unit of the AES. We propose this mechanism as a parsimonious solution to achieving the optimum form, packing density and functional efficiency of the AES, while allowing sufficient space between for the plumbing of conducting airways, pulsatile capillary blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves and other key matrix and cellular components within the interstitial mesenchyme.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Intramolecular Diels—Alder Reactions of 3‐Alkenyl(oxy)‐2(1H)‐pyrazinones. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The Controllability of Vapour Based Thermal Recovery Systems in Vehicles (2007)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The idea of thermal energy recovery from vehicle engine exhaust flow is now well supported and funded. Through a number of research projects, several component technologies have been identified. Rankine cycle, turbo-compounding and thermo-electric systems have all attracted interest. Fuel economy improvements vary depending on the drive cycle and the capability of the underlying technologies, but have been reported as high as 25%.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Our work at Sussex on a form of Rankine cycle has revealed generic issues about the control of thermal recovery and the associated modelling requirements. Typical issues include the balancing the rate of heat input to the recovery system with the loss of useful work from large temperature differences. The size of components dictates the control authority over the system and consequently its ability to follow changing conditions.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In this paper we take a broad look at the control issues and use illustrations from both our experience with vapour based systems and published results. We will propose control architectures that match the particular characteristics of the component technologies. We comment on control issues and how the choice of system architecture influences both the timing and amount of work production from recovery systems.&lt;/div&gt;
Combined Optimization of Steady-state Operation and Small-signal Dynamics in Hybrid AC/DC Power Systems (2022)

This paper presents an approach for calculating optimized operating conditions in hybrid AC/DC systems while considering constraints on the small-signal dynamics. The implementation is based on a closed form power flow optimization considering the steady-state operating conditions and the damping of the eigenvalues calculated from a linearized system model. The optimization utilizes the eigenvalue parametric sensitivities to calculate the next time steps' operating points. The small-signal modelling for the calculation of the eigenvalues and their sensitivities are based on a modular approach that facilitates the scalability to larger systems. An implementation in AMPL and Matlab is presented to assess convergence and computational performance. Finally, the methodology and the software implementation are validated numerically on an example hybrid AC/DC system with a multi-terminal HVDC grid. Simulation results show that the combined optimization allows to improve the steady-state operating point according to dynamic system behaviour.
Answer-Type Prediction for Visual Question Answering (2016)

Recently, algorithms for object recognition and related tasks have become sufficiently proficient that new vision tasks can now be pursued. In this paper, we build a system capable of answering open-ended text-based questions about images, which is known as Visual Question Answering (VQA). Our approach's key insight is that we can predict the form of the answer from the question. We formulate our solution in a Bayesian framework. When our approach is combined with a discriminative model, the combined model achieves state-of-the-art results on four benchmark datasets for open-ended VQA: DAQUAR, COCO-QA, The VQA Dataset, and Visual7W.
Some computational aspects of Pocklington's electric field integral equation for thin wires (1994)

A procedure is presented for extracting the singularity from the kernel in Pocklington's electric field integral equation for thin wires. The modified kernel which results may be used to dramatically improve the computational efficiency of certain moment method formulations. A simple example is considered in which pulse basis functions and point matching are used. For this case, a convenient approximation of the self-impedance term is also derived.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Sex-lethal, the master sex-determining gene in Drosophila, is not sex-specifically regulated in Musca domestica (1998)

Sex-lethal (Sxl) is the master switch gene for somatic sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster. In XX animals, Sxl becomes activated and imposes female development; in X(Y) animals, Sxl remains inactive and male development ensues. A switch gene for sex determination, called F, has also been identified in the housefly, Musca domestica. An active F dictates female development, while male development ensues when F is inactive. To test if the switch functions of Sxl and F are founded on a common molecular basis, we isolated the homologous Sxl gene in the housefly. Though highly conserved in sequence, Musca-Sxl is not sex-specifically regulated: the same transcripts and protein isoforms are expressed in both male and female animals throughout development. Musca-Sxl is apparently not controlled by the primary sex-determining signal and, thus, is unlikely to correspond to the F gene. Ectopic expression of Musca-SXL protein in Drosophila does not exert any noticeable effects on the known target genes of endogenous Sxl. Instead, forced overexpression of the transgene eventually results in lethality of both XY and XX animals and in developmental abnormalities in some escaper XY animals. Similar results were obtained with the Sxl homologue of Ceratitis capitata (Saccone, G., Peluso, I., Artiaco, D. , Giodano, E., Bopp, D. and Polito, L. C. (1998) Development 125, 1495-1500) suggesting that, in these non-drosophilid species, Sxl performs a function different from that in sex determination.