gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Self-protected GaN power devices with reverse drain blocking and forward current limiting capabilities (2010)

Self-protected GaN power devices were realized using AlGaN/GaN-on-Si platform, where two built-in intelligent functions were demonstrated for "Smart Discrete" applications. First, an AlGaN/GaN normally-off high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) with reverse drain blocking capability was realized, featuring a Schottky contact controlled drain barrier. Compared to the Schottky drain structures, the new design exhibits only a 0.55 V onset voltage in the forward biased "ON" state, while effectively blocks the reverse current conduction. The device fabrication is also free of extra photomask and process steps. Second, an AlGaN/GaN lateral field-effect rectifier (L-FER) with intrinsic "ON" state current limiting capability was fabricated, featuring a depletion-mode (D-mode) Schottky controlled depletion-mode channel extension (length of LD) beyond the ohmic contact at the cathode electrode, where the on-state current of the new rectifiers are self-limited at 4.59 kA/cm<sup>2</sup> (L<sub>D</sub> = 1.3 μm) and 3.56 kA/cm<sup>2</sup> (L <sub>D</sub> = 1.9 μm) at room temperature. The current limiting level shows a negative temperature coefficient (TC) that is desirable for thermal stability.
ForbidIterative planners for top-k, top-quality, and diverse planning problems (2019)

Forbid-Iterative (FI) Planner is an Automated PDDL based planner that includes planners for top-k, top-quality, and diverse computational tasks.
Enhanced real-time face models from stereo imaging for gaming applications (2009)

Techniques for improved 2D active appearance face models are presented. When these are applied to stereoscopic image pairs we show that sufficient information on image depth is obtained to generate an approximate 3D face model. Two techniques are investigated, the first based on 2D+3D AAMs and the second using methods based on thin plate splines. The resulting 3D models can offer a practical real-time face model which is suitable for a range of applications in computer gaming. Due to the compact nature of AAMs these are also very suitable for use in embedded devices such as gaming peripherals.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Coupled with Thermal Impact Model for Building Design (2010)

Thermal effects impact the flow around and within structures. This computational study assesses features that affect the heating and buoyancy, and thus, the resulting flow both internal and external to a building. Considerations include the importance of time of day, building materials, sky cover, etc. on the local thermal heating of a passive solar building. Such impacts are assessed using full thermal coupling between a building energy simulation model and a computational fluid dynamics model, including the effects of thermal radiation, conduction, and convection to analyze the impact of all natural heating, cooling, and flow mechanisms for both the interior and exterior. Unique features such as Trombe walls add to heat transfer mechanisms. Analysis is made for three separate seasonal conditions.
Very High Performance CMOS on Si(551) Surface using Radical Oxidation Silicon Flattening Technology and Accumulation-mode SOI Device Structure (2009)

In this study, we focus on the good surface flattening characteristics of Si(551) surface using the repeated radical oxidation technology. We demonstrate that the electrical characteristics of the MOSFETs on Si(551) have been obviously improved by introducing the Accumulation-mode device structure. Finally, a very high performance CMOS has been successfully realized on Si(551) surface by combining the radical oxidation silicon flattening technology and Accumulation-mode device structure.
Mouse 3T6 cells that overproduce glutamine synthetase. (1983)

A mouse 3T6 subline that grows in glutamine-free medium has been cloned and exposed to a regimen of increasing concentrations of the glutamine synthetase inhibitor, methionine sulfoxime. Cells selected for resistance to 700 microM methionine sulfoxime show a 75-fold increase in glutamine synthetase activity relative to the original subclone. Immune precipitation of extracts prepared from cells pulse-labeled with L-[35S] methionine indicates that the increase in enzyme activity reflects an increase in biosynthesis of glutamine synthetase. Results obtained from in vitro translation followed by immune precipitation suggests that the methionine sulfoxime-resistant cells are highly enriched in mRNA encoding glutamine synthetase. The increase in enzyme activity is lost upon culture of the cells in nonselective medium--a finding consistent with the observation of double minute chromosomes in only the drug-resistant cells. These data strongly support the notion that methionine sulfoxime treatment has resulted in selection of cells that have amplified the gene encoding glutamine synthetase.
Low‐Power Vibratory Gyroscope Readout (2014)

MEMS gyroscopes are used in a wide range of consumer and automotive applications, for instance for image stabilization in cameras, and for electronic stability control and navigation in cars. This chapter focuses on techniques for reducing the power consumption of MEMS gyroscopes. After a review of the operating principles of vibratory gyroscopes, mode-matching is introduced as a means to maximize the output signal and thus reduce power dissipation. A tuning loop is used that continuously senses the mismatch between the drive and sense modes of a gyroscope by means of two pilot tones, and electrostatically adjusts the resonance frequency to match the modes. The chapter discusses in detail the implementation of the required feedback controller and includes experimental results showing that more than 30dB improvement in the Coriolis acceleration noise floor can be obtained compared to traditional solutions dissipating the same amount of power.
Tailoring the Functional Properties of Niobium Carbide (2017)

This chapter examines how NbC can be synthesized by carbothermal conversion of Nb2O5 or be metallurgically grown and leached out, provides comparably low friction in many relevant tribo-contacts and displays low wear. Niobium carbide can be synthesized by various practical methods, including a carbo-thermal reduction of pure niobium oxide and melt grown, coarse NbC cubes. The Young's modulus of NbC is one of the highest amongst the refractory metal carbides, yet lower than for WC. Thermal stresses induced between NbC and metallic binder alloys is lower than for WC. Its thermal conductivity substantially increases at elevated temperature. Frictional heat generated in tribological contacts can thus be efficiently evacuated. The reasonably good electrical conductivity allows electrical discharge machining (EDM) of NbC components. The retention of the functional properties versus ambient temperature represents a key factor for machining as high temperatures prevails at the cutting edge. In hardmetals or cermets, the metallic binder is the minority phase whereas it becomes the dominating phase in a metal matrix composite (MMC).
Experimental Realization of Bespoke Multi-Band GRIN Lens Using Multi-Objective Optimization (2021)

Gradient index (GRIN) lenses are powerful tools to improve the directivity of antennas. However, traditional GRIN designs are typically limited to single-band performance and small index variations. In this paper, we propose a multi-objective optimization strategy for designing GRIN lenses for multi-band operation, where the two targeted bands are widely separated. Using additive manufacturing, a typical lens prototype is fabricated and tested, demonstrating excellent dual-band performance.
Multi-label UAV sound classification using Stacked Bidirectional LSTM (2020)

Nowadays Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) pose an increasing threat to public areas such as parks, schools, hospitals and official buildings. Different methods of dealing with UAV detection are developing more and more actively. This paper primarily focuses on two key aims: the first aim is to perform a multi-label classification system and the second aim is to develop Stacked Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) with two hidden layers to categorize multiple UAVs sounds. Frame-wise spectral-domain features are applied as inputs of the proposed system. Overall, the results of the study show that the sound of UAVs can be classified into multiple labels. This study has been one of the first attempts to thoroughly examine Stacked Bidirectional LSTM for UAV sound classification task.
Ocular Biodistribution of Spironolactone after a Single Intravitreal Injection of a Biodegradable Sustained-Release Polymer in Rats (2019)

Sustained-release formulations for ocular delivery are of increasing interest given their potential to significantly improve treatment efficacy and patient adherence. The objectives of this study were (i) to develop a sustained-release formulation of spironolactone (SPL) using a biodegradable and injectable polymer, hexyl-substituted poly-lactic acid (hexPLA) and (ii) to investigate the ocular biodistribution and tolerability of SPL and its metabolites in rats in vivo over 1 month following a single intravitreal injection (IVT inj). The concentrations of SPL and its two principal active metabolites, 7α-thiomethylspironolactone and canrenone (CAN), in the different ocular compartments were determined at different time points (3, 7, and 31 days after IVT inj) using a validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Systemic exposure following a single IVT inj of 5% SPL-hexPLA formulation was evaluated by quantifying SPL and its metabolites in the plasma. Ocular tolerability of the formulation was evaluated using in vivo retinal imaging and histology. In vitro release studies revealed a sustained release of SPL from 5% SPL-hexPLA for up to 65 days. In vivo studies showed that SPL and its metabolites were detected in all ocular tissues at 3 and 7 days post-IVT inj. At 31 days post-IVT inj, SPL and CAN were mainly detected in the retina. These results also highlighted the clearance pathway of SPL and its metabolite involving the anterior and posterior routes in the first week (days 3 and 7), then mainly the posterior segment in the last week (day 31). This study showed that a single IVT inj of 5% SPL-hexPLA in rats enabled sustained delivery of therapeutic amounts of SPL for up to 1 month to the retina without systemic exposure. This formulation may be of interest for the local treatment of diseases involving overactivation of the mineralocorticoid receptor in the chorioretina such as chronic central serous chorioretinopathy.
Band-Structure Metamorphosis in Solids (2022)

Our real-time study of nonlinearities in solids demonstrates that ultrafast light fields can transform nickel from a conducting to a semiconducting material, while silicon can be turned from an indirect to a direct band-gap absorber.
Thermoelectric Exhaust Heat Recovery for Hybrid Vehicles (2009)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Only a part of the energy released from the fuel during combustion is converted to useful work in an engine. The remaining energy is wasted and the exhaust stream is a dominant source of the overall wasted energy. There is renewed interest in the conversion of this energy to increase the fuel efficiency of vehicles. There are several ways this can be accomplished. This work involves the utilization thermoelectric (TE) materials which have the capability to convert heat directly into electricity. A model was developed to study the feasibility of the concept. A Design of Experiment was performed to improve the design on the basis of higher power generation and less TE mass, backpressure, and response time. Results suggest that it is possible to construct a realistic device that can convert part of the wasted exhaust energy into electricity thereby improving the fuel economy of a gas-electric hybrid vehicle.&lt;/div&gt;
Perimetry, tonometry and epidemiology: the fate of glaucoma management (2011)

This is the lecture that I gave when I was awarded Acta Ophthalmologica's gold medal and honorary award at the Nordic Ophthalmological Congress in Reykjavik in August 2010. I was inspired by Jared Diamond's famous book: Guns, Germs, and Steel, The Fates of Human Societies. Diamond is professor of geography and physiology at the University of California, Los Angeles. In this book, which won the Pulitzer Prize, the author explains why the European civilization took over the world. This was all because of predetermined factors of biological nature, environmental differences that were strengthened by feedback loops, and resulted in technological innovation and superiority. In this presentation, I write about the development of glaucoma knowledge and management. I suggest that the development might have been predetermined, just waiting for more facts to be unveiled by research. The technologies tonometry and perimetry have been fundamental as has epidemiological techniques and controlled trials. The new and increased knowledge about glaucoma must now be translated to improvements of clinical glaucoma care. The glaucoma scientists of today and tomorrow will continue to reveal as yet unknown facts, maybe in a predetermined way, but nevertheless of benefit to all patients with glaucoma.
An Investigation Into the Use of Springs and Wing Motions to Minimize the Power Expended by a Pigeon-Sized Mechanical Bird for Steady Flight (2006)

In this paper, we investigate the effect of using springs and wing motions to minimize the power required by a mechanical bird to fly. Inertia forces as well as aerodynamic forces on the wing are included. The design takes into account different flight speeds in the range from 0 to 20m∕s. Four ways in which springs can be attached, are considered. The frequency of wing beat is kept fixed and both flapping and feathering are assumed to be simple harmonic. Constraints are imposed on the maximum power expended by the two actuators of a wing. The results show that introduction of springs increases the power required at lower speeds, marginally reducing the power at higher speeds. In the manner in which they are used here, springs do not appear to be useful to reduce power. However, the optimal solutions obtained without springs indicate that it is possible to develop pigeon-like mechanical birds which can hover and fly steadily up to 20m∕s.
Fast and Robust Linear Solvers based on Hierarchical Matrices (LDRD Final Report) (2019)

This report is the final report for the LDRD project "Fast and Robust Linear Solvers using Hierarchical Matrices". The project was a success. We developed two novel algorithms for solving sparse linear systems. We demonstrated their effectiveness on ill-conditioned linear systems from ice sheet simulations. We showed that in many cases, we can obtain near-linear scaling. We believe this approach has strong potential for difficult linear systems and should be considered for other Sandia and DOE applications. We also report on some related research activities in dense solvers and randomized linear algebra.
A paradigm shift in scatterometry-based metrology solution addressing the most stringent needs of today as well as future lithography (2010)

Advanced lithography is becoming increasingly demanding when speed and sophistication in communication between litho and metrology (feedback control) are most crucial. Overall requirements are so extreme that all measures must be taken in order to meet them. This is directly driving the metrology resolution, precision and matching needs in to deep sub-nanometer level as well as driving the need for higher sampling (throughput). Keeping the above in mind, a new scatterometry-based platform (called YieldStar) is under development at ASML. Authors have already published results of a thorough investigation of this promising new metrology technique which showed excellent results on resolution, precision and matching for overlay, as well as basic and advanced capabilities for CD. In this technical presentation the authors will report the newest results taken from YieldStar. This new work is divided in two sections: monitor wafer applications and product wafer applications. Under the monitor wafer application: overlay, CD and focus applications will be discussed for scanner and track hotplate control. Under the product wafer application: first results from integrated metrology will be reported followed by poly layer and 3D CD reconstruction results from hole layers as well as overlay-results from small (30x60um), process-robust overlay targets are reported.
Nonspreading Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection of Human Dendritic Cells Results in Downregulation of CD83 and Full Maturation of Bystander Cells (2015)

Vaccines based on nonspreading Rift Valley fever virus (NSR) induce strong humoral and robust cellular immune responses with pronounced Th1 polarisation. The present work was aimed to gain insight into the molecular basis of NSR-mediated immunity. Recent studies have demonstrated that wild-type Rift Valley fever virus efficiently targets and replicates in dendritic cells (DCs). We found that NSR infection of cultured human DCs results in maturation of DCs, characterized by surface upregulation of CD40, CD80, CD86, MHC-I and MHC-II and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-β, IL-6 and TNF. Interestingly, expression of the most prominent marker of DC maturation, CD83, was consistently downregulated at 24 hours post infection. Remarkably, NSR infection also completely abrogated CD83 upregulation by LPS. Downregulation of CD83 was not associated with reduced mRNA levels or impaired CD83 mRNA transport from the nucleus and could not be prevented by inhibition of the proteasome or endocytic degradation pathways, suggesting that suppression occurs at the translational level. In contrast to infected cells, bystander DCs displayed full maturation as evidenced by upregulation of CD83. Our results indicate that bystander DCs play an important role in NSR-mediated immunity.
Bayesian face detection in an image sequence using face probability gradient ascent (2005)

Face detection in an image sequence is a challenging problem for many applications. In this paper, a novel face detection method is proposed. In order to detect faces in a sequence, based on Bayesian decision theory, we construct a unified framework of most face-like region selection, face/non-face classification, and detection result correction. And we propose face probability gradient ascent method to estimate the optimal position, scale, and rotation parameters of each face. In the experimental results, it is shown that the proposed method is more accurate and efficient than other conventional detection methods.
Effects of Epidermal Growth Factor on Growth Response, Morphology, and Invasive Potential of Human Endometrial Carcinoma Cell Line RL95-2 (1991)

Exposure of RL95-2 human endometrial adenosquamous carcinoma cells of early passage (less than 30 passages) and late passage (greater than 250 passages) to epidermal growth factor (EGF) resulted in density- and concentration-dependent effects. At low seeding density, EGF (20 nM) inhibited the growth of early passage cells, whereas at high seeding density, 4.98 nM and 20 nM concentrations of EGF stimulated their growth. Furthermore, the growth of late passage cells was stimulated by 0.0166 nM EGF and inhibited by 4.98 nM and 20 nM EGF at both seeding densities. EGF (20 nM) caused marked morphological changes of both passages at the low seeding density. Inhibition of invasion of both passages through Matrigel-coated filters was seen at low seeding density, while at the high seeding density, EGF enhanced invasiveness. At high seeding density, EGF stimulated an increase in urokinase type plasminogen activator activity, which may have augmented the ability of cells to degrade the extracellular matrix. In addition, the ability of high seeding density cells of both passages to adhere to matrigel after EGF treatment correlated with invasiveness.
Extracting and Leveraging Nodule Features with Lung Inpainting for Local Feature Augmentation (2020)

Chest X-ray (CXR) is the most common examination for fast detection of pulmonary abnormalities. Recently, automated algorithms have been developed to classify multiple diseases and abnormalities in CXR scans. However, because of the limited availability of scans containing nodules and the subtle properties of nodules in CXRs, state-of-the-art methods do not perform well on nodule classification. To create additional data for the training process, standard augmentation techniques are applied. However, the variance introduced by these methods are limited as the images are typically modified globally. In this paper, we propose a method for local feature augmentation by extracting local nodule features using a generative inpainting network. The network is applied to generate realistic, healthy tissue and structures in patches containing nodules. The nodules are entirely removed in the inpainted representation. The extraction of the nodule features is processed by subtraction of the inpainted patch from the nodule patch. With arbitrary displacement of the extracted nodules in the lung area across different CXR scans and further local modifications during training, we significantly increase the nodule classification performance and outperform state-of-the-art augmentation methods.
Retinal vessel width measurements based on a graph-theoretic method (2011)

A reliable and accurate method to measure the width of retinal blood vessel in fundus photography is proposed in this paper. Our approach is based on a graph-theoretic algorithm. The two boundaries of the same blood vessel are segmented simultaneously by converting the two-boundary segmentation problem into a two-slice, three-dimension surface segmentation problem, which is further converted into the problem of computing a minimum closed set in a node-weighted graph. An initial segmentation is generated from a vessel probability image. Two datasets from the REVIEW database were used to assess the performance of proposed method. This algorithm is robust and is able to produce accurate measurements.
LAG: Lazily Aggregated Gradient for Communication-Efficient Distributed Learning (2018)

This paper presents a new class of gradient methods for distributed machine learning that adaptively skip the gradient calculations to learn with reduced communication and computation. Simple rules are designed to detect slowly-varying gradients and, therefore, trigger the reuse of outdated gradients. The resultant gradient-based algorithms are termed Lazily Aggregated Gradient --- justifying our acronym LAG used henceforth. Theoretically, the merits of this contribution are: i) the convergence rate is the same as batch gradient descent in strongly-convex, convex, and nonconvex smooth cases; and, ii) if the distributed datasets are heterogeneous (quantified by certain measurable constants), the communication rounds needed to achieve a targeted accuracy are reduced thanks to the adaptive reuse of lagged gradients. Numerical experiments on both synthetic and real data corroborate a significant communication reduction compared to alternatives.
Energy efficiency, primary energy, and apples vs. oranges (2018)

Energy is a major cost when desalinating seawater, and plant designers strive to reduce that cost. When water and power are coproduced, the energy cost is the additional fuel (primary energy) added to the power plant to drive the desalination plant. But comparing the energy for coproduction to the energy for a stand-alone plant brings complications.