gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of leptospires in urine by PCR for early diagnosis of leptospirosis (1994)

We tested urine samples from patients at different stages of current leptospirosis and thereafter to determine whether use of the PCR for detection of leptospires in urine can be a valuable alternative to culturing. The procedure of DNA extraction and subsequent PCR applied to 15 freshly voided urine samples proved to be twice as sensitive as culturing. Overall, we were able to detect leptospires in approximately 90% (26 of 29) of the urine samples. Urine and serum samples were obtained from seven patients, before the eighth day of illness. Although it is generally assumed that leptospiruria starts approximately in the second week of illness, we were able to detect leptospires in all of these early urine samples. In contrast, only two of seven corresponding serum samples gave positive PCR results, which suggests that PCR analysis of urine can be more successful for early diagnosis of leptospirosis than PCR analysis of serum. Urine samples from six patients who had been treated with antibiotics at the time of illness were positive by PCR, implying that the patients were still shedding leptospires in their urine despite treatment. Some of these samples were even taken years after the infection, indicating that shedding of leptospires in urine may last much longer than is generally assumed. We conclude that detection of leptospires in urine with PCR is a promising approach for early diagnosis of leptospirosis and may also be useful in studying long-term shedding.
Metal Etch in Advanced Immersion Tank with Precision Uniformity Using Agitation and Wafer Rotation (2014)

In semiconductor wafer fabrication, etching refers to the process of removing unwanted material from wafer surface through a subtractive process. Metal etching is most commonly used in the patterning of metal films for interconnects by establishing specific connection and conduction paths and can be classified by dry etching, de-plating and dissolution of the layers on various substrates such as silicon, SiO 2 , Si 3 N 4 , GaAs, germanium, and sapphire. Dry etching is used to produce very precise etching of vertical channels or vias forming the device features or lines which make up the conductive path because it is anisotropic or etching in one direction. Dry etching is achieved by using chemical gases and plasma in a process chamber so dry etching tools are very large, complex and expensive to purchase and operate. De-plating is a process of electro-chemically removing metal material from the surface of the wafer to an anode by creating a difference in electrical potential between the surface to be etched/de-plated (typically cathode) and the “target” or anode where the material is to be collected. De-plating in single wafer tools has also replaced immersion processing due to the better uniformity it provides. However, De-plating single wafer tools are also very large and expensive to operate and have low throughput (wafers per hour). Dissolution/Immersion is the used of recirculated chemical baths to perform the etching process. In an immersion bath chemical is used to dissolve the metal layer that is unprotected by the mask. Immersion metal etch process has been on the decline because of its isotropic etching property and poor etch uniformity caused by non-uniform chemical flow around wafers in the tank. For the most of etch processes lateral etching is undesired because it occurs on the walls of the features and makes them thinner or misshapen. As a result, most of critical etching steps are performed by dry etching systems. However, if etch uniformity is precise, immersion etching can be used for less critical features in place of complex dry etching and de-plating.
Selective Oxidation Using Ultrathin Nitrogen‐Rich Silicon Surface Layers Grown by Rapid Thermal Processing (1989)

A method for selective oxidation using ultrathin nitrogen‐rich layers (<20Å) grown by rapid thermal processing is presented. Oxidation inhibition in these layers is shown to be a function of the previous oxide layer thickness and the reaction conditions during the rapid thermal nitridation cycle. The oxide growth inhibition property of these layers is tested for rapid thermal and furnace grown oxides. Since oxide growth inhibition appears to be a strong function of the initial oxide thickness, the rapid thermal nitridation process is more controllable than conventional furnace methods because of the shorter exposure time to oxygen contamination. Characterization of the nitridation reaction, the influence of the initial oxide thickness, and the localized inhibition phenomenon are presented with the aim of making this technique useful for novel VLSI structures.
Identification of the 4-Position of 3-Alkynyl and 3-Heteroaromatic Substituted Pyridine Methanamines as a Key Modification Site Eliciting Increased Potency and Enhanced Selectivity for Cytochrome P-450 2A6 Inhibition (2018)

Cigarette smoking causes nearly one in every five deaths in the United States. The development of a specific inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6), the major nicotine-metabolizing enzyme in humans, which could be prescribed for the cessation of cigarette smoking, has been undertaken. To further refine the structure activity relationship of CYP2A6, previously synthesized 3-alkynyl and 3-heteroaromatic substituted pyridine methanamines were used as lead compounds. Isosteric pyridine replacement and appendage of all available positions around the pyridine ring with a methyl group was performed to identify a modification that would increase CYP2A6 inhibition potency, which led to 4g (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.055 mM) as a primary analogue. Potent compounds were evaluated for CYP selectivity, human liver microsomal half-life, and compliance with the rules of five. Top compounds (i.e., 6i, IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.017 mM, >120 min half-life) are poised for further development as treatments for smoking and tobacco use cessation.
Closed-form approximations for DFB laser designs (2012)

Generalizing earlier results, we derive useful approximations for the threshold gain, detuning and power splitting ratio of distributed feedback laser cavities with uniform grating strength and a variable phase shift at a variable position.
Developing a program grant for use in model testing. (1989)

Early discharge is becoming a practice as well as a goal for the acute care institution. It is essential that nursing investigate the effects of this shift in the care delivery site from the acute care institution to the home and community. Brooten et al. describe a research model designed to do just that. Transitional care, as this team calls it, may soon become familiar jargon in community health care.
Mutant Sodium Channel for Tumor Therapy (2009)

Viral vectors have been used to deliver a wide range of therapeutic genes to tumors. In this study, a novel tumor therapy was achieved by the delivery of a mammalian brain sodium channel, ASIC2a, carrying a mutation that renders it constitutively open. This channel was delivered to tumor cells using a herpes simplex virus-1/Epstein-Barr virus (HSV/EBV) hybrid amplicon vector in which gene expression was controlled by a tetracycline regulatory system (tet-on) with silencer elements. Upon infection and doxycycline induction of mutant channel expression in tumor cells, the open channel led to amiloride-sensitive sodium influx as assessed by patch clamp recording and sodium imaging in culture. Within hours, tumor cells swelled and died. In addition to cells expressing the mutant channel, adjacent, noninfected cells connected by gap junctions also died. Intratumoral injection of HSV/EBV amplicon vector encoding the mutant sodium channel and systemic administration of doxycycline led to regression of subcutaneous tumors in nude mice as assessed by in vivo bioluminescence imaging. The advantage of this direct mode of tumor therapy is that all types of tumor cells become susceptible and death is rapid with no time for the tumor cells to become resistant.
(CGG) 4 -Based PCR as a Novel Tool for Discrimination of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Strains: Comparison with Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-PCR (2009)

Urinary tract infections are one of the most frequent bacterial diseases in humans, and Escherichia coli is most often the relevant pathogen. A specific pathotype of E. coli, known as uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), often causes serious and difficult-to-treat infections of the urinary tract. We propose a new single-tube screening tool that uses an (N)(6)(CGG)(4) primer to generate fingerprint profiles that allow rapid discrimination and epidemiology of this group of bacteria. We found 71 different CGG-PCR profiles among 127 E. coli strains, while enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR of the same group yielded only 28 profiles. Additionally, the (CGG)(4)-based PCR test turned out to be very effective for clustering UPEC strains exhibiting multiple virulence genes and usually belonging to the B2 phylogenetic group, and it separated these strains from E. coli strains lacking most of the UPEC-specific virulence factors. Since the reproducibility of the CGG-PCR screen is higher than that of ERIC-PCR, our test should be a valuable means of increasing the discriminatory power of current UPEC typing schemes.
Lessons From Human Arteries (1998)

Information about reprints can be found online at: Reprints: document. Permissions and Rights Question and Answer about this process is available in the located, click Request Permissions in the middle column of the Web page under Services. Further information Editorial Office. Once the online version of the published article for which permission is being requested is can be obtained via RightsLink, a service of the Copyright Clearance Center, not theCirculation Researchin Requests for permissions to reproduce figures, tables, or portions of articles originally publishedPermissions: by guest on March 5,
Pharmacologic Inhibition of MLK3 Kinase Activity Blocks the In Vitro Migratory Capacity of Breast Cancer Cells but Has No Effect on Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Xenograft Model (2014)

Brain metastasis of breast cancer is an important clinical problem, with few therapeutic options and a poor prognosis. Recent data have implicated mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) in controlling the in vitro migratory capacity of breast cancer cells, as well as the metastasis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells from the mammary fat pad to distant lymph nodes in a mouse xenograft model. We therefore set out to test whether MLK3 plays a role in brain metastasis of breast cancer cells. To address this question, we used a novel, brain penetrant, MLK3 inhibitor, URMC099. URMC099 efficiently inhibited the migration of breast cancer cells in an in vitro cell monolayer wounding assay, and an in vitro transwell migration assay, but had no effect on in vitro cell growth. We also tested the effect of URMC099 on tumor formation in a mouse xenograft model of breast cancer brain metastasis. This analysis showed that URMC099 had no effect on the either the frequency or size of breast cancer brain metastases. We conclude that pharmacologic inhibition of MLK3 by URMC099 can reduce the in vitro migratory capacity of breast cancer cells, but that it has no effect on either the frequency or size of breast cancer brain metastases, in a mouse xenograft model.
Dose-compatible grating-based phase-contrast mammography on mastectomy specimens using a compact synchrotron source (2018)

With the introduction of screening mammography, the mortality rate of breast cancer has been reduced throughout the last decades. However, many women undergo unnecessary subsequent examinations due to inconclusive diagnoses from mammography. Two pathways appear especially promising to reduce the number of false-positive diagnoses. In a clinical study, mammography using synchrotron radiation was able to clarify the diagnosis in the majority of inconclusive cases. The second highly valued approach focuses on the application of phase-sensitive techniques such as grating-based phase-contrast and dark-field imaging. Feasibility studies have demonstrated a promising enhancement of diagnostic content, but suffer from dose concerns. Here we present dose-compatible grating-based phase-contrast and dark-field images as well as conventional absorption images acquired with monochromatic x-rays from a compact synchrotron source based on inverse Compton scattering. Images of freshly dissected mastectomy specimens show improved diagnostic content over ex-vivo clinical mammography images at lower or equal dose. We demonstrate increased contrast-to-noise ratio for monochromatic over clinical images for a well-defined phantom. Compact synchrotron sources could potentially serve as a clinical second level examination.
Alkyl, Alkylidene, and Alkylidyne Complexes of Osmium(VI) (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAlkyl, Alkylidene, and Alkylidyne Complexes of Osmium(VI)Anne M. LaPointe, Richard R. Schrock, and William M. DavisCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 17, 4802–4813Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00122a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00122a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views541Altmetric-Citations60LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Direct observation of narrow mid-infrared plasmon linewidths of single metal oxide nanocrystals (2016)

Infrared-responsive doped metal oxide nanocrystals are an emerging class of plasmonic materials whose localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR) can be resonant with molecular vibrations. This presents a distinctive opportunity to manipulate light-matter interactions to redirect chemical or spectroscopic outcomes through the strong local electric fields they generate. Here we report a technique for measuring single nanocrystal absorption spectra of doped metal oxide nanocrystals, revealing significant spectral inhomogeneity in their mid-infrared LSPRs. Our analysis suggests dopant incorporation is heterogeneous beyond expectation based on a statistical distribution of dopants. The broad ensemble linewidths typically observed in these materials result primarily from sample heterogeneity and not from strong electronic damping associated with lossy plasmonic materials. In fact, single nanocrystal spectra reveal linewidths as narrow as 600 cm(-1) in aluminium-doped zinc oxide, a value less than half the ensemble linewidth and markedly less than homogeneous linewidths of gold nanospheres.
Batch Reinforcement Learning for semi-active suspension control (2009)

The object of this work is the design of a control strategy for semi-active suspension. In particular this paper explores the application of batch reinforcement learning (BRL) to the design problem of optimal comfort oriented semiactive suspension. BRL is an artificial intelligence technique able to provide an approximate solution of optimal control problems. The resulting control rule is a multidimensional relation which maps the measurable states of the system to the control action (reference damping). Recently a quasi optimal strategy for semi-active suspension has been designed and proposed: the Mixed SH-ADD algorithm, herein recalled for benchmarking purposes. This paper shows that an accurately tuned BRL provides a policy able to guarantee the overall best performances, which are paid in terms of complexity of both the training phase and the resulting control rationale.
Measurement of hadronic event shapes in high-pT multijet final states at $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector (2021)

A bstract A measurement of event-shape variables in proton-proton collisions at large momentum transfer is presented using data collected at $$ \sqrt{s} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> </mml:math> = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Six event-shape variables calculated using hadronic jets are studied in inclusive multijet events using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb − 1 . Measurements are performed in bins of jet multiplicity and in different ranges of the scalar sum of the transverse momenta of the two leading jets, reaching scales beyond 2 TeV. These measurements are compared with predictions from Monte Carlo event generators containing leading-order or next-to-leading order matrix elements matched to parton showers simulated to leading-logarithm accuracy. At low jet multiplicities, shape discrepancies between the measurements and the Monte Carlo predictions are observed. At high jet multiplicities, the shapes are better described but discrepancies in the normalisation are observed.
Effect of antenna structures on charging damage in PIII (2002)

Antenna structures are shown to enhance charging damage in MOSFET devices during Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation (PIII). The antenna structure increases the total charge per pulse induced on the floating gate oxide, enhancing the charge by up to several orders of magnitude. Using a coupled analytical model of the plasma, device structure and substrate bias, the dependence of the antenna structure on the induced charge per pulse is found. From the simulation, the phase space of antenna ratio and charge per pulse is mapped into three regions: no charging damage, device degradation, and oxide failure. Experimental results using three different antenna ratios (5 k:1, 11 k:1, 44 k:1) correlate well with simulation results.
Reaction removal of polychlorinated biphenyls from transformer oil: treatment of contaminated oil with poly(ethylene glycol)/potassium hydroxide (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReaction removal of polychlorinated biphenyls from transformer oil: treatment of contaminated oil with poly(ethylene glycol)/potassium hydroxideDaniel J. Brunelle, Ashok K. Mendiratta, and Daniel A. SingletonCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1985, 19, 8, 740–746Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00138a015https://doi.org/10.1021/es00138a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views258Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ethylbenzene (2001)

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 3. Chemical Properties 4. Production 4.1. Alkylation with Non-Zeolite Lewis Acid Catalysts 4.2. Vapor-Phase Alkylation over Zeolites 4.3. Liquid-Phase Alkylation over Zeolites 4.4. Mixed-Phase Zeolite-Based Process 4.5. Separation from Mixed C8 Streams 5. Environmental Protection 6. Quality Specifications 7. Handling, Storage, and Transportation 8. Uses 9. Economic Aspects 10. Toxicology and Occupational Health
Cognitive Application Area Networks: A New Paradigm for Distributed Computing and Intelligent Service Orchestration (2015)

Distributed systems are dynamic systems where software and hardware together deliver information processing services to allow modelling, interaction, reasoning, analysis and control of the external environment. The intent of the distributed computation is to execute computational workflows using computing resources. The software contains the algorithms that specify the tasks while the hardware provides the required resources to execute the algorithms. The initial structure is defined by the association of software with hardware and the dynamic structure is defined by their temporal evolution. The meta-knowledge of the intent of the algorithm, the association of specific algorithm to a specific device, their temporal evolution and exception handling when the computation deviates from the intent is outside the software and hardware design and is expressed in non-functional requirements. In this paper, we describe an architecture to capture the meta-knowledge in meta-containers and enforce the intent of the computation while the computation is in progress.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on the Enzymatic Resolution of Chiral Tricarbonyl(benzaldehyde oxime)chromium Complexes. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Comparison of Thermal Neutron and Hard X-ray Dark-Field Tomography (2020)

High visibility (0.56) neutron-based multi-modal imaging with a Talbot-Lau interferometer at a wavelength of 1.6 Å is reported. A tomography scan of a strongly absorbing quartz geode sample was performed with both the neutron and an X-ray grating interferometer (70 kVp) for a quantitative comparison. Small scattering structures embedded in the absorbing silica matrix were well resolved in neutron dark-field CT slices with a spatial resolution of about 300 μm. Beneficial effects, such as monochromaticity and stronger penetration power of the used neutron radiation, helped to avoid the beam hardening-related artificial dark-field signal which was present in the X-ray data. Both dark-field modalities show mostly the same structures; however, some scattering features appear only in the neutron domain. Potential applications of combined X-ray and neutron multi-modal CT enabling one to probe both the nuclear and the electron density-related structural properties are discussed. strongly absorbing samples are now accessible for the dark-field modality by the use of thermal neutrons.