gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep brain stimulation induces BOLD activation in motor and non-motor networks: An fMRI comparison study of STN and EN/GPi DBS in large animals (2012)

The combination of deep brain stimulation (DBS) and functional MRI (fMRI) is a powerful means of tracing brain circuitry and testing the modulatory effects of electrical stimulation on a neuronal network in vivo. The goal of this study was to trace DBS-induced global neuronal network activation in a large animal model by monitoring the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response on fMRI. We conducted DBS in normal anesthetized pigs, targeting the subthalamic nucleus (STN) (n=7) and the entopeduncular nucleus (EN), the non-primate analog of the primate globus pallidus interna (n=4). Using a normalized functional activation map for group analysis and the application of general linear modeling across subjects, we found that both STN and EN/GPi DBS significantly increased BOLD activation in the ipsilateral sensorimotor network (FDR<0.001). In addition, we found differential, target-specific, non-motor network effects. In each group the activated brain areas showed a distinctive correlation pattern forming a group of network connections. Results suggest that the scope of DBS extends beyond an ablation-like effect and that it may have modulatory effects not only on circuits that facilitate motor function but also on those involved in higher cognitive and emotional processing. Taken together, our results show that the swine model for DBS fMRI, which conforms to human implanted DBS electrode configurations and human neuroanatomy, may be a useful platform for translational studies investigating the global neuromodulatory effects of DBS.
Nanowires by Electrochemical Step Edge Decoration (ESED) (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction General Considerations Direct Nanowire Electrodeposition Compound Nanowires by Cyclic Electrodeposition/Stripping Electrochemical/Chemical Synthesis of Nanowires Nanowire “Thinning” by Electrooxidation Summary Acknowledgments References
Analysis of blood flow in the entire coronary arterial tree (2005)

A hemodynamic analysis of coronary blood flow must be based on the measured branching pattern and vascular geometry of the coronary vasculature. We recently developed a computer reconstruction of the entire coronary arterial tree of the porcine heart based on previously measured morphometric data. In the present study, we carried out an analysis of blood flow distribution through a network of millions of vessels that includes the entire coronary arterial tree down to the first capillary branch. The pressure and flow are computed throughout the coronary arterial tree based on conservation of mass and momentum and appropriate pressure boundary conditions. We found a power law relationship between the diameter and flow of each vessel branch. The exponent is approximately 2.2, which deviates from Murray's prediction of 3.0. Furthermore, we found the total arterial equivalent resistance to be 0.93, 0.77, and 1.28 mmHg.ml(-1).s(-1).g(-1) for the right coronary artery, left anterior descending coronary artery, and left circumflex artery, respectively. The significance of the present study is that it yields a predictive model that incorporates some of the factors controlling coronary blood flow. The model of normal hearts will serve as a physiological reference state. Pathological states can then be studied in relation to changes in model parameters that alter coronary perfusion.
Nonlinear and Nonideal Sampling: Theory and Methods (2008)

We study a sampling setup where a continuous-time signal is mapped by a memoryless, invertible and nonlinear transformation, and then sampled in a nonideal manner. Such scenarios appear, for example, in acquisition systems where a sensor introduces static nonlinearity, before the signal is sampled by a practical analog-to-digital converter. We develop the theory and a concrete algorithm to perfectly recover a signal within a subspace, from its nonlinear and nonideal samples. Three alternative formulations of the algorithm are described that provide different insights into the structure of the solution: A series of oblique projections, approximated projections onto convex sets, and quasi-Newton iterations. Using classical analysis techniques of descent-based methods, and recent results on frame perturbation theory, we prove convergence of our algorithm to the true input signal. We demonstrate our method by simulations, and explain the applicability of our theory to Wiener-Hammerstein analog-to-digital hybrid systems.
cDNA cloning of a serotonin 5-HT1C receptor by electrophysiological assays of mRNA-injected Xenopus oocytes. (1987)

We describe a strategy for the cloning of neurotransmitter-receptor and ion-channel cDNAs that is based on electrophysiological assays of mRNA-injected Xenopus oocytes. This procedure circumvents the purification of these membrane proteins, which is hindered by their low abundance and their hydrophobic nature. It involves methods for RNA fractionation by high-resolution gel electrophoresis, directional cDNA cloning in a single-stranded vector, and screening of the cDNA library by voltage-clamp measurements of currents induced by serotonin in mRNA-injected oocytes. The applicability of our approach is demonstrated by the isolation of a serotonin receptor cDNA clone from a mouse choroid plexus papilloma. The clone was identified by hybrid-depletion and hybrid-selection procedures. The receptor expressed in oocytes injected with hybrid-selected RNA is fully functional, indicating that it is composed of a single subunit encoded by a 5-kilobase RNA. The pharmacology of the hybrid-selected receptor confirms that we have successfully cloned a serotonin 5-HT1C receptor cDNA.
Rare Copy Number Variants Identified Suggest the Regulating Pathways in Hypertension-Related Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (2016)

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and a powerful predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in the hypertensive patients. It has complex multifactorial and polygenic basis for its pathogenesis. We hypothesized that rare copy number variants (CNVs) contribute to the LVH pathogenesis in hypertensive patients. Copy number variants (CNV) were identified in 258 hypertensive patients, 95 of whom had LVH, after genotyping with a high resolution SNP array. Following stringent filtering criteria, we identified 208 rare, or private CNVs that were only present in our patients with hypertension related LVH. Preliminary findings from Gene Ontology and pathway analysis of this study confirmed the involvement of the genes known to be functionally involved in cardiac development and phenotypes, in line with previously reported transcriptomic studies. Network enrichment analyses suggested that the gene-set was, directly or indirectly, involved in the transcription factors regulating the "foetal cardiac gene programme" which triggered the hypertrophic cascade, confirming previous reports. These findings suggest that multiple, individually rare copy number variants altering genes may contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension-related LVH. In summary, we have provided further supporting evidence that rare CNV could potentially impact this common and complex disease susceptibility with lower heritability.
Improved attenuation correction in PET/MRI by combining MR image segmentation and joint estimation approaches (2013)

46,XX/46,XY chimerism has previously been reported in patients with abnormal sexual development, and rarely in otherwise normal individuals. We report the first postnatally documented prenatal diagnosis of whole-body 46,XX/46,XY chimerism in humans, discovered by maternal age amniocentesis. The normal male phenotype in this child creates a dilemma in prenatal counselling, since genotypic male/female chimerism cannot be assumed to imply an abnormal sexual phenotype.
Vibrational overtone spectrum of matrix isolated cis, cis-HOONO (2007)

Cis, cis-peroxynitrous acid is known to be an intermediate in atmospheric reactions between OH and NO2 as well as HOO and NO. The infrared absorption spectra of matrix-isolated cc-HOONO and cc-DOONO in argon have been observed in the range of 500-8000 cm-1. Besides the seven fundamental vibrational modes that have been assigned earlier for this molecule [Zhang et al., J. Chem. Phys. 124, 084305 (2006)], more than 50 of the overtone and combination bands have been observed for cc-HOONO and cc-DOONO. Ab initio CCSD(T)/atomic natural orbital anharmonic force field calculations were used to help guide the assignments. Based on this study of the vibrational overtone transitions of cis, cis-HOONO that go as high as 8000 cm-1 and the earlier paper on the vibrational fundamentals, we conclude that the CCSD(T)/ANO anharmonic frequencies seem to correct to +/-35 cm-1. The success of the theoretically predicted anharmonic frequencies {upsilon} in assigning overtone spectra of HOONO up to 8000 cm-1 suggests that the CCSD(T)/ANO method is producing a reliable potential energy surface for this reactive molecule.
An iteratively optimised process for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of an industrial SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic facility (2021)

Abstract On 11th March 2020, the UK government announced plans for the scaling of COVID-19 testing, and on 27th March 2020 it was announced that a new alliance of private sector and academic collaborative laboratories were being created to generate the testing capacity required. The Cambridge COVID-19 Testing Centre (CCTC) was established during April 2020 through collaboration between AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, and the University of Cambridge, with Charles River Laboratories joining the collaboration at the end of July 2020. The CCTC lab operation focussed on the optimised use of automation, introduction of novel technologies and process modelling to enable a testing capacity of 22,000 tests per day. Here we describe the optimisation of the laboratory process through the continued exploitation of internal performance metrics, while introducing new technologies including the Heat Inactivation of clinical samples upon receipt into the laboratory and a Direct to PCR protocol that removed the requirement for the RNA extraction step. We anticipate that these methods will have value in driving continued efficiency and effectiveness within all large scale viral diagnostic testing laboratories.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO HIDROGEOQUÍMICA DO SISTEMA LACUSTRE BONFIM, RIO GRANDE DO NORTE – BRASIL (2000)

Neste trabalho objetiva-se a caracteriza&ccedil;&atilde;o hidroqu&iacute;mica do Sistema Lacustre Bonfim, localizado no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, a fim de subsidiar o entendimento do seu funcionamento hidrodin&acirc;mico. Possui a maior lagoa do Estado, Lagoa do Bonfim (9 km2), ponto de capta&ccedil;&atilde;o para um importante sistema adutor que abastece as popula&ccedil;&otilde;es do interior do Estado. H&aacute; dois dom&iacute;nios hidroqu&iacute;micos distintos. No primeiro, a leste da Lagoa do Bonfim, as &aacute;guas variam de cloretadas s&oacute;dicas a c&aacute;lcicas, com predomin&acirc;ncia desta &uacute;ltima. S&atilde;o &aacute;guas de car&aacute;ter neutro, com pH em torno de 7-8. Nosegundo, o setor oeste, h&aacute; dois aq&uuml;&iacute;feros (semiconfinado e livre), ambos com &aacute;guas de car&aacute;ter acido (pH em torno de 5-6). No aq&uuml;&iacute;fero livre h&aacute; uma mudan&ccedil;a de car&aacute;ter cloretados&oacute;dico para c&aacute;lcico no sentido do fluxo. No aq&uuml;&iacute;fero semiconfinado acredita-se que a &aacute;rea de recarga coincide com a do aq&uuml;&iacute;fero livre. A concentra&ccedil;&atilde;o de sais &eacute; maior que do aq&uuml;&iacute;fero superior, refletindo maior tempo de resid&ecirc;ncia. Teores elevados de nitrato no aq&uuml;&iacute;fero inferior podem indicar processo de drenan&ccedil;a vertical antigo. Nota-se tamb&eacute;m atrav&eacute;s do uso de rela&ccedil;&otilde;es i&ocirc;nicas (rCl/rHCO3 e outras), que o aq&uuml;&iacute;fero livre difere hidroquimicamente do semiconfinado, indicando a exist&ecirc;ncia de outros processos. Os resultados indicam uma boa concord&acirc;ncia com as hip&oacute;teses de funcionamento propostas pelos autores.
Effects of ohmic metal thickness on drain current capability of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs (2012)

This paper describes fabrication and characterization of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs for large current operation. By depositing a 1000nm-thick Au metal on Ti/Al/Mo/Au source and drain ohmic contacts, a drain current of more than 4 amperes has been achieved with a total gate width of 10 mm. We discuss the dependence of saturation drain current on gate width in terms of Au thickness and source/drain ohmic electrode width.
Power Electronics and Controls for Large Wind Turbines and Wind Farms (2017)

Wind power represents a major and growing source of renewable energy for electric power systems. This chapter provides an overview of state-of-the-art technologies and anticipated developments in the area of power electronic drives, controls, and electric generators for large multi-megawatt (MW) wind turbine (WT) systems. The principal components employed in a turbine for energy conversion from wind to electricity are described, and the main solutions that are commercially available are briefly reviewed. The specific issues of complex mission profiles, grid codes, and also reliability are 178discussed. The topics of power electronics, ranging from devices to circuit topologies, and similar matters for electric generators, together with the results of optimal design studies, are included. It is shown that the individual power rating of WTs has increased over the years and technologies required in order to reach and even exceed a power rating of 10 MW are discussed. The role of power electronics for improving the operation of WTs and ensuring compliance with power grid codes is analyzed with a view to produce fully controllable generation units suitable for a tight integration into the power grid and large-scale deployment in the future smart power systems.
PTC : proxies that transcode and cache in heterogeneous web client environments (2003)

Advances in computing and communication technologies have resulted in a wide variety of networked mobile devices that access data over the Internet. We argue that servers by themselves may not be able to handle this diversity in client characteristics and intermediate proxies should be employed to handle the mismatch between server-supplied data and client capabilities. Since existing proxies are primarily designed to handle traditional wired hosts, such proxy architectures will need to be enhanced to handle mobile devices. We propose such an enhanced proxy architecture that is capable of handling the heterogeneity in client needs - specifically the variations in client bandwidth and display capabilities. Our architecture combines transcoding (which is used to match the fidelity of the requested object to client capabilities) and caching (which is used to reduce the latency for accessing popular objects). Our proxies can intelligently adapt to prevailing system conditions using learning techniques to intelligently decide whether to transcode locally or fetch an appropriate version from the server. Our experimental results indicate that such strategies produce significant improvements in client response times. Further we find that even simple learning techniques can lead to significant performance improvements.
The Biology and the Evolutionary Dynamics of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Pathotypes (2022)

Escherichia coli is a commensal of the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals, and a leading cause of gastroenteritis, bloodstream, and urinary tract infection, among others. Pathogenic E. coli causing diarrhea is delineated into six different types (pathotypes) based on the type of infection they cause. While these pathotypes have similar mechanisms to colonize the intestinal epithelial layers and cause diseases, they differ in their capacity to acquire virulence, resistance determinants, and other accessory genes essential for niche adaptation. The advent of whole-genome sequencing technologies has greatly enhanced our understanding of the physiology, emergence, and global spread of multidrug-resistant and pathogenic clones of E. coli. In this chapter, we provided a snapshot of the resistome and virulome, as well as their contributions to the ecological adaptation, evolution, and dissemination of E. coli pathotypes.
Si-LSI Based Stimulators for Retinal Prosthesis (2007)

In this presentation, we demonstrate a pulse-frequency-modulation (PFM)-based retinal stimulator for sub-retinal implantation using standard CMOS technology with low voltage operation of 1.2 V. A PFM-based photosensor converts input light intensity to electrical pulse trains whose frequency is proportional to the input light intensity. To employ simple image processing function, 1-bit pulse domain operation is introduced and demonstrated. A packaging technology for ocular implantation is also discussed. We have proposed and demonstrated a multi-chip architecture with expandability of the number of stimulus electrodes and flexibility of bending along the eye-ball. A fabricated stimulator based on this architecture is implanted in a rabbit eye and achieved to obtain EEP (electrical evoked potential) signals.
Anisomycin, an Inhibitor of Protein Synthesis, Overcomes TRAIL Resistance in Human Hepatocarcinoma Cells via Caspases Activation and Bid Downregulation (2014)

Anisomycin은 Streptomyces griseolus에 의하여 생성되는 항생제의 일종으로 flagecidin으로도 알려져 있으며, ribosomal 28S subunit에 결합함으로서 단백질의 생성을 억제하는 것으로 알려져 있다. TRAIL은 ligand로서의 death receptor와의 결합을 통하여 세포의 apoptosis를 유발하는 것으로 알려져 있으나, 많은 암세포에서는 이미 TRAIL에 대한 저항성을 획득하여 TRAIL 유도 apoptosis를 회피하는 능력을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 TRAIL 저항성 Hep3B 간암세포를 대상으로 anisomycin이 TRAIL 매개 apoptosis를 촉진 시킬 수 있는지의 여부를 조사하였다. 본 연구의 결과에 의하면, 단독 처리 조건에서 Hep3B 세포의 증식에 유의적인 영향을 미치는 않았던 anisomycin과 TRAIL의 동시 처리는 anisomycin 처리 농도 의존적으로 세포의 증식을 시켰으며, 이는 caspase 활성화를 통한 apoptosis 유발 증가와 연관성이 있음을 확인하였다. 특히 siRNA를 이용한 Hep3B 세포의 인위적인 Bid 발현의 차단은 anisomycin과 TRAIL 동시 처리군에 비하여 apoptosis 유발능이 더욱 증대시켜 TRAIL 연관 Bid의 truncation을 통한 미토콘드리아 의존적 apoptosis 유발 과정을 anisomycin이 효과적으로 촉진시켰음을 보여주었다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과는 anisomycin과 TRAIL의 동시 처리는 TRAIL 저항성 암세포의 사멸을 촉진시킬 수 있는 효과적인 방법임을 의미한다. Anisomycin, also known as flagecidin, is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces griseolus that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the ribosomal 28S subunit. The tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a protein that induces apoptotic cell death. TRAIL primarily causes apoptosis in tumor cells by binding to death receptors. Many human cancer cell lines are refractory to TRAIL-induced cell death. In this study, we investigated whether anisomycin could enhance TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in TRAIL-resistant human hepatocarcinoma Hep3B cells. Treatment with anisomycin and TRAIL alone did not reduce cell viability in Hep3B cells. However, in the presence of TRAIL, the anisomycin concentration dependently reduced the cell viability. Our results indicate that anisomycin sensitizes Hep3B cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and that this occurs, at least partly, via caspase activation. Interestingly, Bid knockdown by small interfering RNA significantly reduced the induction of apoptosis in combination with anisomycin and TRAIL, indicating that anisomycin effectively acts to lower the threshold at which TRAIL-mediated truncated Bid triggers the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis program in Hep3B cells. Therefore, the use of TRAIL in combination with anisomycin might provide an effective therapeutic strategy for the safe treatment of some TRAIL-resistant cancer cells.
11Î²-Hydroxylation of norethisterone acetate byCurvularia lunata (1991)

The biotransformation of norethisterone acetate by Curvularia lunata was studied. The 11β-hydroxy-norethisterone acetate produced was identified by mass spectrometry, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance after extractive sample preparation.
Bias field angle dependence of the self-oscillation of spin torque oscillators having a perpendicularly magnetized free layer and in-plane magnetized reference layer (2014)

We report on the oscillation behavior of spin torque oscillators having a perpendicularly magnetized free layer and in-plane magnetized reference layer as a function of bias field angle. The measurement results show that both emission power and oscillation frequency are strongly dependent on the bias field angle. When the bias field was tilted by only a few degrees away from the axis normal to the film toward either parallel or antiparallel configuration, the power increased by about 1.5 times or decreased by two orders of magnitude, and the peak frequency varied by about ±1 GHz.
Challenges of Wafer Surface Preparation in Advanced Technologies (2011)

Advanced technology nodes introduce new module processes, materials and integrated flow scheme to drive device performance, such as epitaxial SiGe, high-k metal gate (HKMG) or III-V substrate materials [1]. Conventional wet cleaning technologies can not fulfill requirements of new generational devices competently in such novel fields [2]. A case is SiGe epitaxial process prefers to grow on hydrogen-terminated surface of silicon wafer, and oxygen control in deionic water and cleaning aqueous solutions are most addressed and studied. In this presentation, the focuses are on wafer surface preparation for SiGe and HKMG applications and challenges of physcial force cleaning for nano devices.
MAXIMUM COMPONENTS INTEGRATION FOR IMAGE PROCESSING: AN APPLICATION OF ULTRASOUND FOR DETECTION OF SMALL OBJECTS IN CONTAINERS (2007)

ABSTRACT Detection of small objects, those that lie on the bottom or stick to the wall of containers, constitutes a challenging issue for ultrasonic detection techniques. This is because echo signals from the object are fused with that of the inner surface of the container when subjected to ultrasound scanning. This study proposes a maximum component integration method based on the short‐time Fourier transform algorithm to detect these objects. Experiments were conducted using glass fragments of about 2 × 2 × 2 mm 3 to test the proposed method. Compared with other signal‐processing methods (statistical calculations, backscattered amplitude integral and maximum frequency calculation), this method is able to make selective and full use of multiecho information, and hence demonstrated to have improved detection ability to the extent that it can detect small glass fragments contained inside glass containers. Principles are introduced for choosing the optimized WINDOW size and signal size to be processed when applying this method.
Selective Route to 2‐Propenyl Aryls Directly from Wood by a Tandem Organosolv and Palladium‐Catalysed Transfer Hydrogenolysis (2014)

A tandem organosolv pulping and Pd-catalysed transfer hydrogenolysis depolymerisation and deoxygenation has been developed. The tandem process generated 2-methoxy-4-(prop-1-enyl)phenol in 23% yield (92% theoretical monomer yield) starting from pine wood and 2,6-dimethoxy-4-(prop-1-enyl)phenol in 49% yield (92% theoretical monomer yield) starting from birch wood. Only endogenous hydrogen from wood was consumed, and the reaction was performed using green solvents.