gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nucleation and Growth of Vapor Bubbles in a Heated Silicon Microchannel (2004)

Photo Gallery Nucleation and Growth of Vapor Bubbles in a Heated Silicon Microchannel Evelyn N. Wang, Evelyn N. Wang Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Shankar Devasenathipathy, Shankar Devasenathipathy Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Juan G. Santiago, Juan G. Santiago Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Kenneth E. Goodson, Kenneth E. Goodson Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Thomas W. Kenny Thomas W. Kenny Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Author and Article Information Evelyn N. Wang Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University Shankar Devasenathipathy Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University Juan G. Santiago Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University Kenneth E. Goodson Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University Thomas W. Kenny Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University J. Heat Transfer. Aug 2004, 126(4): 497 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1811716 Published Online: August 1, 2004
Tools for Modeling Sludge Digestibility (2008)

Tools for Modeling Sludge DigestibilityThe objective of this study was to identify methods for estimating the anaerobic digestibility of waste activated sludges. Waste activated sludge streams were generated in three sequencing batch reactors treating screened municipal wastewater. The wastewater and waste activated sludge properties were initially determined through fitting of the Biowin process simulator to data that was collected...Author(s)Wayne ParkerRich JonesHenry ZhuDwight HouwelingSudhir MurthyMark RupkeSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationSubjectSession 1: Analytical Methods ResearchDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2008ISSN1938-6478SICI1938-6478(20080101)2008:3L.10;1-DOI10.2175/193864708788807088Volume / Issue2008 / 3Content sourceResiduals and Biosolids ConferenceFirst / last page(s)10 - 23Copyright2008Word count225
Watermark detection based on error probability and its applications to video watermarking (2004)

Abstract As digital media which can be copied and edited readily without loss of quality has spread, several electronic watermarking methods used to protect copyrights and prevent illegal copying have been proposed. Electronic watermarking technology which can embed author information secretly in data consists primarily of embedding the watermark information, extracting watermark information, and verifying watermark information. Various methods have been proposed for embedding and extracting watermark information, depending on the scope of use and purpose. On the other hand, methods to verify the detected watermark information are limited, with BER (Bit Error Rate) and correlation between the extracted watermark information and the original watermark information widely used for evaluation. In contrast, in this paper, the authors propose a method to verify electronic watermarks based on probability. In the proposed method, the reliability that the original watermark information is embedded in the detected image is calculated as a probability, and then using this value, whether or not the watermark information is there is determined. The calculated value gives an evaluation value directly, one that includes the number of bits in the original watermark information. As a result, this verification method can be considered valid for use with video, in which watermarks are repeated. The authors use experiments to confirm the validity of their method by applying it to electronic watermarks for still images and video. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(6): 66–76, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20083
Clinical implementation and rapid commissioning of an EPID basedin-vivodosimetry system (2014)

Using an Electronic Portal Imaging Device (EPID) to perform in-vivo dosimetry is one of the most effective and efficient methods of verifying the safe delivery of complex radiotherapy treatments. Previous work has detailed the development of an EPID based in-vivo dosimetry system that was subsequently used to replace pre-treatment dose verification of IMRT and VMAT plans. Here we show that this system can be readily implemented on a commercial megavoltage imaging platform without modification to EPID hardware and without impacting standard imaging procedures. The accuracy and practicality of the EPID in-vivo dosimetry system was confirmed through a comparison with traditional TLD in-vivo measurements performed on five prostate patients.The commissioning time required for the EPID in-vivo dosimetry system was initially prohibitive at approximately 10 h per linac. Here we present a method of calculating linac specific EPID dosimetry correction factors that allow a single energy specific commissioning model to be applied to EPID data from multiple linacs. Using this method reduced the required per linac commissioning time to approximately 30 min.The validity of this commissioning method has been tested by analysing in-vivo dosimetry results of 1220 patients acquired on seven linacs over a period of 5 years. The average deviation between EPID based isocentre dose and expected isocentre dose for these patients was (-0.7 ± 3.2)%.EPID based in-vivo dosimetry is now the primary in-vivo dosimetry tool used at our centre and has replaced nearly all pre-treatment dose verification of IMRT treatments.
Emborrhoid: Rectal Artery Embolization for Hemorrhoid Disease (2022)

Hemorrhoids are a common anorectal disease, defined as the enlargement and symptomatic prolapse of the hemorrhoidal cushions. It affects millions of people around the world and is a major medical and socioeconomic problem.
Through-pellicle defect inspection of EUV masks using an ArF-based inspection tool (2016)

The use of EUV photomasks in a semiconductor manufacturing environment requires their periodic inspection to ensure they are continually free of defects that could impact device yield. Defects typically occur from fall-on particles or from surface degradation such as "haze". The proposed use of a polycrystalline-based EUV pellicle to prevent fall-on particles would preclude periodic through-pellicle mask defect inspection using e-beam, as well as, DUV inspection tools (the pellicle is opaque at DUV wavelengths). Thus, to use these types of defect inspection tools would require removal of the EUV pellicle before inspection. After inspection, the pellicle would need to be re-attached and the mask re-qualified using a test wafer, thus causing expense and delays. While EUV-wavelength inspection tools could inspect through such a pellicle precluding the need to remove the pellicle, these tools are not likely to be available in the commercial marketplace for many years. An alternate EUV pellicle material has been developed that is semi-transparent to 193nm wavelengths, thus allowing through-pellicle inspection using existing ArF-based, or other 193nm wavelength mask inspection tools. This eliminates the requirement to remove the pellicle for defect inspection and the associated time and expense. In this work, we will conduct an initial evaluation of through-pellicle EUV mask defect inspection using an existing 193nm mask inspection tool. This initial evaluation will include durability of the pellicle to defect inspection, and impact of the pellicle on inspection tool performance.
Privacy in Content-Oriented Networking: Threats and Countermeasures (2012)

As the Internet struggles to cope with scalability, mobility, and security issues, new network architectures are being proposed to better accommodate the needs of modern systems and applications. In particular, Content-Oriented Networking (CON) has emerged as a promising next-generation Internet architecture: it sets to decou-ple content from hosts, at the network layer, by naming data rather than hosts. CON comes with a potential for a wide range of ben-efits, including reduced congestion and improved delivery speed by means of content caching, simpler configuration of network de-vices, and security at the data level. However, it remains an interest-ing open question whether or not, and to what extent, this emerging networking paradigm bears new privacy challenges. In this paper, we provide a systematic privacy analysis of CON and the common building blocks among its various architectural instances in order to highlight emerging privacy threats, and analyze a few potential countermeasures. Finally, we present a comparison between CON and today’s Internet in the context of a few privacy concepts, such as, anonymity, censoring, traceability, and confidentiality.
Tight Junctions of the Neurovascular Unit (2021)

The homeostatic balance of the brain and retina is maintained by the presence of the blood-brain and inner blood-retinal barrier (BBB/iBRB, respectively) which are highly specialized barriers. Endothelial cells forming the lining of these blood vessels are interconnected by the presence of tight junctions which form the BBB and iBRB. These tight junctions, formed of numerous interacting proteins, enable the entry of molecules into neural tissues while restricting the entry of harmful material such as anaphylatoxins, bacteria and viruses. If the tight junction complex becomes dysregulated due to changes in expression levels of one or more of the components, this can have detrimental effects leading to brain and retinal pathology.
Timing Phase Recovery in Digital Multi-Subcarrier Coherent Optical Communication (2021)

We analyze timing phase estimation in high speed coherent optical communication with digital sub-carrier multiplexing (DSCM) and show improved jitter performance using estimates from each subcarrier in cartesian co-ordinate compared with direct phase estimations in polar form.
Union Rates and Deformity Correction Using the Hintermann Osteotomy in Type IIb Flatfoot Deformity (2020)

Category: Ankle; Hindfoot Introduction/Purpose: Multiple Lateral column lengthening procedures have been described for the correction of the abduction component of stage II flatfoot deformity. The Hintermann osteotomy, although technically difficult, offers powerful lengthening of the lateral column with low risk of violating the articular cartilage of the subtalar joint as compared to the more widely performed Evans osteotomy. This study reports on the radiographic and clinical outcomes of the Hintermann osteotomy performed by a single surgeon. Methods: Patients who underwent reconstruction for stage II flatfoot deformity with a Hintermann lateral column lengthening were restrospectively identified. The talus-1st metatarsal angle, percent talus uncoverage, calcaneal pitch, lateral column length, CC joint subluxation, and distance from CC joint to the osteotomy were measured on pre and postop radiographs. Radiographic union was also assessed. The Kellgren-Lawrence scale was used to assess degenerative changes at the ST, CC, and TN joints. Charts were reviewed for comorbidities, clinical evidence of union, time to protected weightbearing, time to unrestricted weightbearing, signs of peroneal irritation, clinical signs of osteoarthritis progression, and complications. A paired students t test was used to identify differences in radiographic parameters. Results: Twenty-six patients (30 feet) met inclusion criteria. All osteotomies achieved union with only 1 (1/30) instance of delayed union. Average duration before clinical and radiographic union was 12.6 weeks (9-37). The AP Talus-1st metatarsal angle decreased on average of 12.3 degrees (STD 9.1) (p&lt;0.0001). Percent talus uncoverage decreased on average 17.7 percent (STD 11.5%) (p&lt;0.0001). Subluxation at the CC joint was found to increase on average 1.63mm (STD 1.99) (p&lt;0.01). Only 3 patients (10%) had radiographic progression of osteoarthritis at either the CC or ST joint. No patients showed clinical signs of osteoarthritis and none went on to fusion. One patient had lateral hardware pain necessitating plate removal. Conclusion: The Hintermann osteotomy is a powerful tool for lateral column lengthening. In this series there was significant correction of the preoperative abduction deformity with no nonunions. Degenerative changes in the surrounding hindfoot joints were rare. One benefit of the Hintermann osteotomy is its ability to preserve the articular cartilage of the anterior and middle facets.
Inkjet printed nanocavities on a photonic crystal template (2017)

Summary form only given. The possibility to create high Q cavities by the deposition of a thin film of a low refractive index material on the surface of a photonic crystal (PhC) template [1] has been rarely explored. The few experimental demonstrations to date have involved material-specific e-beam or UV exposure techniques. In this work we use a commercially available inkjet printer with fL droplet delivery to create nanocavities on-demand with structurally tunable resonance on the surface of a PhC template. We show that this fabrication method is particularly suited to the creation of 1 μm-wide strips with sub-100 nm film thicknesses on the PhC surface, resulting in high Q cavity modes with mode volume approaching a cubic wavelength. A new paradigm for a direct-written nanophotonics is thus established, allowing the efficient coupling of any solution-processable material [2] to optical modes by a simple, non-contaminating and local deposition method.
A Finite-Element-Based Domain Decomposition Method for Efficient Simulation of Nonlinear Electromechanical Problems (2014)

The dual-primal finite-element tearing and interconnecting (FETI-DP) method is combined with the Newton-Raphson method to expand the capability and improve the efficiency of 3-D finite-element analysis (FEA) of nonlinear electromechanical problems. Despite its modeling capability and high degree of accuracy, FEA has high computational complexity, especially for nonlinear analysis. The FETI-DP method is a robust domain decomposition method, which has been enhanced and applied to solve electromechanical problems involving linear materials. In this paper, the FETI-DP method is extended with the Newton-Raphson method to address problems involving nonlinearity and saturation. Using parallel computing techniques, the total computation time is reduced significantly. Linear and nonlinear regions are separated using the FETI-DP method. This further improves simulation efficiency and flexibility. Cubic splines and relaxation techniques are adopted to ensure stable and fast convergence of the Newton-Raphson method. The performance of the proposed method is compared with infolytica's MagNet, a commercial 3-D FEA solver.
Reliable Communications over Rapidly Time-Varying Channels (2006)

Wireless communications have become an important part of everyday life. Think for instance about mobile telephone applications, wireless local area networks (WLANs), and wireless ad hoc networks. Most of these systems have been designed assuming that the channel can be regarded as constant over a block of data. Nonetheless market studies predict a rapid growth of high data rate mobile applications such as TV broadcast and video streaming and multiperson wireless gaming. In such mobile applications, Doppler shifts introduce temporal channel variations, which become more pronounced as the carrier frequency increases, and basically violate the time-invariance assumption. Further, with high mobility, terrain changes induce rapid changes in the channel response. As a result, many existing wireless systems can only provide low data rates at high mobility (e.g., UMTS) or even break down completely at high speeds (e.g., ).
The Distinctive Mutational Spectra of Polyomavirus-Negative Merkel Cell Carcinoma (2015)

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but highly aggressive cutaneous neuroendocrine tumor. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) may contribute to tumorigenesis in a subset of tumors via inhibition of tumor suppressors such as retinoblastoma (RB1) by mutated viral T antigens, but the molecular pathogenesis of MCPyV-negative MCC is largely unexplored. Through our MI-ONCOSEQ precision oncology study, we performed integrative sequencing on two cases of MCPyV-negative MCC, as well as a validation cohort of 14 additional MCC cases (n = 16). In addition to previously identified mutations in TP53, RB1, and PIK3CA, we discovered activating mutations of oncogenes, including HRAS and loss-of-function mutations in PRUNE2 and NOTCH family genes in MCPyV-negative MCC. MCPyV-negative tumors also displayed high overall mutation burden (10.09 ± 2.32 mutations/Mb) and were characterized by a prominent UV-signature pattern with C > T transitions comprising 85% of mutations. In contrast, mutation burden was low in MCPyV-positive tumors (0.40 ± 0.09 mutations/Mb) and lacked a UV signature. These findings suggest a potential ontologic dichotomy in MCC, characterized by either viral-dependent or UV-dependent tumorigenic pathways.
MLSE-based receivers on DWDM lightwave systems (2004)

In dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) links, the need for greater available bandwidth results in smaller channel separation and larger channel count. This increases the importance of nonlinear coupling effects such as four wave mixing (FWM) and cross-phase modulation (CPM). These impairments, together with chromatic dispersion (CD), polarization mode dispersion (PMD), and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise limit the maximum reach of the optical links. Maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) receivers can incorporate detailed knowledge of the statistical properties of noise and crosstalk into the decision process, therefore improving performance in the presence of these impairments. These receivers have been previously proposed in [(W. Sauer-Greff et al., 2003), (H.F. Haunstein et al., 2001)] to combat CD and PMD in IM/DD optical channels. In this paper we propose to extend the use of MLSE to DWDM links to combat the combined effect of nonlinear crosstalk, dispersion and noise. We derive a new analytical expression for the statistics of the received signal in the presence of FWM which is necessary to implement the MLSE receiver. As a second important contribution of this paper, we present a theoretical performance analysis of MLSE in DWDM optical channels. Computer simulations show excellent agreement between the prediction of the theory and simulation results
003 Novel Model of Ex-Vivo Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction to Assess the Effects of Rejection on Erectile Function in the Setting of Human Penile Transplantation (2016)

The use of penile transplantation may be a necessary alternative for genital reconstruction in severe cases of penile tissue loss, as seen in recent wartime injuries. It is expected that the rejection process will induce erectile dysfunction (ED). We used a novel model of ex-vivo mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) using human corporal tissues to assess the affects of rejection and tissue preservation on erectile function (EF). MLRs were prepared by mixing human corporal tissues obtained during penile prosthesis operations with autologous or allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for 24 hours in serum-free media. Additional human tissues were also incubated in cold (4oC) or warm (37oC) organ preservation fluid for 24 hours. Immunoflourescent live imaging was used to assess tissue apoptosis by caspase-3/7 activation. Myograph was performed to evaluate tissue contraction in response to KCl, phenylephrine (PE), and electrical field stimulation (EFS) as well as relaxation in response to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and EFS following PE-induced maximal contraction. All studies were approved by the local IRB.
Learning to Transfer Relational Representations through Analogy (2019)

We propose a novel approach to learn representations of relations expressed by their textual mentions. In our assumption, if two pairs of entities belong to the same relation, then those two pairs are analogous. We collect a large set of analogous pairs by matching triples in knowledge bases with web-scale corpora through distant supervision. This dataset is adopted to train a hierarchical siamese network in order to learn entity-entity embeddings which encode relational information through the different linguistic paraphrasing expressing the same relation. The model can be used to generate pre-trained embeddings which provide a valuable signal when integrated into an existing neural-based model by outperforming the state-of-the-art methods on a relation extraction task.
Differentially Private Fine-tuning of Language Models (2021)

We give simpler, sparser, and faster algorithms for differentially private fine-tuning of large-scale pre-trained language models, which achieve the state-of-the-art privacy versus utility tradeoffs on many standard NLP tasks. We propose a meta-framework for this problem, inspired by the recent success of highly parameter-efficient methods for fine-tuning. Our experiments show that differentially private adaptations of these approaches outperform previous private algorithms in three important dimensions: utility, privacy, and the computational and memory cost of private training. On many commonly studied datasets, the utility of private models approaches that of non-private models. For example, on the MNLI dataset we achieve an accuracy of $87.8\%$ using RoBERTa-Large and $83.5\%$ using RoBERTa-Base with a privacy budget of $ε= 6.7$. In comparison, absent privacy constraints, RoBERTa-Large achieves an accuracy of $90.2\%$. Our findings are similar for natural language generation tasks. Privately fine-tuning with DART, GPT-2-Small, GPT-2-Medium, GPT-2-Large, and GPT-2-XL achieve BLEU scores of 38.5, 42.0, 43.1, and 43.8 respectively (privacy budget of $ε= 6.8,δ=$ 1e-5) whereas the non-private baseline is $48.1$. All our experiments suggest that larger models are better suited for private fine-tuning: while they are well known to achieve superior accuracy non-privately, we find that they also better maintain their accuracy when privacy is introduced.
Seedling root length inBrassica napusL. is indicative of seed yield (2012)

Koscielny C. B. and Gulden R. H. 2012. Seedling root length in Brassica napus L. is indicative of seed yield. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 1229–1237. Recent studies have shown relationships between root growth and development and seed production potential in some crops; however, little is known about this relationship in Brassica napus. Field and growth room experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between root parameters up to the four-leaf stage and seed yield among a group of four open-pollinated and four hybrid B. napus genotypes with different yield potential. In the field studies, root length was the best indicator of seed yield at the one- to two-leaf and the three- to four-leaf stages of development, and was one of the most consistent parameters among sites and years. Poor ability to recover fine roots from field soils at the cotyledon stage contributed to the relatively poor relationships between root parameters and seed yield compared with shoot parameters at this developmental stage. The growth room study clearly showed that root length is an excellent measure of seedling vigour and an indicator of seed yield as early as 7 d after imbibition. These studies demonstrate the importance of early root development in canola and its potential as a screening trait for seed yield in breeding programs.
On the achievable region for multiple description source codes on Gaussian sources (2003)

We demonstrate inconsistencies in prior results on the achievable region for multiple description (MD) source codes on i.i.d. Gaussian sources with the squared error distortion measure. We then describe the complete region.