gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo/sham controlled randomised trials of spinal cord stimulation for neuropathic pain (2019)

The aims of this review were to systematically identify the current evidence base of placebo (or "sham") randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for neuropathic pain and to undertake a meta-analysis to investigate the effectiveness of SCS when compared with a placebo comparator arm. Electronic databases were searched from inception until January 2019 for RCTs of SCS using a placebo/sham control. Searches identified 8 eligible placebo-controlled randomised trials of SCS for neuropathic pain. Meta-analysis shows a statistically significant reduction in pain intensity during the active stimulation treatment periods compared with the control treatment periods, pooled mean difference -1.15 (95% confidence interval -1.75 to -0.55, P = 0.001) on a 10-point scale. Exploratory study-level subgroup analysis suggests a larger treatment effect in RCTs using a placebo control (defined as studies where the device was inactive and at least one of the study procedures was different between the arms) than a sham control (defined as all study procedures being equal between arms including SCS device behaviour). Our findings demonstrate limited evidence that SCS is effective in reducing pain intensity when compared with a placebo intervention. Our analyses suggest that the magnitude of treatment effect varies across trials and, in part, depends on the quality of patient blinding and minimisation of carryover effects. Improved reporting and further methodological research is needed into placebo and blinding approaches in SCS trials. Furthermore, we introduce a differentiation between placebo and sham concepts that may be generalisable to trials evaluating surgical or medical procedures.
Development of Advanced Three-Way Catalyst with Improved NOx Conversion (2015)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Countries and regions around the world are tightening emissions regulations in reaction to the increasing awareness of environmental conservation. At the same time, growing concerns about the depletion of raw materials as vehicle ownership continues to increase is prompting automakers to look for ways of decreasing the use of platinum-group metals (PGMs) in the exhaust systems. This research has developed a new catalyst with strong robustness against fluctuations in the exhaust gas and excellent nitrogen oxide (NOx) conversion performance. This catalyst incorporates rhodium (Rh) clusters with a particle size of several nanometers, and stabilized CeO2-ZrO2 solid-solution (CZ) with a pyrochlore crystal structure as a high-volume oxygen storage capacity (OSC) material with a slow O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; storage rate. This catalyst also adopts enhanced zone coating technology that provides the optimum coating material in the direction of gas flow, thereby increasing the overall conversion performance balance and decreasing PGM usage by approximately 50%.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Modeling of Threading Dislocation Density Reduction in Heteroepitaxial Layers I. Geometry and Crystallography (1996)

Abstract The geometry of threading dislocations (TDs), non‐equilibrium defects that are generated as a result of stress relaxation in thin films, is considered in order to provide a basis for their reduction behavior during heteroepitaxial growth. This paper, the first of a two‐part series, discusses the geometric possibility for reactions between TDs as a result of film growth. It is demonstrated that effective TD motion and reaction are responsible for their overall reduction. The reactions become possible if pairs of TDs come within a critical distance: γ A for annihilation reactions, γ F for fusion reactions, and γ S for scattering reactions. The model is used to explain the experimentally observed l/ h ( h is the film thickness) dependence on TD density. The crystallographic consideration of TDs in the case of (001) growth of f.c.c. semiconductor films is presented and possible reactions between TDs in this case are analyzed.
Electrical measurements in nanotechnology using single electron bipolar avalanche transistors (2010)

Based on a simple model, we estimate that a nonoscopic device consisting of a low-conductivity material, such as biological tissue, may have resistances higher than 100 GΩ. Such a device must be characterized with currents smaller than 1pA. Small currents can be measured by counting single electrons. In this paper, we estimate some physical limits related to such current measurements. Then we propose a system for electrical measurements of high resistance nano-devices based on the single electron bipolar avalanche transistor (SEBAT). The system functions as a source-measure-unit, at room temperature, at the currents from an atto-ampere to pico-amperes, and with high resolution.
Antitumor effects of an antibody (cetuximab)-targeted nanoparticle containing siRNA against EGFR (2014)

Objective: Effective therapies for lung cancer that have mutated EGFR remain elusive. Because of the success of antibody-drug-conjugates, we are exploring the use of antibody targeted nanoparticles (NP) containing siRNA to produce multifunctional therapeutics. Here, we investigate the use of cetuximab (CTX) (commercial antibody to EGFR) targeted NPs containing siRNA against EGFR (sequence is for a region of the mRNA conserved in all types of mutations) in H1975 NSCLC xenografts. &#13;\nMethods: We synthesized a cationic mucic acid polymer by polymerizing a derivative of mucic acid, mucic acid ethylenediamine, with dimethyl suberimidate. This polycation can self-assemble with siRNA to form the NP. A methoxy polyethylene glycol (PEG) was modified to have a 5-nitrophenyl boronic acid (5-nPBA) moiety at one end to attach to diol groups on mucic acid and stabilize the NP. 5-nPBA-PEG with a carboxylic acid end group was conjugated to CTX to target the NP to EGFR receptors on the surface of cancer cells. These polymers were mixed with siRNA to form NPs, characterized by dynamic light scattering and cryo-transmission electron microscopy for size, and zeta potential measurements for surface charge. The NP was tested in vivo against tumors grown with H1975 NSCLC cells that contain the L858R and T790M mutations. NPs dosed iv (tail vein) at 9.3 mg/kg CTX targeting agent and 5 mg/kg siEGFR were injected twice a week for two weeks into nude mice with H1975 NSCLC xenografts and the anti-tumor effects compared to 9.3 mg/kg CTX (dosed iv tail vein) alone. &#13;\nResults: The CTX-targeted cMAP-siRNA NPs are ca. 40 nm in diameter as determined by both dynamic light scattering and cryo-TEM. The NPs' surface charge is slightly negative at -3.5 mV in 10 mM phosphate buffered at pH 7.4 (surrogate for extracellular conditions in vivo). When the NPs are in 1 mM KCl at pH 5.5 (surrogate for intracellular, endocytosis localization), the NP zeta potential is +1 mV indicating detachment of 5-nPBA-PEG from the NP at acidic pH. Thus, the NP is stabilized and targeted until it is endocytosed, where it disassembles to release the siRNA payload. We confirmed delivery of siEGFR to the tumor following two NP doses via a real-time PCR assay. In contrast to CTX treated mice that showed tumor growth delay but ultimately had tumors that grew to over 1000 mm^3, NP treated mice had tumors that remained below 200 mm^3 53 days following completion of 4 doses. &#13;\nConclusions: NPs containing full antibodies as targeting agents and siRNA payloads can be formulated into well defined, stable experimental therapeutics. The NP system used here has a pH-tunable 5-nPBA that allows for targeting and stabilizing the NP at a physiologic pH of 7.4. The targeting agent and PEG coating is able to detach from the NP at acidic pH like those found in endosomes, enabling the siRNA payload to escape and reach its site of action within the cell. These NPs produce significant tumor regression in vivo that is superior to CTX alone.
Conversion of Hemoprotein Function by Chemical Modification. (2002)

Myoglobin, one of the hemoproteins, is a well-known protein which has a protoporphyrin IX iron complex via noncovalent interaction. Therefore, a myoglobin with a synthetic heme is readily available by reconstitutional method. We have recently prepared various heme moieties having modified heme-propionates and incorporated them into an apomyoglobin to obtain a reconstituted protein. The myoglobin has an artificially created interface which acts as the binding domain to form a protein-protein or protein-small substrate complex. As a result, the myoglobin is converted to an electron transfer protein or oxidase. Thus, the present method gives a unique function to the myoglobin surface. Furthermore, it is found that the modification of heme framework is also an attractive approach to improving physiological function of hemoproteins. For example, an iron porphycene as a structural isomer of the heme is a good prosthetic group for the myoglobin to show a high dioxygen affinity. The net results propose that the reconstitutional method of hemo-proteins will serve as a new way in creating a functionalized protein by organic synthetic method.
The Dielectric Breakdown Model at Small $\eta$: Pole Dynamics (1999)

We consider the dielectric breakdown model in the limit $\eta\to 0^+$. A differential equation describing the surface growth is derived; this equation is KPZ plus a term causing linear instability, and includes a short-distance regularization similar to a viscosity. The equation exhibits an interesting dynamics in terms of poles, permitting us to derive a large family of solutions to the equation of motion. In terms of poles, we find all stationary configurations of the surface, and analytically calculate their stability. For each value of the viscosity, only one stable configuration is found, but this configuration is nonlinearly unstable in the presence of an exponentially small amount of noise. The present approach may be useful in understanding the dynamics for finite $\eta$, in particular the DLA model, in terms of perturbations to the infinitesimal $\eta$ problem.
Study on the prevention of surface-induced platelet activation by albumin coating (1992)

To understand how albumin on the surface inhibits surface-induced platelet activation, we adsorbed albumin on dimethyldichlorosilane-coated glass (DDS-glass) and modified the adsorbed albumin by three different methods. The adsorbed albumin was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde, dried and rehydrated, or digested with trypsin. Surface albumin concentration did not change by crosslinking; however, it decreased by about 15% by a simple dry-and-rehydration process. Trypsin digestion reduced the surface albumin concentration by 50%. Platelets were found to adhere and activate on albumin coated DDS-glass, if the adsorbed albumin was modified. The extent of platelet activation was quantified with two numeric parameters, the spread area and circularity. Fibrinogen adsorption to the dried or digested albumin layer resulted in enhancement of platelet activation, while adsorption of more albumin inhibited platelet activation. The results suggest that albumin can inhibit platelet activation as long as it covers the surface completely and remains flexible on the surface. This study indicates that steric repulsion is one of the mechanisms of surface passivation by albumin.
Retrograde Ejaculation After Anterior Lumbar Spine Surgery (2012)

This study found that RE occurred at a similar rate in patients treated with ADR and ALIF with BMP. The overall rate of RE after retroperitoneal anterior lumbar surgery was higher than expected, which underscores the importance of counseling patients about this risk and specifically questioning patients about the symptoms of RE at postoperative visits.
Immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis shares genetic susceptibility with multiple myeloma (2014)

here is performed on a patient specimen after purification and elimination of non-B-cells. Additional work will be required to further characterize the presence and composition of these distinct subpopulations. Priming by Noxa, a specific proapoptotic modulator of antiapoptotic Mcl-1, is not associated with either alvocidib response or TLS, consistent with Mcl-1 not being a driver mechanism. Conceivably, patients could be stratified by cytogenetics and BH3 profiling to increase the overall response rate from 35 to 50% as observed in previous clinical studies. In the current patient set, 23 of the 62 analyzed patients achieved a PR to alvocidib (37.1%.) In our analyses, the combination of Hrk and trisomy 12 yielded an AUC of 0.83. By closer examination of the ROC curves, 95.6% of responder patients were identified (sensitivity) concurrently to discrimination of 66.7% of likely PD/SD patients (specificity). If the predictive value of such an applied biomarker is to triage the likely non-responder patients (here the triaging of 26 PD/SD patients, while also mis-identifying 1 likely PR patient), then the response rate increases from 37.1 to 62.9% (an overall 69.5% improvement of response rate). Similarly, TLS incidence could be decreased from 13% observed in the EFC6663 study to a minimal number moving forward. While larger cohorts will be required to fully define the extent of medical utility for such diagnostics, these early observations may hold promise for alvocidib impact in CLL patient options and improved outcomes.
Intrahepatic Infiltrating NK and CD8 T Cells Cause Liver Cell Death in Different Phases of Dengue Virus Infection (2012)

Elevated liver enzyme level is an outstanding feature in patients with dengue. However, the pathogenic mechanism of liver injury has not been clearly demonstrated. In this study, employing a mouse model we aimed to investigate the immunopathogenic mechanism of dengue liver injury. Immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice were infected intravenously with dengue virus strain 16681. Infected mice had transient viremia, detectable viral capsid gene and cleaved caspase 3 in the liver. In the mean time, NK cell and T cell infiltrations peaked at days 1 and 5, respectively. Neutralizing CXCL10 or depletion of Asialo GM1(+) cells reduced cleaved caspase 3 and TUNEL(+) cells in the liver at day 1 after infection. CD8(+) T cells infiltrated into the liver at later time point and at which time intrahepatic leukocytes (IHL) exhibited cytotoxicity against DENV-infected targets. Cleaved caspase 3 and TUNEL(+) cells were diminished in mice with TCRβ deficiency and in those depleted of CD8(+) T cells, respectively, at day 5 after infection. Moreover, intrahepatic CD8(+) T cells were like their splenic counterparts recognized DENV NS4B(99-107) peptide. Together, these results show that infiltrating NK and CD8(+) T cells cause liver cell death. While NK cells were responsible for cell death at early time point of infection, CD8(+) T cells were for later. CD8(+) T cells that recognize NS4B(99-107) constitute at least one of the major intrahepatic cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell populations.
Training a network to attend like human drivers saves it from common but misleading loss functions (2017)

We proposed a novel FCN-ConvLSTM model to predict multi-focal human driver's
attention merely from monocular dash camera videos. Our model has surpassed the
state-of-the-art performance and demonstrated sophisticated behaviors such as
watching out for a driver exiting from a parked car. In addition, we have
demonstrated a surprising paradox: fine-tuning AlexNet on a largescale driving
dataset degraded its ability to register pedestrians. This is due to the fact
that the commonly practiced training paradigm has failed to reflect the
different importance levels of the frames of the driving video datasets. As a
solution, we propose to unequally sample the learning frames at appropriate
probabilities and introduced a way of using human gaze to determine the
sampling weights. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this proposal in human
driver attention prediction, which we believe can also be generalized to other
driving-related machine learning tasks.
Specific capacitance of Josephson tunnel junctions (1981)

The specific capacitance of several types of Josephson tunnel junctions has been measured by observing resonances in lightly-damped 2-junction interferometers. The capacitance was calculated using the resonance voltage, obtained by analyzing steps in the I-V characteristics, and the interferometer inductance, which was measured directly by the injection of a control current. Using this technique, the specific capacitance C <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</inf> was determined for tunnel junctions with Pb-In-Au alloy base electrodes and Pb-Bi counterelectrodes, as well as for junctions made on Nb films with Pb-In-Au counterelectrodes. In both cases, barriers were produced by rf plasma oxidation. Junctions with Josephson current densities j <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> between 200 and 5000 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> were investigated. It was found that 1/C <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</inf> decreased with <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\log j_{1}</tex> , and that at j <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> = 1000 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , C <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</inf> was 4.2 ±0.3 μF/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for the Pb-alloy junctions and 13.4 ±1 μF/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for the Nb junctions. These results are discussed in relation to available data on oxide thickness and dielectric constant.
Actinic imaging and evaluation of phase structures on extreme ultraviolet lithography masks (2010)

The authors describe the implementation of a phase-retrieval algorithm to reconstruct the phase and complex amplitude of structures on extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography masks. Many native defects commonly found on EUV reticles are difficult to detect and review accurately because they have a strong phase component. Understanding the complex amplitude of mask features is essential for predictive modeling of defect printability and defect repair. Besides printing in a stepper, the most accurate way to characterize such defects is with actinic inspection, performed at the design, EUV wavelength. Phase defect and phase structures show a distinct through-focus behavior that enables qualitative evaluation of the object phase from two or more high-resolution intensity measurements. For the first time, the phase of structures and defects on EUV masks were quantitatively reconstructed based on aerial image measurements, using a modified version of a phase-retrieval algorithm developed to test optical phase shifting reticles.
New Field Trial Distance Record of 3040 km on Wide Reach WDM with 10 and 40 Gbps Transmission Including OC-768 Traffic Without Regeneration (2006)

Verizon successfully carried Juniper OC-768 traffic on their Richardson, Texas, field trial network to 3040km and 2560km, respectively, using Mintera's 40Gbps RZ-DPSK and CS-RZ transponders over Xtera's all Raman ULH system loaded with 68×l0Gbps channels.
Integrating sentiment analysis and term associations with geo-temporal visualizations on customer feedback streams (2011)

Twitter currently receives over 190 million tweets (small text-based Web posts) and manufacturing companies receive over 10 thousand web product surveys a day, in which people share their thoughts regarding a wide range of products and their features. A large number of tweets and customer surveys include opinions about products and services. However, with Twitter being a relatively new phenomenon, these tweets are underutilized as a source for determining customer sentiments. To explore high-volume customer feedback streams, we integrate three time series-based visual analysis techniques: (1) feature-based sentiment analysis that extracts, measures, and maps customer feedback; (2) a novel idea of term associations that identify attributes, verbs, and adjectives frequently occurring together; and (3) new pixel cell-based sentiment calendars, geo-temporal map visualizations and self-organizing maps to identify co-occurring and influential opinions. We have combined these techniques into a well-fitted solution for an effective analysis of large customer feedback streams such as for movie reviews (e.g., Kung-Fu Panda) or web surveys (buyers).
Aldosterone and Salt Induces Hypertension Associated with Increased Oxidative Stress in the Brain of Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice (2009)

Background Oxidative stress in brain plays a crucial role in the neural mechanism of hypertension. Apolipoprotein E‐knockout mice (apoEKO) reveal increased oxidative stress in the vasculature, heart, and kidney. Aldosterone (ALDO)‐salt load promotes hypertension and organ damage. We hypothesized that apoEKO was susceptible to ALDO‐salt thereby causing hypertension associated with the increased oxidative stress in the brain using an in vivo electron spin resonance (ESR) method. Methods and Results Eight‐week‐old apoEKO and their wild type (WT) were treated with either ALDO (6 microg/mouse/d, s.c. osmotic minipump) and 8% NaCl‐containing chow, or vehicle and standard chow (Veh). After 6‐week treatments, differences in SBP and the in vivo ESR/spin probe decay rates in brain, an index of oxidative stress in brain, between ALDO‐salt and Veh treatments were compared between apoEKO and WT. SBP was increased significantly in apoEKO (117.8±2.1 vs 105.2±1.8 mm Hg, n=6 each, P&lt;0.05), but not in WT (111.8±2.1 vs 104.8±1.8 mm Hg, n=6 each, ns). In vivo ESR decay rate was increased significantly in apoEKO (0.297±0.009 vs 0.243±0.008 min −1 , P&lt;0.01), but not in WT (0.248±0.011 vs 0.232±0.012, min −1 , ns). Oxidative stress evaluated by dihydroethidium staining in the rostral ventrolateral medulla was increased in ALDO‐salt‐treated apoEKO compared with Veh‐treated apoEKO. Conclusion These results suggest that ALDO‐salt induces hypertension associated with the increased oxidative stress in the brain in ApoEKO.