gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pre-processing visualization of hyperspectral fluorescent data with Spectrally Encoded Enhanced Representations (2020)

Hyperspectral fluorescence imaging is gaining popularity for it enables multiplexing of spatio-temporal dynamics across scales for molecules, cells and tissues with multiple fluorescent labels. This is made possible by adding the dimension of wavelength to the dataset. The resulting datasets are high in information density and often require lengthy analyses to separate the overlapping fluorescent spectra. Understanding and visualizing these large multi-dimensional datasets during acquisition and pre-processing can be challenging. Here we present Spectrally Encoded Enhanced Representations (SEER), an approach for improved and computationally efficient simultaneous color visualization of multiple spectral components of hyperspectral fluorescence images. Exploiting the mathematical properties of the phasor method, we transform the wavelength space into information-rich color maps for RGB display visualization. We present multiple biological fluorescent samples and highlight SEER's enhancement of specific and subtle spectral differences, providing a fast, intuitive and mathematical way to interpret hyperspectral images during collection, pre-processing and analysis.
The Layer-Independent Descriptor Concept (2006)

With the fast improvements of broadband technologies, more and more demanding services can be accessed. Broadband access is supported by a range of wireless and wireline technologies. Well known representatives are WLAN and UMTS for wireless and xDSL for wireline access. However, the highly varying nature of wireless channels and the crosstalk behavior of the DSL channel are typical traits, and most challenging to combat. Moreover, the stringent requirements of real-time applications require enhancements in service delivery. The tremendous interest in communication has driven the deployment of new access systems. Hence, for the End-to-End point of view, the service delivery multifarious due to the heterogeneity of the underlying transport network. Therefore, to enable a transport independent path set-up, application and network properties that may influence the user-perceived quality need to be unified. Thereby, media scalability plays a key role. Recently, cross-layer communication is getting acceptance as a method that efficiently increases the system performance. Unlike previous works that mainly addressed the issue of application based feedback, we focus on the information that the application can provide to guide the network for local stream management. We present the necessary set of Application Layer information for scalable audiovisual streams to offer individual QoS, at lowermost packet overhead. Finally, we show the sustainable gain in system performance based on a DSL use-case.
Extremely large cavity assembled by self-interlocking of distorted biconcave porphyrins (2005)

X-Ray analyses of free base, zinc, and nickel complexes of 2,3;7,8;12,13;17,18-tetrakis(6,13-dihydro-6,13-pentaceno)-21H,23H-porphine revealed that the porphyrin chromophores adopted a heavily-saddled conformation by interlocking of the biconcave porphyrins in the crystals containing halobenzenes as crystalline solvents, while the ring was almost flat in the crystals obtained from benzene or from chlorobenzene and isopropanol.
Characteristics of UV confocal microscopy inspection for detecting 0.1 μm level defects (2002)

Due to shrinkage of design rule, optical in-line defect inspection with white-light source is reaching its detection limit. To overcome the limitation, a defect inspection system using UV confocal microscopy was recently introduced. In this paper, we investigated characteristics of UV confocal microscopy, which is confocal microscopy using UV light source, by analyzing TDI images captured by a defect inspection system with UV confocal microscopy. The results of this study showed that UV confocal microscopy has higher sensitivity and is more efficient for detection of 0.1 /spl mu/m-level small defects rather than white-light source or conventional microscopy.
216 Dual targeting of CAR-NK cells to PD-L1 and ErbB2 facilitates specific elimination of cancer cells of solid tumor origin and overcomes immune escape by antigen loss (2022)

<h3>Background</h3> Retargeting of natural killer (NK) cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) can be a powerful approach to overcome NK-cell resistance of tumor cells. However, targeting a single tumor-associated antigen may be insufficient for some tumors to trigger effective NK-cell activation or result in the selection of antigen-loss variants and tumor immune escape. <h3>Methods</h3> To overcome this hurdle, here we generated CAR-NK cells carrying two CARs that target the tumor-associated antigens PD-L1 and ErbB2 (HER2), respectively (figure 1A). NK-92 cells were transduced with lentiviral CAR constructs, and their cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines of different solid tumor origins was compared to that of parental NK-92 and corresponding single-target CAR variants. <h3>Results</h3> Dual targeting significantly increased <i>in vitro</i> cytotoxicity against PD-L1 and ErbB2 double-positive tumor cell lines including breast, ovarian, pancreatic and gastric cancer cells when compared to single-target CAR variants (Figure 1B,C). These results were also confirmed with 3D spheroid tumor models. Off-target cytotoxicity was not observed. On a molecular level, this enhanced cell killing may be explained by synergistic activation of PLCγ and MAPK pathways. Incubation of cancer cells with IFN-γ further improved killing efficacy due to upregulation of PD-L1 expression. Furthermore, blocking experiments revealed that dual PD-L1/ErbB2-CAR NK-92 cells can overcome immune escape based on loss or inacessibility of a single target antigen. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Altogether, we showed that dual targeting of PD-L1 and ErbB2 improves efficacy of CAR-NK cells against otherwise difficult to treat tumors, and counteracts potential resistance and immune escape mechanisms of cancer cells.
A software approach to defeating side channels in last-level caches (2016)

We present a software approach to mitigate access-driven side-channel attacks that leverage last-level caches (LLCs) shared across cores to leak information between security domains (e.g., tenants in a cloud). Our approach dynamically manages physical memory pages shared between security domains to disable sharing of LLC lines, thus preventing "Flush-Reload" side channels via LLCs. It also manages cacheability of memory pages to thwart cross-tenant "Prime-Probe" attacks in LLCs. We have implemented our approach as a memory management subsystem called CacheBar within the Linux kernel to intervene on such side channels across container boundaries, as containers are a common method for enforcing tenant isolation in Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) clouds. Through formal verification, principled analysis, and empirical evaluation, we show that CacheBar achieves strong security with small performance overheads for PaaS workloads.
Tracing the Cycling and Fate of the Explosive 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene in Coastal Marine Systems with a Stable Isotopic Tracer, 15N-[TNT] (2015)

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) has been used as a military explosive for over a hundred years. Contamination concerns have arisen as a result of manufacturing and use on a large scale; however, despite decades of work addressing TNT contamination in the environment, its fate in marine ecosystems is not fully resolved. Here we examine the cycling and fate of TNT in the coastal marine systems by spiking a marine mesocosm containing seawater, sediments, and macrobiota with isotopically labeled TNT ((15)N-[TNT]), simultaneously monitoring removal, transformation, mineralization, sorption, and biological uptake over a period of 16 days. TNT degradation was rapid, and we observed accumulation of reduced transformation products dissolved in the water column and in pore waters, sorbed to sediments and suspended particulate matter (SPM), and in the tissues of macrobiota. Bulk δ(15)N analysis of sediments, SPM, and tissues revealed large quantities of (15)N beyond that accounted for in identifiable derivatives. TNT-derived N was also found in the dissolved inorganic N (DIN) pool. Using multivariate statistical analysis and a (15)N mass balance approach, we identify the major transformation pathways of TNT, including the deamination of reduced TNT derivatives, potentially promoted by sorption to SPM and oxic surface sediments.
Loading Subspace Selection for Multidimensional Characterization Tests via Computational Experiments (2010)

To pursue characterization of composite materials, contemporary automated material testing machines are programmed to follow loading paths in multidimensional spaces. A computational methodology for selecting the best loading subspace among all those possible is formulated and presented in this paper. The criterion for subspace selection employed is based on the assessment of which among the possible subspaces generates the richest set of strain-states as compared to those of the union of all possible 4D loading spaces. A systematic program of simulation sequences of virtual experiments is presented and the concept of strain state cloud (SSC) is introduced as a high dimensional volumetric histogram describing the frequency of appearance of each strain state within the corresponding strain space. Comparison of the SSCs for each of the fifteen 4D subspaces relative to the full 6D space allows a ranking classification of each subspace. Based on this ranking we select the three top cases as being those considered for actual testing.
Organic Semiconductors: Solutal‐Marangoni‐Flow‐Mediated Growth of Patterned Highly Crystalline Organic Semiconductor Thin Film Via Gap‐Controlled Bar Coating (Adv. Funct. Mater. 28/2021) (2021)

In article number 2100196, Boseok Kang, Kilwon Cho, and co-workers report a novel bar-coating approach using a solutal-Marangoni flow to form an array of single-crystal-like organic semiconductor thin-film patterns at a high rate in a consecutive manner. The use of an appropriate solvent additive enhances molecular mass transport and induces vertical phase separation between a small-molecule semiconductor and a polymeric semiconductor.
Pixelated diffraction signatures for explosive detection (2012)

Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) is a technique which can be used to improve the detection and characterisation of explosive materials. This study has performed EDXRD measurements of various explosive compounds using a novel, X-ray sensitive, pixelated, energy resolving detector developed at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK (RAL). EDXRD measurements are normally performed at a fixed scattering angle, but the 80×80 pixel detector makes it possible to collect both spatially resolved and energy resolved data simultaneously. The detector material used is Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), which can be utilised at room temperature and gives excellent spectral resolution. The setup uses characteristics from both energy dispersive and angular dispersive scattering techniques to optimise specificity and speed. The purpose of the study is to develop X-ray pattern "footprints" of explosive materials based on spatial and energy resolved diffraction data, which can then be used for the identification of such materials hidden inside packages or baggage. The RAL detector is the first energy resolving pixelated detector capable of providing an energy resolution of 1.0-1.5% at energies up to 150 keV. The benefit of using this device in a baggage scanner would be the provision of highly specific signatures to a range of explosive materials. We have measured diffraction profiles of five explosives and other compounds used to make explosive materials. High resolution spectra have been obtained. Results are presented to show the specificity of the technique in finding explosives within baggage.
Real time skin-region detection with a single-chip digital camera (2002)

This article describes a 30 frames/second VGA format image sensor made in a standard CMOS process with an embedded massively parallel processor. The processor is fully programmable and therefore the sensor IC itself is able to run a variety of algorithms with data and processing in close vicinity of the sensor. Because of the parallel architecture comprising processor array and parallel memory accesses, high computational performances of up to 5 GOPS at 16 MHz are achieved. This high performance allowed us to implement skin tone detection on the camera itself as part of a larger system for face recognition, releasing the host computer of cumbersome pixel processing tasks and minimizing the data transfer between camera and computer.
Long-term renal replacement therapy after liver transplantation strongly increases mortality, with urea being the only univariate predictor (2010)

Introduction: Outcome and survival rate after liver transplantation have improved. Therefore chronic kidney disease has become increasingly prevalent in this population, despite advances in immunosuppressive regimes and peri-operative management. Long-term renal replacement therapy is most likely associated with increased mortality. Combination of liver and kidney transplantation may be an option to reduce renal induced morbidity. The challenge is to identify patients at time of liver transplantation that would profit from combined transplantation.
Method for analyzing E×B probe spectra from Hall thruster plumes (2009)

Various methods for accurately determining ion species' current fractions using E x B probes in Hall thruster plumes are investigated. The effects of peak broadening and charge exchange on the calculated values of current fractions are quantified in order to determine the importance of accounting for them in the analysis. It is shown that both peak broadening and charge exchange have a significant effect on the calculated current fractions over a variety of operating conditions, especially at operating pressures exceeding 10(-5) torr. However, these effects can be accounted for using a simple approximation for the velocity distribution function and a one-dimensional charge exchange correction model. In order to keep plume attenuation from charge exchange below 30%, it is recommended that pz < or = 2, where p is the measured facility pressure in units of 10(-5) torr and z is the distance from the thruster exit plane to the probe inlet in meters. The spatial variation of the current fractions in the plume of a Hall thruster and the error induced from taking a single-point measurement are also briefly discussed.
Radiation-Induced Cross-Linking of Polyethylene in the Presence of Various Acetylenic Compounds (1973)

Abstract A study was made on the radiation-induced cross-linking reaction of polyethylene by exposing film samples to [ddot]Co γ-rays in vacuum or in the presence of various acetylenic compounds such as acetylene, its C3 to C5 higher derivatives, and their mixture with tetrafluoroethylene (TFE). The samples (0.2 mm thick) were found to decrease in weight when irradiated in vacuum, but to increase in the presence of the additives. The IR spectrum measurements of the resultant showed that the trans-vinylene unsaturation increased by the irradiation, especially in the presence of the C3 to C5 derivatives, and terminal vinyl increased markedly in acetylene. However, the formation of these unsaturations were depressed when the film was irradiated in the mixed gas with TFE. The rate of the cross-linking reaction was accelerated by the addition of acetylene-TFE, acetylene, trifluoromethyl-acetylene, perfluorobutyne-2, perfluorobutyne-2-TFE, and methylacetylene-TFE [G(cross-linking) = 4.4-1.2]. It was reduced with methylacetylene, butyne-1, butyne-1-TFE, pentyne-1, pentyne-1-TFE, pentyne-2, pentyne-2-TFE, [G(cross-linking) = 0.6-0.1]. On the basis of these experimental results a chain reaction scheme of the cross-linking is proposed, and it is discussed on the basis of the activation energy of the elementary reactions.
Photonic Interconnection Networks for Multicore Architectures (2011)

Silicon nanophotonics provides computer architects with the ability to solve pin bandwidth and cross-chip communication problems. Furthermore, ring resonators can be used to create simple optical circuits to implement low-latency global arbitraion.
Bend Insensitive Fiber for FTTX Applications (2009)

FTTH applications require advanced fibers insensitive to stapling and tight bends. We demonstrate resonance-assisted fibers made with standard solid-fiber fabrication, achieving &lt;0.1dB/turn loss down to 3mm fiber bend radius and compatibility with standard SMF.
Impact of Higher-Dose Total Body Irradiation Conditioning on Outcome of an Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant (HCT) in the Modern Era (2017)

Background: Relapse, even after HCT with myeloablative (MA) conditioning regimens for hematologic malignancies, remains the most common cause of failure. Older data suggests that higher dose TBI combined with chemotherapy may reduce disease relapse, however this benefit was offset by higher treatment related mortality (TRM) and hepatic sinusoidal obstructive syndrome (SOS). Radiotherapy techniques and supportive care have since improved. In the current transplant era we aimed to compare the outcomes of higher than standard (>12 Gy) dose TBI compared to standard dose TBI (12 Gy). Methods: We identified 2721 patients with AML (51%), MDS (4.5%), ALL (32%), CML (12.5%), between 18 and 60 years old, who underwent a MA HCT with cyclophosphamide (Cy)/TBI from an HLA-partially matched or fully matched donor between 2001 and 2013 from those patients reported to the CIBMTR. Patients who received radiation boost or an ex vivo T-cell depleted allograft were excluded. The cohort was divided into 3 groups based on TBI dose: Cy/TBI (12 Gy) [n = 1745], Cy/TBI (13-13.75 Gy) [n = 648] and Cy/TBI (14 Gy) [n = 328] according to the distribution of TBI doses. Results: Median ages of the cohorts were 39, 39, and 43 years, respectively. Median follow-up of survivors was 71-73 [range 3-176] months across groups. The majority had a performance status that was ≥90%. Median time from diagnosis to transplant was similar at 6-7 [range 1-310] months across cohorts. Relapse was the most common cause of death (40-55%) across cohorts, 14GyTBI group resulted in lower relapses (36%, 32% and 26% at 5 years, P < .001). Overall survival was similar across groups (42%, 40% and 45% at 5 years, P = .39). Multivariate analyses demonstrated that 14 Gy TBI was associated with lower relapse, higher risk of SOS but no difference in TRM and no improvement in overall mortality compared to 12 Gy TBI (Table 1).Table 1Multivariate analyses according to TBI doseOutcome*The model for each outcome was adjusted by selected significant covariates.TBI doseHR95% CIP-valueOverall MortalityTBI 12 Gy1.00-0.165†Overall p-value.TBI 13-13.75 Gy1.070.95-1.210.284TBI 14 Gy0.900.76-1.060.202Treatment FailureTBI 12 Gy1.00-0.071†Overall p-value.TBI 13-13.75 Gy1.000.89-1.130.943TBI 14 Gy0.840.71-0.980.026RelapseTBI 12 Gy1.00-0.002†Overall p-value.TBI 13-13.75 Gy0.900.77-1.050.191TBI 14 Gy0.660.53-0.84<0.001TRMTBI 12 Gy1.00-0.067†Overall p-value.TBI 13-13.75 Gy1.221.03-1.440.023TBI 14 Gy1.120.90-1.390.299VOD/SOSTBI 12 Gy1.00-0.026†Overall p-value.TBI 13-13.75 Gy1.160.78-1.1710.46TBI 14 Gy1.771.17-2.690.007* The model for each outcome was adjusted by selected significant covariates.† Overall p-value. Open table in a new tab Conclusion: Cy /TBI with 14 Gy reduces relapse but increases organ toxicity, especially SOS, and did not result in survival benefit compared to Cy/TBI with standard MA dose of TBI (12 Gy) in this contemporary cohort.
Combined Heat and Power Generation from Solid Biomass Derived Bioliquids and Syngas by TCR (2016)

Bioenergy plays a significant role for the future energy supply and energy transition. Thus it is essential to expand the applicability of biofuels. Especially residue biomass is in the focus of academic and commercial research. A promising conversion technology for the production of liquid and gaseous fuels for combined heat and power (CHP) from residual biomass is the Thermo-Catalytic Reforming process (TCR®). At the EU BC&amp;E 2016 positive results have been presented for the operation of a demo-scale combined heat and power diesel engine with bio-oil from this pyrolysis and reforming process. Main advantage of liquid biofuel from this process is the direct applicability in an internal combustion engine which is problematic for common fast pyrolysis oils. The liquid product of the TCR® process showed remarkably properties like a low TAN number, low viscosity, high heating value and as an unique and essential property for CHP application thermal stability The CHP engines were run on several gas TCR®-liquid mixtures. To meet the targeted high efficiency at an input of 80% gaseous and 20% liquid fuel, minor optimisations were required by means of injection timing and exhaust gas recirculation. In this context performance, emission characteristics and efficiency were measured and compared for different settings and operation points. The Thermo-Catalytic Reforming process is a key component of the Biobattery concept developed within the framework of the Center for Energy Storage (CES).
Inhibition of the cysteinyl leukotriene pathways increases survival of RGCs and reduces microglial activation in ocular hypertension (2021)

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. This multifactorial, neurodegenerative group of diseases is characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, leading to irreversible visual impairment and blindness. There is a huge unmet and urging need for the development of new and translatable strategies and treatment options to prevent this progressive loss of RGC. Accumulating evidence points towards a critical role of neuroinflammation, in particular microglial cells, in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Leukotrienes are mediators of neuroinflammation and are involved in many neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we tested the leukotriene receptors CysLT1R/GPR17-selective antagonist Montelukast (MTK) for its efficacy to modulate the reactive state of microglia in order to ameliorate RGCs loss in experimental glaucoma. Ocular hypertension (OHT) was induced unilaterally by injection of 8 μm magnetic microbead (MB) into the anterior chamber of female Brown Norway rats. The contralateral, untreated eye served as control. Successful induction of OHT was verified by daily IOP measurement using a TonoLab rebound tonometer. Simultaneously to OHT induction, one group received daily MTK treatment and the control group vehicle solution by oral gavage. Animals were sacrificed 13-15 days after MB injection. Retina and optic nerves (ON) of OHT and contralateral eyes were analyzed by immunofluorescence with specific markers for RGCs (Brn3a), microglial cells/macrophages (Iba1 and CD68), and cysteinyl leukotriene pathway receptors (CysLT1R and GPR17). Protein labeling was documented by confocal microscopy and analyzed with ImageJ plugins. Further, mRNA expression of genes of the inflammatory and leukotriene pathway was analyzed in retinal tissue. MTK treatment resulted in a short-term IOP reduction at day 2, which dissipated by day 5 of OHT induction in MTK treated animals. Furthermore, MTK treatment resulted in a decreased activation of Iba1<sup>+</sup> microglial cells in the retina and ON, and in a significantly increased RGC survival in OHT eyes. Within the retina, GPR17 and CysLT1R expression was demonstrated in single RCGs and in microglial cells respectively. Further, increased mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory genes was detected in OHT induced retinas. In the ON, OHT induction increased the number of GPR17<sup>+</sup> cells, showing a trend of reduction following MTK treatment. This study shows for the first time a significantly increased RGC survival in an acute OHT model following treatment with the leukotriene receptor antagonist MTK. These results strongly suggest a neuroprotective effect of MTK and a potential new therapeutic strategy for glaucoma treatment.