gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B: are we doing any good to patients? (2009)

At the recent National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference, the value of antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B in improving clinical outcome was hotly debated. In patients with chronic hepatitis B, antiviral therapy has proved effective in viral load reduction, alanine aminotransferase normalization and histological improvements. However, its efficacy in reducing decompensated liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related death remains unclear. To date, animal studies and observational studies, but very few randomized controlled trials, have shown improved clinical outcomes after antiviral therapy. The difficulties of conducting clinical trials using clinical endpoints are highlighted. Before more clinical outcome data are available, it is important to validate the clinical implications of surrogate markers including biochemical, virological and histological responses.
Experimental approaches to the study of the biogenesis of mammalian mitochondrial proteins (1986)

Mitochondrial proteins are synthesized in mitochondria and on cytosolic ribosomes. Several approaches used to establish the site of synthesis and the identity of mitochondrially synthesized proteins are described. These include the specific inhibition of mitochondrial translation by inhibitors or mutation and the specific elimination of cytosolic translation either by using isolated mitochondria or specific inhibitors. Experimental approaches to study the import of proteins into mitochondria are also discussed.
Noninvasive Biomarkers in Ovarian Cancer (2013)

One of the major challenges in cancer research is the identication of stable biomarkers, which can be routinely measured noninvasively in easily accessible samples. Ovarian cancer is one such disease that would benet from improved diagnostic markers.
Structure‐energy criterion of the wear resistance of metals and alloys with allowance for the stiffness of the stressed‐strained state of the surface (2006)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the phenomenon of wear resistance of some metals and alloys with allowance for the stiffness of their stressed‐strained state of the surface. Design/methodology/approach An original criterion (in the form of limiting deformation power density) of wear resistance on the basis of structure‐energy theory of friction is proposed. Experimental data on the wear resistance are generalized using the criterion for the conditions of hydroabrasive, impact‐abrasive and cavitational erosion. Findings The dependence of the criterion on stiffness coefficient of the stressed‐strained state of the surface of materials is demonstrated. It has been found that an increase of the stiffness results in the reduction in the energy capacity and wear resistance of both metals and alloys investigated. Practical implications The structure‐energy criterion can be used for choosing suitable frictional materials and to compare and estimate the theoretical considerations with experimental data. Originality/value The proposed structure‐energy approach allows systemizing the results of our analyses and the experimental data.
Capacitance analysis of wire-array solar cell (2010)

Solar cell texturized with wire-array structure is an emerging solar cell architecture that promises to improve the performance of low-cost but low lifetime solar materials. Central to this idea is conformal (radial) cylindrical p-n junction geometry that allows radial carrier collection orthogonal to the light absorption direction. Despite many efforts to produce wire-array solar cells so far there have been no known method to identify the presence of this conformal junction. In this paper we demonstrate unique capacitance voltage analysis to determine the junction structures in the wire-array solar cells and successfully identify which cell that offers best performance. This method also provides a novel way to determine solar cell junction depth via simple C-V analysis and thus can be utilized as a process monitor in the emitter formation step of standard (planar) solar cells. The method and analysis described here are critical to realize a performance-enhancing wire-array solar cell.
Nanoscale Elastocapillary Effect Induced by Thin-Liquid-Film Instability (2020)

Dense arrays of high-aspect-ratio (HAR) vertical nanostructures are essential elements of microelectronic components, photovoltaics, nanoelectromechanical, and energy storage devices. One of the critical challenges in manufacturing the HAR nanostructures is to prevent their capillary-induced aggregation during solution-based nanofabrication processes. Despite the importance of controlling capillary effects, the detailed mechanisms of how a solution interacts with nanostructures are not well understood. Using <i>in situ</i> liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we track the dynamics of nanoscale drying process of HAR silicon (Si) nanopillars in real-time and identify a new mechanism responsible for pattern collapse and nanostructure aggregation. During drying, deflection and aggregation of nanopillars are driven by thin-liquid-film instability, which results in much stronger capillary interactions between the nanopillars than the commonly proposed lateral meniscus interaction forces. The importance of thin-film instability in dewetting has been overlooked in prevalent theories on elastocapillary aggregation. The new dynamic mechanism revealed by <i>in situ</i> visualization is essential for the development of robust nanofabrication processes.
Epidemiology of non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections in bronchiectasis patients using the US Bronchiectasis/NTM Research Registry (BRR) (2022)

<b>Background:</b> The number of cases and deaths from NTM have increased globally, with 2 predominant species, Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) and Mycobacterium Abscessus Complex (MABSC). Management of NTM-Pulmonary Disease (NTM-PD) varies significantly with lack of standardisation due to lengthy multidrug therapy associated with poor tolerability, compliance and outcomes. <b>Objectives:</b> Describe NTM epidemiology, clinical management and outcomes among diagnosed NTM-PD patients <b>Methods:</b> Retrospective cohort study in the US BRR, a registry of adult patients with bronchiectasis and/or NTM covering 2008-2019. History of NTM and/or ≥1positive sputum culture was used for NTM diagnosis. Per physician report, cure was defined as remaining culture negative ≥12m after treatment completion, treatment failure defined as remaining culture positive ≥6m during treatment and recurrence as confirmed disease ≥6m after cure. <b>Results:</b> For 2019, 37.9% (1457/3840) of registry bronchiectasis patients had a diagnosis of NTM infection (MAC/MABSC ratio=5.7:1). Between 2008-2019, 55.1% (555/1008) of MAC-infected patients were treated with antibiotics (vs 62.9% (90/143) for MABSC). Treatment response: <i>*Denominators do not include loss to follow-up, unknown, missing data; the categories are not mutually exclusive</i> <b>Conclusion:</b> The % of registry patients with MAC and MABSC who are treated appear similar, as their outcomes. These findings demonstrate the value of the planned more detailed analysis of treatment pathways and outcomes.
Parcellation‐based tractographic modeling of the salience network through meta‐analysis (2022)

Here we provide an anatomically specific connectivity model of the neural substrates involved in the salience network. These results may serve as an empiric basis for clinical translation in this region and for future study which seeks to expand our understanding of how specific neural substrates are involved in salience processing and guide subsequent human behavior.
Total Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of 23-Demethyleushearilide and Extensive Antimicrobial Evaluation of All Synthetic Stereoisomers of (16Z,20E)-Eushearilide and (16E,20E)-Eushearilide (2019)

A novel stereoisomer of eushearilide, 23-demethyleushearilide, was synthesized, and the structure-activity relationships of this compound along with known eushearilide stereoisomers were investigated in order to design novel lead compounds for the treatment of fungal infections. It was discovered that all of these congeners, together with the natural product, exhibited a wide range of antimicrobial activity against not only fungi but also against bacteria, including methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE).
Application of self-phase modulation and optical filtering to measurement of residual chromatic dispersion (2002)

We have examined a dispersion monitoring technique using spectral filtering of an SPM-broadened RZ data stream to measure residual pulse dispersion. Our results indicate that spectral broadening is a good measure of residual dispersion, and is directly correlated with dispersion related receiver impairment. The method works well over a range of relevant BER penalties and is limited only by interpulse interference at large pulse dispersion.
High-mobility GeSn p-MOSFETs on transparent substrate utilizing nucleation-controlled liquid-phase crystallization (2016)

High-mobility GeSn p-MOSFETs on quartz substrate were demonstrated. We developed nucleation-controlled liquid-phase crystallization for obtaining high-quality tensile-strained single-crystalline GeSn layer. The peak field-effect hole mobility (µ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FE</inf> ) of 423 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Vs was obtained with Sn content of 2%, which indicates excellent crystalline quality of GeSn alloy formed by this technique.
A novel multilayer process for HTS SFQ circuit (2003)

We have developed a novel multilayer process for HTS-SFQ circuits adopting a NBCO groundplane and tin-oxide isolation layers, and fabricated an HTS-SFQ ring oscillator circuit including 21 Josephson junctions. The junctions on the buried groundplane exhibited excellent Josephson characteristics with a magnetic modulation of I/sub c/ exceeding 90%, and an I/sub c/R/sub n/ product of 0.75 mV at 30 K. The sheet inductance of the wiring layer at 30 K was evaluated to be 1.1 pH for the counter-electrode layer, and 1.3 pH for the base-electrode layer. We confirmed the correct operation of the 10-stage ring oscillator at 20-30 K. The maximum dc output voltage of the ring oscillator was 0.06 mV at 30 K and 0.12 mV at 20 K, indicating the signal delay per stage of 3.4 ps and 1.8 ps, respectively.
Layered Zn2[Co(CN)6](CH3COO) double metal cyanide: a two-dimensional DMC phase with excellent catalytic performance (2019)

Double metal cyanides (DMCs) are well known, industrially applied catalysts for ring opening polymerization reactions. In recent years, they have been studied for a variety of catalytic reactions, as well as other applications, such as energy storage and Cs sorption. Herein, a new, layered DMC phase (<b>L-DMC</b>), Zn<sub>2</sub>[Co(CN)<sub>6</sub>](CH<sub>3</sub>COO)·4H<sub>2</sub>O, was synthesized. The structure, which crystallizes in the monoclinic space group <i>P</i>2<sub>1</sub>/<i>m</i>, consists of positively charged {Zn<sub>2</sub>Co(CN)<sub>6</sub>}<sup>+</sup> DMC layers linked through acetate groups and presents a new layered structure to the family of double metal cyanides. <b>L-DMC</b> proved to be a reusable and stable catalyst that exhibited a higher activity than the benchmark DMC catalyst in two important applications: hydroamination of phenylacetylene with 4-isopropylaniline and polymerization of 1,2-epoxyhexane.
A Model-Based Approach for an Optimal Maintenance Strategy (2014)

In this paper we introduce a novel model-based reliability analysis methodology to guide the best maintenance practices for the different components in complex engineered systems. We have developed a tool that allows the system designer to explore the consequences of different design choices, and to assess the effects of faults and wear on critical components as a result of usage or age. The tool uses pre-computed simulations of usage scenarios for which performance metrics can be computed as functions of system configurations and faulty/worn components. These simulations make use of damage maps, which estimate component degradation as a function of usage or age. This allows the designer to determine the components and their respective fault modes that are critical w.r.t. the performance requirements of the design. Given a design configuration, the tool is capable of providing a ranked list of critical fault modes and their individual contributions to the likelihood of failing the different performance requirements. From this initial analysis it is possible to determine the components that have little to no effect on the probabilityof the system meeting its performance requirements. These components are likely candidates for reactive maintenance. Other component faults may affect the performance over the short or long run. Given a limit for allowable failure risk, it is possible to compute the Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) for each of those fault modes. These time intervals, grouped by component or Line Replaceable Units (LRUs), are aggregated to develop a preventive maintenance schedule. The most critical faults may be candidates for Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM). For these cases, the specific fault Bhaskar Saha et. al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. modes considered for CBM also guide sensor selection and placement.
Immuno‐Polymeric Nanoparticles by Diels–Alder Chemistry (2007)

Ins Ziel getroffen: An selbstorganisierten polymeren Nanopartikeln aus einem amphiphilen Copolymer mit Furangruppen am äußeren Polyethylenglycolkranz sind Diels-Alder-Reaktionen mit Maleimid-funktionalisierten Antikörpern zur Synthese von Immun-Nanopartikeln (siehe Bild) möglich. Das einfache und saubere Kupplungsverfahren ermöglicht ein leichtes Modifizieren der Nanopartikel, um sie gezielt gegen Krebszellen einsetzen zu können.
Binary Hypothesis Testing with Learning of Empirical Distributions (2021)

Binary hypothesis testing with a single observer is considered. The true distributions of the observations under either hypothesis are unknown. Empirical distributions are estimated from observations. A sequence of detection problems are solved using the sequence of empirical distributions. The convergence of the information state and optimal detection cost under empirical distributions to the information state and optimal detection cost under the true distribution are shown. Simulation results are presented and are consistent with the results mentioned earlier.
A genome‐wide association study suggests new evidence for an association of the NADPH Oxidase 4 (NOX4) gene with severe diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes (2018)

This genome-wide association study of severe diabetic retinopathy suggests new evidence for the involvement of the NOX4 gene.
Morphology Dependence of Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 Nanostructure Prepared through Microwave Hydrothermal Process (2012)

Abstract Five different morphologies selectively synthesized through a microwave hydrothermal route in order to determine the dependence of degradation efficiency on TiO 2 morphologies. These five morphologies include nanosphere, nanotube, hollow sphere, nanorod and granule‐like particle. Scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and Brunauer‐Emment‐Teller methods were used to characterize the morphologies, crystalline structures, and specific surface area of these nanostructured TiO 2 . Oxidants were used as sacrificial electron acceptor to accelerate the degradation. The degradation mechanism of oxalic acid on the surface of TiO 2 influenced by oxidants was discussed.
High‐Throughput Flow Cytometry (2010)

Abstract This article describes the creation of a discovery team in an academic environment. The team is specifically structured to perform four integrated activities: characterizing membrane protein, formatting the materials for analysis of cell physiology and molecular interactions, performing screens of small‐molecule activity on a novel high‐throughput flow cytometric instrument platform, and integrating virtual screening with activity screening. These activities improve the overall efficiency of the discovery process.
Control of Second-Harmonic Generation in All-Dielectric Polaritonic Metasurfaces via Microscopic Control of &#967;(2). (2021)

Abstract not provided.
Dehydrogenation of Aromatic Amines to Imines via Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrogen Transfer. (2002)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Aluminum Recycling via Near Room Temperature Electrolysis in Ionic Liquids (2013)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Experimental Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgement
Micropneumatic Digital Logic Structures for Integrated Microdevice Computation and Control (2007)

It is shown that microfabricated polydimethylsiloxane membrane valve structures can be configured to function as transistors in pneumatic digital logic circuits. Using the analogy with metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor circuits, networks of pneumatically actuated microvalves are designed to produce pneumatic digital logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, and XOR). These logic gates are combined to form 4- and 8-bit ripple-carry adders as a demonstration of their universal pneumatic computing capabilities. Signal propagation through these pneumatic circuits is characterized, and an amplifier circuit is demonstrated for improved signal transduction. Propagation of pneumatic carry information through the 8-bit adder is complete within 1.1 s, demonstrating the feasibility of integrated temporal control of pneumatic actuation systems. Integrated pneumatic logical systems reduce the number of off-chip controllers required for lab-on-a-chip and microelectromechanical system devices, allowing greater complexity and portability. This technology also enables the development of digital pneumatic computing and logic systems that are immune to electromagnetic interference.
Road to PD0325901 and beyond: The MEK Inhibitor Quest (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Genesis of the MEK Inhibitor Program at Parke-Davis Role of PD 98059 in Teaching US the Importance of the MAP Kinase Pathway Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) Studies with PD 0045443 Lessons Learned from CI-1040 Evolution of PD 0325901 Clinical Trials of PD 0325901 Legacy of PD 0325901 Looking to the Future Acknowledgments Dedication References
Ternary phases in three-dimension (1995)

The use of phase diagrams is fundamental to engineering new materials and to process optimization and debugging in the manufacture of well-established materials and products. Although proper interpretation of binary-phase diagrams is generally straightforward, ternary diagrams are, to some, more intimidating. A number of subtle rules must be followed to determine the cooling path of a chosen composition, and composition/temperature correlations require extrapolation between distant isotherms on the diagram. Software has been developed that follows these rules with digital precision, so that greater accuracy can be extracted from the diagrams and misinterpretations can be avoided. The software inputs a data file containing the coordinates of compounds, boundary lines and isotherms, as well as their names and values. Based on this, least-squares polynomial surfaces can be fit to primary phase fields and polynomial curves fit to phase boundaries. A 3-D ternary diagram can then be rendered and phase calculations performed from these curves. The code is written to input a data file representing any ternary system, although presently, only the CaO-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-SiO{sub 2} system has been used. This system is plate No. 1 in the 10 large-scale ternary system diagrams published by the American Ceramic Society. This program immediately servesmore » as a useful teaching tool on how to interpret a ternary phase diagram. It is anticipated that the next version of the code will contain all 10 of the large-scale diagram plates. This will require additional algorithms to handle solid solutions and liquid immiscibility.« less
Nanoelectromechanical switch with low voltage drive (2008)

The triode structure vertical carbon nanotube based nanoelectromechanical switch shows excellent low voltage drive (∼4.5 V), owing to its vertical gate and the narrow gap between structural elements. The insulator deposition and the selective etching process steps simplify fabrication through self-alignment. The thickness of the insulator determines the width of the gap and the etching process, used to produce the vertical gate, removes the need for a complicated lithography step. The low drive voltage increases device stability and reliability and allows the device to be deployed in a wide range of applications.
Discriminative Feature-to-Point Matching in Image-Based Localization (2014)

The prevalent approach to image-based localization is matching interest points detected in the query image to a sparse 3D point cloud representing the known world. The obtained correspondences are then used to recover a precise camera pose. The state-of-the-art in this field often ignores the availability of a set of 2D descriptors per 3D point, for example by representing each 3D point by only its centroid. In this paper we demonstrate that these sets contain useful information that can be exploited by formulating matching as a discriminative classification problem. Since memory demands and computational complexity are crucial in such a setup, we base our algorithm on the efficient and effective random fern principle. We propose an extension which projects features to fern-specific embedding spaces, which yields improved matching rates in short runtime. Experiments first show that our novel formulation provides improved matching performance in comparison to the standard nearest neighbor approach and that we outperform related randomization methods in our localization scenario.
GABA_A receptors: the forgotten target (2018)

There is a wide spectrum of GABAA receptors that could lead to the development of better-tolerated benzodiazepines and new indications for their application, like depression, schizophrenia, autism, cognitive enhancement, and chronic pain. Preclinical experiments show promising results. The challenge is to translate basic science findings into clinical application, possibly improving short- and long-term outcomes