gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Complexity of Local Proof Search in Linear Logic (1996)

Proof search in linear logic is known to be difficult: the provability of propositional linear logic formulas is undecidable. Even without the modalities, multiplicative-additive fragment of propositional linear logic, mall, is known to be PSPACE-complete, and the pure multiplicative fragment, mll, is known to be np-complete. However, this still leaves open the possibility that there might be proof search heuristics (perhaps involving randomization) that often lead to a proof if there is one, or always lead to something close to a proof. One approach to these problems is to study strategies for proof games. A class of linear logic proof games is developed, each with a numeric score that depends on the number of certain preferred axioms used in a complete or partial proof tree. Using recent techniques for proving lower bounds on optimization problems, the complexity of these games is analyzed for the fragment mll extended with additive constants and for the fragment MALL. It is shown that no efficient heuristics exist unless there is an unexpected collapse in the complexity hierarchy.
Pilot-scale production and material properties of extruded straw-plastic composites based on untreated and fungal-treated wheat straw (2006)

The predominant filler used in the commercial extrusion of natural fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites in North America is wood flour. Fibers such as wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.) represent a promising filler alternative. In this investigation, untreated and fungal-treated wheat straw was employed as filler for extruded high-density polyethylene (HDPE) based composites. Fungal treatment of straw was accomplished with the white-rot fungus Pleurotus oetreatus (Jacq. ex Fr. Kummer) to improve adhesion between straw and HDPE and thus mechanical properties of straw-plastic composites (SPC). The straw used in this research was not sterilized prior to fungal treatment for 6 and 12 weeks to achieve maximum cost-efficiency of large-scale SPC production. Our results indicate that the mechanical properties of SPC produced with untreated straw are comparable to those of a wood-plastic composite based on pine flour. In the temperature range with the most relevance to the extrusion process (100° to 300°C), fungal-degraded straw appeared thermally less stable than untreated straw, but this did not negatively affect composite manufacture. Complete dominance of P. ostreatus on the straw was not achieved under the non-sterile conditions applied in this study. Furthermore, treatment did not have a statistically significant (α-value of 0.05) influence on either modulus of rupture or modulus of elasticity of SPC. Hence, under the conditions applied in this study, degraded straw offered no advantages compared to untreated straw. At the same time, it was demonstrated that untreated wheat straw offers potential as a substitute for wood fillers in the extrusion of thermoplastic composites.
Graph based algorithms for scene reconstruction from two or more views (2004)

In recent years, graph cuts have emerged as a powerful optimization technique for minimizing energy functions that arise in low-level vision problems. Graph cuts avoid the problems of local minima inherent in other approaches (such as gradient descent). The goal of this thesis is to apply graph cuts to a classical computer vision problem—scene reconstruction from multiple views, i.e. computing the 3-dimensional shape of the scene. 
This thesis provides a technical result which greatly facilitates the derivation of the scene reconstruction algorithm. Our result should also be useful for developing other energy minimization algorithms based on graph cuts. Previously such algorithms explicitly constructed graphs where a minimum cut also minimizes the appropriate energy. It is natural to ask for what energy functions we can construct such a graph. We answer this question for the class of functions of binary variables that can be written as a sum of terms containing three or fewer variables. We give a simple criterion for functions in this class which is necessary and sufficient, as well as a necessary condition for any function of binary variables. We also give a general-purpose graph construction for functions that satisfy our criterion. 
Using this result, we develop several algorithms for the scene reconstruction problem. We formulate this problem in an energy minimization framework. The energy that we minimize encodes all the constraints of the problem: it treats the input images symmetrically, handles visibility properly, and imposes spatial smoothness while preserving discontinuities. We discuss several smoothness terms that we can use. Experimental results show that our algorithms for two views are among the top performers, and that the accuracy of the reconstruction is greatly improved when more views are used. 
In the last chapter of the thesis we address the issue of the efficiency of min-cut/max-flow algorithms for computer vision applications. We compare the running times of several standard algorithms, as well as a new algorithm that we have recently developed. We benchmark these algorithms on a number of typical graphs arising in vision. In many cases our new algorithm works several times faster than other methods.
Data from Suppression of Prostate Cancer Nodal and Systemic Metastasis by Blockade of the Lymphangiogenic Axis (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Lymph node involvement denotes a poor outcome for patients with prostate cancer. Our group, along with others, has shown that initial tumor cell dissemination to regional lymph nodes via lymphatics also promotes systemic metastasis in mouse models. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of suppressive therapies targeting either the angiogenic or lymphangiogenic axis in inhibiting regional lymph node and systemic metastasis in subcutaneous and orthotopic prostate tumor xenografts. Both androgen-dependent and more aggressive androgen-independent prostate tumors were used in our investigations. Interestingly, we observed that the threshold for dissemination is lower in the vascular-rich prostatic microenvironment compared with subcutaneously grafted tumors. Both vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) ligand trap (sVEGFR-3) and antibody directed against VEGFR-3 (mF4-31C1) significantly reduced tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastasis to regional lymph nodes and distal vital organs without influencing tumor growth. Conversely, angiogenic blockade by short hairpin RNA against VEGF or anti–VEGFR-2 antibody (DC101) reduced tumor blood vessel density, significantly delayed tumor growth, and reduced systemic metastasis, although it was ineffective in reducing lymphangiogenesis or nodal metastasis. Collectively, these data clarify the utility of vascular therapeutics in prostate tumor growth and metastasis, particularly in the context of the prostate microenvironment. Our findings highlight the importance of lymphangiogenic therapies in the control of regional lymph node and systemic metastasis. [Cancer Res 2008;68(19):7828–37] [Cancer Res 2008;68(19):7828–37]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
A Controlled Experiment to Determine the Water Table Response Using Ground Penetrating Radar (2008)

Abstract Ground penetrating radar (GPR) data were explored during a physical model experiment that utilized a polyethylene tank and an abiotic sand matrix to simulate water contamination in the vadose zone under fluctuating water table conditions. The main objective of this experiment was to determine the source of GPR reflections from a changing water table in a controlled experimental environment. During the experiment, the water table was varied by injecting water into the bottom of the tank and subsequently draining it. The experiment was conducted over a number of days, during which various conditions (unsaturated, saturated, residual saturation) were characterized using GPR measurements. As a result of this approach, a more comprehensive comparison was possible for each step and results were compared with mass balance information. Results of the study indicate that, under saturated conditions, the main reflector of GPR energy is indicative of the capillary fringe and not the actual water table. Well readings and estimates of the mass balance of water input into the system confirm this interpretation.
Context-adaptive coded block pattern coding for H.264/AVC (2011)

For coding of quantized transform coefficients, a coded block pattern (CBP) is a key syntax element to represent the existence of coefficients in a macroblock efficiently. In H.264/AVC, the CBP is coded by using a fixed variable length coding table, called Exp-Golomb codes. However, since the CBP is highly affected by the change of quantization parameter (QP), in this paper, we show the CBP distributions according to the change of QP and propose an context-adaptive CBP coding method. The proposed scheme selects the coding table adaptively based on the context of neighbors' CBP. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme reduces average 1.15% in total bit rate and 12.54% in CBP bit rate compared to the anchor, H.264/AVC.
Molecular Engineering of Self-Immolative Bioresponsive MR Probes (2023)

Real-time detection of bio-event in whole animals provides essential information for understanding biological and therapeutic processes. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging represents a non-invasive approach to generating three-dimensional anatomic images with high spatial-temporal resolution and unlimited depth penetration. We have developed several self-immolative enzyme-activatable agents that provide excellent in vivo contrast and function as gene expression reporters. Here, we describe a vast improvement in image contrast over our previous generations of these bioresponsive agents based on a new pyridyl-carbamate Gd(III) complex. The pyridyl-carbamate-based agent has a very low MR relaxivity in the "off-state" (<i>r</i><sub>1</sub> = 1.8 mM<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> at 1.41 T). However, upon enzymatic processing, it generates a significantly higher relaxivity with a Δ<i>r</i><sub>1</sub> = 106% versus Δ<i>r</i><sub>1</sub> ∼ 20% reported previously. Single X-ray crystal and nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion analyses offer mechanistic insights regarding MR signal enhancement at the molecular scale. This work demonstrates a pyridyl-carbamate-based self-immolative molecular platform for the construction of enzymatic bio-responsive MR agents, which can be adapted to a wide range of other targets for exploring stimuli-responsive materials and biomedical applications.
Carrier-selective interlayer materials for silicon solar cell contacts (2018)

This work presents titanium oxide (TiOx) and nickel oxide (NiOx) as promising carrier-selective interlayer materials for metal-interlayer–semiconductor contacts for silicon solar cells. The electron-conducting, hole-blocking behavior of TiOx and the opposite carrier-selective behavior of NiOx are investigated using the transmission-line-method. The Fermi level depinning effect and the tunneling resistance are demonstrated to be dependent on the interlayer oxide thickness and annealing temperature. NiOx is furthermore experimentally demonstrated to be capable of improving the effective minority carrier lifetime by quasi-steady-state photoconductance method. Our study demonstrates that TiOx and NiOx can be effective carrier-selective materials for Si solar cells and provides a framework for characterizing carrier-selective contacts.
An empirical study of router response to large BGP routing table load (2002)

Anecdotal evidence suggests that misconfiguration of backbone routers occasionally leads to an injection of large routing tables into the BGP routing system. In this paper, we investigate the detailed mechanics of router response to large BGP routing tables. We examine three commercial routers, and find that their responses vary significantly. Some routers exhibit table-size oscillations that have the potential to cause cascading failure. Others need operator intervention to recover from large routing tables. We also find that deployed resource control mechanisms, such as prefix limits and route flap damping, are only partially suceessful in mitigating the impact of large routing tables.
The N-Terminal Domain of RTX Toxin ApxI of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Elicits Protective Immunity in Mice (2002)

We expressed three Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ApxI deletion derivatives to map the domain that could induce protective immunity. Antiserum to ApxI N-terminal covered by residues 40 to 380 was found to neutralize ApxI hemolytic activity but not ApxIII cytotoxicity. When used as a subunit vaccine in mice, this recombinant N-terminal fragment elicited protection against lethal infection with heterologous A. pleuropneumoniae serovars.
In Vivo Expression of Full-Length Human Dystrophin from Adenoviral Vectors Deleted of All Viral Genes (1996)

Adenoviral vectors have been shown to effect efficient somatic gene transfer in skeletal muscle and thus offer potential for the development of therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Efficient transfer of recombinant genes has been demonstrated in skeletal muscle using recombinant adenoviruses deleted of E1. Application of this vector system to the treatment of DMD is limited by the vector immunogenicity, as well as by size constraints for insertion of recombinant genes, precluding the incorporation of a full-length dystrophin minigene construct. We describe in this study the use of helper adenovirus to generate a recombinant vector deleted of all viral open reading frames and containing a full-length dystrophin minigene. We show that this deleted vector (delta vector) is capable of efficiently transducing dystrophin in mdx mice, in myotubes in vitro and muscle fibers in vivo. Our modification of adenoviral vector technology may be useful for the development of gene therapies for DMD and other diseases.
Viscoelastic finite‐difference modeling (1993)

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1993Viscoelastic finite‐difference modelingAuthors: J. O. BlanchJ. O. A. RobertssonW. W. SymesJ. O. BlanchRice University, J. O. A. RobertssonRice University, and W. W. SymesRice Universityhttps://doi.org/10.1190/1.1822675 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1822675FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByStudy of the numerical dispersion of FEMs for the viscoacoustic equationJournal of Applied Geophysics, Vol. 55, No. 3-4Loop level parallelization of a seismic inversion codeMichel Kern and William W. Symes10 February 2005 SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1993ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645Copyright: 1993 Pages: 1396 publication data© 1993 Copyright © 1993 Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished: 10 Feb 2005 CITATION INFORMATION J. O. Blanch, J. O. A. Robertsson, and W. W. Symes, (1993), "Viscoelastic finite‐difference modeling," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 990-993. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1822675 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...
Detection of Glottal Closure Instants from Speech Signals: a\n Quantitative Review (2019)

The pseudo-periodicity of voiced speech can be exploited in several speech\nprocessing applications. This requires however that the precise locations of\nthe Glottal Closure Instants (GCIs) are available. The focus of this paper is\nthe evaluation of automatic methods for the detection of GCIs directly from the\nspeech waveform. Five state-of-the-art GCI detection algorithms are compared\nusing six different databases with contemporaneous electroglottographic\nrecordings as ground truth, and containing many hours of speech by multiple\nspeakers. The five techniques compared are the Hilbert Envelope-based detection\n(HE), the Zero Frequency Resonator-based method (ZFR), the Dynamic Programming\nPhase Slope Algorithm (DYPSA), the Speech Event Detection using the Residual\nExcitation And a Mean-based Signal (SEDREAMS) and the Yet Another GCI Algorithm\n(YAGA). The efficacy of these methods is first evaluated on clean speech, both\nin terms of reliabililty and accuracy. Their robustness to additive noise and\nto reverberation is also assessed. A further contribution of the paper is the\nevaluation of their performance on a concrete application of speech processing:\nthe causal-anticausal decomposition of speech. It is shown that for clean\nspeech, SEDREAMS and YAGA are the best performing techniques, both in terms of\nidentification rate and accuracy. ZFR and SEDREAMS also show a superior\nrobustness to additive noise and reverberation.\n
Quo Vadis Influenza? (2021)

The number of influenza virus detections declined tremendously after the emergence and worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); an effect most likely caused by non-pharmaceutical interventions to slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Recent data suggest that influenza virus detection has slightly increased in parts of the world, perhaps owing to the relaxation of social distancing measures.
Correction (1991)

The sequence reported in our 22 March 1991 report "Isolation of a rel-related human cDNA that potentially encodes the 65-kD subunit of NF-κB" [Science 251, 1490 (1991)], contained some errors. Resequencing under strong denaturing conditions revealed three insertions at nucleotide positions 1194, 1212, and 1220, which changed the AA sequence from RSAR-PRLGP to QISQASALAP (residues 372 to 380), thus accounting for some of the divergence in this region. A corrected sequence has been sent to GenBank.
<title>Dynamic focusing in head-mounted displays</title> (1999)

In stereoscopic virtual environment system, vergence eye movements are required but the absence of the need to accommodate is not consistent with real-world vision. Ideally, virtual objects would be displayed at the appropriate distances from the viewer and natural, concordant accommodation and vergence would be required. Based on optical principles and human vision, we investigate the feasibility of a novel display based on multiple depth planes. arrays to provide these cues. We then briefly discuss some design approaches to focusing at multiple depth planes.
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptors in Human Pituitary Gland: Autoradiographic Localization (1985)

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors were localized in the human pituitary gland by an in vitro labeling light microscopic autoradiographic technique using an 125I-labeled analog of ovine CRF substituted with norleucine and tyrosine at amino acid residues 21 and 32, respectively. Specific binding sites for CRF were observed in the anterior lobe while no specific binding sites for CRF were present in the posterior pituitary lobe. The CRF binding sites in the anterior lobe occurred in clusters which predominated in the anteromedial portion of the lobe. This pattern of localization of CRF binding sites resembles previously reported distributions of corticotrophs in anterior pituitary. These data support the physiological role of endogenous CRF in regulating hormone secretion from the anterior lobe of the human pituitary.
Rough‐sea deghosting using wave heights derived from low‐frequency pressure recordings — A case study (2004)

By recording very low frequencies of pressure, below 0.5 Hz, we are able to estimate the wave heights directly above each hydrophone in the seismic streamer, as a function of time. Because of the bandwidth separation, this can be done without affecting the simultaneously acquired seismic recordings. These wave‐height estimates are used to derive deterministic deghosting operators that compensate for the rough‐sea reflection response. We apply the method to a 2D line acquired in the North Sea using a 5‐m streamer tow depth. Initial stack results show a clear improvement in resolution after deghosting with improved reflector continuity, a more compressed wavelet, better low‐frequency response, and improved signal‐to‐noise ratio.
Titanium Nitridation on Copper Surfaces (1996)

alloy films were annealed in flowing at temperatures of 450 to 700°C. Ti segregates to the free surface to form TiN, leaving nearly pure Cu in the remaining metal film. Elastic recoil detection and Auger electron spectroscopy were applied to investigate the chemistry of the as‐formed nitride as a function of anneal temperature. The use of these two techniques in tandem offers a combination of standardless compositional determination, excellent mass and depth resolution, and chemical bonding information. The Ti:N ratio is nearly 1.0 for T ⩾ 550°C, and the nitride contains ∼ 6 atom percent O. The amount of nitrogen incorporated increases with temperature with an activation energy of 0.6 eV. A native Ti oxide remaining at the TiN/Cu interface suggests Ti is the dominant diffusing species during nitridation.
Analytical comparison of the matched filter and orthogonal subspace projection detectors in structured models for hyperspectral images (2006)

In this paper, we perform an analytical comparison of two well-known detectors-the matched filter detector (MFD) and the orthogonal subspace projection (OSP) detector for the subpixel target detection in hyperspectral images under the assumption of the structured model. The OSP detector (equivalent to the least squares estimator) is a popular detector utilizing background signature information. On the other hand, the MFD is intended for a model without background information, and it is often used for its simplicity. The OSP detector seems to be more reliable because it removes the interference of background signatures. However, it has been demonstrated in the literature that sometimes the MFD can be more powerful. In this paper, we show analytical results explaining the relationship between the two detectors beyond the anecdotal evidence from specific hyperspectral images or simulations. We also give some guidelines on when the MFD may be more beneficial than the OSP, and when the OSP is better because of being more robust against a wide range of conditions.
Analysis of electric field distribution in GaAs metal–semiconductor field effect transistor with a field-modulating plate (2000)

Electric field distribution in the channel of a field effect transistor (FET) with a field-modulating plate (FP) has been theoretically investigated using a two-dimensional ensemble Monte Carlo simulation. This analysis revealed that the introduction of FP is effective in canceling the influence of surface traps under forward bias conditions and in reducing the electric field intensity at the drain side of the gate edge under pinch-off bias conditions. This study also found that a partial overlap of the high-field region under the gate and that at the FP electrode is important for reducing the electric field intensity. The optimized metal–semiconductor FET with FP (FPFET) (LGF∼0.2 μm) exhibited a much lower peak electric field intensity than a conventional metal–semiconductor FET. Based on these numerically calculated results, we have proposed a design procedure to optimize the power FPFET structure with extremely high breakdown voltages while maintaining reasonable gain performance.
Cover Picture: Expanding the Genetic Code (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1/2005) (2004)

Unnatural amino acids can be incorporated as new building blocks into the genetic codes of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms to facilitate studies of protein structure and function. Over 30 unnatural amino acids with modified side chains have been genetically encoded in response to unique triplet and quadruplet codons. L. Wang and P. G. Schultz describe in their Review on page 34 ff. chemical and biochemical approaches that have been developed to manipulate protein structure and add new amino acids to the genetic code.