gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi-Scale Monitoring and Prediction of System Responses to Biostimulation (2007)

Our research includes theoretical, numerical, and experimental investigations performed at the laboratory and the field scale, which involve the remote monitoring and prediction of biogeochemical processes using geophysical methods and reactive transport modeling, respectively.Linkage between the laboratory-scale and field-scale investigations will be ensured by using the same (native) sediments (and in some cases, groundwater), and by using the same geophysical measurement techniques and reactive transport code at both scales.By investigating the geophysical response to coupled processes and by performing calibrated and validated reactive transport modeling at both scales under the same environmental conditions, we are beginning to investigate how novel monitoring and modeling approaches scale with space and time.The experiments illustrated in Section II showed that correlations exist between the changes in geophysical responses and the changes in biogeochemical and physical properties.We previously interpreted these changes qualitatively, based on comparing the changes in geophysical signatures with biogeochemical measurements.In this component of the project, we are investigating the controls on complex electrical, radar and seismic amplitude responses in saturated, porous media using theoretical and mixing models, and testing the models using the laboratory data. This modeling will enable a more quantitative interpretation of the geophysical signatures than has been heretofore possible
Precision and Recall for Time Series (2018)

Classical anomaly detection is principally concerned with point-based anomalies, those anomalies that occur at a single point in time. Yet, many real-world anomalies are range-based, meaning they occur over a period of time. Motivated by this observation, we present a new mathematical model to evaluate the accuracy of time series classification algorithms. Our model expands the well-known Precision and Recall metrics to measure ranges, while simultaneously enabling customization support for domain-specific preferences.
Measurement of the Ωc0 Baryon Lifetime (2018)

We report a measurement of the lifetime of the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{c}^{0}$ baryon using proton-proton collision data at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $3.0\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment. The sample consists of about $1000\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{b}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{c}^{0}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}X$ signal decays, where the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{c}^{0}$ baryon is detected in the $p{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ final state and $X$ represents possible additional undetected particles in the decay. The ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{c}^{0}$ lifetime is measured to be ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{c}^{0}}=268\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fs}$, where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic, and from the uncertainty in the ${D}^{+}$ lifetime, respectively. This value is nearly four times larger than, and inconsistent with, the current world-average value.
The Re:Search Engine Helping People Return to Information on the Web (2005)

Re-finding information is commonly cited as a problem on the Web. One reason re-finding is hard is that while people rely on context to return to information (e.g., by following the original path taken to it), the Web makes no guarantee that the context will remain static. The Re:Search Engine is designed to help people return to information in dynamic environments like the Web by maintaining consistency in the results it returns. For example, if Connie, while looking to purchase a Global Positioning System, found several she liked via a search for “GPS”, she would expect to be able to use the same query to locate the same systems again. Returning the original result list for a re-issued query provides consistency, but omits new information, such as new GPS systems. An ideal result list contains both the systems Connie remembers having seen and high quality new systems. Because people remember little of what is presented in a search result list, when a person repeats a query, the Re:Search Engine can preserve what is remembered about the original result list while presenting new information. ACM Classification: H5.2 [Information interfaces and
Batch Patterning of SubMillimeter Features in Hard Magnetic Films Using Pulsed Magnetic Fields and Soft Magnetizing Heads (2013)

In this paper, we report a method to impart spatially defined magnetic patterns into hard magnetic films using pulsed magnetic fields. Differing from prior investigations on magnetic patterning, a single magnetizing head is used rather than a sandwich structure with two magnetizing heads. Arrays of 250- <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex></formula> m-wide and 125- <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex></formula> m-wide magnetic stripes with alternating out-of-plane polarity (perpendicular magnetization) are patterned in a 10- <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex> </formula> m-thick Co-rich Co-Pt alloy (Co <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$_{80}$</tex></formula> Pt <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$_{20}$</tex></formula> ) film using three different microstructured, 2-mm-thick, Fe-Co magnetizing heads and pulsed magnetic fields ranging from 0.1 to 1 T. A magneto-optical imaging film is used to view the magnetization patterns at the surface of the Co-Pt film. Scanning Hall probe measurements of the resulting magnetic structures indicate a <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">${\sim}5$</tex></formula> mT peak magnetic field 100 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex></formula> m above the surface which compares favorably with numerical simulations of the field patterns at the same height.
Propellant Losses Because of Particulate Emission in a Pulsed Plasma Thruster (1998)

Abstract : Propellant inefficiency material in particulate form is characterized in a laboratory pulsed plasma thruster (PPT) operating at 1 Hz with a 204 discharge energy (20 W). Exhaust deposits are collected and analyzed using a combination of a scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive x-ray analysis and microscopic imaging. Teflon(trademark) particulates are observed with characteristic dianietens ranging from over 100 micrometers down to less than 1 micrometer.
Non-contact ultrasound with optimum electronic steering angle to excite Lamb waves in thin metal sheets for mechanical stress measurements (2019)

A non-contact method for measuring mechanical stress in thin steel sheets using air-coupled ultrasound with electronic beam steering is presented. This allows the automatic adjustment of the optimum steering angle to excite the target Lamb wave mode for a wide range of thicknesses of the specimens, which is advantageous compared to conventional setups with fixed angles. By inducing mechanical stress into the metal sheet, a change of group velocity is measurable, as expected. The experimental setup consists of our 2D ultrasonic phasedarray, positioned above a steel sheet, emitting an ultrasound beam at an arbitrary angle. At the opposing end of the steel sheet, a microphone receives the leaky Lamb wave. We electronically sweep the angle of the ultrasound beam, matching the optimal coupling angle for different thicknesses of the steel sheets. Further, we demonstrate a sample NDT application, where we induce mechanical stress into the steel sheet, changing the group velocity in the material. Based on the arrival times measured with an oscilloscope, we calculate the group velocities for variable mechanical stresses. The signals received by the microphone show that the acoustic signal caused by the Lamb wave arrives before the air-coupled component of the ultrasound. The group velocities measured show good agreement to a linear relation for mechanical stresses up to 100MPa. Moreover, the measured group velocities match the expected values based on the calculation of the proper dispersion curves for asymmetric and symmetric Lamb waves for phase and group velocity at 40kHz and the given thickness of the steel sheet.
Transbattery, a Novel Class of Device to Study Electronic Properties of Nanostructured Materials for Energetics. (2020)

International energy policies aim to promote the efficient use of renewable energy sources and sustainable electric transport. Furthermore, the growing demand for energy autonomy is pushing research towards the development of low consumption/ self-powered electronic devices. This requires high-efficiency energy storage/conversion systems. In this context, the research is strongly committed to the development of new nanostructured electrode materials, especially for lithium batteries. Nowadays, attention is also paid to the miniaturization of electrochemical energy storage systems and their on-a-chip integration. Therefore, here we report a systematic study on the electronic conductivity of thin films of nanostructured electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. In particular, attention has been devoted to high voltage cathodic and stable anodic active materials. This has been addressed, for the first time, using an "Electrolyte gated transistor" as cell configuration. Indeed, with this cell configuration, it has been possible to evaluate the electronic characteristics of the materials in situ, i.e. during the redox processes that are at the basis of battery operation. In this study correlation between morphological and electronic properties of the material under charge/discharge cycling has been studied in order to monitor their evolution. The effect of different electrolytes such as commercial ones and, super-concentrated has been studied as well as the cycling performance. Finally, it has been possible to determine the most appropriate strategy to prepare the electrodes and select the right electrolyte in order to guarantee high current output and stability. Acknowledgments The research has been carried out under the Executive Bilateral Program Italy-Quebec 2017-2019 “Electronic properties of nanostructured materials for energetics” (M02241, QU17MO01 ).
Studies on impact of comparative quality evaluation of sun and cabinet drying on chemical quality characteristics of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) (2021)

Present work have been undertaken to study the impact of different drying techniques on chemical qualities of dried bitter gourd (Momordica charantia). Momordica charantia Linn. (Bitter gourd) commonly known as bitter melon or bitter gourd is tropical and subtropical climber of the family Cucurbitaceae. Bitter gourd are known for its anti-diabetic, anti-fungal, anti-carcinogenic etc properties which contribute limitless numbers of benefits to human being. In present investigation the fresh bitter gourds were cleaned, cut and dried by sun drying and cabinet drying. The dried bitter gourd was analyzed for proximate, mineral and color characteristics. It was observed that the bitter gourd processed by cabinet drying was observed significantly superior over sun drying with respect to fat, protein, fiber and ash contents. The bitter gourd dried by cabinet drying was found significantly superior over sun drying with respect to calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron total chlorophyll and total carotene content. From the research it was concluded that the drying of bitter gourd resulted in concentration of nutrients. The cabinet drying method was found significantly superior over sun drying method with respect to chemical composition.
Optofluidic Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Chip for Detection of Dengue Virus (2008)

In this work we describe the development of an optofluidic device for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) based detection of biological pathogens. The chip exploits the use of electro-active microwells which serve to both physically concentrate the Raman enhancers and to reduce the total analysis time through a unique electrokinetically driven on-chip mixing effect. To quantify the concentration performance of the device we use 44 nm polystyrene particles at low electric field strength (between 1.00–2.00 V) and demonstrate close to 90% concentration saturation within 2.5 s. We demonstrate the mixing capability through the enhanced detection of dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2). With DENV-2, we successfully detected the SERS signals with a limit of detection of 30 pM.
Theories of Industrial Organization as Explanations of Experimental Market Behavior (1981)

The current professional interest in experimental economics seems to stem in part from a recently acquired ability of economists to explore subtle implications of institutional details for market performance. Advances in understanding the role of information in market models suggest the possibility that the contribution of institutions in affecting information patterns and resource allocation can be identified and assessed. Game theory has increasingly focused upon the structure of strategy spaces as dictated by special institutional structures. The discovery of the theoretical existence of decentralized incentive compatible processes for the provision of public goods allows one to speculate about the possibility of many different types of institutions which might solve the public goods and free rider problems. The continued growth and development of the field of law and economics has directed the theory toward the study of the relationship between legal technology and economic principles. Theoretical works on the nature of institutions and possible manifestations of their influence fill the journals.
Incorporation of SDF‐1α into Pre‐formed Dextran Sulfate and Chitosan Nanoparticles (2015)

Dextran sulfate (DS) and chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (NPs) have a glycan matrix that may be useful for in vivo delivery of proteins. Current procedures for the formation of DS‐CS NPs with incorporated proteins is to first combine DS or CS with the protein of interest and then proceed to particle formation. In general, this process requires a significant amount of protein for particle formation, and after the reaction the unincorporated protein cannot be easily recovered for future incorporation. Considering the high cost and limited availability of various recombinant therapeutic proteins, in this study we investigated whether proteins can be incorporated efficiently in pre‐formed DS‐CS NPs. To do so, DS‐CS NPs were formulated, prepared on a large scale, and lyophilized. The reconstituted DS‐CS NPs were sized 333±16 nm, with a polydispersity of 0.119±0.026 and zeta potential of ‐32.4±1.4 mV. Stromal cell‐derived factor‐1α (SDF‐1α) was loaded onto the DS‐CS NPs at various concentrations. At the ratio of SDF‐1α to DS of 0.02:1, 85±8 % of the loaded SDF‐1α was incorporated in the NPs. The resulted particles (SDFNPs) had a diameter of 393±17 nm, a polydispersity of 0.147±0.032, and a zeta potential of ‐28.6±1.9 mV. The incorporated SDF‐1α had the same chemotactic activity as that of free SDF‐1α. Administration of aerosolized SDFNP to the lungs of rats showed that ~ 30% SDF‐1α remained in the tissue at 72 hr after the delivery, while free SDF‐1α was mostly cleared from the lung (~97%) after 16 hr. This study shows that pre‐formed DS‐CS NPs incorporated SDF‐1α with high efficiency, and can be a useful vehicle for delivery of recombinant therapeutic proteins to the lung parenchyma.
Identification of cerebral cortices processing acceleration, velocity, and position during directional reaching movement with deep neural network and explainable AI (2022)

Cerebral cortical representation of motor kinematics is crucial for understanding human motor behavior, potentially extending to efficient control of the brain-computer interface. Numerous single-neuron studies have found the existence of a relationship between neuronal activity and motor kinematics such as acceleration, velocity, and position. Despite differences between kinematic characteristics, it is hard to distinguish neural representations of these kinematic characteristics with macroscopic functional images such as electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). The reason might be because cortical signals are not sensitive enough to segregate kinematic characteristics due to their limited spatial and temporal resolution. Considering different roles of each cortical area in producing movement, there might be a specific cortical representation depending on characteristics of acceleration, velocity, and position. Recently, neural network modeling has been actively pursued in the field of decoding. We hypothesized that neural features of each kinematic parameter could be identified with a high-performing model for decoding with an explainable AI method. Time-series deep neural network (DNN) models were used to measure the relationship between cortical activity and motor kinematics during reaching movement. With DNN models, kinematic parameters of reaching movement in a 3D space were decoded based on cortical source activity obtained from MEG data. An explainable artificial intelligence (AI) method was then adopted to extract the map of cortical areas, which strongly contributed to decoding each kinematics from DNN models. We found that there existed differed as well as shared cortical areas for decoding each kinematic attribute. Shared areas included bilateral supramarginal gyri and superior parietal lobules known to be related to the goal of movement and sensory integration. On the other hand, dominant areas for each kinematic parameter (the contralateral motor cortex for acceleration, the contralateral parieto-frontal network for velocity, and bilateral visuomotor areas for position) were mutually exclusive. Regarding the visuomotor reaching movement, the motor cortex was found to control the muscle force, the parieto-frontal network encoded reaching movement from sensory information, and visuomotor areas computed limb and gaze coordination in the action space. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to discriminate kinematic cortical areas using DNN models and explainable AI.
Reexamining DNS From a Global Recursive Resolver Perspective (2014)

The performance and operational characteristics of the Domain Name System (DNS) protocol are of deep interest to the research and network operations community. In this paper, we present measurement results from a unique dataset containing more than 26 billion DNS query-response pairs collected from more than 600 globally distributed recursive DNS resolvers. We use this dataset to reaffirm findings in published work and notice some significant differences that could be attributed both to the evolving nature of DNS traffic and to our differing perspective. For example, we find that although characteristics of DNS traffic vary greatly across networks, the resolvers within an organization tend to exhibit similar behavior. We further find that more than 50% of DNS queries issued to root servers do not return successful answers, and that the primary cause of lookup failures at root servers is malformed queries with invalid top-level domains (TLDs). Furthermore, we propose a novel approach that detects malicious domain groups using temporal correlation in DNS queries. Our approach requires no comprehensive labeled training set, which can be difficult to build in practice. Instead, it uses a known malicious domain as anchor and identifies the set of previously unknown malicious domains that are related to the anchor domain. Experimental results illustrate the viability of this approach, i.e., we attain a true positive rate of more than 96%, and each malicious anchor domain results in a malware domain group with more than 53 previously unknown malicious domains on average.
Crystal engineering in 3D: converting nanoscale lamellar manganese oxide to cubic spinel while affixed to a carbon architecture (2016)

By applying differential pair distribution function analyses to MnO<sub>x</sub>-painted carbon nanofoam papers, we quantify the manganese oxide speciation as the nanoscale oxide transitions from disordered NaMnO<sub>x</sub>to spinel LiMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>.
Electroless Copper Coating of Zirconia Utilizing Palladium Catalyst (2003)

Electroless Cu coating of zirconia particles using a Pd 0 catalyst is investigated in this paper. Uncoated and Cu‐coated ZrO 2 particles are characterized by various analytical techniques to understand the mechanism of electroless Cu coating of ZrO 2 particles, which involves reduction of Pd 2+ on ZrO 2 particle surfaces by Sn 2+ to produce pure metallic Pd 0 clusters, which provide catalytic sites for Cu deposition. The concept of XPS core‐level binding energy shift due to small cluster size is utilized to predict the size of pure Pd 0 clusters. The electroless Cu‐coating process can be utilized in the future to produce Cu‐doped ZrO 2 particles required for various potential applications.
Failure Recovery in a Macroprogrammed Sensor Network System (2005)

Sensor network macroprogramming systems like Kairos can greatly simplify programming a distributed sensor network application by expressing it as a centralized sequential computation on shared node state. However, the accuracy and timely availability of the results can be adversely affected by software, node hardware, and network failures. Ideally, a macroprogramming system should relieve the programmer from having to explicitly handle such failures by providing high-level facilities for failure recovery. In this paper, we show that there exist generic techniques that can recover sensor network computations from various classes of failures. We then evaluate the efficacy of two recovery invocation strategies: directed recovery, in which Kairos invokes a declaratively-specified generic recovery method; and transparent recovery in which Kairos itself invokes an appropriate recovery method at a suitable point in the macroprogram, without programmer assistance. We evaluate these techniques on the primary metrics of application accuracy and availability against three qualitatively different sensor network applications, written in Kairos, running on a 36-node test-bed. Our main result is that transparent recovery can ensure worst-case correctness of the recovered application to within 40% of that of the non-faulting application across a wide range and severity of software and hardware faults, and can improve an application&amp;apos;s availability in the presence of faults by a factor of up to 2.75.