gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-performance hyperspectral imaging using virtual slit optics (2014)

Tornado Spectral Systems (TSS) has developed High Throughput Virtual Slit (HTVS) technology that improves the performance of spectrometers by factors of several while maintaining system size. In the simplest configuration, the HTVS allows optical designers to remove the lossy slit from a spectrometer, greatly increasing throughput without a loss of resolution. This is especially useful in many standoff applications, where every photon matters. TSS has tested multiple configurations of HTVS spectral sensing and spectral imaging technology, including standoff sensing, point scan imaging, long-slit pushbroom imaging and similar configurations. The HTVS throughput-resolution advantage allows us to increase scanning speed, decrease system size, decrease aperture, decrease source intensity requirements or some combination of all four. HTVS technology expands the realm of viable spectral imaging applications. We discuss the applicability of this technology to spectral imaging and standoff sensing and present experimental results from several prototype and production spectrometers.
Efficient estimation of the lifetime and disease onset distribution (1997)

We study efficient nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation of the distribution of onset and lifetime associated with an irreversible disease that is only detectable at sacrifice or death. We show that, if the onset distribution is continuous, then estimation of the lifetime distribution cannot be improved by using current status information on the time till onset. In this case the Kaplan-Meier estimator of the lifetime distribution is asymptotically efficient. The nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator tries to use current status information on the time till onset, but it is asymptotically equivalent to the Kaplan-Meier estimator, and it is outperformed by the latter in simulations. The nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator of the onset distribution is shown to be an iteratively reweighted least squares estimator which can be computed with the weighted pool-adjacent-violators algorithm. We show that it is unnecessary to estimate the weights iteratively since an initial estimate cannot be improved. This insight leads to a simple, explicit estimator which improves on the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator of the onset distribution. The results are verified with simulations, and a data analysis example is provided.
Stereoselective synthesis of individual isomers of Leu-enkephalin analogues containing substituted β-turn bicyclic dipeptide mimetics (2003)

Novel constrained beta-turn dipeptide mimetics, 8-phenyl thiaindolizidinone amino acids 3, have been synthesized stereoselectively and incorporated into Leu-enkephalin peptides as a replacement of dipeptide Gly3-Phe4 to afford four individual isomers of Leu-enkephalin analogues 6.
Identical extraction behavior and coordination of trivalent or hexavalent f-element cations using ionic liquid and molecular solvents (2005)

The extraction of both UO2(2+) and trivalent lanthanide and actinide ions (Am3+, Nd3+, Eu3+) by dialkylphosphoric or dialkylphosphinic acids from aqueous solutions into the ionic liquid, 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide has been studied and compared to extractions into dodecane. Radiotracer partitioning measurements show comparable patterns of distribution ratios for both the ionic liquid/aqueous and dodecane/aqueous systems, and the limiting slopes at low acidity indicate the partitioning of neutral complexes in both solvent systems. The metal ion coordination environment, elucidated from EXAFS and UV-visible spectroscopy measurements, is equivalent in the ionic liquid and dodecane solutions with coordination of the uranyl cation by two hydrogen-bonded extractant dimers, and of the trivalent cations by three extractant dimers. This is the first definitive report of a system where both the biphasic extraction equilibria and metal coordination environment are the same in an ionic liquid and a molecular organic solvent.
Robust-to-dynamics linear programming (2015)

We consider a class of robust optimization problems that we call “robust-to-dynamics optimization” (RDO). The input to an RDO problem is twofold: (i) a mathematical program (e.g., an LP, SDP, IP, etc.), and (ii) a dynamical system (e.g., a linear, nonlinear, discrete, or continuous dynamics). The objective is to maximize over the set of initial conditions that forever remain feasible under the dynamics. The focus of this paper is on the case where the optimization problem is a linear program and the dynamics are linear. We establish some structural properties of the feasible set and prove that if the linear system is asymptotically stable, then the RDO problem can be solved in polynomial time. We also outline a semidefinite programming based algorithm for providing upper bounds on robust-to-dynamics linear programs.
Surgical Management Of Posterior Fossa Arteriovenous Malformations (2006)

Future improvements in endovascular technology and stereotactic radiosurgery will likely continue to increase the number of posterior fossa AVMs that can safely be removed and further improve the clinical outcomes associated with microsurgical resection.
Interventions against forced marriage: contesting hegemonic narratives and minority practices in Europe (2012)

Muslims in western countries are routinely depicted as non-liberal minorities through representations of homophobia, honour killings and forced marriage within their communities. This presents a practical challenge to face up to non-liberal practices where they do exist, but without demonising an entire faith community. It also raises conceptual questions about mainstream western values. In the context of forced marriage, liberal principles (such as an individual's right to choose their own marriage partner and to decide whether to marry) appear to clash with postcolonial sensibilities including a valorisation of multiculturalism (which might recognise the rights of minorities to practice different marriage customs). These questions are examined through a case study involving Stichting Platform Islamitische Organisaties Rijnmond (SPIOR), a Muslim-identified organisation that works against forced marriage. Based in the Netherlands and active in six other European countries, SPIOR has worked with people potentially affected by forced marriage and also communicated its projects – and the progressive vision of Islam they advance – to wider audiences. Its experiences suggest that tensions between secular majorities and Muslim minorities, and between liberal and postcolonial values and sensibilities, are less fundamental than they sometimes appear, and more navigable.
KM1, a Bacteriophage of Clostridium butyricum (1986)

Summary: Characteristics of bacteriophage KM1, which infects Clostridium butyricum, are described, and several important properties are compared with those of phage 5, which infects the same species. Phage KM1 has a hexagonal head and a tail with a contractile sheath. Agarose gel electrophoresis patterns of BglII, EcoRI and HindIII fragments of the two phage DNAs differed greatly. The G+C contents were 30·5 mol% for phage KM1 and 35·4 mol% for phage 5. Among the 32 strains of clostridia tested, phage KM1 infected only C. butyricum MII588. Other properties of phage KM1 are also discussed.
Statistical Analysis of Molecular Signal Recording (2013)

A molecular device that records time-varying signals would enable new approaches in neuroscience. We have recently proposed such a device, termed a ‘‘molecular ticker tape’’, in which an engineered DNA polymerase (DNAP) writes time-varying signals into DNA in the form of nucleotide misincorporation patterns. Here, we define a theoretical framework quantifying the expected capabilities of molecular ticker tapes as a function of experimental parameters. We present a decoding algorithm for estimating time-dependent input signals, and DNAP kinetic parameters, directly from misincorporation rates as determined by sequencing. We explore the requirements for accurate signal decoding, particularly the constraints on (1) the polymerase biochemical parameters, and (2) the amplitude, temporal resolution, and duration of the time-varying input signals. Our results suggest that molecular recording devices with kinetic properties
Botulinum a toxin for the treatment of spasmodic torticollis: Dysphagia and regional toxin spread (1990)

Chemodenervation of cervical muscles with botulinum A toxin, although useful in treating spasmodic torticollis, has been associated with dysphagia. Retrospective analysis of dose and injection site (sternomastoid vs. posterior cervical muscle groups) in 26 patients (49 injections) suggested that dysphagia was related to the quantity of toxin injected into the sternomastoid muscle: dysphagia, median 150 IU (7 injections); and no dysphagia, median 100 IU (42 injections; p = 0.026 Wilcoxon test). In a prospective study (31 injections to 24 patients), limiting the dose administered to the sternomastoid to 100 IU, substantially reduced the incidence of dysphagia (0 of 31, p = 0.27, Fisher's exact test). Denervation of human orbicularis muscle fibers, 5 weeks to 4 months after injection of botulinum A toxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, was successfully demonstrated by intense, diffuse acetylcholinesterase staining. A weight-adjusted dose similar to that given for torticollis was injected into longissimus dorsi muscle in 6 albino rabbits. Using the acetylcholinesterase stain as a marker, a diffusion gradient was noted over a distance of 30 to 45 mm from the point of injection and in contralateral muscle 15 to 25 mm from this point. Thus, denervation was demonstrated to occur within a definable area which crossed anatomic barriers, such as fascia and bone. These clinical and laboratory data suggest that dysphagia following botulinum toxin therapy results from toxin spread to pharyngeal musculature from the sternocleidomastoid injection site. Limiting of the injection dose to 100 IU or less to the sternomastoid substantially decreases the incidence of this complication.
Advances in Musculoskeletal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2010)

The technology of musculoskeletal magnetic resonance imaging is advancing at a dramatic rate. Magnetic resonance imaging is now done at medium and higher field strengths with more specialized surface coils and with more variable pulse sequences and postprocessing techniques than ever before. These numerable technical advances are advantageous because they lead to an increased signal-to-noise ratio and increased variety of soft tissue contrast options. However, at the same time, they potentially produce more imaging artifacts when compared with past techniques. Substantial technical advances have considerable clinical challenges in musculoskeletal radiology such as postoperative patient imaging, cartilage mapping, and molecular imaging. In this review, we consider technical advances in hardware and software of musculoskeletal magnetic resonance imaging along with their clinical applications.
Association of black race with improved outcomes following definitive radiotherapy with androgen deprivation therapy for high-risk prostate cancer: A meta-analysis of eight randomized trials. (2020)

327 Background: Though Black men with prostate cancer are more likely to have aggressive disease features than White men, race-specific differences in initial treatment responses in localized disease remains unknown. Methods: Individual patient data were obtained for 9259 patients (including 1674 [18.1%] Black men and 7585 [81.9%] White men) enrolled on eight randomized controlled trials evaluating definitive radiotherapy (RT) ± short-term or long-term androgen deprivation therapy (STADT and LTADT). The primary endpoints were biochemical recurrence (BCR), distant metastasis (DM), and prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM). Fine-Gray subdistribution HR (sHR) models were developed to evaluate the cumulative incidences of all endpoints after stratification by National Comprehensive Cancer Network risk grouping. A meta-analysis was done to estimate pair-wise comparisons of treatments within and between Black and White men, after adjusting for age, Gleason score, clinical T stage, and initial PSA. Results: Black men were more likely to have NCCN high-risk disease at enrollment (656/1674 [39.2%] vs 2506/7585 [33%], p&lt;0.001). However, within the high-risk stratum Black men had lower 10-year rates of BCR (46.1% vs. 50.4%, p=0.02), DM (14% vs. 21.6%, p&lt;0.001), and PCSM (4.9% vs. 9.8%, p&lt;0.001). After adjusting for age and disease characteristics, Black men with high-risk prostate receiving RT+STADT had lower rates of BCR (sHR 0.73, 95% CI 0.62-0.86, p&lt;0.001), DM (sHR 0.64, 95% CI 0.49-0.84, p=0.001) and PCSM (sHR 0.49, 95% CI 0.25-0.95, p=0.04). There were no differences in BCR, DM, or PCSM among men receiving RT+LTADT. The interaction between race and the impact of adding STADT to RT alone on BCR was statistically significant (p=0.003). Conclusions: Black men enrolled on randomized trials with long-term follow-up have higher risk disease at enrollment, but have better BCR, DM, and PCSM outcomes with RT-based therapy compared with White men, particularly with the addition of STADT.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chiral Succinates via Pd(0)‐Catalyzed Carbonylation/ Asymmetric Hydrogenation Sequence. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Guest Editorial: LUNGx Challenge for computerized lung nodule classification: reflections and lessons learned (2015)

The <i>Journal of Medical Imaging</i> (JMI) allows for the peer-reviewed communication and archiving of fundamental and translational research, as well as applications, focused on medical imaging, a field that continues to benefit from technological improvements and yield biomedical advancements in the early detection, diagnostics, and therapy of disease as well as in the understanding of normal conditions.
Multi-slice computed tomography: A tool for non-invasive temperature measurement? (2010)

Multi-slice computed tomography can depict thermal density expansion of different fluids. Based on these results the implementation of a temperature discrimination of several degrees C at a high spatial resolution is achievable.
ChemInform Abstract: Strategies to Improve the Epoxidation Activity and Selectivity of Ti‐MCM‐41. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a rhesus adenoviral vaccine targeting conserved COVID-19 replication transcription complex (2022)

The COVID-19 pandemic marks the third coronavirus pandemic this century (SARS-CoV-1, MERS, SARS-CoV-2), emphasizing the need to identify and evaluate conserved immunogens for a pan-sarbecovirus vaccine. Here we investigate the potential utility of a T-cell vaccine strategy targeting conserved regions of the sarbecovirus proteome. We identified the most conserved regions of the sarbecovirus proteome as portions of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and Helicase proteins, both of which are part of the coronavirus replication transcription complex (RTC). Fitness constraints suggest that as SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve these regions may better preserve cross-reactive potential of T-cell responses than Spike, Nucleocapsid, or Membrane proteins. We sought to determine if vaccine-elicited T-cell responses to the highly conserved regions of the RTC would reduce viral loads following challenge with SARS-CoV-2 in mice using a rhesus adenovirus serotype 52 (RhAd52) vector. The RhAd52.CoV.Consv vaccine generated robust cellular immunity in mice and led to significant reductions in viral loads in the nasal turbinates following challenge with a mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2. These data suggest the potential utility of T-cell targeting of conserved regions for a pan-sarbecovirus vaccine.
More than a store: regulatory roles for glycogen in skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise (2012)

The glycogen content of muscle determines not only our capacity for exercise but also the signaling events that occur in response to exercise. The result of the shift in signaling is that frequent training in a low-glycogen state results in improved fat oxidation during steady-state submaximal exercise. This review will discuss how the amount or localization of glycogen particles can directly or indirectly result in this differential response to training. The key direct effect discussed is carbohydrate binding, whereas the indirect effects include the metabolic shift toward fat oxidation, the increase in catecholamines, and osmotic stress. Although our understanding of the role of glycogen in response to training has expanded exponentially over the past 5 years, there are still many questions remaining as to how stored carbohydrate affects the muscular adaptation to exercise.
Optical tools for ocean monitoring and research (2009)

Abstract. Requirements for understanding the relationships between ocean color and suspended and dissolved materials within the water column, and a rapidly emerging photonics and materials technology base for performing optical based analytical techniques have generated a diverse offering of commercial sensors and research prototypes that perform optical measurements in water. Through inversion, these tools are now being used to determine a diverse set of related biogeochemical and physical parameters. Techniques engaged include measurement of the solar radiance distribution, absorption, scattering, stimulated fluorescence, flow cytometry, and various spectroscopy methods. Selective membranes and other techniques for material isolation further enhance specificity, leading to sensors for measurement of dissolved oxygen, methane, carbon dioxide, common nutrients and a variety of other parameters. Scientists are using these measurements to infer information related to an increasing set of parameters and wide range of applications over relevant scales in space and time.
Diagnosis of cutaneous T cell lymphoma by use of monoclonal antibodies reactive with tumor-associated antigens. (1982)

Two murine monoclonal antibodies (BE1 and BE2), produced by using leukemic helper T cells from a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) as immunogens, reacted selectively with CTCL lymphocytes and some transformed cultured lymphocytes, as determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). BE1 reacted significantly (P less than or equal to 0.001) with leukemic CTCL lymphocytes and with CTCL cells from infiltrated lymph nodes (RIA, mean +/- SD = 776 +/- 275 cpm), as compared with background counts (263 +/- 68). BE1 binding to normal blood mononuclear cells (RIA, mean +/- SD = 283 +/- 58 cpm) was indistinguishable from background. BE1 also reacted with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B-cell lines (RIA, mean +/- SD = 794 +/- 230) and some long-term T-cell lines. BE1 did not react with the majority of lymphoid cell lines or tumor cell lines tested. BE1 also did not react with any normal tissues screened by IIF. BE1 precipitated a molecule from CTCL cells that, under reducing conditions, has two components with molecular mass of 27,200 and 25,800 D. BE2 also reacted significantly (P less than or equal to 0.001) with CTCL cells from two of four patients (RIA, mean +/- SD = 519 +/- 113 cpm). The binding of BE2 to normal mononuclear cells was indistinguishable from background (309 +/- 38 cpm). BE2 also reacted with an antigen present on EBV-B-cell lines (RIA, mean +/- SD = 654 +/- 194) and MOLT 3 and HUT 78 T-cell lines. BE2 reacted with an antigen expressed on a subpopulation of lymphocytes from five of eight patients with B-cell CLL studied by IIF (mean +/- SD = 18 +/- 6). Other long-term T-cell lines and tumor cell lines studied by IIF were unreactive with BE2. BE2 did not react with any of the normal tissues studied. BE2 precipitated a molecule (78,000 D) from CTCL cells and EBV-B cells with a single component under reducing conditions. Immunoperoxidase-labeled BE1 and BE2 reacted with CTCL cells in frozen sections of infiltrated lymph nodes and skin. In addition, BE1 and BE2 reacted with blood lymphocytes from 16 of 21 patients whose CTCL had otherwise been considered localized to skin. These two monoclonal antibodies react with tumor antigens associated with CTCL and appear to be useful in the diagnosis of this disorder.
Affinity labeling of a reactive sulfhydryl residue at the peptidyl transferase P site in Drosophila ribosomes (1979)

An affinity label has been prepared that is specific for the P site of a eucaryotic peptidyl transferase, that of Drosophila melanogaster. It has the sequence C-A-C-C-A-(Ac[3H]Leu) with a mercury atom added at the C-5 position of all three cytosine residues (referred to as the mercurated fragment). This label is an analogue of the 3' terminus of N-acetylleucyl-tRNA. The mercurated fragment binds specifically to the P site of peptidyl transferase. It participates fully in peptide bond formation as judged by its ability to transfer N-acetylleucine to puromycin with at least the same efficiency as a nonmercurated fragment. Once bound to the P site, the mercurated fragment reacts covalently with a ribosomal protein(s). This affinity-labeling process can be effectively competed by nonmercurated fragment, which indicates a site-specific reaction. The covalent attachment of the affinity label to a ribosomal protein(s) occurs through the formation of a mercury-sulfur bond, as judged by its lability in the presence of thiol reducing agents. The major ribosomal protein labeled at the P site of D. melanogaster was found to be a small, basic protein. The electrophoretic behavior of this protein parallels that of major P site proteins found in Escherichia coli ribosomes and in other eucaryotes. These results suggest conservation of some of the overall properties of the P site proteins from these organisms.
Equivalent Circuit Model for High C-Rate Discharge with an External Short Circuit (2022)

To improve emergency responder safety while handling damaged battery packs after a fire, better external short-based discharge methods are needed to mitigate hazards from stranded energy, including battery fire reignitions. This work uses a linear scaling on the diffusion-related parameters of an equivalent circuit model to capture the electrical and thermal behavior of a cell during an external short for different initial state-of-charge (SOC). As metrics of discharge effectiveness and safety, the model predicts the final SOC within 3%SOC and peak temperature within 2°C in the fitted, fully charged case. The same parameter set was applied to all initial SOC cases and parameter sensitivity is discussed. A key advantage of the proposed approach is that the main parameterization can be performed under normal operating conditions reducing the amount of hazardous testing required. This can then be used to explore a controlled discharge by adjusting the external resistance to avoid venting.
Next‐generation sequencing in precision oncology: Patient understanding and expectations (2019)

Findings suggest that cancer patients participating in precision oncology intervention research have largely unfulfilled expectations of direct benefits related to their study participation. Increased focus on patient education to supplement the informed consent process may help manage patients' expectations regarding the extent and likelihood of benefits received as a result of undergoing genomic sequencing.