gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diffusion MRI with free gradient waveforms on a high-performance gradient system: Probing restriction and exchange in the human brain (2023)

The dependence of the diffusion MRI signal on the diffusion time carries signatures of restricted diffusion and exchange. Here we seek to highlight these signatures in the human brain by performing experiments using free gradient waveforms that are selectively sensitive to the two effects. We examine six healthy volunteers using both strong and ultra-strong gradients (80, 200 and 300 mT/m). In an experiment featuring a large set of gradient waveforms with different sensitivities to restricted diffusion and exchange (150 samples), our results reveal unique time-dependence signatures in grey and white matter, where the former is characterised by both restricted diffusion and exchange and the latter predominantly exhibits restricted diffusion. Furthermore, we show that gradient waveforms with independently varying sensitivities to restricted diffusion and exchange can be used to map exchange in the human brain. We consistently find that exchange in grey matter is at least twice as fast as in white matter, across all subjects and all gradient strengths. The shortest exchange times observed in this study were in the cerebellar cortex (115 ms). We also assess the feasibility of future clinical applications of the method used in this work, where we find that the grey-white matter exchange contrast obtained with a 25-minute 300 mT/m protocol is preserved by a 4-minute 300 mT/m and a 10-minute 80 mT/m protocol. Our work underlines the utility of free waveforms for detecting time-dependence signatures due to restricted diffusion and exchange in vivo, which may potentially serve as a tool for studying diseased tissue.
Supplementary Methods and References from Improved Treatment of Breast Cancer with Anti-HER2 Therapy Requires Interleukin-21 Signaling in CD8<sup>+</sup> T Cells (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Description of additional methods and procedures used in the study. Also includes Supplementary References.&lt;/p&gt;
Controlling Cooperative CO2 Adsorption in Diamine-Appended Mg2(dobpdc) Metal–Organic Frameworks (2017)

In the transition to a clean-energy future, CO<sub>2</sub> separations will play a critical role in mitigating current greenhouse gas emissions and facilitating conversion to cleaner-burning and renewable fuels. New materials with high selectivities for CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption, large CO<sub>2</sub> removal capacities, and low regeneration energies are needed to achieve these separations efficiently at scale. Here, we present a detailed investigation of nine diamine-appended variants of the metal-organic framework Mg<sub>2</sub>(dobpdc) (dobpdc<sup>4-</sup> = 4,4'-dioxidobiphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylate) that feature step-shaped CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption isotherms resulting from cooperative and reversible insertion of CO<sub>2</sub> into metal-amine bonds to form ammonium carbamate chains. Small modifications to the diamine structure are found to shift the threshold pressure for cooperative CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption by over 4 orders of magnitude at a given temperature, and the observed trends are rationalized on the basis of crystal structures of the isostructural zinc frameworks obtained from in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. The structure-activity relationships derived from these results can be leveraged to tailor adsorbents to the conditions of a given CO<sub>2</sub> separation process. The unparalleled versatility of these materials, coupled with their high CO<sub>2</sub> capacities and low projected energy costs, highlights their potential as next-generation adsorbents for a wide array of CO<sub>2</sub> separations.
Peptide Helices as Rigid Molecular Rulers: A Conformational Study of Isotactic Homopeptides from α‐Methyl‐α‐isopropylglycine, [L‐(αMe)Val]n (1996)

Abstract Terminally blocked, isotactic homopeptides from the sterically demanding α‐methylvaline of general formula Y‐[L‐(αMe)Val] n ‐O t Bu (Y = Z, p BrBz, Ac; n = 2–8) have been prepared step‐by‐step in solution and fully characterized. The conformations preferred in solution (β‐turn and right‐handed 3 10 ‐helix) have been assessed by FT‐IR, 1 H NMR and CD spectroscopy. The molecular and crystal structures of the Z‐protected trimer, hexamer, heptamer and octamer have been determined by X‐ray diffraction. In the crystal state, while the trimer is folded in a type III β‐turn conformation, the longest homopeptides form well‐developed, regular, right‐handed 3 10 ‐helices. The screw sense in the helix of the p BrBz‐blocked octamer has been confirmed to be right‐handed by solid‐state and solution CD spectroscopy. The possible exploitation of these peptide helices as rigid and precise molecular rulers is discussed.
How can we improve our understanding of cardiovascular safety liabilities to develop safer medicines? (2011)

Given that cardiovascular safety liabilities remain a major cause of drug attrition during preclinical and clinical development, adverse drug reactions, and post-approval withdrawal of medicines, the Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science hosted a workshop to discuss current challenges in determining, understanding and addressing 'Cardiovascular Toxicity of Medicines'. This article summarizes the key discussions from the workshop that aimed to address three major questions: (i) what are the key cardiovascular safety liabilities in drug discovery, drug development and clinical practice? (ii) how good are preclinical and clinical strategies for detecting cardiovascular liabilities? and (iii) do we have a mechanistic understanding of these liabilities? It was concluded that in order to understand, address and ultimately reduce cardiovascular safety liabilities of new therapeutic agents there is an urgent need to: • Fully characterize the incidence, prevalence and impact of drug-induced cardiovascular issues at all stages of the drug development process. • Ascertain the predictive value of existing non-clinical models and assays towards the clinical outcome. • Understand the mechanistic basis of cardiovascular liabilities; by addressing areas where it is currently not possible to predict clinical outcome based on preclinical safety data. • Provide scientists in all disciplines with additional skills to enable them to better integrate preclinical and clinical data and to better understand the biological and clinical significance of observed changes. • Develop more appropriate, highly relevant and predictive tools and assays to identify and wherever feasible to eliminate cardiovascular safety liabilities from molecules and wherever appropriate to develop clinically relevant and reliable safety biomarkers.
32.1: Foam Glass Barrier™‐ A New PDP Barrier Rib Technology (2001)

Abstract A new, high throughput, low cost process for the manufacture of PDP barrier ribs — Foam Glass Barrier™ — is described. The new barrier rib is a vitreous glass containing a uniform distribution of small, closed bubbles which chemically etches at high rates anisotropically, has high strength and does not outgas.
A computational approach for time-optimal planning of high-rise elevators (2002)

An important issue in "elevatoring" is to transport passengers in minimum time while satisfying elevator's intrinsic dynamics, hoist motor torque/power constraints, and comfort constraints. In this paper, an approach for minimum time trajectory generation of high-rise elevators is presented. It is shown that for systems characterized by linear differential equations, subject to linear or nonlinear inequalities, the time-optimal trajectory possesses a special property that at least one constraint is always active. This property is exploited to get an efficient algorithm for minimum-time solutions. Through simple dynamic models of the elevator using first principles of mechanics, it is shown that for both linear and nonlinear constraints, demands for near real-time trajectory planning can be met.
Concept of a liquid rate gyroscope using an electro-conjugate fluid (2008)

We propose a novel liquid rate gyroscope using an electro-conjugate fluid in this study. The electro-conjugate fluid (ECF) is a dielectric fluid that works here as a functional/smart fluid generating a powerful jet flow (ECF jet) when subjected to high DC voltage. Using the ECF jet, we developed a liquid rate gyroscope based on the principle of a conventional gas rate sensor operated by Coriolis force. Because the ECF jet is generated only with a tiny electrode pair, the pumping part of proposed ECF gyroscope needs no mechanically moving parts, resulting in making the ECF gyroscope suitable for micro sensor compared to the gas rate sensor having a pumping mechanism inside. We fabricated a prototype of liquid rate gyroscope (40mm × 60mm × t7mm) and confirmed its characteristics by experiment. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed liquid rate gyroscope. The scale factor of −29 mV/(°/s) is obtained with applied voltage of 4.5 kV.
The design synthesis of multiband artificial magnetic conductors using high impedance frequency selective surfaces (2005)

This paper introduces several different design methodologies for multiband artificial magnetic conducting (AMC) surfaces. The paper begins by investigating the multiband properties exhibited by a conventional electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) AMC that consists of a frequency selective surface (FSS) on top of a thin dielectric substrate with a PEC back plane. The higher-order resonances associated with these surfaces have not been discussed in detail to date, as previous research has been concerned only with exploiting the primary resonant frequency. However, it will be shown that by understanding and making appropriate use of these higher order resonances, it is possible to design multiband AMC surfaces that work for nearly any desired combination of operating frequencies. The first multiband AMC design approach that will be considered is based on the introduction of FSS screens that have fractal or nearly fractal unit cell geometries. This is followed by a more general and robust genetic algorithm (GA) technique for the synthesis of optimal multiband AMC surfaces. In this case, a GA is used to evolve multiband AMC surface designs by simultaneously optimizing the geometry and size of the FSS unit cell as well as the thickness and dielectric constant of the substrate material. Finally, several examples of multiband AMC surfaces are presented, including some practical dual-band and tri-band designs genetically evolved for operation at GPS and cellular frequencies, as well as an example illustrating the success in creating a multiband AMC surface with angular stability.
Do we know enough to design comfortable products (2002)

Comfort plays an important role when people buy products. However, the “fit” of a product is assessed only after it has been tried in a physical setting. In an E-economy, it is necessary to be able to “predict” and convince a customer of the comfort properties. Some manufacturers have been successful in creating this mental model among users. However, the scientific principles governing the interface designs are not very clear. This paper is an attempt to understand the nature of touch and pain so that manufacturers may be able to design comfortable products knowing the physical constraints.
Quantum size effect in magnetic tunnel junctions with ultrathin Fe(001) electrodes (2002)

The transport properties of magnetic tunnel junctions with single-crystalline ultrathin Fe(001) electrodes are studied. The tunnel spectra and the bias dependence of the differential magnetoresistance show quantum-well oscillations. This effect provides evidence of ballistic transport through the Al–O barrier and shows that magnetic tunnel junctions with quantum-well states can be a tool for studying spin-dependent transport mechanisms in magnetic tunnel junctions.
Esterase inhibitors diminish the modulation of gene expression by butyric acid derivative, pivaloyloxymethyl butyrate (AN-9). (1996)

Pivaloyloxymethyl butyrate (AN-9) belongs to the family of acyloxyalkyl ester prodrugs of carboxylic acids which undergo intracellular hydrolysis to yield butyric acid (BA). We have previously shown that AN-9 and BA reduce the level of c-myc and enhance c-jun transcripts in HL-60 cells, and that the differentiation of these cells, induced by AN-9, is dependent on the presence of intracellular esterases. In this study we show that esterase inhibitors abolish the changes induced by AN-9 on c-myc and c-jun expression. In contrast, esterase inhibitors do not change the effects of BA on c-myc or c-jun. Interestingly, these inhibitors affect the modulation induced by both AN-9 and BA on the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene. These data suggest that AN-9 is indeed a prodrug of BA and that prior intracellular hydrolysis by esterases is material for AN-9 activity.
Reliability Evaluation for Pressure Vessel Enterprises Manufacturing Execution System (2011)

This paper discussed an integrating manufacturing execution system in pressure vessel industry. MES optimizations (MESO) is a reliability growth process which is applicable to manufacturing firms to unify the supply chain plan, the service and the production automation, transferring the company's service goal to the definite operation goal and realizing the multi-varieties, multi-batch, high quality and low-cost of the production demand. This system is a complex operating system which is composed of certain subsystems, and it could complete the specified function. Basing on the MES functional module, this paper has investigated on the enterprise productive plan and scheduling module to realise the reliability growth and product quality improvement as well as some key technical strategies. Combined with the quantitative evaluation and analysis method of the reliability engineering, the paper also made an analysis for the numerous resources entity and functional module of the overall system and formed a research subject on the theory relative to the reliability growth of the MES. The research on the case has a certain instruction function for the enterprise which is going to put the MES into effect.
Contact between Ren Fang and Xiao Ziliang Man of Letters Group (2011)

As a core member of Xiao Ziliang man of letters group,Ren Fang has contact with Shen Yue,Xiao Chen,Wang Rong and so on.After Xiao Ziliang's death,Ren Fang highly affirmed his behavior,knowledge,political achevements,etc.After Xiao Yan estabhished Liang Dynasty,Ren Fang was appointed minister of the Ministry of Personnel Affairs and became the central character in the man of letters group.He inherited Xiao Ziliang Group's tradition of attaching importance to science and literature and being honest and incorruptible official.
Learning to Skip Ineffectual Recurrent Computations in LSTMs (2019)

Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) is a special class of recurrent neural network, which has shown remarkable successes in processing sequential data. The typical architecture of an LSTM involves a set of states and gates: the states retain information over arbitrary time intervals and the gates regulate the flow of information. Due to the recursive nature of LSTMs, they are computationally intensive to deploy on edge devices with limited hardware resources. To reduce the computational complexity of LSTMs, we first introduce a method that learns to retain only the important information in the states by pruning redundant information. We then show that our method can prune over 90% of information in the states without incurring any accuracy degradation over a set of temporal tasks. This observation suggests that a large fraction of the recurrent computations are ineffectual and can be avoided to speed up the process during the inference as they involve noncontributory multiplications/accumulations with zero-valued states. Finally, we introduce a custom hardware accelerator that can perform the recurrent computations using both sparse and dense states. Experimental measurements show that performing the computations using the sparse states speeds up the process and improves energy efficiency by up to 5.2× when compared to implementation results of the accelerator performing the computations using dense states.
Transfer Function Compensation in Gyroscope-Free Inertial Measurement Units for Accurate Angular Motion Sensing (2011)

Gyroscope-free inertial measurement units have been gaining popularity in applications such as motion sensing of hand-held microsurgical instruments. Various accelerometer placement configurations have been proposed in the past. However, the effect of non-identical transfer functions of accelerometers on the accuracy of angular motion sensing has been underestimated and never been taken into consideration. In this paper, significant effect of different phases at different accelerometer outputs due to non-identical transfer functions on the accuracy is highlighted, and a method is proposed to make the transfer functions of all the accelerometers identical. Effectiveness of the method is confirmed with an experiment using ADXL-203 accelerometers.
ChemInform Abstract: Remote 1,5‐Induction and Steric Approach Control in Horner‐Wadsworth‐ Emmons Reactions. The Stereoselective Construction of Trisubstituted, Exocyclic Double Bonds from Unsymmetric Cyclic Ketones. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Mechanism and stereoselectivity of zeolite-catalysed sugar isomerisation in alcohols (2016)

Glucose isomerisation to fructose can occur by different pathways and the mechanism of zeolite-catalysed glucose isomerisation in methanol has remained incompletely understood. Herein, the mechanism is studied using an <sup>1</sup>H-<sup>13</sup>C HSQC NMR assay resolving different fructose isotopomers. We find that zeolite-catalysed glucose isomerisation proceeds predominantly via a hydride shift into the pro-R position of fructose, thus resembling the stereoselectivity of the enzymatic isomerisation process.
Cervical Facet Degeneration After Total Disc Replacement (2011)

Much information and classifications of lumbar facet joint degeneration after lumbar total disc replacement are available, but nowadays in the cervical spine this concept is unstudied. Analyzing our experience, we propose a computed tomography (CT) scan classification to evaluate degenerative facet joint disease after cervical arthroplasty. After 5-year follow-up for total disc replacement in a consecutive series of 162 patients (44.5±8.6-y-old) with a total of 280 Porous Coated Motion total cervical disc replacement from C3-4 to C7-T1, we analyzed the facet degeneration in 4 grades using CT scan, and compared with preoperative images. CT scans, x-rays, and clinical outcomes were collected preoperatively and postoperatively after 3 and 6 months, and annually after 12-month follow-up. The Neck Disability Index and Visual Analog Scale were used to assess pain and functional outcomes. From all operated levels, we found 8.57% (24 levels) of degenerated facets. On the basis of the proposed classification, 50% (12 levels) of all degenerated levels had grade I, 37.5% (9 levels) with grade II, 8.3% (2 levels) with grade III, and 4.16% (1 level) had grade IV of facet degeneration. In patients with grades III and IV, it was possible to observe a worsening in Visual Analog Scale outcome assessment. Facet joint degeneration is a possible consequence of cervical disc arthroplasty, despite its low rate occurrence. We did not find relationship between the early grades of CT observed facet degeneration and clinical results, but in grades III and IV there was correlation. A CT scan classification to evaluate cervical degenerative facet joint disease is essential to better understand and report this spinal phenomenon.
The Effects of Microwave Postgrowth Processing of BaSrTiO3 Thin Films on Their Dielectric Properties (2019)

Tunable complex oxide thin films have generated a lot of interest in recent years due to their potential to become a core technology in the new generation of multiple communications devices. These films are grown via different deposition methods and frequently postprocessed in order to enhance their dielectric properties. This paper discusses an alternative postprocessing technique where complex oxide thin films grown by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering have been treated with an external microwave field instead of a conventional furnace. The treated films and untreated reference film were characterized for their microstructure and dielectric properties. The obtained results indicate a significant reduction in dielectric losses and leakage current in the microwave processed films as opposed to the untreated reference. The results are discussed together with potential additional benefits of the proposed approach.
Transgenic expression of B‐APP in fast‐twitch skeletal muscle leads to calcium dyshomeostasis and IBM‐like pathology (2006)

Intracellular deposition of the beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide is an increasingly recognized pathological hallmark associated with neurodegeneration and muscle wasting in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and inclusion body myositis (IBM), respectively. Previous reports have implicated dysregulation of beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP) expression in IBM. Accumulation of full-length betaAPP, its various proteolytic derivatives including Abeta, and phospho-tau into vacuolated inclusions is an early pathogenic event. We previously reported on a statistical tendency favoring fast twitch fiber involvement in IBM, reminiscent of the tissue specific patterns of misfolded protein deposition seen in neurodegenerative diseases. To test this principle, we generated an animal model in which human wild-type (WT) betaAPP expression was limited to postnatal type II skeletal muscle. Hemizygous transgenic mice harboring increased levels of holo betaAPP751 and Abeta in skeletal muscle fibers became significantly weaker with age compared with nontransgenic littermates and exhibited typical myopathic features. A subpopulation of dissociated muscle fibers from transgenic mice exhibited a 2-fold increase in resting calcium and membrane depolarization compared with nontransgenic littermates. Taken together, these data indicate that overexpression of human betaAPP in fast twitch skeletal muscle of transgenic mice is sufficient for the development of some features characteristic of IBM, including abnormal tau histochemistry. The increase in resting calcium and depolarization are novel findings, suggesting both a mechanism for the weakness and an avenue for therapeutic intervention in IBM.