gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Point Cloud GAN (2018)

Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) can achieve promising performance on learning complex data distributions on different types of data. In this paper, we first show a straightforward extension of existing GAN algorithm is not applicable to point clouds, because the constraint required for discriminators is undefined for set data. We propose a two fold modification to GAN algorithm for learning to generate point clouds (PC-GAN). First, we combine ideas from hierarchical Bayesian modeling and implicit generative models by learning a hierarchical and interpretable sampling process. A key component of our method is that we train a posterior inference network for the hidden variables. Second, instead of using only state-of-the-art Wasserstein GAN objective, we propose a sandwiching objective, which results in a tighter Wasserstein distance estimate than the commonly used dual form. Thereby, PC-GAN defines a generic framework that can incorporate many existing GAN algorithms. We validate our claims on ModelNet40 benchmark dataset. Using the distance between generated point clouds and true meshes as metric, we find that PC-GAN trained by the sandwiching objective achieves better results on test data than the existing methods. Moreover, as a byproduct, PC- GAN learns versatile latent representations of point clouds, which can achieve competitive performance with other unsupervised learning algorithms on object recognition task. Lastly, we also provide studies on generating unseen classes of objects and transforming image to point cloud, which demonstrates the compelling generalization capability and potentials of PC-GAN.
Isothermal Crystallization Monitoring and Time–Temperature-Transformation of Amorphous GDC-0276: Differential Scanning Calorimetric and Rheological Measurements (2020)

Cold crystallization of amorphous pharmaceuticals is an important aspect in the search to stabilize amorphous or glassy compounds used as amorphous pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In the present work, we report results for the isothermal crystallization of the compound GDC-0276 based on differential scanning calorimetric and rheometric measurements. The kinetics of isothermal crystallization from the induction time to the completion of crystallization can be described by the classic Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) equation. The time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams were constructed for two time points-that of induction and that of completion of crystallization. The results show that the rheological measurement for GDC-0276 has a better overall sensitivity in detection of the early stage nucleation and, consequently, detects the onset of crystallization sooner than does the differential scanning calorimetry. Rheological measurements were also used to obtain the temperature dependence of the viscosity of GDC-0276 and the relevant parameters were used in a modified form of the JMA model to describe the temperature dependence of the crystal induction and completion times, that is, the TTT diagram for the material. In the modification, we assumed that the kinetics followed the viscosity to the 0.75 power as suggested by the recent work of Huang et al. (Huang, C., et al., <i>J. Chem. Phys.</i><b>2018,</b><i>149,</i> 054503). The relationship and the possible impact on crystallization kinetics of the break-down of the Stokes-Einstein relation in glass-forming liquids are discussed. From the crystallization kinetics modeling, the solid-liquid interfacial surface tension σ<sub>SL</sub> was obtained for GDC-0276 and was compared with that obtained from the melting point depression measurements of the material confined in nanoporous glasses. The differences between the values from the two methods are discussed.
Editors’ Choice—Understanding the Superior Cycling Performance of Si Anode in Highly Concentrated Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquid Electrolyte (2020)

Considerable effort has been devoted to improving the cyclability of silicon (Si) negative electrodes for lithium-ion batteries because it is a promising high specific capacity alternative to graphite. In this work, the electrochemical behaviour of Si in two ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes, triethyl(methyl)phosphonium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (P 1222 FSI) and N -propyl- N -methylpyrrolidinium-FSI (C 3 mpyrFSI) with high and low lithium (Li) salt content is investigated at 50 °C. Results highlight that higher capacity and better cycling stability are achieved over 50 cycles with high salt concentration, the first time for a pyrrolidinium-based electrolyte in the area of Si negative electrodes. However, the Si cycling performance was far superior in the P 1222 FSI-based high salt content electrolyte compared to that of the C 3 mpyrFSI. To understand this unexpected result, diffusivity measurements of the IL-based electrolytes were performed using PFG-NMR, while their stability was probed using MAS-NMR and XPS after long-term cycling. A higher apparent transport number for Li ions in highly concentrated ILs, combined with a significantly lower extent of electrolyte degradation explains the superior cycle life of the highly concentrated phosphonium-based system. Si/concentrated P 1222 FSI-LiFSI/lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) full cells with more than 3 mAh cm −2 nominal capacity deliver a promising cycle life and good rate capability.
Electrically-pumped compact hybrid silicon microring lasers for optical interconnects (2009)

We demonstrate an electrically-pumped hybrid silicon microring laser fabricated by a self-aligned process. The compact structure (D = 50 microm) and small electrical and optical losses result in lasing threshold as low as 5.4 mA and up to 65 degrees C operation temperature in continuous-wave (cw) mode. The spectrum is single mode with large extinction ratio and small linewidth observed. Application as on-chip optical interconnects is discussed from a system perspective.
High-temperature environmental stability of the compounds in the Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Y{sub 2}O{sub 3} system (1997)

Heat treatments in several environments were performed on a series of compounds in the Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and Y{sub 2}O{sub 3} system: Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12} eutectic, Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5}O{sub 12}, YAlO{sub 3}, Y{sub 4}Al{sub 2}O{sub 9}, and Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}. The yttrium aluminates were found to be stable at high temperatures under vacuum and in air. However, when they were heat-treated under vacuum in proximity to SiC, degradation was observed. This was found to be primarily a result of carbothermal reduction. In a similarly reducing environment without Si, the yttrium aluminates, and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}, all exhibited degradation by carbothermal reduction. Based upon the experimental results, a degradation mechanism for yttrium aluminates was proposed.
ChemInform Abstract: THE N‐CADMIUM SELENIDE PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL CELL: WAVELENGTH‐DEPENDENT PHOTOSTABILITY (1985)

Abstract Der Photostrom einer n‐CdSe‐Photozelle mit 0.2 M/0.0l M Fe(CN)2" 370.1 M KOH‐Elektrolyten nimmt bei Bestrahlung bei 633 nm mit der Zeit ab, während er bei Bestrahlung bei 488 nm größer ist und konstant bleibt.
Extra-Broad Band Orange-Emitting Ce3+-Doped Y3Si5N9O Phosphor for Solid-State Lighting: Electronic, Crystal Structures and Luminescence Properties (2016)

Luminescent materials play an important role in making solid state white light-emitting diodes (w-LEDs) more affordable home lighting applications. To realize the next generation of solid-state w-LEDs with high color-rendering index (CRI), the discovery of broad band and long emission wavelength luminescent materials is an urgent mission. Regarding this, the oxonitridosilicate Y3Si5N9O with a high nitrogen concentration should be a suitable host material to achieve those promising luminescent properties. In this work, a phase-pure Ce3+-doped Y3Si5N9O was successfully synthesized through the carbothermal reduction and nitridation method. Y3Si5N9O:Ce3+ shows an emission maximum at 620 nm and an extremely broad emission band with a full-width at half-maximum (fwhm) of 178 nm. The electronic and crystal structure calculations indicate an indirect band gap of 2.6 eV (experimental value: 4.0 eV), and identify two Ce3+ sites with different local environments that determine the luminescence properties. The orange-emitting phosphor has the absorption, internal and external quantum efficiencies of 89.5, 17.2, and 15.6% under 450 nm excitation, respectively. The valence state of Ce, cathodoluminescence, decay time, and thermal quenching of the phosphor were also investigated to understand the structure–property relationships.
Wide Area Information Servers: An Executive Information System for Unstructured Files (1992)

In this paper we present a corporate information system for untrained users to search gigabytes of unformatted data using quasi-natural language and relevance feedback queries. The data can reside on distributed servers anywhere on a wide area network, giving the users access to personal, corporate, and published information from a single interface. Effective queries can be turned into profiles, allowing the system to automatically alert the user when new data are available. The system was tested by twenty executive users located in six cities. Our primary goal in building the system was to determine if the technology and infrastructure existed to make end-user searching of unstructured information profitable. We found that effective search and user interface technologies for end-users are available, but network technologies are still a limiting cost factor. As a result of the experiment, we are continuing the development of the system. This article will describe the overall system architecture, the implemented subset, and the lessons learned.
Development of an Animal Model for Radiofrequency Ablation of Primary, Virally Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Woodchuck (2020)

To develop a consistent and reproducible method in an animal model for studies of radiofrequency ablation of primary HCC.
Impact of pulsed-electric field and high-voltage electrical discharges on red wine microbial stabilization and quality characteristics (2015)

PEF technology seems to be an interesting alternative to stabilize microbiologically wines before bottling and without modifying their composition. This process offers many advantages for winemakers: no chemical inputs, low energy consumption (320 kJ l(-1) ), fast (treatment time of 4 ms) and athermal (ΔT ≈ 10°C).
High-Throughput Mass Spectrometer Using Atmospheric Pressure Ionization and a Cylindrical Ion Trap Array (2004)

The analytical performance of an atmospheric pressure sampling, multiple-channel, high-throughput mass spectrometer was investigated using samples of a variety of types. The instrument, based on an array of cylindrical ion traps, was built with four independent channels and here is operated using two fully multiplexed channels (sources, ion optics, ion traps, detectors) capable of analyzing different samples simultaneously. Both channels of the instrument were incorporated within the same vacuum system and operated using a common set of control electronics. A multichannel electrospray ionization source was assembled and used to introduce samples including solutions of organic compounds, peptides, and proteins simultaneously into the instrument in a high-throughput fashion. Cross-talk between the channels of the instrument occurred in the detection system and could be minimized to 1-2% using shielding between detector channels. In this initial implementation of the instrumentation, an upper mass/charge limit of approximately 1300 Th was observed (+13 charge state of myoglobin) and unit mass/charge resolution was achieved to approximately 800 Th. The rather limited dynamic range (2-3 orders of magnitude for low-concentration analytes) is due to cross-talk contributions from more concentrated species introduced into a different channel. Analysis of mixtures of alkylamines and peptides is demonstrated, but analysis of mixtures with a wide spread in mass/charge ratios was not possible due to mass discrimination in the ion optics. Further refinement of the vacuum system and ion optics will allow the addition of more channels of parallel mass analysis and facilitate applications in fields such as proteomics and metabolomics.
Network Address Translation Support for QUIC (2000)

Network Address Translators (NATs) are widely deployed to share scarce
public IPv4 addresses among multiple end hosts. They overwrite IP
addresses and ports in IP packets to do so. QUIC is a protocol on top
of UDP that provides transport-like services. QUIC is better-behaved
in the presence of NATs than older protocols, and existing UDP NATs
should operate without incident if unmodified. QUIC offers additional
features that may tempt NAT implementers as potential optimizations.
However, in practice, leveraging these features will lead to new
connection failure modes and security vulnerabilities.
RNA Silencing in Aspergillus nidulans Is Independent of RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases (2004)

The versatility of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRPs) in eukaryotic gene silencing is perhaps best illustrated in the kingdom Fungi. Biochemical and genetic studies of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Neurospora crassa show that these types of enzymes are involved in a number of fundamental gene-silencing processes, including heterochromatin regulation and RNA silencing in S. pombe and meiotic silencing and RNA silencing in N. crassa. Here we show that Aspergillus nidulans, another model fungus, does not require an RDRP for inverted repeat transgene (IRT)-induced RNA silencing. However, RDRP requirements may vary within the Aspergillus genus as genomic analysis indicates that A. nidulans, but not A. fumigatus or A. oryzae, has lost a QDE-1 ortholog, an RDRP associated with RNA silencing in N. crassa. We also provide evidence suggesting that 5' --> 3' transitive RNA silencing is not a significant aspect of A. nidulans IRT-RNA silencing. These results indicate a lack of conserved kingdom-wide requirements for RDRPs in fungal RNA silencing.
Next generation eWLB (embedded wafer level BGA) packaging (2010)

Demand for wafer level packaging (WLP) is being driven by the need to shrink package size and height, simplify the supply chain and provide a lower overall cost by using the infrastructure of a batch process. “Fan-in” (FI)-WLP typically has a limitation to be less than 6x6mm in order to pass board level reliability requirements such as drop test and temperature cycle due to the mismatch of Si material properties to the PCB. However, the “Fan-out” (FO)-WLP, has been developed and introduced into production to allow for higher ball count WLP, by extending the package size beyond the area of the chip. The most prominent type of FO-WLP is the eWLB technology (embedded Wafer Level Ball Grid Array). Currently 1st generation eWLB technology is available in the industry. This paper will highlight some of the recent advancements in next generation eWLB technologies including multi-RDL, thin eWLB and extra large eWLB as well as double-side with vertical interconnection. These key technologies of next generation eWLB enable 3D eWLB applications such as SoW (SiP on Wafer) and 3D SiP. 3D eWLB can be implemented with through silicon via (TSV) applications as well as discrete component embedding. The process flow of next generation eWLB fabrication, assembly and packaging challenges will be discussed. This paper will also present some of the achievements in package reliability, mechanical characterization and performance.
Tribology of laser-textured and mechanically-textured media (1997)

The tribological properties of mechanically-textured and laser-textured magnetic rigid disks are investigated using typical sub-ambient pressure sliders. The effect of slider design and carbon overcoat properties on stiction and friction is studied using start/stop and drag testing. Stiction, wear, and acoustic emission for several slider-disk combinations are evaluated.
Dual‐Responsive Photocatalytic Polymer Nanogels (2019)

Selective activation of photocatalysts under constant light conditions has recently been targeted to produce multi-responsive systems. However, controlled activation, with easy recovery of the photocatalysts, induced by external stimuli remains a major challenge. Mimicking the responsiveness of biological systems to multiple triggers can offer a promising solution. Herein, we report dual-responsive polymer photocatalysts in the form of nanogels consisting of a cross-linked poly-N-isopropylacrylamide nanogel, copolymerised with a photocatalytically active monomer. The dual-responsive polymer nanogels undergo a stark decrease in diameter with increasing temperature, which shields the photocatalytic sites, decreasing the activity. Temperature-dependent photocatalytic formation of NAD+ in water demonstrates the ability to switch photocatalysis on and off. Moreover, the photocatalysed syntheses of several fine chemicals were carried out to demonstrate the utility of the designed material.
Allocation of Computational Resources for Soft MIMO Detection (2011)

We consider soft multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) detection for the case of block fading. That is, the transmitted codeword spans over several independent channel realizations and several instances of the detection problem must be solved for each such realization. We develop methods that adaptively allocate computational resources to the detection problems of each channel realization, under a total per-codeword complexity constraint. Our main results are a formulation of the problem as a mathematical optimization problem with a well-defined objective function and constraints, and algorithms that solve this optimization problem efficiently computationally.
Aggravation of Herpetic Stromal Keratitis After Murine Epidermal Grown Factor Topical Application (1994)

We evaluated the epithelializing-promoting effect of a concentration of 0.005 mg/ml murine epidermal growth factor (mEGF), topically administered four times daily, on the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) corneal ulcers of the rabbit eye. The severity of the herpetic lesions was evaluated clinically, after the time course of the severity of epithelial keratitis, conjunctivitis, iritis, and stromal disease, for 14 days. A histological assessment was performed in the middle and at the end of the follow-up. The stromal keratitis of the mEGF-treated group was significantly more severe than the keratitis exhibited by the placebo-treated rabbits (Y = X3 X2*X4; p = 0.0001). There were no significant differences in the degree of conjunctivitis, epithelial keratitis, iritis, and virus shedding between these groups. No evidence of a toxic effect of mEGF or placebo was found in the mock infected rabbit eyes. More studies, using different herpes virus strains and a broad range of murine and human EGF concentrations, are mandatory to ascertain the general significance of these results. Meanwhile, caution is recommended when using mEGF in the presence of an occult or manifest herpetic eye disease.
Ground Penetrating Radar for Assessing Sediment Structures in the Hyporheic Zone of a Prealpine River (1996)

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) was used to investigate the structure of the sediments in a floodprone gravel-bed river. Measurements were made on 2 gravel bars and in the adjacent channel. We buried a metallic object to calibrate depth and to visualize changes in GPR-profiles taken before and after digging. In addition, along 2 GPR-profiles the structure of the alluvial sediment of a gravel bar was visually verified by digging a trench down to the groundwater table. The GPR method enables one to distinguish sedimentary units of different texture with a vertical resolution of about 0.25 m. The investigation showed the depth of the alluvial valley fill, and it revealed geomorphological features such as lateral point bar accretion, fills of former pools, or open framework textures. These structures form a complex 3-dimensional mosaic of sediment patches. The GPR method also allowed us to document the changes resulting from bed-moving floods, such as in the formation of homogeneous gravel sheets during high magnitude floods. At some sites we observed intercalations of coarse organic matter between adjacent sedimentary units. Based on GPR data and the analysis of geomorphological structures near the study site, we developed a diagrammatic model of the sediments of this site in the lower Necker Valley.
Structure of Macroscopic Monodomains and Its Soft Confinements of Chiral Smectic Phases on Crystallization in a Main-Chain Nonracemic Liquid Crystalline Polyester (2007)

A main-chain nonracemic chiral liquid crystalline (LC) polyester was synthesized using an A−B type condensation reaction of a chiral monomer, R-(−)4‘-{ω-[2-(p-hydroxy-o-nitrophenyloxy)-1-propyloxy]-1-heptyloxy}-4-biphenylcarboxylic acid, and was abbreviated as PET(R*-7). Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) experiments combined with differential scanning calorimetry measurements revealed multiple phase transitions including a chiral twist grain boundary A (TGBA*) phase, a chiral smectic A (SmA*) phase, a chiral smectic C (SmC*) phase, and a highly ordered monoclinic crystalline (KM) phase with decreasing temperature. Flat-elongated and right-handed double-twisted helical single crystals were grown thermotropically in the smectic LC states. Both crystal types possessed the identical monoclinic unit cell: a = 1.04 nm, b = 0.46 nm, c = 5.59 nm, α = β = 90°, and γ = 84.2° based on the WAXD and selected area electron diffraction results. Uniaxial elongation of centimeter-sized films (along the xz-plane in a three-dimensional, 3D, coordinate system) of submillimeter thickness (along the y-axis) resulted in macroscopic smectic monodomains. Analysis of the detailed 2D WAXD results indicated that in the SmA* phase the molecules are parallel to the layer normal in the direction of elongation. However, in the SmC* phase, the 3D macroscopic monodomain was constructed with the layers which possess a 13° synclinically tilted layer normal with respect to the elongation direction (the z-axis). The molecules in the 3D monodomains of SmC* phase were tilted ∼8° synclinically with respect to the elongation direction within the “in-plane” of the film (within the xz-plane), translating to a ∼21° tilt with respect to the layer normal. During the crystallization of the KM phase in the SmA* phase, the c-axis of the KM crystal is along the elongation direction (the z-axis), yet the d-spacing of the (00l) (l = even number) planes were slightly larger than the layer spacing of the SmA* phase. When the crystallization occurred in the 3D monodomain of the SmC* phase, on the other hand, the synclinically tilted LC layers and the tilted layer normal orientation with respect to the elongation direction (the z-axis) were retained in the KM crystal, although the d-spacing of the (00l) (l = even number) planes was larger than the layer spacing of the SmC* phase. The most striking observation was that in order to form the KM crystals in the SmC* phase the molecules must undergo a remarkable reorientation (∼21° tilting) to became a single-crystal-like monodomain while retaining the synclinically tilted layer structure.