gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation on the effect of specular reflections from stone surface on twinkling artifact (2011)

The twinkling artifact can highlight kidney stones during ultrasound color Doppler imaging with high sensitivity for stone detection. The mechanism of the twinkling artifact is still under debate. It was reported previously that twinkling appeared distal to the echogenic reflection from the stone surface in cases with no signal saturation. [Lu etal., JASA 129(4), p. 2376]. In this report, the effect of specular reflections on twinkling was investigated. Human kidney stones (5-9 mm in length) were embedded in a polyacrylamide gel phantom. Radio-frequency (RF) data were recorded from pulse-echo ensembles using a software-programmable ultrasound system. The variability within the beamformed Doppler ensemble, which is responsible for twinkling, was traced back to the unbeamformed RF channel data to identify whether variability arose disproportionately on channels receiving the specular reflection. The results showed that the specular reflection did not saturate individual channels and that the variability was observed on most channels with similar magnitude, which indicates that the appearance of twinkling does not rely on the specular reflection from the stone surface. Instead in the beamformer, the varying signals have the appearance of arising from a point source within the stone. [Work supported by NIH DK43881, DK086371, DK092197, and NSBRI through NASA NCC 9-58.]
ASSESSING SUBMARINING AND ABDOMINAL RISK IN THE HYBRID III FAMILY OF DUMMIES (1994)

This paper details the development of an abdominal injury assessment device for loading due to belt restraint submarining in the Hybrid III family of dummies. The design concept and criteria, response criteria, choice of injury criterion, and validation are explained. Conclusions of this work are: 1) Abdominal injury assessment for belt loading due to submarining is now possible in the Hybrid III family of dummies; 2) The abdomen developed has biofidelity in its force- deflection characteristics for belt loading, is capable of detecting the occurrence of submarining, and can be used to determine the probability of abdominal injury when submarining occurs; 3) Installation of the abdomen in the Hybrid III dummy does not change the dummy kinematics when submarining does not occur; and 4) When submarining does occur, the dummy kinematics are very similar to baseline Hybrid III kinematics, except for torso angle. The change in torso angle is or may be a result of a more human-like compliance in the abdomen. For the covering abstract see IRRD 864472.
Spin-torque diode spectrum of a spin valve with a synthetic antiferromagnetic reference layer (2014)

The spin torque diode (STD) effect of a spin-valve with a synthetic antiferromagnetic reference layer is theoretically analyzed. Based on the macrospin model the analytical expression of the STD spectrum is derived. The obtained result enables us to analyze the spin transfer torque (STT) acting on the reference layer. The peak of the STD spectrum at the resonance frequencies of the reference layer changes its sign depending on the magnitude of the STT which is generated by the RF current injected from the pinned layer.
Gateway framework for home appliance's interoperability based on heterogeneous middleware in residential networks (2003)

Residential networks enable us to control and composite functions on different home appliances, but the diversity of home appliances brings various kinds of middleware into a single house. Because only one kind of middleware is not used, home appliances on different middleware networks cannot use one another's functions when they are physically connected. This paper proposes a generic framework for interoperability, in heterogeneous middleware networks, and presents residential networks constituted by UPnP and Havi networks as an example.
Pure Mechanics Crack Model for Shear Stress Transfer in Cracked Reinforced Concrete (2017)

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Loss of Expression of Protein Kinase A Regulatory Subunit 1α in Pigmented Epithelioid Melanocytoma But Not in Melanoma or Other Melanocytic Lesions (2007)

Pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma (PEM) is a recently described entity comprising most cases previously described as "animal-type melanoma" and epithelioid blue nevus (EBN) occurring in patients with the multiple neoplasia syndrome Carney complex (CNC). Mutations of the protein kinase A regulatory subunit type 1alpha (R1alpha) (coded by the PRKAR1A gene) are found in more than half of CNC patients. In this study, we investigated whether PEM and EBN are related at the molecular level, and whether changes in the PRKAR1A gene status and the expression of the R1alpha protein may be involved in the pathogenesis of PEM and other melanocytic lesions. Histologic analysis of hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections and immunohistochemistry (IHC) with R1alpha antibody were performed on 34 sporadic PEMs, 8 CNC-associated PEMs from patients with known PRKAR1A mutations, 297 benign and malignant melanocytic tumors (127 conventional sections of 10 compound nevi, 10 Spitz nevi, 5 deep-penetrating nevi, 5 blue nevi, 6 cellular blue nevi, 2 malignant blue nevi, 3 lentigo maligna, and 86 melanomas of various types); in addition, 170 tissue microarray sections consisting of 35 benign nevi, 60 primary melanomas, and 75 metastatic melanomas, and 5 equine dermal melanomas, were examined. Histologic diagnoses were based on preexisting pathologic reports and were confirmed for this study. DNA studies [loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for the 17q22-24 locus and the PRKAR1A gene sequencing] were performed on 60 melanomas and 7 PEMs. IHC showed that R1alpha was expressed in all but one core from tissue microarrays (169/170), and in all 127 melanocytic lesions evaluated in conventional sections. By contrast, R1alpha was not expressed in the 8 EBN from patients with CNC and PRKAR1A mutations. Expression of R1alpha was lost in 28 of 34 PEMs (82%). R1alpha was expressed in the 5 equine melanomas studied. DNA studies correlated with IHC findings: there were no PRKAR1A mutations in any of the melanomas studied and the rate of LOH for 17q22-24 was less than 7%; 5 of the 7 PEMs showed extensive 17q22-24 LOH but no PRKAR1A mutations. The results support the concept that PEM is a distinct melanocytic tumor occurring in a sporadic setting and in the context of CNC. They also suggest that PEM differs from melanomas in equine melanotic disease, further arguing that the term animal-type melanoma may be a misnomer for this group of lesions. Loss of expression of R1alpha offers a useful diagnostic test that helps to distinguish PEM from lesions that mimic it histologically.
Glutamine energy substrate anaplerosis increases bone density in the Pahenu2 classical PKU mouse in the absence of phenylalanine restriction (2022)

Osteopenia is an under-investigated clinical presentation of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)-deficient phenylketonuria (PKU). While osteopenia is not fully penetrant in human PKU, the Pah<sup>enu2</sup> mouse is universally osteopenic and ideal to study the phenotype. We determined Pah<sup>enu2</sup> mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are developmentally impaired in the osteoblast lineage. Moreover, we determined energy dysregulation and oxidative stress contribute to the osteoblast developmental deficit. The MSC preferred substrate glutamine (Gln) was applied to enhance energy homeostasis. In vitro Pah<sup>enu2</sup> MSCs, in the context of 1200 μM Phe, respond to Gln with increased in situ alkaline phosphatase activity indicating augmented osteoblast differentiation. Oximetry applied to Pah<sup>enu2</sup> MSCs in osteoblast differentiation show Gln energy substrate increases oxygen consumption, specifically maximum respiration and respiratory reserve. For 60 days post-weaning, Pah<sup>enu2</sup> animals received either no intervention (standard lab chow), amino acid defined chow maintaining plasma Phe at ~200 μM, or standard lab chow where ad libitum water was a 2% Gln solution. Bone density was assessed by microcomputed tomography and bone growth assessed by dye labeling. Bone density and dye labeling in Phe-restricted Pah<sup>enu2</sup> was indistinguishable from untreated Pah<sup>enu2</sup>. Gln energy substrate provided to Pah<sup>enu2</sup>, in the context of uncontrolled hyperphenylalaninemia, present increased bone density and dye labeling. These data provide further evidence that Pah<sup>enu2</sup> MSCs experience a secondary energy deficit that is responsive both in vitro and in vivo to Gln energy substrate and independent of hyperphenylalaninemia. Energy support may have effect to treat human PKU osteopenia and elements of PKU neurologic disease resistant to standard of care systemic Phe reduction. Glutamine energy substrate anaplerosis increased Pah<sup>enu2</sup> bone density and improved in vitro MSC function in the context of hyperphenylalaninemia in the classical PKU range.
Investigations of mechanism of carbon nanotube growth (2006)

Abstract Studies on the formation of single‐walled carbon nanotubes by an aerosol method based on the introduction of pre‐formed catalyst particles into conditions leading to carbon nanotube synthesis are presented. Carbon monoxide and iron nanoparticles were used as carbon source and catalyst, respectively. The carbon nanotube growth was found to occur at a temperature of around 900 °C in the heating section of the reactor with a growth rate exceeding 1.1 µm/s. A detailed analysis of possible processes during carbon nanotube formation revealed heptagon transformation as a limiting stage. A mechanism for carbon nanotube formation on the basis of the geometrical consideration was proposed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Farnesylated proteins and cell cycle progression (2001)

Post-translational modification of proteins by the addition of a farnesyl group is critical for the function of a number of proteins involved in signal transduction. Farnesylation facilitates their membrane association and also promotes protein-protein interaction. Recently, progress has been made in understanding the biological significance of farnesylation. First, effects of farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) on cancer cells have been examined using a variety of human cancer cells. This study showed that one of the major effects of FTIs is to alter cell cycle progression. Both G0/G1 enrichment and G2/M accumulation were observed depending on the cell line examined. Second, a number of novel farnesylated proteins have been characterized. Of these, Rheb and CENP-E,F are of particular interest. Rheb, a novel member of the Ras superfamily G-proteins, may play a role in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. CENP-E,F are centromere associated motors that play critical roles in mitosis. These results suggest important contributions of farnesylated proteins in the regulation of cell cycle progression.
High-Speed Camera based Experimental Modal Analysis for Dynamic Testing of an Automotive Coil Spring (2021)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Experimental modal analysis (EMA) is a measurement technique to assess the dynamical properties of mechanical components and systems in various phases of their life cycle, e.g. for design, end-of-line testing and health monitoring. The most common EMA uses accelerometers, which provide high frequency acceleration measurements at a few discrete locations. However, attached accelerometers may alter the systems mass and damping properties and multiple tests are required to obtain spatially dense information. To overcome these issues, in this paper we use high-speed cameras and video processing algorithms. In fact, cameras as contact-less sensors do not modify the dynamics of the system under test. Furthermore, cameras provide full-field displacement data, allowing to obtain spatially dense transfer functions with a single excitation, which reduces the experiment duration. On the downside, camera measurements are suitable for relatively low-frequency applications only and require optical contrast on the component surface. While previous camera based research was focused on flat, plate-like components, we demonstrate the methodology on a 3D automotive coil spring. We use a stereo vision setup to measure the 3D displacement field, employing Lucas-Kanade optical flow as feature tracker. Thereby, we make use of local averaging for noise reduction. As cameras are able to capture static information the geometry of the component is obtained in addition to the modal parameters. This allows for intuitive visualization of the EMA results. For the automotive coil spring under investigation we obtain the displacement field up to 140 &lt;i&gt;Hz&lt;/i&gt; with an estimated displacement accuracy in the range of a few micrometer. The EMA results are compared to an accelerometer based EMA highlighting the advantages of camera based EMA. Furthermore, we investigate the sensitivity of the camera based EMA with respect to excitation and environmental conditions and discuss two alternative markers to enhance image contrast.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
The Consideration of Different Aspects of Design of Moment resisting Frames (MRF) according to AISC-Seismic Provisions (2006)

Note: CD ROM Reference IMAC-CONF-2006-040 Record created on 2007-08-14, modified on 2016-08-08
Converting Stereo Microphone Signals Directly to MPEG-Surround (2010)

We have previously proposed a way to use stereo microphones with spatial audio coding to record and code surround sound. In this paper we are describing further considerations and improvements needed to convert stereo microphone signals directly to MPEG Surround, i.e., a downmix signal plus a bit stream. It is described in detail how to obtain from the microphone channels the information needed for computing MPEG Surround spatial parameters and how to process the microphone signals to transform them to an MPEG Surround compatible downmix.
Triazine Compounds as Antagonists at Bv8-Prokineticin Receptors (2008)

On the basis of a Janssen's patent, we approached a new synthesis of some 1,3,5-triazin-4,6-diones as potential non peptidic prokineticin receptor antagonists, containing the following substitutions: (N(1) and N(5) link a 4-methoxybenzyl and a 4-ethylbenzyl, respectively; C(2) can link an amino-ethyl-guanidine (reference compound 1) or an ethylendiamine (2) or an amino-ethyl-amino-2-imidazoline (3). New compounds were assessed for PKR1 and PKR2 affinity. Antagonist properties were evaluated as inhibition of 1 nM Bv8-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization.
Observation of Rabi Splitting from Surface Plasmon Coupled Conduction State Transitions in Electrically Excited InAs Quantum Dots (2011)

We demonstrate strong coupling between a surface plasmon and intersublevel transitions in self-assembled InAs quantum dots. The surface plasmon mode exists at the interface between the semiconductor emitter structure and a periodic array of holes perforating a metallic Pd/Ge/Au film that also serves as the top electrical contact for the emitters. Spectrally narrowed quantum-dot electroluminescence was observed for devices with varying subwavelength hole spacing. Devices designed for 9, 10, and 11 μm wavelength emission also exhibit a significant spectral splitting. The association of the splitting with quantum-dot Rabi oscillation is consistent with results from a calculation of spontaneous emission from an interacting plasmonic field and quantum-dot ensemble. The fact that this Rabi oscillation can be observed in an incoherently excited, highly inhomogeneously broadened system demonstrates the utility of intersublevel transitions in quantum dots for investigations of coherent transient and quantum coherence phenomena.
All optical readout scheme for photoluminescence based magnetic field sensors (2020)

An improvement on a concept for all optical magnetometry using nitrogen vacancies in diamond is presented. The concept is based on the fluorescence attenuation of optically pumped nitrogen vacancies by magnetic fields up to ≈ 50 mT. The attenuation is registered by modulating the pumping power to generate a constant signal at a photodetector. A sensitivity of 2.6 μT/√(Hz) at a sampling frequency of 500 Hz is achieved.
2604 Characteristics of Oxygen Hydrogen Mixing Atomic Symmetrized Aeration (I) (2008)

電解槽内の電極間に高速な振動流を加えることにより新しい酸水素ガスの発生技術を確立するとともに,この酸水素ガスは圧縮でき燃料電池に利用できることが判明したので,本報では,電解槽内の振動流の流速分布の測定結果,及び,酸水素ガスの圧縮特性と、シリンダ内に高圧で貯蔵した場合の金属壁からの透過によるリークを調べた結果を論じる.
Literaturverzeichnis (2015)

Das Buch beschäftigt sich mit verfassungs- und europarechtlichen Aspekten eines allgemeinen Mindestlohns. Der Ansatz ist interdisziplinär und bezieht auch andere sozialwissenschaftliche, insbesondere ökonomische Erwägungen ein. Neben den Freiheitsrechten des Europarechts und des Grundgesetzes wird der Mindestlohn auch in gleichheitsrechtlicher Perspektive betrachtet. Als „internalisierendes Sozialrecht“ dient er der Existenzsicherung der Arbeitnehmer. Aber belastet werden für dieses gesamtgesellschaftliche Ziel nur die Arbeitgeber. Weil die denkbaren Rechtfertigungen für diese Ungleichbehandlung im Ergebnis nicht überzeugen, ist der Mindestlohn verfassungswidrig. Der Gesetzgeber wäre auf Transferzahlungen zur Aufstockung nicht bedarfssichernder Arbeitsentgelte verwiesen. Den Abschluss bildet ein Blick auf alternative Modelle, insbesondere Kombilöhne nach Muster des US-amerikanischen Earned Income Tax Credit.
<title>Depolarization</title> (1999)

Depolarization is the reduction in degree of polarization which occurs when a light beam interacts with surfaces or optical elements. Depolarization is a scrambling of polarization states. The depolarization of Mueller matrices is studied here by mapping the resultant degree of depolarization for all possible polarized incident states. Example Mueller matrices are constructed with a variety of different depolarization properties to demonstrate the different depolarization degrees of freedom. These properties can then be applied to understand measurements of depolarization. A classification is presented where depolarization is considered as occurring before diattenuation, in series with diattenuation, or following diattenuation.
Overtone Mobility Spectrometry: Part 3. On the Origin of Peaks (2011)

The origin of non-integer overtone peaks in overtone mobility spectrometry (OMS) spectra is investigated by ion trajectory simulations. Simulations indicate that these OMS features arise from higher-order overtone series. An empirically-derived formula is presented as a means of describing the positions of peaks. The new equation makes it possible to determine collision cross sections from any OMS peak. Additionally, it is extended as a means of predicting the resolving power for any peak in an OMS distribution.
Relation between limiting oxygen index and invariant activation energy. Application to the polypropylene - ammonium polyphosphate - pentaerythritol system (1992)

A method allowing the evaluation of fire retardancy properties is presented in the case of an intumescent formulation. In that case, the protection is obtained via a condensed mechanism. The method consists in the determination of invariant physicochemical parameters deduced from TG analysis : invariant activation energy and invariant preexponential factor. In the case of fire retardant polypropylene based formulation, there is a correlation between the value given by an evaluation test, i.e. the LOI (ASTM D 2863/77) and the invariant activation energy.
A novel prodrug approach for tertiary amines. 3. In vivo evaluation of two N‐phosphonooxymethyl prodrugs in rats and dogs (1999)

N-phosphonooxymethyl derivatives of tertiary amine containing drugs have been identified as a novel prodrug approach for improving aqueous solubility. The in vivo reversion of two prodrugs to the corresponding parent compounds following iv and im administration to rats and dogs was investigated. Equimolar doses of parent drugs (loxapine or cinnarizine) and the corresponding prodrugs were each administered via a rapid iv infusion to rats and dogs. Equimolar doses of loxapine and its prodrug were each administered im to rats only. Blood samples were collected over 12 h, and plasma was assayed for both parent drug and intact prodrug by HPLC. Comparison of the plasma AUC for the parent drugs following administration of the parent drugs and prodrugs allowed estimation of the apparent bioavailability of parent drug from prodrug dosing. Plasma levels of the prodrugs fell below the limit of detection 5 min after iv infusion with an approximate half-life of 1 min. The mean AUCs following iv and im dosing of parent drugs were not statistically different from the parent drug AUCs obtained after prodrug dosing. The results are consistent with rapid and quantitative prodrug to parent drug reversion following administration of the phosphonooxymethyl prodrugs to the rats and dogs. This information, together with previous studies on the synthesis and physicochemical evaluation of the prodrugs, suggests that this novel prodrug strategy is a very promising approach for overcoming solubility limitations seen with many tertiary amine containing drugs at physiological pH values.
Genetically targeted chemical assembly of functional materials in living cells, tissues, and animals (2020)

The structural and functional complexity of multicellular biological systems, such as the brain, are beyond the reach of human design or assembly capabilities. Cells in living organisms may be recruited to construct synthetic materials or structures if treated as anatomically defined compartments for specific chemistry, harnessing biology for the assembly of complex functional structures. By integrating engineered-enzyme targeting and polymer chemistry, we genetically instructed specific living neurons to guide chemical synthesis of electrically functional (conductive or insulating) polymers at the plasma membrane. Electrophysiological and behavioral analyses confirmed that rationally designed, genetically targeted assembly of functional polymers not only preserved neuronal viability but also achieved remodeling of membrane properties and modulated cell type-specific behaviors in freely moving animals. This approach may enable the creation of diverse, complex, and functional structures and materials within living systems.