gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fugitive methane leak detection using mid-infrared hollow-core photonic crystal fiber containing ultrafast laser drilled side-holes (2016)

The increase in domestic natural gas production has brought attention to the environmental impacts of persistent gas leakages. The desire to identify fugitive gas emission, specifically for methane, presents new sensing challenges within the production and distribution supply chain. A spectroscopic gas sensing solution would ideally combine a long optical path length for high sensitivity and distributed detection over large areas. Specialty micro-structured fiber with a hollow core can exhibit a relatively low attenuation at mid-infrared wavelengths where methane has strong absorption lines. Methane diffusion into the hollow core is enabled by machining side-holes along the fiber length through ultrafast laser drilling methods. The complete system provides hundreds of meters of optical path for routing along well pads and pipelines while being interrogated by a single laser and detector. This work will present transmission and methane detection capabilities of mid-infrared photonic crystal fibers. Side-hole drilling techniques for methane diffusion will be highlighted as a means to convert hollow-core fibers into applicable gas sensors.
PITCH, POLYFURFURYL ALCOHOL RESIN, AND STYRENE--DIVINYLBENZENE COPOLYMERS AS CARBON BINDERS. (1970)

carbonized state (except, of course, in flexural strength values). Highest reproducibility is attained when the mix is carefully desolvated before molding, but best properties were achieved with mixes in which some aging of the pitch had occurred. The increase in green and carbonized densities with time of aging at 125 deg C was found to be linear. The carbonizing cycle for pitchbonded structures which, without being unduly long, produces good reproducible density and strength in pitch-bonded coke specimens is one which provides relatively slow heating in the range 450 to 550 deg C. As a result of density measurements and mercury porosimetry, furfuryl alcohol monomer has been chosen as the synthetic resin to be used in later studies. Its advantages over pheaolic resins and molding powders is demonstrable in the high real density of the coke bridges formed by it, and by the low variations in coke bodies bonded with it. The completion of allowed binder studies using differential thermal analysis shows that this technique gives rapid and valid testimony regarding those properties of the binder pertinent to its role in carbon technology. Measurements of the properties of a molded commercial graphite were made, primarily to refine high- temperature measuring techniques. These indicate that macro-stresses exist in large specimens which are partially relieved by a single thermal cycle to above 2500 deg C in the specimens cut from it; the relief is attended by permanent increase in the specimen length and decrease in its room-temperature dynamic modulus and electrical resistivity. Specimens having unusual anisotropies were easily detected by unusual ratios of modulus, resistivity, and water absorption to their density. Listed in the report are the unusual relations obtained when dynamic flexural modulus was measured as a function of temperature to above 2600 deg C. These show the creep threshold'' temperature increases with continued thermal cycling to a limiting value near 2500 deg Cs the change appears to be associated with crystallite growth and reorientation. (For preceding period see NP-6622.) (auth)
Organometallic Chemistry of Water (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Origin of Life from a Maker's Perspective–Focus on Protocellular Compartments in Bottom‐Up Synthetic Biology (2023)

The origin of life is shrouded in mystery, with few surviving clues, obscured by evolutionary competition. Previous reviews have touched on the complementary approaches of top-down and bottom-up synthetic biology to augment our understanding of living systems. Here we point out the synergies between these fields, especially between bottom-up synthetic biology and origin of life research. We explore recent progress made in artificial cell compartmentation in line with the crowded cell, its metabolism, as well as cycles of growth and division, and how those efforts are starting to be combined. Though the complexity of current life is among its most striking characteristics, none of life's essential features require it, and they are unlikely to have emerged thus complex from the beginning. Rather than recovering the one true origin lost in time, current research converges towards reproducing the emergence of minimal life, by teasing out how complexity and evolution may arise from a set of essential components.
Randomization of dangling nodes in a digital circuit design to mitigate hardware trojans (2023)

Described herein are various technologies pertaining to randomizing logic associated with dangling nodes in a digital circuit design. A dangling node is an input to or output from a logic gate in the digital circuit design that is identified as not impacting a desired output of the digital circuit design. Randomizing the logic associated with a dangling node can include deleting a logic gate, adding a logic gate, replacing a logic gate with another logic gate, etc. Randomizing the logic associated with the dangling node prevents hardware trojans that may have been inserted into the circuit design from being implemented in a circuit that is generated based upon the design.
Pentoses and Hexoses as Sources of New Melanoidin-like Maillard Polymers (1998)

N-Substituted pyrroles (1), 2-furaldehyde (2), and N-substituted 2-formylpyrroles (3), formed in pentose (hexose) Maillard systems, were identified as components of extraordinary polycondensation activity. The polycondensation was studied in model experiments with N-methylpyrrole (1a)/N-methyl-2-formylpyrrole (3a), N-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)pyrrole (1b)/N-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)-2-formylpyrrole (3b), N-methyl-2-formylpyrrole (3a), N-methylpyrrole (1a)/2-furaldehyde (2), and N-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)pyrrole (1b)/2-furaldehyde (2), respectively. MALDI-TOF-MS spectra indicated regular oligomers of up to 15−30 methine-bridged N-methyl(or N-2-methoxycarbonylethyl)pyrroles. With participation of aldehyde 2, furan rings instead of pyrrole rings were incorporated. The oligomers 5−11 were isolated and identified by MS and NMR techniques. A complementary experiment with N-methyl-2-[13C]formylpyrrole ([13CHO]-3a)/N-methylpyrrole (1a) was performed. The relevance of the new (type II) melanoidin-like oligomers/polymers in Maillard reactions is discussed and, in conclusion, a corresponding structure for native melanoidins is proposed. The oligomers 5, 6, 8, and 9 were tested for antioxidative activity in an iron(III) thiocyanate assay. Keywords: Model compounds for melanoidins; pyrroles from pentoses and hexoses; β-dicarbonyl pathway of the Maillard reaction; polycondensation of N-methylpyrrole with N-methyl-2-formylpyrrole (N-methyl-2-[13C]formylpyrrole) or 2-formylfuran; polycondensation of N-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)pyrrole with N-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)-2-formylpyrrole or 2-formylfuran; MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of melanoidin-like oligomers/polymers; antioxidative activity of oligomeric model compounds
Lack of airway submucosal glands impairs respiratory host defenses (2020)

Submucosal glands (SMGs) are a prominent structure that lines human cartilaginous airways. Although it has been assumed that SMGs contribute to respiratory defense, that hypothesis has gone without a direct test. Therefore, we studied pigs, which have lungs like humans, and disrupted the gene for ectodysplasin (<i>EDA-KO</i>), which initiates SMG development. <i>EDA-KO</i> pigs lacked SMGs throughout the airways. Their airway surface liquid had a reduced ability to kill bacteria, consistent with SMG production of antimicrobials. In wild-type pigs, SMGs secrete mucus that emerges onto the airway surface as strands. Lack of SMGs and mucus strands disrupted mucociliary transport in <i>EDA-KO</i> pigs. Consequently, <i>EDA-KO</i> pigs failed to eradicate a bacterial challenge in lung regions normally populated by SMGs. These in vivo and ex vivo results indicate that SMGs are required for normal antimicrobial activity and mucociliary transport, two key host defenses that protect the lung.
A Water-repellent Silanization Coating Technique for MEMS (2006)

A gas-phase water-repellent silanization coating technique, which prevents the microscopic structures used for micro-sensors and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) from sticking to the silicon substrates and other microscopic structures during operation, have been developed. Use of a water-repellent coating is one method that prevents sticking by reducing the surface energy of the structure. The water-repellency characteristics of three types of organosilicon compounds were evaluated. It was found that a water-repellent silanization coating layer using (tridecafluoro - 1, 1, 2, 2 -tetrahydrooctyl) trichlorosilane (C8H4Cl3F13Si) had most excellent durability. It was confirmed that the water contact angle of C8H4Cl3F13Si coating layer is exceeding 90 degrees at surface of standard semiconductor materials except nickel. In addition, the C8H4Cl3F13Si coating layer can be patterned by ultraviolet irradiation.
Octopus: An Application Independent DRM Toolkit (2009)

Digital rights management systems originally arose as an example of a solution to one of the most basic problems associated with secure systems design, the problem of governing access by a credentialed entity to a resource in the context of a set of policies established to restrict or define such access. Most DRMs that are in use today are based on DRM- specific declarative rights expression languages and authorization mechanisms that have strong semantic coupling to the application in which they are employed. A notable exception to this approach can be found in the Octopus system described in this paper. Octopus employs several concepts from the trust management philosophy originally posited by Blaze, et al. in 1996, but perhaps its most striking similarity can be found in its clear separation of authorization mechanism from application semantics.
Assay, Purification, and Characterization of a Pantetheine Hydrolyzing Enzyme from Pig Kidney (2021)

A microsomal glycoprotein hydrolyzing pantetheine to pantothenate and cysteamine has been solubilized and purified to homogeneity as determined by sodium dodecylsulfate electrophoresis. Four rapid, independent assays of pantetheine hydrolysis are described and compared along with a method for localizing enzymatic activity on polyacrylamide gels. The enzyme is solubilized on exposure to butanol and purified by heat treatment, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, hydrophobic chromatography, and hydroxyapatite chromatography. The glycoprotein, purified 5600-fold in 22% yield, has a specific activity of 14 μmoles pantothenate produced/min/mg of protein, 35 times that previously reported. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 9.0-9.5 and a Km of 20 μM for D-pantetheine. Its molecular weight has been estimated by gel filtration (54,000) and sodium dodecylsulfate electrophoresis (60,000). Amino acid analysis indicates a high content of isoleucine (11.3 mole %) and phenylalanine (7.4 mole %) with an absorbancy index El%cm (280 nm) of 11 .3. Galactose, mannose, fucose, and glucose are present in decreasing concentrations totaling 90 μg of neutral hexoses per mg of protein. Galactosamine and sialic acid are also present. The enzymatic hydrolysis of various pantetheine analogs indicate the enzyme 1s specificity is high for the pantothenate moiety but low for the cysteamine portion. The enzyme should be useful in routine 11 total 11 pantothenate determinations in tissues.
Genetically Encoding Photoswitchable Click Amino Acids in Escherichia coli and Mammalian Cells (2014)

Abstract The ability to reversibly control protein structure and function with light would offer high spatiotemporal resolution for investigating biological processes. To confer photoresponsiveness on general proteins, we genetically incorporated a set of photoswitchable click amino acids (PSCaas), which contain both a reversible photoswitch and an additional click functional group for further modifications. Orthogonal tRNA‐synthetases were evolved to genetically encode PSCaas bearing azobenzene with an alkene, keto, or benzyl chloride group in E. coli and in mammalian cells. After incorporation into calmodulin, the benzyl chloride PSCaa spontaneously generated a covalent protein bridge by reacting with a nearby cysteine residue through proximity‐enabled bioreactivity. The resultant azobenzene bridge isomerized in response to light, thereby changing the conformation of calmodulin. These genetically encodable PSCaas will prove valuable for engineering photoswitchable bridges into proteins for reversible optogenetic regulation.
Applications of a Chemically Adsorbed Monomolecular Layer Having a Fluorocarbon Chain as an Anti-Contamination Film (2000)

Monomolecular layers having a fluorocarbon chain were developed and made suitable for practical use as anti-contamination films for glasses, such as front door window glass plates of automobiles and window glass plates of electric ovens or microwave ovens, and also for stainless steel applications, such as covers of electric rice cookers, by using a chemical adsorption technique for the first time in the world. The layer was anchored to the substrate surface through covalent bonds. Thus the layer did not peel off and was durable against rubbing and scratching. As the film thickness was from about 1 to 2 nm, the layer was also optically transparent and the luster and color tone of the substrates was maintained. The lowest surface tension obtained was 8.2 mN/m, which is about a half that of Teflon. Although thermo-durability was a little low in comparison with that of Teflon, the production cost was lower. Thus this anti-contamination film should be very useful in the field of anti-contamination surface treatment.
Self-Assembled Monolayers: Models for Organic Surface Chemistry (2022)

The chemistry of organic interfaces is important to a very wide range of areas of science and technology; examples include the fabrication of microelectronic devices, the formation of structures by adhesion, cell-surface chemistry, the use of organic thin films as lubricants and corrosion protective agents, and a range of phenomena involving wetting and spreading of liquids on organic surfaces. This chapter provides an introductory survey of Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), concentrating on the best studied of these systems—monolayers of long-chain alkanethiolates on gold. SAMs of alkanethiolates are typically formed by adsorption of an alkanethiol or dialkyl disulfide onto gold from solution; both types of organosulfur compounds form similar SAMs. Scanning tunneling microscopy has recently been able to generate high-resolution images of SAMs by working with very low tunneling currents. Single-component and mixed SAMs of alkanethiolates on gold provide excellent control over the structure of the monolayer perpendicular to the plane of the SAM.
Editor's evaluation: Novel protein markers of androgen activity in humans: proteomic study of plasma from young chemically castrated men (2022)

Three new protein markers of testosterone action identified by us, may prove to be valuable as clinical tools in identifying men with testosterone deficiency and in monitoring androgen replacement therapy.
Toward scatter-free phosphors in white phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (2012)

Scatter-free phosphors promise to suppress the scattering loss of conventional micro-size powder phosphors in white phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (pc-LEDs). Large micro-size cube phosphors (~100 μm) are newly designed and prepared as scatter-free phosphors, combining the two scatter-free conditions of particles based on Mie's scattering theory; the grain size or grain boundary was smaller than 50 nm and the particle size was larger than 30 μm. A careful evaluation of the conversion efficiency and packaging efficiency of the large micro-size cube phosphor-based white pc-LED demonstrated that large micro-size cube phosphors are an outstanding potential candidate for scatter-free phosphors in white pc-LEDs. The luminous efficacy and packaging efficiency of the Y(3)Al(5)O(12):Ce(3+) large micro-size cube phosphor-based pc-LEDs were 123.0 lm/W and 0.87 at 4300 K under 300 mA, which are 17% and 34% higher than those of commercial powder phosphor-based white LEDs (104.8 lm/W and 0.65), respectively. In addition, the introduction of large micro-size cube phosphors can reduce the wide variation in optical properties as a function of both the ambient temperature and applied current compared with those of conventional powder phosphor-based white LEDs.
Isotopic Scrambling (2016)

This document contains recommendations for terminology in mass spectrometry. Development of standard terms dates back to 1974 when the IUPAC Commission on Analytical Nomenclature issued recommendations on mass spectrometry terms and definitions. In 1978, the IUPAC Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy updated and extended the recommendations and made further recommendations regarding symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations. The IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy’s Subcommittee on Mass Spectroscopy revised the recommended terms in 1991 and appended terms relating to vacuum technology. Some additional terms related to tandem mass spectrometry were added in 1993 and accelerator mass spectrometry in 1994. Owing to the rapid expansion of the field in the intervening years, particularly in mass spectrometry of biomolecules, a further revision of the recommendations has become necessary. This document contains a comprehensive revision of mass spectrometry terminology that represents the current consensus of the mass spectrometry community.
Force sensorless control with 3D workspace analysis for haptic devices based on delta robot (2015)

Recently, the human-robot interaction systems are extending their capability to work in many applications. Appropriate haptic devices or robot systems have an important role to support the collaboration task which require close interaction between human and robot. This paper proposes a novel 3D parallel mechanism delta robot based on Kalman filter based state observer for the haptic devices. In the mechanical design, a 3D parallel mechanism delta robot contains three identical and symmetrical upper-arm and fore-arm of parallel links that are connected to the base plate with motor at lower end and to the end-effector with a ball joint at top end. The delta robot are designed and analyzed in order to realize a 3D motion in the workspace of the robot's end-effector. In the controller design, Kalman filter based state observer, (KFSO) can be applied to estimate an external torque of motor. With such a force sensorless control scheme based on the feedforward disturbance torque compensation loop, significant high bandwidth haptic sensing in a delta robot system can be achieved. The proposed method has been successfully applied in a real delta robot system in order to show its applicability. The experimental results of the rehabilitation robot are provided to illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithms. In the experimental results, the system was able to estimate a 3D motion and external force in the workspace of the robot's end-effector.
Improved evaluation of backscatter characteristics of soft tissue using high-frequency annular array (2020)

Clinical ultrasound is widely used for quantitative diagnosis. To clarify the relationship between anatomical and acoustic properties, high resolution imaging using high-frequency ultrasound (HFU) is required. However, when tissue properties are evaluated using HFU, the depth of field (DOF) is limited. To overcome this problem, an annular array transducer, which has a simple structure and produces high-quality images, is applied to HFU measurement. In previous phantom experiments, we demonstrated that the HFU annular array extends the DOF compared to that of a single-element transducer for quantitative ultrasound (QUS) analysis. Here, we extend that work by applying QUS methods to an ex vivo rat liver. The present study demonstrates that an annular array extends the region and improves the resolution for tissue characterization for an excised healthy rat liver. Amplitude envelope statistics and spectral-based analysis are used as QUS methods.
Size-Resolved Community Structure of Bacteria and Fungi Transported by Dust in the Middle East (2021)

The atmosphere plays an important role in transporting microorganisms on a global scale, yet the processes affecting the composition of the airborne microbiome, the aerobiome, are not fully outlined. Here we present the community compositions of bacteria and fungi obtained by DNA amplicon-sequencing of aerosol samples collected in a size-resolved manner during nine consecutive days in central Israel. The campaign captured dust events originating from the Sahara and the Arabian deserts, as well as days without dust ("clear days"). We found that the source of the aerosol was the main variable contributing to the composition of both fungal and bacterial communities. Significant differences were also observed between communities representing particles of different sizes. We show evidence for the significant transport of bacteria as cell-aggregates and/or via bacterial attachment to particles during dust events. Our findings further point to the mixing of local and transported bacterial communities, observed mostly in particles smaller than 0.6 μm in diameter, representing bacterial single cells. Fungal communities showed the highest dependence on the source of the aerosols, along with significant daily variability, and without significant mixing between sources, possibly due to their larger aerodynamic size and shorter atmospheric residence times. These results, obtained under highly varied atmospheric conditions, provide significant assurances to previously raised hypotheses and could set the course for future studies on aerobiome composition.