gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Process Intensification. Continuous Two-Phase Catalytic Reactions in a Table-Top Centrifugal Contact Separator (2008)

Production of fine chemicals is mostly performed in batch reactors. Use of continuous processes has many advantages which may reduce the cost of production. We have developed the use of centrifugal contact separators (CCSs) for continuous two-phase catalytic reactions. This equipment has previously only been used for mixing and separating two liquids. We have converted Sunflower oil into biodiesel and glycerol by continuous two-phase reaction with methanolic sodium methoxide in the CCS in 96% conversion. Two-phase catalytic epoxidation was more problematic due to instability of most catalysts in a two-phase system. In a first attempt we managed to convert cyclooctene into the epoxide using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant and a tungsten-based polyoxometalate as catalyst with 20% conversion. Surprisingly, it was also possible to perform a lipase-catalysed esterification of oleic acid in the CCS. In spite of the aqueous environment a very high conversion up to 87% was reached. In this table-top device, production of 100 Kg amounts is possible in just a matter of days. Larger-sized equipment also exists that can be used for ton-scale production.
Nutritional management of the gastrointestinal tract to reduce enteric diseases in pigs (2001)

This paper discusses the general hypothesis that certain enteric diseases in pigs can be controlled, or at least ameliorated, by nutritional management of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The impetus for such an approach is the mounting concerns amongst retailers, the public, feed manufacturers, producers and regulatory bodies regarding the ‘safety’ of the production chain supplying pig meat. The prime concern is the use of antibiotics, recent events in Europe sending a clear signal that alternatives to the use of viable and cost–effective growth–promoting antibiotics will be required sooner rather than later. Results of research summarized in this paper suggest that associations, currently largely undefined, exist between bacterial pathogens, the host, and dietary substrates to cause diseases in the GI tract. Available data implicate the non–starch polysaccharide (NSP) and amylase–resistant starch in the clinical expression of a number of economically important bacterial diseases. The use of highly–digestible cereal sources such as cooked white rice limits the severity of enteric diseases such as post–weaning diarrhoea, swine dysentery and porcine intestinal spirochaetosis. Interactions with other dietary components in the aetiology of enteric diseases also are possible, including the level and type of protein fed to pigs.
Dramatic concentration dependence of stereochemistry in the Wittig reaction. Examination of the lithium salt effect (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDramatic concentration dependence of stereochemistry in the Wittig reaction. Examination of the lithium salt effectAllen B. Reitz, Samuel O. Nortey, Alfonzo D. Jordan Jr., Martin S. Mutter, and Bruce E. MaryanoffCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 17, 3302–3308Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00367a010https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00367a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1959Altmetric-Citations68LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Pickering Emulsions as Templates for Architecting Composite Structures (2023)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEViewpointNEXTPickering Emulsions as Templates for Architecting Composite StructuresEmily Pentzer*Emily PentzerDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United StatesDepartment of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States*Email: [email protected]More by Emily PentzerView Biographyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6187-6135, Eliandreina Cruz BarriosEliandreina Cruz BarriosDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United StatesDepartment of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United StatesMore by Eliandreina Cruz BarriosView Biography, and Nicholas StarvaggiNicholas StarvaggiDepartment of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United StatesMore by Nicholas StarvaggiView Biographyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0085-7886Cite this: Acc. Mater. Res. 2023, 4, 8, 641–647Publication Date (Web):July 11, 2023Publication History Received12 May 2023Published online11 July 2023Published inissue 25 August 2023https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/accountsmr.3c00058https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.3c00058article-commentaryACS PublicationsCopyright © 2023 Accounts of Materials Research. Co-published by ShanghaiTech University and American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.Request reuse permissionsArticle Views1115Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Emulsions,Nanoparticles,Salts,Surfactants,Two dimensional materials Get e-Alerts
Interleukin-2-triggered Raf-1 expression, phosphorylation, and associated kinase activity increase through G1 and S in CD3-stimulated primary human T cells. (1991)

To gain further insight into the role of Raf-1 in normal cell growth, c-raf-1 mRNA expression, Raf-1 protein production, and Raf-1-associated kinase activity in normal human T cells were analyzed. In contrast to the constitutive expression of Raf-1 in continuously proliferating cell lines, c-raf-1 mRNA and Raf-1 protein levels were barely detectable in freshly isolated G0 T lymphocytes. Previous work with fibroblasts has suggested that Raf-1 plays a signaling role in the G0-G1 phase transition. In T cells, triggering via the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex (TCR/CD3) resulted in an approximately fourfold increase in c-raf-1 mRNA. In addition, the promotion of G1 progression by interleukin 2 (IL-2) was associated with a 5- to 10-fold immediate/early induction of c-raf-1 mRNA, resulting in up to a 12-fold increase in Raf-1 protein expression. TCR/CD3 activation did not alter the phosphorylation state of Raf-1, whereas interleukin 2 receptor stimulation resulted in a rapid increase in the phosphorylation state of a subpopulation of Raf-1 molecules progressively increasing throughout G1. These findings were complemented by assays for Raf-1-associated kinase activity which revealed a gradual accumulation of serine and threonine autokinase activity in Raf-1 immunoprecipitates during G1, which remained elevated throughout DNA replication.
A Solver for a Theory of Strings and Bit-vectors (2016)

We present a solver for a many-sorted first-order quantifier-free theory $T_{w,bv}$ of string equations, string length represented as bit-vectors, and bit-vector arithmetic aimed at formal verification, automated testing, and security analysis of C/C++ applications. Our key motivation for building such a solver is the observation that existing string solvers are not efficient at modeling the string/bit-vector combination. Current approaches either reduce strings to bit-vectors and use a bit-vector solver as a backend, or model bit-vectors as natural numbers and use a solver for the combined theory of strings and natural numbers. Both these approaches are inefficient for different reasons. Modeling strings as bit-vectors destroys structure inherent in string equations thus missing opportunities for efficiently deciding such formulas, and modeling bit-vectors as natural numbers is known to be inefficient. Hence, there is a clear need for a solver that models strings and bit-vectors natively. Our solver Z3strBV is a decision procedure for the theory $T_{w,bv}$ combining solvers for bit-vector and string equations. We demonstrate experimentally that Z3strBV is significantly more efficient than reduction of string/bit-vector constraints to strings/natural numbers. Additionally, we prove decidability for the theory $T_{w,bv}$. We also propose two optimizations which can be adapted to other contexts. The first accelerates convergence on a consistent assignment of string lengths, and the second, dubbed library-aware SMT solving, fixes summaries for built-in string functions (e.g., {\tt strlen} in C/C++), which Z3strBV uses directly instead of analyzing the functions from scratch each time. Finally, we demonstrate experimentally that Z3strBV is able to detect nontrivial overflows in real-world system-level code, as confirmed against 7 security vulnerabilities from CVE and Mozilla database.
High-speed Wavelength Switching Experiment for Wavelength-Division and Time-Division Hybrid Switching Networks using LiNbO3 Fabry-Perot Tunable Wavelength Filters (1991)

Wavelength-division (WD) and time-division (TD) hybrid switching networks are expected to be one of the strong candidates for future broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) H 4 signal (around 150 Mbps) STM switching networks[1]. In these switching networks, high-speed wavelength switching operation of tunable wavelength filters is necessary. Recently, to confirm the feasibility of an 8 WD and 4 TD hybrid switching network to cater for 100 Mbps signals, a wavelength switching experiment was demonstrated with a TD multiplexed signal in a byte-interleaved signal form with 6.7-nsec guard-time. Wavelength switching within the guard-time was accomplished[2], by using a phase-shift-controlled DFB LD tunable wavelength filter[3]. However, a bit-interleaved signal form is more suitable for the hybrid switching network than that of a byte-interleaved signal form, because of the amount of hardware required for the time switch, used for the hybrid switching networks. To employ the bit-interleaved signal form, improvement in the wavelength switching time is required for tunable wavelength filters. Wavelength switching in times of 1 nsec has been reported, using a DFB LD tunable filter[4]. However, this type of filter with wavelength tuning principles based on the effective refractive index change due to the carrier injection effect, lacks the possibility of achieving less than 1-nsec wavelength switching time. This is mainly due to the value of the carrier life time.
Ethanol to Acetaldehyde Conversion under Thermal and Microwave Heating of ZnO-CuO-SiO2 Modified with WC Nanoparticles (2021)

The nonoxidative conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde under thermal and microwave heating was studied on mixed oxide ZnO-CuO-SiO2 catalysts modified with additives of tungsten carbide nanoparticles. The results revealed that the WC-modified catalyst exhibited superior activity and selectivity under microwave heating conditions. It is assumed that when microwave heating is used, hot zones can appear at the contact points of WC nanoparticles and active centers of the mixed oxide ZnO-CuO-SiO2 catalyst, which intensively absorb microwave energy, allowing the more efficient formation of acetaldehyde at moderate temperatures. Thermodynamic calculations of equilibrium concentrations of reagents and products allowed us to identify the optimal conditions for effective acetaldehyde production. The initial catalyst and the catalyst prepared by the coprecipitation of the oxides with the addition of WC were characterized by physicochemical methods (TPR-H2, XRD, DRIFTS of adsorbed CO). The active centers of the oxide catalyst can be Cu+ cations.
Pathology of Cancer of the Pancreas (1998)

Although many have lumped nearly 20 different neoplasms under the umbrella term "cancer of the pancreas," each of these neoplasms is pathologically and clinically distinct. In addition, each may require a specific treatment and result in a different outcome. Understanding the pathology of pancreas cancer, therefore, forms the cornerstone for rational treatment and prognostication. This article describes the pathology of a number of primary, metastatic, and systemic cancers that can involve the pancreas. The clinical relevance of each gross and histologic tumor feature is emphasized.
Transcriptional profiling of day 12 porcine embryonic disc and trophectoderm samples using ultra-deep sequencing technologies (2010)

cDNA derived from trophectoderm (TE) and embryonic disc (ED) of a single day 12 porcine embryo was subjected to next-generation sequencing using the Illumina platform. The short sequencing reads from triplicate sequencing runs were aligned to a custom database designed to represent the known porcine transcriptome. As expected, genes involved in epithelial cell function and steroid biosynthesis were more abundant in cells from the TE; genes involved in maintenance of pluripotency and chromatin remodeling were more highly expressed in cells from the ED. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to confirm the validity of the approach. We conclude that gene expression profiles of even extremely small samples (<or=1,000 cells) can be adequately described without RNA/cDNA preamplification. We also demonstrate the utility of pre-genome genomics resources-such as EST repositories-in the analysis and application of next-generation sequencing data in the absence of an appropriately annotated reference genome.
Effects of Certain Vitamins and Histamines on the Lsd Psychosis (1959)

Stoll, in 1947, reported on the effects of LSD-25, an ergot alkaloid which can produce striking mental changes in normal persons, when given in microgram quantities. Since this original report, many papers and provocative ideas on the subject have appeared.
Approximation of Refrigerant Properties for Dynamic Vapor Compression Cycle Models (2018)

Thermophysical refrigerant property models play an essential role in dynamic models of vapor compression cycles, due to their highly nonlinear behavior, their coupling with many phenomena of interest, and the number of property computations required to simulate a cycle. As conventional iterative calculation methods are often too slow to be practically useful for such simulations, we compare two different approximation approaches, including one method that incorporates approximations of the liquid and vapor saturation lines, and another which approximates the entire property surface over a given domain. These methods are implemented in Modelica, and are demonstrated to successfully describe the nonlinear behavior of the refrigerant R-32 in a computationally and memory-efficient manner.
Renal dysfunction following open-heart operations (1974)

ABEL, RONALD M. MD; WICK, JENNIFER; BECK, CLYDE H. JR MD; BUCKLEY, MORTIMER J. MD; AUSTEN, W. GERALD MD Author Information
Systematic study of the impact of curved active and poly contours on transistor performance (2009)

Rigorous 3D process and device simulation has been applied to transistors with curved channel shapes that are inevitable due to the optical proximity effects. The impact of channel curvature on the transistor performance has been benchmarked using the universal Ion/Ioff coordinates. Systematic study of the different non-rectangular channel shapes included straight lines at an angle different than 90 degrees and concave and convex shapes with different curvature radii. The study reveals that any deviation from the ideal rectangular shape affects transistor performance. The amount of enhancement or degradation depends on particular shape, with on current, threshold voltage, and off current responding very differently to the same shape variation. The type and amount of performance variation is very different for the distorted channel length (i.e. poly gate shape) vs distorted channel width (i.e. active layer shape). Degradation of over 50% in the on current at a fixed off current has been observed in the most unfavorable cases for each of the two critical mask layers. On the other hand, a desirable over 3x off current reduction at a fixed on current can be achieved by selecting a beneficial channel shape.
P1‐053: Does a positive PIB scan always mean Alzheimer's disease? (2012)

Amyloid imaging such as with PIB is fast becoming the gold standard of Alzheimer's disease diagnosis. While there are some negative results (PIB negative clinical AD subjects), the presence of a “PIB positive” scan in an individual with dementia is now taken as solid evidence that AD is present. We present a case study showing this is not always the case. A case study is presented: Clinical exam and progression, imaging with CT, MRI, and research PIB scan. An 83-year old man with five years of progressive cognitive decline leading to dementia, no vascular risk factors, normal physical exam, typical “probable dementia”. At age 83 he died of a sudden massive intracerebral hemmorrhage. His autopsy findings will be presented. CT scan and research MRI showed prominent white matter chronic ischemic changes along with typical atrophy. He had a research PIB scan, which showed positive SUVR (over 1.8, with 1.5 being the cut-off point for normal), with amyloid distribution typical of AD. His autopsy, however, showed an absence of Alzheimer's Disease, with no senile plaques or neurofibrillary tangles. In contrast, he had extensive cerebral amyloid angiopathy positive on Congo Red staining. CAA (Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy) can produce a positive PIB scan typical for AD, even in the absence of Alzheimer's pathology. Particularly in individuals with cerebral hemorrhage, this diagnosis should be considered.
Laser-Fabricated Electro-Optic Modulators in GaAs (1992)

High-speed external modulators are necessary components for impressing signals onto lightwave carriers used in optical fibers for various transmission applications in telecommunications. III-V semiconductor waveguide electro-optic modulators offer the advantage of monolithic integration, which gives them an edge over lithium niobate modulators. We have used novel laser direct-writing techniques to masklessly define waveguide and electrode structures, and have fabricated an electro-optic polarization modulator in GaAs/AlGaAs. Our modulator exhibits a high extinction ratio and low value of Vπ.
Lovastatin modulation of microglial activation via suppression of functional CD40 expression (2004)

Recent studies have shown that the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) possess antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, distinct from their action of lowering serum lipid levels. Moreover, results of epidemiological studies suggest that long-term use of statins is associated with a decreased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Interestingly, lovastatin (one of the most commonly used anticholesterol drugs) treatment of vascular-derived cells has been reported to antagonize activation of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway, and it is well known that the JAK/STAT pathway plays a central role in interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-induced microglial CD40 expression. We and others have previously reported that microglial CD40 expression is significantly induced by IFN-gamma and amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide. Moreover, it has been shown that CD40 signaling is critically involved in microglia-related immune responses in the CNS. In this study, we examined the putative role of lovastatin in modulation of CD40 expression and its signaling in cultured microglia. RT-PCR, Western immunoblotting, and flow cytometry data show that lovastatin suppresses IFN-gamma-induced CD40 expression. Additionally, lovastatin markedly inhibits IFN-gamma-induced phosphorylation of JAK/STAT1. Furthermore, lovastatin is able to suppress microglial tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-beta1 and IL-6 production promoted either by IFN-gamma or by Abeta peptide challenge in the presence of CD40 cross-linking. To characterize further lovastatin's effect on microglial function, we examined microglial phagocytic capability following CD40 cross-linking. Data reveal that lovastatin markedly attenuates CD40-mediated inhibition of microglial phagocytosis of Abeta. These results provide an insight into the mechanism of the beneficial effects of lovastatin in neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Alzheimer's disease.
Reporting Standard Compliance in Publications of Vestibular Schwannoma Patients Treated With Microsurgery (2012)

Since the release of the reporting system guidelines for VS, the focus of the publications seems to have shifted away from basic clinical characteristics and toward posttreatment neurologic function. Future studies reporting the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes for patients with VS cases should strive to include all the elements described in the Consensus Meeting guidelines.
Towards layout-friendly high-level synthesis (2012)

There are two prominent problems with technology scaling: increasing design complexity and more challenges with interconnect design, including routability. High-level synthesis has been proposed to solve the complexity problem by raising the abstraction level. In this paper, we share our vision that high-level synthesis can potentially help the routability problem as well. We show that many interconnect problems that occur in layout can be avoided or mitigated by adopting a layout-friendly RTL architecture generated from high-level synthesis. We also evaluate some structural metrics that can be used to estimate the routability impact of design decisions in high-level synthesis. Experimental results have demonstrated correlations between the metrics and the routability of the resulting design.