gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Feature profile evolution during shallow trench isolation etching in chlorine-based plasmas. III. The effect of oxygen addition (2013)

The effect of oxygen addition to chlorine plasma during shallow trench isolation etching is quantified in this work. Specifically, the electron density and the electron temperature in an electron cyclotron resonance reactor were characterized by a Langmuir probe and were found to remain relatively constant upon O2 addition. The silicon etching rates were found to increase with the square root of the ion energy, suggesting the etching reaction is limited by the momentum transfer from ions to the surface. A relatively small amount of oxygen addition (&amp;lt;10%) to the chlorine plasma simultaneously changes the reactor wall conditions and surface kinetics, since oxygen becomes actively involved in the surface reactions. The change in the chamber wall conditions and surface kinetics leads to the change in both the amount of etch products and the etched feature profile. The incorporation of oxygen on the surface results in a significant change of the etched surface morphology and its composition. This work suggests a small amount of O2 addition to Cl2 plasmas in shallow trench isolation etching changes the etching behavior primarily through modifying the kinetics on etched surfaces. A multiscale etch model consisting of translating mixed layer and Monte Carlo modules for bulk and feature scale etching, respectively, was successfully applied to this case, demonstrating good agreement with the experimental results.
Aerosol therapy in children: challenges and solutions (2013)

Using aerosolized medications for the treatment of children has gained importance over the years. However, aerosol drug delivery to infants and pediatrics is not an easy task as it has been influenced by many challenges. Most aerosol devices have been designed for use in adults not for children. Therefore, they require some critical assessment in device selection and often a level of adaptation for use with smaller children. It is well documented that each aerosol device and interface that have been used for the treatment of children has its own advantages and challenges in drug delivery. This paper provides a comprehensive review of dosing, drug-device combination, aerosol devices and interfaces used for drug delivery to children with pulmonary diseases. Solutions to the challenges with the aim of optimizing aerosol therapy in this patient population are also discussed.
Role of 1,3-Propane Sultone and Vinylene Carbonate in Solid Electrolyte Interface Formation and Gas Generation (2015)

Lithium-ion coin cells containing electrolytes with and without 1,3-propane sultone (PS) and vinylene carbonate (VC) were prepared and investigated. The electrochemical performance of the cells is correlated with ex situ surface analysis of the electrodes conducted by Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies and in situ gas analysis by online electrochemical mass spectrometry (OEMS). The results suggest that incorporation of both PS and VC results in improved capacity retention upon cycling at 55 °C and lower impedance. Ex situ surface analysis and OEMS confirm that incorporation of PS and VC alter the reduction reactions on the anode inhibiting ethylene generation and changing the structure of the solid electrolyte interface. Incorporation of VC results in CO2 evolution, formation of poly(VC), and inhibition of ethylene generation. Incorporation of PS results in generation of lithium alkylsulfonate (RSO2Li) and inhibition of ethylene generation. The combination of PS and VC reduces the ethylene gassing during formation by more than 60%.
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) as central player for control of hepatocellular fatty acid influx (2015)

Background: In NASH the intracellular ratio of phosphatidylcholine (PC): lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is decreased due to activation of phospholipase A2. Responsible is the calcium independent membrane phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β) which is part of the heterotetrameric fatty acid uptake complex consisting also of FABPPM, CD36 and caveolin1. The bile acid-phospholipid conjugate UDCA-LPE inhibits fatty acid influx by interference with iPLA2β.
Shutter Technique for Noninvasive Individual Cell Characterization in Sealed CPV Modules (2015)

An optical shutter technique for quality control and degradation analysis of concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) modules is presented. Shuttering configurations are described and used to determine individual component degradation or failure in field-exposed commercial modules. Cells are shuttered in specific patterns, intentionally engaging internal bypass diodes, and current-voltage (I-V) curves are measured at the housing terminals of the sealed module. Individual cell characteristics may be qualitatively determined by contrasting module I-V responses to different shutter configurations and quantitatively determined by fitting an extended equivalent circuit model to the shutter data.
Reconfigurable Orbital-Angular-Momentum-Based Switching among Multiple 100-Gbit/s Data Channels (2013)

We demonstrate OAM-based reconfigurable optical switching functions among multiple OAM modes. Three-pair OAM modes exchange shows 3.6-dB conversion efficiency and selective data exchange among three 100-Gb/s QPSK OAM channels has a 2.1-dB OSNR penalty.
Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Analogues of 4,5‐Dihydroorotic Acid (2015)

Abstract 4‐(Trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin‐2(1 H )‐ones react with trimethylsilyl cyanide in the presence of a tertiary amine catalyst to give Michael‐like 1,4‐conjugate hydrocyanation adducts exclusively at the 3,6‐positions. The resulting 2‐oxo‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidine‐4‐carbonitriles have been used to synthesize new trifluoromethylated 4,5‐dihydroorotic acid analogues and their esters in racemic as well as enantiopure forms by a chiral auxiliary approach. The orthogonal intramolecular C–F ··· C=O interaction between the fluorine atom of the CF 3 group and the carbon atom of the ester group observed in the crystal state may stabilize the sterically unfavourable conformation of the methyl 2‐oxo‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)hexahydropyrimidine‐4‐carboxylate molecule with axially oriented substituents.
Patient-Reported Outcomes in Heart Failure with Preserved vs. Reduced Ejection Fraction: Focus on Physical Independence (2020)

Our results confirmed the robustness of the KCCQ clinical summary score in HF regardless of ejection fraction group. In the assessment of physical capacity in HFpEF, our results suggest strong interaction with social limitation, and we propose a summary score comprising both components be used.
Incorporation of a nucleoside analog maps genome repair sites in post-mitotic human neurons (2020)

Abstract Neurons are the longest-living cells in our bodies, becoming post-mitotic in early development upon terminal differentiation. Their lack of DNA replication makes them reliant on DNA repair mechanisms to maintain genome fidelity. These repair mechanisms decline with age, potentially giving rise to genomic dysfunction that may influence cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite this challenge, our knowledge of how genome instability emerges and what mechanisms neurons and other long-lived cells may have evolved to protect their genome integrity over the human life span is limited. Using a targeted sequencing approach, we demonstrate that neurons consolidate much of their DNA repair efforts into well-defined hotspots that protect genes that are essential for their identity and function. Our findings provide a basis to understand genome integrity as it relates to aging and disease in the nervous system. One Sentence Summary Recurrent DNA repair hotspots in neurons are linked to genes essential for identity and function.
Scintillation properties of x Ce:30Rb 2 O-30BaO-10Al 2 O 3 -30P 2 O 5 glasses (2019)

Abstract This paper presents the results of photoluminescence and X-ray induced scintillation properties of x Ce:30Rb 2 O-30BaO-10Al 2 O 3 -30P 2 O 5 ( x = 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0) glasses produced by the melt-quenching method. We observed the concentration quenching increasing with Ce concentration in PL and scintillation properties. The Ce-doped samples indicated intense luminescence and scintillation, and the 0.5% Ce-doped sample indicated the highest scintillation intensity. The afterglow levels of our samples were very low comparable to that of conventional CsI:Tl. Taking into account all the properties investigated here, the 0.5% Ce-doped sample showed the best performance as a scintillator among the present samples.
Nonpathogenesis of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Is Associated with Reduced Inflammation and Recruitment of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells to Lymph Nodes, Not to Lack of an Interferon Type I Response, during the Acute Phase (2009)

Divergent Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR9 signaling has been proposed to distinguish pathogenic from nonpathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus infection in primate models. We demonstrate here that increased expression of type I interferon in pathogenic rhesus macaques compared to nonpathogenic African green monkeys was associated with the recruitment of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the lymph nodes and the presence of an inflammatory environment early after infection, instead of a difference in the TLR7/9 response.
Multigroup Multicast Precoding for Energy Optimization in SWIPT Systems With Heterogeneous Users (2019)

The key to developing future generations of wireless communication systems lies in the expansion of extant methodologies, which ensures the coexistence of a variety of devices within a system. In this paper, we assume several multicasting (MC) groups comprising three types of heterogeneous users including Information Decoding (ID), Energy Harvesting (EH) and both ID and EH. We present a novel framework to investigate the multi-group (MG) - MC precoder designs for three different scenarios, namely, Separate Multicast and Energy Precoding Design (SMEP), Joint Multicast and Energy Precoding Design (JMEP), and Per-User Information and/or Energy Precoding Design (PIEP). In the considered system, a multi-antenna source transmits the relevant information and/or energy to the groups of corresponding receivers using more than one MC streams. The data processing users employ the conventional ID receiver architectures, the EH users make use of a non-linear EH module for energy acquisition, while the users capable of performing both ID and EH utilize the separated architecture with disparate ID and non-linear EH units. Our contribution is threefold. Firstly, we propose an optimization framework to i) minimize the total transmit power and ii) to maximize the sum harvested energy, the two key performance metrics of MG-MC systems. The proposed framework allows the analysis of the system under arbitrary given quality of service and harvested energy requirements. Secondly, to deal with the non-convexity of the formulated problems, we transform the original problems respectively into equivalent forms, which can be effectively solved by semi-definite relaxation (SDR) and alternating optimization. The convergence of the proposed algorithms is analytically guaranteed. Thirdly, a comparative study between the proposed schemes is conducted via extensive numerical results, wherein the benefits of adopting SMEP over JMEP and PIEP models are discussed.
The αvintegrin antagonists as novel anticancer agents: an update (2002)

Integrins are involved in many cellular processes, including some pathological ones associated with various cancers, both solid tumours and metastases. Since integrins are involved in such critical processes as gene expression, which lead to cellular proliferation, migration, survival and angiogenesis, they represent potential targets for therapeutic intervention. The alpha(v)beta(3) integrin is one of the most widely studied integrins because it is one of the most promiscuous. Published studies provide compelling evidence that small molecule antagonists have the potential to treat both solid tumours and metastases, serve as diagnostic imaging agents and be used for site-directed delivery of drugs to solid tumours. The alpha(v)beta(3) integrin antagonists also inhibit blood vessel formation associated with tumour growth. Therapeutic candidates have included antibodies, cyclic peptides, peptidomimetics and small molecules. A number of potent small-molecule antagonists of the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin have now been identified and are progressing in the clinic. This review focuses on the role of alpha(v)beta(3) in cancer. The rationale for the development of the therapeutic and diagnostic candidates based on the key role of alpha(v)beta(3) is discussed.
Constitutive Production of Interferon-α 2 by a Human B-Lymphoblastoid Cell Line (1992)

Human B-lymphoblastoid cell lines immortalized by Epstein-Barr virus constitutively produce low levels of acid-stable interferon (IFN) that differs in composition from IFN produced by the same cell type after virus induction. We use three approaches to study the constitutive IFN produced by the lymphoblastoid cell line, LuKII: (i) antiviral bioassays with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody; (ii) amino-terminal sequence analysis of the single protein obtained after purification of the IFN by immunoaffinity chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC; (iii) sequence analysis of cDNA clones obtained by screening a LuKII library with an IFN-alpha 2 probe. Our data show that more than 90% of the constitutive IFN results from expression of a single gene coding for IFN-alpha 2. The significance of these results is discussed.
A Method for Studying Pain Arising from the Urinary Bladder in Conscious, Freely-Moving Rats (1989)

A new technique has been developed suitable for quantitative studies on physio-pharmacology of pain arising from the urinary bladder in conscious freely-moving rats. The method involves the intravesical instillation of xylene or its vehicle (0.3 cc of silicone oil) through a catheter chronically implanted into the rat bladder. The instillation of xylene (10 to 100%) produced behavioural effects (licking of lower abdomen or perineal region, hind paws hyperextension) suggestive of visceral pain. All the behavioural responses produced by xylene instillation were prevented by extrinsic bladder denervation (pelvic ganglionectomy). Morphine HCl (two to five mg./kg. s.c., 30 min. before) or (+/-)-baclofen (2.5-10 mg./kg. s.c., 60 min. before) reduced or abolished the response to xylene instillation, thus indicating that the action of analgesic drugs can be quantitated using the present model.
Isolation of 5‐Hydroxy‐γ‐lactams from a Classical 2‐Aminopyrrole Synthesis (2018)

5‐hydroxy‐γ‐lactams have been isolated as major byproducts from a classical 2‐aminopyrrole synthesis involving condensation of an in situ prepared α‐aminoketone with methyl cyanoacetate. The classical 2‐aminopyrrole was obtained in very low yield, or not at all. One 5‐hydroxy‐γ‐lactam was dehydrated to the known 5‐methylene‐γ‐lactam in good yield using thionyl chloride.
Non‐isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Biobased Poly(ethylene 2,5‐furandicarboxylate) Synthesized via the Direct Esterification Process (2014)

Poly(ethylene 2,5‐furandicarboxylate) (PEF) is an emergent biobased polyester whose chemical structure is analogous to poly(ethylene terephthalate). Pilot‐scale PEF is synthesized through the direct esterification process from 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid and bio‐ethylene glycol. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) measurements reveal similar crystallinities and unit cell structures for melt‐crystallized and glass‐crystallized samples. The non‐isothermal crystallization of PEF sample is investigated by means of DSC experiments both from the glass and the melt. The temperature dependence of the effective activation energy of the growth rate is obtained from these data, and the results show that the glass and early stage of the melt crystallization share common dynamics. Hoffman–Lauritzen parameters and the temperature at maximum crystallization rate are evaluated. It is found that the melt‐crystallization kinetics undergo a transition from regime I to II; however, the crystal growth rate from the melt shows an atypical depression at T &lt; 171 °C compared with the predicted Hoffman–Lauritzen theory. image
Comparison of tail-suspension and sciatic nerve crush on the musculoskeletal system in young-adult mice. (2005)

Musculoskeletal unloading and disuse result in significant muscle and bone loss. These phenomena can be modeled using sciatic nerve crush or tail-suspension. Mature animals eliminate the complication of growth superimposed on bone and muscle loss. In the current study, young-adult (12-week old male) C57BL/6J mice were subjected to sciatic nerve crush (NC; n = 9) or tail-suspension (TS; n = 9) for 14 days, with a normal ambulatory control (n = 10). The soleus, gastrocnemius, and EDL muscles were collected and weighed at sacrifice. Femurs were analyzed in three-point bending for stiffness, elastic force and maximum force. Muscle masses in tail suspended mice were reduced by 41.9% (p < 0.001), 17.5% (p < 0.001), and 9.1% (N.S.) for the soleus, gastrocnemius, and EDL, respectively. In NC mice, muscle masses were reduced by 18.6% (p = 0.004), 37.2% (p < 0.001), and 22.5% (p = 0.003). Femur stiffness, elastic and maximum forces were reduced by 20.9% (p = 0.014), 14.7% (N.S.), and 11.6% (N.S.) in TS, compared to NC where masses were reduced by 15.5% (p = 0.022), 0.2% (N.S.) and 11.2% (N.S.) in the crushed leg compared to the contralateral control. NC resulted in a greater reduction of muscle mass in the gastrocnemius and EDL muscle; whereas tail-suspension had a greater effect on the soleus. Tail-suspension had the greatest effect on bone mechanical properties. When comparing these results to actual spaceflight data, it appears as though TS most closely models muscle loss, and NC most closely models changes in bone mechanical properties. These unloading models have tissue-specific effects that impact their applications for musculoskeletal research.
Lysis of a Single Cyanobacterium for Whole Genome Amplification (2013)

Bacterial species from natural environments, exhibiting a great degree of genetic diversity that has yet to be characterized, pose a specific challenge to whole genome amplification (WGA) from single cells. A major challenge is establishing an effective, compatible, and controlled lysis protocol. We present a novel lysis protocol that can be used to extract genomic information from a single cyanobacterium of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 known to have multilayer cell wall structures that resist conventional lysis methods. Simple but effective strategies for releasing genomic DNA from captured cells while retaining cellular identities for single-cell analysis are presented. Successful sequencing of genetic elements from single-cell amplicons prepared by multiple displacement amplification (MDA) is demonstrated for selected genes (15 loci nearly equally spaced throughout the main chromosome).
Transporter-Mediated Protection against Thiopurine-Induced Hematopoietic Toxicity (2008)

Thiopurines are effective immunosuppressants and anticancer agents, but intracellular accumulation of their active metabolites (6-thioguanine nucleotides, 6-TGN) causes dose-limiting hematopoietic toxicity. Thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency is known to exacerbate thiopurine toxicity. However, many patients are highly sensitive to thiopurines for unknown reasons. We show that multidrug-resistance protein 4 (Mrp4) is abundant in myeloid progenitors and tested the role of the Mrp4, an ATP transporter of monophosphorylated nucleosides, in this unexplained thiopurine sensitivity. Mrp4-deficient mice experienced Mrp4 gene dosage-dependent toxicity caused by accumulation of 6-TGNs in their myelopoietic cells. Therefore, Mrp4 protects against thiopurine-induced hematopoietic toxicity by actively exporting thiopurine nucleotides. We then identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in human MRP4 (rs3765534) that dramatically reduces MRP4 function by impairing its cell membrane localization. This SNP is common (>18%) in the Japanese population and indicates that the increased sensitivity of some Japanese patients to thiopurines may reflect the greater frequency of this MRP4 SNP.
Riboflavin, a Potent Neuroprotective Vitamin: Focus on Flavivirus and Alphavirus Proteases (2022)

Several neurotropic viruses are members of the flavivirus and alphavirus families. Infections caused by these viruses may cause long-term neurological sequelae in humans. The continuous emergence of infections caused by viruses around the world, such as the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) (Alphavirus genus), the zika virus (ZIKV) and the yellow fever virus (YFV) (both of the Flavivirus genus), warrants the development of new strategies to combat them. Our study demonstrates the inhibitory potential of the water-soluble vitamin riboflavin against NS2B/NS3<sup>pro</sup> of ZIKV and YFV and nsP2<sup>pro</sup> of CHIKV. Riboflavin presents a competitive inhibition mode with IC<sub>50</sub> values in the medium µM range of 79.4 ± 5.0 µM for ZIKV NS2B/NS3<sup>pro</sup> and 45.7 ± 2.9 μM for YFV NS2B/NS3<sup>pro</sup>. Against CHIKV nsP2<sup>pro</sup>, the vitamin showed a very strong effect (93 ± 5.7 nM). The determined dissociation constants (K<sub>D</sub>) are significantly below the threshold value of 30 µM. The ligand binding increases the thermal stability between 4 °C and 8 °C. Unexpectedly, riboflavin showed inhibiting activity against another viral protein; the molecule was also able to inhibit the viral entry of CHIKV. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated great stability of riboflavin in the protease active site, which validates the repurposing of riboflavin as a promising molecule in drug development against the viruses presented here.
Analog multitone with interference suppression: Relieving the ADC bottleneck for wideband 60 GHz systems (2012)

Commercial exploitation of the large amounts of unlicensed spectrum available at 60 GHz requires that we take advantage of the low-cost digital signal processing (DSP) made available by Moore's law. A key bottleneck, however, is the cost and power consumption of high-precision analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) at the multiGigabit rates of interest in this band. This makes it difficult, for example, to apply traditional DSP-based approaches to channel dispersion compensation such as time domain equalization or Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), since these are predicated on the availability of full-rate, high-precision samples. In this paper, we investigate the use of analog multitone for sidestepping the ADC bottleneck: transmissions are split into a number of subbands, each of which can be separately sampled at the receiver using a lower rate ADC. For efficient use of spectrum, we do not allow guard bands between adjacent subbands, hence the receiver signal processing must account for intercarrier interference (ICI) across subbands as well as intersymbol interference (ISI) within a subband due to channel dispersion. We illustrate our ideas for short-range (100-200 meters), highly directional, outdoor 60 GHz links, as might be employed for wireless backhaul. Given the large coherence bandwidth of the sparse multipath channels typical of such links that we consider, reliable performance requires spatial diversity, in addition to the beamforming required to close the link. We therefore consider one transmit and two receive antenna arrays, each with 4 × 4 elements. We investigate linear equalization strategies corresponding to different combinations of: (a) combining samples from both arrays/choosing the stronger array and (b) equalizing the subbands independently/jointly. We find that exploiting the spatial diversity completely by combining samples from both arrays is critical for combating fading and inter carrier interference.