gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Calculation of Two-Phase Flow in Gas Turbine Combustors (1995)

A method is presented for computing steady two-phase turbulent combusting flow in a gas turbine combustor. The gas phase equations are solved in an Eulerian frame of reference. The two-phase calculations are performed by using a liquid droplet spray combustion model and treating the motion of the evaporating fuel droplets in a Lagrangian frame of reference. The numerical algorithm employs nonorthogonal curvilinear coordinates, a multigrid iterative solution procedure, the standard k-ε turbulence model, and a combustion model comprising an assumed shape probability density function and the conserved scalar formulation. The trajectory computation of the fuel provides the source terms for all the gas phase equations. This two-phase model was applied to a real piece of combustion hardware in the form of a modern GE/SNECMA single annular CFM56 turbofan engine combustor. For the purposes of comparison, calculations were also performed by treating the fuel as a single gaseous phase. The effect on the solution of two extreme situations of the fuel as a gas and initially as a liquid was examined. The distribution of the velocity field and the conserved scalar within the combustor, as well as the distribution of the temperature field in the reaction zone and in the exhaust, were all predicted with the combustor operating both at high-power and low-power (ground idle) conditions. The calculated exit gas temperature was compared with test rig measurements. Under both low and high-power conditions, the temperature appeared to show an improved agreement with the measured data when the calculations were performed with the spray model as compared to a single-phase calculation.
Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (2014)

The book provides a systematic and profound account of scientific challenges in fuel cell research. The introductory chapters bring readers up to date on the urgency and implications of the global energy challenge, the prospects of electrochemical energy conversion technologies, and the thermodynamic and electrochemical principles underlying the op
An Analytical Model with Improved Accuracy of IEEE 802.11 Protocol Under Unsaturated Conditions (2010)

In this paper the authors present an analytical model that - compared to previously published work - more accurately captures the delay of IEEE 802.11 protocol under low, medium, and near-saturation load conditions. A Markov chain is used to keep track of the instantaneous number of (active) nodes that have a frame to transmit. One advantage of the proposed analytical model is its ability to estimate the IEEE 802.11 protocol latency and delivery ratio in the presence of quality of service (QoS) classes, each class being defined by a specific maximum retransmission count. Such QoS classes can be adopted to support real time applications for which both latency and delivery ratio must be closely monitored for satisfactory operation.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Substituted N-Aryl 1,4-Dihydropyridines as Antituberculostatic Agents (2023)

Lipophilic diester substituted derivatives show promising activities that were additionally affected by the aromatic substituent functions. Thus, we identified compounds with activities almost reaching that of the used antimycobacterial drug as control.
Analysis of the SET and RESET states drift of phase-change memories by low frequency noise measurements (2015)

In this paper, we use low frequency noise (LFN) measurements to study the resistance drift of the low resistance (SET) and the high resistance (RESET) states Ge-rich based PCM devices. We confirm that the structural relaxation of the amorphous phase, which is at the origin of the drift of the RESET state, also results in an increase of the normalized noise. We then highlight for the first time the decrease of the normalized noise (S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</sub> /I <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) of the SET states obtained with different programming procedures, which originates from the structural relaxation of the amorphous-like grain boundaries (GB). This demonstrates the major electrostatic influence of the interfacial defects on the LFN of the SET states. The results are successfully interpreted in the framework of recently published models which give account for the drift of the SET and RESET states.
Nanoparticle-Based Molecular Imaging in Living Subjects (2008)

Drawing from many of the discoveries in the basic sciences of chemistry, physics, and biology, the field of nanotechnology is growing into a broad, applicationoriented transdiscipline described by as many definitions as applications it generates. Dendrimers, which are dendritric molecules reminiscent of trees generally remain without a precise, consistent definition in the literature. At their most basic, they are repeatedly branching structures comprising monomeric units of any chemical structure—they are thus by definition a form of polymer. In dendrimer chemistry, each separate, identical “branch” is generally termed a dendron. Dendrimers are assembled in stepwise fashion by one of the two general methods: divergent or convergent synthesis. Though stepwise schemes can involve many steps and much time, the exquisite control over size, uniformity, and shape in bulk solutions makes such methods nevertheless quite valuable from the imaging and therapeutic perspective. chemical vapor deposition (CVD) offers a more precise, scalable technique for nanotube formation.
Solution and Solid State Structure of 2′,5′-BIS-(O-Trityl)-3′-Oximinouridine (1993)

Abstract Comparison of the solution (in CDCl3 at 500 MHz1H NMR) and X-ray crystal studies of 3′-oximinouridine 1 shows in general good agreement with the high anti glycosidic angle and in the conformation about C4′-C5′. The sugar pucker (C2′-endo) is qualititatively identical in both cases. This is the first example of a conformationally sugar-rigid nucleoside in which the rigidity arises from the sp2 character of an endocyclic carbon (i.e. C3′), not from the strain due to the ring fusion (see ref. 7 for conformationally strained nucleosides).
Incremental analysis and testing of distributed software systems (1996)

Analysis and testing are two complementary approaches to finding errors in computer programs. Reachability analysis of a distributed program P involves the generation of a reachability graph (RG) of P, which shows the combined behavior of processes in P. The RG of P, RG(P), is then used to detect errors such as deadlocks in P. Testing of P, on the other hand, involves executing P with a set of test cases and checking the produced outputs. RG(P) can be used to select test paths of P according to various structural testing criteria. The RG based on the specification of P can be used for conformance (or black-box) testing of P. However, the major problem in RG-based analysis and testing of P is that the number of states in RG(P) may be exponential in the number of processes in P. This problem is referred to as the state explosion problem.
In this thesis we show how to perform incremental RG-based analysis and testing of distributed programs with synchronous communication. Such analysis and testing alleviate the state explosion problem, reduce the effort for re-analysis or regression testing due to modifications, and also provide other advantages. Incremental (reachability) analysis of a distributed program P is to incrementally compose some processes of P, reduce the composed RG to eliminate unnecessary information about internal synchronizations, and use the reduced RG in later compositions. This incremental process is carried out in a bottom-to-top fashion, according to a selected hierarchy of processes of P, and eventually produces a reduced RG such that deadlocks in P can still be detected. We present an incremental analysis technique that addresses the intermediate state explosion problem, which refers to the situation where the size of an RG generated during incremental analysis of P is larger than RG(P). In addition, our technique allows the construction of a complete path from the initial state of a reduced RG to a deadlock state.
By extending our incremental analysis technique, we develop a technique for incremental structural testing of distributed programs. Our incremental structural testing technique offers support for incremental development and early detection of errors in the testing phase of the software life cycle.
Conformance testing of distributed programs (including communication protocols) is difficult due to limited controllability and observability of the implementation under test. To perform conformance testing of a distributed program P, we assume that the specification of P is written as a set of concurrent processes. Our technique for incremental conformance testing differs from that for incremental structural testing as follows. When a set S of modules of P's specification is composed, we construct a reduced RG for S such that the reduced RG contains only states and transitions that are expected to be reachable during conformance testing of the set of processes of P corresponding to S. Our technique also addresses issues related to testability. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Rigorous coupled wave analysis of grating coupled surface-emitting guided-wave devices (2003)

Semiconductor lasers are the source of choice in applications ranging from telecommunications, medicine, and consumer electronics. They are very efficient, compact, low cost, and easily integrated in various systems. Standard Fabry-Perot (FP) semiconductor lasers have excellent mode quality and are suitable for in-plane integration but suffer from a highly astigmatic beam that requires active alignment of external optics. Vertical- cavity surface- emitting lasers (VCSEL) offer the possibility of superior beam quality, low cost light source but suffer from low power and less desirable mode behavior.
Large-Scale Growth and Characterizations of Nitrogen-Doped Monolayer Graphene Sheets (2011)

In-plane heteroatom substitution of graphene is a promising strategy to modify its properties. Doping with electron-donor nitrogen heteroatoms can modulate the electronic properties of graphene to produce an n-type semiconductor. Here we demonstrate the growth of monolayer nitrogen-doped graphene in centimeter-scale sheets using a chemical vapor deposition process with pyridine as the sole source of both carbon and nitrogen. High-resolution transmission microscopy and Raman mapping characterizations indicate that the nitrogen-doped graphene sheets are uniformly monolayered. The existence of nitrogen-atom substitution in the graphene planes was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Electrical measurements show that the nitrogen-doped graphene exhibits an n-type behavior, different from pristine graphene. The preparation of large-area nitrogen-doped graphene provides a viable route to modify the properties of monolayer graphene and promote its applications in electronic devices.
A 28nm 6GHz 2b Continuous-Time $\Delta\Sigma$ ADC with −101 dBc THD and 120MHz Bandwidth Using Digital DAC Error Correction (2022)

Ultra-highly linear ADCs, based on continuous-time <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\Delta\Sigma$</tex> modulators with a (theoretically) linear 1b DAC, have demonstrated better than −100dBc THD in a bandwidth range from tens of kHz for audio to tens of MHz for broadband AM/FM radio [1]. To achieve both a large bandwidth and high dynamic range with a 1 b <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\Delta\Sigma$</tex> modulator, a high OSR and multi-GHz-rate sampling frequency are required. But there is a limit to the maximum sampling frequency of a <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\Delta\Sigma$</tex> modulator, being a negative feedback system, in order to maintain loop stability and sufficiently low metastability, for a given technology node. To date, the maximum achievable bandwidth of a high-resolution 1 b <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\Delta\Sigma$</tex> modulator is limited to a few tens of MHz. To achieve a bandwidth exceeding 100MHz with a single-loop <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\Delta\Sigma$</tex> modulator, multi-bit quantization is essential [3]–[5]. When employing multi-bit quantization, the inherently linear property of a 1b DAC that consists of only a single unit element is lost, due to processing imperfections that cause mismatch errors between the multiple unit elements of a multi-bit DAC. The impact of static and dynamic mismatch errors can be effectively reduced with calibration, dynamic matching and analog/digital compensation techniques. State-of-the-art ADCs with bandwidths exceeding 100MHz have reported excellent linearity numbers up to −83dBc THD [4]–[5], but this is far off from the <-100dBc THD achieved by the ultra-highly linear 1b ADCs. This paper demonstrates a 28nm CT <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\Delta\Sigma$</tex> ADC that achieves −101 dBc THD in a 120MHz bandwidth, exceeding the state-of-the-art by 17.5dB and 4.8 times, respectively [2]–[5]. The 120MHz bandwidth is realized by employing an offset-calibrated 2b quantizer sampled at 6GHz, and the linearity performance is achieved with a high precision, digitally corrected 2b DAC and has been validated over PVT and local mismatch variation.
Induced Bragg Gratings in Optical Fibers and Waveguides Using an Ultrafast Infrared Laser and a Phase Mask (2008)

Since its development in 2003, the technique of Bragg grating inscription in optical fibers and waveguides with ultrafast infrared radiation and a phase mask has proven to be as simple as the standard UV-laser grating writing techniques but far more versatile. The ultrafast IR laser-based process allows for the creation of grating structures in glassy and crystalline materials that are not typically UV photosensitive. In this article, we will review the studies that have been performed at the Communications Research Centre Canada on the grating formation processes as well as applications of the ultrafast laser technique to fabricate gratings in various optical fibers and waveguides.
Defining SOD1 ALS natural history to guide therapeutic clinical trial design (2016)

SOD1<sup>A4V</sup> is an aggressive, but relatively homogeneous form of ALS. These SOD1-specific ALS natural history data will be important for the design and implementation of clinical trials in the ALS<sup>SOD1</sup> patient population.
Self-assembly, condensation, and order in aqueous lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals crowded with additives (2010)

Dense multicomponent systems with macromolecules and small solutes attract a broad research interest as they mimic the molecularly crowded cellular interiors. The additives can condense and align the macromolecules, but they do not change the degree of covalent polymerization. We chose a lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal with reversibly and non-covalently assembled aggregates as a much softer system, reminiscent of “living polymers”, to demonstrate that small neutral and charged additives cause condensation of aggregates with ensuing orientational and positional ordering and nontrivial morphologies of phase separation, such as tactoids and toroids of the nematic and hexagonal columnar phase coexisting with the isotropic melt. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) with near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) analysis as well as fluorescent microscopy demonstrates segregation of the components. The observations suggest that self-assembly of chromonic aggregates in the presence of additives is controlled by both entropy effects and by specific molecular interactions and provide a new route to the regulated reversible assembly of soft materials formed by low-molecular weight components.
Associations Between Global Population Health Indicators and Dialysis Variables in the Monitoring Dialysis Outcomes (MONDO) Consortium (2015)

We identified socioeconomic indicators that were correlated with dialysis variables. This hypothesis-generating study may be helpful in the analysis of how global health indicators may interfere with access to HD, treatment provision, dialytic treatment characteristics, and outcomes.
Omnidirectional Stretchable Inorganic‐Material‐Based Electronics with Enhanced Performance (2020)

Abstract Inorganic material‐based devices are well known for their high performance, excellent stability, and hence suitability for fast computation and communication. But their nonflexibility and nonstretchability often hinder their application in several emerging areas where conformability with irregular 3D surfaces is required in addition to the high performance. Herein, with honeycomb like patterns, the omnidirectional stretchability and conformability of inorganic material‐based device are demonstrated without sacrificing the performance. The simple method presented here facilitates the transfer of patterned inorganic material‐based devices from rigid poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/glass substrate onto flexible/stretchable substrate such as polydimethylsiloxane simply by placing a water droplet at the PMMA/glass interface. As a proof of concept, the intrinsically brittle indium–gallium–zinc oxide (IGZO)‐based stretchable photodetector devices are fabricated. These devices can be stretched up to 10% without performance degradation, which is a significant improvement considering the less than ≈1% fracture limit of IGZO. With Au decoration, these devices show 127‐fold higher responsivity (295.3 mA W −1 ) than planar IGZO devices. The higher fracture strain together with the omnidirectional stretchability underpinned by the honeycomb pattern could allow presented devices to conform to complex hemispherical surfaces such as the human eyes, thus showing significant potential for future high‐performance stretchable electronics.
Figure S1-4, TABLES1, S2 from ATG5 Mediates a Positive Feedback Loop between Wnt Signaling and Autophagy in Melanoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Figure S1: Wnt5A expression correlates with high autophagy in melanoma. Figure S2: Wnt5A increases autophagy in melanoma Figure S3: ATG5 affects Wnt signaling in melanoma Figure S4: β-catenin increases the sensitivity of melanoma cells to autophagy inhibition Supplemental Figure Legends SUPPLEMENTAL TABLE 1: DENSITOMETRY FOR ALL WESTERNS Supplemental Table 2. Tissue microarrays (TMA) H scores&lt;/p&gt;
Initial results of systems analysis of the ITER design space (1987)

This series of vugraphs presents preliminary analyses of various design points for the next generation thermonuclear test reactor. The authors state that constrained optimization of a figure-of-merit leads to acceptable design points. Design points discussed include: device radius, aspect ratio, magnetic field strength, magnet current, plasma current, and ignition margin. (JDH)
Malnourishment in a population of young children with severe early childhood caries. (2006)

All tests detected levels of malnutrition, with blood tests finding the most severe cases. The results suggest that severe Early Childhood Caries may be a risk marker for iron deficiency anemia. Since iron deficiency has permanent effects on growth and development, pediatric dentists should recommend assessment of iron levels in S-ECC patients regardless of their anthropometric appearance.
Optical- and magneto-optical measurements using a variable angle of incidence spectroscopic ellipsometer: Application to DyCo multilayers (1989)

We have extended the technique of variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry to measurement of the magneto-optical effects as a function of wavelength and angle of incidence and field strength. Results on DyCo multilayers are reported.
Molecular Exchange in Diblock Copolymer Micelles: Bimodal Distribution in Core-Block Molecular Weights (2012)

The role of core block size dispersity on the rate of molecular exchange in spherical micelles formed from 1% by volume poly(styrene-<i>b</i>-ethylenepropylene) (PS-PEP) diblock copolymers in squalane (C<sub>30</sub>H<sub>62</sub>) was investigated using time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering (TR-SANS). Separate copolymer solutions (total polymer 1% by volume) containing either deuterium labeled (dPS) or normal (hPS) poly(styrene) core blocks were prepared and mixed at room temperature, below the core glass transition temperature. Each preparation (dPS or hPS) contained equal volume fractions of <i>M</i><sub>n</sub> = 26 and 42 kg/mol (h-equivalent) poly(styrene) blocks. Heating to temperatures between 87 and 146 °C resulted in block copolymer exchange as evidenced by a systematic reduction in the SANS intensity; C<sub>30</sub>H<sub>62</sub> and C<sub>30</sub>D<sub>62</sub> were blended so as to contrast match the fully exchanged cores. Following a protocol established in a previous report, the time-dependent intensity data were shifted with respect to time and temperature, leading to a master curve covering nearly 7 orders of magnitude in reduced time. These results are quantitatively accounted for by summing the weighted relaxation functions obtained from the individual components, consistent with a previously published model that accounts for the dramatic sensitivity of the molecular exchange dynamics to core block dispersity.
Blockade of TGF-β inhibits mammary tumor cell viability, migration, and metastases (2002)

TGF-βs are potent inhibitors of epithelial cell proliferation. However, in established carcinomas, autocrine/paracrine TGF-β interactions can enhance tumor cell viability and progression. Thus, we studied the effect of a soluble Fc:TGF-β type II receptor fusion protein (Fc:TβRII) on transgenic and transplantable models of breast cancer metastases. Systemic administration of Fc:TβRII did not alter primary mammary tumor latency in MMTV-Polyomavirus middle T antigen transgenic mice. However, Fc:TβRII increased apoptosis in primary tumors, while reducing tumor cell motility, intravasation, and lung metastases. These effects correlated with inhibition of Akt activity and FKHRL1 phosphorylation. Fc:TβRII also inhibited metastases from transplanted 4T1 and EMT-6 mammary tumors in syngeneic BALB/c mice. Tumor microvessel density in a mouse dorsal skin window chamber was unaffected by Fc:TβRII. Therefore, blockade of TGF-β signaling may reduce tumor cell viability and migratory potential and represents a testable therapeutic approach against metastatic carcinomas.
Global Survey of a Novel Smartphone Mobile Endoscopy System (2018)

The ES system provided an effective inexpensive system to enable urologists in resource-challenged countries to offer cystoscopy to more of their patients.