gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Resolving Constrained Existential Queries over Context-Sensitive Analyses (2003)

A context-sensitive analysis is an analysis in which program elements are interpreted with respect to the context in which they occur. For analyses on imperative languages, this often refers to considering the behavior of called procedures with respect to the calling-stack contexts that precede them. Algorithms for performing or approximating these types of analyses make up the core of interprocedural program analysis and are pervasive; having applications in program optimization, checkpointing, and model checking. This paper presents an abstraction of a popular form of context-sensitive analysis based on iteratively encapsulating the cumulative effect of a recurring piece of code. Given an analysis fitting this abstraction, a technique is presented for resolving queries of the form: Is there an occurring context, subject to a given stack-context constraint, in which a particular set of facts holds at a particular location? This practical technique, based on manipulating regular languages, is capable not only of answering queries of this form, but also of generating a compact mechanism for dynamically applying the output of the analysis to contexts as they occur. A comprehensive example is presented along with performance data on a case study code. Finally, a selection of potential applications is discussed.
Antitumor Activity of Balsam Fir Oil: Production of Reactive Oxygen Species Induced by α-Humulene as Possible Mechanism of Action (2003)

The antitumor activity of the essential oil of Abies balsamea (balsam fir oil) was evaluated against several solid tumor cell lines including MCF-7, PC-3, A-549, DLD-1, M4BEU and CT-26. Balsam fir oil was found to be active against all the solid tumor cell lines tested, with GI 50 values ranging between 0.76 and 1.7 mg/mL. The oil was analyzed by GC-MS and the cytotoxicity of each oil constituent was determined. Balsam fir oil is essentially constituted of monoterpenes tau; 96 %) and some sesquiterpenes. All the compounds tested were inactive (tau; 250 microM) except for alpha-humulene (GI50 = 55 to 73 microM) which thus seems responsible for the cytotoxicity of the oil. We also tested the cytotoxicity of caryophyllene oxide, which proved inactive, and gamma-caryophyllene which was found to be active against all solid tumor cell lines tested. We evaluated the effects of balsam fir oil and alpha-humulene on the cellular glutathione (GSH) content and on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Balsam fir oil and alpha-humulene induced a dose- and time-dependent decrease in cellular GSH content and an increase in ROS production. These results suggest that GSH depletion and ROS production may be implicated in the cytotoxicity of alpha-humulene and balsam fir oil.
Self‐Organized Graphene Nanosheets with Corrugated, Ordered Tip Structures for High‐Performance Flexible Field Emission (2013)

Patterned reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films with vertically aligned tip structures are fabricated by a straightforward self-assembly method. The size, uniformity of the patterns, and alignment of the tips are successfully controlled according to the concentration of a GO/octadecylamine (ODA)-dispersed solution. The surface energy difference between the GO/ODA solution and a self-assembled water droplet is a critical parameter for determining the pattern structure. Numerous rGO nanosheets are formed so as to be vertically aligned with respect to the substrate during film fabrication at GO concentrations below 2.0 g/L. These samples provide high field-emission characteristics. The patterned rGO arrays are highly flexible with preservation of the field emission properties, even at large bending angles. This is attributed to the high crystallinity, emitter density, and good chemical stability of the rGO arrays, as well as the strong interactions between the rGO arrays and the substrate.
Velocity and attenuation of shear waves in the phantom of a muscle–soft tissue matrix with embedded stretched fibers (2016)

We develop a theory of the elasticity moduli and dissipative properties of a composite material: a phantom simulating muscle tissue anisotropy. The model used in the experiments was made of a waterlike polymer with embedded elastic filaments imitating muscle fiber. In contrast to the earlier developed phenomenological theory of the anisotropic properties of muscle tissue, here we obtain the relationship of the moduli with characteristic sizes and moduli making up the composite. We introduce the effective elasticity moduli and viscosity tensor components, which depend on stretching of the fibers. We measure the propagation velocity of shear waves and the shear viscosity of the model for regulated tension. Waves were excited by pulsed radiation pressure generated by modulated focused ultrasound. We show that with increased stretching of fibers imitating muscle contraction, an increase in both elasticity and viscosity takes place, and this effect depends on the wave propagation direction. The results of theoretical and experimental studies support our hypothesis on the protective function of stretched skeletal muscle, which protects bones and joints from trauma.
Systems biology for organotypic cell cultures (2016)

Translating in vitro biological data into actionable information related to human health holds the potential to improve disease treatment and risk assessment of chemical exposures. While genomics has identified regulatory pathways at the cellular level, translation to the organism level requires a multiscale approach accounting for intra-cellular regulation, inter-cellular interaction, and tissue/organ-level effects. Tissue-level effects can now be probed in vitro thanks to recently developed systems of three-dimensional (3D), multicellular, "organotypic" cell cultures, which mimic functional responses of living tissue. However, there remains a knowledge gap regarding interactions across different biological scales, complicating accurate prediction of health outcomes from molecular/genomic data and tissue responses. Systems biology aims at mathematical modeling of complex, non-linear biological systems. We propose to apply a systems biology approach to achieve a computational representation of tissue-level physiological responses by integrating empirical data derived from organotypic culture systems with computational models of intracellular pathways to better predict human responses. Successful implementation of this integrated approach will provide a powerful tool for faster, more accurate and cost-effective screening of potential toxicants and therapeutics. On September 11, 2015, an interdisciplinary group of scientists, engineers, and clinicians gathered for a workshop in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, to discuss this ambitious goal. Participants represented laboratory-based and computational modeling approaches to pharmacology and toxicology, as well as the pharmaceutical industry, government, non-profits, and academia. Discussions focused on identifying critical system perturbations to model, the computational tools required, and the experimental approaches best suited to generating key data.
Condensation coefficients in plasma sputtering deposition (2007)

Optical emission spectroscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry are combined to determine condensation coefficients for plasma sputtering deposition. The method is applied for palladium deposition onto various substrates and condensation coefficients are found to lie between 0.4 and 0.9.
Development of Liver-on-Chip Integrating a Hydroscaffold Mimicking the Liver’s Extracellular Matrix (2022)

The 3Rs guidelines recommend replacing animal testing with alternative models. One of the solutions proposed is organ-on-chip technology in which liver-on-chip is one of the most promising alternatives for drug screening and toxicological assays. The main challenge is to achieve the relevant in vivo-like functionalities of the liver tissue in an optimized cellular microenvironment. Here, we investigated the development of hepatic cells under dynamic conditions inside a 3D hydroscaffold embedded in a microfluidic device. The hydroscaffold is made of hyaluronic acid and composed of liver extracellular matrix components (galactosamine, collagen I/IV) with RGDS (Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser) sites for cell adhesion. The HepG2/C3A cell line was cultured under a flow rate of 10 µL/min for 21 days. After seeding, the cells formed aggregates and proliferated, forming 3D spheroids. The cell viability, functionality, and spheroid integrity were investigated and compared to static cultures. The results showed a 3D aggregate organization of the cells up to large spheroid formations, high viability and albumin production, and an enhancement of HepG2 cell functionalities. Overall, these results highlighted the role of the liver-on-chip model coupled with a hydroscaffold in the enhancement of cell functions and its potential for engineering a relevant liver model for drug screening and disease study.
FIXATION PATTERNS OF IDIOPATHIC MACULAR HOLES AFTER VITREOUS SURGERY (2000)

A shift in the position of fixation occurs after macular hole surgery, and the amount of shift correlates with visual improvement. From this observation, we define the term functional macular hole closure, characterized by centripetal movement of the neurosensory retina and improvement in vision, and the broader term anatomic macular hole closure, in which apparent hole closure may result from gliosis in the absence of movement of the neurosensory retina, not associated with visual improvement.
Hypothermic storage of leukoreduced red blood cells for greater than 21 days is a safe alternative to irradiation (2021)

Hypothermic storage of RBCs for 21 days or more is sufficient to inactivate T lymphocytes, which may help prevent TA-GVHD when irradiated RBCs are not available.
Photonic bandgap fibers with high birefringence (2002)

A highly birefringent air-guiding photonic crystal fiber which provides guidance by a full two-dimensional photonic bandgap (PBG) effect is proposed. The fiber core is formed by introducing a large air hole that has an area of four unit cells of the cladding materials. It is shown from computed results by a full-vector finite element method that the proposed PBG fiber has birefringence of the order of 10/sup -3/.
Method for the production of fabricated hollow microspheroids (2023)

The method relates to the fabrication of a polymer microspheres comprised of an asymmetric layer surrounding a hollow interior. The fabricated hollow microsphere is generated from a nascent hollow microsphere comprised of an inner core of core fluid surrounded by a dope layer of polymer dope, where the thickness of the dope layer is at least 10% and less than 50% of the diameter of the inner core. The nascent hollow microsphere is exposed to a gaseous environment, generating a vitrified hollow microsphere, which is subsequently immersed in a coagulation bath. Solvent exchange produces a fabricated hollow microsphere comprised of a densified outer skin surrounding a macroporous inner layer, which surrounds a hollow interior. In an embodiment, the polymer is a polyimide or a polyamide-imide, and the non-solvent in the core fluid and the coagulation bath is water. The fabricated hollow microspheres are particularly suited as solvent supports for gas separation processes.
Queue management for TCP traffic over 3G links (2004)

We propose a novel active queue management scheme tailored to the specific characteristics of third generation (3G) cellular networks. Such links are often the bottleneck for an end-to-end connection and dedicated to one host. Taking advantage of these specific characteristics, we developed a queuing scheme that is simpler than popular random early detection (RED) schemes. Despite its simplicity, our solution yields superior performance for 3G links in terms of high link utilization, low queuing delay, and high end-to-end throughput for TCP bulk data transfers. Our simulation results show a clear win over both conventional drop-tail queuing and also a comparable RED scheme.
Urologic Function After Experimental Cauda Equina Compression Cystometrograms Versus Cortical-Evoked Potentials (1990)

Twenty female beagle dogs underwent an L6-7 laminectomy and six dogs each had 25, 50 or 75% constriction of the cauda equina and 2 control dogs had laminectomy only. Cystometrograms were performed pre- and post-operatively and three months after constriction. Cortical evoked potentials were monitored pre- and post-operatively and monthly for three months. After three months of constriction, the cauda equina of these dogs in each group was examined histologically and vascular circulation was examined by latex and India ink injection (Spalteholz technique). The control dogs had normal CMGs and CEPs. Twenty-five percent constriction caused no CMG changes and mild CEP changes. Fifty percent constriction caused no statistically significant CMG changes, major CEP changes and venous congestion of the nerve roots and dorsal root ganglia. Seventy-five percent constriction produced severe CMG changes with detrusor areflexia, increased bladder capacity and clinical incontinence. CEPs also had marked deterioration. Vascular analysis revealed severe arterial narrowing at the level of constriction and venous congestion of the nerve roots and dorsal root ganglia. Blockage of axoplasmic flow and nerve root atrophy was seen in all dogs with 75% constriction. Cortical evoked potentials were the most sensitive predictor of neural compression. CMGs were not sensitive until severe compression was achieved. Bladder dysfunction, i.e., detrusor areflexia, appears to occur with blockage of axoplasmic flow and early sensory changes occur with neurovenous congestion.
Experimental Study of Heat Transfer, Pressure Drop, and Dryout for Flow Boiling of Water in an Oil Heated Minichannel (2004)

Heat transfer and pressure drop, are experimentally recorded for flow boiling water in a single 706 μm circular copper channel 158.75 mm long. Heat is supplied by heat transfer oil at specified temperatures to a helical channel in the test section. In contrast to other current experimental techniques for flow boiling in small diameter tubes, a uniform temperature boundary condition is employed rather than a constant heat flux condition. The principal results of these experiments are two-phase flow boiling heat transfer rates and an analysis of the time-dependent pressure drop signature during two-phase flow in a minichannel. The range of experiments includes mass fluxes of 43.8–3070 kg/m2s and wall temperatures of 100°C–171.2°C. In all cases the test section water inlet is subcooled to between 72.9°C and 99.6°C. The inlet pressures used are 1.1–230.5 kPa (gage).
In Vivo Effects of Citric Acid/Zwitterionic Surfactant Cleansing Solution on Rabbit Sinus Mucosa (2009)

This study shows that although CAZS acutely denudes respiratory cilia, the remaining cilia are active. Additionally, the epithelial barrier appears intact with active ciliogenesis, and reciliation of the mucosal surface occurring 6 days after treatment.
Ultra-low-temperature growth of high-integrity gate oxide films by low-energy ion-assisted oxidation (1994)

The gate oxide films have been grown at a temperature as low as 450 °C by direct oxidation of silicon. Such a low-temperature oxidation has been realized by employing a precision controlled ion bombardment in an Ar/O2 mixed plasma for the surface activation. Perfectly controlled Ar ions give the bombardment energy for the oxide film growth. Dielectric breakdown fields of 10 MV/cm are achieved. Integration in a total low-temperature device process has been demonstrated by fabricating self-aligned Al-gate metal-oxide-silicon field effect transistor (MOSFET) formed without any heat processing over 450 °C. The precise control of the ion bombardment is quite essential for the low-temperature process.
Hardness and Wear Resistance of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Aluminum-Copper Matrix Composites (2014)

Recently, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been attracted to reinforcement of composite materials due to their extraordinary mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. Many researchers have attempted to develop CNT reinforced metal composites with various fabrication methods and have shown possibilities for structural and functional applications. Among them, CNT reinforced Al matrix composites have become very attractive due to their huge structural application in industry. In this study, CNT reinforced Al-Cu matrix composites with a microstructure of homogeneous dispersion of CNTs in the Al-Cu matrix are investigated. The CNT/Al-Cu composites are fabricated by mixing of CNT/Cu composite powders and Al powders by high energy ball mill process followed by hot extrusion process. The hardness and wear resistance of the CNT/Al-Cu composites are enhanced by 1.4 and 3 times, respectively, compared to those values for the Al-Cu matrix. This remarkable enhancement mainly originates from the homogeneous dispersion of CNTs in Al-Cu matrix and self-lubricant effect of CNTs.
Hyperuniformity in point patterns and two-phase random heterogeneous media (2009)

Hyperuniform point patterns are characterized by vanishing infinite wavelength density fluctuations and encompass all crystal structures, certain quasi-periodic systems, and special disordered point patterns. This article generalizes the notion of hyperuniformity to include also two-phase random heterogeneous media. Hyperuniform random media do not possess infinite-wavelength volume fraction fluctuations, implying that the variance in the local volume fraction in an observation window decays faster than the reciprocal window volume as the window size increases. For microstructures of impenetrable and penetrable spheres, we derive an upper bound on the asymptotic coefficient governing local volume fraction fluctuations in terms of the corresponding quantity describing the variance in the local number density (i.e., number variance). Extensive calculations of the asymptotic number variance coefficients are performed for a number of disordered (e.g., quasiperiodic tilings, classical stealth disordered ground states, and certain determinantal point processes), quasicrystal, and ordered (e.g., Bravais and non-Bravais periodic systems) hyperuniform structures in various Euclidean space dimensions, and our results are consistent with a quantitative order metric characterizing the degree of hyperuniformity. We also present corresponding estimates for the asymptotic local volume fraction coefficients for several lattice families. Our results have interesting implications for a certain problem in number theory.
Phase detection involving parity-check equations and suited to transmissions at low signal to noise ratio (2005)

We introduce in this paper a carrier phase detector suited to transmissions at very low signal to noise ratio. Based on the soft decoding of parity check equations, the synchronization scheme proposed here for a QPSK modulation outperforms a classical decision directed algorithm over a Gaussian channel, and is notably well adapted to satellite applications.
Combination of ZnO film and quartz to realize large coupling factor and excellent temperature coefficient for SAW devices (2002)

A good temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) and an appropriate electromechanical coupling factor (k/sub s/) are required for applications of surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices requiring a specific bandwidth. An ST cut X propagation quartz substrate for Rayleigh SAW devices is known for its good TCF; however, its electromechanical coupling factor is as small as 0.0014 at k/sub s//sup 2/, so it is often unsuitable for applications of SAW devices requiring a specific bandwidth. Generally, most single crystals and thin films have a negative TCF. Only a few materials such as a quartz substrate having a specific cutting angle or a propagating direction and SiO/sub 2/ films have a positive TCF. Many investigations aimed at improving the TCF by depositing a SiO/sub 2/ film having a positive TCF on a substrate having a negative TCF have been reported on. However, since the absolute value of the TCF of such substrates is large, a relatively thick film of SiO/sub 2/ is required for compensation of its TCF. The author has theoretically and experimentally studied in detail the opposite combination, that is, the combination of a ZnO film having a negative TCF and a quartz substrate having an appropriate positive TCF, with selection of appropriate cutting and propagation angles of the substrate. As the result, the author could realize SAW substrates having an appropriate electromechanical coupling factor (k/sub s//sup 2/=0.011), a good TCF (/spl ap/Oppm//spl deg/C), and a zero power flow angle in structures of IDT/ZnO/quartz and IDT/ZnO/shorted-plane/quartz using an ST-cut 35/spl deg/X propagation quartz substrates (a 29/spl deg/45' rotated Y and a 42/spl deg/45' rotated Y plates 35/spl deg/X propagation quartz) for the first time.
Regulation of the Immune Response to Tumor Antigens (1976)

Abstract A/Jax mice were rendered immune to the syngeneic and transplantable methylcholanthrene-induced Sarcoma 1509a by the surgical removal of the tumor 7 days after implantation; subsequent injection of tumor cells resulted in their rejection within 15 days. The i.v. transfer of 107 to 108 washed thymus or spleen cells of tumor-bearing animals (TBA) to immune animals significantly inhibited the rejection of the tumor; this suppressive effect was entirely abolished by the treatment of these lymphocytes with anti-θ serum or anti-thymocyte serum (ATS) and complement before adoptive transfer. On the other hand, an equal number of thymus or spleen cells of normal animals or of animals bearing an unrelated tumor had no suppressive effect. Treatment of normal syngeneic animals with ATS after tumor cell inoculation or splenectomy of TBA resulted in the suppression of the tumor growth. The serum of TBA had no effect on tumor growth in immune syngeneic mice. Together these results suggest that TBA possess immunosuppressor T cells regulating negatively their immune response to the tumor.
A New Class of Potent Non‐imidazole H3 Antagonists: 2‐Aminoethylbenzofurans. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Neural Network Based Virtual High Throughput Screening Test for the Prediction of CNS Activity (2000)

A virtual high throughput screening test to identify potentially CNS-active drugs has been developed. Discrimination was based on the knowledge available in databases containing CNS-active (Cipsline from Prous Science) and inactive compounds (Chemical Directory from Sigma-Aldrich). Molecular structures were represented using 2D Unit y fingerprints and a feedforward neural network was trained to classify molecules regarding their CNS activity. The parameterized network was validated by reclassification of the training set elements, by the classification of a test set preselected from the Prous database, and also by the prediction of activity for known CNS drugs not used in the training set but available in the Medchem database (Daylight). These tests revealed that our neural net recognized at least 89% of CNS-active compounds and would be suitable for use in our virtual screening protocol.