gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Increased expression of the molecular chaperone BiP GRP78 during the differentiation of a primitive eukaryote (1996)

Giardia lamblia, a major cause of intestinal disease worldwide, is a parasitic protozoan that represents the earliest branch of the eukaryotic lineage. Trophozoites, which possess two nuclei but lack mitochondria, peroxisomes and a typical Golgi apparatus, colonize the small intestine of the vertebrate host where they may differentiate into infective cysts. Encystation is a regulated process characterized by the biosynthesis, secretion and formation of a protective extracellular cyst wall. In previous studies, we demonstrated the biogenesis of the Golgi apparatus during encystation and identified two leucine-rich proteins (CWPs), which localize within encystation-specific secretory granules before their incorporation into the cyst wall. Here, we used immunological, biochemical and molecular biological approaches to analyze the expression of BiP/GRP78, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident chaperone, during the Giardia life cycle. A monoclonal antibody specific for Giardia BiP permitted the visualization of the ER of this protozoan and showed that BiP expression increased simultaneously with the increased expression of CWPs during encystation. However, in contrast to the 140-fold increase in levels of CWP transcripts, the steady-state level of BiP mRNA did not increase during encystation. Furthermore, potent inducers of BiP expression in higher eukaryotic cells, including agents that perturb the ER environment, did not affect BiP expression in Giardia. These results, when considered together with the profound changes that occur in the secretory pathway during Giardia encystation, indicate an important role for this molecular chaperone during the differentiation of this primitive eukaryote.
Synthetic Soundscapes with Natural Grains (2007)

We present a technique to facilitate the creation of constantly changing, randomized audio streams from samples of source material. A core motivation is to make it easier to quickly create soundscapes for virtual environments and other scenarios where long streams of audio are used. While mostly in the background, these streams are vital for the creation of mood and realism in these types of applications. Our approach is to extract the component parts of sampled audio signals, and use them to resynthesize a continuous audio stream of indeterminate length. An automatic segmentation algorithm involving wavelets is used to split the input signal into syllable-like audio segments that we call “natural grains.” For each grain, a table of similarity between it and all the other grains is constructed. The grains are then output in a continuous stream, with the next grain being chosen from among those other grains which best follow from it. Using this sampling-resynthesis technique, we can construct an infinite number of variations on the original signal with a minimum amount of interaction. An interface for the manipulation and playback of several of these streams is provided to facilitate building complex audio environments, and is made available for online experimentation at www.cs.ubc.ca/labs/lci/naturalgrains/ .
[Syntheses of 14C-1-erythro-norephedrine and its N-substitution products 14C-oxyfedrine and 14C-D 13,625]. (1983)

Starting from 14C-benzene (--)-erythro-norephedrine (14C-1-norephedrine) was obtained in a 6-step synthesis. 14C-1-Norephedrine functioned as an intermediate for the synthesis of the carbon labelled partial beta-agonist oxyfedrine hydrochloride (ildamen) and the new positive inotropic agent D 13 625 (alifedrine hydrochloride).
Scan‐stratified case‐control sampling for modeling blood–brain barrier integrity in multiple sclerosis (2015)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated neurological disease that causes morbidity and disability. In patients with MS, the accumulation of lesions in the white matter of the brain is associated with disease progression and worse clinical outcomes. Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier in newer lesions is indicative of more active disease-related processes and is a primary outcome considered in clinical trials of treatments for MS. Such abnormalities in active MS lesions are evaluated in vivo using contrast-enhanced structural MRI, during which patients receive an intravenous infusion of a costly magnetic contrast agent. In some instances, the contrast agents can have toxic effects. Recently, local image regression techniques have been shown to have modest performance for assessing the integrity of the blood-brain barrier based on imaging without contrast agents. These models have centered on the problem of cross-sectional classification in which patients are imaged at a single study visit and pre-contrast images are used to predict post-contrast imaging. In this paper, we extend these methods to incorporate historical imaging information, and we find the proposed model to exhibit improved performance. We further develop scan-stratified case-control sampling techniques that reduce the computational burden of local image regression models, while respecting the low proportion of the brain that exhibits abnormal vascular permeability.
Hip and knee arthroplasty 2011 (2012)

This conversation represents an attempt by several arthroplasty surgeons to critique several abstracts presented over the last year as well as to use them as a jumping off point for trying to figure out where they fit in into our current understanding of multiple issues in modern hip and knee arthroplasty.
Liquid-Crystalline Behaviour in the n-Alkyl Gluconamides and Other Related Carbohydrates (1986)

Abstract Many alkyl derivatives of carbohydrates are used as detergents for cell wall membranes. This study describes the liquid-crystalline properties of a number of these systems. The combination of a hydrophilic carbohydrate moiety and a hydrophobic aliphatic substituent leads to the formation of both thermotropic and lyotropic liquid-crystal mesophases. Materials with this structural combination are suspected to form interdigitated bilayer smectic A phases. The central core region of the layer is held together by dynamic hydrogen-bonding between the neighbouring carbohydrate moieties, whereas the terminal aliphatic chains create fluidity between layers.
Semi-supervised semantic segmentation needs strong, high-dimensional perturbations (2019)

Consistency regularization describes a class of approaches that have yielded ground breaking results in semi-supervised classification problems. Prior work has established the cluster assumption - under which the data distribution consists of uniform class clusters of samples separated by low density regions - as important to its success. We analyze the problem of semantic segmentation and find that its' distribution does not exhibit low density regions separating classes and offer this as an explanation for why semi-supervised segmentation is a challenging problem, with only a few reports of success. We then identify choice of augmentation as key to obtaining reliable performance without such low-density regions. We find that adapted variants of the recently proposed CutOut and CutMix augmentation techniques yield state-of-the-art semi-supervised semantic segmentation results in standard datasets. Furthermore, given its challenging nature we propose that semantic segmentation acts as an effective acid test for evaluating semi-supervised regularizers. Implementation at: this https URL.
Integrated RF module produced by aerosol deposition method (2004)

Integrating and embedding various passive components like capacitors, and inductors, in one system module, is one of the attractive ways to achieve down-sizing, cost-reduction and higher performance in RF wireless communication products. Because the unique aerosol deposition (AD) method, we developed creates a dense ceramic film, that can be deposited at room temperature, and that possesses electric properties that are close to that of bulk ceramics, we can offer a module with passive components by incorporating different materials with various process temperatures. In this paper, we have presented our novel approach to RF modules compared with other processes and methods. We also examined the microstructure and dielectric properties of high Q ceramic dielectric film for microwave filter applications and high K ceramic dielectrics deposited by the AD method at RT. As a result, a 500 dielectric constant and a 450 Q value at 10GHz were clearly attained with our ceramic AD films deposited on FR4 substrates at RT. Decoupling capacitors embedded in epoxy-based substrates fabricated as prototypes using AD film indicated about 300nF/cm/sup 2/. By developing other various functional ceramic dielectric films with the AD method and increasing the dielectric properties of those films, we can expect to attain our target: a small RF integrated module incorporating a lot of functions.
ChemInform Abstract: Bis[tetraruthenium(IV)]‐Containing Polyoxometalates: [{RuIV4O6 (H2O) 9}2Sb2W20O68 (OH)2]4‐ and [{RuIV4O6 (H2O)9}2{Fe (H2O)2}2{β‐TeW9 O33}2H]‐. (2012)

Abstract The new compounds (III) and (V) crystallize in the triclinic space group P $\bar 1$ with Z = 1 (single crystal XRD).
Bivariate Current Status Data (2002)

In many applications, it is often of interest to estimate a bivariate distribution of two survival random variables. Complete observation of such random variables is often incomplete. If one only observes whether or not each of the individual survival times exceeds a common observed monitoring time C, then the data structure is referred to as bivariate current status data (Wang and Ding, 2000). For such data, we show that the identifiable part of the joint distribution is represented by three univariate cumulative distribution functions, namely the two marginal cumulative distribution functions, and the bivariate cumulative distribution function evaluated on the diagonal. The EM algorithm can be used to compute the full nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator of these three univariate cumulative distribution functions; however, we show that smooth functionals of these univariate cumulative cdfs can be efficiently estimated with easy to compute nonparametric maximum likelihood estimators (NPMLE), based on reduced data consisting of univariate current status observations. We use these univariate current status NPMLEs to obtain both a test of independence of the two survival random variables, and a test of goodness of fit for the copula model used in Wang &amp; Ding (2000). Finally, we extend the data structure by allowing the presence of covariates, possibly time-dependent processes that are observed until the monitoring time C. We show that applying the locally efficient estimator, developed in van der Laan and Robins (1998), to the reduced univariate current status data yields locally efficient estimators.
Security intelligence for industrial control systems (2016)

While there is a broad corpus of security intelligence technologies and solutions for IT (information technology) networks, only moderate experience and investment exists in applying security intelligence approaches to OT (operational technology) networks. OT networks have traditionally been isolated from IT networks, and therefore, security has been of minor concern. Given the trend toward interconnecting OT and IT networks for business reasons, and given the disclosure of highly sophisticated attacks against OT environments, OT network operators increasingly recognize the need to deploy security solutions that are widely known in IT also to OT. OT networks are running critical control processes. Configuration changes are avoided to reduce the risk of misconfiguration or unforeseeable side effects detrimental to the network's operation. Therefore, passive non-intrusive security technologies are favored. Consequently, security intelligence applied to passively collected network data is the most acceptable technology to be deployed in OT networks. In this paper, we show how IT-specific security intelligence techniques can be applied to passively collected OT network data. The techniques have been developed for protecting SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems and have been validated in an industrial cyber security testing laboratory.
A Natural Convection DNA Amplifier (2006)

Natural convection is the driver of innumerable natural world phenomena. Within the laboratory, it offers simplified geometries and flow structures without the need for auxiliary flow inducement, thereby greatly reducing the risk of external contamination within biomedical applications. Outlined in this paper is a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) device which takes advantage of these distinct qualities. PCR has become synonymous with DNA amplification in molecular biology laboratories throughout the world, and at the heart of PCR is thermal cycling. Commonly PCR is accomplished utilising a three stage thermal cycle, however, the device presented employs an alternative two stage cycle which facilitates a simplified natural convection flow structure. The device is, in its fundamental design format, a well-based thermocycler with fast reaction times of 15 minutes. Through the use of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and flow visualisation techniques, a better understanding of the flow structures and their effect on PCR is attained within a device of dimensions of 1 mm depth by 10mm width and 10mm height. This device may present an opportunity for the development of a practical and inexpensive single gene diagnostic tool. Presented here are the findings of the amplification of an 86-bp fragment of the pGEM®-T vector (Promega) within the convective flow loop.
Performance of Organic Thin-Film Transistors Controlled by Electrode and Device Structures (2009)

We have fabricated organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) of top contact (TC) structures using silver electrode based on triethylsilylethynyl anthradithiophene (TES-ADT) with mobility above 0.41 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> V <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> , current modulation higher than 5 times 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sup> and sub-threshold swing below 0.65 V/dec. The electrical characteristics of OTFTs are not only corresponding to the work function of source and drain electrodes materials but also to the surface tension and deposition energy of them. The effects of work function and surface tension dominate the electrical characteristics in bottom contact (BC) device. On the other hand, TC device is affected by deposition energy dominantly.
The synthesis of [18F]pitavastatin as a tracer for hOATP using the Suzuki coupling (2014)

Fluorine-18 labeled radiotracers, such as [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose, can be used as practical diagnostic agents in positron emission tomography (PET). Furthermore, the properties of pharmaceuticals can be enhanced significantly by the introduction of fluorine groups into their original structures, and significant progress has been made during the last three decades towards the development of practical procedures for the introduction of fluorine. The replacement of the fluorine atoms present in pharmaceuticals with radioactive (18)F atoms is a rational approach for designing novel PET tracers. As a fluorine-containing pharmaceutical agent, pitavastatin has attracted considerable interest from researchers working in the life sciences because it can act as an antihyperlipidemic agent as well as a substrate for hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (hOATP). With this in mind, it was envisaged that [(18)F]pitavastatin would be used as an excellent imaging agent for hOATP, which prompted us to investigate the synthesis of this agent. Herein, we report a practical method for the synthesis of [(18)F]pitavastatin by the Suzuki coupling reaction of p-iodofluorobenzene and a quinoline boronate derivative, with the desired product being formed in a radiochemical yield of 12 ± 3% (decay corrected from [(18)F]fluoride ions, n = 3).
Formation of Organized Structures Through Variation in Molecular Architecture and Chemical Composition (1997)

Abstract Amphiphilic molecules were synthesized in order to force nematic liquid crystals to order into smectic mesophases, and to direct poly(ethylene oxide) to thread macrocrown ethers. The first concept is fairly well developed, with both hydrocarbon/fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon/oligo(dimethylsiloane) analogs of 2,5-bis[(4′-n-alkoxybenzoyl)oxy]toluenes forming only smectic mesophases. In addition to the low molar mass model compounds, the corresponding side-chain liquid crystalline polynorbornenes with hydrocarbon/fluorocarbon substituents organize into smectic layers. Preliminary HPLC results also indicate that the second concept is viable; that poly(ethylene oxide) threads amphiphilic macrocrown ethers that are organized into lyotropic phases in solutions of toluene/H2O or benzene/H2O.
Network Monitoring: it depends on your points of view (2007)

Abstract — End-to-end active network monitoring infers network characteristics by sending and collecting probe packets from the network edge, while probes traverse the network through multicast trees or a mesh of unicast paths. Most reported methods consider given source and receiver locations and study the path selection and the associated estimation algorithms. In this paper, we show that appropriately choosing the number of sources and receivers, as well as their location, may have a significant effect on the accuracy of the estimation; we also give guidelines on how to choose the best “points of view ” of a network for link loss monitoring purposes. Though this observation applies across all monitoring methods, we consider, in particular, networks where nodes are equipped with network coding capabilities; our framework includes as special cases the scenarios of pure multicast and network coding. We show that, in network-coding enabled networks, multiple source active monitoring can exploit these capabilities to estimate link loss rates more efficiently than purely tomographic methods. To address the complexity of the estimation problem for large networks, we also propose efficient algorithms, including the decomposition into smaller multicast inference problems, belief-propagation, and a MINClike algorithm. I.
Atomic and Molecular Layer Deposition of Chiral Thin Films Showing up to 99% Spin Selective Transport (2022)

Spin electronics is delivering a much desired combination of properties such as high speed, low power, and high device densities for the next generation of memory devices. Utilizing chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect is a promising path toward efficient and simple spintronic devices. To be compatible with state-of-the-art integrated circuits manufacturing methodologies, vapor phase methodologies for deposition of spin filtering layers are needed. Here, we present vapor phase deposition of hybrid organic-inorganic thin films with embedded chirality. The deposition scheme relies on a combination of atomic and molecular layer deposition (A/MLD) utilizing enantiomeric pure alaninol molecular precursors combined with trimethyl aluminum (TMA) and water. The A/MLD deposition method deliver highly conformal thin films allowing the fabrication of several types of nanometric scale spintronic devices. The devices showed high spin polarization (close to 100%) for 5 nm thick spin filter layer deposited by A/MLD. The procedure is compatible with common device processing methodologies.
Revisiting the Hallmarks of Aging to Identify Markers of Biological Age (2020)

The Geroscience aims at a better understanding of the biological processes of aging, to prevent and/or delay the onset of chronic diseases and disability as well as to reduce the severity of these adverse clinical outcomes. Geroscience thus open up new perspectives of care to live a healthy aging, that is to say without dependency. To date, life expectancy in healthy aging is not increasing as fast as lifespan. The identification of biomarkers of aging is critical to predict adverse outcomes during aging, to implement interventions to reduce them, and to monitor the response to these interventions. In this narrative review, we gathered information about biomarkers of aging under the perspective of Geroscience. Based on the current literature, for each hallmark of biological aging, we proposed a putative biomarker of healthy aging, chosen for their association with mortality, age-related chronic diseases, frailty and/or functional loss. We also discussed how they could be validated as useful predictive biomarkers.
Dynamic hierarchical dictionary design for multi-page binary document image compression (2013)

The JBIG2 standard is widely used for binary document image compression primarily because it achieves much higher compression ratios than conventional facsimile encoding standards. In this paper, we propose a dynamic hierarchical dictionary design method (DH) for multi-page binary document image compression with JBIG2. Our DH method outperforms other methods for multi-page compression by utilizing the information redundancy among pages with the following technologies. First, we build a hierarchical dictionary to keep more information per page for future usage. Second, we dynamically update the dictionary in memory to keep as much information as possible subject to the memory constraint. Third, we incorporate our conditional entropy estimation algorithm to utilize the saved information more effectively. Our experimental results show that the compression ratio improvement by our DH method is about 15% compared to the best existing multi-page encoding method.
Polarization Analysis Of Optical Systems (1988)

For the majority of optical systems it is typically assumed that the transmitted wave-front has uniform (or Gaussian) amplitude and constant polarization state. This is the default assumption of geometrical optics. This paper considers methods suitable for ana-lyzing systems where this assumption is not valid. Such methods of polarization analysis include polarization ray tracing and polarization aberration theory. Definitions of the basic classes of polarization phenomena and a review of the Jones calculus are included to form a basis for the discussion.
Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of β-D- and β-L-Pentofuranonucleoside Derivatives Bearing 5-Trifluoromethylcytosine as the Base (2003)

Beta-D- and beta-L-pentofuranonucleoside derivatives bearing 5-trifluoromethylcytosine as the base have been synthesized. The compounds were tested for their activity against HIV and HBV, but they did not show significant antiviral effect.
Autoantibodies in systemic autoimmune diseases: specificity and pathogenicity (2015)

In this Review we focus on the initiation of autoantibody production and autoantibody pathogenicity, with a special emphasis on the targeted antigens. Release of intracellular antigens due to excessive cell death or to ineffective clearance of apoptotic debris, modification of self-antigens during inflammatory responses, and molecular mimicry contribute to the initiation of autoantibody production. We hypothesize that those autoreactive B cells that survive and produce pathogenic autoantibodies have specificity for self-antigens that are TLR ligands. Such B cells experience both B cell receptor (BCR) activation and TLR engagement, leading to an escape from tolerance. Moreover, the autoantibodies they produce form immune complexes that can activate myeloid cells and thereby establish the proinflammatory milieu that further negates tolerance mechanisms of both B and T cells.