gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PET Imaging of Tumor Neovascularization in a Transgenic Mouse Model with a Novel 64Cu-DOTA-Knottin Peptide (2010)

Due to the high mortality of lung cancer, there is a critical need to develop diagnostic procedures enabling early detection of the disease while at a curable stage. Targeted molecular imaging builds on the positive attributes of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) to allow for a noninvasive detection and characterization of smaller lung nodules, thus increasing the chances of positive treatment outcome. In this study, we investigate the ability to characterize lung tumors that spontaneously arise in a transgenic mouse model. The tumors are first identified with small animal CT followed by characterization with the use of small animal PET with a novel 64Cu-1,4,7,10-tetra-azacylododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-knottin peptide that targets integrins upregulated during angiogenesis on the tumor associated neovasculature. The imaging results obtained with the knottin peptide are compared with standard 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET small animal imaging. Lung nodules as small as 3 mm in diameter were successfully identified in the transgenic mice by small animal CT, and both 64Cu-DOTA-knottin 2.5F and FDG were able to differentiate lung nodules from the surrounding tissues. Uptake and retention of the 64Cu-DOTA-knottin 2.5F tracer in the lung tumors combined with a low background in the thorax resulted in a statistically higher tumor to background (normal lung) ratio compared with FDG (6.01±0.61 versus 4.36±0.68; P<0.05). Ex vivo biodistribution showed 64Cu-DOTA-knottin 2.5F to have a fast renal clearance combined with low nonspecific accumulation in the thorax. Collectively, these results show 64Cu-DOTA-knottin 2.5F to be a promising candidate for clinical translation for earlier detection and improved characterization of lung cancer.
THE EFFECT OF FREQUENCY AND WAVE FORM ON THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY‐TEMPERATURE PROFILES OF TURNIP TISSUE1 (1999)

ABSTRACT Electrical conductivity (σ) – temperature (T) curves were determined as a function of frequency and wave form of alternating current. Turnip cylinders were sandwiched between titanium electrodes and heated ohmically to 100C using four frequencies (4, 10, 25 and 60 Hz) and three wave forms (square, sine and sawtooth). The σ‐T curve shifted upward at 4 Hz for all wave forms. Curses were not significantly different at 10, 25 and 60 Hz for sawtooth and sine wave forms, while those for square waves were not significantly different at any of the frequencies tested. A comparison of wave forms showed that σ‐T curves for square waves were shifted downward significantly with respect to sine and sawtooth waves. Heating rate increased with decreasing frequency. Changes in vegetable tissue cellular structure are believed to be responsible for these results. Further research is necessary to characterize these mechanisms.
Wirelessly Powered Backscatter Communications: Waveform Design and SNR-Energy Tradeoff (2017)

This paper shows that wirelessly powered backscatter communications is subject to a fundamental tradeoff between the harvested energy at the tag and the reliability of the backscatter communication, measured in terms of SNR at the reader. Assuming the RF transmit signal is a multisine waveform adaptive to the channel state information, we derive a systematic approach to optimize the transmit waveform weights (amplitudes and phases) in order to enlarge as much as possible the SNRenergy region. Performance evaluations confirm the significant benefits of using multiple frequency components in the adaptive transmit multisine waveform to exploit the nonlinearity of the rectifier and a frequency diversity gain.
Two-color infrared detection using intersubband transitions in multiple step quantum wells with superlattice barriers (1997)

A dual-band multiple quantum well infrared photodetector has been fabricated for the near and mid-infrared detection. The structure consists of InGaAs/GaAs step quantum wells separated by AlGaAs/GaAs superlattice barriers. The step quantum wells are designed to have two bound states and a quasi-continuum above the superlattice barriers. The bound-to-bound and bound-to-continuum transitions are employed for the dual-band detection. The superlattice barriers are used to extract the photocurrent from the bound-to-bound transition with a relatively low external electric field, which keeps the dark current low. This work demonstrates the use of a new quantum well structure for the fabrication of multicolor quantum well infrared photodetectors.
Protein-Binding Sites in Ig Gene Enhancers Determine Transcriptional Activity and Inducibility (1987)

Individual protein-binding sites within the mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain and kappa light chain gene enhancers were altered, making it possible to examine the functional role of the sites during transcription. The E motifs, which bind factors that are present in many if not all cells, mostly behave as transcriptional activating sites. The only known heavy chain enhancer site that binds a lymphocyte-specific factor, the "octamer" site, plays a critical role in transcription but only in a truncated form of the enhancer. In the full enhancer, no one site is crucial because of an apparent functional redundancy. The site in the kappa enhancer that binds a factor specific to mature B cells, kappa B, was crucial to the constitutive activity of the enhancer in B cells. This factor is also inducible in pre-B cells, and the site was necessary for inducibility of the kappa enhancer. Thus, the sites defined by protein binding are important for the functional activity of immunoglobulin enhancers, with the sites that bind proteins restricted in their cellular distribution playing the most important roles.
Multicollector Mass Spectrometer (2016)

This document contains recommendations for terminology in mass spectrometry. Development of standard terms dates back to 1974 when the IUPAC Commission on Analytical Nomenclature issued recommendations on mass spectrometry terms and definitions. In 1978, the IUPAC Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy updated and extended the recommendations and made further recommendations regarding symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations. The IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy’s Subcommittee on Mass Spectroscopy revised the recommended terms in 1991 and appended terms relating to vacuum technology. Some additional terms related to tandem mass spectrometry were added in 1993 and accelerator mass spectrometry in 1994. Owing to the rapid expansion of the field in the intervening years, particularly in mass spectrometry of biomolecules, a further revision of the recommendations has become necessary. This document contains a comprehensive revision of mass spectrometry terminology that represents the current consensus of the mass spectrometry community.
The Convex Feasible Set Algorithm for Real Time Optimization in Motion Planning (2018)

With the development of robotics, there are growing needs for real time motion planning. However, due to obstacles in the environment, the planning problem is highly nonconvex, which makes it difficult to achieve real time computation using existing nonconvex optimization algorithms. This paper introduces the convex feasible set algorithm, which is a fast algorithm for nonconvex optimization problems that have convex costs and nonconvex constraints. The idea is to find a convex feasible set for the original problem and iteratively solve a sequence of subproblems using the convex constraints. The feasibility and the convergence of the proposed algorithm are proved in the paper. The application of this method on motion planning for mobile robots is discussed. The simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Unraveling the complexity of bladder-centric chronic pain by intravesical contrast enhanced MRI (2023)

Bladder pain, a common symptom associated with various urological conditions, poses a diagnostic challenge as existing imaging modalities fail to pinpoint the bladder as the definitive source of pain. While bladder pain is often linked to localized inflammation resulting from urinary tract infections (UTIs) or Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS), which can be exacerbated by emotional stress, current urine-based markers cannot precisely identify the specific site of inflammation within the urinary tract, spanning from the kidneys to the urethral meatus. Cystoscopy, currently considered the gold standard, is recommended by the American Urological Association (AUA) prior to aggressive treatment for IC/BPS patients, as it confirms the presence of bladder inflammation, particularly in Hunner lesions, and predicts a higher response rate to anti-inflammatory medication like cyclosporine. Nonetheless, the invasiveness of cystoscopy, which relies on investigator expertise, coupled with the significant variability in detecting Hunner lesions, underscores its limitations for inflammatory phenotyping. These factors contribute to the reluctance in choosing cystoscopy as a preferred diagnostic method and may also contribute to the lack of success observed in clinical trials assessing the efficacy of novel anti-inflammatory drugs. Given that immune cell infiltration into inflammatory sites relies on tight junction dilatation, the paracellular entry of injected or instilled paramagnetic dyes, mimicking the extravasation of colored dyes such as Evans blue dye could be a robust index of vascular or urothelial hyperpermeability-a characteristic sign of inflammation. This article aims to delve into the pathophysiology of bladder-centric chronic pain within the context of the challenging diagnosis of IC/BPS and explore the pivotal role of Stokesian and Fickian diffusion in the evolution of intravesical contrast-enhanced MRI (ICE-MRI) as a phenotyping tool for bladder pain, transitioning from laboratory research to practical clinical application.
Movie 3 from HER2 Isoforms Uniquely Program Intratumor Heterogeneity and Predetermine Breast Cancer Trajectories During the Occult Tumorigenic Phase (2023)

&lt;p&gt;p95HER2 invasive carcinoma. p95HER2 shown in magenta. Krt14 antibody staining shown in green.&lt;/p&gt;
Vanoxonin, a new inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase. (1983)

Vanoxonin, a new inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase, was found in cultured broths of the strain MG245-CF2 classified as Saccharopolyspora hirsuta. Vanoxonin, C18H25N3O9, was obtained as colorless powder. Vanoxonin forms a vanadium complex which exhibits a strong inhibition against thymidylate synthetase. The concentration for 50% inhibition of the enzyme (IC50) was 0.7 micrograms/ml.
Foreword: Special Section on 3-D Integration (2016)

This IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology Special Section on 3-D Integration addresses some key topics in the area of advanced system-level interconnection technologies with a focus on 3-D IC stacking based on through-silicon vias, 2.5-D integration using the silicon interposer technology, and photonic interconnections. These emerging interconnection technologies are driven by the need for improved communication bandwidth density and energy efficiency. It is well known that today, interconnects, both ON-chip and OFF-chip, have a major impact on the performance and energy efficiency of electronic systems. This realization has led to significant research and development in advanced materials, designs, architectures, integration approaches, and exploration of nontraditional communication approaches. Given the breadth and depth of this area, this Special Issue in no way covers all important topics. Rather, our intention is to provide a concise summary of the state-of-the-art in a few important areas and leave other topics for future issues.
The DARPA Wide Band Gap Semiconductors for RF Applications (WBGS-RF) Program: Phase II Results (2009)

Dramatic progress has been achieved, during Phase II of the Wide Band Gap Semiconductors for RF Applications (WBGS-RF) program, sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), in extending the lifetime of high performance gallium nitride high electron mobility transistors, operating at frequencies up to 40 GHz. This paper summarizes the significant progress made by the contractor teams participating in the Phase II portion of the program.
Molecular sensitization profile of asthmatic children in equatorial Africa (2020)

Asthma is not well investigated in sub-Saharan Africa and little is known about the IgE-sensitization profile of patients living in this area. To study the molecular sensitization profile of 35 asthmatic children in a semi-rural area (Lambaréné) of an African country Gabon). Fifty-nine children with confirmed asthma were tested in skin prick tests to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, cat, dog, cockroach, grass, alternaria and peanut. Sera were obtained from 35 children, 32 with positive and 3 with negative skin reaction to Dermatophagoides. Sera were tested for IgE-reactivity to D. pteronyssinus by ImmunoCAP, to 176 allergens from different allergen sources by ImmunoCAP ISAC microarray technology and to seven Blomia tropicalis allergens by dot blot assay. Thirty-three of the 59 children were sensitized to Dermatophagoides and 23 of them were also sensitized to other allergen sources, whereas 9 patients were only sensitized to allergen sources other than Dermatophagoides. The 35 tested patients showed high IgE-binding frequencies to the Blomia tropicalis allergens Blo t 5 (43%), Blo t 21 (43%) and Blo t 2 (40%), whereas the most frequently recognized D. pteronyssinus allergens were Der p 2, Der p 21 and Der p 5 (34%, 29% and 26%). Der p 1 and Der p 23, only recognized by 11% and 14 % of the patients, had IgE titers comparable of that of Der p 2. Levels of IgE towards potentially cross-reactive allergens of the 2 mite species were low. Only few patients showed IgE reactivity to allergens from other allergen sources, except to allergens containing carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) (30%), to several tropomyosins, or to allergens with homology to proteins of the antigen 5 (Ag5)/Sol i 3 cluster, Ves v 5 (69%) and Pol d 5 (54%). Allergens of the 2 mite species (Dermatophagoides and Blomia tropicalis) were found to be mainly responsible for IgE-associated asthma in children in equatorial Africa whereas other respiratory allergens (e.g., pollen allergens, pet allergens) were of little importance. Further investigations are needed such as the identification of the specific African cockroach allergens or the identification of insect/parasite species that lead to sensitization in Africa.
Vertical GaN junction barrier schottky diodes by Mg implantation and activation annealing (2016)

Vertical GaN Junction barrier Schottky (JBS) diodes are fabricated on hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) GaN substrates. The p-type JBS gridded regions were formed by selective area doping by Mg ion implantation followed by an activation anneal. Implantation was performed into a 10 μm thick unintentionally doped GaN layer grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Evaporating Pd/Au formed the anode contacts and the cathode was formed of Ti/Al/Ni/Au. Activation of the Mg-implanted GaN was achieved by implementing a three part process, which includes: 1) capping the GaN surface with sputtered AlN, 2) annealing in a 350 PSI nitrogen overpressure environment, and 3) performing a multicycle rapid thermal anneal (MRTA) with a peak temperature of 1350 °C. In addition to the JBS structures, Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) and PiN diodes were also fabricated.
Modern Developments in Catalysis (2016)

The UK Catalysis Hub is a consortium of universities working together on fundamental and applied research to find out how catalysts work and to improve their effectiveness. The contribution of catalysis to manufacturing contributes to almost 40% of global GDP, making development and innovation within the field integral to industry. Modern Developments in Catalysis provides a review of current research and practise on catalysis, focussing on five main themes: catalysis design, environmental catalysis, catalysis and energy, chemical transformation and biocatalysis and biotransformations. Topics range from complex reactions to the intricacies of catalyst preparation for supported nanoparticles, while chapters illustrate the challenges facing catalytic science and the directions in which the field is developing. Edited by leaders of the UK Hub, this book provides insight into one of the most important areas of modern chemistry - it represents a unique learning opportunity for students and professionals studying and working towards speeding-up, improving and increasing the rate of catalytic reactions in science and industry.
Polymer-Free Fluids: A Case History of a Gas Reservoir Development Utilizing a High-Density, Viscous Gravel-Pack Fluid and Biopolymer-Free Reservoir Drilling Fluid (2002)

Abstract This paper presents a case history of the completion procedures applied to a four-well gas reservoir development in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea where open-hole gravel packing was utilized as the sandface completion technique. The chosen technique to gravel pack the wells was based upon Alternate Path Technology, which incorporates shunt tubes with nozzles on the outside of the gravel pack screen. These shunts create an alternative flow path, allowing slurry to bypass premature bridging and fill any voids beyond the bridge. The use of shunt tubes gives the opportunity of achieving a complete gravel pack without the requirement of a filtercake-sealed wellbore. This introduces the possibility for the filter cake to be removed during the packing operation. As a result, a low-solids drilling fluid that deposits a chemically degradable filter cake can be utilized. The reservoir pressure in this field required relatively high-density, reservoir drilling and gravel pack fluids (1.65 SG / 13.75 lb/gal). This paper describes the design and development work involved in formulating a mutually compatible, calcium bromide-based reservoir drilling fluid and a Viscoelastic Surfactant (VES) based gravel pack fluid and the subsequent successful application in a subsea field development.
Non-linear fitting with joint spatial regularization in arterial spin labeling (2021)

Multi-Delay single-shot arterial spin labeling (ASL) imaging provides accurate cerebral blood flow (CBF) and, in addition, arterial transit time (ATT) maps but the inherent low SNR can be challenging. Especially standard fitting using non-linear least squares often fails in regions with poor SNR, resulting in noisy estimates of the quantitative maps. State-of-the-art fitting techniques improve the SNR by incorporating prior knowledge in the estimation process which typically leads to spatial blurring. To this end, we propose a new estimation method with a joint spatial total generalized variation regularization on CBF and ATT. This joint regularization approach utilizes shared spatial features across maps to enhance sharpness and simultaneously improves noise suppression in the final estimates. The proposed method is evaluated at three levels, first on synthetic phantom data including pathologies, followed by in vivo acquisitions of healthy volunteers, and finally on patient data following an ischemic stroke. The quantitative estimates are compared to two reference methods, non-linear least squares fitting and a state-of-the-art ASL quantification algorithm based on Bayesian inference. The proposed joint regularization approach outperforms the reference implementations, substantially increasing the SNR in CBF and ATT while maintaining sharpness and quantitative accuracy in the estimates.
Altered Cortical Trigeminal Fields Excitability by Spreading Depolarization Revealed with in Vivo Functional Ultrasound Imaging Combined with Electrophysiology (2022)

Spreading depolarization, usually termed cortical spreading depression has been proposed as the pathophysiological substrate of migraine aura and as an endogenous trigger of headache pain. The links between neurovascular coupling and cortical craniofacial nociceptive activities modulated by SD were assessed by combining <i>in vivo</i> local field potential (LFP) recordings in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) with functional ultrasound imaging of S1 and caudal insular (INS) cortices of anesthetized male rats. A single SD wave triggered in the primary visual cortex elicited an ipsilateral, quadriphasic hemodynamic and electrophysiological response in S1 with an early phase consisting of concomitant increases of relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and LFPs. A transient hypoperfusion was then correlated with the beginning of the neuronal silence, followed by a strong increase of rCBV, whereas synaptic activities remained inhibited.LFPs and rCBV recovery period was followed by a progressive increase in S1 and INS baseline activities and facilitation of cortical responses evoked by periorbital cutaneous receptive field stimulation. Sensitization of cortical ophthalmic fields by SD was bilateral, occurred with precise spatiotemporal profiles, and was significantly reduced by pretreatment with an NMDA antagonist. Combined high-resolution assessing of neurovascular coupling and electrophysiological activities has revealed a useful preclinical tool for deciphering central sensitization mechanisms involved in migraine attacks.<b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> A crucial unsolved issue is whether visual aura and migraine headache are parallel or sequential processes. Here, we show that a single spreading depolarization wave triggered from the primary visual cortex is powerful enough to elicit progressive, sustained increases of hemodynamic and sensory responses to percutaneous periorbital noxious stimuli recorded in S1 and insular ophthalmic fields. Sensitization of cortical ophthalmic fields by SD was bilateral, occurred with precise spatiotemporal profiles, and was significantly reduced by pretreatment with an NMDA antagonist. Combined high-resolution assessing of neurovascular coupling and electrophysiological activities has revealed a useful preclinical tool for deciphering central sensitization mechanisms involved in migraine attacks.
Supplementary Fig 1 from HER2-Mediated Internalization of Cytotoxic Agents in <i>ERBB2</i> Amplified or Mutant Lung Cancers (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Fig 1&lt;/p&gt;