gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of SYN-004, an oral beta-lactamase treatment to protect the gut microbiome from antibiotic-mediated damage and prevent Clostridium difficile infection (2016)

The gut microbiome, composed of the microflora that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract and their genomes, make up a complex ecosystem that can be disrupted by antibiotic use. The ensuing dysbiosis is conducive to the emergence of opportunistic pathogens such as Clostridium difficile. A novel approach to protect the microbiome from antibiotic-mediated dysbiosis is the use of beta-lactamase enzymes to degrade residual antibiotics in the gastrointestinal tract before the microflora are harmed. Here we present the preclinical development and early clinical studies of the beta-lactamase enzymes, P3A, currently referred to as SYN-004, and its precursor, P1A. Both P1A and SYN-004 were designed as orally-delivered, non-systemically available therapeutics for use with intravenous beta-lactam antibiotics. SYN-004 was engineered from P1A, a beta-lactamase isolated from Bacillus licheniformis, to broaden its antibiotic degradation profile. SYN-004 efficiently hydrolyses penicillins and cephalosporins, the most widely used IV beta-lactam antibiotics. In animal studies, SYN-004 degraded ceftriaxone in the GI tract of dogs and protected the microbiome of pigs from ceftriaxone-induced changes. Phase I clinical studies demonstrated SYN-004 safety and tolerability. Phase 2 studies are in progress to assess the utility of SYN-004 for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile disease.
Characterization of Surface Structure and Oxidation/Reduction Behavior of Pd–Pt/Al2O3Model Catalysts (2016)

Structural and morphological characterizations of bimetallic Pd–Pt/Al2O3 model catalysts are performed using X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and CO chemisorption. Further, the catalysts were studied under oxidizing and reducing conditions using both X-ray absorption spectroscopy and low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy. For the as-prepared catalysts, the existence of alloyed bimetallic Pd–Pt particles and of (tetragonal) PdO was found for the samples calcined at 800 °C. PdO is present in the form of crystals at the surface of the Pd–Pt particles or as isolated PdO crystals on the support oxide. Bimetallic Pd–Pt nanoparticles were only formed on the Pd–Pt catalysts after calcination at 800 °C. The results show that the Pd–Pt nanoparticles undergo reversible changes in surface structure composition and chemical state in response to oxidizing or reducing conditions. Under oxidizing conditions Pd segregates to the shell and oxidizes forming PdO, while under reducing conditions regions with metallic Pd and Pd–Pt alloys were observed at the surface. No bimetallic Pd–Pt nanoparticles were observed for the sample initially calcined at 500 °C, but instead isolated monometallic particles, where small Pt particles are easily oxidized under O2 treatment. In the monometallic catalysts, the Pd is found to be completely oxidized already after calcination and to consist of metallic Pd after reductive treatment.
Artificial plant cell walls as multi-catalyst systems for enzymatic cooperative asymmetric catalysis in non-aqueous media (2021)

The assembly of cellulose-based artificial plant cell wall (APCW) structures that contain different types of catalysts is a powerful strategy for the development of cascade reactions. Here we disclose an APCW catalytic system containing a lipase enzyme and nanopalladium particles that transform a racemic amine into the corresponding enantiomerically pure amide in high yield via a dynamic kinetic resolution.
Vegetation Attenuation for Several Evergreen Shrubs at 31 and 5 GHz (2018)

Millimeter wave (mmWave) cell sizes are meant to be small, and hence base station heights will often be low. This will increase the probability of a link traversing vegetation. For such cases, it is important to know the range of expected attenuations. In this paper, radio wave attenuation and depolarization effects through several broadleaf evergreen shrubs are reported, based upon measurements at two frequencies, 5 and 31 GHz. From this, we analyze the relationship between this attenuation and the two frequencies, and the shrub density, depth, and measurement geometry. Three different shrub species with different densities and depths, and for different measurement geometries, were employed. Specific attenuations at 31 GHz can exceed 20 dB/m for the densest shrubs. These results will be useful for link budget design, and outdoor and outdoor-indoor models for future mmWave communication.
Control of Electro-Optic Modulation in Polymer-Dispersed Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals (1997)

Abstract Electro-optic (EO) modulation in polymer-dispersed ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) has been studied as a function of the droplet size in a confined geometry. It is found that an optimum droplet size exists for the best alignment of molecules as well as smectic layers which produces the maximum EO modulation. The alignment quality depends critically on the shape and size of FLC dropIets. The stable structure formed inside the FLC droplets results from a competition between the elastic energy stored in a confined geometry and surface interactions at the FLC-polymer interface.
Adaptive Video with SCReAM over LTE for Remote‐Operated Working Machines (2018)

Remote operation is a step toward the automation of mobile working machines. Safe and efficient teleremote operation requires good‐quality video feedback. Varying radio conditions make it desirable to adapt the video sending rate of cameras to make the best use of the wireless capacity. The adaptation should be able to prioritize camera feeds in different directions depending on motion, ongoing tasks, and safety concerns. Self‐Clocked Rate Adaptation for Multimedia (SCReAM) provides a rate adaptation algorithm for these needs. SCReAM can control the compression used for multiple video streams using differentiating priorities and thereby provide sufficient congestion control to achieve both low latency and high video throughput. We present results from the testing of prioritized adaptation of four video streams with SCReAM over LTE and discuss how such adaptation can be useful for the teleremote operation of working machines.
Code tiling for improving the cache performance of PDE solvers (2003)

For SOR-like PDE solvers, loop tiling either helps little in improving data locality or hurts their performance. We present a novel compiler technique called code tiling for generating fast tiled codes for these solvers on uniprocessors with a memory hierarchy. Code tiling combines loop tiling with a new array layout transformation called data tiling in such a way that a significant amount of cache misses that would otherwise be present in tiled codes are eliminated. Compared to nine existing loop tiling algorithms, our technique delivers impressive performance speedups (faster by factors of 1.55-2.62) and smooth performance curves across a range of problem sizes on representative machine architectures. The synergy of loop tiling and data tiling allows us to find a problem-size-independent tile size that minimises a cache miss objective function independently of the problem size parameters. This "one-size-fits-all" scheme makes our approach attractive for designing fast SOR solvers without having to generate a multitude of versions specialised for different problem sizes.
Superiority of intranasal over systemic administration of bioengineered soluble ACE2 for survival and brain protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection (2022)

ABSTRACT The present study was designed to investigate the effects of a soluble ACE2 protein termed ACE2 618-DDC-ABD, bioengineered to have long duration of action and high binding affinity to SARS-CoV-2, when administered either intranasally (IN) or intraperitoneally (IP) and before or after SARS-CoV-2 inoculation. K18hACE2 mice permissive for SARS-CoV-2 infection were inoculated with 2×10 4 PFU wildtype SARS-CoV-2. In one protocol, ACE2 618-DDC-ABD was given either IN or IP, pre- and post-viral inoculation. In a second protocol, ACE2 618-DDC-ABD was given either IN, IP or IN+IP but only post-viral inoculation. In addition, A549 and Vero E6 cells were used to test neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants by ACE2 618-DDC-ABD at different concentrations. Survival by day 5 was 0% in infected untreated mice, and 40% in mice from the ACE2 618-DDC-ABD IP-pre treated group. By contrast, in the IN-pre group survival was 90%, histopathology of brain and kidney was essentially normal and markedly improved in the lungs. When ACE2 618-DDC-ABD was administered only post viral inoculation, survival was 30% in the IN+IP group, 20% in the IN and 0% in the IP group. Brain SARS-CoV-2 titers were high in all groups except for the IN-pre group where titers were undetectable in all mice. In cells permissive for SARS-CoV-2 infection, ACE2 618-DDC-ABD neutralized wildtype SARS-CoV-2 at high concentrations, whereas much lower concentrations neutralized omicron BA. 1. We conclude that ACE2 618-DDC-ABD provides much better survival and organ protection when administered intranasally than when given systemically or after viral inoculation and that lowering brain titers is a critical determinant of survival and organ protection.
Chemical Characterization of Aerosol Particles Using On-Chip Photonic Cavity Enhanced Spectroscopy (2019)

We demonstrate the chemical characterization of aerosol particles with on-chip spectroscopy using a photonic cavity enhanced silicon nitride (Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) racetrack resonator-based sensor. The sensor operates over a broad and continuous wavelength range, showing cavity enhanced sensitivity at specific resonant wavelengths. Analysis of the relative change in the quality factor of the cavity resonances successfully yields the absorption spectrum of the aerosol particles deposited on the resonators. Detection of N-methyl aniline-based aerosol in the near infrared (NIR) range of 1500 to 1600 nm is demonstrated. Our aerosol sensor spectral data compares favorably with that from a commercial spectrometer, indicating good accuracy. The small size of the device is advantageous in remote, environmental, medical, and body-wearable sensing applications.
Chromatin-modifying enzymes as modulators of reprogramming (2012)

Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by somatic cell reprogramming involves global epigenetic remodeling. While several proteins are known to regulate chromatin marks associated with the distinct epigenetic states of cells before and after reprogramming, the role of specific chromatin modifying enzymes in reprogramming remains to be determined. To address how chromatin-modifying proteins influence reprogramming, we used shRNAs to target genes in DNA and histone methylation pathways, and have identified positive and negative modulators of iPSC generation. While inhibition of the core components of the polycomb repressive complex 1 and 2, including the histone 3 lysine 27 methyltransferase Ezh2, reduced reprogramming efficiency, suppression of SUV39H1, YY1, and Dot1L enhanced reprogramming. Specifically, inhibition of the H3K79 histone methyltransferase Dot1L by shRNA or a small molecule accelerated reprogramming, significantly increased the yield of iPSC colonies, and substituted for Klf4 and c-Myc. Inhibition of Dot1L early in the reprogramming process is associated with a marked increase in two alternative factors, Nanog and Lin28, which play essential functional roles in the enhancement of reprogramming. Genome-wide analysis of H3K79me2 distribution revealed that fibroblast-specific genes associated with the epithelial to mesenchymal transition lose H3K79me2 in the initial phases of reprogramming. Dot1L inhibition facilitates the loss of this mark from genes that are fated to be repressed in the pluripotent state. These findings implicate specific chromatin-modifying enzymes as barriers to or facilitators of reprogramming, and demonstrate how modulation of chromatin-modifying enzymes can be exploited to more efficiently generate iPSCs with fewer exogenous transcription factors.
Spinal microglia and neuropathic pain in young rats (2006)

Neuropathic pain behaviour is not observed in neonatal rats and tactile allodynia does not develop in the spared nerve injury (SNI) model until rats are 4 weeks of age at the time of surgery. Since activated spinal microglia are known to play a key role in neuropathic pain, we have investigated whether the microglial response to nerve injury in young rats differs from that in adults. Here we show that dorsal horn microglial activation, visualised with IBA-1 immunostaining, is significantly less in postnatal day (P) 10 rat pups than in adults, 7 days after SNI. This was confirmed by qPCR analysis of IBA-1 mRNA and mRNA of other microglial markers, integrin-alpha M, MHC-II DMalpha and MHC-II DMbeta. Dorsal horn IBA-1+ve microglia could be activated, however, by intraspinal injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) at P10, although the increase in the levels of mRNA for all microglial markers was less than in the adult rat. In addition, P10 rats developed a small but significant mechanical allodynia in response to intrathecal LPS. Intrathecal injection of cultured ATP-activated microglia, known to cause mechanical allodynia in adult rats, had no behavioural effect at P10 and only began to cause allodynia if injections were performed at P16. The results clearly demonstrate immaturity of the microglial response triggered by nerve injury in the first postnatal weeks which may explain the absence of tactile allodynia following peripheral nerve injury in young rats.
Supplementary data: Figures 1-10 from Paclitaxel-Loaded Polymersomes for Enhanced Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Figure S1: Structure of the co-polymer POEGMA-PDPA; Figure S2: Quantification of paclitaxel loading into polymersomes (PS-PTX) and PTX release from the vesicles; Figure S3: z-potential measurements; Figure S4: In vitro cellular internalization and drug release of polymersomes; Figure S5: Viability and proliferation and of MKN-45P and CT-26 cells; Figure S6: Fluorescence in control organs; Figure S7: In vivo imaging of rhodamine-labeled polymersomes; Figure S8: Homing of fluorescein-labeled polymersomes to organs; Figure S9: Subcutaneous tumor homing of polymersomes; Figure S10: Peritoneal tumor homing of polymersomes after IP and IV injection.&lt;/p&gt;
Decoupled Virtual Private LAN Services (2002)

Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS, also known as Transparent LAN
Service) is a useful Service Provider offering. A common scenario
where this offering is made is in the metro area, where several Multi-
Tenant buildings are connected to an Office, and several Offices are
connected by a metro area network. The Service Provider places a
simple, low-cost box (MTU) in each building; these MTUs have uplinks
to some box (PE) in one or more Offices. In such a scenario, it is
useful to decouple the functions needed to offer VPLS across the MTU
and PE; this document proposes one way of accomplishing that.
Constellation Expansion and Multi-Symbol Detection for Differentially Encoded 100G Systems (2014)

We propose an approach to differentially encoded 100G transmission that improves both spectral efficiency and OSNR performance over conventional DQPSK-based systems, demonstrating a practical performance beyond the theoretical limit of the conventional approach.
Parity-Time (PT) symmetric photonic system based on Parametric Gain (2018)

We report the first demonstration of PT symmetry based on parametric gain. We show control of the coupling between two counterpropagating modes in a single Si3N4 microring and observe the typical merging of eigenvalue branches as the gain of one of the modes is increased.
Offloading Mobile Traffic via Green Content Broker (2014)

A continuous surge of mobile data traffic not only congests mobile networks but also results in a dramatic increase in the energy consumption of mobile networks. Device-to-device (D2D) communications is a promising technique for offloading mobile data traffic and enhancing energy efficiency of mobile networks. By enabling D2D communications, the base stations (BSs) may reduce their energy consumption through traffic offloading, and mobile users may increase their quality of services by retrieving contents from their neighboring peers instead of the remote BSs. By leveraging D2D communications, we propose a novel mobile traffic offloading scheme-the content brokerage. In the content brokerage scheme, a new network node called the green content broker (GCB) is introduced to arrange the content delivery between the content requester and the content owner. The GCB is powered by green energy, e.g., solar energy, to reduce the CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> footprints of mobile networks. In the scheme, maximizing traffic offloading with the constraints of the amount of green energy and bandwidth is an nondeterministic polynomial time (NP) problem. We propose a heuristic traffic offloading (HTO) algorithm to approximate the optimal solution with low computational complexity. Our simulation results valid the performance of the content brokerage scheme and the HTO algorithm.
Development and Improvement of Transient Subchannel Analysis Code NASCA : (1) Developmental Status (2000)

This paper describes an overview of the NASCA code development program being aimed at improved capabilities of analyzing transient boiling two-phase flow phenomena, boiling transition (BT) and post BT phenomena in BWR rod bundles. Under the BWR operating conditions, we assume that BT on the rod surface can be explained by the liquid film dryout. Hence two-phase flows are described by the two-fluid three-field model. Major physical processes of significance are : 1) two-phase flow turbulent mixing and void drift that affect the void distribution in a bundle; 2) droplet entrainment and deposition phenomena including spacer effects on BT and post BT in a subchannel; 3) rewetting phenomena during the post BT. Mechanistic approaches to the physical modeling related to these phenomena are discussed and the basic framework and scope of the code development are outlined.
Acid-base properties, deactivation, and in situ regeneration of condensation catalysts for synthesis of methyl methacrylate (1996)

Condensation reaction of a propionate with formaldehyde is a novel route for synthesis of methyl methacrylate (MMA). The reaction mechanism involves a proton abstraction from the propionate on the basic sites and activation of the aliphatic aldehyde on the acidic sites of the catalyst. The acid-base properties of ternary V-Si-P oxide catalysts and their relation to the NWA yield in the vapor phase condensation of formaldehyde with propionic anhydride has been studied for the first time. Five different V-Si-P catalysts with different atomic ratios of vanadium, silicon, and phosphorous were synthesized, characterized, and tested in a fixed-bed microreactor system. A V-Si-P 1:10:2.8 catalyst gave the maximum condensation yield of 56% based on HCHO fed at 300{degrees}C and 2 atm and at a space velocity of 290 cc/g cat{center_dot}h. A parameter called the ``q-ratio`` has been defined to correlate the condensation yields to the acid-base properties. The correlation of q-ratio with the condensation yield shows that higher q-ratios are more desirable. The long-term deactivation studies on the V-Si-P 1: 10:2.8 catalyst at 300{degrees}C and 2 atm and at a space velocity of 290 cc/g cat{center_dot}h show that the catalyst activity drops by a factor of nearly 20 over a 180 h period. The activity can be restored to about 78% of the initial activity by a mild oxidative regeneration at 300{degrees}C and 2 atm. The performance of V-Si-P catalyst has been compared to a Ta/SiO{sub 2} catalyst. The Ta- catalyst is more stable and has a higher on-stream catalyst life.
Updated Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines on Opioid Prescribing: What Should Surgeons Know? (2023)

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently published a 2022 guideline on opioid prescribing for acute, subacute, and chronic pain. This information is relevant to surgeons because many patients receive their first opioid prescription after surgery. When prescribing opioids, surgeons walk the line between benefit and harm. Many of the CDC recommendations mirror the AAO-HNS Clinical Practice Guideline: Opioid Prescribing for Analgesia After Common Otolaryngology Operations. For example, opioids are not recommended as first-line therapy for acute pain from otolaryngology-head, and neck surgery procedures. New insights include safeguards and strategies to mitigate the risk of complications in patients with chronic pain undergoing surgical procedures. Consultation with a pain specialist should be considered for patients transitioning from acute to chronic pain, cognizant of the risks of abrupt discontinuation of opioids in patients with opioid use disorder. This article summarizes key considerations for providing individualized, evidence-based perioperative pain management.
Reliability Study of Polymers Used in Sub-4-μm Pitch RDL Applications (2021)

Reliability results obtained on a photosensitive polymer-based redistribution layer (RDL) process with two-metal layers and a target pitch below 4 μm are presented. Fully processed samples have been subjected to 1000 h of high-temperature storage (HTS) performed at 150 °C when a second set of samples endured a temperature-humidity (TH) stress executed at 85 °C and 85 % RH. A thermal cycling (TC) stress between - 50 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C and 125 °C for 1000 cycles was also performed on a third sample set. After 1000 h spent at 150 °C, an increase in the metal line resistivity resulting from copper oxidation by atmospheric oxygen diffusing through the polymer is observed. The oxidation of the top part of the metal lines is further confirmed by failure analyses performed on the stressed samples. Eight different polymers used as a potential capping solution to block the diffusion of oxygen toward the metal lines are investigated. The most promising approach for a reliable polymer-based RDL process involves the use of a mold layer.
A novel processor architecture for high-performance stream processing (2006)

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on a novel processor architecture for high performance stream processing. Some of the specific topics discussed include: an introduction to the technology and applications supported; high-level concept design; programmable state machine; novel processor technologies; instructure cache ad prefetch; and experimental results for testing the performance output.
Al-2.132 Surfactant (2021)

As increasingly smaller molecular materials and material structures are devised or developed for technological applications, the demands on the processes of lithography now routinely include feature sizes that are of the order of 10 nm. In reaching such a fine level of resolution, the methods of lithography have increased markedly in sophistication and brought into play 2terminology that is unfamiliar, on the one hand, to scientists tasked with the development of new lithographic materials or, on the other, to the engineers who design and operate the complex equipment that is required in modern-day processing. Publications produced by scientists need to be understood by engineers and vice versa, and these commonly arise from collaborative research that draws heavily on the terminology of two or more of the traditional disciplines. It is developments in polymer science and material science that lead progress in areas that cross traditional boundaries, such as microlithography. This document provides the exact definitions of a selection of unfamiliar terms that researchers and practitioners from different disciplines might encounter.