gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of diversity of patient population and acquisition systems on the use of radiomics and machine learning for classification of 2,397 breast lesions (2019)

Radiomic features extracted from dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (DCE-MR) images have been previously shown to be useful for classification of breast lesions as benign or malignant. In this study, we investigated the performance of radiomics in distinguishing between lesion molecular subtypes across two populations. Clinical DCE-MR images of 847 breast lesions in the United States and 1,550 breast lesions in China were collected under HIPAA and IRB compliance. The radiomics workstation automatically segmented lesions using a fuzzy C-means method and extracted thirty-eight radiomic features describing size, shape, morphology, kinetics, and texture, using previously reported methods. Binary classification pairs included benign versus malignant, benign versus each molecular subtype, and each molecular subtype versus the other molecular subtypes grouped together. Stepwise feature selection and linear discriminant analysis with five-fold cross-validation was used for each population in each classification task to determine the posterior probability of each lesion being in the positive class. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was determined using the conventional binormal model. The AUC was also determined for each feature in each classification task. Classification performance for each task was compared between populations using superiority testing relative to the difference in AUC. Three out of nine classification tasks (benign versus luminal A (p = 0.008), non-luminal B versus luminal B (p = 0.048) and non-HER2-enriched versus HER2-enriched (p = 0.001)) demonstrated significant difference in performance between the two populations. Differences in classification performance and potential for harmonization may be affected by population biology (i.e., distribution of molecular subtypes) and scanner acquisition systems.
Relationship between field emission properties and spatial distributions of emission sites: Diamond films and graphitic carbon films (2000)

With hot filament chemical vapor deposited samples having a diamond nature and a graphitic carbon nature, we have investigated the correlation between the field emission properties and spatial distribution of emission sites. The field emission properties are substantially improved with increasing the nondiamond carbon content. It is confirmed that emission sites are mainly observed at the edge when a small amount of nondiamond carbon is existed in diamond films while emissions occur at the center as well as the edge with increasing the nondiamond carbon content. On the other hand, the spatial distributions of emission sites for graphitic carbon films are not related to the nondiamond carbon content but to the thickness and distribution of the sheet.
How to Make over 20% Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells in Regular (n–i–p) and Inverted (p–i–n) Architectures (2018)

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are currently one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies for highly efficient and cost-effective solar energy production. In only a few years, an unprecedented progression of preparation procedures and material compositions delivered lab-scale devices that have now reached record power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) higher than 20%, competing with most established solar cell materials such as silicon, CIGS, and CdTe. However, despite a large number of researchers currently involved in this topic, only a few groups in the world can reproduce >20% efficiencies on a regular n–i–p architecture. In this work, we present detailed protocols for preparing PSCs in regular (n–i–p) and inverted (p–i–n) architectures with ≥20% PCE. We aim to provide a comprehensive, reproducible description of our device fabrication protocols. We encourage the practice of reporting detailed and transparent protocols that can be more easily reproduced by other laboratories. A better reporting standard may, in turn, accelerate the development of perovskite solar cells and related research fields.
Comparison of solution-based exome capture methods for next generation sequencing (2011)

Libraries captured with NimbleGen kits aligned more accurately to the target regions. The updated NimbleGen kit most efficiently covered the exome with a minimum coverage of 20×, yet none of the kits captured all the Consensus Coding Sequence annotated exons.
Nonvolatile flash memory device with ferroelectric blocking layer via in situ ALD process (2023)

To improve performances of nonvolatile charge trap flash memory devices, we propose an in situ Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO)/HfO2/Al2O3 stacked structure, which is compatible for Si with the metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) process based on all atomic layer deposition. Since the appropriate bandgap difference between Al2O3 and HfO2, stable charge trap operation is achieved. High-quality ferroelectric HZO film characteristics were showed by minimizing defects and Si diffusion through the sub-layer of Al2O3/HfO2. Therefore, HZO as a blocking layer enhances the memory performance of the charge trap structure due to its specific polarization effect. The proposed device has the high polarization characteristics of HZO (2Pr &amp;gt; 20 μ C/cm2) along with a MOS-cap window (&amp;gt;4 V), good retention capability (&amp;gt;10 years), fast program/erase response operation times (&amp;lt;200 μs), and strong durability (&amp;gt;105 cycles) while operating as a form of single level cell. By comparing Al2O3 and ferroelectric HZO as a blocking layer of the charge trap device, we confirmed that the HZO/HfO2/Al2O3 multi-layer structure had excellent characteristics according to various memory performance indicators. Our proposed high-performance charge trap flash memory can be employed in various applications, including Si-based three-dimensional structures with artificial intelligence systems.
Instability behaviours of a jet array in inkjet printing of molten caprolactam (2013)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the findings on jet array instabilities of molten caprolactam. Initial investigations showed that although a suitable range of parameters was found for stable jetting, there were cases where instabilities occurred due to external sources such as contamination. Design/methodology/approach The inkjet system consisted of a melt supply unit, filtration unit and printhead with pneumatic and thermal control. A start‐up strategy was developed to initiate the jetting trials. A digital microscope camera monitored the printhead nozzle plate to record the jet array stability within the recommended range of parameters from earlier research. The trials with jet instabilities were studied to analyse the instability behaviour. Findings It was found that instabilities occurred in three forms which were jet trajectory error, single jet failure and jet array failure. Occasionally, the jet with incorrect trajectory remained stable. When a jet failed, bleeding of melt from the nozzle due to the actuations influenced the adjacent jets initiating an array of jets to fail similar to falling dominos. Originality/value The research concept is novel and investigating the jet array instability behaviours could give an understanding on jetting reliability issues.
10000-Fold Improvement in (Bio)Sensing Using Nanostructured Porous Silicon Interferometers by Interferogram Average Over Wavelength Spectroscopy (2017)

Porous silicon (PSi) is a nanostructured material increasingly exploited for both refractometric and (bio)sensing applications, though currently suffering of restricted real applications due to insufficient sensitivity and, in turn, poor limit of detection.&#13;\nIn this talk, development, characterization, and application (to both refractometry and biosensing) of a novel ultrasensitive technique for the non-amplified label-free discrimination of either bulk or surface refractive index changes (namely, Interferogram Average over Wavelength – IAW – reflectance spectroscopy) using nanostructured PSi interferometer is discussed. As to refractometric applications, a minimum bulk refraction index variation of 10-7 RIU was experimentally measured using NaCl aqueous solutions, with a theoretical limit of detection of 10-8 RIU. As to biosensing applications, a minimum concentration of TNFα, a protein biomarker of inflammation and sepsis, at concentration of 3 nM was experimentally monitored, with high selectivity and limit of detection of 200 pM. Both these results represent a 10000-fold improvement with respect to the commonly used fast Fourier Transform reflectance spectroscopy for PSi interferometers used in non-amplified label-free mode.&#13;\nThe IAW reflectance spectroscopy envisages bringing PSi optical (bio)sensors at the forefront of ultrasensitive label-free biosensing techniques with ultimate limit of detection in the order of pM level. This enables porous silicon targeting real application for point-of-care clinical analysis where low analyte concentrations are required to be detected in small volume of biological samples.
Three-Dimensional Chirped High-Contrast Grating Hollow-Core Waveguide (2012)

A 3-D chirped high-contrast grating hollow-core waveguide (HCG-HW) exhibits highly efficient 2-D (transverse and lateral) light confinement. Compared with step-index ones, laterally chirped HCG-HWs (graded index) can pronouncedly reduce the propagation loss (>; 10×) without compromising the lateral index contrast. Simulation results show that a propagation loss as low as 0.04 dB/cm can be achieved. For a chirped HCG-HW with a 6-μm core height, it exhibits 30and 141-nm spectral widths for 0.1and 1-dB/cm loss requirements. The chirped HCG-HW also shows an ultralow nonlinear coefficient, which is on the order of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-5</sup> /W/m.
Prospective Ways for Production and Application of Longer Carbon Nanotubes (2010)

Abstract Carbon nanotubes can become a cheaper alternative to carbon fibers based on traditional technology. The conditions for successful longer carbon nanotube catalytic growth are formulated. Optimization is needed in order to break through three general limitations, which prevent nanotubes from reaching great length: slow growth; growth quenching, which is manifested by stopping growth due to catalyst capsulation or poisoning or due to other reasons; and competition between the nanotube elongation and the nanotube thickening. The experimental results on CNT growth show the possibility of producing centimeter-long nanotubes suitable as precursors for manufacturing super-strength carbon threads and also new kinds of functional nanocomposites. Keywords: CatalysisCompositeElectron microscopyNanotubeSynthesis
Queueing analysis of a canonical model of real-time multiprocessors (1983)

Multiprocessors are beginning to be regarded increasingly favorably as candidates for controllers in critical real-time control applications such as aircraft. Their considerable tolerance of component failures together with their great potential for high throughput are contributory factors.
Pd-Catalyzed Direct Arylation of Tautomerizable Heterocycles with Aryl Boronic Acids via C−OH Bond Activation Using Phosphonium Salts (2008)

The first direct arylation via C-OH bond activation of tautomerizable heterocycles has been achieved using phosphonium salts, on the basis of a combination of the phosphonium coupling and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling conditions. Optimal reaction condition is obtained through screening of phosphonium salts, Pd catalysts, and bases. The direct arylation via C-OH bond activation tolerates a variety of tautomerizable heterocycles and aryl boronic acids. The mechanism of the Pd-catalyzed phosphonium coupling is proposed to proceed via a domino seven-step process including the unprecedented heterocycle-Pd(II)-phosphonium species. Application of the Pd-catalyzed direct arylation via C-OH bond activation using PyBroP leads to the most efficient synthesis of the biologically important 6-arylpurine ribonucleoside in a single step from unactivated and unprotected inosine.
Epidural clonidine does not attenuate hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in anaesthetized swine (1997)

Clonidine has been shown in vitro to vasodilate precontracted porcine pulmonary artery ringlets [1]. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) in vivo is a predominantly local response to hypoxia reducing ventilation-perfusion mismatch and shunt. During one lung ventilation in dogs, inhalational agents have been shown to increase the shunt fraction by attenuating HPV, whereas induction agents have no effect on HPV [2]. This study was designed to investigate the effects of epidural clonidine on HPV in vivo in the intact anaesthetized pig. It was also performed under a licence obtained under the Cruelty to Animals Act and EC Directive 86/609. General anaeshesia was induced in five pigs (20–25 kg) with intramuscular ketamine and halothane and maintained solely with continuous intravenous propofol infusion of 10 mg kg−1 h−1. The lungs were ventilated with oxygen and air to normocapnia. Halothane washout after induction resulted in an endtidal halothane concentration which did not exceed 0.2%, a concentration previously shown to have an insigificant effect on HPV [3]. Arterial pressure (SBP), central venous (CVP), pulmonary artery (PAS) and pulmonary artery occlusion pressures (PAOP) and cardiac output (CO) were monitored via the femoral vessels using an intraarterial 20-G cannula and a 7-F pulmonary artery catheter. An 18-G lumbar epidural catheter was sited. Measurements were made at baseline and 30 min after an epidural bolus of 2 μg mL−1 clonidine. After 5 min of ventilation with a hypoxic mixture, F1O2 0.1–0.15, arterial and mixed venous partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2, Pv¯O2) were obtained and HPV was measured indirectly by calculating pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Statistical analysis was by paired Student's t-test.Table 1Table 1: abstract 2).Epidural clonidine does not result in a decrease in PVR. It is concluded from this study that epidural clonidine does not attenuate HPV in the intact pig. It is therefore suggested that the adjunctive use of epidural clonidine in surgery requiring one lung ventilation will not result in deleterious effects on oxygen transfer because of an increased shunt.
Synergy of Practical Knowledge of Molding Sands Reclamation in Heavy Casting Foundry of Iron Alloys (2013)

Abstract The paper summarizes research realized by the author in laboratory and industrial conditions (foundries of cast steel and cast iron, castings up to 50 tons) on the effects of the chemically hardened molding sands regeneration using hard/soft rubbing in the dry reclamation. A reference was simultaneously made to advisability of application of the thermal regeneration in conditions, where chromite amount in the circulating (reclaimed) molding sand goes as high as above ten percent. An advisability of connecting standard and specialized methods of examination of the reclaimed sands and molding sands made using it was pointed out. A way of application of studies with the Hot Distortion Plus® method modified by the author for validation of modeling of the thermo-dynamic phenomena in the mold was shown.
The State of Fluoropolymers (2012)

This overview provides a brief summary of the current state for the fluoropolymer field. It includes fundamental fluorpolymer chemistry, fluorinated coatings, biomedical applications, fluorinated materials in composites, fluorinated elastomers and copolymer synthetic strategies. The above mentioned research areas are an example of this field which is rapidly growing due to the fact that inclusion of fluorine can impart such significant changes to a bulk materials physical properties. This ACS Symposium Series book will highlight the advances in the fluoropolymer field, which will include contributions from the national Fluorine-Containing Symposium series.
Combustion Chamber Deposit Flaking (2000)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;There is increasing concern that small flakes of combustion chamber deposits (CCD) can break lose and get trapped between the exhaust valve and the seat resulting in difficulties in starting, rough running and increase in hydrocarbon emissions. In this paper we describe experimental observations which might explain how this flaking of CCD occurs and the factors that might be important in the phenomenon. The experiments include thirty one engine tests as well as tests done in a laboratory rig and show that some CCD flake when they are exposed to water; indeed water is far more effective in bringing this about than gasoline or other organic solvents. The hydrophilicity of the deposit surface which determines the penetration of water and the inherent susceptibility of the relevant deposit layer to inter-act with water are both important. Consequently there are large differences between deposits produced by different fuels and additives in terms of their susceptibility to flake. In general the use of conventional detergent additive packages makes the CCD less likely to flake. The age and thermal history of deposits also has an important impact on deposit flaking.&lt;/div&gt;
Author response: Microfluidic-based mini-metagenomics enables discovery of novel microbial lineages from complex environmental samples (2017)

Microfluidic-based mini-metagenomics enables the investigation of environmental microbial communities in high-throughput and with single-cell resolution, facilitating genome binning and quantification of function, abundance, and genome variation.
Potential Temperature Limitations of Bubble-Enhanced Heating during HIFU (2010)

During high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatments in the absence of bubbles, tissue is heated by absorption of the incident ultrasound. However, bubbles present at the focus can enhance the rate of heating. One mechanism for such enhanced heating involves inertial bubble collapses that transduce incident ultrasound to higher frequencies that are more readily absorbed. Previously, it has been reported that bubble‐enhanced heating diminishes as treatments progress. The objective of this effort is to quantify how inertial bubble collapses are affected as the focal temperature rises during treatment. A model of a single, spherical bubble has been developed to couple the thermodynamic state of a strongly driven spherical bubble with the temperature of the surrounding liquid. This model allows for the dynamic transport of heat, vapor, and non‐condensable gases to/from the bubble and has been demonstrated to fit experimental data from the collapses and rebounds of millimeter‐sized bubbles over a range of temperature conditions. The responses of micron‐sized, air‐vapor bubbles in water were simulated under exposure to MHz/MPa HIFU excitation at various surrounding liquid temperatures. Each bubble response was characterized by the power spectral density of its radiated pressure in order to emulate a hydrophone measurement. Simulations suggest that bubble collapses are significantly attenuated at temperatures above about 70° C. For instance, the acoustically radiated energy at 80° C is an order of magnitude less than that at 20° C. Simulations that fully include the effect of vapor on bubbles excited during HIFU suggest that the efficacy of bubble‐enhanced heating may be limited to temperatures below 70° C.
A 39-GHz 64-Element Phased-Array Transceiver With Built-In Phase and Amplitude Calibrations for Large-Array 5G NR in 65-nm CMOS (2020)

This article presents the first 39-GHz phased-array transceiver (TRX) chipset for fifth-generation new radio (5G NR). The proposed transceiver chipset consists of 4 sub-array TRX elements with local-oscillator (LO) phase-shifting architecture and built-in calibration on phase and amplitude. The calibration scheme is proposed to alleviate phase and amplitude mismatch between each sub-array TRX element, especially for a large-array transceiver system in the base station (BS). Based on LO phase-shifting architecture, the transceiver has a 0.04-dB maximum gain variation over the 360° full tuning range, allowing constant-gain characteristic during phase calibration. A phase-to-digital converter (PDC) and a high-resolution phase-detection mechanism are proposed for highly accurate phase calibration. The built-in calibration has a measured accuracy of 0.08° rms phase error and 0.01-dB rms amplitude error. Moreover, a pseudo-single-balanced mixer is proposed for LO-feedthrough (LOFT) cancellation and sub-array TRX LO-to-LO isolation. The transceiver is fabricated in standard 65-nm CMOS technology with flip-chip packaging. The 8TX-8RX phased-array transceiver module 1-m OTA measurement supports 5G NR 400-MHz 256-QAM OFDMA modulation with -30.0-dB EVM. The 64-element transceiver has a EIRPMAX of 53 dBm. The four-element chip consumes a power of 1.5 W in the TX mode and 0.5 W in the RX mode.
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Enhances Local Postoperative Histopathological Tumour Stage in Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer – A Matched-Pair Analysis (2019)

NAC significantly affects postoperative histopathological tumour stage in BRPC and appears to be a safe treatment option without increased perioperative complications, re-admission, in-hospital stay, or mortality. Further studies are mandatory to underline the suitability of NAC for ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma subgroups in order to guide clinicians in their daily decision-making comprehensively.
Microwave Synthesis of Bimetallic Nanoalloys and CO Oxidation on Ceria-Supported Nanoalloys (2009)

A facile and fast microwave irradiation (MWI) method has been developed to prepare a wide variety of pure metallic and bimetallic alloy nanoparticles with controlled size and shape. The important advantage of microwave dielectric heating over convective heating is that the reactants can be added at room temperature (or slightly higher temperatures) without the need for high-temperature injection. The method allows the passivation of the nanocrystals by using a mixture of olyel amine and oleic acid as a solvent, a reducing agent, and a capping material. We investigate the controlled synthesis of nanoalloys among the nanocrystals of Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Cu, and Ni by studying the changes in the structural and optical properties of the resulting nanoalloys with respect to the individual metals. Using the same method, we also report the synthesis of selected nanoalloys supported on ceria nanoparticles as nanocatalysts for CO oxidation. The catalytic activities for CO oxidation are presented and discussed. High activity and thermal stability have been observed for the nanoalloys according to the order CuPd > CuRh > AuPd > AuRh > PtRh > PdRh > AuPt. The method could be applied for the synthesis of multimetallic nanoalloys with novel properties resulting from the different metallic properties coupled together in a single nanoalloy.
Development of liquid scintillators loaded with alkaline earth molybdate nanoparticles for detection of neutrinoless double-beta decay (2018)

To determine whether neutrinoless double-beta decay occurs is an enormous challenge in particle physics. For this purpose, developing a highly transparent liquid scintillator that contains a candidate isotope at high concentration is required. In this work, 100Mo was selected as the isotope and surface-modified nanoparticles were applied. AMoO4 alkaline earth molybdates (A = Ca, Sr, and Ba) were synthesized with a subcritical hydrothermal method so that they were well dispersed in organic solvents. The crystalline phase of the nanoparticles was confirmed with X-ray diffraction measurements. The particle size of SrMoO4 nanoparticles was found to be the smallest from a transmission electron microscope examination. The SrMoO4 nanoparticles were incorporated in liquid scintillators, resulting in high transparency and efficient scintillation. In conclusion, liquid scintillators loaded with organic modified SrMoO4 nanoparticles were successfully developed.