gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Practical neutral-axis conductor geometries for coated conductor composite wire (2003)

To optimize mechanical properties, particularly under bending deformation, a composite laminated architecture is proposed for second generation high temperature superconducting (HTS) coated conductor wire in which the superconductor layer is located at or near the neutral mechanical axis. 'Neutral-axis' conductors, each approximately 7 cm long, were fabricated by solder-laminating copper strip onto silver-coated HTS coated conductor strands. 'Neutral-axis' and non-laminated samples were bend/reverse-bend tested on mandrels of successively smaller diameters while measuring critical current after each reduction in mandrel size. The 'neutral-axis' samples showed significantly improved Ic retention compared to the non-laminated strands.
Staphylococcus aureus targets the purine salvage pathway to kill phagocytes (2018)

<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> colonizes large segments of the human population and causes invasive infections due to its ability to escape phagocytic clearance. During infection, staphylococcal nuclease and adenosine synthase A convert neutrophil extracellular traps to deoxyadenosine (dAdo), which kills phagocytes. The mechanism whereby staphylococcal dAdo intoxicates phagocytes is not known. Here we used CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis to show that phagocyte intoxication involves uptake of dAdo via the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1, dAdo conversion to dAMP by deoxycytidine kinase and adenosine kinase, and signaling via subsequent dATP formation to activate caspase-3-induced cell death. Disruption of this signaling cascade confers resistance to dAdo-induced intoxication of phagocytes and may provide therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> strains.
Time-reversal focusing through a plane interface separating two fluids (1994)

In this paper, a theoretical formulation is proposed and numerical results are provided for focusing with a plane time-reversal mirror (TRM) through a plane interface separating two homogeneous fluids. The basic approach is the same as in the case of a single homogeneous fluid [, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 94, 2373–2386 (1993)], but the analysis is carried out in the frequency domain in order to include the boundary conditions at the interface. Nevertheless, the numerical computations are performed in the time domain with TRMs of finite size, and the numerical results are compared to those obtained in the single unbounded homogeneous fluid configuration. The differences between two TRMs working on the reflected and transmitted components of the acoustic field generated by the initial source are also analyzed. It is shown that the mainlobe size of the focal pattern created by a TRM in transmission is mainly related to the greatest value of the sound speed in fluids 1 and 2, while the size of the mainlobe resulting from a TRM in reflection only depends on the sound speed of the fluid that contains the initial source. Furthermore, it is shown how the superposition of two TRMs, synchronized in time, improves the focus on the initial source position.
Characterization of thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of Ag-alloy sheathed Bi(Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductor tape (2003)

We evaluated the effect of alloying additions to Ag on thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of Ag-alloy sheathed Bi-2223 (BSCCO) superconductor tape. The tapes were made with combinations of Ag alloys such as Ag-Mg, Ag-Sb, and Ag-Au for inner and outer sheath. Thermal conductivity of the tapes was evaluated by using thermal integral method at 10-120 K. It was observed that the addition of alloys reduced remarkably thermal conductivity and improved mechanical strength. The thermal conductivity for Ag-Mg, Ag-Sb, and Ag-Au at 40 K was measured to be 411.4, 142.3, and 109.7 W/(m/spl middot/K), respectively, which is approximately 2 to 9 times lower than that of Ag (1004.6 W/(m/spl middot/K)). In addition, the thermal conductivity of alloy-sheathed tape significantly depended on their thermal conductivity of sheath materials. For Ag-alloy sheathed tapes, the thermal conductivity was much lower (i.e., 5 -18 times lower) than that of the Ag sheathed tape The mechanical property of alloy-sheathed tape was also evaluated and correlated to the microstructural evolution.
New design of distance protection for smart grid applications (2016)

Smart grids of the future will have new challenging requirements for the protection elements regarding selectivity and dependability. The load flow will be increasing, the magnitude and direction of load flow may be changing frequently and even the network topology will be more complex than today. This paper presents a new design of distance protection which perfectly fits to the requirements of the smart grid of the future. The impedance measurement is based on the calculation of the load compensated fault reactance X and from line resistance separated fault resistance. This method is applied for phase to ground as well as phase to phase faults. Separation of the fault resistance improves the accuracy of the impedance calculation. The method reduces the negative influence of fault resistance during high load flow and minimizes the risk of wrong pickup during high load condition. Once a fault is detected it is very important to select the faulted loop to calculate the impedance to the fault. For complicated faults in the complex network of a smart grid this can be a challenging task with a certain risk of non-selective fault clearance. In the past the loop selection was done by a so called decision tree, in which several criteria were applied sequentially to find the faulted loop. Thereby, only the result from one criterion selects the faulted loop. The new approach is different. Several criteria based on magnitudes of voltages and currents, changes in voltages and currents, symmetrical components or impedances are applied in parallel. The results of each single criterion are weighted and combined to get a final result for the selection of the faulted loop. With this principle the efficiency of the loop selection has been optimized to different network topologies by changing the weights of each criterion. The same principle is applied to the directional element. Multiple criteria based on actual voltages, memorized voltages, symmetrical components or delta quantities are applied in parallel. The final result is obtained as a weighted combination of the result of each single criterion.
Statistical semantic interpretation modeling for spoken language understanding with enriched semantic features (2012)

In natural language human-machine statistical dialog systems, semantic interpretation is a key task typically performed following semantic parsing, and aims to extract canonical meaning representations of semantic components. In the literature, usually manually built rules are used for this task, even for implicitly mentioned non-named semantic components (like genre of a movie or price range of a restaurant). In this study, we present statistical methods for modeling interpretation, which can also benefit from semantic features extracted from large in-domain knowledge sources. We extract features from user utterances using a semantic parser and additional semantic features from textual sources (online reviews, synopses, etc.) using a novel tree clustering approach, to represent unstructured information that correspond to implicit semantic components related to targeted slots in the user's utterances. We evaluate our models on a virtual personal assistance system and demonstrate that our interpreter is effective in that it does not only improve the utterance interpretation in spoken dialog systems (reducing the interpretation error rate by 36% relative compared to a language model baseline), but also unveils hidden semantic units that are otherwise nearly impossible to extract from purely manual lexical features that are typically used in utterance interpretation.
Performances analysis of LNA-antenna co-design for UWB system (2007)

The co-design between an antenna and a low noise amplifier (LNA) is here addressed over an ultra wide frequency bandwidth: 3.1-5.1 GHz. The key idea of co-design is to relax the 50 Ω impedance matching constraint on both LNA and antenna thanks to joint conception in order to improve performances for a given power budget. On LNA side, the co-design benefits from removing the major part of the costly integrated passive elements serving as a matching circuit. The co-designed LNA benefits from a size, cost and noise figure reduction. The antenna input impedance has no more to fit constant and real impedance on the whole bandwidth. In the present case, this point is used to reduce dimensions. To quantify performance enhancement the followed strategy consists in comparing a classical 50 Ω and a co-designed active antenna design approach, with the same LNA architecture, the same power consumption and the same antenna kind. (5 pages)
Efficient Visible-Light Photocatalytic Water Splitting by Minute Amounts of Gold Supported on Nanoparticulate CeO2 Obtained by a Biopolymer Templating Method (2012)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionEfficient Visible-Light Photocatalytic Water Splitting by Minute Amounts of Gold Supported on Nanoparticulate CeO2 Obtained by a Biopolymer Templating MethodAna Primo, Tiziana Marino, Avelino Corma, Raffaele Molinari, and Hermenegildo Garcia*Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 3, 1892Publication Date (Web):January 10, 2012Publication History Published online10 January 2012Published inissue 25 January 2012https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja211206vhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja211206vcorrectionACS PublicationsCopyright © 2012 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views3039Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Biosensors: Infrared Metasurface Augmented by Deep Learning for Monitoring Dynamics between All Major Classes of Biomolecules (Adv. Mater. 14/2021) (2021)

Metasurfaces have outstanding light-manipulation capabilities at the nanoscale, which enables functions beyond that which is otherwise seen in nature. In article number 2006054, Hatice Altug and co-workers augment highly sensitive, broadband mid-IR metasurfaces with artificial intelligence to introduce a spectroscopic biosensor that enables label-free and in situ monitoring of biomolecules from all major classes.
ChemInform Abstract: Acid Mediated Deprotection of N‐Isopropyl Tertiary Amides. (2015)

Abstract Thermal reaction of N‐isopropyl tertiary amides in MesOH results in selective removal of the N‐isopropyl group.
Spontaneous formation of gold nanostructures in aqueous microdroplets (2018)

The synthesis of gold nanostructures has received widespread attention owing to many important applications. We report the accelerated synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), as well as the reducing-agent-free and template-free synthesis of gold nanoparticles and nanowires in aerosol microdroplets. At first, the AuNP synthesis are carried out by fusing two aqueous microdroplet streams containing chloroauric acid and sodium borohydride. The AuNPs (~7 nm in diameter) are produced within 60 µs at the rate of 0.24 nm µs<sup>-1</sup>. Compared to bulk solution, microdroplets enhance the size and the growth rate of AuNPs by factors of about 2.1 and 1.2 × 10<sup>5</sup>, respectively. Later, we find that gold nanoparticles and nanowires (~7 nm wide and >2000 nm long) are also formed in microdroplets in the absence of any added reducing agent, template, or externally applied charge. Thus, water microdroplets not only accelerate the synthesis of AuNPs by orders of magnitude, but they also cause spontaneous formation of gold nanostructures.
Exactly linearizing adaptive control of propofol and remifentanil using a reduced Wiener model for the depth of anesthesia (2012)

A closed-loop adaptive controller for propofol and remifentanil administration using BIS measurements is proposed in this paper. The controller design relies on a reduced MISO Wiener model for the depth of anesthesia. The exact linearization of this minimal Wiener structure using the model continuous-time parameter estimates calculated online by an extended Kalman filter is a key point in the design. A linear quadratic gaussian controller is developed for the exactly linearized system. Good results were obtained when the robustness of the proposed controller was assessed with respect to inter and intrapatient variability through Monte Carlo simulations on a database of 500 patients.
Characterization of Ethylene methyl methacrylate and Ethylene butylacrylate Copolymers with Interactive Liquid Chromatography (2010)

Abstract Summary: Copolymers of ethylene with methyl methacrylate (EMMA) and butyl acrylate (EBA), which are of different average chemical composition and block lengths according to NMR analysis, were analyzed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Crystallization Analysis Fractionation (CRYSTAF), and high performance liquid chromatography at high temperature (HT‐HPLC). With CRYSTAF and DSC crystallizing fractions were detected only in some samples. HT‐HPLC fractionated all the samples irrespective of their crystallinity. Homopolymers, PMMA and PE were also found in the copolymer samples of EMMA. EMMA and EBA were separated in HPLC according to the content of polar comonomer. A linear correlation between the MMA content and elution volume could not be established due to the presence of homopolymers as admixtures. In such a case the average chemical composition obtained by NMR does not correspond to the real chemical composition of the copolymers. Unlike EMMA the EBA samples eluted in single peaks, which was used for evaluation of their chemical composition distribution. The comparison of results obtained by fractionation via CRYSTAF and HT‐HPLC clearly demonstrates the advantages of the chromatographic approach to study the chemical heterogeneity of olefin based copolymers.
In Vitro Analysis of Stone Fragmentation Ability of the FREDDY Laser (2003)

Fragmentation with the FREDDY laser in the 5 Hz, 4 minutes and 10 Hz, 2 minutes protocols is comparable, suggesting that stone fragmentation correlates well with the total energy delivered to the stone. The slight drop in fragmentation efficiency at 10 Hz, 4 minutes is most likely explained by fiber damage occurring consistently at these higher energy settings. The safety profile and low investment and running costs of this laser are advantages that suggest the laser warrants further clinical trials.
Session 8 Detectors, sensors and displays &#8212; Microsensor fabrication technology (1986)

Start of the above-titled section of the conference proceedings.
Lung cancer (2013)

Approximately 85% of lung cancers are caused by tobacco-smoke-acquired carcinogenesis, while worldwide, ~15–25% of lung cancer cases occur in lifetime “never smokers” (less than 100 cigarettes in a lifetime). These etiologic differences are associated with distinct differences in tumor-acquired molecular changes, such as EGFR mutations in never-smoking lung cancers (1,2). Of importance, with cessation of cigarette smoking from public health initiatives, ~50% of all newly diagnosed cases of lung cancer occur in former smokers who ceased smoking >5 years previously. Never-smoking lung cancers represent a distinct disease that occurs more frequently in women and East Asians, targets the distal airways, is usually adenocarcinoma, and frequently has acquired EGFR mutations making it very responsive to EGFR-targeted therapies (1). A multi-step process involving genetic and epigenetic alterations resulting from DNA damage (usually from cigarette smoking) transforms normal lung epithelium into lung cancer and results in “field defects” in histologically normal lung epithelium, as well as a variety of histologic pre-neoplastic/pre-malignant lesions (3,4). The culmination of these changes lead to lung cancers exhibiting all six of the “hallmarks of cancer” (self-sufficiency of growth signals, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory (anti-growth) signals, evasion of programmed cell death (apoptosis), limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion and metastasis; 5). Current information on the molecular steps and their timing in pre-neoplasia, primary cancer, and metastatic disease is the subject of this chapter (6). The identification and characterization of key molecular changes – often involving oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), and importantly, the associated “tumor cell vulnerabilities” that accompany these oncogenotype changes – in the development and progression of lung cancer are of fundamental importance for improving the prevention, early detection, and treatment of this disease. Ultimately these findings need to be translated to the clinic by using molecular alterations, such as biomarkers for early detection, targets for prevention, signatures for personalizing prognosis and therapy selection for each patient, and therapeutic targets to selectively kill or inhibit the growth of lung cancer.
Experimental Enhanced Upper Stage (XEUS): An affordable large lander system (2013)

The Experimental Enhanced Upper Stage (XEUS) offers a path to reduce costs and development time to sustainable activity beyond LEO by equipping existing large cryogenic propulsion stages with MSS VTVL propulsion and GNC to create a large, multi-thrust axis lander. Conventional lander designs have been driven by the assumption that a single, highly reliable, and efficient propulsion system should conduct the entire descent, approach, and landing. Compromises in structural, propulsion, and operational efficiency result from this assumption. System reliability and safety also suffer. The result is often an iterative series of optimizations, making every subsystem mission-unique and expensive. The XEUS multi-thrust axis lander concept uniquely addresses the programmatic and technical challenges of large-mass planetary landing by taking advantage of proven technologies and decoupling the deorbit and descent propulsion system from the landing propulsion system. Precise control of distributed, multi-thrust axis landing propulsion units mounted on the horizontal axis of a Centaur stage will ultimately enable the affordable deployment of large planetary rovers, uncrewed base infrastructure and manned planetary expeditions. The XEUS lander has been designed to offer a significantly improved mass fraction and mass to surface capability over conventional lander designs, while reducing airlock/payload to surface distances and distributing plume effects by using multiple gimbaled landing thrusters. In utilizing a proven cryogenic propulsion stage, XEUS reduces development costs required for development of new cryogenic propulsion stages and fairings and builds upon the strong heritage of successful Centaur and MSS RLV flights.
Interleukin 37 reverses the metabolic cost of inflammation, increases oxidative respiration, and improves exercise tolerance (2017)

IL-1 family member interleukin 37 (IL-37) has broad antiinflammatory properties and functions as a natural suppressor of innate inflammation. In this study, we demonstrate that treatment with recombinant human IL-37 reverses the decrease in exercise performance observed during systemic inflammation. This effect was associated with a decrease in the levels of plasma and muscle cytokines, comparable in extent to that obtained upon IL-1 receptor blockade. Exogenous administration of IL-37 to healthy mice, not subjected to an inflammatory challenge, also improved exercise performance by 82% compared with vehicle-treated mice (<i>P</i> = 0.01). Treatment with eight daily doses of IL-37 resulted in a further 326% increase in endurance running time compared with the performance level of mice receiving vehicle (<i>P =</i> 0.001). These properties required the engagement of the IL-1 decoy receptor 8 (IL-1R8) and the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), because both inhibition of AMPK and IL-1R8 deficiency abrogated the positive effects of IL-37 on exercise performance. Mechanistically, treatment with IL-37 induced marked metabolic changes with higher levels of muscle AMPK, greater rates of oxygen consumption, and increased oxidative phosphorylation. Metabolomic analyses of plasma and muscles of mice treated with IL-37 revealed an increase in AMP/ATP ratio, reduced levels of proinflammatory mediator succinate and oxidative stress-related metabolites, as well as changes in amino acid and purine metabolism. These effects of IL-37 to limit the metabolic costs of chronic inflammation and to foster exercise tolerance provide a rationale for therapeutic use of IL-37 in the treatment of inflammation-mediated fatigue.
Lewis Acids: From Conventional Homogeneous to Green Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Low Voltage, High Brightness CMOS LEDs (2020)

Silicon photonics realized in CMOS processes has transformed computing, communications, sensing and imaging. Although silicon is known as an indirect bandgap material, substantial progress has been made in the field of silicon p-n junctions emitting visible light when operating in reverse breakdown avalanching mode. Here, we demonstrate high-brightness infrared light emission in forward bias for a vertical silicon p-n junction realized in an open-foundry CMOS process – 55 BCDLite. Emission intensity of over 40 mW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> light at 1020 nm is realized at below 2.5 Volt of room temperature operation by using a deep vertical junction with guard rings that ensure carrier transport away from material interfaces. Such a device enables the development of optoelectronic systems in silicon CMOS. Here, we also demonstrate a complete chip-to-chip optical interconnect utilizing only silicon CMOS devices.
Relating in vitro neutralisation level and protection in the CVnCoV (CUREVAC) trial (2021)

Abstract A recent study analysed the relationship between neutralising antibody response and protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection across eight vaccine platforms 1 . The efficacy results from a phase 2b/3 trial of a ninth vaccine candidate, CVnCoV (CUREVAC), was announced on 16 June 2021 2 . The low efficacy of this new mRNA vaccine, which showed only 47% protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, was surprising given the high efficacy of two previous mRNA-based vaccines 3,4 . A number of factors have been suggested to play a role in the low efficacy in the CVnCoV study, particularly around the dose and immunogenicity of the vaccine (which uses an unmodified mRNA construct 5,6 ) and the potential role of infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants (which were the dominant strains observed in the CVnCoV trial) 2 .