gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent progress in the application of computer graphics to the study of realist old master paintings (2010)

Computer graphics models of artists’ studios allow scholars to address a number of vexing problems in the history and interpretation of art, particularly those related to artists’ studio praxis (Fig. 1). A model of Jan van Eyck’s Portrait of Arnolfini and his wife exposed perspective inaccuracies difficult to discern by the unaided eye. The model also confirmed that the focal length of the depicted convex mirror was much shorter than a putative projection mirror for this work, both results leading to a rejection of the claim that this work was executed by tracing optical projections. The lighting direction estimated in a model of Jan Vermeer’s Girl with a pearl earring agreed closely with directions estimated by five other sources within the painting, revealing objectively this artist’s mastery in rendering the effects of light and supporting the claim this work was executed with a live model, not from the artist’s imagination. A model of Georges de la Tour’s Christ in the carpenter’s studio confirmed that the light in the tableau was at the candle, rather than “in place of the other figure” and this, in turn, led to a rejection of the claim this painting was executed using optical projections. A model of Diego Velazquez’s Las meninas revealed that the reflected image of the king and queen in the plane mirror on the rear wall is likely a reflection of the painted image of the royal couple on the hidden side of the large depicted canvas rather than of figures in the position of the viewer, a results that challenges one reading of the work. A model of Caravaggio’s The calling of St. Matthew revealed constraints upon the lighting and geometry of the studio and lighting and exposed the constraints needed for a local illumination configuration and a distant solar illumination. A model of Parmigianino’s Self portrait in a convex mirror revealed that the warped image is consistent with the artist faithfully recording the the image of a rectilinear room distorted by the mirror, rather than inventing a fictive space. The model also reveals that the work may be hung too high in its gallery home. A simple, plane model of Hans Memling’s Virgin and Child and Maarten van Nieuwenhove diptych revealed inconsistencies between the warped image in the convex mirror and the likely tableau itself, thereby supporting the claim that this mirror was added as an afterthought.
Forming of Aluminum Foam Using Light-Transmitting Material as Die during Foaming by Optical Heating (2018)

Aluminum (Al) foams are expected as components of vehicles and construction materials. Among the several routes for fabricating Al foams, a precursor foaming route has been commonly used to produce Al foam. In this study, optical heating, which can directly heat a precursor, was employed through light-transmitting materials of glass and sapphire to obtain ADC12 (Al–Si–Cu alloy) foam. Fundamental investigations on the forming of the ADC12 foam using a light-transmitting material as a die, which can transmit light during foaming, were conducted. From the free foaming of the ADC12 precursor by optical heating through the glass, through the sapphire and without those materials, it was found that, although a slight energy loss was observed, the ADC12 precursor can foam by optical heating through the light-transmitting materials. In addition, it was indicated that a similar foaming behavior was observed with the generally used electric furnace except that the foaming time was much shorter by the optical heating. Furthermore, from the foaming of the ADC12 precursor by optical heating through the light-transmitting materials, which restrict upward expansion, a flat ADC12 foam can be obtained. The pore structures similar to those of the free foaming were observed. In this forming process, cracks were observed in the case of the glass during the cooling of the ADC12 foam, which was not observed in the case of the sapphire. Therefore, it was indicated that sapphire can be used as the die for the forming of the ADC12 foam during the foaming.
Microphthalmia-associated Transcription Factor Polymorphisms and Association with Bone Mineral Density of the Proximal Femur in Postmenopausal Women (2007)

Osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) with an increased risk of fracture. Low bone mass results from an imbalance between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) plays a critical role in osteoclast development and thus is an important candidate gene affecting bone turnover and BMD. In order to investigate the genetic effects of MITF variations on osteoporosis, we directly sequenced the MITF gene in 24 Koreans, and identified fifteen sequence variants. Two polymorphisms (+227719C > T and +228953A > G) were selected based on their allele frequencies, and then genotyped in a larger number of postmenopausal women (n = 560). Areal BMD (g/cm2) of the anterior-posterior lumbar spine and the non-dominant proximal femur was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We found that the MITF + 227719C > T polymorphism was significantly associated with low BMD of the trochanter (p = 0.005-0.006) and total femur (p = 0.02-0.03) (codominant and dominant models), while there was no association with BMD of the lumbar spine. The MITF+228953A > G polymorphism was also associated with low BMD of the femoral shaft (p = 0.05) in the recessive model. Haplotype analysis showed that haplotype 3 of the MITF gene (MITF-ht3) was associated with low BMD of the trochanter (p = 0.03-0.05) and total femur (p = 0.05) (dominant and codominant models). Our results suggest that MITF variants may play a role in the decreased BMD of the proximal femur in postmenopausal women.
ChemInform Abstract: Multiple Bonds Between Main Group Elements and Transition Metals. Part 56. Acid‐Catalyzed Alkyne/Alkene Coupling at Re(III) Centers. (1989)

Abstract The alkyne complex (III) is a useful intermediate for organo‐Re complexes and can be obtained from the tetrachloride (I) as shown.
Comparative study of the mass-loading effect on electrical parameters of gallium phosphate, quartz and langasite resonators (2007)

This paper presents some of the more relevant results concerning the mass-loading influence on the characteristics (effective mass-loading, motional inductance, quality factor) of AT-cut quartz, Y-cut langasite resonators and AT-cut gallium phosphate.
Design and characterization of multilayer spiral transmission-line baluns (1999)

We discuss the design of coupled spiral transmission-line baluns modeled after the Marchand type. The balun structure consists of a pair of coupled spiral conductors vertically offset across intervening polyimide layers. The baluns are fabricated on various substrates (glass and high- and low-resistivity silicon). The characteristics such as return loss, insertion loss, and output signal imbalance are measured. The center frequencies of 3-dB bandwidths (BWs), primarily determined by their conductor lengths, range from 1.2 to 3.5 GHz. The 3-dB BW normalized by the center frequency is /spl sim/1.48 in all cases. We observe an optimum BW for better performance. Return losses at the center frequencies range from 13 to 18 dB. Amplitude imbalance distributes in the range of 0.3-1.0 dB, depending on the sizes of devices and substrates. The minimum insertion loss is 0.55 dB for the balun on a glass substrate with 100-/spl mu/m-wide conductors. The devices fabricated on glass and high resistivity (>4000 n cm) silicon show remarkably similar behaviors despite the large difference in dielectric constant. This technique is applicable to monolithic microwave integrated circuits.
Enhancing CMOS Using Nanoelectronic Devices: A Perspective on Hybrid Integrated Systems (2010)

In this paper, we present a vision for the cointegration of deeply scaled complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) and emerging nanoelectronic devices into CMOS-hybrid systems. These hybrid systems will create new functionality, modality and add value to existing CMOS integrated circuits. We describe several new nanoelectronic devices which may enable new dimensions to traditional CMOS circuits and systems that build on CMOS compatible, parallel nanoscale fabrication methods. In addition, we show that the integration of multimodal sensors and nonvolatile memory enables a platform of self-evolving hardware that is able to adapt to fabrication variation, environmental changes, and applications changes on-the-fly.
Gamma Reaction History ablator areal density constraints upon correlated diagnostic modeling of National Ignition Facility implosion experiments (2015)

The inelastic neutron scattering induced γ-ray signal from 12C in an Inertial Confinement Fusion capsule is demonstrated to be an effective and general diagnostic for shell ablator areal density. Experimental acquisition of the time-integrated signal at 4.4 MeV using threshold detection from four gas Čerenkov cells provides a direct measurement of the 12C areal density near stagnation. Application of a three-dimensional isobaric static model of data acquired in a recent high neutron yield National Ignition Facility experimental campaign reveals two general trends: smaller remaining ablator mass at stagnation and higher shell density with increasing laser drive.
A Digitally Controlled Oscillator in a 65-nm CMOS process for SoC clock generation (2011)

This paper presents a CMOS 1.1-2.8 GHz 10 bits digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) for high speed clocking of SoCs. The DCO includes only 269 tuning cells, which is possible thanks to an original algorithm based on weighted combined thermometer code, used for the DCO frequency control. The control circuit of the DCO includes only binary-to-thermometer decoders: that was possible with the proposed technique of virtual extension of number of the DCO ring. It was implemented in 65-nm CMOS technology, with semi-custom layout design allowed to optimize the area on silicon. The design was validated by transistor-level ELDO extracted schematic simulation. Oscillator shows a good linearity in the frequency tunning range, with average power consumption 6 mW/GHz with 1.1 V supply voltage. Typical phase noise with 1 MHz offset and 2 GHz carrying frequency is -86.12 dBc/Hz.
Do we need a histological score to diagnose non-alcoholic steatohepatitis? (2011)

Sirs, We read the article by Hjelkrem et al. with interest.1 The authors reviewed histological slides of 386 adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and tested the accuracy of the NAFLD activity score in diagnosing non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Overall, NAFLD activity score had moderate agreement with the diagnosis of NASH based on global histological assessment. An NAFLD activity score cut-off of 4 points had better accuracy in diagnosing NASH than the original proposed cut-off of 5 points. Do we need NAFLD activity score to diagnose NASH? Unlike various non-invasive tests, NAFLD activity score is a histological score.2, 3 Liver biopsies cannot be spared. If NAFLD activity score is to be used for diagnosing NASH, it should be either more reproducible or more accurate in predicting liver-related complications than global histological assessment. In this study, the same pathologist was responsible for both diagnosing NASH and recording NAFLD activity score.1 It is not surprising that the degree of agreement between NAFLD activity score and global histological assessment was higher than that reported by the NASH Clinical Research Network (CRN), where the biopsies were reviewed by nine pathologists.4 For example, discrepant diagnosis of NASH may arise when ballooning is identified by one pathologist but not the other. Nevertheless, a structured scoring system may reduce inter-observer variability in the diagnosis of NASH. The possibility should be further explored using large histological series. A more fundamental question, however, is the importance of detecting NASH in clinical practice. In a recent longitudinal study, liver fibrosis but not the other histological parameters was independently associated with liver-related mortality in patients with NAFLD.5 The detection of ballooning and inflammation suffers from substantial intra-observer, inter-observer and sampling variability.6 When liver biopsy is repeated over time, changes in disease activity are not uncommon.7 Before these questions can be answered, NAFLD activity score should stay as a monitoring tool of treatment effects in clinical studies. Declaration of personal interests: Vincent Wong and Henry Chan have served as speakers for Echosens. Declaration of funding interests: None.
FIGURE 3 from Optimizing Precision Medicine for Breast Cancer Brain Metastases with Functional Drug Response Assessment (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Comparisons of potentially significant molecular alterations observed in the paired clinical tumor tissue samples and the PDX models. In addition to the paired resected brain metastases and PDX samples, the molecular alterations observed in other disease sites (primary and distant metastases) are listed when the archived samples were available for sequencing. When applicable, the OncoKB levels are noted to indicate the level of evidence currently available for targeted drug therapies.&lt;/p&gt;
Optical molecular imaging in PDT (2007)

Motivated by recent successes in fluorescence imaging of whole mount tissue preparations and by rapid progress in the fields of molecular imaging and molecular biology, we are exploring a number of applications of optical fluorescence imaging in superficial murine tumor models in vivo. Imaging the PDT-induced expression of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in cells and in vivo is accomplished using stably transfected EMT6 cells in which the gene for GFP is under the control of the HSP70 promoter. These cells readily form solid tumors in BALB/c mice, enabling the direct imaging of the extent and time course of the activation of this promoter, with each mouse serving as its own control. Imaging of similarly transfected EMT6 cells with a HIF-1&agr;/GFP fusion protein vector enables visualization of HIF-1&agr; translocation to the nucleus. Recently, we have accomplished fluorescent labeling of surface antigens in vivo using intratumor and intravenous injection of fluorophore-conjugated antibodies. Injection of deep-red fluorophore-conjugated-anti-CD31 enables confocal fluorescence imaging of the tumor vasculature to depths of at least 100 microns. With the vessels rendered fluorescent in this way, a number of interesting studies become possible in the living mouse, including the direct visualization of photosensitizer distribution from perfused vessels. Using the appropriate fluorophore-conjugated antibodies, we have also been able to image infiltrating granulocytes in EMT6 tumors in response to PDT in vivo.
Screening combinatorial arrays of inorganic materials with spectroscopy or microscopy (2023)

Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc. Once prepared, these materials can be screened for useful properties including, for example, electrical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, optical, magnetic, chemical, or other properties. Thus, the present invention provides methods for the parallel synthesis and analysis of novel materials having useful properties.
Properties of two amide‐based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography columns (2013)

Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography is a separation technique suitable for the separation of moderately and highly polar compounds. Various stationary phases (SPs) for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography are commercially available. While the SPs based on the same type of ligand are available from different providers, they can display a distinct retention characteristics and separation selectivity. The current work is focused on characterization and comparison of the separation systems of two amide-based HPLC columns from two producers, i.e. XBridge Amide column and TSK gel Amide-80 column. Several characterization procedures (tests) were used to investigate the differences between these columns. The chromatographic behavior of selected analytes indicates that multimodal interactions are responsible for retention and separation on these columns. Multiple testing approaches were used in order to reveal subtle differences between the SPs. Both amide-based columns showed certain differences in retention, selectivity, and plate counts. Based on the tests used in this study, we conclude that the investigated columns provide a different degree of H-bonding interactions.
Pattern synthesis of spherical circular array antenna by conjugate gradient method (1980)

Abstract In this paper, the spherical circular array antenna pattern is synthesized and the results are compared with the planar circular array. Since the pattern function is complicated, analysis of pattern syntheses of solid surface arrays such as the spherical array becomes difficult. Herein, pattern synthesis is done numerically by minimizing the mean‐square‐error between the desired and synthesized power patterns using the conjugate gradient method. This method is found to be effective in the pattern synthesis of the spherical array. Calculations show that when elements with sharp patterns are used in the array, phase control is more advantageous in practice than amplitude control. Also shown here is the excitation method by which a circularly polarized pattern along the apex direction can be obtained when turnstile antennas are arrayed conformally on the sphere. With this excitation method, the pattern is synthesized and the axial ratio of polarization for main‐beam scan degrades less for spherical than planar array. Furthermore, for spherical array the axial ratio can be improved by placing the elements on a conducting sphere.
Data from <i>LOXL1</i> and <i>LOXL4</i> Are Epigenetically Silenced and Can Inhibit Ras/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling Pathway in Human Bladder Cancer (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Promoter hypermethylation is one of the common mechanisms leading to gene silencing in various human cancers. Using a combination of pharmacologic unmasking and microarray techniques, we identified 59 candidate hypermethylated genes, including &lt;i&gt;LOXL1&lt;/i&gt;, a lysyl oxidase-like gene, in human bladder cancer cells. We further showed that &lt;i&gt;LOXL1&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;LOXL4&lt;/i&gt; are commonly silenced genes in human bladder cancer cells, and this silence is predominantly related to promoter methylation. We also found &lt;i&gt;LOXL1&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;LOXL4&lt;/i&gt; gene methylation and loss of expression in primary bladder tumors. In addition, somatic mutations were identified in &lt;i&gt;LOXL4&lt;/i&gt;, but not in &lt;i&gt;LOXL1&lt;/i&gt; in bladder cancer. Moreover, reintroduction of &lt;i&gt;LOXL1&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;LOXL4&lt;/i&gt; genes into human bladder cancer cells leads to a decrease of colony formation ability. Further studies indicated that the overexpression of &lt;i&gt;LOXL1&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;LOXL4&lt;/i&gt; could antagonize Ras in activating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. Thus, our current study suggests for the first time that lysyl oxidase-like genes can act as tumor suppressor genes and exert their functions through the inhibition of the Ras/ERK signaling pathway in human bladder cancer. [Cancer Res 2007;67(9):4123–9]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Effect of carbomer concentration and degree of neutralization on the mucoadhesive properties of polymer films (2001)

Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems may enable a prolonged and localized drug release at various sites of the gastrointestinal tract. In the present study, the mucoadhesive properties of flexible polymeric films based on PVP or PVA as film-forming polymers were assessed by measuring the detachment force from excised porcine duodenal mucosa using a tensile strength tester. The mucoadhesive films were comprised of an impermeable backing layer of cellulose acetate butyrate. Carbopol 934P, Carbopol 974NF, and Noveon AA1 were incorporated as mucoadhesive excipients in concentrations of 0-22 wt% relative to the dry mass of the mucoadhesive layer and with various degrees of neutralization corresponding to pH 4.8, 5.5, 6.8, or 7.5. Films based on PVP were generally more mucoadhesive than corresponding formulations based on PVA. Maximum adhesion of PVP-films was observed at pH 5.5 and 6.8 depending on the type of the mucoadhesive polymer and its concentration. An optimal mucoadhesive polymer concentration range was found to be between 2 and 10 wt%. Higher polymer concentrations did not further enhance the mucoadhesive properties, and in some cases even decreased mucoadhesion. Film formulations based on PVA demonstrated no satisfactory mucoadhesive strength.
Direct electric energy conversion system for energy conversion from marine currents (2007)

Direct electric energy conversion without input power regulating system or gearboxes may offer a simpler and thus low cost way of converting the energy of moving water. The proposed electrical system consists of a permanent magnetized direct drive generator, a rectification step, transmission, an inverter, a transformer, and a grid connection. This paper focuses on the generator, and simulations of a 5 kW permanent magnetized direct drive generator have been performed. Operation of the generator at both part load and overloads are calculated and presented. It is found that this direct drive permanent magnetized generator provides a relatively high efficiency for both part load and overload conditions.
Evaluation of a Novel Global Immunity Assay to Predict Infection in Organ Transplant Recipients (2017)

We show that a novel global immunity assay is able to quantify the level of immunosuppression and predict the risk of subsequent infection episodes in organ transplant recipients.