gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The jogger's problem: accounting for body dynamics in real-time motion planning (2002)

The existing approaches to sensor-based motion planning tend to deal solely with kinematic and geometric issues, and ignore the system dynamics. This work attempts to incorporate body dynamics into the paradigm of sensor-based motion planning. The authors consider the case of a point mass mobile robot operating in a planar environment with unknown stationary obstacles of arbitrary shape. Given the constraints on the robot's dynamics, sensing, and control means, conditions are formulated for generating collision-free trajectories with guaranteed convergence. The approach calls for continuous computation and is fast enough for real time implementation. Based on its velocity and sensing data, the robot continuously plans its motion based on the canonical solution which presents the time-optimal path within the robot's current sensing range. For a special case of a sudden potential collision an option of a safe emergency stopping path is always maintained. Simulated examples demonstrate the algorithm's performance.
Power control in packet switched time division duplex direct sequence spread spectrum communications (2003)

A packet switched time-division duplex direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS-SS) communication system is proposed for operation in mobile and wireless indoor CDMA communications with Rayleigh fading characteristics. A power control method is then proposed for this system capable of providing effective estimates of the fading state of the channel and using this information to adaptively control the uplink transmission power for equalized received power at the base station. The performance of this power control scheme is evaluated by examining the distribution of the received power compared to a reference level for typical indoor communication system parameters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A NEW FRAMEWORKFOR DIRECTION-OF-ARRIVALESTIMATION (2008)

A new approach for spatial direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation is developed based on the minimum mean­ square error (MMSE) framework. Unlike many traditional DOA estimators, the MMSE approach, denoted as Re­ Iterative Super-Resolution (RISR), does not employ spatial sample covariance information which may significantly degrade DOA estimation if spatially-separated sources are temporally correlated. Instead, RISR is a recursive algorithm that relies on a structured signal covariance matrix comprised of the set of possible spatial steering vectors each weighted by an associated power estimate from the previous iteration. Furthermore, RISR can naturally accommodate prior information on spatially colored noise, does not require knowledge of the number of sources, and can also exploit multiple time samples in a non-coherent manner to improve performance. For low to moderate time sample support, RISR is demonstrated to provide super-resolution performance superior to MUSIC and spatially-smoothed MUSIC.
Mechanical Properties (2008)

Abstract The sections in this article are Introduction General Considerations Causes of Mechanical Damage Mechanical Resistance of Catalysts—Definitions Determination of Crush Strength (Break Strength) Crush Strength of Individual Grains Bulk Crush Strength (Bed Crushing Strength) or Shell Test Impact or Drop Test Determination of Attrition Resistance Grains or Powders Attrition Resistance of Coated Monoliths Adhesiveness of Coatings
Novel joint selection methods can reduce sample size for RA clinical trials with ultrasound endpoints (2018)

Objectives: To determine whether novel methods of selecting joints through (i) ultrasonography (individualized-ultrasound [IUS] method), or (ii) ultrasonography and clinical examination (individualized-composite-ultrasound [ICUS] method) translate into smaller rheumatoid arthritis (RA) clinical trial sample sizes when compared to existing methods utilizing predetermined joint sites for ultrasonography. Methods: Cohen's effect size (ES) was estimated (ES) and a 95% CI (ES(L), ES(U)) calculated on a mean change in 3-month total inflammatory score for each method. Corresponding 95% CIs [n(U)(ES(L))] were obtained on a post hoc sample size reflecting the uncertainty in (ES). Sample size calculations were based on a one-sample t-test as the patient numbers needed to provide 80% power at α = 0.05 to reject a null hypothesis H₀: ES = 0 versus alternative hypotheses H1: ES = (ES), ES = (ES(L)) and ES = (ES(U)). We aimed to provide point and interval estimates on projected sample sizes for future studies reflecting the uncertainty in our study (ES(S)). Results: Twenty-four treated RA patients were followed up for 3 months. Utilizing the 12-joint approach and existing methods, the post hoc sample size (95% CI) was 22 (10–245). Corresponding sample sizes using ICUS and IUS were 11 (7–40) and 11 (6–38), respectively. Utilizing a seven-joint approach, the corresponding sample sizes using ICUS and IUS methods were nine (6–24) and 11 (6–35), respectively. Conclusions: Our pilot study suggests that sample size for RA clinical trials with ultrasound endpoints may be reduced using the novel methods, providing justification for larger studies to confirm these observations.
Preliminary Evaluation of a Framework for Overhead Skeleton Tracking in Factory Environments using Kinect (2017)

This paper presents a preliminary evaluation of a framework that allows an overhead RGBD camera to segment and track workers skeleton in an unstructured factory environment. The default Kinect skeleton tracking algorithm was developed using front-view artificial depth images generated from a 3D model of a person in an empty room. The proposed framework is inspired in this concept, and works by capturing motion data of worker movements performing a real factory task. That motion data is matched to the 3D model of the worker. In a novel approach, the largest elements in the workspace (e.g. desks, racks) are modeled with simple shapes, and the artificial depth images are generated in a "simplified workspace" in contrast with an "empty workspace". We show in preliminary experiments that the addition of the simplified models during training can increase, ceteris paribus, the segmentation accuracy by over 3 times and the recall by about one and a half times when the workspace is highly cluttered. Evaluation is made using real depth images obtained in a factory environment, and as ground-truth manually segmented images are used.
Scintillation properties of Ce-doped LiAlO<sub>2</sub> for neutron detection (2021)

Undoped and Ce-doped LiAlO2 single crystals, a novel neutron scintillator, were synthesized by the floating zone method, and the photoluminescence and scintillation properties were investigated. Under X-ray irradiation, all the synthesized crystals showed luminescence due to oxygen vacancies with decay time constants of 250 ns and 2 µs, and Ce-doped LiAlO2 crystals showed luminescence due to the 5d–4f transition of Ce3+ with a decay time constant of 40 ns as well. In the pulse height spectra under neutron irradiation from 252Cf, the synthesized crystals exhibited thermal neutron peak, and scintillation light yields increased by doping of Ce. Furthermore, neutron and gamma-ray pulse shape discrimination was examined, and 0.5 and 1.0 % Ce-doped ones showed a distinction of neutron and gamma-ray events.
ER–Mitochondria contact sites: A new regulator of cellular calcium flux comes into play (2016)

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–mitochondria membrane contacts are hotspots for calcium signaling. In this issue, Raturi et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201512077) show that the thioredoxin TMX1 inhibits the calcium pump SERCA2b at ER–mitochondria contact sites, thereby affecting ER–mitochondrial calcium transfer and mitochondrial bioenergetics.
Characterization of liver histopathology in a transgenic mouse model expressing genotype 1a hepatitis C virus core and envelope proteins 1 and 2 (2005)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine how the HCV structural proteins affect the dynamic structural and functional properties of hepatocytes and measure the extra-hepatic manifestations induced by these viral proteins. A transgenic mouse model was established by expressing core, E1 and E2 proteins downstream of a CMV promoter. HCV RNA was detected using RT-PCR in transgenic mouse model tissues, such as liver, kidney, spleen and heart. Expression of the transgene was analysed by real-time PCR to quantify viral RNA in different tissues at different ages. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed the expression of core, E1 and E2 proteins predominantly in hepatocytes. Lower levels of protein expression were detected in spleen and kidneys. HCV RNA and viral protein expression increased in the liver with age. Histological analysis of liver cells demonstrated steatosis in transgenic mice older than 3 months, which was more progressed with age. Electron microscopy analysis revealed alterations in nuclei, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. HCV structural proteins induce a severe hepatopathy in the transgenic mouse model. These mice became more prone to liver and lymphoid tumour development and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this model, the extra-hepatic effects of HCV, which included swelling of renal tubular cells, were mild. It is likely that the HCV structural proteins mediate some of the histological alterations in hepatocytes by interfering with lipid transport and liver metabolism.
Inspection of Stochastic Defects With Broadband Plasma Optical Systems for Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) Lithography (2020)

As extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography enters high volume manufacturing (HVM) to enable the sub-7nm scaling roadmap, characterizing and monitoring defects that print at wafer level are of critical importance to yield. This is especially true for defects coming from the EUV mask, due to multi-layer defects or added particles or growth on mask during its use, and for defects coming from the pattern formation process itself, which are known as stochastic printing defects or simply stochastic defects. In this paper we focus on developing inspection solutions for stochastic defects, which essentially are random local variations that occur between structures that should, in principle, print identically. These defects occur at significant frequencies with current state-of-the-art processes. Specifically, we discuss the importance of detecting these defects using KLA broadband plasma (BBP) optical inspection systems and the development of useful analysis methodologies. In addition, we describe use of traditional focus-dose process window discovery methodology developed on these optical inspection systems, for a foundry N5 equivalent M2 layer with both hybrid EUV and direct EUV patterning schemes. We highlight the impact of EUV stochastics to the overall process window.
Theoretical analysis of the high-rate vector quantization of LPC parameters (1995)

The paper presents a theoretical analysis of high-rate vector quantization (VQ) systems that use suboptimal, mismatched distortion measures, and describes the application of the analysis to the problem of quantizing the linear predictive coding (LPC) parameters in speech coding systems. First, it is shown that in many high-rate VQ systems the quantization distortion approaches a simple quadratically weighted error measure, where the weighting matrix is a "sensitivity matrix" that is an extension of the concept of the scalar sensitivity. The approximate performance of VQ systems that train and quantize using mismatched distortion measures is derived, and is used to construct better distortion measures. Second, these results are used to determine the performance of LPC vector quantizers, as measured by the log spectral distortion (LSD) measure, which have been trained using other error measures, such as mean-squared (MSE) or weighted mean-squared error (WMSE) measures of LEPC parameters, reflection coefficients and transforms thereof, and line spectral pair (LSP) frequencies. Computationally efficient algorithms for computing the sensitivity matrices of these parameters are described. In particular, it is shown that the sensitivity matrix for the LSP frequencies is diagonal, implying that a WMSE measured LSP frequencies converges to the LSD measure in high-rate VQ systems. Experimental results to support the theoretical performance estimates are provided.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
192Ir Source Localization via Gamma Ray Skyshine using Large Volume Pixelated CdZnTe (2019)

The direct line-of-sight between a detector and strong gamma-ray source can be heavily shielded in urban environments. In extreme scenarios, such as measuring a source through several buildings, little-to-no gamma-ray flux streams from the source direction due to building attenuation. This unknown, non-spatially-smooth attenuation from buildings hinders traditional 1/r <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> -based localization in urban environments. Air-scattered gamma rays, known as skyshine, offer a complimentary signal that is a weak function of unknown ground-based shielding between the source and detector. Skyshine can be leveraged to localize strong gamma-ray sources, without the use of count rates, in attenuation heavy scenarios. Skyshine-based localization was demonstrated for a 83 Ci <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">192</sup> Ir source in a silo geometry using a H3D H420 CdZnTe detector. Source directionality was successfully estimated from coded aperture reconstructions of skyshine gamma rays at distances ranging from 25-150 m.
Xpress: A Novice Interface for the Real-Time Communication of Mathematical Expressions (2007)

In recent years there has been a great deal of research regarding entry systems for mathematical expressions. With the rapid development of online learning, there is now a need for mathematics entry interfaces for novice users. These users often need to quickly communicate mathematical expressions to an in-structor in a live online discussion, or to a server in a timed testing environment, without having had training in the use of any mathematical entry system. In this paper we discuss the issue of real-time expression entry for novices. We also introduce a new open-source AJAX/SVG Web-based user interface for expression entry by novices, called Xpress (Transformation of Pictorial Representation of Expression Spatial Structure). With this interface the user can quickly lay out the expression without constraint. The expression is then converted to TEX using a spatial analysis algorithm.
Application of Buckmaster Electrolyte Ion Leakage Test to Woody Biofuel Feedstocks (2011)

In an earlier ASABE paper, Buckmaster reported that ion conductivity of biomass leachate in aqueous solution was directly correlated with activity access to plant nutrients within the biomass materials for subsequent biological or chemical processing. The Buckmaster test involves placing a sample of the particles in a beaker of constant-temperature deionized water and monitoring the change in electrical conductivity over time. We adapted the Buckmaster method to a range of woody biomass and other cellulosic bioenergy feedstocks. Our experimental results suggest differences of electrolyte leakage between differently processed woody biomass particles may be an indicator of their utility for conversion in bioenergy processes. This simple assay appears to be particularly useful to compare different biomass comminution techniques and particle sizes for biochemical preprocessing.
Laser-based fabrication with Ti- and Ni-base superalloys (2013)

Laser-based technology of direct metal deposition has matured into an industrially well established technique for precise coating deposition and additive manufacturing. By means of dedicated nozzle systems, suitable process equipment as well as well customized manufacturing strategies, the fabrication of miniaturized, but even very large components becomes feasible. This includes the use of powder as well as wire for the added material. Fostered by high demands, e. g. in the field of stationary gas turbines or jet engines, the state of the art has to be extended especially in the direction of lightweight fabrication as well as increased temperature performance of processed materials. However, from a materials perspective, these materials are often difficult to handle by liquid phase processing. Due to their beneficial material properties needed to fulfill the high performance requirements from the industry, titanium and nickel based superalloys have recently attracted considerable attention. Processing these materials, which are often characterized by a high brittleness and small process windows, is rather challenging and thus requires a customized laser-based fabrication process. The present paper shows recent advances to bring these materials into real applications through laser-based processing. This not only includes modifications of the laser process and the equipment itself, but also the support by hybrid processing, e. g. induction as well as closed loop process control. The paper will also highlight the importance of indepth materials knowledge and process understanding for highest quality 3D direct laser deposition.
PCR-based identification of new receptors: molecular cloning of a receptor for fibroblast growth factors. (1991)

Transmembrane tyrosine kinases are involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation by extracellular signals. To enable identification of new receptor tyrosine kinases we developed a method that selectively amplifies segments of receptor genes. The method is based on a combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybridization screening and it employs three oligonucleotide primers derived from conserved domains of receptor tyrosine kinases. It yields amplification of receptors' genes and appears to ignore cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. When applied to RNA from 12.5 days post coitum mouse placenta, this methodology resulted in the detection of several putative or established receptors. Molecular cloning of one of these genes, which is identical to the partially characterized bek gene, identified a transmembrane tyrosine kinase with three immunoglobulin-like domains in the extracellular portion, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase sequence. The isolated cDNA shows remarkable homology to the murine flg gene that encodes a receptor for fibroblast growth factors. Indeed, an antibody directed to the carboxy terminus of the deduced bek protein specifically recognized a receptor for acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors in murine hepatoma cells. We therefore expect that the methodology we developed will enable the study of new receptors in hardly accessible biological systems such as early mammalian embryos or stem cells.
Hydrothermal liquefaction for energy recovery from high-moisture waste biomass (2012)

Hydrothermal liquefaction is promising technology for converting high-moisture waste biomass into energy dense “biocrude” oil that can be used for direct combustion or refined for transportation grade fuels. This study investigates the influence of biomass composition on the chemical characteristics of hydrothermal liquefaction biocrude oil, and the potential of algal biomass as a feedstock for combined wastewater treatment and bioenergy production.
Hydrothermal liquefaction was examined for converting various types of waste biomass into biocrude oil to determine the effect of biomass composition on product yields and biocrude oil chemical characteristics. Feedstocks tested included Spirulina algae, swine manure, and digested anaerobic sludge. Bulk biocrude oil properties (e.g., oil yield, elemental analysis, higher heating value) and physico-chemical characteristics (e.g., molecular constituents, functional group allocation, proton and carbon speciation, molecular weight distribution, boiling point distribution) were compared for the varying feedstocks as well as with published results for petroleum crudes and tar sand bitumens. 
Results demonstrated that although the biocrude oils displayed similar higher heating values (32-35 MJ/kg), widely varying biocrude oil yields were observed, ranging from 9.4% with digested sludge to 33% with Spirulina. High total nitrogen and oxygen content was observed in the biocrude oils (19-23%), greatly differentiating them from petroleum crude oils which are typically less than 4% total. Detailed characterization also revealed significant differences in biocrude oil chemistry. Feedstock composition influenced the individual compounds identified in the low-boiling fraction of the biocrude oil as well as the functional group chemistry. Biocrude oil molecular weights tracked with the feedstock obdurate carbohydrate content and followed the order of Spirulina < swine manure < digested sludge. A similar trend was observed in the biocrude oil boiling point distributions and the long branched aliphatic contents. 
After examining the hydrothermal liquefaction of various waste biomass sources, a detailed analysis of the hydrothermal liquefaction of Spirulina and Scenedesmus algal biomass was undertaken. Algal biomass was analyzed due to its potential integration into wastewater treatment plant operations for nutrient removal, carbon dioxide capture, and bioenergy production. Recently, much work has focused on extracting high value chemicals (e.g., nutraceuticals) and energy-dense lipids (e.g., for biodiesel) from algae, but effective utilization of residual “defatted” algal biomass will be necessary to achieve favorable energy balances and production costs. Therefore, hydrothermal liquefaction product yields, biocrude oil properties, and energy balance for raw and defatted Scenedesmus biomass were compared against slow pyrolysis, an alternative thermochemical process. Biocrude oil chemistries from both processes were then evaluated against Illinois shale oil as a representative low-quality…
Superconducting Quantum Arrays for Wideband Antennas and Low Noise Amplifiers (2014)

Superconducting Quantum Iinetference Filters (SQIF) consist of a two-dimensional array of niobium Josephson Junctions formed into N loops of incommensurate area. This structure forms a magnetic field (B) to voltage transducer with an impulse like response at B0. In principle, the signal-to-noise ratio scales as the square root of N and the noise can be made arbitrarily small (i.e. The SQIF chips are expected to exhibit quantum limited noise performance). A gain of about 20 dB was recently demonstrated at 10 GHz.
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid-Tissue Lymphoma of the Cecum and Rectum: A Case Report (2017)

A colonic mucosa-associated lymphoid-tissue (MALT) lymphoma is relatively rare compared to lymphomas of the stomach or small intestine. We present a case of a MALT lymphoma in the cecum and rectum found during screening colonoscopy. A 54-year-old female, who had undergone right-breast-conserving surgery with axillary dissection due to an invasive ductal carcinoma and a left-breast excisional biopsy due to microcalcification following adjuvant chemoradiation therapy 3 years earlier, was found to have 3-mm-sized smooth elevated lesions in both the cecum and rectum. No pathologic lesion or lymphadenopathy was found at any other site, but chronic gastritis negative for <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection was found. The polyps were removed by using an endoscopic biopsy and revealed an extra nodal marginal zone B-cell MALT lymphoma, showing positive for CD3 and CD20 by immunohistochemical staining. The patient underwent close observation without any additional treatment and has shown no evidence of recurrence as of her last visit.