gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Appendix: Sonet and ATM Protocols (2001)

The Appendix covers synchronous optical network (SONET) and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) protocols. It describes the SONET transmission frame format, definition and applications of SONET overhead bytes, ATM layer, ATM cell format, ATM cell header definition and applications, and various types of the ATM adaptation layer (AAL).
ChemInform Abstract: LEUCOMYCIN AGLYCONES, DEGLYCOSIDATION OF THE MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTIC LEUCOMYCIN A3 (1975)

Abstract Das antibiotische Makrolid Leucomycin A3 (I) wird verschiedene Abbauprodukte übergeführt.
STRONG LENS TIME DELAY CHALLENGE. I. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN (2015)

The time delays between point-like images in gravitational lens systems can be used to measure cosmological parameters. The number of lenses with measured time delays is growing rapidly; the upcoming \emph{Large Synoptic Survey Telescope} (LSST) will monitor $\sim10^3$ strongly lensed quasars. In an effort to assess the present capabilities of the community to accurately measure the time delays, and to provide input to dedicated monitoring campaigns and future LSST cosmology feasibility studies, we have invited the community to take part in a "Time Delay Challenge" (TDC). The challenge is organized as a set of "ladders," each containing a group of simulated datasets to be analyzed blindly by participating teams. Each rung on a ladder consists of a set of realistic mock observed lensed quasar light curves, with the rungs' datasets increasing in complexity and realism. The initial challenge described here has two ladders, TDC0 and TDC1. TDC0 has a small number of datasets, and is designed to be used as a practice set by the participating teams. The (non-mandatory) deadline for completion of TDC0 was the TDC1 launch date, December 1, 2013. The TDC1 deadline was July 1 2014. Here we give an overview of the challenge, we introduce a set of metrics that will be used to quantify the goodness-of-fit, efficiency, precision, and accuracy of the algorithms, and we present the results of TDC0. Thirteen teams participated in TDC0 using 47 different methods. Seven of those teams qualified for TDC1, which is described in the companion paper II.
Synthetic approaches to elucidate roles of disulfide bridges in peptides and proteins (2005)

The pairing of cysteine residues to form disulfide bridges represents the only way that nature establishes covalent crosslinks bringing together in three dimensions portions of linear polypeptide chains that are apart in the linear sequence. As a consequence, conformations of peptides and proteins can be “locked” and both their stabilities and biological activities are affected. Disulfide bridges can also be harnessed in creative ways for de novo design studies. Finally, an active research question is to understand the roles of disulfide bridges in the folding process; the answer may be different for protein sequences able to readily access their final stable packed conformations versus peptide molecules that are generally quite conformationally flexible until covalent crosslinks are introduced. In order to develop a better understanding of the relative importance of disulfides, our laboratory continues to develop methods for the reliable assembly of cystine-containing peptides and small proteins, and for the construction of the required bridges [1]. We also consider a variety of analogous structures, including those in which disulfides are replaced by trisulfides, in which disulfides have been intentional mispaired, and in which paired half-cysteines have been replaced by paired acid isosteres. These approaches are applied to a range of target molecules, including oxytocin and deaminooxytocin (9 residues, disulfide bridge between residues 1 and 6), somatostatin (14 residues, disulfide bridge between residues 3 and 14), SI (13 residues, disulfide bridges between residues 2 and 7; 3 and 13), apamin (18 residues, disulfide bridges between residues 1 and 11; 3 and 15), and bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI, 58 residues, disulfide bridges between residues 5 and 55; 14 and 38; and 30 and 51). This article surveys our most recent progress both on synthetic aspects and on conformational/biological consequences, some of which is detailed further in the Proceedings of this Symposium [2]. We report new cysteine protecting groups and racemization-free anchoring and coupling procedures, a reusable polymeric reagent to mediate intramolecular disulfide formation, and studies which compare solution and onresin regioselective schemes for disulfide bridge formation.
The Effect of Supercritical Fluids on Solid Acid Catalyst Alkylation (2002)

The alkylation of isobutane with trans-2-butene was explored over six solid acid catalysts in the liquid, near-critical liquid, and supercritical regions through the addition of an inert cosolvent to the reaction feed mixture. The addition of supercritical cosolvents did not result in sustained catalytic alkylation activity. A modest improvement in product yield was obtained with the addition of methane in the modified-liquid region; however, catalyst longevity and product selectivity were decreased compared to cosolvent-free liquid conditions. This paper describes the catalyst screening and selection process, an exploration of catalyst performance with varying concentrations of methane, and an examination of the effects of seven supercritical fluids on catalyst performance. The catalysts included two zeolites, two sulfated metal oxides, and two Nafion catalysts. Three hydrocarbons, two fluorocarbons, carbon dioxide, and sulfur hexafluoride were explored as inert cosolvents added to the reaction mixture.
Investigation on Tomographic-Based Nondestructive Characterization of Short Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composites as Obtained From Micro Injection Molding (2020)

Abstract Quantitative assessment of fiber characteristics in composite parts is of great significance in order to correlate them with the fiber-induced mechanical properties. X-ray computed tomography (CT) is being successfully used as a three-dimensional nondestructive measuring technique for the analysis of fiber characteristics (mainly the fiber orientation and fiber volume content) in fiber-reinforced composite materials. However, the accuracy of such analyses depends on various factors (e.g., scanning parameters, resolution), which is the motivation for this study. The current work investigates the effect of CT scanning parameters and spatial resolution on the obtained fiber orientation and fiber volume content. First a simulation study is carried out using a computationally generated fiber composite model followed by a validation using a thin-wall injection-molded part. The findings showed that the effect of CT settings is not significant on the measurements, but the resolution affects the estimated fiber volume content adversely. A preliminary error calculation method is proposed for correcting the overestimation in the fiber volume content.
Preparation and Characterization of Regenerated Cellulose Membrane Blended with ZrO2 Nanoparticles (2021)

It is of great significance to search for efficient, renewable, biodegradable and economical membrane materials. Herein, we developed an organic-inorganic hybrid regenerated cellulose membrane (ZrO<sub>2</sub>/BCM) with excellent hydrophilic and anti-fouling properties. The membrane was prepared by introducing ZrO<sub>2</sub> particles into an N-Methylmorpholine-N-oxide(NMMO)/bamboo cellulose(BC) solution system by the phase inversion method. The physi-chemical structure of the membranes were characterized based on thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The modified regenerated cellulose membrane has the excellent rejection of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and anti-fouling performance. The membrane flux of ZrO<sub>2</sub>/BCM is 321.49 (L/m<sup>2</sup>·h), and the rejection rate of BSA is 91.2%. Moreover, the membrane flux recovery rate after cleaning with deionized water was 90.6%. This new type of separation membrane prepared with green materials holds broad application potential in water purification and wastewater treatment.
Translation of non-canonical open reading frames as a cancer cell survival mechanism in childhood medulloblastoma (2023)

A hallmark of high-risk childhood medulloblastoma is the dysregulation of RNA translation. Currently, it is unknown whether medulloblastoma dysregulates the translation of putatively oncogenic non-canonical open reading frames. To address this question, we performed ribosome profiling of 32 medulloblastoma tissues and cell lines and observed widespread non-canonical ORF translation. We then developed a step-wise approach to employ multiple CRISPR-Cas9 screens to elucidate functional non-canonical ORFs implicated in medulloblastoma cell survival. We determined that multiple lncRNA-ORFs and upstream open reading frames (uORFs) exhibited selective functionality independent of the main coding sequence. One of these, ASNSD1-uORF or ASDURF, was upregulated, associated with the MYC family oncogenes, and was required for medulloblastoma cell survival through engagement with the prefoldin-like chaperone complex. Our findings underscore the fundamental importance of non-canonical ORF translation in medulloblastoma and provide a rationale to include these ORFs in future cancer genomics studies seeking to define new cancer targets.
Integration of Ceramics Research with the Development of a Microsystem (2003)

Rapid implementation of new materials into engineering systems may require a paradigm shift in our approach to materials research. One option is to obtain fundamental material properties from experimental systems that can also serve as devices. This concept is applied to the measurement of Young's modulus of a novel ceramic, a polymer‐derived silicon carbonitride (SiCN), directly from the performance of a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device. The device is an electrostatic actuator. The flexure resistance of the arms of the actuator is measured and analyzed for the elastic modulus of SiCN. The comparison between theory and experiment yields a value for Young's modulus in the range 130–155 GPa.
Carbon-Based Novel Devices for Hardware Security (2017)

This chapter focuses on carbon-based designs, introduce the materials. It describes the material features that can be leveraged for security. The chapter elaborates several typical security hardware designs based on graphene/carbon nanotubes. It highlights the future research directions. In addition, different cost-efficient ways to mass-produce these carbon-based materials have been reported, such as arc discharge, liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite, and chemical vapor deposition. The electrical properties of carbon-based nanomaterials are found to be sensitive to some environmental factor changes applied on the materials. However, most of the proposed carbon-based devices so far are not specifically designed for hardware security applications. Such printable electronics exhibit high potential in hardware security applications, especially in electronic supply chain security. Many designs are proposed for logic, memory, or sensor devices, rather than from the point of view of hardware security. Such devices exhibit novel properties that are unique from existing regular complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor devices, which makes them, promising for hardware security applications.
Continuous, high-speed, volumetric photoacoustic microscopy via a field programmable gate array (2013)

The ability to collect data in real time is important in all biological imaging modalities that aim to image dynamic processes. Photoacoustic Microscopy (PAM) is a rapidly growing biomedical imaging technique that is often used to image microvasculature and melanoma, and is capable of fully rendering three-dimensional images. However, due to the bi-polar nature of the PAM signal, post processing through demodulation is required to accurately display morphological data. Typically, demodulation requires post processing of the data, limiting its use in real-time applications. This results in many PAM systems displaying data through maximum amplitude projection (MAP) images, completely ignoring the axial dimension of their scans and throwing away useful data. We overcome this processing limit by utilizing a configurable integrated circuit known as a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The FPGA allows us to perform quadrature demodulation of the photoacoustic signal as it is being collected. The result is a PAM system capable of producing continuous, morphologically accurate B-scans and volumes at a rate limited only by the repetition rate of the laser. This allows us to generate accurately rendered volumes at the same speed as MAP images. With a 100 KHz actively q-switched laser we are able to generate 200 by 200 pixel b-scans at a rate of 500 Hz. The imaging potential of the system has been demonstrated in volumes of human hair phantoms and chick embryo vasculature. This system is capable of 50 x 50 x 50 volume stacks processed and displayed at better than video rate.
Functionalization of cardanol: towards biobased polymers and additives (2013)

Among the renewable resource materials, cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is considered as an important starting material due to its unique structural features, abundant availability and low cost. A large number of chemicals and products have been developed starting from CNSL by taking advantage of the three reactive sites, namely, phenolic hydroxyl, aromatic ring and unsaturation(s) in the alkenyl side chain. This comprehensive review deals with general information on CNSL, its purification and separation methods, reactivity and applications in polymer chemistry.
Controlled fabrication of gaps in electrically conducting structures (2023)

A method for controlling a gap in an electrically conducting solid state structure provided with a gap. The structure is exposed to a fabrication process environment conditions of which are selected to alter an extent of the gap. During exposure of the structure to the process environment, a voltage bias is applied across the gap. Electron tunneling current across the gap is measured during the process environment exposure and the process environment is controlled during process environment exposure based on tunneling current measurement. A method for controlling the gap between electrically conducting electrodes provided on a support structure. Each electrode has an electrode tip separated from other electrode tips by a gap. The electrodes are exposed to a flux of ions causing transport of material of the electrodes to corresponding electrode tips, locally adding material of the electrodes to electrode tips in the gap.
Synthesis and characterization of well‐defined random and block copolymers of ε‐caprolactone with l‐lactide as an additive for toughening polylactide: Influence of the molecular architecture (2015)

ABSTRACT Well‐defined multiarmed star random and block copolymers of ε‐caprolactone with l ‐lactide with controlled molecular weights, low polydispersities, and precise numbers of arms were synthesized by the ring‐opening polymerization of respective cyclic ester monomers. The polymers were characterized by 1 H‐NMR and 13 C‐NMR to determine their chemical composition, molecular structure, degree of randomness, and proof of block copolymer formation. Gel permeation chromatography was used to establish the degree of branching. Star‐branched random copolymers exhibited lower glass‐transition temperatures ( T g 's) compared to a linear random copolymer. When the star random copolymers were melt‐blended with poly( l ‐lactic acid) (PLA), we observed that the elongation of the blend increased with the number of arms of the copolymer. Six‐armed block copolymers, which exhibited higher T g 's, caused the maximum improvement in elongation. In all cases, improvements in the elongation were achieved with no loss of stiffness in the PLA blends. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133 , 43267.
Peltier Supercooling with Isosceles Current Pulses: Cooling an Object with Internal Heat Generation (2017)

© The Author(s) 2017. Applying a current pulse enables a short-term transitory state where the cold junction of a Peltier couple reaches temperatures below that obtainable via maximum temperature delta steady-state current. Short-term cooling applications like on-chip hot spot and pulsed laser sensor cooling have been studied using pulsed cooling. Some studies have proposed applications that utilize consecutive repeating pulses for longer term cooling applications. These studies have found or theorized increased cooling and coefficient of performance (COP). Considering these studies, it is desirable to have a more detailed analysis of how the additional cooling and COP are achieved. The objective herein is to provide a detailed analysis of cooling rate and COP during pulses using a realistically modeled system simulated in SPICE. It was found that cooling rate for long term consecutive pulse cooling applications can be increased over steady-state but COP in most cases is reduced during current pulses. The reasons why this happens are studied in depth.
Sequence and relatedness in other bacteria of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa oprP gene coding for the phosphate‐specific porin P (1990)

The oprP gene encoding the Pseudomonas aeruginosa phosphate-specific outer membrane porin protein OprP was sequenced. Comparison of the derived amino acid sequence with the known sequences of other bacterial porins demonstrated that OprP could be no better aligned to these porin sequences than it could to the periplasmic phosphate-binding protein PhoS of Escherichia coli. Southern hybridization and restriction mapping of the oprP gene in 37 clinical isolates and the 17 serotype strains of P. aeruginosa revealed that restriction sites in the vicinity of the oprP gene were highly conserved. Several species from the Pseudomonas fluorescens rRNA homology group contained DNA that hybridized to an oprP gene probe.
Combining ability and testcross performance of drought‐tolerant maize inbred lines under stress and non‐stress environments in Kenya (2017)

Drought and poor soil fertility are among the major abiotic stresses affecting maize productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. Maize breeding efforts at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) have focused on incorporating drought stress tolerance and nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) into tropical maize germplasm. The objectives of this study were to estimate the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) of selected maize inbred lines under drought stress (DS), low-nitrogen (LN) and optimum moisture and nitrogen (optimum) conditions, and to assess the yield potential and stability of experimental hybrids under these management conditions. Forty-nine experimental three-way cross hybrids, generated from a 7 × 7 line by tester crosses, and six commercial checks were evaluated across 11 optimum, DS and LN sites in Kenya in 2014 using an alpha lattice design with two replicates per entry at each site. DS reduced both grain yield (GY) and plant height (PH), while anthesis-silking interval (ASI) increased under both DS and LN. Hybrids 'L4/T2' and 'L4/T1' were found to be superior and stable, while inbreds 'L4' and 'L6' were good combiners for GY and other secondary traits across sites. Additive variance played a greater role for most traits under the three management conditions, suggesting that further progress in the improvement of these traits should be possible. GY under optimum conditions was positively correlated with GY under both DS and LN conditions, but GY under DS and LN was not correlated. Our results suggest the feasibility for simultaneous improvement in grain yield performance of genotypes under optimum, DS and LN conditions.
Endovascular treatment of the dissected proximal aortic arch: a systematic review (2021)

Abstract OBJECTIVES Surgical repair of aortic dissection involving the proximal aortic arch is associated with higher morbidity and mortality, in particular when elderly high-risk patients are concerned. Endovascular treatments for this disease are under evaluation and some reports exist. We investigated the current use of catheter-based treatments for the dissected proximal aortic arch repair. METHODS We searched in PubMed and MEDLINE databases up to the end of June 2020 for studies on endovascular treatment of the dissected proximal aortic arch. Data on demographic, procedure and stent graft (SG) details, access route, mortality with cause of death, complications and follow-up were extracted. A systematic review on the employed technology, procedure and outcome was performed. RESULTS A total number of 15 articles (13 retrospective reports and 2 case reports) were deemed eligible and were included in the study. In total, 140 patients (mean age: 56.7 years in 106 cases) received endovascular treatments for the dissected proximal aortic arch (unspecific aortic dissection: 14; acute and subacute type A aortic dissection: 88; chronic type A aortic dissection: 23; type B aortic dissection with retrograde type A dissection: 15). The procedure strategy included unspecific thoracic endovascular aorta repair (TEVAR) (n = 8), TEVAR + supra-aortic debranching (n = 2), TEVAR + cervical bypass (n = 8), TEVAR + periscope SG (n = 12), TEVAR + chimney graft (n = 8), TEVAR + branched SG (n = 21) and TEVAR + fenestration (n = 81). Procedural success rate was 95.6% for 116 reported cases. Complications included endoleaks (postoperative: 2; late: 5), stroke (n = 4), late SG-induced new entry (n = 3) and new false lumen formation (n = 1). Hospital mortality was 5% (6 cases) in 13 reports (120 patients). The mean follow-up time was 26.2 ± 29.4 months and 2 patients died during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS As an alternative to surgery for high-risk patients with a dissected proximal aortic arch, the endovascular treatment seems to be promising in highly selected cases. Further studies with long-term results and specifically designed devices are required to standardize this approach.
2 W cw OPO in mid-IR pumped by OPSL laser intra-cavity radiation (2011)

The design and experimental testing of an Optical Parametric Oscillator generating 2 Watts of continuous wave radiation at 3.5 micron is presented. The oscillator uses a KTA (Potassium Titanyl Arsenate) crystal as the nonlinear medium, pumped by the 1.06 mm intracavity radiation of an Optically Pumped Semiconductor Laser (OPSL). A review of the nonlinear characteristics of KTA is presented, and design criteria for the OPSL intra-cavity pumped OPO are given. The experimental results are presented and discussed.
Performance Improvement in Low-Temperature-Processed Perovskite Solar Cells by Molecular Engineering of Porphyrin-Based Hole Transport Materials (2018)

Porphyrin derivatives have recently emerged as hole transport layers (HTLs) because of their electron-rich characteristics. Although several successes with porphyrin-based HTLs have been recently reported, achieving excellent solar cell performance, the chances to improve this further by molecular engineering are still open. In this work, Zn porphyrin (P<sub>Zn</sub>)-based HTLs were developed by conjugating fluorinated triphenylamine (FTPA) wings at the perimeter of the P<sub>Zn</sub> core for low-temperature perovskite solar cells (L-PSCs). The fluorinated P<sub>Zn</sub>-HTLs (P<sub>Zn</sub>-2FTPA and P<sub>Zn</sub>-3FTPA) exhibited superior HTL properties compared to the nonfluorinated one (P<sub>Zn</sub>-TPA). Moreover, their deeper highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels were beneficial for boosting open-circuit voltages, and their enhanced face-on stacking improved the hole transport properties. The L-PSC using P<sub>Zn</sub>-2FTPA achieved the highest performance of 18.85%. Thus far, this result is one of the highest reported power conversion efficiencies among the PSCs using porphyrin-based HTLs.