gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parametric modeling for quantitative analysis of pulmonary structure to function relationships (2005)

While lung anatomy is well understood, pulmonary structure-to-function relationships such as the complex elastic deformation of the lung during respiration are less well documented. Current methods for studying lung anatomy include conventional chest radiography, high-resolution computed tomography (CT scan) and magnetic resonance imaging with polarized gases (MRI scan). Pulmonary physiology can be studied using spirometry or V/Q nuclear medicine tests (V/Q scan). V/Q scanning and MRI scans may demonstrate global and regional function. However, each of these individual imaging methods lacks the ability to provide high-resolution anatomic detail, associated pulmonary mechanics and functional variability of the entire respiratory cycle. Specifically, spirometry provides only a one-dimensional gross estimate of pulmonary function, and V/Q scans have poor spatial resolution, reducing its potential for regional assessment of structure-to-function relationships. We have developed a method which utilizes standard clinical CT scanning to provide data for computation of dynamic anatomic parametric models of the lung during respiration which correlates high-resolution anatomy to underlying physiology. The lungs are segmented from both inspiration and expiration three-dimensional (3D) data sets and transformed into a geometric description of the surface of the lung. Parametric mapping of lung surface deformation then provides a visual and quantitative description of the mechanical properties of the lung. Any alteration in lung mechanics is manifest by alterations in normal deformation of the lung wall. The method produces a high-resolution anatomic and functional composite picture from sparse temporal-spatial methods which quantitatively illustrates detailed anatomic structure to pulmonary function relationships impossible for translational methods to provide.
p53-Induced Up-Regulation of MnSOD and GPx but not Catalase Increases Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis (2004)

p53-mediated apoptosis may involve the induction of redox-controlling genes, resulting in the production of reactive oxygen species. Microarray expression analysis of doxorubicin exposed, related human lymphoblasts, p53 wild-type (WT) Tk6, and p53 mutant WTK1 identified the p53-dependent up-regulation of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx). Consensus p53 binding sequences were identified in human MnSOD and GPx promoter regions. A 3-fold increase in the MnSOD promoter activity was observed after the induction of p53 in Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) fibroblast, TR9-7, expressing p53 under the control of a tetracycline-regulated promoter. An increased protein expression of endogenous MnSOD and GPx also positively correlated with the level of p53 induction in TR9-7 cells. However, catalase (CAT) protein expression remained unaltered after p53 induction. We also examined the expression of MnSOD, GPx, and CAT in a panel of normal or LFS fibroblasts, containing either WT or mutant p53. We found increased MnSOD enzymatic activity, MnSOD mRNA expression, and MnSOD and GPx protein in LFS fibroblasts carrying a WT p53 allele when compared with homozygous mutant p53 isogenic cells. The CAT protein level was unchanged in these cells. We observed both the release of cytochrome C and Ca(2+) from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm and an increased frequency of apoptotic cells after p53 induction in the TR9-7 cells that coincided with an increased expression of MnSOD and GPx, and the level of reactive oxygen species. The increase in apoptosis was reduced by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. These results identify a novel mechanism of p53-dependent apoptosis in which p53-mediated up-regulation of MnSOD and GPx, but not CAT, produces an imbalance in antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress.
Molecular profile and copy number analysis of sporadic colorectal cancer in Taiwan (2011)

Sporadic CRCs with MSI-H displayed distinguishable clinicopathologic features, which differ from those of MSS. Genomic profiling of the two types of sporadic CRCs revealed significant differences in the extent and distribution of CN alterations in the cancer genome. More than half of expressed genes showing CN differences can directly contribute to their expressional diversities, and the biological functions of the genes associated with CN changes in sporadic CRCs warrant further investigation to establish their possible clinical implications.
Optical-fiber based hydrogen sensing at high temperature using ALD coated oxide sensing layers (2021)

Optical fiber-based sensors show unique advantages for high temperature and harsh environment sensing, with off-the-shelf silica fibers being relevant for application environments at temperatures approaching approximately 800oC. Through the integration of oxide-based sensing layers with the optical fiber platform in an evanescent field sensing approach, the optical response of a sensing layer which is modified in response to changing ambient conditions can be directly correlated to the sensor environment. Numerous deposition techniques have been explored in prior publications including sol-gel based wet chemistry deposition and sputtering. As an alternative, atomic layer deposition (ALD) allows for deposition of high quality, nanometer-scale thin films and is uniquely suited for coating of optical fiber-based sensors due to a lack of directionality during the deposition process and compatibility with scalable coating of optical fiber samples. In the current publication, ALD coated TiO<sub>2</sub> sensing layers are demonstrated to show a pronounced optical absorption in the visible range which depends upon subsequent processing temperatures and chemical environments. More specifically, the ALD deposition conditions result in the formation of initially amorphous TiO<sub>2</sub> layers which show a broad absorption band across the visible range due to the amorphous structure. A reversible temperature dependent response is observed, and above a critical temperature (~400-500&deg;C), crystallization of the TiO<sub>2</sub> results in an irreversible change in optical absorption with a sharpened absorption peak associated with the band edge for which the temperature dependence is consistent with prior experiments and theoretical results. Following crystallization of the initially amorphous TiO2 layer, a strong and stable H2 sensing response is also demonstrated for H2 concentrations of various levels ranging from 0-3.9% H<sub>2</sub> in nitrogen balance, and at temperatures up to 800&deg;C. Particularly attractive responses are shown in the telecom wavelengths (1550 nm) indicating potential application for distributed sensing with commercially available techniques.
Heuristics and Parse Ranking (1995)

There are currently two philosophies for building grammars and parsers -- Statistically induced grammars and Wide-coverage grammars. One way to combine the strengths of both approaches is to have a wide-coverage grammar with a heuristic component which is domain independent but whose contribution is tuned to particular domains. In this paper, we discuss a three-stage approach to disambiguation in the context of a lexicalized grammar, using a variety of domain independent heuristic techniques. We present a training algorithm which uses hand-bracketed treebank parses to set the weights of these heuristics. We compare the performance of our grammar against the performance of the IBM statistical grammar, using both untrained and trained weights for the heuristics.
120 The effect of compressive load on out-of-plane fatigue properties of thick CFRP laminates with interlaminar toughened layers (2015)

An effect of compressive loads on the out-of-plane fatigue properties of thick CFRP laminates with the toughened interlaminar layers was investigated. The unidirectional [O_<88>] and quasi-isotropic [45/0/-45/90]_<11s> laminates were fabricated using T800S/3900-2B prepreg. This prepreg is constituted of a fiber layer and an interlaminar toughened layer in which polyamide particles are dispersed uniformly. The spool shaped specimens which were machined from the thick laminates were loaded in the out-of-plane direction of the specimen. The fatigue tests were performed at three types of stress ratios of R= 0.1, -1 and -3. As the results of the fatigue tests, it was conformed that the fatigue life was reduced with the compressive load under same maximum stress. In addition, the effect of the stress ratio on the fatigue life was dependent on the laminate configuration. When the cyclic loading at R= -3 were applied in the unidirectional specimen, the shear fracture mode was observed in the high-cycle region.
Failure of sheathed thermocouples due to thermal cycling (1982)

Open circuit failures (up to 100%) in small-diameter thermocouples used in electrically heated nuclear fuel rod simulator prototypes during thermal cycling tests were investigated to determine the cause(s) of the failures. The experiments conducted to determine the relative effects of differential thermal expansion, wire size, grain size, and manufacturing technology are described. It was concluded that the large grain size and embrittlement which result from certain common manufacturing annealing and drawing procedures were a major contributing factor in the breakage of the thermocouple wires.
Minimum complexity pursuit: Stability analysis (2012)

A host of problems involve the recovery of structured signals from a dimensionality reduced representation such as a random projection; examples include sparse signals (compressive sensing) and low-rank matrices (matrix completion). Given the wide range of different recovery algorithms developed to date, it is natural to ask whether there exist “universal” algorithms for recovering “structured” signals from their linear projections. We recently answered this question in the affirmative in the noise-free setting. In this paper, we extend our results to the case of noisy measurements.
Release of dopamine and norepinephrine by hypoxia from PC-12 cells (1998)

We examined the effects of hypoxia on the release of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) from rat pheochromocytoma 12 (PC-12) cells and assessed the involvement of Ca2+ and protein kinases in stimulus-secretion coupling. Catecholamine release was monitored by microvoltammetry using a carbon fiber electrode as well as by HPLC coupled with electrochemical detection (ECD). Microvoltammetric analysis showed that hypoxia-induced catecholamine secretion (PO2 of medium approximately 40 mmHg) occurred within 1 min after the onset of the stimulus and reached a plateau between 10 and 15 min. HPLC-ECD analysis revealed that, at any level of PO2, the release of NE was greater than the release of DA. In contrast, in response to K+ (80 mM), DA release was approximately 11-fold greater than NE release. The magnitude of hypoxia-induced NE and DA releases depended on the passage, source, and culture conditions of the PC-12 cells. Omission of extracellular Ca2+ or addition of voltage-gated Ca2+ channel blockers attenuated hypoxia-induced release of both DA and NE to a similar extent. Protein kinase inhibitors, staurosporine (200 nM) and bisindolylmaleimide I (2 microM), on the other hand, attenuated hypoxia-induced NE release more than DA release. However, protein kinase inhibitors had no significant effect on K+-induced NE and DA releases. These results demonstrate that hypoxia releases catecholamines from PC-12 cells and that, for a given change in PO2, NE release is greater than DA release. It is suggested that protein kinases are involved in the enhanced release of NE during hypoxia.
Selective high affinity retinoic acid receptor alpha or beta-gamma ligands. (1991)

Biological effects of retinoic acid (RA) are mediated through its binding to three closely related nuclear receptors (RAR alpha, RAR beta, and RAR gamma) belonging to the steroid-thyroid nuclear receptor family. RARs are able to modulate the transcription of specific genes by binding to responsive elements located in the promoter-enhancer region of these genes. As demonstrated by in situ hybridization, the distribution of each RAR type in the developing embryo, as well as in the adult, is not uniform. In this context, synthetic retinoids that would behave as selective ligands would be invaluable for studying the respective roles of each RAR type in cultured cells, whole animals, and embryos. Moreover, from a pharmacological point of view, such selective compounds may possess a higher therapeutic index and a lower teratogenic risk, because they might affect specific tissues and spare some others. As an approach to this problem, we have set up two complementary assays, (i) an in vitro binding assay to determine the Kd values of retinoids for RAR alpha, RAR beta, and RAR gamma and (ii) a functional assay in cultured cells to evaluate the potential of retinoids to transactivate, through their binding to one type of RAR, a reporter gene. The binding assay uses nuclear extracts of COS-7 cells transfected with vectors expressing RAR alpha, RAR beta, or RAR gamma. The functional assay is a measure of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in HeLa cells co-transfected with the expression vectors used in the binding assay and the reporter gene TRE-tk-CAT. Selective agonists for RAR alpha (Am80 and Am580) and RAR beta-RAR gamma (CD495 and CD564) were identified. However, compounds with pure RAR beta or RAR gamma selectivity have not yet been identified.
Preparation of Primary Thioamides From Nitriles Using Sodium Hydrogen Sulfide and Diethylamine Hydrochloride (2006)

Abstract Primary thioamides are prepared in moderate to excellent yields by treating nitriles with sodium hydrogen sulfide and diethylamine hydrochloride in an appropriate solvent with mild heating.
Transplantation of Syngeneic Schwann Cells to the Retina of the Rhodopsin Knockout (Rho−/−) Mouse (2003)

Schwann cells can prolong photoreceptor survival in the rhodopsin knockout mouse until at least PN70.
Nucleocapsid-like Structures of Ebola Virus Reconstructed Using Electron Tomography (2005)

Electron tomography (ET) is a new technique for high resolution, three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of pleiomorphic macromolecular complexes, such as virus components. By employing this technique, we resolved the 3D structure of Ebola virus nucleocapsid-like (NC-like) structures in the cytoplasm of cells expressing NP, VP24, and VP35: the minimum components required to form these NC-like structures. Reconstruction of these tubular NC-like structures of Ebola virus showed them to be composed of left-handed helices spaced at short intervals, which is structurally consistent with other non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses.
Modulation of phagocytosis-induced cell death of human neutrophils by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (2020)

Optimal innate immune response to infection includes eradication of potential pathogens, resolution of associated inflammation, and restitution of homeostasis. Phagocytosing human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (hPMN) undergo accelerated apoptosis, a process referred to as phagocytosis-induced cell death (PICD) and an early step in their clearance from inflammatory sites. Among human pathogens that modulate hPMN apoptosis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae delays PICD, which may contribute to the exuberant neutrophilic inflammation that characterizes gonorrhea. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying delayed PICD, we compared features of hPMN cell death that followed phagocytosis of N. gonorrhoeae FA1090 wild-type (GC) or serum-opsonized zymosan (OPZ), a prototypical stimulus of PICD. Phosphatidylserine externalization required NADPH oxidase activity after ingestion of GC or OPZ, and annexin V staining and DNA fragmentation were less after phagocytosis of GC compared to OPZ. Caspase 3/7 and caspase 9 activities after phagocytosis of GC were less than that seen after ingestion of OPZ, but caspase 8 activity was the same after ingestion of GC or OPZ. When hPMN sequentially ingested GC followed by OPZ, both caspase 3/7 and 9 activities were less than that seen after OPZ alone, and the inhibition was dose dependent for GC, suggesting that ingestion of GC actively inhibited PICD. Sequential phagocytosis did not block caspase 8 activity, mitochondrial depolarization, or annexin V/propidium iodide staining compared to responses of hPMN fed OPZ alone, despite inhibition of caspases 3/7 and 9. Taken together, these data suggest that active inhibition of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis contributes to the delay in PICD after hPMN ingestion of N. gonorrhoeae.
Application of Novel Sensors for Bioprocess On-Line Monitoring to Dextran Fermentation. (1991)

デキストラン発酵において, 微生物菌体量, 培養液粘度, 基質濃度の各パラメーターを計測するためのオンラインモニタリングシステムを製作した.本システムは, ピエゾゴムセンサー, 水晶振動子粘度センサー, スクロースセンサー, バイオリアクター, パーソナルコンピューターより構築される.ピエゾゴムセンサーは, 2対のピエゾゴム, パルスジェネレーター, プリアンプより構成され, L. mesenteroidesの菌体量計測が1.0～4.8 [kg dry cell mass・m-3] の範囲で可能であった.水晶振動子粘度センサーはAT-カット, 9MHzの水晶振動子, 発振回路, ピークレベルメーターより構成され, 水晶振動子の共振抵抗 (R1) とデキストラン溶液の (ρη) 1/2 (ρ及びηは液体の密度及び粘度) との間に直線関係が認められた.またスクロースセンサーはグルコースオキシダーゼ, ムタロターゼ, インベルターゼの各固定化酵素と金電極より構成され, 1～1000 [×10-3kg・m-3] の範囲で基質の測定が可能であった.次に, 本システムをデキストラン発酵に適用したところ, 各センサーの測定値は従来法の測定値と良い相関を示し, 各パラメーターのオンラインモニタリングが可能であった.
Enantiodifferentiating Photocyclodimerization of 2-Anthracenecarboxylic Acid via Competitive Binary/Ternary Hydrogen-Bonded Complexes with 4-Benzamidoprolinol (2012)

Circular dichroism (CD) spectral examinations at various host/guest ratios revealed that 2-anthracenecarboxylic acid (AC) forms not only 1:1 but also novel 2:1 hydrogen-bonded/π-stacked complexes with a chiral 4-benzamidoprolinol template (TKS159). The 2:1 complexation is a minor process but causes significant CD spectral changes as a consequence of the exciton coupling interaction of two AC chromophores and greatly accelerates the head-to-head photocyclodimerization to significantly affect the stereochemical outcomes.
Insights into bread melanoidins: fate in the upper digestive tract and impact on the gut microbiota using in vitro systems (2015)

Bread melanoidins are heterogeneous, nitrogen-containing, brown macromolecules generated during the last stages of the Maillard reaction in bread. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact and fate of these bread melanoidins in the human gastrointestinal tract using in vitro systems. Batch systems as well as the TNO gastrointestinal tract were used for studying the digestion of various bread samples. These samples included bread crumb, bread crust and two bread-crust-simulating models: a fiber-free model (gluten, starch and glucose heated together) and its control, free of Maillard reaction products (gluten heated separately than starch and glucose). Furthermore, the impact of these two bread-crust-simulating models on the gut microbiota was assessed using a static anaerobic batch system. Bread melanoidins from bread crust and its model were shown to be partially digested by amylases and proteases, suggesting that these melanoidins have peptidic as well as glycosidic bonds in their skeleton. The impact of bread melanoidins from the bread-crust-simulating models and their digestion products on the gut microbiota revealed an individual-dependent response for most flora except for enterobacteria. This flora decreased by -22%, -48% & -100% depending on the individual. Thus, bread melanoidins seem to exert an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting enterobacteria.
European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)/Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS)/Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS) expert consensus on risk assessment in cardiac arrhythmias: use the right tool for the right outcome, in the right population (2020)

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION 4.1 Risk assessment for stroke/transient ischaemic attack/ cognitive decline 4.2 Risk assessment for stroke/transient ischaemic attack status post-left atrial appendage occlusion/ligation 4.3 Risk for heart failure incidence and progression 4.4 Risk for death in atrial fibrillation patients 4.5 Risk of adverse outcomes in patients treated with catheter ablation 4
Site-selective dye deposition on microstructures of fused silica fabricated using the LIBWE method (2003)

Using laser-induced backside wet etching (LIBWE) technique, microstructures were fabricated onto the surface of fused silica plates, which were pre-coated with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Dye molecules and proteins were alternately deposited onto the laser-irradiated or non-irradiated areas by either chemical bonding or physical adsorption.
Enabling the LAAS Differentially Corrected Positioning Service (DCPS): Design and Requirements Alternatives (2009)

The Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) can be used for both precision approach and Differentially Corrected Positioning Service (DCPS) applications. Through its support of DCPS, the LAAS Ground Facility (LGF) is required to meet the integrity requirements of all other operations that can receive the LAAS VHF Data Broadcast (VDB). Our previous work demonstrates that the DCPS integrity requirements cannot be met by the existing CAT I LAAS architecture without changes to both the definition of DCPS integrity and the airborne receiver requirements. This paper goes beyond our previous work in identifying the changes that are required and recommending specific sets of alternatives. Because the results of our previous work showed that having the worst-case ionosphere impact to any pair of satellites (as done for precision approach) cannot be supported for DCPS, this work limits the worst-case ionosphere impact to individual satellites. This represents one important but necessary change in the ionosphere anomaly threat model as applied to DCPS. Even with this change, the Maximum Unprotected Error, or MUE, is unacceptably high if no changes to the avionics requirements are made. Therefore, the results in this paper focus on various combinations of additional aircraft geometry screening and integrity monitoring to lower MUE to a usable level while maintaining useful DCPS availability. Two types of airborne geometry screening rules have been evaluated individually and in combination. The first rule limits airborne subset geometries by numbers of satellites used and the second rule limits the maximum absolute value of the range-to-horizontal-position scalar, |Shorizontal|. In addition, RAIM is evaluated to obtain additional reduction of MUE. Tables with results for the many alternatives tested are shown.
Nanostructure and Properties of Nacre-Inspired Clay/Cellulose Nanocomposites—Synchrotron X-ray Scattering Analysis (2019)

Nacre-inspired clay nanocomposites have excellent mechanical properties, combined with optical transmittance, gas barrier properties, and fire retardancy, but the mechanical properties are still below predictions from composite micromechanics. The properties of montmorillonite clay/nanocellulose nanocomposite hybrids are investigated as a function of clay content and show a maximum Young’s modulus as high as 28 GPa. Ultimate strength, however, decreases from 280 to 125 MPa between 0 and 80 wt % clay. Small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering data from synchrotron radiation are analyzed to suggest nanostructural and phase interaction factors responsible for these observations. Parameters discussed include effective platelet modulus, platelet out-of-plane orientation distribution, nanoporosity, and platelet agglomeration state.