gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low‐Temperature Solution Synthesis of Few‐Layer 1T ′‐MoTe2 Nanostructures Exhibiting Lattice Compression (2016)

Abstract Molybdenum ditelluride, MoTe 2 , is emerging as an important transition‐metal dichalcogenide (TMD) material because of its favorable properties relative to other TMDs. The 1T ′ polymorph of MoTe 2 is particularly interesting because it is semimetallic with bands that overlap near the Fermi level, but semiconducting 2H‐MoTe 2 is more stable and therefore more accessible synthetically. Metastable 1T ′‐MoTe 2 forms directly in solution at 300 °C as uniform colloidal nanostructures that consist of few‐layer nanosheets, which appear to exhibit an approx. 1 % lateral lattice compression relative to the bulk analogue. Density functional theory calculations suggest that small grain sizes and polycrystallinity stabilize the 1T ′ phase in the MoTe 2 nanostructures and suppress its transformation back to the more stable 2H polymorph through grain boundary pinning. Raman spectra of the 1T ′‐MoTe 2 nanostructures exhibit a laser energy dependence, which could be caused by electronic transitions.
Plasmon Based Split-Grating Gate Terahertz Detector. (2018)

Abstract not provided.
ChemInform Abstract: THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF PHENYL AZIDE IN DIETHYLAMINE (1985)

Abstract Die Photochemie von Phenylazid (I) in Gegenwart von Diethylamin (II) liefert je nach Bedingungen unterschiedliche Anteile der Folgeprodukte (III)‐(VI).
Supplementary Figure S1 from Androgen-Induced Differentiation and Tumorigenicity of Human Prostate Epithelial Cells (2023)

Supplementary Figure S1 from Androgen-Induced Differentiation and Tumorigenicity of Human Prostate Epithelial Cells
Enhancement-mode buried gate InGaP/AlGaAs/InGaAsheterojunction FETs fabricated by selective wet etching (1995)

Enhancement-mode buried gate InGaP/AlGaAs/InGaAs heterojunction FETs (HJFETs) were successfully fabricated by using a highly-selective wet recess etching technique. The fabricated HJFET exhibited a maximum drain current of 202 mA/mm, a peak transconductance of 330 mS/mm and a gate-drain breakdown voltage of 33 V. Standard deviation of the threshold voltage was 60 mV, which is less than one fifth that of the conventional AlGaAs/InGaAs HJFET. No appreciable frequency dispersion in the drain current was measured, indicating that the developed InGaP/AlGaAs/InGaAs HJFET with a buried gate structure is promising for large-signal microwave power applications.
Surfactants based on green/blue sugars: towards new functionalities in formulations (2017)

Sugar-based surfactants are surface-active agents that are gaining more and more attention due to advantages regarding to performance, biodegradability, low toxicity and environmental compatibility. They have been commercially available for several decades and they represent attractive substitutes for petroleum-derived surfactants in many industrial applications such as food, detergency and cosmetics. Indeed, these poly(oligo)ethylene glycol-free products exhibit a wide range of physicochemical properties that can compete with or differ from those of traditional ethoxylates. With the aim to enlarge their application fields and to facilitate their penetration in markets dominated by non-renewable surfactants, research work is still necessary to propose ‘greener’ or ‘bluer’ molecules utilizing carbohydrate-based raw materials of terrestrial or marine origin, and that display innovative physicochemical behaviours. The purpose of this chapter is to present the most recent findings concerning the chemical syntheses of new carbohydrate-containing surfactants and their potentiality in formulation, with a special focus on the development of ionic versions of sugar surfactants, the use of original carbohydrate source, the incorporation of new linkers between hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains, and the one-pot transformation of natural polysaccharides as eco-friendly synthetic procedures.
Reticulate leaves and stunted roots are independent phenotypes pointing at opposite roles of the phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator defective in cue1 in the plastids of both organs (2014)

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) serves not only as a high energy carbon compound in glycolysis, but it acts also as precursor for plastidial anabolic sequences like the shikimate pathway, which produces aromatic amino acids (AAA) and subsequently secondary plant products. After conversion to pyruvate, PEP can also enter de novo fatty acid biosynthesis, the synthesis of branched-chain amino acids, and the non-mevalonate way of isoprenoid production. As PEP cannot be generated by glycolysis in chloroplasts and a variety of non-green plastids, it has to be imported from the cytosol by a phosphate translocator (PT) specific for PEP (PPT). A loss of function of PPT1 in Arabidopsis thaliana results in the chlorophyll a/b binding protein underexpressed1 (cue1) mutant, which is characterised by reticulate leaves and stunted roots. Here we dissect the shoot- and root phenotypes, and also address the question whether or not long distance signalling by metabolites is involved in the perturbed mesophyll development of cue1. Reverse grafting experiments showed that the shoot- and root phenotypes develop independently from each other, ruling out long distance metabolite signalling. The leaf phenotype could be transiently modified even in mature leaves, e.g. by an inducible PPT1RNAi approach or by feeding aromatic amino acids (AAA), the cytokinin trans-zeatin (tZ), or the putative signalling molecule dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol glucoside (DCG). Hormones, such as auxins, abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, ethylene, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid did not rescue the cue1 leaf phenotype. The low cell density1 (lcd1) mutant shares the reticulate leaf-, but not the stunted root phenotype with cue1. It could neither be rescued by AAA nor by tZ. In contrast, tZ and AAA further inhibited root growth both in cue1 and wild-type plants. Based on our results, we propose a model that PPT1 acts as a net importer of PEP into chloroplast, but as an overflow valve and hence exporter in root plastids.
Low-Loss, High-Performance Chip-to-Chip Electrical Connectivity Using Air-Clad Copper Interconnects (2017)

Modern electronic systems are composed of a dense fabric of interconnected lines that connect the electronic devices on a chip and chips on boards. The scaling of transistors to small size has resulted in miniaturization of individual devices and their interconnects. Chip-to-chip interconnects are planar transmission line structures with lengths several times greater than on-chip interconnects. The basic structure of the air-gap interconnect will be presented before analyzing the improvement in chip-to-chip connectivity. A fully air-clad interconnect structure would have the conventional, solid dielectric structure completely replaced by the air cavity. The two main loss mechanisms in chip-to-chip interconnects are the dielectric and the conductor losses. The conductor loss is due to skin effect that results in nonuniform charge distribution resulting in current flow at the surface of the conductor. The fabrication of air-clad interconnects has been demonstrated by several research groups. Each new design offers a different fabrication protocol with specific limitations.
Enabling multiplexed testing of pooled donor cells through whole-genome sequencing (2018)

Abstract We describe a method that enables the multiplex screening of a pool of many different donor cell lines. Our method accurately predicts each donor proportion from the pool without requiring the use of unique DNA barcodes as markers of donor identity. Instead, we take advantage of common single nucleotide polymorphisms, whole-genome sequencing, and an algorithm to calculate the proportions from the sequencing data. By testing using simulated and real data, we showed that our method robustly predicts the individual proportions from a mixed-pool of numerous donors, thus enabling the multiplexed testing of diverse donor cells en masse. More information is available at https://pgpresearch.med.harvard.edu/poolseq/
174. Liver Fibrosis in Aged OTC-KO Heterozygotes and Successful Correction by AAV8-Mediated Gene Therapy (2015)

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) is an X-linked disorder of the urea cycle. Affected males are at risk of life threatening elevation of ammonia that can lead to irreversible cognitive impairment, coma and death. Female carriers show variable clinical manifestations depending on the level of X chromosome inactivation skewing. Histological analyses on liver samples from patients with urea cycle disorders found diffuse microvesicular steatosis, nuclear glycogen, and variable portal-to-portal bridging fibrosis. The OTC knockout (KO) model generated in our laboratory through the deletion of exons 2-3 closely mimics the severe neonatal onset form of OTCD in humans. Neonatal male OTC KO pups have elevated plasma ammonia levels due to the absence of OTC expression in the liver, and they inevitably die within 24 hours after birth. Heterozygous females breed normally, have normal plasma ammonia levels, reduced liver OTC enzyme activity, elevated urine orotic acid levels, and in some cases lower body weight compared to wild type (WT) littermates. Sirius red staining on liver samples from heterozygous mice of different ages (6, 12, and 18 months old) showed liver fibrosis in aged (18-month old) OTC-KO heterozygous female mice, similar to a liver sample from a 11-year-old OTCD patient. We then tested if gene therapy could prevent the liver fibrosis. Two-month old OTC-KO heterozygous received a single tail vein injection of a self-complementary AAV8 vector encoding a codon-optimized human OTC gene (hOTCco) at 1×10^10, 3×10^10, and 1×10^11 vector genome copies per mouse. One week following vector treatment, mice in all three vector dose groups had normal urine orotic acid levels which were maintained throughout the study (16 months). Liver samples were harvested from 18 month old treated mice for pathology analysis and compared to age-matched untreated heterozygous mice and WT littermates. All treated mice showed normal liver histology similar to WT, in contrast to the untreated heterozygous animals which had fibrosis throughout the liver. In conclusion, a single injection of AAV8sc-hOTCco vector can prevent liver fibrosis in OTC-KO heterozygous and has great potential for correction of liver fibrosis in OTCD patients.
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Primary Systemic Amyloidosis: What Have We Learned (2000)

Dose-intensive therapy with hematopoietic cell transplantation is effective at reversing AL amyloidosis but is not without risk. Guidelines have been developed for patient selection in order to maximize benefit and minimize treatment-related mortality. Identification of a patient's clonal germline light chain variable region gene may become relevant to patient selection, and development of less morbid approaches to stem cell mobilization and collection would be helpful. While there is room for discussion regarding the design of future therapeutic trials, it is reasonable to attempt to improve the complete response rate for good risk patients by continuing efforts on the phase II level. Attempts to improve outcomes for patients with symptomatic cardiac or advanced multisystem disease may require serial solid organ and stem cell transplantation as well as the development of less toxic approaches using lower doses of melphalan, improved supportive care measures and specific organ-system prophylaxis. If outcomes can be improved, issues related to clonotypic contamination of stem cells will need to be revisited.
Increased Mucosal CD4 + T Cell Activation in Rhesus Macaques following Vaccination with an Adenoviral Vector (2014)

The possibility that vaccination with a human adenovirus 5 vector increased mucosal T cell activation remains a central hypothesis to explain the potential enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition within the Step trial. In this study, we tested whether vaccination with a rhesus macaque-derived adenoviral vector in rhesus macaques enhances mucosal CD4(+) T cell activation, the main cell target of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/HIV. The results showed that vaccination with an adenoviral vector indeed increases activation of mucosal CD4(+) T cells and potentially increases susceptibility to SIV infection.
Transmission characteristics of a thin metal film sandwiched between dielectric gratings (2012)

There are a great number of optical devices based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) [1]–[3]. One of the important applications of these devices is to construct a polarizer, which is used as a sensing device [1], [3] and a polarization splitter [2]. Recently, the high transmission of the transverse magnetic (TM) wave is realized using a thin metal film sandwiched between dielectric gratings [1], [4]–[6]. We have revealed that the high transmission properties of this structure are based not only on the SPR but also on the Fabry-Perot resonance (FPR) [7]. On the other hand, the high transmissivity for the transverse electric (TE) wave was discussed in terms of the guided-mode resonance (GMR) through the analysis of subwavelength slit gratings and hole arrays [8].
Flavonoids from Uvaria alba attenuate LPS-induced inflammatory responses by suppressing NF-κB activation in RAW 264.7 macrophages: In silico and in vitro perspectives (2022)

Hyperreactive inflammatory response occurs when there is excessive activation of NF-κB leading to a pathologic cascade of inflammatory reactions. Thus, we investigated the inflammatory modulating potentials of the Philippine medicinal endemic plant Uvaria alba. ELISA was initially performed to measure levels of proinflammatory mediators (NO and PGE 2 ) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), followed by RT-PCR and western blotting to determine mRNA and protein expression, respectively. Using immunofluorescence staining combined with western blot analysis, the activation of NF-κB was further investigated. Putative flavonoids from the bioactive butanol subextract (UaB) were identified using high resolution LC-MS and subjected to in silico screening against COX-1/2, iNOS, TNF-α, TACE, and IKK via molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations at 140 ns. UaB abrogated protein and mRNA expressions of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 by suppressing the production of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines. Furthermore, UaB attenuated NF-κB activation by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor p65. LC-MS analysis with UaB revealed the presence of flavonol aglycones — quercetin (4) and kaempferol (6) — and their glycosylated derivatives — quercitrin (3), rutin (5), and kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (7). Molecular docking analysis suggests that the major flavonol aglycones exhibited high affinity towards COX-2 NSAID-binding site, TNF-α and TACE, while the glycosylated flavonoids showed high affinity towards iNOS and IKK. The top protein-ligand complexes were found to be dynamically stable as shown by molecular dynamics simulations. This is the first report highlighting the mechanistic in silico and in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of U. alba.
A Directed Metalation Approach to 2-Trialkylammoniomethyl-3-trimethylsilylmethyl)-thiophene Iodides: Precursors to 2,3-Bis(methylene)-2,3-dihydrothiophene (1990)

Syntheses of precursors to 2,3-bis(methylene)-2,3-dihydrothiophene (2) are described. As key step, a lithiation reaction using secondary carboxamido functionality as directing group is used.
Slower is Better: Revisiting the Forgetting Mechanism in LSTM for Slower Information Decay (2021)

Sequential information contains short- to long-range dependencies; however, learning long-timescale information has been a challenge for recurrent neural networks. Despite improvements in long short-term memory networks (LSTMs), the forgetting mechanism results in the exponential decay of information, limiting their capacity to capture long-timescale information. Here, we propose a power law forget gate, which instead learns to forget information along a slower power law decay function. Specifically, the new gate learns to control the power law decay factor, p, allowing the network to adjust the information decay rate according to task demands. Our experiments show that an LSTM with power law forget gates (pLSTM) can effectively capture long-range dependencies beyond hundreds of elements on image classification, language modeling, and categorization tasks, improving performance over the vanilla LSTM. We also inspected the revised forget gate by varying the initialization of p, setting p to a fixed value, and ablating cells in the pLSTM network. The results show that the information decay can be controlled by the learnable decay factor p, which allows pLSTM to achieve its superior performance. Altogether, we found that LSTM with the proposed forget gate can learn long-term dependencies, outperforming other recurrent networks in multiple domains; such gating mechanism can be integrated into other architectures for improving the learning of long timescale information in recurrent neural networks.
Cavitation threshold measurements for microsecond length pulses of ultrasound (1988)

The acoustic cavitation threshold of an aqueous solution has been measured at megahertz frequencies as a function of pulse width and pulse repetition frequency for various combinations of these quantities. The fluid tested was a 0.1M KOH-H3BO3 buffer solution with pH 10.9, which contained luminol, was saturated with argon, and filtered to 25 mu. The presence of cavitation was detected by a photomultiplier tube that required the emission of visible light that was both larger in magnitude and longer in duration than a preset criterion. It was observed that the cavitation threshold of water under pulse conditions decreases both when the pulse width is fixed and the pulse repetition frequency is increased, and when the pulse repetition frequency is fixed and the pulse width is increased. Acoustic cavitation thresholds measured in aqueous solutions are significantly less than those acoustic pressures associated with instruments that are currently in widespread use in medicine.
Real‐Time NMR. How Fast Can We Do It? (2005)

Abstract Network structure development during cross‐linking photopolymerization of polyethylene glycol di‐acrylate and its mixture with a mono‐functional 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate was studied using real‐time proton NMR T 2 relaxation analysis. The time resolution of the method is typically in the order of seconds. The results reveal largely heterogeneous origin of network build up at the intermediate stages of photocuring. Domains of nano‐gel are already formed on initial stages of UV‐curing where hardly any change in viscosity is observed. Upon increasing curing time the fraction of gel increases at the expence of sol, the molar mass of network chains decreases and the molar mass of sol increases. The presence of mono‐acrylate slows down the curing rate. The curing continues after UV‐illumination causing a significant increase in the amount of gel and cross‐link density in the gel. Thus, the NMR method is a valuable tool for characterization of the kinetics of photopolymerization, the development of molecular structure and the resultant molecular scale heterogeneity during photocuring.
Novel Slow-Release Defoamers for Concrete Using Porous Nanoparticles as Carriers (2022)

Excess large and unstable air bubbles can reduce the compressive strength of hardened concrete, and traditional defoamers always fail because of adsorption and encapsulation on cement with the progress of cement hydration in later stages. It is necessary to develop a novel defoamer that shows a sustained defoaming ability in fresh concrete. A novel slow-release defoamer for concrete using porous nanoparticles as carriers is reported for the first time. The porous nanoparticles/polyether defoamer composite (SiO<sub>2</sub>-Def) was prepared via sol-gel method. SiO<sub>2</sub>-Def is a spherical composite nanoparticle with a size range of 160-200 nm and a uniform pore size distribution. SiO<sub>2</sub>-Def shows a high load rate of about 16.4% and an excellent release under an alkali and salt environment. It has a weak initial defoaming ability but shows a sustained defoaming ability with time, so that it can avoid the failures of defoamers and eliminate harmful bubbles entrained during the processes of pumping and transportation. Moreover, SiO<sub>2</sub>-Def produced a higher compressive strength of the hardened cement mortars.
Two-color picosecond pulse generation using single-stage electro-optic mach-zehnder modulator (2008)

We demonstrated two-color picosecond pulse generation using Mach-Zehnder-modulator-based flat comb generator. Parabolic phase compensation of the comb with a dispersion-flattened fiber yields colorless operation. 10-GHz 4-ps pulse trains were simultaneously generated at two different wavelengths.
Cold cathode, high current electron source for microwave tube devices using Micro Hollow Cathode Discharge (MHCD) (2014)

Micro Hollow Cathode Discharge (MHCD), a technology well known as an ion source, is adapted using Argon to be a cold-cathode electron beam source for applications such as microwave tubes amplifier, which require high total current and high current density. To enable using the MHCD as the electron resource for a microwave tube devices, a focus system has been designed, incorporating an electrostatic lens with three stages ranging up to 2 kV. The lens stages incorporate differential pumping in order to reduce the pressure to the order of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-7</sup> Pa as needed for a microwave tube. The apertures between stages are positioned at the minimal-diameter points of the beam in order to enable maximum pressure isolation between stages. Measured data and beam-focusing simulations indicate that using a 4mm-diameter cathode, operating at 480mTorr, a current density of 10.19 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> can be obtained. Data from 8mm, 11mm and 16mm diameter MHCDs have also been measured showing an increase in current density with decreasing cathode diameter.
Optical Coherence Tomography and Fluorescein Angiography in Diabetic Retinopathy (2021)

The assessment and monitoring of diabetic retinopathy are aided by multiple imaging techniques, including optical coherence tomography, optical coherence tomography angiography, and fluorescein angiography. We will discuss each modality in this chapter.
Antigenic heterogeneity of the non-serogroup antigen structure of Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipopolysaccharides (1979)

Studies of the antigenic structure of the polysaccharide component of gonococcal lipopolysaccaride (LPS) indicated that the non-serogroup antigen structure is antigenically heterogeneous. Immunodiffusion studies of Gc4 strain 8551 indicated that in addition to the Gc serogroup determinent, this polysaccharide contains two other sets of determinants, one which is shared with the other five Gc serogroups and a second which is shared by the Gc1 and Gc3 serogroups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) studies confirmed the immunodiffusion, documented qualitative differences, and suggested that quantitative differences may exist in the common determinant from serogroup to serogroup. As measured by ELISA inhibition, native LPS showed the same antigenic arrangement as the purified LPS polysaccharides. Studies with LPS-derived polysaccharides from nonprototype strains in immunodiffusion gave results identical to the prototype strains. This antigen variation, although distinct from serogroup specificity, was related to the serogroup determinant.