gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detecting Defects in Cu Metallization Structures by Electron-Beam Wafer Inspection (2004)

A technique using an electron-beam to inspect wafers with Cu interconnects was developed. It can detect defects such as voids or incomplete contact failures with resistances of more than by utilizing the voltage contrast of a secondary electron image. The technique is performed by controlling the charging voltage of the interconnect while the electron-beam is irradiating the wafer. The charging voltage was found to depend on the conditions of the incident electron-beam, including the incident energy. To investigate the generation of voltage contrast in a Cu via chain, the electronic characteristics of detected defects were measured with probes. It was found that the resistance of a defect measured during electron irradiation and that measured with probes agree well. The contrast of a secondary electron image depends on the resistance of the differential voltage between the ends of a defect during electron-beam irradiation. To detect voids with high sensitivity, the differential voltage between the ends of a defect should be kept between 1 and 2 V, because the resistance of the defect suddenly decreases when the differential voltage is increased beyond a certain point. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Novel PWM Modifying Method for Detecting DC-bus Current to Facilitate Noise Adaptation (2010)

A well-known problem encountered while using method for the detection of DC-bus current in order to reconstruct three-phase-currents is the short DC pulse duration. In order to increase the pulse duration, several PWM modifying methods have been proposed. “Half Pulse Shift method (HPS)“ is one of the promising methods that are both robust to detection error caused by current ripple and offer the advantage of low acoustic noise. In general, common-mode noise current affects DC-bus current and causes detection error, therefore, pulse duration increased by using the PWM modifying method is longer than the decay time of the common-mode noise. This decay time is dependent on the electrical environment, especially on the power -supply cable from the inverter to the motor. Although the pulse duration required to avoid common-mode noise can be estimated, this pulse duration is limited by the controllable range of output voltages. In this paper, a new PWM modifying method in order to ease the limit of the pulse duration is proposed. The results of numerical analysis confirmed that by using the proposed method the operation area over which current can detected is broadened. From the experimental results, it is confirmed that the proposed method guarantees stable operation and robustness for noisy environments.
Session 01 Cell structure and development (1994)

Biologia plantarum, an international journal for experimental botany founded in 1959 by Professor Bohumil NÄmec. Covers all branches of experimental botany ranging from molecular biology and biotechnology to whole-plant and stand functioning.
Methylation pattern of multiple genes in urine sediment DNA from bladder cancer cases and controls by high throughput quantitative methylation specific PCR (QMSP) (2005)

3150 Background: The early diagnosis of bladder cancer and the early detection of recurrence are central to effective treatment, as prognosis is directly related to the stage of disease. Promoter hypermethylation is now recognized as an important and common epigenetic pathway of gene inactivation. Because bladder cancer cells and DNA are shed into the urine, we sought to test the value of a quantitative methylation assay in urine sediment for the detection of bladder cancer. Methods: We examined primary tumor and matched urine DNA for aberrant methylation of nine gene promoters ( APC, ARF, CDH1, GSTP1, MGMT, p16, RAR-β2, Rassf1A and TIMP3 ) from 15 patients with bladder cancer by quantitative fluorogenic real-time PCR. We then tested an additional 160 urine sediment DNA samples (Total 175 urine) from bladder cancer patients of different stages and grades. 94 age-matched patients without any evidence of genitourinary cancer were used as a control. Result: In cases with matched tumor, the promoter methylation pattern found in urine matched the pattern in the primary tumors. 121 of 175(69%) patients with bladder cancer displayed methylation in at least one of four genes ( p16, ARF, MGMT and GSTP1 ), whereas all controls were negative for methylation at the established cut off (100% specificity). When we considered any one of these latter four genes and/or RAR-β2 methylation, the sensitivity and specificity were 82% and 97% respectively (positive likelihood ratio 24.19 and negative likelihood ratio 0.19). Using established cut off values for all the nine genes, 85% sensitivity and 96% specificity was achieved with a positive and negative likelihood ratio of 18.97 and 0.16 respectively. MGMT, ARF , and TIMP3 methylation in urine correlated with primary tumor invasion and metastasis (p= ≤ 0.05, by logistic regression). The risk of death was statistically significantly higher in patients with TIMP3 methylation (hazard ratio [HR] =1.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.14 to 3.4; p= 0.01) than in patients without TIMP3 methylation in urine. Conclusion: Testing a small panel of genes with the QMSP (Quantitative Methylation Specific PCR) assay in urine sediment DNA represents a powerful noninvasive approach for the detection of bladder cancer on a high throughput-automated platform. Methylation patterns in urine may also help predict the natural history of detected disease. Larger cohorts with longitudinal follow up will be required in future studies to define the impact of this technology on detection, prognosis and disease monitoring.
Hybrid Resonators and Highly Tunable Terahertz Metamaterials Enabled by Vanadium Dioxide (VO2) (2017)

Hybrid metamaterials that exhibit reconfigurable responses under external stimulus, such as electric fields and light radiation, have only recently been demonstrated by combining active media with patterned metallic structures. Nevertheless, hybrid terahertz (THz) metamaterials whose spectral performance can be dynamically tuned over a large scale remain rare. Compared with most active media (for instance, silicon) that provide limited activity, vanadium dioxide (VO<sub>2</sub>), which exhibits an insulator-to-metal transition, has been recently explored to facilitate dynamically tunable metamaterials. More importantly, the phase transition yields a three orders of magnitude increase in THz electrical conductivity, which suggests the potential for creating VO<sub>2</sub> based hybrid resonators that operate at THz frequencies. Here, we show that an integration of VO<sub>2</sub> structures and conventional metallic resonating components can enable a class of highly tunable THz metamaterials. Considering the widely studied phase-transition dynamics in VO<sub>2</sub>, the proposed hybrid metamaterials are capable of offering ultrafast modulation of THz radiation.
Practical Verification of Decision-Making in Agent-Based Autonomous\n Systems (2013)

We present a verification methodology for analysing the decision-making\ncomponent in agent-based hybrid systems. Traditionally hybrid automata have\nbeen used to both implement and verify such systems, but hybrid automata based\nmodelling, programming and verification techniques scale poorly as the\ncomplexity of discrete decision-making increases making them unattractive in\nsituations where complex logical reasoning is required. In the programming of\ncomplex systems it has, therefore, become common to separate out logical\ndecision-making into a separate, discrete, component. However, verification\ntechniques have failed to keep pace with this development. We are exploring\nagent-based logical components and have developed a model checking technique\nfor such components which can then be composed with a separate analysis of the\ncontinuous part of the hybrid system. Among other things this allows program\nmodel checkers to be used to verify the actual implementation of the\ndecision-making in hybrid autonomous systems.\n
Supplementary Information from Characterization of <i>TMPRSS2</i>-ETS Gene Aberrations in Androgen-Independent Metastatic Prostate Cancer (2023)

Supplementary Information from Characterization of &lt;i&gt;TMPRSS2&lt;/i&gt;-ETS Gene Aberrations in Androgen-Independent Metastatic Prostate Cancer
A Helix‐Loop‐Helix Motif within a Genomic DNaseI Footprint of the Runx2 Gene Promoter is Essential for Basal Bone Tissue‐Specific Transcription (2010)

Transcriptional mechanisms controlling Runx2 levels are critical for its osteogenic function during osteoblast differentiation. Here we examine the chromatin organization of the genomic Runx2 locus in intact cells. Chromatin immuno‐precipitations were performed with antibodies of modified histones and PCR probes spanning 120 kbp surrounding its bone‐specific (P1) promoter. The results show that a ~10 kbp genomic segment around the P1 promoter interacts with highly acetylated histones H3 and H4 reflecting an open chromatin conformation. Within this acetylated domain, we find a single major DNaseI hypersensitive (DHS) region that resolves into a cluster of smaller sites (−0.4 ~0.0 kbp) and coincides with the promoter segment that controls basal Runx2 transcription in osteoblasts. Genomic DNase I footprinting indicates that the DHS region contains several protein/DNA interaction sites (e.g., at AP1, HLH/E‐box and Runx motifs). HLH/E‐box occupancy of the DHS region persists in all mesenchymal cell types examined. Occupancy of the AP1 binding site occurs only during S phase when Runx2 expression is minimal. Point‐mutation of the HLH/E box causes a dramatic reduction of the P1 promoter activity. We propose that protein/DNA interactions at the AP1 and HLH/E box motifs may control Runx2 transcription when osteoblasts transit into a quiescent and differentiated state. Supported by NIH grant AR039588.
All Holographic Line Scanner For Use In Diode Laser Printers (1989)

We have developed an all holographic line scanner for use in diode laser printers. The scanner consists of only a holographic disk and a holographic lens for laser scanning and focusing. No other optics such as a collimating lens and f- &theta; lens are necessary. The holographic disk performs high precision straight line scanning. The focusing function is achieved by the compound optical power of a holographic disk and lens. To make the disk more compact, while retaining a required scanning width and scanning beam, the increasing deviation from a straight line and scanning beam aberration need be overcome. In this paper, we devised the method to obtain the required phase transfer functions of the holograms and discussed the holographic recording method to fabricate the holograms.
Fast Line-Based Intra Prediction for Video Coding (2018)

Intra prediction plays a very important role in current video coding technologies like the H.265/High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard, the Joint Exploration Test Model (JEM) and the upcoming Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard. In previous work we proposed a Line-Based Intra Prediction algorithm to improve the state-of-art coding performance of HEVC and JEM. This method divides (horizontally or vertically) a block into lines and then it codes each of them individually in a sequential manner. At the encoder side, however, it is necessary to select an optimal combination of intra mode and 1-D split type in a Rate-Distortion sense. Since testing for every block all possible combinations of these two parameters would imply a very significant increase in the encoder complexity, this paper proposes several fast algorithms to reduce the number of tests and improve the overall trade-off between complexity and gain. The experimental results show a reduction of the encoder run-time from 322% to 166% in exchange for a loss of 0.34% for the All Intra configuration and from 151% to 116% for a loss of 0.15% in the case of Random Access.
Freezing and Hydrate Formation in Aqueous Sodium Perchlorate Solutions (2013)

Abstract The determination of the phase diagram of the binary system sodium perchlorate – water is reported. Beside the eutectic point, two polymorph crystal structures of sodium perchlorate dihydrate were determined. The two crystal structures are discussed, compared to each other and to other known sodiumhalide dihydrate crystal structures. The two polymorphs of the perchlorate dihydrate represent the two variants of connected octahedra in the layer structure found for sodium halide dihydrates.
Optical Imaging Using Endogenous Contrast to Assess Metabolic State (2012)

Optical microscopic imaging offers opportunities to perform noninvasive assessments of numerous parameters associated with the biochemistry, morphology, and functional state of biological samples. For example, it is possible to detect the endogenous fluorescence from a small number of important biomolecules, including NADH and FAD, which are two coenzymes involved in key metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Here, we review different imaging approaches to isolate the fluorescence from these chromophores in two- and three-dimensional samples and discuss the origins and potential interpretation of the observed signals in terms of cell metabolic status. Finally, we discuss the challenges and limitations of these approaches, as well as important research directions that we expect will evolve in the near future.
Characterization of Spatial Frequency Channels Underlying Disparity Sensitivity by Factor Analysis of Population Data (2017)

It has been suggested that at least two mechanisms mediate disparity processing, one for coarse and one for fine disparities. Here we analyze individual differences in our previously measured normative dataset on the disparity sensitivity as a function of spatial frequency of 61 observers to assess the tuning of the spatial frequency channels underlying disparity sensitivity for oblique corrugations (Reynaud et al., 2015). Inter-correlations and factor analysis of the population data revealed two spatial frequency channels for disparity sensitivity: one tuned to high spatial frequencies and one tuned to low spatial frequencies. Our results confirm that disparity is encoded by spatial frequency channels of different sensitivities tuned to different ranges of corrugation frequencies.
Solitonets: complex networks of interacting fields (2008)

We propose complex networks made with interacting fields, where the interaction dynamics at each individual node in the system has infinite degrees of freedom. We construct networks, based on the interactions between vector solitons, whose dynamics are governed by conservation laws. Hence, the dimensionality of the dynamics at each node is determined by the initial conditions, making the problem tractable. We present examples of small and large soliton-based networks, and demonstrate memory effects within them that are enormously enhanced by noise. Finally, we demonstrate that such networks, with infinite-dimensional dynamics, can exhibit spontaneous self-synchronization effects.
A fast algorithm for hyperplane‐intersection method on image registration (2007)

Abstract This study presents an alternative method to estimate the motion parameters for the gradient‐based method. The proposed method is a faster version of a hyperplane‐intersection method. The hyperplane‐intersection method estimates the motion parameters between images as an intersection position of estimated hyperplanes in a parameter space. The hyperplanes approximate the zero positions of the partial derivatives of a continuous similarity measure with respect to each parameter. The method employs a straightforward computation to estimate the parameters, instead of using an iterative framework. The non‐iterative method could be suitable for hardware implementation. The method is the region‐ and intensity‐based technique using any dissimilarity or similarity measure such as sum of squared differences (SSD) or zeromean normalized cross correlation (ZNCC), which can be selected adequately in consideration of a property of input image sequence and a required computation time. The faster version of the method is realized with precomputed warped images of the template, which reduce the computational cost for each input frame. This study also compares the computational cost and the accuracy of the estimated parameters of the proposed algorithm with the gradient descent method. Experiments using synthesized‐motion sequences and real image sequences are performed to confirm the comparisons. The SSD and ZNCC are used for the faster version of the hyperplane‐intersection method to overcome a nonuniform illumination change in the image sequences to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(7): 23– 33, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/scj.20703
Vascular growth factors and receptors in capillary hemangioblastomas and hemangiopericytomas (1996)

Capillary hemangioblastomas and hemangiopericytomas are highly vascular central nervous system tumors of controversial origin. Of interest in their pathogenesis are mechanisms regulating endothelial cell growth. The endothelial cell mitogen vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates angiogenesis, and together with its two receptor tyrosine kinases VEGFR-1(FLT1) and VEGFR-2(KDR), is up-regulated during the malignant progression of gliomas. We have analyzed the expression of VEGF and its receptors, the related placental growth factor (PlGF) and the endothelial receptors FLT4 and Tie by in situ hybridization in capillary hemangioblastomas and hemangiopericytomas. VEGF mRNA was up-regulated in all of the hemangiopericytomas studied and highly expressed in the stromal cells of hemangioblastomas. In addition, some hemangioblastoma tumor cells expressed high levels of PlGF. Significantly elevated levels of Tie mRNA, Tie protein, VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2 but not FLT4 mRNAs were observed in the endothelia of both tumor types. In hemangioblastomas, however, the receptors were also highly expressed by a subpopulation of stromal cells. Consistent results were obtained for a human hemangioblastoma cell line in culture. Up-regulation of the endothelial growth factors and receptors may result in autocrine or paracrine stimulation of endothelial cells and their precursors involved in the genesis of these two vascular tumors.
Hardware Assisted Rate Distortion Optimization with Embedded CABAC Accelerator for the H.264 Advanced Video Codec (2006)

This paper investigates the algorithmic complexity of rate distortion optimization and arithmetic coding in the new H.264 video coding standard and proposes a hardware accelerator to reduce it by more than an order of magnitude. The accelerator incorporates arithmetic coding and decoding engines and efficiently handles all the context information required by RDO and CABAC in H.264. The bit stream generated by the hardware is equivalent to that generated by the JM 9.4 reference implementation. The ISA of a controlling scalar 32-bit RISC CPU has been extended with custom RDO/CABAC instructions and the accelerator prototyped in a state-of-the-art FPGA technology.
First Demonstration of MC-EDFA-Repeatered SDM Transmission of 40 × 128-Gbit/s PDM-QPSK Signals per Core over 6,160-km 7-core MCF (2012)

We demonstrate the first 7-core erbium-doped fibre amplified transmission of 40 × 128-Gbit/s PDM-QPSK signals over 6,160-km 7-core transmission fibre. We achieve a record capacity-distance product of 177 [Pbit/s × km] per fibre.
ATMEN (2005)

Web performance measurements and availability tests have been carried out using a variety of infrastructures over the last several years. Disruptions in the Internet can lead to Web sites being unavailable or increase user-perceived latency. The unavailability could be due to DNS, failures in segments of the physical network cutting off thousands of users, or attacks. Prompt reactions to network-wide events can be facilitated by local or remote measurement and monitoring. Better yet, a distributed set of intercommunicating measurement and monitoring entities that react to events dynamically could go a long way to handle disruptions.We have designed and built ATMEN, a triggered measurement infrastructure to communicate and coordinate across various administrative entities. ATMEN nodes can trigger new measurements, query ongoing passive measurements or historical measurements stored on remote nodes, and coordinate the responses to make local decisions. ATMEN reduces wasted measurements by judiciously reusing measurements along three axes: spatial, temporal, and application.We describe the use of ATMEN for key Web applications such as performance based ranking of popular Web sites and availability of DNS servers on which most Web transactions are dependent. The evaluation of ATMEN is done using multiple network monitoring entities called Gigascopes installed across the USA, measurement data of a popular network application involving millions of users distributed across the Internet, and scores of clients to aid in gathering measurement information upon demand. Our results show that such a system can be built in a scalable fashion.
Preparation and Mechanism of Solvolysis ofN-Hydroxy-α-oxobenzeneethanimidoyl Chloride, a 2-(Hydroxyimino)-1-phenylethan-1-one Derivative: Molecular Structure ofα-Oxo-oximes (=α-(Hydroxyimino) Ketones) (1999)

Acid-catalyzed methanolysis of N-hydroxy-α-oxobenzeneethanimidoyl chloride (1), a 2-(hydroxyimino)-1-phenylethan-1-one derivative obtained in one step from acetophenone, leads to a constant ratio of methyl α-oxobenzeneacetate (2) and methyl α-(hydroxyimino)benzeneacetate (3). 13C(α) Labelled [13C]-1 affords 13C(α) labelled [13C]-3, thus discarding the hypothesis of its formation via 1,2-arene migration. The reported sequence opens a novel approach to phenylglyoxylic and mandelic acid esters (=α-oxobenzeneacetic and α-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid esters), from acetophenone. The molecular structures of 1 and 3 were determined by X-ray structure analysis and compared with previously reported crystallographic data of α-oxo-oximes (=α-(hydroxyimino) ketones) 4 and 6 – 8. The unique stereoelectronic characteristics of the α-oxo-oxime moiety are discussed. All α-oxo-oximes share the following structural characteristics: (E)-configuration of the oxime C=N−OH bond (i.e. OH and C=O trans), the s-trans conformation of the oxo and imino moieties about the C(α)-C(=NOH) single bond, and intermolecular H-bonding. They differ from the isostructural β-diketone enols by the absence of resonance-assisted intramolecular H-bonding.
Tungsten Oxide-Based Semiconductor Sensor Highly Sensitive to NO and NO2 (1991)

Abstract A sintered sensor element based on WO3 was found to be very sensitive to NO and NO2. The sensitivity, defined as the ratio of the resistance in the gases to that in air, was as high as 31 and 97 to 200 ppm NO and 80 ppm NO2, respectively, at 300 °C. The element was well suited for sensing the gases at low levels. Satisfactory performances to NO and NO2 were exhibited in the regions of 0–800 ppm and 0–200 ppm, respectively.
Vibration Transmission Suppression Method for Mechanical Structure with Multi-Transmission Paths (2018)

In the development of mechanical products, prediction of NHV (Noise, Vibration and Harshness) using CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) is carried out. As one of the vibration generation factors on mechanical structures, engine vibration propagates through the frame and causes unpleasant vibration on driver's room. In this research, Transfer Path Analysis (TPA) and Mutual Mean Compliance (MMC) are employed as methods to evaluate mutual response. This paper reports a structure change guideline which controls contributions by suppressing the transmitted force of the focused degree of freedom and complementary effects by MMC concurrently.