gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polypeptide Conjugate Binders that Discriminate between Two Isoforms of Human Carbonic Anhydrase in Human Blood (2011)

Two binder candidates 4-C37L34-B and 3-C15L8-B from a 16-membered set of 42-residue polypeptide conjugates designed to bind human carbonic anhydrase II (HCAII), were shown to bind HCAII with high affinity in a fluorescence-based screening assay. Two carbonic anhydrase isoforms with 60 % homology exist in human blood with HCAI being present in five- to sevenfold excess over HCAII. The ability of the binders to discriminate between HCAI and HCAII was evaluated with regard to what selectivity could be achieved by the conjugation of polypeptides from a 16-membered set to a small organic molecule that binds both isoforms with similar affinities. The polypeptide conjugate 4-C37L34-B bound HCAII with a K(D) of 17 nM and HCAI with a K(D) of 470 nM, that is, with a 30-fold difference in affinity. The corresponding dissociation constants for the complexes formed from 3-C15L8-B and the two carbonic anhydrases were 60 and 390 nM, respectively. This demonstration of selectivity between two very similar proteins is striking in view of the fact that the molecular weight of each one of the conjugate molecules is little more than 5000, the fold is unordered, and the polypeptide sequences were designed de novo and have no prior relationship to carbonic anhydrases. The results suggest that synthetic polypeptide conjugates can be prepared from organic molecules that are considered to be weak binders with low selectivity, yielding conjugates with properties that make them attractive alternatives to biologically generated binders in biotechnology and biomedicine.
Highly Selective Removal of Perfluorinated Contaminants by Adsorption on All‐Silica Zeolite Beta (2020)

Perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFASs) are widely used in industrial and commercial applications, leading to a widespread occurrence of these persistent and harmful contaminants in our environment. Removal of these compounds from surface and waste waters is being mandated by European and U.S. governments. Currently, there are no treatment techniques available that lower the concentrations of these compounds for large water bodies in a cost- and energy-efficient way. We hereby propose a hydrophobic, all-silica zeolite Beta material that is a highly selective and high-capacity adsorbent for PFASs, even in the presence of organic competitors. Advanced characterization data demonstrate that the adsorption process is driven by a very negative adsorption enthalpy and favorable steric factors.
Recent Advances on Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins ( IAP ) Particularly with Reference to Patents (2017)

This chapter focuses on the recent research studies that are filed as patents (2010-till date) on IAPs. It also throws light on the compounds of varied organic scaffolds as well as studies pertaining to binding affinities of active molecules of the patent with different domains of the IAP family of proteins such as X-linked IAP (XIAP) and cIAP. The chapter further discusses mechanistic details involving Smac mimetics in IAP inhibition and caspase activation. Specifically, it summarizes a comprehensive list of domain-specific IAPs in the clinical trials. IAPs are an attractive target currently in limelight in anticancer therapy. The presence of IAPs in malignant tumors with their capability to hinder programmed cell death (PCD) through various intrinsic or extrinsic pathways and their important part in signaling pathways has drawn the attention of drug discovery groups for the development of new therapeutic agents.
Optimal Algorithms for Learning Quantum Phase States (2022)

We analyze the complexity of learning $n$-qubit quantum phase states. A degree-$d$ phase state is defined as a superposition of all $2^n$ basis vectors $x$ with amplitudes proportional to $(-1)^{f(x)}$, where $f$ is a degree-$d$ Boolean polynomial over $n$ variables. We show that the sample complexity of learning an unknown degree-$d$ phase state is $Θ(n^d)$ if we allow separable measurements and $Θ(n^{d-1})$ if we allow entangled measurements. Our learning algorithm based on separable measurements has runtime $\textsf{poly}(n)$ (for constant $d$) and is well-suited for near-term demonstrations as it requires only single-qubit measurements in the Pauli $X$ and $Z$ bases. We show similar bounds on the sample complexity for learning generalized phase states with complex-valued amplitudes. We further consider learning phase states when $f$ has sparsity-$s$, degree-$d$ in its $\mathbb{F}_2$ representation (with sample complexity $O(2^d sn)$), $f$ has Fourier-degree-$t$ (with sample complexity $O(2^{2t})$), and learning quadratic phase states with $\varepsilon$-global depolarizing noise (with sample complexity $O(n^{1+\varepsilon})$). These learning algorithms give us a procedure to learn the diagonal unitaries of the Clifford hierarchy and IQP~circuits.
ChemInform Abstract: An Application of the Ireland Reaction to the Stereospecific Synthesis of Fused Carbocyclic Systems. (1988)

Abstract Cyclohexenone (I) reacts with the ketene acetal (II) and trans‐crotonaldehyde (III) to give the fused lactones (IV) which rearrange in the presence of LDA and trimethylchlorosilane (V).
A systematic review of perioperative seizure prophylaxis during brain tumor resection: the case for a multicenter randomized clinical trial (2017)

OBJECTIVE The majority of neurosurgeons administer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) prophylactically for supratentorial tumor resection without clear evidence to support this practice. The putative benefit of perioperative seizure prophylaxis must be weighed against the risks of adverse effects and drug interactions in patients without a history of seizures. Consequently, the authors conducted a systematic review of prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have evaluated the efficacy of perioperative seizure prophylaxis among patients without a history of seizures. METHODS Five databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL/Academic Search Complete, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect) were searched for RCTs published before May 2017 and investigating perioperative seizure prophylaxis in brain tumor resection. Of the 496 unique research articles identified, 4 were selected for inclusion in this review. RESULTS This systematic review revealed a weighted average seizure rate of 10.65% for the control groups. There was no significant difference in seizure rates among the groups that received seizure prophylaxis and those that did not. Further, this expected incidence of new-onset postoperative seizures would require a total of 1258 patients to enroll in a RCT, as determined by a Farrington-Manning noninferiority test performed at the 0.05 level using a noninferiority difference of 5%. CONCLUSIONS According to a systematic review of major RCTs, the administration of prophylactic AEDs after brain tumor resection shows no significant reduction in the incidence of seizures compared with that in controls. A large multicenter randomized clinical trial would be required to assess whether perioperative seizure prophylaxis provides benefit for patients undergoing brain tumor resection.
Normalized sum-capacity of interference networks with partial information (2010)

In distributed wireless networks, nodes often do not have access to complete network information (e.g. network topology, channel gains, etc.). As a result, they have to execute their transmission and reception strategies with partial information about the network, in a distributed fashion. Thus, the key question is how good are the distributed decisions in comparison to the optimal decisions based on full network knowledge. In this paper, we formalize the concept of partial-information sum-capacity by defining normalized sum-capacity, which is defined as the maximum achievable fraction of full-information sum-capacity with a given amount of partial information. We then examine four deterministic networks, multiple access, multiuser Z-channel chain, one-to-many and many-to-one interference channel, and characterize the normalized sum-capacity. For each network, two cases of partial network information are analyzed: (a) each transmitter only knows the channel gains to its receiver, and (b) transmitters knows the channel gains of all links which are no more than two hops away. Quite interestingly, we show that in all eight cases (4 networks × 2 forms of partial information), the normalized sum-capacity is achieved by scheduling subnetworks for which there exist a universally optimal distributed strategy with the available partial information. Furthermore, we show that while actual sum-capacity is not known in all cases, normalized sum-capacity can be in fact be exactly characterized.
Probabilistic logical sequence learning for video (2009)

Understanding complex, dynamic scenes of real-world activities from low-level sensor data is of central importance for intelligent systems. The main difficulty lies in the fact that complex scenes are best described in high-level, logical formalisms, while sensor data usually consists of many low-level features. We first propose a method to obtain a logical representation of real-world, dynamic scenes based on input video stream solely. We focus on representing the video data using probabilistic relational sequences as a natural way to incorporate sensor uncertainty. They allow us to work with structured terms, and in addition they capture the inherent uncertainty of object detection. Further on, we employ r-grams as the probabilistic logical learning model for this application. In a first step we use r-grams in a simple setting and we show their viability in card games. We also show how r-grams can be upgraded to deal with uncertain observations.
Sodium deficiency in Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (2006)

The mechanism of solid-state synthesis for Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 was investigated using X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results showed that a Na0.5−xBi0.5TiO3−x/2 homogeneity region, with Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 and Na0.47Bi0.5TiO3−δ as the end-members (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.03), exists in the Na2O–Bi2O3–TiO2 system. The formation of any member from the homogeneity region starts with the formation of the deficient end-member, i.e., Na0.47Bi0.5TiO3−δ. However, the reaction continues toward a nominal composition when a sufficiently high temperature and/or a long firing time are used. The conversion of the latter reaction may be followed by the observation of the crystal symmetry, which changes from the cubic-like toward the rhombohedral as the reaction proceeds from Na0.47Bi0.5TiO3−δ to Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3. Differences in the dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties were observed for the samples from the homogeneity region, and these can be related to the stoichiometry variation along the homogeneity region and thus to the variation in the vacancy concentration. The most striking difference is the change in the piezoelectric constant d33, which increases from 82 pC N−1 to 97 pC N−1 as the composition of the ceramics changes from Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 to Na0.47Bi0.5TiO3−δ.
Complementary Regioselectivity in Rh(III)-Catalyzed Insertions of Potassium Vinyltrifluoroborate via C–H Activation: Preparation and Use of 4-Trifluoroboratotetrahydroisoquinolones (2013)

Potassium vinyltrifluoroborate was found to be an efficient partner with benzamide derivatives for Rh(III)-catalyzed annulations. 4-Trifluoroboratotetrahydroisoquinolones were generated under mild conditions, affording a regioisomerically complementary substitution pattern to other alkenes in related reactions. These new boron-containing building blocks were derivatized by N-arylations, retaining the boron substituent for further elaboration.
Towards Femtosecond Laser Writting of Non-Conventional Waveguide Bragg Gratings in Silver-Containing Glasses (2019)

New type of Direct Laser Writing opens possibilities of building both 3D functions and 3D photonic integrated circuits made of silver clusters embedded in a silver-containing photosensitive glass matrix. Thanks to the small dimensions of the spatial distribution of clusters (lower than the diffraction limit, with inner features of ~ 100 nm typically) and to the associated refractive index modifications, waveguide Bragg gratings have been fabricated, especially so as to target the visible range: the demonstration of such functionality is under study.
Pharmacokinetic Comparison To Determine the Mechanisms Underlying the Differential Efficacies of Cationic Diamidines against First- and Second-Stage Human African Trypanosomiasis (2014)

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), a neglected tropical disease, is fatal without treatment. Pentamidine, a cationic diamidine, has been used to treat first-stage (hemolymphatic) HAT since the 1940s, but it is ineffective against second-stage (meningoencephalitic, or central nervous system [CNS]) infection. Novel diamidines (DB75, DB820, and DB829) have shown promising efficacy in both mouse and monkey models of first-stage HAT. However, only DB829 cured animals with second-stage infection. In this study, we aimed to determine the mechanisms underlying the differential efficacies of these diamidines against HAT by conducting a comprehensive pharmacokinetic characterization. This included the determination of metabolic stability in liver microsomes, permeability across MDCK and MDR1-MDCK cell monolayers, interaction with the efflux transporter MDR1 (P-glycoprotein 1 or P-gp), drug binding in plasma and brain, and plasma and brain concentration-time profiles after a single dose in mice. The results showed that DB829, an azadiamidine, had the highest systemic exposure and brain-to-plasma ratio, whereas pentamidine and DB75 had the lowest. None of these diamidines was a P-gp substrate, and the binding of each to plasma proteins and brain differed greatly. The brain-to-plasma ratio best predicted the relative efficacies of these diamidines in mice with second-stage infection. In conclusion, pharmacokinetics and CNS penetration influenced the in vivo efficacies of cationic diamidines against first- and second-stage HAT and should be considered when developing CNS-active antitrypanosomal diamidines.
Improved version of the dual-channel system to measure bone mineral content. (1971)

i f 3-ffi0Certain modifications and improvements have been made on the SEE 15breadboard two-channel system described in last year' s report (1) .11 :lat ilai :i The char ge ampl ifie r has been rede sign ed and vari ous othe r chan ges=r-have been made to decrease the deadtime of the complete system.-=.D=:===:0 ' 2 D %* iii*ff The entire breadboard has been made compatible with existing equip- AL 216£ =g ment.A 60-Hz timer was constructed with a preset count mode so 95-.:E g: that the system could function as nuclear pulse counting device in 5-1:950:25 AA /* )-Aw a our laboratory.The dual-channel system is now composed of the 31Eff%.E 8 follo#ing components: an amplifier; two single-channel analyzers;.0.*" -I: , .SE:W.Blifil .two five-decade scalers; two six-decade data buffers; two address G 258€El=a control boards; two five-decade visual numeric displays; a one decade preset 60-Hz timer; and associated control switches, potentiometers, and connectors. Charge AmplifierA new charge amplifier which is composed of discrete components was constructed with an FET input to handle the capacitive load of the detector cable.The output pulse has a 200 nsec risetime and a 20 psec decay time constant.
Nanofoam porosity by infrared spectroscopy (1995)

Abstract Infrared spectroscopy has been used to determine the porosity of polymer nanofoams produced from block copolymers of an aromatic polyimide with either poly(propylene oxide) or poly(α‐methyl styrene). It is shown that, with an independent measurement of the film thickness, both the absorption bands and the interference fringes can yield an accurate measure of the void content. The results obtained are in quantitative agreement with density gradient methods. © 1995 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Local atomic structure of thin and ultrathin films via rapid high-energy X-ray total scattering at grazing incidence (2019)

Atomic pair distribution function (PDF) analysis is the most powerful technique to study the structure of condensed matter on the length scale from short- to long-range order. Today, the PDF approach is an integral part of research on amorphous, nanocrystalline and disordered materials from bulk to nanoparticle size. Thin films, however, demand specific experimental strategies for enhanced surface sensitivity and sophisticated data treatment to obtain high-quality PDF data. The approach described here is based on the surface high-energy X-ray diffraction technique applying photon energies above 60 keV at grazing incidence. In this way, reliable PDFs were extracted from films of thicknesses down to a few nanometres. Compared with recently published reports on thin-film PDF analysis from both transmission and grazing-incidence geometries, this work brought the minimum detectable film thickness down by about a factor of ten. Depending on the scattering power of the sample, the data acquisition on such ultrathin films can be completed within fractions of a second. Hence, the rapid-acquisition grazing-incidence PDF method is a major advancement in thin-film technology that opens unprecedented possibilities for <i>in situ</i> and <i>operando</i> PDF studies in complex sample environments. By uncovering how the structure of a layered material on a substrate evolves and transforms in terms of local and average ordering, this technique offers new opportunities for understanding processes such as nucleation, growth, morphology evolution, crystallization and the related kinetics on the atomic level and in real time.
Two-Order Deep Learning for Generalized Synthesis of Radiation Patterns for Antenna Arrays (2022)

This article tackles the generalized synthesis of antenna arrays using two-order deep learning. Existing deep learning-assisted antenna synthesis approaches mainly rely on model training using electromagnetic (EM) simulation data, and hence feature limited generalization ability and the need for a huge amount of EM simulations. The proposed two-order deep learning method uses the first-order model to learn the generic features of radiation patterns from the data efficiently generated by applying conventional array factors. After that, the second-order model learns from EM simulations to capture the detailed pattern variations due to concrete coupling effects in the case of a specific array arrangement with different operating frequencies, radiation structures, and feeding schemes. Therefore, the two-order DL model can predict the radiation patterns of a series of antenna arrays while reducing the needed amount of EM simulation data. Implementation is carried out on a series of patch antenna arrays to verify the feasibility and robustness of the proposed approach. The validation includes conditions for the array operating at arbitrary new frequencies, with modified radiation structures or new feeding schemes. The results show that the proposed two-order model provides a prediction accuracy of about 84 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> for a series of 1 × 4 antenna arrays, clearly outperforming the existing regular one-order DL model, which obtains around 65 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> with the same EM simulation data. The proposed method reveals a promising direction for applying deep learning to assist the design and analysis of antenna arrays.
Correction of glutathione deficiency in the lower respiratory tract of HIV seropositive individuals by glutathione aerosol treatment. (1993)

It is feasible and safe to use aerosolised reduced glutathione to augment the deficient glutathione levels of the lower respiratory tract of HIV seropositive individuals. It is rational to evaluate further the efficacy of this tripeptide in improving host defence in HIV seropositive individuals.
Method and apparatus to monitor a beam of ionizing radiation (2023)

Methods and apparatus to capture images of fluorescence generated by ionizing radiation and determine a position of a beam of ionizing radiation generating the fluorescence from the captured images. In one embodiment, the fluorescence is the result of ionization and recombination of nitrogen in air.
Frame Rate Up-Conversion Technique Using Hardware-Efficient Motion Estimator Architecture for Motion Blur Reduction of TFT-LCD (2011)

Motion blur in TFT-LCD is caused by sample and hold characteristic, slow response time of liquid crystal, and the inconsistency between object tracking of the human eye and the actual object location. In order to solve this problem, a high frame rate driving method based on motion estimation and motion compensation has been applied to LCD products. However, as the required processing time of motion estimation increases in LCD TV and monitor systems, real-time video image processing becomes more difficult. Frame interpolation through the large macro block (MB) size has limitations to detect small objects. So, this paper proposes the efficient motion estimator architecture which uses seven kinds of macro blocks to enhance the accuracy of motion estimation and combines the parallel processing with pre-computation technology and hardware optimization for high-speed processing. Also, for increased efficiency in the hardware architecture, we employed an I2C (Inter Integrated Circuit) communication unit to control the key parameters easily through the personnel computer. Simulation results show that the critical path at the motion estimator is reduced by about 27.47% compared to the conventional structure. As a result, the proposed motion estimator will be applicable for the high-speed frame interpolation of variable video.
A low dark current stacked CMOS-APS for charged particle imaging (2002)

A stacked CMOS-active pixel sensor (APS) with a newly devised pixel structure for charged particle detection has been developed. A twin well pixel with a p-MOS readout transistor achieves low leakage current caused by a hot carrier effect at low temperature as low as 5/spl times/10/sup -8/ V/s at the pixel electrode. The total read noise floor of 0.1mVrms was obtained by non-destructive readout CDS with the CDS interval of 21 seconds.
Photoconductive Anisotropy in Smectic Liquid Crystalline Photoconductor, 2-(4′-Octylphenyl)-6-dodecyloxynaphthalene (1999)

Photoconductive anisotropy of a liquid crystalline photoconductor, 2-(4 ′ -octylphenyl)-6-dodecyloxynaphthalene (8-PNP-O12) exhibiting smectic B (SmB) and smectic A (SmA) phases, was studied by steady-state and transient photocurrent measurements for homogeneous and homeotropic alignment cells. In the steady-state photocurrent measurement under UV light illumination, the photoconductive anisotropic ratio, i.e., a photocurrent ratio for the homogeneous cell to the homeotropic one, was 10 in the SmB phase and 5 in the SmA phase, in contrast to no difference in the isotropic phase. In the transient photocurrent measurements, very small photocurrents at a detection limit were observed in the homeotropic cells irrespective of the mesophases, while rapid nondispersive transient photocurrents were obtained in the homogeneous cells.