gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Complete recovery of values in Diophantine systems (CORVIDS) (2018)

Raw data are often unavailable, and all that may remain of a data set are its summary statistics. When these data are integers on a fixed scale, such as Likert-style ratings, and their mean, standard deviation, and sample size are known, it is possible to reconstruct every raw distribution that gives rise to those summary statistics using a system of Diophantine equations. We have developed the open-source program CORVIDS (COmplete Reconstruction of Values In Diophantine Systems) to deterministically reconstruct raw data from summary statistics using this technique. The solutions generated by the program are provably complete. Here we describe the implementation, provide examples and use cases, and prove the correctness of the underlying mathematics. CORVIDS is open-source and available as source code or as stand-alone, user-friendly applications for macOS and Windows.
Multicolor quantum well and superlattice infrared photodetector with grating structure optimization (2019)

We have designed an infrared photodetector which has a superlattice (SL), graded barriers and then multiple quantum wells (MQWs). The grating with fixed 2 μm period and different depth on detector was fabricated and its effects on detector's performance was discussed. The grating with 2 μm period and 1.3 μm depth shows the highest performance. The simulation of electromagnetic distribution in structure shows the same trend as experiment results.
Range verification of radioactive ion beams of 11 C and 15 O using in-beam PET imaging (2019)

In advanced ion therapy, the visualization of the range of incident ions in a patient's body is important for exploiting the advantages of this type of therapy. It is ideal to use radioactive ion beams for in-beam positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in particle therapy due to the high quality of PET images caused by the high signal-to-noise ratio. We have shown the feasibility of this idea through an in-beam PET study for <sup>11</sup>C and <sup>15</sup>O ion beams using the dedicated OpenPET system. In this work, we investigate the potential difference between the Bragg peak position and the position of the maximum detected positron-emitting fragments by a PET system for the radioactive beams of <sup>11</sup>C and <sup>15</sup>O. For this purpose, we measured the depth dose in a water phantom and performed PET scans of an irradiated PMMA phantom for the available beams of <sup>11</sup>C and <sup>15</sup>O at the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC). Then, we simulated the depth dose profiles in the water phantom and the yield of the positron-emitting fragments in a PMMA phantom for both available beams using the Monte Carlo code PHITS. The positions of the Bragg peak and maximum positron-emitting fragments from the measurements were well reproduced by simulation. The effect of beam energy broadening on the positional differences between two peaks was studied by simulating an irradiated PMMA phantom. The differences in position between the Bragg peak and the maximum positron-emitting fragments increased when the beam energy spread was broadened, although the differences were zero for the ideal mono-energetic beams. Greater differences were observed for <sup>11</sup>C ion beams compared to <sup>15</sup>O ion beams, although both beams had the same range in water, and the higher energy corresponded to a larger difference. For the known energy spread of the beams, the predicted differences between two peaks from the simulation were consistent with the measured data within submillimetre agreement.
Synthesis and characterization of thallium tin ethoxide ([Tl2Sn(OEt)6]n), a one-dimensional polymer in the solid state (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and characterization of thallium tin ethoxide ([Tl2Sn(OEt)6]n), a one-dimensional polymer in the solid stateMark J. Hampden-Smith, Debbie E. Smith, and Eileen N. DueslerCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1989, 28, 18, 3399–3401Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00317a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00317a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views88Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Hydraulic Properties of Baled Switchgrass and Miscanthus (2018)

Abstract. This study characterized the hydraulic properties within baled switchgrass ( L., variety Alamo) and miscanthus (×), thereby enabling a better understanding of moisture changes in baled biomass during on-farm storage and/or high-solids bioconversion. Fully saturated bales were drained by gravity, and the moisture content was determined over 60 h. The average initial moisture content ranged between 55.9% and 71.9% (w.b.) for switchgrass and between 60.5% and 73.9% (w.b.) for miscanthus bales depending on the dry bale density. As the bale drained by gravity, rapid leaching of water was observed within the first 0.1 h, with a reduction in moisture content of 7.3 and 7.0 percentage points (w.b.) for switchgrass and miscanthus, respectively. Leaching then continued at a steady rate until termination of the experiment, with further reductions of 4.3 and 4.4 percentage points (w.b.) for switchgrass and miscanthus, respectively. Final moisture contents after 60 h ranged from 45.8% to 58.3% for switchgrass and from 48.7% to 60% for miscanthus, with the higher moisture contents observed in the lowest density bales. Hydraulic conductivity tests were carried out with bales of switchgrass and miscanthus with a constant head system. The average saturated hydraulic conductivity ranged between 0.103 and 0.616 cm s -1 for baled switchgrass and between 0.219 and 0.658 cm s -1 for baled miscanthus depending on the bale density. The matric suction of baled switchgrass was also assessed at variable densities and moisture contents using the contact filter paper method. The van Genuchten parameters were found to range between 0.235 and 0.270 m -1 for a and between 5.415 and 10.345 for n, depending on the density. Infiltration tests were also carried out on baled switchgrass at variable densities and moisture contents using a minidisk infiltrometer. The curve-fitting parameters of Philip’s two-term equation ranged between 0.086 × 10 -6 and 0.779 × 10 -6 cm s -1 for C 1 and between 0.200 and 5.805 × 10 -6 cm s -1/2 for C 2 , depending on the density and moisture content. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity ranged between 0.019 and 0.272 cm s -1 , while sorptivity ranged between 0.048 and 2.103 cm s -1/2 , depending on the density and moisture content. These results provide data required to evaluate water flow through variable-density rectangular bales and indicate a potential to remove end-products of biomass conversion from baled biomass. Keywords: Biomass, Bioprocessing, Flushing, High solids.
Comparison of Anterior Segment Optical Tomography Parameters Measured Using a Semi-Automatic Software to Standard Clinical Instruments (2013)

This study demonstrates that there is good agreement between the measurements from the AS-OCT (ZAP) and conventional tools. However, small systematic biases remain that suggest that these measurement tools may not be interchanged.
Blockade of TGF‐β enhances tumor vaccine efficacy mediated by CD8+ T cells (2009)

Though TGF-beta inhibition enhances antitumor immunity mediated by CD8(+) T cells in several tumor models, it is not always sufficient for rejection of tumors. In this study, to maximize the antitumor effect of TGF-beta blockade, we tested the effect of anti-TGF-beta combined with an irradiated tumor vaccine in a subcutaneous CT26 colon carcinoma tumor model. The irradiated tumor cell vaccine alone in prophylactic setting significantly delayed tumor growth, whereas anti-TGF-beta antibodies alone did not show any antitumor effect. However, tumor growth was inhibited significantly more in vaccinated mice treated with anti-TGF-beta antibodies compared to vaccinated mice without anti-TGF-beta, suggesting that anti-TGF-beta synergistically enhanced irradiated tumor vaccine efficacy. CD8(+) T-cell depletion completely abrogated the vaccine efficacy, and so protection required CD8(+) T cells. Depletion of CD25(+) T regulatory cells led to the almost complete rejection of tumors without the vaccine, whereas anti-TGF-beta did not change the number of CD25(+) T regulatory cells in unvaccinated and vaccinated mice. Though the abrogation of CD1d-restricted NKT cells, which have been reported to induce TGF-beta production by MDSC through an IL-13-IL-4R-STAT6 pathway, partially enhanced antitumor immunity regardless of vaccination, abrogation of the NKT cell-IL-13-IL-4R-STAT-6 immunoregulatory pathway did not enhance vaccine efficacy. Taken together, these data indicated that anti-TGF-beta enhances efficacy of a prophylactic vaccine in normal individuals despite their not having the elevated TGF-beta levels found in patients with cancer and that the effect is not dependent on TGF-beta solely from CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells or the NKT cell-IL-13-IL-4R-STAT-6 immunoregulatory pathway.
[Prevalence of nonmevalonate and mevalonate pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis among bacteria of different systematic groups]. (2005)

The effect of fosmidomycin and mevinoline, inhibitors of the nonmevalonate and the mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis, respectively, on the growth of 34 anaerobic and 10 aerobic prokaryotic strains was studied. Fosmidomycin at the concentrations used was shown to inhibit the growth of 9 (of 10) representatives of the family Microbacteriaceae, 4 (of 5) strains of Thermoanaerobacter, and 11 (of 12) strains of Clostridium, whereas mevinoline inhibited the growth of lactobacilli (Carnobacterium), methanogenic and sulfate-reducing bacteria insensitive to fosmidomycin. During the late growth phase, four strains of actinobacteria (of nine) accumulate the compound, which, upon oxidation, generates a long-lived free radical; three strains synthesize 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclopyrophosphate (MEC). It was concluded that the difference in the sensitivity of the organisms to fosmidomycin and mevinoline might serve as a test to differentiate several representatives of the family Microbacteriaceae. The use of mevinoline for inhibiting methanogens in ecological investigations seems to be promising.
Crowdsourcing airway annotations in chest computed tomography images (2021)

Measuring airways in chest computed tomography (CT) scans is important for characterizing diseases such as cystic fibrosis, yet very time-consuming to perform manually. Machine learning algorithms offer an alternative, but need large sets of annotated scans for good performance. We investigate whether crowdsourcing can be used to gather airway annotations. We generate image slices at known locations of airways in 24 subjects and request the crowd workers to outline the airway lumen and airway wall. After combining multiple crowd workers, we compare the measurements to those made by the experts in the original scans. Similar to our preliminary study, a large portion of the annotations were excluded, possibly due to workers misunderstanding the instructions. After excluding such annotations, moderate to strong correlations with the expert can be observed, although these correlations are slightly lower than inter-expert correlations. Furthermore, the results across subjects in this study are quite variable. Although the crowd has potential in annotating airways, further development is needed for it to be robust enough for gathering annotations in practice. For reproducibility, data and code are available online: http://github.com/adriapr/crowdairway.git.
Rotary jet spinning review – a potential high yield future for polymer nanofibers (2017)

Polymeric nanofibers have been the focus of much research due to their continually evolving applications in fields such as biomedicine, tissue engineering, composites, filtration, battery separators, and energy storage. Although several methods of producing nanofibers have shown promise for large scale production, none have yet produced large enough volumes at a low cost to be the front runner in the field, and therefore the preferred choice for industrialization. Rotary jet spinning (RJS) could be the answer to high throughput, low cost, and environmentally friendly nanofiber production. Being exploited in only the last decade, it is a technology that has seen relatively little research, but one which could potentially be the answer to large scale manufacturing of polymer nanofibers. In this review, we focus on fundamental processing characteristics and initial application driven research. A comparison between existing nanofiber production methods is drawn with the key differences noted. Two methods of utilizing RJS in nanofiber production are discussed, namely spinning from a polymer melt, and solution-based spinning as is typically used in more traditional methods such as electrospinning. Modeling of the process is introduced, in which material selection and processing parameters play an important role.
Knowledge Discovery in the Blogosphere: Approaches and Challenges (2010)

Knowledge discovery in blogs is different from knowledge discovery in areas such as databases or Web documents due to blogs' unique characteristics, which introduce additional mining challenges. Although researchers have investigated several techniques to address different aspects of blog discovery, no comparisons among key knowledge discovery techniques for blogs exist. This article examines three prominent techniques that are frequently applied to discovery in blogs — clustering, matrix decomposition, and ranking. The authors compare them in terms of effectiveness in combating present challenges and their ability to accomplish challenging tasks required for effective blog mining.
Measuring Droplet Sizes Generated by 3D-Printed Stirrers in a Lean Gas–Liquid–Liquid System Using Borescopy (2022)

Photo-optical probes with automated image analysis are among the most promising measurement techniques for gas–liquid–liquid systems, but the literature on the application in lean water-in-oil dispersions is scarce. Taking water-in-1-octene as a model system, adhering droplets that severely cloud the images are successfully prevented using a polymeric disc made of polycarbonate or fluorinated ethylene propylene. Sharp bright-field imaging is enabled using a neither fully diffuse nor specular reflection pane. Various 3D-printed stirrers are characterized by their energy input, including gas-inducing modifications. Gas induction impairs the energy input of the stirrer and the imaging of droplets. Nevertheless, the measurement technique reliably provides droplet size distributions that exclude gas bubbles. Axial stirrers are preferable if one position at high stirring speeds is measured, as the homogeneity of droplet sizes along the reactor height is promoted. Radial stirrers are preferable if the stirring speed is varied, as the same trend of the droplets sizes is measurable along the reactor height. For radial stirring, the most beneficial position of the probe is close or slightly above the stirrer. The use of borescopy is thus found to be feasible if adhering droplets can be prevented and vision on droplets is not obstructed by too many bubbles.
Tackling Barriers to Exercise Through Tele-Exercise for People with SCI (2016)

PURPOSE: 1) To test the feasibility of implementing a monitored web-based exercise intervention delivered in the home for people with spinal cord injury (SCI) and 2) describe their perceptions of completing the program. METHODS: 4 adults with SCI (age: 43.5 ± 5.3 yrs; post injury: 25.8 ± 4.3 yrs; 1 female) completed a mixed-methods sequential design with two phases: an 8 week intervention, followed by a 3 week non-intervention period. The intervention was progressed to three 45-min sessions/week of remotely-supervised exercise on an upper body ergometer at moderate intensity (60-80% of HR reserve). Instrumentation included a tablet, physiological monitor, and custom Android app that delivered live video-feed as well as heart and respiration rate data to a remote-trainer. Data compared pre and post intervention included aerobic capacity (VO2peak), adherence (% of sessions attended), and three questionnaires: the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and Quality of Life Index (QLI). To qualitatively explore participant’s perceptions of the features and impact of the intervention, they were interviewed at the end of the follow-up phase. RESULTS: Participants completed the intervention with 100% adherence. A 24% increase in VO2peak and elevated scores on the PASIPD (71%) and SWLS (18%) were observed from pre to post. Post follow-up, participants reported increased strength, endurance, and efficiency, which enabled them to live a healthier, more active lifestyle. Tele-exercise was reported beneficial for the motivation provided by a fitness expert and its ability to circumvent barriers commonly experienced at a fitness facility, including lack of access, usability, transportation, cost, and time. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that people with SCI can adhere to a tele-exercise program and acknowledge it as an accessible and convenient means of exercise. Health professionals should consider prescribing tele-exercise for community-dwelling people with SCI who have limited or no access to onsite programs or outdoor activities. Further study of the effects of tele-exercise is warranted in a larger sample.Funding: National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR grant # 90RE5009-01-00).
The Form of the Enriched Surface Layer in Polymer Blends (1990)

The Form of the Enriched Surface Layer in Polymer Blends, R. A. L. Jones, L. J. Norton, E. J. Kramer, R. J. Composto, R. S. Stein, T. P. Russell, A. Mansour, A. Karim, G. P. Felcher, M. H. Rafailovich, J. Sokolov, X. Zhao, S. A. Schwarz
EB1–Microtubule Interactions inXenopusEgg Extracts: Role of EB1 in Microtubule Stabilization and Mechanisms of Targeting to Microtubules (2002)

EB1 targets to polymerizing microtubule ends, where it is favorably positioned to regulate microtubule polymerization and confer molecular recognition of the microtubule end. In this study, we focus on two aspects of the EB1-microtubule interaction: regulation of microtubule dynamics by EB1 and the mechanism of EB1 association with microtubules. Immunodepletion of EB1 from cytostatic factor-arrested M-phase Xenopus egg extracts dramatically reduced microtubule length; this was complemented by readdition of EB1. By time-lapse microscopy, EB1 increased the frequency of microtubule rescues and decreased catastrophes, resulting in increased polymerization and decreased depolymerization and pausing. Imaging of EB1 fluorescence revealed a novel structure: filamentous extensions on microtubule plus ends that appeared during microtubule pauses; loss of these extensions correlated with the abrupt onset of polymerization. Fluorescent EB1 localized to comets at the polymerizing plus ends of microtubules in cytostatic factor extracts and uniformly along the lengths of microtubules in interphase extracts. The temporal decay of EB1 fluorescence from polymerizing microtubule plus ends predicted a dissociation half-life of seconds. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching also revealed dissociation and rebinding of EB1 to the microtubule wall with a similar half-life. EB1 targeting to microtubules is thus described by a combination of higher affinity binding to polymerizing ends and lower affinity binding along the wall, with continuous dissociation. The latter is likely to be attenuated in interphase. The highly conserved effect of EB1 on microtubule dynamics suggests it belongs to a core set of regulatory factors conserved in higher organisms, and the complex pattern of EB1 targeting to microtubules could be exploited by the cell for coordinating microtubule behaviors.
Optimal Placement of Hybrid Wind-Solar System Using Deep Learning Model (2022)

In this paper, we develop an optimal placement of solar-wind energy systems using restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM). The RBM considers various factors to scale the process of optimal placement and enables proper sizing and placement for attaining increased electricity production from both wind and solar systems. The multiobjective criterion from both solar and wind energy farms simulated on MATLAB simulator shows an increased number of accuracies with reduced mean average error and computation time during training and testing. The results show that the RBM achieves improved rate of finding the optimal placement with a lesser cost and computation time of lesser than 2 ms than other methods.
Novel area-efficient techniques for improving ESD performance of Drain extended transistors (2014)

DEMOS devices have poor ESD robustness due to kirk effect induced snapback. Isolated DEMOS devices, in addition to the kirk effect induced second snapback, are also vulnerable to failures induced by the parasitic NPN to isolation. In addition, we demonstrate here, that some DEMOS devices show intrinsically non-scalable breakdown current (IT1) behavior due to insufficient body resistance. We then demonstrate techniques to restore IT1 scalability in these devices. We finally demonstrate the effectiveness of using selectively SBLKed drain fingers to enable self protection in small DEMOS devices.
In vitro transcription of immunoglobulin genes in a B-cell extract: effects of enhancer and promoter sequences. (1987)

Transfection experiments have led to the identification of three DNA sequences that are responsible for the tissue-specific expression of immunoglobulin genes. As a first step toward characterizing these regulatory phenomena at the biochemical level, we report the development of an in vitro transcription system from cells of the B lymphoid lineage. In these extracts, transcription of the MOPC41 kappa promoter is correctly initiated and dependent on the presence of an upstream sequence element located between -44 and -79 base pairs from the cap site. Second, although standard in vitro transcriptions are not affected by the presence or absence of enhancer sequences, we observed that the addition of polyethylene glycol led to a B-cell extract-specific suppression of transcription from a template that carries an immunoglobulin enhancer.