gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oral Vaccines: An Old Need and Some New Possibilities (2012)

Oral vaccines offer significant advantages as the polio eradication campaign has demonstrated, over delivery via needle and syringe. Additionally, mucosal immunity generated by oral vaccines, along with systemic immunity, can provide an important means of controlling infections that are caused by pathogens that infect the gut mucosa. There are a number of approaches being evaluated to deliver vaccines orally and efforts are also being devoted to understand the mechanism of determining the generation of oral immunity and overcoming oral tolerance.
Unpinned interface Fermi-level in Schottky contacts to n-GaAs capped with low-temperature-grown GaAs; experiments and modeling using defect state distributions (2003)

Low-temperature-grown GaAs (LTG:GaAs) has been used as a cap layer in ex situ, low-resistance contact structures to n-GaAs, indicating that a chemically stable surface with well-controlled electrical properties can be realized using this cap. Recently, capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements on Schottky contacts have provided a direct indication of an unpinned interface Fermi-level in structures consisting of n-GaAs layers capped with thin layers of LTG:GaAs. This article describes experimental and modeling efforts to describe the near-interface energy band and Fermi-level behavior at metal/LTG:GaAs/n-GaAs interfaces. The C–V data are summarized, and the results of current–voltage measurements are presented to corroborate the initial observations. In simulation of the energy barrier, the defect bands in as-grown LTG:GaAs, for both unintentionally and Be-doped material, were described by models obtained by fitting to experimental data from scanning tunneling spectroscopy and other techniques. The near-interface energy band structure for the Schottky contacts to the LTG:GaAs-capped n-GaAs was computed by solving Poisson’s equation using the resulting midgap state distribution model in the LTG:GaAs layer. This approach allows an accurate determination of the interface barrier height, φb, from measured C–V data and accounts for the net charge and state densities in the cap layer. The results of measurements using metals of different work functions and possible interpretations in terms of interface Fermi-level pinning models are presented.
Chemical Biology of DNA Polymerases: From Selectivity to New Functions (2007)

DNA polymerases are involved in all DNA synthesis occurring in nature. Furthermore, DNA polymerases are the workhorses in numerous important molecular biological core technologies like the ubiquitous polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cDNA cloning, genome sequencing and nucleic acids based diagnostics. In order to identify DNA polymerase mutants with altered properties, we set up an efficient high through put setup to rapidly screen libraries of DNA polymerase mutants in automated parallel fashion and identified entities with significantly increased selectivity. Furthermore, our results indicate a rational to generally increase DNA polymerase selectivity as we demonstrate for several enzymes from different DNA polymerase families. Additionally, we show that the generation of a new DNA polymerase function is achievable through iterative screening of small libraries of DNA polymerase derived by randomization of the respective genes. We demonstrate that the identified mutants find immediate applications and provide the basis for the development of new means for diagnostic technologies.
Pattern fidelity improvement of chemo-epitaxy DSA process for high-volume manufacturing (2016)

Directed self-assembly (DSA) is one of the candidates for next generation lithography. Over the past few years, cylindrical and lamellar structures dictated by the block co-polymer (BCP) composition have been investigated for use in patterning contact holes or lines, and, Tokyo Electron Limited (TEL is a registered trademark or a trademark of Tokyo Electron Limited in Japan and /or other countries.) has presented the evaluation results and the advantages of each-<sup>1-5</sup>. In this report, we will present the latest results regarding the defect reduction work on a model line/space system. Especially it is suggested that the defectivity of the neutral layer has a large impact on the defectivity of the DSA patterns. Also, LER/LWR reduction results will be presented with a focus on the improvements made during the etch transferring the DSA patterns into the underlayer.
Understanding Terminal versus Bridging End-on N2 Coordination in Transition Metal Complexes (2021)

Terminal and bridging end-on coordination of N<sub>2</sub> to transition metal complexes offer possibilities for distinct pathways in ammonia synthesis and N<sub>2</sub> functionalization. Here we elucidate the fundamental factors controlling the two binding modes and determining which is favored for a given metal-ligand system, using both quantitative density functional theory (DFT) and qualitative molecular orbital (MO) analyses. The Gibbs free energy for converting two terminal MN<sub>2</sub> complexes into a bridging MNNM complex and a free N<sub>2</sub> molecule (2Δ<i>G</i><sub>eq</sub><sup>°</sup>) is examined through systematic variations of the metal and ligands; values of Δ<i>G</i><sub>eq</sub><sup>°</sup> range between +9.1 and -24.0 kcal/mol per M-N<sub>2</sub> bond. We propose a model that accounts for these broad variations by assigning a fixed π-bond order (BO<sup>π</sup>) to the triatomic terminal MNN moiety that is equal to that of the free N<sub>2</sub> molecule, and a variable BO<sup>π</sup> to the bridging complexes based on the character (bonding or antibonding) and occupancy of the π-MOs in the tetratomic MNNM core. When the conversion from terminal to bridging coordination and free N<sub>2</sub> is associated with an increase in the number of π-bonds (ΔBO<sub>eq</sub><sup>π</sup> > 0), the bridging mode is greatly favored; this condition is satisfied when each metal provides 1, 2, or 3 electrons to the π-MOs of the MNNM core. When each metal in the bridging complex provides 4 electrons to the MNNM π-MOs, ΔBO<sub>eq</sub><sup>π</sup> = 0; the equilibrium in this case is approximately ergoneutral and the direction can be shifted by dispersion interactions.
Simulation of ultrasonic fields in anisotropic materials using 2D ray tracing method (2012)

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation S. R. Kolkoori, M. -U. Rahaman, P. K. Chinta, R. Boehm, J. Prager; Simulation of ultrasonic fields in anisotropic materials using 2D ray tracing method. AIP Conference Proceedings 24 May 2012; 1433 (1): 743–746. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3703288 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAIP Publishing PortfolioAIP Conference Proceedings Search Advanced Search |Citation Search
Clinicoradiological Outcomes of Surgical Revascularization for Moyamoya Disease with minimum 10-year follow-up (2020)

Online date: November 16, 2020 This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model)
On preserving privacy in content-oriented networks (2011)

The recent literature has hailed the benefits of content-oriented network architectures. However, such designs pose a threat to privacy by revealing a user's content requests. In this paper, we study how to ameliorate privacy in such designs. We present an approach that does not require any special infrastructure or shared secrets between the publishers and consumers of content. In lieu of any informational asymmetry, the approach leverages computational asymmetry by forcing the adversary to perform sizable computations to reconstruct each request. This approach does not provide ideal privacy, but makes it hard for an adversary to effectively monitor the content requests of a large number of users.
Four-wave-mixing two-photon coherence in semiconductors (1993)

Using a standard backward phase-conjugate degenerate four-wave-mixing (DFWM) geometry, we have measured the dependence of the DFWM signal on the polarization of the interacting fields for a number of polycrystalline (i.e. isotropic) semiconductors and dielectrics within their transparency region.
In vivo human testicular function assessed with P-31 MR spectroscopy. (1990)

The clinical feasibility of assessing testicular metabolic integrity with phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy was investigated in six healthy volunteers and 23 patients with azoospermia. MR spectroscopic findings were compared with sperm count and motility in all patients and with findings at testicular biopsy in 23 patients. Significant differences (P less than .05) were found between the P-31 spectra of normal and azoospermic testicles in the following peak area ratios: phosphomonoester (PM)/beta-adenosine triphosphate, PM/phosphodiester, and inorganic phosphate/PM. In the patients with azoospermia, there were significant differences in these same peak area ratios between patients with primary testicular failure and those with chronic tubular obstruction. Although the differences between these two groups were statistically significant, there was a large overlap in numbers, and therefore a study with a larger patient population will be required. P-31 MR spectroscopy is a sensitive tool for assessment of testicular metabolic integrity and differentiation of normal testicles from those with markedly decreased spermatogenesis.
High-gain high-sensitivity resonant Ge/Si APD photodetectors (2010)

In this paper we present a separate-absorption-charge-multiplication Ge/Si avalanche photodiode, which has a high gain-bandwidth product (e.g., &gt;860GHz at a wavelength of 1310nm). Such a high gain-bandwidth product is attributed to the peak enhancement of the frequency response at the high frequency range. From a small signal analysis, we establish an equivalent circuit model which includes a capacitance parallel connected with an inductance due to the avalanche process. When the APD operates at high bias voltages, the LC circuit provides a resonance in the avalanche, which introduces a peak enhancement.
Ultrafast structural dynamics in InSb measured using time resolved X-ray diffraction (2003)

Summary form only given. Ultrafast structural changes in molecules and solids have only recently begun to be directly probed with X-ray sources. For example, conformational changes in proteins, the breaking of chemical bonds, and laser-induced phase transitions in solids may all be studied on an atomic length scale using the method of X-ray diffraction. In the report, we study laser-induced changes in the long range order of the semiconductor InSb.
Electrochemical Degradation of Reactive Blue 19 Dye by Combining Boron‐Doped Diamond and Reticulated Vitreous Carbon Electrodes (2019)

Abstract Reactive Blue 19 (RB‐19) dye has a low fixation efficiency, a long half‐life and high toxicity. It is easily loss during the cleaning of textiles and can remain in the environment for a long time, causing serious environmental problems if not removed. This study reports the degradation of RB‐19 by: 1) direct electrochemical degradation with boron‐doped diamond (BDD) electrodes and 2) combined processes using BDD and reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) electrodes that generate H 2 O 2 . The direct degradation uses different current densities and concentrations. High currents densities, longer electrolysis times and low volumetric flow rates favour RB‐19 degradation, removing total colour and 100 % TOC after 5 and 60 min, respectively. At a current density of 41 mA cm −2 and a volumetric flow rate of 20 dm 3 h −1 , the energy consumption to degrade 20 mg dm −3 of RB‐19 was 279 kWh kg −1 . The TOC removal of RB‐19 dye combining BDD and RVC at a current density of 41 mA cm −2 was below 72 % after 90 min and the energy consumption increased to 612 kWh kg −1 . The higher energy consumption observed during the combined process suggests that the direct degradation process at low volumetric flow rates is more efficient than the combined process.
Study on response characteristics of grid‐side converter controller of PMSG to sub‐synchronous frequency component (2017)

Multiple sub‐/super‐synchronous frequency components were detected when sub‐synchronous oscillation (SSO) occured in permanent magent synchronous generator (PMSG)‐based wind farm in Northwest China. This caused three 600 MW turbine generators to trip because of torsional oscillation of the shaft. Then for one year, for eliminating the multiple frequency components, the relevant wind farms have been tripped for 111 times. The tripped wind power sometimes could even be up to 300 MW. However, the multiple frequency components' producing mechanism is still not clear. This study explains the mechanism by analysing the response characteristics of grid‐side converter (GSC) controller to the sub‐synchronous frequency component. When a sub‐synchronous frequency component is fed into GSC controller as an input signal, the expression for the output signal is derived. Furthermore, the frequency transformation relationship between input and output signals, the amplitudes of multiple frequency components in output signals are all discussed in detail. The theoretical analysis is then validated by the simulation results and the on‐site data measured by the phasor measurement unit (PMU). With the theoretical analysis, the main frequency components which should be suppressed are determined. The multiple frequency components can be mitigated not by tripping wind farms any more. This is conducive to the accommodation of renewable energy.
MAL promoter hypermethylation as a novel prognostic marker in gastric cancer (2008)

T-lymphocyte maturation associated protein, MAL, has been described as a tumour-suppressor gene with diagnostic value in colorectal and oesophageal cancers, and can be inactivated by promoter hypermethylation. The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of MAL promoter hypermethylation and the association with mRNA expression in gastric cancers and to correlate methylation status to clinicopathological data. Bisulphite-treated DNA isolated from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples of 202 gastric adenocarcinomas and 22 normal gastric mucosae was subjected to real-time methylation-specific PCR (Q-MSP). Two regions within the MAL promoter (M1 and M2) were analysed. In addition, 17 frozen gastric carcinomas and two gastric cancer cell lines were analysed both by Q-MSP and real-time RT-PCR. Methylation of M1 and M2 occurred in 71 and 80% of the gastric cancers, respectively, but not in normal gastric mucosa tissue. Hypermethylation of M2, but not M1, correlated with significantly better disease-free survival in a univariate (P=0.03) and multivariate analysis (P=0.03) and with downregulation of expression (P=0.01). These results indicate that MAL has a putative tumour-suppressor gene function in gastric cancer, and detection of promoter hypermethylation may be useful as a prognostic marker.
IL-4 regulates c-kit proto-oncogene product expression in human mast and myeloid progenitor cells (1991)

The c-kit proto-oncogene encodes the receptor for a novel hemopoietic cytokine, termed stem cell factor (SCF) or mast cell growth factor (MGF) according to its stimulating spectrum. The human receptor for SCF/MGF is expressed in a subset of normal bone marrow progenitor cells, in leukemic myeloid cells, and in mast cells. In the present study, the effects of recombinant human growth regulators (IL-1 through -9, granulocyte-macrophage/granulocyte/macrophage-CSF, IFN, and TNF) on c-kit proto-oncogene product expression were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence, by using the anti-SCF/MGFR mAb YB5.B8, and Northern blot analyses, by using a c-kit oligonucleotide probe. Of all cytokines tested, IL-4 was found to down-regulate expression of YB5.B8 Ag in the human mast cell line HMC-1 (maximum inhibition, 51.05 +/- 16.36% mean fluorescence intensity of control; p less than 0.02), as well as in primary leukemic myeloid cells. IL-4 was also found to down-regulate expression of YB5.B8 Ag in normal enriched bone marrow progenitor cells. The effects of IL-4 on expression of YB8.B8 Ag in myeloid/mast cell progenitors was dose and time dependent (maximum effects observed on days 2 and/or 4, by using 50 U/ml of rIL-4) and could be neutralized by using anti-IL-4 mAb. Moreover, IL-4 was found to down-regulate expression of c-kit mRNA in leukemic myeloid cells as well as in HMC-1 cells. Together, these observations identify IL-4 as a regulator of c-kit proto-oncogene product expression in the human system. The effects of IL-4 on human hemopoietic progenitor cells and mast cells may be mediated in part through regulation of SCF/MGFR expression.
Squamous cell carcinoma antigens are sensitive biomarkers for atopic dermatitis in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study (2021)

SCCAs, especially SCCA2, are sensitive biomarkers for detecting AD in children and adolescents and for assessing the severity and response to treatment of severe AD.
Compatibilizing Bulk Polymer Blends by Using Organoclays (2006)

We have studied the morphology of blends of PS/PMMA, PC/SAN24, and PMMA/EVA and compared the morphologies with and without modified organoclay Cloisite 20A or Cloisite 6A clays. In each case we found a large reduction in domains size and the localization of the clay platelets along the interfaces of the components. The increased miscibility was accompanied in some cases, with the reduction of the system from multiple values of the glass transition temperatures to one. In addition, the modulus of all the systems increased significantly. A model was proposed where it was proposed that in-situ grafts were forming on the clay surfaces during blending and the grafts then had to be localized at the interfaces. This blending mechanism reflects the composition of the blend and is fairly nonspecific. As a result, this may be a promising technology for use in processing recycled blends where the composition is often uncertain and price is of general concern.
Why Does Kevlar Decompose, while Nomex Does Not, When Treated with Aqueous Chlorine Solutions? (2007)

Kevlar and Nomex are high-performance polymers which have wide varieties of applications in daily life. Recently, they have been proposed to be biocidal materials when reacted with household bleach (sodium hypochlorite solution) because they contain amide moieties which can be chlorinated to generate biocidal N-halamine functional groups. Although Nomex can be chlorinated without any significant decomposition, Kevlar decomposes under the same chlorination conditions. In this study, two mimics for each of the polymers were synthesized to simulate the carboxylate and diaminophenylene components of the materials. It was found that the p-diaminophenylene component of the Kevlar mimic is oxidized to a quinone-type structure upon treatment with hypochlorous acid, which then decomposes. However, such a mechanism for the Nomex mimic is not possible. In this paper, based upon these observations, a plausible answer will be provided to the title question.
Simultaneous, Single-Particle Measurements of Size and Loading Give Insights into the Structure of Drug-Delivery Nanoparticles (2021)

Nanoparticles are a promising solution for delivery of a wide range of medicines and vaccines. Optimizing their design depends on being able to resolve, understand, and predict biophysical and therapeutic properties, as a function of design parameters. While existing tools have made great progress, gaps in understanding remain because of the inability to make detailed measurements of multiple correlated properties. Typically, an average measurement is made across a heterogeneous population, obscuring potentially important information. In this work, we develop and apply a method for characterizing nanoparticles with single-particle resolution. We use convex lens-induced confinement (CLiC) microscopy to isolate and quantify the diffusive trajectories and fluorescent intensities of individual nanoparticles trapped in microwells for long times. First, we benchmark detailed measurements of fluorescent polystyrene nanoparticles against prior data to validate our approach. Second, we apply our method to investigate the size and loading properties of lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vehicles containing silencing RNA (siRNA), as a function of lipid formulation, solution pH, and drug-loading. By taking a comprehensive look at the correlation between the intensity and size measurements, we gain insights into LNP structure and how the siRNA is distributed in the LNP. Beyond introducing an analytic for size and loading, this work allows for future studies of dynamics with single-particle resolution, such as LNP fusion and drug-release kinetics. The prime contribution of this work is to better understand the connections between microscopic and macroscopic properties of drug-delivery vehicles, enabling and accelerating their discovery and development.
Bone Phantoms for the observation of the fast and slow waves (2015)

Working with bone mimicking phantoms is necessary for the development of ultrasonic methods for bone characterization. The phantoms currently available for trabecular bone do not mimic some of the bone ultrasonic properties accurately. We report the fabrication of anisotropic phantoms, constituted of square rods, using a modified stereolithographic printer. Ultrasound pulse propagation was performed in the phantoms and the fast and slow waves could be observed for a propagation along the main orientation of the rods. This work demonstrates the feasibility of printing anisotropic structures with a typical size comparable to the size of bone trabeculae. Further work will be directed towards high resolution printing of full trabecular micro-structures.