gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Silicon carbide high performance optics: a cost-effective, flexible fabrication process</title> (2001)

Silicon carbide may well be the best known material for the manufacture of high performance optical components. This material offers many advantages over glasses and metals that have historically been used in high performance optical systems. A combination of extremely high specific stiffness (E/r), high thermal conductivity and outstanding dimensional stability make silicon carbide superior overall to beryllium and low-expansion glass ceramics. A major impediment to wide use of silicon carbide in optical systems has been the cost associated with preliminary shaping and final finishing of silicon carbide. Because silicon carbide is an extremely hard and strong material, precision machining can only be done with expensive diamond tooling on very stiff high quality machine tools. Near-net-shape slip casting of silicon carbide can greatly reduce the cost of silicon carbide mirror substrates but this process still requires significant diamond grinding of the cast components. The process described here begins by machining the component from all special type of graphite. This graphite can rapidly be machined with conventional multi-axis CNC machine tools to achieve any level of complexity and lightweighting required. The graphite is then directly converted completely to silicon carbide with very small and very predictable dimensional change. After conversion to silicon carbide the optical surface is coated with very fine grain CVD silicon carbide which is easily polished to extreme smoothness. Details of the fabrication process are described and photos and performance specifications of an eight-inch elliptical demonstration mirror are provided.
β2-Adrenoceptor Polymorphisms Relate to Obesity Through Blunted Leptin-Mediated Sympathetic Activation (2006)

The findings demonstrate a strong and significant association of the Gly16 and Glu27 alleles with obesity. Lower slopes between leptin and NE in the subjects carrying these beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphisms indirectly indicate a blunted leptin-mediated sympathetic nerve activity. We propose that the beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphisms related to blunted leptin-mediated sympathetic activation offers further proof for the mechanisms of obesity.
Table 1 from Stress Chaperone Mortalin Contributes to Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Metastasis (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Fold change in expression of genes in Mortalin-overexpressing MDA cells as compared to the control&lt;/p&gt;
Flat and Conformal Optics with Dielectric Metasurfaces (2016)

35 words abstract: In this talk I will give an overview of our progress towards design and fabrication of flat or conformal dielectric metasurface devices with multiple functionalities.Flat optical devices based on lithographically patterned sub-wavelength dielectric nano-structures provide precise control over optical wavefronts, and thus promise to revolutionize the field of free-space optics. I discuss our work on high contrast transmitarrays and reflectarrays composed of silicon nano-posts located on top of low index substrates like silica glass or transparent polymers. Complete control of both phase and polarization is achieved at the level of single nano-post, which enables control of the optical wavefront with sub-wavelength spatial resolution. Using this nano-post platform, we demonstrate lenses, waveplates, polarizers, arbitrary beam splitters and holograms. Devices that provide multiple functionalities, like simultaneous polarization beam splitting and focusing are implemented. By embedding the metasurfaces in flexible substrates, conformal optical devices that decouple the geometrical shape and optical function are shown. Multiple flat optical elements are integrated in optical systems such as planar retro-reflectors and Fourier lens systems with applications in ultra-compact imaging systems. Applications in microscopy and the prospects for tunable devices are discussed.
ADAPTABASE - ADAPTIVE MACHINE LEARNING BASED DATABASE CROSSTECHNOLOGY SELECTION (2018)

As modern applications and systems are growing fast and continuously changing, back-end services in general and database services in particular are being challenged with dynamic loads and differential query behaviour. The traditional best practice of designing database -creating fixed relational schemas prior to deployment -becomes irrelevant. While newer database technologies such as document based and columnar are more flexible, they perform better only under certain conditions that are hard to predict. Frequent manual modifications of database structures and technologies under production require expert skills, increase management costs and often ends up with sub-optimal performance. In this paper we propose AdaptaBase -a solution for performance optimization of database technologies in accordance with application query demands by using machine learning to model application query behavioural patterns and learning the optimal database technology per each behavioural pattern. Experiments present a reduction in query execution time of over 25% for the relational-columnar model selection, and over 30% for the relation-document based model selection.
Generation of Mice Expressing Only the Long Form of the Prolactin Receptor Reveals That Both Isoforms of the Receptor Are Required for Normal Ovarian Function1 (2011)

Prolactin (PRL), a pleiotropic hormone essential for maintenance of corpus luteum (CL) function and pregnancy, transduces its signal through two types of receptors, a short form (PRLR-S) and a long form (PRLR-L). Both types of receptors are expressed in the CL, yet their individual roles are not well defined. We have shown previously that female transgenic mice expressing only PRLR-S display total infertility characterized by defective follicular development and early degeneration of CL, suggesting that expression of PRLR-L is a prerequisite for normal follicular development and maintenance of CL. To determine whether PRLR-L alone is the sole receptor required to maintain normal CL formation, differentiation, and progesterone secretion, we generated two transgenic mice which express only PRLR-L, either ubiquitously (Tg-RL) or in a CL-specific manner (CL-RL). To generate CL-specific expression, we used the HSD17B7 promoter. We found both transgenic mice models cycled normally, displayed no apparent defect in follicular development, and had normal ovulation rates. The STAT5 signaling pathway, considered essential for luteinization and progesterone production, was activated by PRL in both transgenic mice models. However, soon after mating, Tg-RL and CL-RL mice showed early regression of CL, lack of progesterone production, and implantation failure that rendered them totally infertile. Embryo transfer studies demonstrated no embryo abnormalities, and supplementation with progesterone rescued implantation failure in these mice. Close observation revealed lack of luteinization and reduced expression of proteins involved in progesterone biosynthesis despite normal levels of LHCGR (LH-R), ESR1 (ER-alpha), CEBPB (C/EBP-beta) and CDKN1B (p27), proteins essential for luteinization. However, we found VEGFA, a key regulator of angiogenesis and vascularization, to be dramatically reduced in both Tg-RL and CL-RL mice. We also found collagen IV, a marker for the basal lamina of endothelial cells, aberrantly expressed and a discordant organization of endothelial cells in CL. Although luteinization did not occur in vivo, granulosa cells isolated from these mice luteinized in culture. Taken together, these results suggest that a vascularization defect in the CL may be responsible for lack of luteinization, progesterone production, and infertility in mice expressing only PRLR-L. This investigation therefore demonstrates that in contrast to earlier presumptions that PRLR-L alone is able to support normal CL formation and function, both isoforms of the PRL receptor are required in the CL for normal female fertility.
Study on a prototype oval body PET insert for a 3T MRI system (2017)

We have developed an oval shape RF-penetrable PET insert in a motivation for PET/MR body imaging with an existing 3T clinical MRI system. The MRI built-in body RF coil was used both as transmitter and receiver. We implemented 12 RF-shielded PET modules on a 440-mm major-axis and 350-mm minor-axis oval frame in which 8 PET modules contained PET detectors and electronics. The RF shielded PET detectormodules with electric data transmission cable were electrically floated from the MRI ground to use the MRI built in RF coil as transmitter and receiver. The system was positioned on the MRI patient bed. Experimental results showed about 6 percentagepoint RF field homogeneity reduction, about 50% SNR reduction for spin-echo sequence compare to MRI-only data for the 150mm diameter X 120 mm length cylindrical imaging region. Also, about 1.25 times increase in maximum local SAR was seen for the central 130 mm diameter transverse plane. The system successfully cleared a major step towards developing large scale oval PET insert for body imaging in an existing MRI system.
Mean-field Approximations for Stochastic Population Processes with Heterogeneous Interactions (2021)

This paper studies a general class of stochastic population processes in which agents interact with one another over a network. Agents update their behaviors in a random and decentralized manner according to a policy that depends only on the agent's current state and an estimate of the macroscopic population state, given by a weighted average of the neighboring states. When the number of agents is large and the network is a complete graph (has all-to-all information access), the macroscopic behavior of the population can be well-approximated by a set of deterministic differential equations called a {\it mean-field approximation}. For incomplete networks such characterizations remained previously unclear, i.e., in general whether a suitable mean-field approximation exists for the macroscopic behavior of the population. The paper addresses this gap by establishing a generic theory describing when various mean-field approximations are accurate for \emph{arbitrary} interaction structures. Our results are threefold. Letting $W$ be the matrix describing agent interactions, we first show that a simple mean-field approximation that incorrectly assumes a homogeneous interaction structure is accurate provided $W$ has a large spectral gap. Second, we show that a more complex mean-field approximation which takes into account agent interactions is accurate as long as the Frobenius norm of $W$ is small. Finally, we compare the predictions of the two mean-field approximations through simulations, highlighting cases where using mean-field approximations that assume a homogeneous interaction structure can lead to inaccurate qualitative and quantitative predictions.
Optimization of dispersion-managed optical fiber lines (2002)

We present various approaches to the optimization of optical fiber lines and discuss the ranges of validity of such methods. An effective scheme for upgrading of existing transmission lines using dispersion-management with optimization of the pre- and post-compensating fiber is examined. The theory and numerical methods are illustrated in application to the upgrade of a specific installed Deutsche Telekom fiber line.
Reliable Attribute-Based Object Recognition Using High Predictive Value Classifiers (2016)

We consider the problem of object recognition in 3D using an ensemble of attribute-based classifiers. We propose two new concepts to improve classification in practical situations, and show their implementation in an approach implemented for recognition from point-cloud data. First, the viewing conditions can have a strong influence on classification performance. We study the impact of the distance between the camera and the object and propose an approach to fuse multiple attribute classifiers, which incorporates distance into the decision making. Second, lack of representative training samples often makes it difficult to learn the optimal threshold value for best positive and negative detection rate. We address this issue, by setting in our attribute classifiers instead of just one threshold value, two threshold values to distinguish a positive, a negative and an uncertainty class, and we prove the theoretical correctness of this approach. Empirical studies demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed concepts.
Association between raw milk and human Salmonella dublin infection. (1979)

Between 1971 and 1975 the mean annual incidence of human Salmonella dublin infection in California increased more than five-fold. Investigation of the increase showed an association with exposure to raw milk in 44 out of 113 cases. Of these 44 patients, 35 had used certified raw milk from a single dairy. Faecal swabs confirmed S dublin infection in the dairy herd and the milk, and so a pasteurisation order was issued. S dublin appears to be an unusually invasive and life-threatening salmonella serotype: 65% of isolations were obtained from non-faecal specimens (mainly blood cultures), 89 patients (80%) were admitted to hospital and 22 patients died. Almost three-quarters of the patients were aged 20 or over, and half had serious underlying diseases, particularly leukaemias and lymphomas. Five patients presented with infected vascular lesions that included aneurysms with abscesses and infections of previous arterial graft sites. The public's increasing desire for a "health food" such as raw milk should be tempered with an appreciation of its attendant risk to health.
Non-paraxial Talbot Effect for Building Compact Spectrometers (2016)

We explore the possibility of utilizing mid-field Talbot effect under non-paraxial diffraction for building compact spectrometers. Our experiment demonstrates nanometer resolution with a bandwidth over at least 100 nm for a Talbot spectrometer built using a standard 1-D transmission grating and a commercial CMOS imager. The effect of angular spread at the grating surface on spectral resolution is also investigated theoretically.
Regional Distributions of Hippocampal Na+, K+‐ATPase, Cytochrome Oxidase, and Total Protein in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (1995)

Na+,K(+)-ATPase (the sodium pump) is a ubiquitous enzyme that consumes ATP to maintain an adequate neuronal transmembrane electrical potential necessary for brain function and to dissipate ionic transients. Reductions in sodium pump function augment the sensitivity of neurons to glutamate, increasing excitability and neuronal damage in vitro. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one disease characterized by hyperexcitability and marked hippocampal neuronal losses that could depend in part, on impaired sodium pump capacity secondary to changes in sodium pump levels and/or insufficient ATP supply. To assess whether abnormalities in the sodium pump occur in this disease, we used [3H]ouabain to determine the density of Na+,K(+)-ATPase for each anatomic region of hippocampus by in vitro autoradiography. Tissues were surgically obtained from epileptic patients with hippocampal sclerosis and compared with specimens from patients with seizures originating from temporal lobe tumors and autopsy controls. Changes in cellular population arising from neuronal losses or gliosis were assessed by protein densities derived from quantitative computerized densitometry of Coomassie-stained tissue sections. We estimated regional differences in capacity for ATP generation by determining cytochrome c oxidase (CO) activity. Principal neurons of hippocampus exhibit high levels of sodium pump enzyme. Both epilepsy groups exhibited slight but significant increases in sodium pump density/unit mass of protein in the dentate molecular layer, CA2, and subiculum as compared with autopsy controls. Greater hilar sodium pump density was also observed in sclerotic hippocampi. In contrast, CO activity was reduced in both epilepsy types throughout hippocampus. Results suggest that although sodium pump protein in surviving neurons appears to be upregulated in epilepsy, sodium pump capacity may be limited by the reduced levels of CO activity. Functional reduction in sodium pump capacity may be an important factor in hyperexcitability and neuronal death.
Defensin Modulates Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator and Plasminogen Binding to Fibrin and Endothelial Cells (1996)

Defensins are naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides that may participate in host defense against microorganisms. We previously reported that the amino acid sequence of leukocyte defensins resembles the lysine-binding site in the kringles of plasminogen and that defensin inhibits fibrinolysis mediated by tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen. In the present paper we analyze the mechanisms of this inhibition. Defensin binds specifically to cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) (half-maximal binding = 3 microM) as well as to fibrin. At saturating concentrations (5-10 microM), defensin stimulates the maximum binding of plasminogen to HUVEC and to fibrin approximately 10-fold. However, defensin inhibits plasminogen binding to both surfaces at concentrations >10 microM. Defensin also inhibits tPA and plasminogen-mediated fibrinolysis in a dose-dependent manner at all concentrations tested. Fibrinolysis is almost totally inhibited by 6 microM defensin, a concentration that stimulates the binding of plasminogen to fibrin. Discordance between the enhancement of plasminogen binding and its activation cannot be explained by an inhibitory effect of defensin on tPA binding nor by inhibition of plasmin activity, each of which occur only at higher concentrations. Rather, these results suggest that plasminogen bound to fibrin in the presence of defensin is less susceptible to activation by tPA.
Position of Epicardial Patch Electrodes for Implantable Defibrillation Significantly Affects Shock Strength Requirements (1995)

Apical-to-basal shock vectors (P1 and P3) yielded significantly lower defibrillation shock strength requirements than did a lateral-wall-to-lateral-wall vector (P2), which was perpendicular to the intraventricular septum. These data may help explain the disparity in defibrillation thresholds observed in the human population of patients undergoing implantable cardioverter defibrillator testing with epicardial patch electrodes.
Sequence Variants in SLITRK1 Are Associated with Tourette's Syndrome (2005)

Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a genetically influenced developmental neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by chronic vocal and motor tics. We studied Slit and Trk-like 1 (SLITRK1) as a candidate gene on chromosome 13q31.1 because of its proximity to a de novo chromosomal inversion in a child with TS. Among 174 unrelated probands, we identified a frameshift mutation and two independent occurrences of the identical variant in the binding site for microRNA hsa-miR-189. These variants were absent from 3600 control chromosomes. SLITRK1 mRNA and hsa-miR-189 showed an overlapping expression pattern in brain regions previously implicated in TS. Wild-type SLITRK1, but not the frameshift mutant, enhanced dendritic growth in primary neuronal cultures. Collectively, these findings support the association of rare SLITRK1 sequence variants with TS.
Enzyme precipitate coatings of glucose oxidase onto carbon paper for biofuel cell applications (2011)

Abstract Enzymatic biofuel cells (BFC) have a great potential as a small power source, but their practical applications are being hampered by short lifetime and low power density. This study describes the direct immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) onto the carbon paper in the form of highly stable and active enzyme precipitation coatings (EPCs), which can improve the lifetime and power density of BFCs. EPCs were fabricated directly onto the carbon paper via a three‐step process: covalent attachment (CA), enzyme precipitation, and chemical crosslinking. GOx‐immobilized carbon papers via the CA and EPC approaches were used as an enzyme anode and their electrochemical activities were tested under the BFC‐operating mode. The BFCs with CA and EPC enzyme anodes produced the maximum power densities of 50 and 250 µW/cm 2 , respectively. The BFC with the EPC enzyme anode showed a stable current density output of &gt;700 µA/cm 2 at 0.18 V under continuous operation for over 45 h. When a maple syrup was used as a fuel under ambient conditions, it also produced a stable current density of &gt;10 µA/cm 2 at 0.18 V for over 25 h. It is anticipated that the direct immobilization of EPC on hierarchical‐structured electrodes with a large surface area would further improve the power density of BFCs that can make their applications more feasible. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:318–324. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An In Vitro Evaluation of the Anti-Cancer Potential of Novel 1, 2, 4, 5-Tetraoxanes for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia at Physiologically Relevant Oxygen Tension (2020)

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is the most prevalent leukemia amongst adults in Europe and North America with a median age of diagnosis of 72 years. Risk factors for this disease include sex, ethnicity, age, hereditary influences and xenobiotic exposure. CLL is characterized by clonal proliferation with progressive accretion of B-cell lymphocytes expressing CD19+, CD5+ and CD23+ typically infiltrating the lymph system, spleen and bone marrow of susceptible persons. Treatment of CLL is via monotherapy with alkylating agents such as chlorambucil for elderly patients. As a relatively cheap chemotherapeutic with low toxicity chlorambucil has the disadvantage of having a low response and risk of side effects including myelodysplasia. Monoclonal antibodies such as Alemtuzumab have emerged as an alternative/combination therapy however; such therapy is typically more expensive and less convenient as an IV injection. This study reports on an investigation into novel drug therapy options for treatment of CLL and provides a comparative toxicity profile against non-tumour cells to determine selectivity. Five synthetic 1, 2, 4, 5-tetraoxanes, the semi-synthetic artemisinin derivative dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and clinically used chlorambucil were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity in two leukemic cell lines at physiologically relevant oxygen tension (5% v/v). All five tetraoxanes and DHA performed significantly better that chlorambucil against HL-60 cells with single digit micromolar antiproliferative IC50 values. Three tetraoxanes and DHA also displayed higher selectivity for tumour over non-tumour cells. Against the hard-to-treat MEC-1 cell line, all compounds showed less antiproliferative activity than against the HL-60 cell line. Only one of these compounds, a synthetic tetraoxane, had a selectivity index greater than 1, outperforming both chlorambucil and DHA and demonstrating that 1, 2, 4, 5-tetraoxanes have potential as a new class of anti-leukemia therapeutics.