gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High temperature SiC trench gate p-IGBTs (2003)

Various design issues pertaining to SiC-based IGBTs are described. A trench gate, p-channel IGBT was considered the most appropriate structure for fabrication in SiC. The fabrication and characterization of high temperature SiC IGBTs with high current levels are presented. Using optimized emitter processing, 6H-SiC p-IGBTs show a higher current capability than 4H-SiC p-IGBTs because of their lower emitter contact resistance and higher MOS channel mobility. Since IGBTs rely on minority carrier injection, the low bulk mobility parallel to the c-axis in 6H-SiC was not found to severely affect the current carrying capability as compared with 4H-SiC IGBTs in the present design. Measured results of these devices are described from room temperature to the 350-400/spl deg/C temperature range. For both polytypes, the current capability was found to be much larger when their MOS gates were fabricated in the 112~0 crystal direction compared with the 1100 crystal direction. The emitter (p-type) contact anneal was also found to significantly affect the performance of SiC IGBTs. 4H-SiC IGBTs showed a -85 V blocking capability (room temperature) and on-current of 100 mA at 350/spl deg/C. 6H-SiC IGBTs were demonstrated with -400 V blocking capability (at 25/spl deg/C) and 2 A at 400/spl deg/C.
Study on Grade Recovery and Cascade Utilization of Waste Heat From Sintering-Cooling Process (2011)

It is an important measure to recovery and utilize the waste heat resource of sintering-cooling process in cogeneration system for modern iron and steel enterprises nowadays.The key problems and causes of recovery and utilization of sintering waste heat were analyzed firstly,and then the method and technique of grade recovery and cascade utilization(GRUC) was put forward according to the first and second laws of thermodynamics.The waste heat was recovered in grades according to the quality firstly,and then different qualities of residual heat recovered were utilized in cascades.The higher-temperature part of sinter cooling waste gas was used for power recovery,the medium or lower-temperature parts were used for direct thermal utilizations,such as drying and preheating of sinter mixture,combustion-supporting for ignition,hot-air sintering and so on.It was notable that the waste heat should be satisfied for the direct thermal utilizations first of all.In addition,the key problems of GRUC were discussed.The results show that flow-rate of cooling air and height of sinter layer are main influencing factors on the recovery and utilization of waste heat;moreover,the leakage of sintering-cooling system is another aspect influencing waste heat recovery and utilization.
A novel, efficient and general synthetic route to unsymmetrical triphenylene mesogens using palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reactions (1994)

J. W. Goodby, M. Hird, K. J. Toyne and T. Watson, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, 1701 DOI: 10.1039/C39940001701
Increased Levels of Plasma Acylcarnitines in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes and Identification of a Marker of Glucolipotoxicity (2010)

Dysregulation of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is recognized as important in the pathophysiology of obesity and insulin resistance (IR). However, demonstrating FAO defects in vivo in humans has entailed complex and invasive methodologies. Recently, the identification of genetic blocks in FAO has been vastly simplified by using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) of dried bloodspots to specify acylcarnitine (AcylCN) alterations characteristic for each disorder. This technology has recently been applied to examine FAO alterations in human and animal models of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study focused on characterizing AcylCN profiles in human plasma from individuals with obesity and T2DM during fasting and insulin-stimulated conditions. Following an overnight fast, plasma was obtained from lean (n = 12), obese nondiabetic (n = 14), and T2DM (n = 10) participants and analyzed for AcylCN using MS/MS. Plasma samples were also obtained at the end of a 4-h insulin-stimulated euglycemic clamp. In obesity and T2DM, long-chain AcylCNs were similarly significantly increased in the fasted state; free-CN levels were also elevated. Additionally, T2DM subjects of comparable BMI had increased short- and medium-chain AcylCNs, both saturated and hydroxy, as well as increased C(4)-dicarboxylcarnitine (C(4)DC-CN) that correlated with an index of poor glycemic control (HbA(1c); r = 0.74; P < 0.0001). Insulin infusion reduced all species of plasma AcylCN but this reduction was blunted in T2DM. Plasma long-chain AcylCN species are increased in obesity and T2DM, suggesting that more fatty acids can enter mitochondria. In T2DM, many shorter species accumulate, suggesting that they have a generalized complex oxidation defect.
SK channels are necessary but not sufficient for denervation‐induced hyperexcitability (2002)

Skeletal muscle hyperexcitability is characteristically associated with denervation. Expression of SK3, a small conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel (SK channel) in skeletal muscle is induced by denervation, and direct application of apamin, a peptide blocker of SK channels, dramatically reduces hyperexcitability. To investigate the role of SK3 channels in denervation- induced hyperexcitability, SK3 expression was manipulated using a transgenic mouse that harbors a tetracycline-regulated SK3 gene. Electromyographic (EMG) recordings from anterior tibial (AT) muscle showed that denervated muscle from transgenic or wild-type animals had equivalent hyperexcitability that was blocked by apamin. In contrast, denervated skeletal muscle from SK3tTA mice lacking SK3 channels showed little or no hyperexcitability, similar to results from wild-type innervated skeletal muscle. However, innervated skeletal muscle from SK3tTA mice containing SK3 channels did not show hyperexcitability. The results demonstrate that SK3 channels are necessary but not sufficient for denervation-induced skeletal muscle hyperexcitability.
High-efficiency High-energy Photon Radiography Panels [Slides] (2021)

Demonstrate a developmental path towards production of efficient radiography panel for high energy radiography while keeping the production cost reasonable. Fulfill some needs identified in the research thrust GOR 2/K/b "Diagnostics systems".
Diaza‐ and Triazachrysenes: Potent Topoisomerase‐Targeting Agents with Exceptional Antitumor Activity Against the Human Tumor Xenograft, MDA‐MB‐435 (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enhanced Cellular Uptake of G-Rich Oligonucleotides (1995)

Abstract Sequence-dependency of cellular uptake of oligonucleotides into Vero cells has been studied. Cellular uptake of 5′-[35S]-labelled homopolymers decreased in the order (dG)16 >> (dT)16> (dA)16 > (dC)16. The change of two base-pairs (dG → dA) in a dG-rich antisense oligonucleotide with good antiviral activity dramatically decreased cellular uptake and abolished antiviral activity.
AC brushless drive with low resolution Hall-effect sensors for an axial flux PM machine (2004)

An AC brushless drive in which Hall effect sensors are used as rotor position sensors is presented in this paper. Three different methods to obtain high resolution position information from the low resolution sensors are described and compared through simulation and some preliminary experimental testing. The proposed control algorithm's most innovative feature is it's adaptability to the whole speed range, including start-up, when using any of the three estimation algorithms. The entire control algorithm has been implemented and tested in order to drive an axial-flux PM machine for home appliance applications.
Design and synthesis of a peptide derived from positions 195–244 of human cdc25C phosphatase (1999)

We have designed, synthesized and purified a 51 amino acid peptide derived from an essential domain of human cdc25C phosphatase. In vivo, differential phosphorylation of this domain regulates either the induction of mitotic processes, or the checkpoint arrest of eukaryotic cells in response to DNA damage. Peptide synthesis was achieved using the stepwise Fmoc strategy and resulted in an important yield of highly pure peptide. The final peptide was identified by amino acid analysis, electrospray mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, which revealed that one of the two methionines within the peptide was oxidized into its sulphoxide derivative We investigated whether this 51 amino acid peptide folded into secondary structures in solution by circular dichroism and observed the formation of alpha helices in TFE. Finally, we verified that this peptide could bind to its biologically relevant 14-3-3 partner in vitro by fluorescence spectroscopy. Copyright © 1999 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The HPHT Completion Landscape - Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow (2014)

Abstract High pressure / high temperature (HPHT) wells demand the highest performance equipment and services for the safe and successful completion of these high risk and high cost projects. The demands associated with logging, shoe track isolation, equipment longevity and service life, completion and intervention options, and regulatory compliance push the limits of materials and services. The successful completion of HPHT wells requires advanced materials evaluations, collaboration among many disciplines, and sufficient time for product development and assessment to meet current industry and regulatory standards. The tools utilized in HPHT completions are usually developed to meet the demands of a well or a family of wells. These tools include, but are not limited to, wellbore isolation plugs, production packers, liner hangers, perforating guns, Casing Collar Locators (CCL tools), formation evaluation tools, seal assemblies, and sub-surface safety valves. The methods used for HPHT tool development are evolving, and the development cycles are lengthening, particularly for ultra HPHT applications in which materials screening and stability assessments are required. The development of tools for several recent Gulf of Mexico ultra HPHT wells required a multi-year schedule for development to industry and regulatory requirements. Due due to their extreme depths, ultra HPHT wells typically utilize architecture emphasizing small production casings across production intervals. This complicates cementing procedures, and severely limits product options. From an intervention standpoint, workstring options also become limited. Achieving mechanical success in these applications requires the operator to not only manage traditional resources such as time, people, and cash, but also the development of new high performance technologies in an evolving regulatory environment. What can the industry anticipate for future HPHT wells in terms of architecture, product development, and regulatory challenges? This paper will review the industry's history in these areas, identify current development paradigms and regulatory challenges, and discuss the future challenges in well planning, product development, and regulation.
Prostaglandin E2 receptors of the EP2 and EP4 subtypes regulate activation and differentiation of mouse B lymphocytes to IgE-secreting cells. (1996)

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a potent lipid molecule with complex proinflammatory and immunoregulatory properties. PGE2 can shape the immune response by stimulating the production of IgE antibody by B lymphocytes and the synthesis of T-helper type 2 cytokines [e.g., interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10], while inhibiting production of Th1 cytokines (e.g., interferon-gamma, IL-12). It is unknown what type of receptor binds PGE2 and modulates these responses. Recent analyses in nonhematopoietic cells have identified six PGE2 receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3 alpha, EP3 beta, EP3 gamma, and EP4). This investigation examines quiescent B lymphocytes and reports that these cells express mRNA encoding EP1, EP2, EP3 beta, and EP4 receptors. The immunoregulatory functions of each receptor were investigated using small molecule agonists that preferentially bind EP receptor subtypes. Unlike agonists for EP1 and EP3, agonists that bound EP2 or EP2 and EP4 receptors strongly inhibited expression of class II major histocompatibility complex and CD23 and blocked enlargement of mouse B lymphocytes stimulated with IL-4 and/or lipopolysaccharide. PGE2 promotes differentiation and synergistically enhances IL-4 and lipopolysaccharide-driven B-cell immunoglobulin class switching to IgE. Agonists that bound EP2 or EP2 and EP4 receptors also strongly stimulated class switching to IgE. Experiments employing inhibitors of cAMP metabolism demonstrate that the mechanism by which EP2 and EP4 receptors regulate B lymphocyte activity requires elevation of cAMP. In conclusion, these data suggest that antagonists to EP2 and EP4 receptors will be important for diminishing allergic and IgE-mediated asthmatic responses.
Experimental evaluation of multiantenna spectrum sensing detectors using a cognitive radio testbed (2012)

Cognitive radio (CR) is a promising approach to improve the efficiency use of the wireless spectrum. One key element of this technology is spectrum sensing, which allows secondary users to detect the presence of licensed (primary) users. To this end, multiantenna spectrum sensing techniques have been proposed to detect the presence of a primary user based solely on the correlation structure of the signal received by a cognitive secondary receiver equipped with multiple antennas. Despite the numerous theoretical studies in the area of spectrum sensing, there exists a lack of experimental work evaluating the performance of these techniques in practice. In this paper, we test the performance of multiantenna Bayesian and generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) detectors on a cognitive radio platform. In comparison to one-shot GLRT detectors, the Bayesian detector is able to exploit past information from previous sensing periods, thus learning from the environment and improving its performance. Our cognitive platform is composed of Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) nodes, that emulate the behavior of a single-antenna primary and a multiantenna cognitive receiver. Our measurements show that the Bayesian detector outperforms the GLRT detectors, in both stationary and nonstationary environments.
The oxidation of pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene by nonbasidiomycete soil fungi (1995)

The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of nonbasidiomycete soil fungi to oxidize pyrene (four rings) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) (five rings). Fungi were isolated from five different soils in which the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content ranged from 0.8 to 80 micrograms/g dry soil. Approximately 50% of the isolates in all sites were able to oxidize pyrene. The pyrene-oxidizing species belonged to all fungal divisions except basidiomycetes. The most common were Penicillium spp. of the subgenus Furcatum and these dominated the more contaminated soils. Penicillium janthinellum and Syncephalastrum racemosum exhibited the most rapid rates of pyrene oxidation. The major pyrene metabolites were identified by proton NMR and mass spectrometry as 1-pyrenol, 1,6- and 1,8-pyrenediol, and the 1,6-and 1,8-pyrenequinones. A high correlation was found between the ability to oxidize pyrene and BaP. As with pyrene, approximately 50% of the fungal isolates tested oxidized BaP to 9-hydroxy-BaP. Eighty percent of the pyrene-oxidizing strains were also able to metabolize BaP.
[Myocardial beta-adrenergic receptors and left ventricular hypertrophy induced by pressure overload in man]. (1992)

In experimental models, the characteristics of beta-adrenoceptors in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) due to pressure overload remain controversial and no data are still available in man. We investigated right auricular (RA) and left ventricular (LV) beta-adrenoceptors characteristics (125 I cyanopindolol binding) in two groups of patients undergoing valve replacement without heart failure (LV ejection fraction > 55%). Height patients with mitral stenosis (mean age: 64 +/- 4 years) and without LVH (LV mass index < 120 g/m2) constituted the control group and 13 patients with aortic stenosis (mean age: 66 +/- 4 years) and LVH (LV mass index > 150 g/m2) the study group. The results are: [table: see text] These results show that, in man, LVH due to pressure overload does not induce variation of total number beta-adrenoceptors, but is associated with a selective decrease in left ventricular beta 1-adrenoceptors.
Homogeneous production and removal of NO/sub x/ from combustion exhaust gases. Sixth quarterly technical summary report (1980)

The final reaction rate constants for NH/sub 2/ + NO have been determined. A measurement of the fraction of product channels which form OH provides an approximate value of 0.2, but the uncertainties in the method used make this value a lower limit. Preliminary rate measurements for the reaction of OH + NH/sub 3/ ..-->.. NH/sub 2/ + H/sub 2/O agree well with previous room temperature experiments and appear to show a simple Arrhenius dependence with temperatures to 1200/sup 0/K. A chemical model of the NO/sub x/ chemistry has been developed and includes approximately 50 reactions at this time. Preliminary runs using this set have reproduced the gross temperature dependence of the thermal deNO/sub x/ process.
Tunable 1550-nm VCSEL using high contrast gratings (2012)

We report monolithic, tunable 1550-nm HCG-VCSELs with 26.3 nm continuous tuning. Room temperature power of 2.3 mW, 85 °C power of 0.5 mW, and 10 Gb/s direct modulation over 100 km of fiber is demonstrated.
Unified parameter optimisation approach for leakage detection and extended-period simulation model calibration (2009)

Leakage detection is of great interest and significance for water utilities. There are different field testing apparatuses developed for leakage detection, but no systematic modelling approach was available for predicting the most likely leakage hotspots that might guide leakage detection crew to quickly locate exact leakage locations. In this paper, leakage is represented as pressure-dependent emitter flow at a node in a water distribution model. Leakage detection is formulated as a nonlinear parameter identification problem to search for the possible emitter node locations and the emitter coefficients while minimising the same objective function as model calibration, namely the distance between the field-observed and the model-simulated flows and hydraulic grades. Thus the leakage detection optimisation is developed as an integral component of the unified model parameter identification framework. The comprehensive methodology is applied to the water system of a district meter area (DMA) in the UK. It illustrates the effectiveness of the unified approach for both leakage hotspot detection and extended-period simulation model calibration using the real field data.
Heterologous Prime/Boost Immunization of Rhesus Monkeys by Using Diverse Poxvirus Vectors (2007)

As the diversity of potential immunogens increases within certain classes of vectors, the possibility has arisen of employing heterologous prime/boost immunizations using diverse members of the same family of vectors. The present study was initiated to explore the use of divergent pox vectors in a prime/boost regimen to elicit high-frequency cellular immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope and simian immunodeficiency virus gag in rhesus monkeys. We demonstrated that monkeys vaccinated with a recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) prime/recombinant fowlpox virus (rFPV) boost regimen and monkeys vaccinated with a recombinant vaccinia virus prime/rFPV boost regimen developed comparable cellular immune responses that were greater in magnitude than those elicited by a homologous prime/boost with rMVA. Nevertheless, comparable magnitude recall cellular immune responses were observed in monkeys vaccinated with heterologous and homologous recombinant poxvirus following challenge with the CXCR4-tropic SHIV-89.6P. Consistent with this finding, comparable levels of containment of viral replication and CD4(+) T-lymphocyte preservation were seen in these groups of recombinant poxvirus-vaccinated monkeys. This study supports further exploration of combining recombinant vectors of the same family in prime/boost immunization strategies to optimize vaccine-elicited cellular immune responses.
Signaling on the Endocytic Pathway (2001)

Ligand binding to receptor tyrosine kinases and G-protein-coupled receptors initiates signal transduction events and induces receptor endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles. While receptor-mediated endocytosis has been traditionally considered an effective mechanism to attenuate ligand-activated responses, more recent studies demonstrate that signaling continues on the endocytic pathway. In fact, certain signaling events, such as the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases, appear to require endocytosis. Protein components of signal transduction cascades can assemble at clathrin coated pits and remain associated with endocytic vesicles following their dynamin-dependent release from the plasma membrane. Thus, endocytic vesicles can function as a signaling compartment distinct from the plasma membrane. These observations demonstrate that endocytosis plays an important role in the activation and propagation of signaling pathways.
ChemInform Abstract: ULTRAFINE AND SPECIFIC CATALYSTS AFFORDING EFFICIENT HYDROGEN EVOLUTION FROM WATER UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT ILLUMINATION (1981)

Abstract Durch Citrat‐Reduktion von Hexachloroplatinat werden Pt‐Partikel von 32‐Ä‐Diameter in wäßriger Lösung erzeugt.
Preparation of Degradable Porous Structures Based on 1,3-Trimethylene Carbonate and D,L-Lactide (Co)polymers for Heart Tissue Engineering (2003)

Biodegradable porous scaffolds for heart tissue engineering were prepared from amorphous elastomeric (co)polymers of 1,3-trimethylene carbonate (TMC) and D,L-lactide (DLLA). Leaching of salt from compression-molded polymer-salt composites allowed the preparation of highly porous structures in a reproducible fashion. By adjusting the salt particle size and the polymer-to-particle weight ratio in the polymer-salt composite preparation the pore size and porosity of the scaffolds could be precisely controlled. The thermal properties of the polymers used for scaffold preparation had a strong effect on the morphology, mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the scaffolds under physiological conditions. Interconnected highly porous structures (porosity, 94%; average pore size, 100 microm) based on a TMC-DLLA copolymer (19:81, mol%) had suitable mechanical properties and displayed adequate cell-material interactions to serve as scaffolds for cardiac cells. This copolymer is noncytotoxic and allows the adhesion and proliferation of cardiomyocytes. During incubation in phosphate-buffered saline at 37 degrees C, these scaffolds were dimensionally stable and the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the polymer decreased gradually from 2.0 x 10(5) to 0.3 x 10(5) in a period up to 4 months. The first signs of mass loss (5%) were detected after 4 months of incubation. The degradation behavior of the porous structures was similar to that of nonporous films with similar composition and can be described by autocatalyzed bulk hydrolysis.