gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Resolution in information display</title> (1997)

This paper describes the system tradeoffs related to display type, resolution, and pixel structure, taking examples from the development of binary and grayscale high resolution AMLCDs. Performance is related to the match achieved between the human visual system, the display system and the task assigned. The active matrix liquid crystal display is compared to other technologies at the high acuity levels achieved in a 282 DPI monochrome grayscale and a 141 color groups per inch color grayscale AMLCD. The potential benefits to military aviators of very high resolution displays are outlined as well as the challenges to implement these systems.
Recent synthetic additions to the visible light photoredox catalysis toolbox (2015)

The boom in visible light photoredox catalysis (VLPC) research has demonstrated that this novel synthetic approach is here to stay. VLPC enables reactive radical intermediates to be catalytically generated at ambient temperature, a feat not generally allowed through traditional pyrolysis- or radical initiator-based methodologies. VLPC has vastly extended the range of substrates and reaction schemes that have been traditionally the domain of radical reactions. In this review the photophysics background of VLPC will be briefly discussed, followed by a report on recent inroads of VLPC into decarboxylative couplings and radical C-H functionalization of aromatic compounds. The bulk of the review will be dedicated to advances in synergistic catalysis involving VLPC, namely the combination of photoredox catalysis with organocatalysis, including β-functionalization of carbonyl groups, functionalization of weak aliphatic C-H bonds, and anti-Markovnikov hydrofunctionalization of alkenes; dual catalysis with gold or with nickel, photoredox catalysis as an oxidation promoter in transition metal catalysis, and acid-catalyzed enantioselective radical addition to π systems.
Fuel Efficient High-Density Platooning Using Future Conditions Prediction (2022)

A promising application of cooperative driving is high-density platooning, which main goal is to reduce fuel consumption by driving with inter-vehicle distances below ten meters. The prediction of factors influencing the platoon capability to drive with such inter-vehicle distances the derived safe inter-vehicle distances, drives the potential fuel saving. Our aim is to study the influence of the prediction, especially the prediction horizon, on the achieved fuel saving as a function of different maneuver parameters. The contributions of this paper are: introducing the concept of maneuver reference to distribute the effort of maneuvering in truck platooning; linking the fuel consumption to a compensation time, that is the time during which the platoon will counterbalance the fuel consumption by benefiting from the reduced air drag; presenting an optimization method for maximizing the fuel saving depending on some predictive quality of service parameters. To model the fuel consumption and the duration of the maneuvers, we use a lasso regressions on data obtained from simulation. We then use these regression models in our optimization framework, which is based on particle swarm optimization. We show that to benefit from high-density platooning, the magnitude order of the prediction horizon required by a five-truck platoon is minimum hundred seconds.
Apoptosis of Airway Epithelial Cells (2005)

LL-37 is a human cationic host defense peptide that is present in the specific granules of neutrophils, produced by epithelial cells from a variety of tissues, and is upregulated during inflammation, infection, and injury. It has been proposed to have a variety of antimicrobial functions, including both direct antimicrobial activity and immunomodulatory functions. Using the TUNEL assay it was demonstrated that LL-37 induced apoptosis in vitro in the A549 human lung and 16 HBE4o- human airway epithelial cell lines, and in vivo in the murine airway. Peptide-induced apoptosis in vitro involved the activation of caspase pathways and was substantially inhibited by an inhibitor of caspase 3. Apoptosis was also inhibited by human serum, but not fetal bovine serum. Similarly, human but not fetal bovine serum inhibited the cellular internalization of LL-37 and the production of IL-8 in response to LL-37 treatment of epithelial cells. The protective effects of human serum were also observed with high-density lipoproteins but not by the core peptide apolipoprotein A1, providing one possible mechanism of human serum inhibition of apoptosis. We propose that LL-37-induced apoptosis of epithelial cells at low serum tissue sites may have a protective role against bacterial infection.
The No Surprises Act: What Neuroradiologists Should Know (2022)

The No Surprises Act (NSA) is the first federal law to address surprise medical billing and became effective as of January 2022. This law prohibits balance billing to patients who receive unexpected out-of-network care and limits patient payments to their in-network cost-sharing (coinsurance, copay
Professor Jan Feijen: A pioneer in biomedical polymers and controlled drug release (2015)

The research and development of biomedical polymers and con-trolled drug release systems are currently one of the most exciting sci-entiﬁc and technological ﬁelds, which have already made tremendousimpacts on modern healthcare and are further expected to make evengreater improvements on the quality of our human life in the future. Itshould be noted, however, that there were very few people workingon biomedical polymers and controlled drug release systems through-out the world dating back to 40 years ago. Prof. Jan Feijen, along withhis peers, Prof. Sung Wan Kim from the University of Utah, Prof. Nicho-las A. Peppas from the University of Texas at Austin, Prof. James M. An-derson from Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Prof. AllanHoffman from the University of Washington in Seattle, Prof. JindrichKopecek from the University of Utah, Prof. Robert Langer from Massa-chusettsInstituteofTechnology,andProf.MichelVert fromtheUniver-sity of Montpellier, France, are among the pioneers who have madepropounding and inspiring contributions to the science and scientiﬁccommunity of biomedical polymers and controlled drug release asfrom the 1970s. In this paper, I will ﬁrstly introduce the scientiﬁcachievements made by Prof. Jan Feijen over the past 40 years, andthenpresenthisenthusiasticandcontinuingcommitmentstobiomate-rials and controlled drug delivery community. It is interesting to notethat from the following story of Prof. Jan Feijen, you would also have abetter understanding about the history as well as development hall-marks of biomedical polymers and controlled drug release ﬁelds as awhole.
P1‐244: Comparing [3H]MK‐6240 and [3H]AV‐1451(T‐807) in in VITRO Binding Studies in Brain Tissues (2016)

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which consist of tau protein aggregates, are a pathological hallmark of AD brain. NFT levels are associated with the severity of dementia and disease progression. Thus, therapies to reduce brain NFTs may be beneficial to disease modification. A tau PET tracer for imaging brain tauopathy could aid in the development of such therapies. Here, we report in vitro study of a novel tau PET tracer, [3H]MK-6240, in comparison to [3H]AV-1451. Frozen AD and non-AD brains were used in the study. [3H]MK-6240 and [3H]AV-1451 were synthesized in house. Autoradiography (ARG) was performed using frozen brain slices. Brain homogenates were used for the filtration binding assays. Self-block, T-808, Pittsburgh Compound-B (PIB) and MAO-A inhibitor (clorgyline) were used as blockers for defining binding specificity of tracers. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using antibodies made against amyloid plaque (6E10) and NFTs (PHF6 & AT8) with brain slices adjacent to those of ARG study. In AD brain slices, [3H]MK-6240 binds AD tauopathy brain regions showing abundant NFTs. [3H]MK-6240 binding is inhibited by self-block and T-808, but not by PIB. [3H]MK-6240 binding patterns in NFT-rich AD brain slices are similar to IHC stain patterns of NFTs from the adjacent tissue slices. In non-AD brain slices, [3H]MK-6240 exhibits minimal binding while [3H]AV-1451 displays dense displaceable binding in the gray matter of cortex and hippocampus by self-block, but not by T-808. In tissue homogenate binding assays, [3H]MK-6240 shows great binding potential (Bmax/Kd = 226) in NFT-rich AD brain cortex by self-block. [3H]MK-6240 binds to one site with high affinity (Kd = 0.28 ± 0.09 nM). In non-AD brain cortex, [3H]MK-6240 displays minimal non-saturable binding. In contrast, [3H]-AV-1451 binds to more than one site in AD brain and shows displaceable binding in non-AD brain. Clorgyline inhibits [3H]AV-1451 but not MK-6240 binding in non-AD brain cortex (Ki = 0.43 nM). The study demonstrates [3H]MK-6240 is a selective tau PET tracer with great binding potential and minimal non-specific binding in human AD brains. The data supports further development of MK-6240 as a tau-selective PET tracer.
A Two-Step Absorber Deposition Approach To Overcome Shunt Losses in Thin-Film Solar Cells: Using Tin Sulfide as a Proof-of-Concept Material System (2016)

As novel absorber materials are developed and screened for their photovoltaic (PV) properties, the challenge remains to reproducibly test promising candidates for high-performing PV devices. Many early-stage devices are prone to device shunting due to pinholes in the absorber layer, producing “false-negative” results. Here, we demonstrate a device engineering solution toward a robust device architecture, using a two-step absorber deposition approach. We use tin sulfide (SnS) as a test absorber material. The SnS bulk is processed at high temperature (400 °C) to stimulate grain growth, followed by a much thinner, low-temperature (200 °C) absorber deposition. At a lower process temperature, the thin absorber overlayer contains significantly smaller, densely packed grains, which are likely to provide a continuous coating and fill pinholes in the underlying absorber bulk. We compare this two-step approach to the more standard approach of using a semi-insulating buffer layer directly on top of the annealed absorber bulk, and we demonstrate a more than 3.5× superior shunt resistance R[subscript sh] with smaller standard error σ[subscript Rsh]. Electron-beam-induced current (EBIC) measurements indicate a lower density of pinholes in the SnS absorber bulk when using the two-step absorber deposition approach. We correlate those findings to improvements in the device performance and device performance reproducibility.
SyntheticDNA‐Targeted Chemotherapeutic Agents And Related Tumor‐Activated Prodrugs (2010)

Abstract Synthetic drugs have always played an important role in cancer therapy. The first systemic anticancer drugs were synthetic DNA alkylating agents and DNA antimetabolites. The original antimetabolites such as cytosine arabinoside and 5‐fluorouracil have been augmented by more recent compounds such as gemcitabine, fludarabine, cladribine, and pentostatin, which inhibit DNA polymerase action during DNA synthesis. A new development is the related compounds deazacytidine and decitabine, which inhibit reactivate silenced genes by inhibition of cytosine methylation. Nitrogen mustards, platinum complexes, nitrosoureas, and triazene‐based DNA‐methylating agents are direct DNA‐modifying agents that still play an important role in clinical treatment. Methotrexate and more recent lipophilic analogs, together with older drugs such as 5‐fluorouracil, are used as inhibitors of different enzymes in the folate pathway necessary for the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. The potent activity of natural products such as doxorubicin also led to the development of the synthetic topoisomerase inhibitors that are now another important group of drugs whose therapeutic effects are due to enzyme‐mediated DNA modification. Finally, an increasing understanding of tumor physiology and genetics has allowed the development of tumor‐activated prodrugs of DNA‐active agents. Using hypoxia, gene therapy or antibody targeting to activate such prodrugs specifically in tumor tissue has the potential to increase the therapeutic index of these agents by limiting the exposure of sensitive nontumor cell populations.
Design and Benefits of Dynamic Skip Fire Strategies for Cylinder Deactivated Engines (2013)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Cylinder deactivation is a fuel consumption reduction technology for throttled internal combustion engines and other engines with thermal efficiency loss at part cylinder load. Recent production implementations, deactivating fixed sets of cylinders under part-load operating conditions, have had limited “fly zones” due to issues with drivability and noise, vibration and harshness (NVH). Dynamic skip firing, which in its ultimate form incorporates anytime, any-cylinder deactivation, continuously varies the number of firing cylinders, along with cylinder load, obtaining flexible control of acoustic and vibrational excitations from the engine, and allowing an expanded operational envelope with fewer drive ability/NVH issues. This paper outlines design considerations of dynamic skip fire operational strategies, discusses implementation of the system on a vehicle, and presents benefits to fuel economy and NVH.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Performance analysis and its impact on design (1998)

Methods for designing new computer systems have changed rapidly. Consider general purpose microprocessors: gone are the days when one or two expert architects would use hunches, experience, and rules of thumb to determine a processor's features. Marketplace competition has long since forced companies to replace this ad hoc process with a targeted and highly systematic process that focuses new designs on specific workloads. Although the process differs from company to company, there are common elements. The main advantage of a systematic process is that it produces a finely tuned design targeted at a particular market. At its core are models of the processor's performance and its workloads. Developing and verifying these models is the domain now called performance analysis. We cover some of the advances in dealing with modern problems in performance analysis. Our focus is on architectural performance, typically measured in cycles per instruction.
Appendix A: Some Useful Formulas (2001)

This chapter contains sections titled: Trigonometric Identities Geometric Series Complex Variables Impulse Functions Vector Concepts Units of Power References
A phage display selection of engrailed homeodomain mutants and the importance of residue Q50 (2004)

Mutants of engrailed homeodomain (HD) that retain DNA-binding activity were isolated using a phage display selection. This selection was used to enrich for active DNA-binding clones from a complex library consisting of over a billion members. A more focused library of mutant homeodomains consisting of all possible amino acid combinations at two DNA-contacting residues (I47 and Q50) was constructed and screened for members capable of binding tightly and specifically to the engrailed consensus sequence, TAATTA. The isolated mutants largely recapitulated the distribution of amino acids found at these positions in natural homeodomains thus validating the in vitro selection conditions. In particular, the unequivocal advantage enjoyed by glutamine at residue 50 is surprising in light of reports that minimize the importance of this residue. Here, the subtle contributions of residue Q50 are demonstrated to play a functionally important role in specific recognition of DNA. These results highlight the complex subtlety of protein-DNA interactions, underscoring the value of the first reported in vitro selection of a homeodomain.
Drift-Invariant Detection for Multilevel Phase-Change Memory (2018)

Next-generation memory (NGM) technologies present a major opportunity but also a significant challenge, due to their intricate reliability issues. In particular, multilevel-cell (MLC) storage is highly desirable for increasing storage capacity and lowering total cost-per-bit. In phase-change memory (PCM), MLC storage is hampered by sensitivity to temperature variations and resistance drift. A novel drift-invariant detection (DID) scheme that estimates variable read thresholds based on ordered statistics and clustering of the soft read-back signals from a small block of 32 cells has been developed and implemented in hardware to improve reliability and prolong data retention. A low-complexity implementation of the DID on a FPGA platform comprises 20'000 LUTs and 6'000 flip-flops and has a latency of 90ns. We present results from an extensive performance verification that ascertains highly reliable data retrieval up to 13 orders of magnitude in time after programming. Such elevated reliability is necessary for the most anticipated application of NGM, namely persistent far-memory, where the NGM is used as a large memory pool, possibly together with DRAM.
Impact of rapid manufacturing on design for manufacture for injection moulding (2003)

Rapid manufacturing (RM) employs similar technologies and processes to rapid prototyping (RP), hence resulting in a tool-less manufacturing process. This is achieved by assuming that RP machines have been converted to proper manufacturing machines. The current approaches to the design process, product development cycle and manufacturing considerations at the design stage within a concurrent engineering environment are closely examined. An attempt is then made to investigate the effect of the RM processes on the design process and product development cycle. This is further expanded to consider the impact of RM on rules and guidelines that have been established for design for manufacturing (DFM). This paper is limited to a comparison of RM with regards to injection moulding as RM is most likely to compete with this process in the first instance. This is the first research work to investigate the impact of RM on the design process.
Sonochemical Coating of Nanosized Nickel on Alumina Submicrospheres and the Interaction between the Nickel and Nickel Oxide with the Substrate (1999)

The preparation and coating of nickel on amorphous and crystallized alumina were carried out by employing a sonochemical method. The interaction between the nickel as well as its oxide and the alumina core was then studied by TEM, XRD, DSC, DRS, FTIR, and magnetization measurements. The following were found: (1) Amorphous alumina can provide a great number of active sites for reaction with nickel and can yield a good coating effect in which most of nickel is adhered to the alumina surface tightly, while in the case of the crystallized alumina as substrate, most of nickel particles is distributed in the free space among the alumina submicrospheres. (2) As compared to the unadhered nickel, the adhered nickel has a strong interaction with the alumina core, which can retard the crystallization of elemental nickel and, conversely, promote the formation of the spinel phase NiAl2O4. (3) The first stage of the interaction between the nickel and the alumina may be through the isolated hydroxyl groups to form a kind of interface Ni−O−Al bond. The connection positions further become nucleation centers for elemental nickel. After the sample is heated to high temperatures, DRS and IR results showed the diffusion of nickel ions into the vacant tetrahedral sites in alumina. At higher temperature, an inversion processthe substitution of Ni2+ ions for part of Al3+ at octahedral sites has taken place, and it results in the final formation of the disordered spinel phase. (4) Magnetization measurements show that the as-prepared sonication products are superparamagnetic due to the ultrafine nature of nickel particles.
High-Resolution and Analytical TEM Investigation of Metastable-Tetragonal Phase Stabilization in Undoped Nanocrystalline Zirconia (2004)

Submicron and nano-sized nanocrystalline pure zirconia (ZrO2) powders having metastable tetragonal and tetragonal-plus-monoclinic crystal structures, respectively, were synthesized using the sol-gel technique. The as-precipitated and the calcinated ZrO2 powders were analyzed for their morphology, nanocrystallite size and structures, aggregation tendency, local electronic properties, and elemental compositions by conventional and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and field-emission analytical electron microscopy, including energy-dispersive X-ray and electron energy-loss spectroscopies. The results from this study indicate that a combination of nanocrystallite size, strain-induced grain-growth confinement, and the simultaneous presence of the monoclinic phase can lead to stabilization of the metastable tetragonal-phase in undoped ZrO2. As a result, the tetragonal phase is stabilized within ZrO2 nanocrystallites up to 100 nm in size, which is 16 times larger than the previously reported critical size of 6 nm.
Regulation of the Escherichia coli K5 Capsule Gene Cluster: Evidence for the Roles of H-NS, BipA, and Integration Host Factor in Regulation of Group 2 Capsule Gene Clusters in Pathogenic E. coli (2000)

The expression of Escherichia coli group 2 capsules (K antigens) is temperature dependent, with capsules only being expressed at temperatures above 20 degrees C. Thermoregulation is at the level of transcription, with no detectable transcription at 20 degrees C. Using the E. coli K5 capsule gene cluster as a model system, we have shown that the nucleoid-associated protein H-NS plays a dual role in regulating transcription of group 2 capsule gene clusters at 37 and 20 degrees C. At 37 degrees C H-NS is required for maximal transcription of group 2 capsule gene clusters, whereas at 20 degrees C H-NS functions to repress transcription. The BipA protein, previously identified as a tyrosine-phosphorylated GTPase and essential for virulence in enteropathogenic E. coli, was shown to play a similar role to H-NS in regulating transcription at 37 and 20 degrees C. The binding of integration host factor (IHF) to the region 1 promoter was necessary to potentiate transcription at 37 degrees C and IHF binding demonstrated by bandshift assays. The IHF binding site was 3' to the site of transcription initiation, suggesting that sequences in the 5' end of the first gene (kpsF) in region 1 may play a role in regulating transcription from this promoter at 37 degrees C. Two additional cis-acting sequences, conserved in both the region 1 and 3 promoters, were identified, suggesting a role for these sequences in the coordinate regulation of transcription from these promoters. These results indicate that a complex regulatory network involving a number of global regulators exists for the control of expression of group 2 capsules in E. coli.
Enhanced Pixel by Pixel Emissivity Correction for Thermal Microscopy (2004)

Abstract In thermal microscopy, temperature error arises whenever a constant emissivity value is assumed for different materials. In this paper, we propose a new approach to eliminate these undesirable effects resulting from the ambiguous surface emissivity of materials. This method enables the compensated (true) temperature distribution of a device under test to be obtained from the measured temperature image. A transfer function that relates the measured and true temperature is formed to estimate the actual temperature distribution of a biased device to an accuracy of approximately 0.3-0.7K.