gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bubbles trapped on the surface of kidney stones as a cause of the twinkling artifact in ultrasound imaging (2013)

A twinkling artifact (TA) associated with urinary calculi has been described as rapidly changing colors on Doppler ultrasound. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of the TA. Doppler processing was performed on raw per channel radio-frequency data collected when imaging human kidney stones in degassed water. Suppression of twinkling by an ensemble of computer generated replicas of a single received signal demonstrated that the TA arises from variability among the acoustic signals and not from electronic signal processing. This variability was found to be random in nature, and its suppression by elevated static pressure, and its return when the pressure was released, suggests that the presence of surface bubbles on the stone is the mechanism of the TA. Submicron size bubbles are often trapped in crevices on solid objects, but the presence of these bubbles in vivo is unexpected. To further check this mechanism under conditions identical to in vivo, stone-producing porcine kidneys were harvested en bloc with a ligated ureter and then placed into a pressure chamber and imaged at elevated atmospheric pressure. The result was similar to in vitro. Work supported by NIH DK43881, DK092197, RFBR 11-02-01189, 12-02-00114, and NSBRI through NASA NCC 9-58.
Sikre og mindre arealkrevende fortøyningssystem for havbruksanlegg (2012)

Tirsdag 5.juni ble det arrangert en workshop med en kombinasjon av innlegg/foredrag og gruppearbeid for å belyse problemstillinger knyttet til arealbruk og forankring av flytende oppdrettsanlegg. Basert på presentasjoner og resultat fra gruppearbeid er det rimelig å konkludere med at det er mulig å ta til sikker forankring av oppdrettsanlegg med mindre beslag av bunnareal. Løsninger, teknologi og kunnskap eksisterer og er kjent og anvendes blant annet innen olje og gassindustrien. Derimot finnes det ikke spesifikke produkter og leverandører for slike løsninger rettet mot forankring av oppdrettsanlegg. Ut i fra presentasjonene og tilbakemeldinger fra gruppearbeidet er det ikke åpenbart i hvilken grad redusert beslag av areal fra forankring av oppdrettsanlegg vil redusere utfordringer knyttet til tilstedeværelse av oppdrettsanlegg i forbindelse med fiskeri. En del av utfordringen knyttet til plassering av oppdrettsanlegg i forhold til fiskeriinteresser ligger i selve tilstedeværelsen av anlegget, like mye som arealbeslag av fortøyning.
Role of MAPK pathways in light chain-induced cytokine production in human proximal tubule cells (2003)

We previously demonstrated that light chain (LC) endocytosis by human proximal tubule cells (PTCs) leads to production of cytokines through activation of NF-kappaB. Here, we examined the role of MAPK pathways in these responses using four species of myeloma LCs (kappa(1), kappa(2), kappa(3), and lambda(1)) previously shown to induce cytokine production by PTCs. Among these, kappa(1)-LC, which yielded the strongest cytokine responses, was selected for detailed studies. Activation of MAPKs was probed by Western blot analysis for the active kinases, ERK 1/2, JNK 1/2, and p38 in kappa(1)-LC-exposed human PTCs. To evaluate the functional role of MAPKs in LC-induced cytokine responses, we tested the effects of U-0126, an ERK inhibitor; SP-600125, an inhibitor of JNK; SB-203580, a p38 inhibitor; and curcumin, a JNK-AP-1 inhibitor, all added to media before 4-h exposure to 1.5 mg/ml kappa(1)-LC. IL-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) were determined by ELISA. Both LC and human serum albumin (HSA) activated ERK, although the HSA effect was weaker. kappa(1)-LC stimulated all three MAPKs, although phosphorylation of ERK was more pronounced and sustained than others. Inhibitors of ERK, JNK, and p38 reduced LC-induced IL-6 and MCP-1 production. These findings suggest that activation of MAPKs plays a role in LC-induced cytokine responses in PTCs. Activation of MAPKs may be involved in cytokine responses induced by other proteins as well as LCs and may be pivotal in the pathophysiology of tubulointerstitial injury in proteinuric diseases.
Endogenous haemopoietic growth factors in neutropenia and infection (1994)

Haemopoietic growth factors (HGFs) are being administered to patients with neutropenic fever; however, little is known about the endogenous HGF response in these patients. Specific assays were used to study four HGFs, granulocyte (G-) CSF, granulocyte-macrophage (GM-) CSF, macrophage (M-) CSF and interleukin (IL-) 6 levels in the blood of patients with neutropenic fever (46 episodes). For comparison, levels were also measured in three control populations: normals (20), afebrile neutropenic (14), and bacteraemic but not neutropenic patients (20). In febrile patients, levels of G-CSF (median, range) (0.46, < 0.10-142 ng/ml). IL-6 (0.054, 0.005-24.3 ng/ml) and M-CSF (18.5, 9.9-79.1 ng/ml) were elevated compared with afebrile subjects (< 0.10, < 0.10-1.62 ng/ml). (0.008, 0.002-0.024 ng/ml) and (6.45, < 5.0-31.3 ng/ml) respectively. GM-CSF was not elevated (< 0.02, < 0.02-8.0 ng/ml) compared with afebrile subjects (0.021, < 0.02-0.20 ng/ml). Variables significantly associated (P < 0.05) with elevated cytokine levels were determined by multiple regression analyses. Factors associated with G-CSF elevation were fever, neutropenia, pathogen type and raised bilirubin and creatinine. In contrast, neutropenia was not associated with IL-6 elevation although there was an association between IL-6 elevation and fever, Gram-negative and fungal infections and raised creatinine and bilirubin. M-CSF elevation was associated with fever, renal impairment and known pathogen. Elevated G-CSF and IL-6 levels normalized rapidly (hours-days) with the resolution of infection, whereas M-CSF concentrations remained elevated for up to 10 d. Cytokine levels remained elevated in septic neutropenic patients who did not recover. In summary, G-CSF, IL-6 and M-CSF levels were significantly elevated in sepsis. In contrast, GM-CSF levels were not elevated. These studies should assist the development of therapeutic strategies using HGFs in the treatment of sepsis.
<title>Lasers without inversion in quantum well intersubband transitions</title> (1996)

We propose a new class of intersubband lasers and amplifiers that achieve net gain without population inversion. The laser scheme is based on a unipolar semiconductor double quantum- well structure where gain occurs at a transition between conduction band subbands. In order to achieve net gain without inversion, we utilize Fano-type interferences. The semiconductor laser scheme that we are considering is analogous to the atomic lambda system that has been extensively analyzed in the context of electromagnetically induced transparency and lasing without inversion. A coherent coupling field however, is not required in the present scheme. The electronic coherence necessary for Fano-type interferences is established by resonant tunneling. For nonlinear optics applications, the asymmetry of the structure allows for (chi) <SUP>(2</SUP>) processes and therefore higher conversion efficiency or parametric gain.
Use of antiretroviral therapy in pregnancy and association with birth outcome among women living with HIV in Denmark: A nationwide, population‐based cohort study (2022)

Pregnant WLWH living in Denmark are generally well treated with HIV RNA &lt; 50 copies/mL at delivery and NRTI + PI as the most common ART regimen used in pregnancy. Initiation of ART in the first trimester may be associated with poor fetal growth. The association between ART use in pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes may partly be explained by maternal risk factors.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Hafnium Silicate from HfCl[sub 4], SiCl[sub 4], and H[sub 2]O (2007)

Atomic layer deposition of Hf-Si-O and Hf O2 using Hf Cl4, Si Cl4, and H2 O was studied. The growth per cycle and composition of Hf-Si-O films were analyzed as a function of the growth temperature, the pulse sequence, and the precursor doses. The growth of Hf-Si-O from Hf Cl4 Si Cl4 H2 O appeared to be determined not only by the -OH density but also by the -OH bonding mode. The Hf Cl4 Si Cl4 H2 O chemistry results in carbon-free films with low chlorine impurity content. The Hf-Si-O films of Hf-rich composition are meeting the leakage-current requirements for 45 nm technology node and below. © 2007 The Electrochemical Society.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Evaluation of Naphthalenyl‐ and Chromenyl‐pyrrolyl‐benzoic Acids as Potent and Selective Retinoic Acid Receptor α Agonists. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Proteomic Alterations Associated with Oral Cancer Patients with Tobacco Using Habits (2021)

Tobacco abuse is a major risk factor associated with the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Differences in molecular aberrations induced by tobacco exposure by chewing or smoking form are not well studied in case of oral cancer. We used tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomic approach to delineate proteomic alterations in oral cancer patients based on their history of tobacco using habits (patients who chewed tobacco, patients who smoked tobacco, and those with no history of tobacco consumption). Our data identified distinct dysregulation of biological processes and pathways in each patient cohort. Bioinformatics analysis of dysregulated proteins identified in our proteomic study revealed dysregulation of collagen formation and antigen processing/presentation pathway in oral cancer patients who smoked tobacco, whereas proteins associated with the process of keratinization showed enrichment in patients who chewed tobacco. In addition, we identified overexpression of proteins involved in immune pathways and downregulation of muscle contraction-mediated signaling events in all three cohorts, irrespective of tobacco using habits. This study lays the groundwork for identification of protein markers that may aid in identification of high-risk patients for cancer development based on the history of tobacco exposure habits.
Production of associated Y and open charm hadrons in pp collisions at s = 7 $$ \sqrt{s}=7 $$ and 8 TeV via double parton scattering (2016)

s = 7 and 8 TeV is observed using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb -1 accumulated with the LHCb detector. The observation of five combinations, (1S)D 0 , (2S)D 0 , (1S)D + , (2S)D + and (1S)D + s , is reported. Production crosssections are measured for (1S)D 0 and (1S)D + pairs in the forward region. The measured cross-sections and the differential distributions indicate the dominance of double parton scattering as the main production mechanism.
Cellular FLICE-like Inhibitory Protein Long Form (c-FLIPL) Overexpression is Related to Cervical Cancer Progression (2013)

Cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide and infection by high-risk human papillomavirus types is a precursor event. The cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) has been found to be overexpressed in several types of cancers and could be associated with cervical cancer progression because of its ability to inhibit the apoptotic process. To detect c-FLIP expression in cervical cancer, an immunohistochemical staining was performed, using tissue microarrays, on a series of 536 archival biopsy samples, including normal cervical tissues, low-grade and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and squamous cervical carcinomas. The epithelium in the normal cervix and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions mainly stained negatively for c-FLIP, whereas high-grade intraepithelial lesions and cancer samples showed an elevated expression of c-FLIP. A direct association was observed between the increasing grade of the lesion and the intensity of c-FLIP staining, in which the frequency of intense c-FLIP expression increased from 12.5% in the normal tissue to 82.1% in the cervical cancer tissue. An increased expression of c-FLIP may be an important factor in the progression of cervical cancer. This finding could aid in identifying patients with preneoplastic lesions at greater risk of developing cervical cancer. c-FLIP expression in cervical tissue may be a potential cervical cancer progression marker.
Design and Synthesis of Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Protease Inhibitors : Targeting Different Genotypes and Drug-Resistant Variants (2015)

Since the first approved hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 protease inhibitors in 2011, numerous direct acting antivirals (DAAs) have reached late stages of clinical trials. Today, several combination therapies, based on different DAAs, with or without the need of pegylated interferon-α injection, are available for chronic HCV infections. The chemical foundation of the approved and late-stage HCV NS3 protease inhibitors is markedly similar. This could partly explain the cross-resistance that have emerged under the pressure of NS3 protease inhibitors. The first-generation NS3 protease inhibitors were developed to efficiently inhibit genotype 1 of the virus and were less potent against other genotypes. The main focus in this thesis was to design and synthesize a new class of 2(1H)-pyrazinone based HCV NS3 protease inhibitors, structurally dissimilar to the inhibitors evaluated in clinical trials or approved, potentially with a unique resistance profile and with a broad genotypic coverage. Successive modifications were performed around the pyrazinone core structure to clarify the structure-activity relationship; a P3 urea capping group was found valuable for inhibitory potency, as were elongated R6 residues possibly directed towards the S2 pocket. Dissimilar to previously developed inhibitors, the P1’ aryl acyl sulfonamide was not essential for inhibition as shown by equally good inhibitory potency for P1’ truncated inhibitors. In vitro pharmacokinetic (PK) evaluations disclosed a marked influence from the R6 moiety on the overall drug-properties and biochemical evaluation of the inhibitors against drug resistant enzyme variants showed retained inhibitory potency as compared to the wild-type enzyme. Initial evaluation against genotype 3a displayed micro-molar potencies. Lead optimization, with respect to improved PK properties, were also performed on an advanced class of HCV NS3 protease inhibitors, containing a P2 quinazoline substituent in combination with a macro-cyclic proline urea scaffold with nano-molar cell based activities. Moreover, an efficient Pd-catalyzed C-N urea arylation protocol, enabling high yielding introductions of advanced urea substituents to the C3 position of the pyrazinone, and a Pd-catalyzed carbonylation procedure, to obtain acyl sulfinamides, were developed. These methods can be generally applicable in the synthesis of bioactive compounds containing peptidomimetic scaffolds and carboxylic acid bioisosteres.
6G: The Next Frontier (2019)

The current development of 5G networks represents a breakthrough in the design of communication networks, for its ability to provide a single platform enabling a variety of different services, from enhanced mobile broadband communications, automated driving, Internet-of-Things, with its huge number of connected devices, etc. Nevertheless, looking at the current development of technologies and new services, it is already possible to envision the need to move beyond 5G with a new architecture incorporating new services and technologies. The goal of this paper is to motivate the need to move to a sixth generation (6G) of mobile communication networks, starting from a gap analysis of 5G, and predicting a new synthesis of near future services, like hologram interfaces, ambient sensing intelligence, a pervasive introduction of artificial intelligence and the incorporation of technologies, like TeraHertz (THz) or Visible Light Communications (VLC), 3-dimensional coverage.
Web Information Retrieval (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Distinctive Characteristics of the Web Three Ranking Problems Other Web IR Issues Evaluation of Web Search Effectiveness Summary Exercises References
Evaluation of the Abbott Investigational Use Only RealTi m e Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Assay and Comparison to the Roche TaqMan HCV Analyte-Specific Reagent Assay (2009)

The accurate and sensitive measurement of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA is essential for the clinical management and treatment of infected patients and as a research tool for studying the biology of HCV infection. We evaluated the linearity, reproducibility, precision, limit of detection, and concordance of viral genotype quantitation of the Abbott investigational use only RealTime HCV (RealTime) assay using the Abbott m2000 platform and compared the results to those of the Roche TaqMan Analyte-Specific Reagent (TaqMan) and Bayer Versant HCV bDNA 3.0 assay. Comparison of 216 samples analyzed by RealTime and TaqMan assays produced the following Deming regression equation: RealTime = 0.940 (TaqMan) + 0.175 log(10) HCV RNA IU/ml. The average difference between the assays was 0.143 log(10) RNA IU/ml and was consistent across RealTime's dynamic range of nearly 7 log(10) HCV RNA IU/ml. There was no significant difference between genotypes among these samples. The limit of detection using eight replicates of the World Health Organization HCV standard was determined to be 7.74 HCV RNA IU/ml by probit analysis. Replicate measurements of commercial genotype panels were significantly higher than TaqMan measurements for most samples and showed that the RealTime assay is able to detect all genotypes with no bias. Additionally, we showed that the amplicon generated by the widely used Roche COBAS Amplicor Hepatitis C Virus Test, version 2.0, can act as a template in the RealTime assay, but potential cross-contamination could be mitigated by treatment with uracil-N-glycosylase. In conclusion, the RealTime assay accurately measured HCV viral loads over a broad dynamic range, with no significant genotype bias.
Simultaneous reduction of amplitude and group-delay variation of input demultiplexer for Ku band satellite transponder (2003)

In this paper, design and realization of input demultiplexer(IMUX) for Ku band satellite transponder is described. Circulator chain structure has been used for demultiplexing each channel. Each channel consists of channel filter and external equalizer. External equalizers are designed to reduce the group delay variation and amplitude variation of channel filters simultaneously. Dual-mode technique is adopted for reducing the mass and volume of both the channel filters and external equalizers. Channel filters are designed to have 8-pole elliptic response and equalizers to be of 2-pole reflection-type. For good temperature stability characteristics, INVAR material is used for cavities, irises, and tuning srews of channel filters and external equalizers. The frequency drift has been taken into consideration in design procedure and measured by thermal test. Input demultiplexer is shown to be suitable for Ku band satellite transponder.
A Disposable Tear Glucose Biosensor—Part 5: Improvements in Reagents and Tear Sampling Component (2018)

A tear glucose (TG) sensor with an integrated tear sampler can provide a noninvasive method for calibrating the continuous TG contact lens and monitoring glucose. Expanding from previous work, an improved TG sensor that implements dried reagents, genetically modified glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), and a tear sampler was developed and compared against the TG sensor prepared with commercial GDH. It was found that neither sensor was affected by the tear interferents: ascorbic acid, acetaminophen, and uric acid. The sensor prepared with commercial GDH generated higher current. This suggests that using enzymes with lower K<sub>m</sub> may be advantageous when operating in low glucose environments like tears. The improved TG sensor also demonstrated the potential of integrating Schirmer's test strip as a tear sampler for self-monitoring of TG.
Refolding, structural transition and spermatozoa‐binding of recombinant bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) zona pellucida glycoprotein‐C expressed in Escherichia coli (2000)

An internal cDNA fragment (978 bp) corresponding to bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) zona pellucida glycoprotein-C (bmZPC), excluding the N-terminal signal sequence and the C-terminal transmembrane-like domain, was cloned in pQE-30 vector and the protein expressed as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli. Recombinant bmZPC (r-bmZPC) was solubilized from purified inclusion bodies in the absence of a high concentration of chaotropic agents and was subsequently refolded. Use of a low concentration of urea (2 M) during solubilization of r-bmZPC helped to minimize the extent of protein aggregation during refolding of the recombinant protein, and retain the existing native-like secondary structure that was essential for proper folding. Purified r-bmZPC appeared as a dominant band of 43 kDa on SDS/PAGE and Western blot. Although it lacked carbohydrate moieties, the purified and refolded r-bmZPC bound to the head region of bonnet monkey spermatozoa, confirming the existence of a native-like conformation. CD revealed a maximum at 200 nm and a single broad minimum extending from 209 to 216 nm, indicating the presence of both alpha-helical and beta-sheet conformations in the refolded r-bmZPC. Two different phases of transition were observed by urea-gradient electrophoresis, suggesting the existence of multiple intermediate stages during the unfolding of r-bmZPC. The availability of refolded r-bmZPC will help in elucidating its role during the complex cascade of events during fertilization.
G-lambda and EnLIGHTened: wrapped in middleware co-allocating compute and network resources across Japan and the US (2007)

This paper describes innovative architectures and techniques for reserving and coordinating highly distributed resources, a capability required for many large scale applications. In the fall of 2006, Japan's G-lambda research team and the United States' EnLIGHTened Computing research team used these innovations to achieve the world's first inter-domain coordination of resource managers for in-advance reservation of network bandwidth and compute resources between and among both the US and Japan. The compute and network resource managers had different interfaces and were independently developed. Automated interoperability among the resources in both countries was enabled through various Grid middleware components. In this paper, we describe the middleware components, testbeds, results, and lessons learned.
Early and multiple origins of metastatic lineages within primary tumors (2016)

Many aspects of the evolutionary process of tumorigenesis that are fundamental to cancer biology and targeted treatment have been challenging to reveal, such as the divergence times and genetic clonality of metastatic lineages. To address these challenges, we performed tumor phylogenetics using molecular evolutionary models, reconstructed ancestral states of somatic mutations, and inferred cancer chronograms to yield three conclusions. First, in contrast to a linear model of cancer progression, metastases can originate from divergent lineages within primary tumors. Evolved genetic changes in cancer lineages likely affect only the proclivity toward metastasis. Single genetic changes are unlikely to be necessary or sufficient for metastasis. Second, metastatic lineages can arise early in tumor development, sometimes long before diagnosis. The early genetic divergence of some metastatic lineages directs attention toward research on driver genes that are mutated early in cancer evolution. Last, the temporal order of occurrence of driver mutations can be inferred from phylogenetic analysis of cancer chronograms, guiding development of targeted therapeutics effective against primary tumors and metastases.