gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
“Learning on a chip:” Microﬂuidics for formal and informal science education (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Microfluidics is a technique for the handling of small volumes of liquids on the order of picoliters to nanoliters and has impact for miniaturized biomedical science and fundamental research. Because of its multi- and interdisciplinary nature (i.e., combining the fields of biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering), microfluidics offers much potential for educational applications, both at the university level as well as primary and secondary education. Microfluidics is also an ideal "tool" to enthuse and educate members of the general public about the interdisciplinary aspects of modern sciences, including concepts of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics subjects such as (bio)engineering, chemistry, and biomedical sciences. Here, we provide an overview of approaches that have been taken to make microfluidics accessible for formal and informal learning. We also point out future avenues and desired developments. At the extreme ends, we can distinguish between projects that teach how to build microfluidic devices vs projects that make various microscopic phenomena (e.g., low Reynolds number hydrodynamics, microbiology) accessible to learners and the general public. Microfluidics also enables educators to make experiments low-cost and scalable, and thereby widely accessible. Our goal for this review is to assist academic researchers working in the field of microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip technologies as well as educators with translating research from the laboratory into the lecture hall, teaching laboratory, or public sphere. Published under license by AIP Publishing. &lt;/p&gt;
Photo-rewritable material based on a metal oxide (2000)

Photoinduced phase transition materials receive attention from both fundamental and technological viewpoints because they are used in high-density optical data storage. In this paper, we report a photoreversible phase transition at room temperature with a unique phase of Ti3O5 (hereinafter, this new phase is called -Ti3O5). The -Ti3O5 phase, which is generated by a nanoscale size effect, is a metal conductor, and exhibits a photoinduced phase transition to -Ti3O5, a semiconductor. The photoreverse process from - to -Ti3O5 is also observed. This phenomenon originates from a particular state of -Ti3O5, which is trapped at thermodynamically local energy minimum. Light irradiation causes the switching between this trapped state (-Ti3O5) and the other energy minimum state (-Ti3O5).
Macromodeling based variability analysis of an inverted embedded microstrip line (2011)

A multivariate macromodel of the per unit length parameters of an inverted embedded microstrip line is built starting from a limited number of highly accurate but computationally expensive electromagnetic simulations. Besides the frequency dependency, the macromodel also encompasses the influence of a geometrical parameter that determines the shape of the cross-section of the metallic interconnect. This allows to assess the influence of the etching process through a variability analysis of the interconnect's behavior in both frequency and time domain. The analysis is carried out via a robust Monte Carlo approach, which has been made computationally feasible thanks to the macromodeling step.
Intermediate BEOL process influence on power and performance for 3DVLSI (2015)

3D VLSI technology based on CoolCube <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">™</sup> process offers ultra-high density of integration with up to 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sup> 3D Vias (3D-V) per mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> offering gate level 3D integration capability. For process stability and wide range of temperature compliancy, Intermediate Back End of Line (IBEOL) is targeted to be made with Tungsten lines in a SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> (k=3.9) dielectric, increasing equivalent resistivity by 6 and capacitance by 1.6 compared to standard Back End of Line (BEOL) (copper lines in low k dielectrics). In this study we propose to study impact in Performance, Power and Area (PPA) using W/SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> compared to Cu/low-k IBEOL. Results show area gain up to 60.9% and performance gain up to 21.7% for 3D cases comparing to 2D using 28 nm FDSOI technology. Using W/SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> shows limited impact on performance with maximal 1.93% degradation comparing to Cu/low-k IBEOL.
Conceptualization and multi-objective optimization of the electric system of an Airborne Wind Turbine (2011)

Airborne Wind Turbines (AWT) represent a radically new and fascinating concept for future harnessing of wind power. This concept consists of realizing only the blades of a conventional wind turbine (CWT) in the form of a power kite flying at high speed perpendicular to the wind. On the kite are mounted a turbine, an electrical generator and a power electronics converter. The electric power generated is transmitted via a medium voltage cable to the ground. Because of the high flight speed of the power kite, several times the actual wind speed, only a very small swept area of the turbine is required according to Betz's Law and/or a turbine of low weight for the generation of a given electric power. Moreover, because of the high turbine rotational speed, no gear transmission is necessary and the size of the generator is also reduced. For takeoff and landing of the power kite, the turbines act as propellers and the generators as motors, i.e. electric power is supplied so that the system can be maneuvered like a helicopter. In the present work the configuration of power electronics converters for the implementation of a 100kW AWT is considered. The major aspect here is the trade-off between power-to-weight ratio (W/kg) and efficiency. The dependence of cable weight and cable losses on the voltage level of power transmission is investigated, and a comparison made of low voltage (LV) and medium voltage (MV) versions of generators. Furthermore, the interdependence of the weight and efficiency of a bidirectional Dual Active Bridge dc-dc converter for coupling the rectified output voltage of a LV generator to the MV cable is discussed. Based on this, the concept offering the best possible compromise of weight and efficiency in the power electronics system is selected and a model of the control behavior is derived for both power flow directions. A control structure is then proposed and dimensioned. Furthermore, questions of electromagnetic compatibility and electrical safety are treated. In conclusion, the essential results of the work are summarized and an outlook on future research is given. To enable the reader to make simplified calculations and a comparison of a CWT with an AWT, the aerodynamic fundamentals of both systems are summarized in highly simplified form in an Appendix, and numerical values are given for the 100kW system discussed in this work.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of N,N′‐Dimethoxy‐N,N′‐dimethylurea as a Carbonyl Dication Equivalent in Organometallic Addition Reactions. Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Ketones. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The Discovery and Characterization of the α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Receptor Potentiator N -{(3 S ,4 S )-4-[4-(5-Cyano-2-thienyl)phenoxy]tetrahydrofuran-3-yl}propane-2-sulfonamide (PF-04958242) (2015)

A unique tetrahydrofuran ether class of highly potent α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor potentiators has been identified using rational and structure-based drug design. An acyclic lead compound, containing an ether-linked isopropylsulfonamide and biphenyl group, was pharmacologically augmented by converting it to a conformationally constrained tetrahydrofuran to improve key interactions with the human GluA2 ligand-binding domain. Subsequent replacement of the distal phenyl motif with 2-cyanothiophene to enhance its potency, selectivity, and metabolic stability afforded N-{(3S,4S)-4-[4-(5-cyano-2-thienyl)phenoxy]tetrahydrofuran-3-yl}propane-2-sulfonamide (PF-04958242, 3), whose preclinical characterization suggests an adequate therapeutic index, aided by low projected human oral pharmacokinetic variability, for clinical studies exploring its ability to attenuate cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Reductions of 2‐Acyl‐1H‐indole‐3‐carboxaldehydes. (1986)

Abstract Die selektive Reduktion der Acylindolcarboxaldehyde (I) wird untersucht.
Diarylamines Incorporating Hexahydrophenalene or Octahydrobenzoheptalene as Retinoid X Receptor (RXR)-Specific Agonists (2014)

Selective ligands for retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and for retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are required for both biological studies and therapeutic purposes. We have synthesized a series of diarylamines incorporating hexahydrophenalene or octahydrobenzoheptalene as a hydrophobic moiety and examined their activities towards RARs and RXRs. Most of these compounds showed agonistic activity towards RXRs, but were inactive towards RARs. These RXR-specific ligands showed synergistic activity in RARα,β ligand-induced terminal differentiation of leukemia cell line HL-60.
Competing Interests, Economics, and Marine Fisheries Management: An Educational Case Study (2010)

Managing fish resources in the ocean, known as marine fisheries management, often involves disagreement among many groups of people: commercial fishers, recreational anglers, national and local conservationists, and several branches of government. While managing marine fisheries in federal waters, the federal government must rebuild marine fish populations while balancing the economic demands of these competing groups. Red snapper ( Lutjanus campechanus ) is a particularly useful example, involving more than 200,000 people and $80 million each year in the Gulf of Mexico. After a lawsuit won by conservation groups in 2007, the National Marine Fisheries Service was required to tighten management while selecting from many possible management tools. We envision that students will read this case study and participate in classroom discussion using the questions and teaching notes that are included. Students will then be divided between recreation and commercial user groups, and will advocate for their user group in a classroom role play in an attempt to persuade a third group: student resource managers. These student resource managers will ultimately select a set of allocation and management actions for the red snapper fishery that will decrease total catch as required by the 2007 court case, which can be compared with real‐world decisions. This study aims to illustrate the complex conflicts and economic issues that surround fisheries management decisions. The learning objectives are: (1) to develop and demonstrate students’ ability to craft arguments in a debate, and (2) to build student experience working as a team doing research and planning an argument.
Solar-energy-driven conversion of biomass to bioethanol: a sustainable approach (2017)

This review discusses the current methodologies and recent developments for bioethanol production from biomass. We demonstrate the future aspects of bioethanol production in solar reactors, and strategies to improve process yields as well as the prospects of using a solar reactor to produce other valuable chemicals.
IS-IS Extensions for Segment Routing (2019)

Segment Routing (SR) allows for a flexible definition of end-to-end
paths within IGP topologies by encoding paths as sequences of
topological sub-paths, called segments. These segments are
advertised by the link-state routing protocols (IS-IS and OSPF). This
draft describes the necessary IS-IS extensions that need to be
introduced for Segment Routing operating on an MPLS data-plane.
[Molecular cloning and structural-functional analysis of the arginine biosynthesis genes of the thermophilic bacterium Bacillus stearothermophilus]. (1990)

Genes encoding arginine biosynthesis of Bacillus stearothermophilus strain 718 were cloned in the mutant argA strain of the Escherichia coli K-12. The arg genes were shown to be located on the 3.7 kb DNA fragment in the following order: argA--argE--argB. The expression of the argA gene of B. stearothermophilus on the multicopy vehicle is twofold higher in argR- strain of E. coli K-12 than is isogenic argR+ strain. According to hybridization analysis argA genes of B. stearothermophilus and B. subtilis have low level of homology, which is the evidence of their evolutional divergence.
ChemInform Abstract: USE OF 2,3‐DICHLOROPROPENE AND 1,3‐DICHLOROBUT‐2‐ENE AS SYNTHONS FOR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS. SYNTHESIS OF 2‐METHYLBENZO(B)FURANS, 2‐METHYLBENZO(B)THIOPHENES, AND 4‐METHYL‐2H‐CHROMENE (1976)

Abstract Die aus den entsprechenden Phenolen, 2,3‐Dichlorpropen und K‐carbonat in Aceton beim Rückflußkochen erhältlichen Äther (I) unterliegen der Claisen‐Umlagerung in die Phenole (II), die bei der Behandlung mit konz. HCl zu den Benzofuranen (IIIa) (5 1‐77% Ausbeute) und (IIIb) (5%) cyclisieren.
Metabolic characterization of the bovine blastocyst, inner cell mass, trophectoderm and blastocoel fluid (2003)

The formation of a viable blastocyst is dependent upon the establishment of a correct inner cell mass (ICM):trophectoderm cell ratio but little is known about the metabolism of the two cell populations or about the composition of blastocoel fluid. In this study, the metabolism of intact bovine blastocysts, isolated ICM and trophectoderm was examined in terms of glucose and pyruvate uptake, lactate production, and amino acid consumption or production. The concentration of these nutrients in blastocoel fluid was also determined. The metabolism of glucose, pyruvate and lactate differed significantly between the isolated ICM and trophectoderm. Isolated trophectoderm had a higher pyruvate (P<0.001) and lower glucose (P<0.05) consumption, and higher lactate production (P<0.05) than did ICM. The consumption or production of amino acids by ICM and trophectoderm also differed, with the trophectoderm displaying a higher turnover (the sum of production and consumption). The ICM and trophectoderm both depleted arginine, aspartate and leucine, whereas the production of alanine was consistent. Isolated ICM depleted a further six amino acids, which appeared during trophectoderm culture; the reverse trend was observed for the remaining amino acids. The concentration of lactate in blastocoel fluid was significantly higher than in synthetic oviductal fluid supplemented with amino acids and BSA (SOFaaBSA; P<0.05). However, glucose (P<0.05) and pyruvate (P<0.001) concentrations were both lower. Aspartate, glutamate, glycine, alanine and tryptophan were present at significantly higher concentrations in blastocoel fluid than in SOFaaBSA, whereas threonine and asparagine concentrations were significantly lower. The metabolism of composite blastocysts, obtained by summing the consumption and production profiles of the ICM and trophectoderm, and taking into account their respective number of cells, was higher than that of intact blastocysts, indicating that upon isolation of the two cell populations there may be disruption to paracrine interactions or the onset of culture-induced cellular stress or both.
Safe and Facile Access to Nonstabilized Diazoalkanes Using Continuous Flow Technology (2018)

Abstract Despite the high synthetic potential of nonstabilized diazo compounds, their utilization has always been hampered by stability, toxicity, and safety issues. The present method opens up access to the most reactive nonstabilized diazoalkanes. Among diazo compounds, nonstabilized alkyl diazo compounds are the least represented because of their propensity to degrade during preparation. The continuous flow oxidation process of hydrazones on a silver oxide column afforded an output stream of base‐ and metal‐free pure diazo solution in dichloromethane. Starting from innocuous ketones and aldehydes, this methodology allows the production of a broad range of unprecedented diazoalkanes compounds in excellent yields, while highlighting their synthetic potential and the possibility of safe large‐scale diazo production.
Interpretation of I-V Characteristics of Diamond Cold Cathodes (1997)

An empirical analysis of emission characteristics of diamond coated field emitters was performed using I-V and Fowler-Nordheim plots from an emitter tip at different diamond coating thicknesses. A correlation was found to exist between diamond thickness, voltage drop, and apparent work function. There was also found a correlation between diamond thickness and the onset of non-linear Fowler-Nordheinz behavior. This same empirical analysis was applied to the phenomenon of irregular n-shaped curves. We attribute these behaviors to a space charge accumulation in the diamond, which we can describe empirically based on a simple physical emission model. From this we have developed some useful engmeering parameters for emitter coatings, as well as a better understanding of the underlying physical mechanism. 1. Introduction The fabrication of efficient cathodes for vacuum microelectronics devices requires an understanding of the physical processes responsible for emission. The purposes of a detailed analysis of the emission characteristics of diamond cathodes are to provide us with information about the emission mechanism and to evaluate the optimum cathode parameters. At this point, most experimental current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of diamond field emitters are interpreted only in terms of “improvement” or “non-improvement” of the emissivity as compared to “traditional” field emitters. There are also attempts to characterize the emissivity of diamond cathodes by means of a ‘‘work fimctionll derived from a formal implementation of FowlerNordheim (F-N) equation. The results of such an approach are ofken contradictory and confining [l]. Also, specific features of the I-V characteristics of diamond cathodes, such as the nonlinearity of F-N plots, hysteresis etc., are ignored. Most emission models are based on highly idealized emission behavior and cannot predict other phenomena even though they may be the dominant features in the plotted emission data. Such idealization has lead to a wide gap between diamond emission theory and real experimental data. We propose to bridge this gap with a new approach to the analysis of the I-V characteristics of diamond cathodes, developed to model emission phenomenologically, from which to extract information about the physical mechanisms of emission. We believe that from this analysis, concrete recommendations concerning design parameters of practical diamond cold cathodes can be made. All of the characteristic emission tendencies observed for electrophoretically diamond coated emitters have also been observed for coatings of CVD diamond, amorphous diamond, magnetron sputtered AlN, and electrophoretically coated c-BN [5,6]. These emission characteristics seem to be general tendencies for wide band gap materials.
The influence of charge carriers in the hole transport layer on stability of quantum dot light-emitting devices (2021)

While the narrow emission spectrum and high quantum yield of quantum dots (QDs) is desirable for light emitting devices (LEDs), the mechanisms that limit electroluminescent QDLED stability must be understood before they can be used in high brightness applications. The deep energy levels of Cd-based QDs allow for relatively easy electron injection but comparably difficult hole injection, resulting in an imbalance of charge carriers in the emission layer (EML) that can reduce efficiency via non-radiative recombination. The incorporation of a multi-component hole transport layer (HTL) consisting of materials with sequentially deeper highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels in a cascading HTL (CHTL) architecture has been shown to improve QDLED lifetime by 20x while also enhancing luminous efficiency. Prompt and delayed electrical and spectroscopic measurements indicate that the CHTL structure shifts excessive hole accumulation away from the QD/HTL interface, resulting in less degradation of the HTL in contact with the QD EML, and reduces leakage current by blocking electron transport to the anode. The trade-off between exciton density in the HTL vs. QDLED efficiency and stability highlights the importance of the HTL in long-term device performance.
1828-P: Diurnal Pattern of Hepatic Insulin Extraction in Healthy and Type 2 Diabetes (2020)

Hepatic extraction of insulin is associated with insulin sensitivity in humans. It is unknown if a diurnal pattern of HE exists and if this differs between nondiabetic (ND) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) subjects. Here are data presented for 10 ND (BMI 29.4±1.3 kg/m2, age 57±3 yrs) and 9 T2D subjects (BMI 33±2 kg/m2, age 58±4 yrs, HbA1c 57±4 mM/mol) studied thus far. They ingested identical mixed meals (75 g carbs; 8 kcal/kg) at either breakfast (B), lunch (L) or dinner (D) in randomized Latin square order on three consecutive days with frequent sampling of plasma glucose (G), insulin (I) and C-peptide (C) concentrations. Fasting and post-meal glucose concentrations were higher while fasting and post-meal insulin, C-peptide concentrations were lower during meals in T2D as compared to ND subjects. Total and basal hepatic insulin extraction (HE and HEb, respectively) were estimated using the Oral Insulin and C-peptide Minimal Models. Differences with B, L and D and between ND and T2D were assessed by N-way ANOVA (a p-value&amp;lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant). Results show that both HE and HEb were significantly lower (p=0.009, p=0.011, respectively) throughout the day in T2D than ND subjects (Fig 1). Our initial results suggest an emerging diurnal pattern of HE in T2D subjects with D being lower than other meals. These observations provide novel insights into the diurnal pattern of hepatic extraction throughout the day in T2D subjects. Disclosure D. Romeres: None. Y.R. Yadav: None. F. Ruchi: None. C. Cobelli: None. C. Dalla Man: Research Support; Self; Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH. A. Basu: Consultant; Spouse/Partner; GENFIT. Research Support; Spouse/Partner; AstraZeneca. R. Basu: Consultant; Self; GENFIT. Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca. Funding National Institutes of Health (R01DK029953 to R.B.), (R01DK085516 to A.B.), (DK059637, DK020593)