gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Statistical Characterization of Temperature and Pressure Vertical Profiles for the Analysis of Laser Heterodyne Data (2021)

&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;We present an analysis of historic pressure and temperature profiles from radiosonde&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;launches that will be used in retrieval of mixing fractions for greenhouse gases (GHGs, including&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor) in Laser Heterodyne Radiometry (LHR) data. With&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;over 2,700 stations worldwide, the global coverage for weather balloon observations is&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;extensive. Radiosonde stations included in the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA),&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;are launched simultaneously twice daily at 00:00 and 12:00 UTC. Global stations span all time&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;zones in both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere.&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#160;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;Mesa Photonics and George Washington University are developing a variant of LHR&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;known as Precision Heterodyne, Oxygen-Corrected Spectroscopy (PHOCS) that simultaneously&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;collects high-resolution, oxygen spectral line shape data. Because oxygen concentrations in the&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;troposphere and lower stratosphere are constant, these line shapes are uniquely sensitive to both&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;temperature and pressure profiles and constrained fitting of these line shapes enables more&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;precise GHG concentration retrievals.&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#160;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;Our approach is to collect historic data over several years (typically the prior decade) for&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;a particular date window surrounding a PHOCS measurement date for stations across the globe,&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;and mine this data for observation probability distributions as a function of level altitude, local&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;time of day of launch, latitude, etc. These distributions will then be used as Bayesian priors to&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;constrain temperature and pressure fits during the oxygen spectral fitting routine. Subsequently,&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;these priors will be used to estimate uncertainties in vertically-resolved GHG mixing ratios.&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;
Supplementary Figure 3 from SMAD4 Loss in Colorectal Cancer Patients Correlates with Recurrence, Loss of Immune Infiltrate, and Chemoresistance (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Kaplan-Meier graphs in the validation cohort with number of subjects at risk showing colorectal cancer-specific survival according to SMAD4 status.&lt;/p&gt;
CMC (2002)

Many system errors do not emerge unless some intricate sequence of events occurs. In practice, this means that most systems have errors that only trigger after days or weeks of execution. Model checking [4] is an effective way to find such subtle errors. It takes a simplified description of the code and exhaustively tests it on all inputs, using techniques to explore vast state spaces efficiently. Unfortunately, while model checking systems code would be wonderful, it is almost never done in practice: building models is just too hard. It can take significantly more time to write a model than it did to write the code. Furthermore, by checking an abstraction of the code rather than the code itself, it is easy to miss errors.The paper's first contribution is a new model checker, CMC, which checks C and C++ implementations directly, eliminating the need for a separate abstract description of the system behavior. This has two major advantages: it reduces the effort to use model checking, and it reduces missed errors as well as time-wasting false error reports resulting from inconsistencies between the abstract description and the actual implementation. In addition, changes in the implementation can be checked immediately without updating a high-level description.The paper's second contribution is demonstrating that CMC works well on real code by applying it to three implementations of the Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) networking protocol [7]. We found 34 distinct errors (roughly one bug per 328 lines of code), including a bug in the AODV specification itself. Given our experience building systems, it appears that the approach will work well in other contexts, and especially well for other networking protocols.
Optimization of THz wave coupling into samples in DNP/NMR spectroscopy (2010)

High power millimeter wave and terahertz sources are used in DNP/NMR spectroscopy to greatly enhance the NMR signal. A key issue is the efficient coupling of the source power to the sample. We present HFSS calculations showing that the MIT 250 GHz DNP/NMR system provides a B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> value of 13 μT/W <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> . The simulation shows the importance of the diffraction of radiation passing through the RF coil, leading to non-uniform illumination of the sample. A simple single pass model yields insight into the origin of the observed B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> value. Methods of optimizing the B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> value are described.
Electrochemistry of Cytochrome P450 BM3 in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Films (2006)

Direct electrochemistry of the cytochrome P450 BM3 heme domain (BM3) was achieved by confining the protein within sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) films on the surface of basal-plane graphite (BPG) electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry revealed the heme FeIII/II redox couple at -330 mV (vs Ag/AgCl, pH 7.4). Up to 10 V/s, the peak current was linear with the scan rate, allowing us to treat the system as surface-confined within this regime. The standard heterogeneous rate constant determined at 10 V/s was estimated to be 10 s-1. Voltammograms obtained for the BM3-SDS-BPG system in the presence of dioxygen exhibited catalytic waves at the onset of FeIII reduction. The altered heme reduction potential of the BM3-SDS-graphite system indicates that SDS is likely bound in the enzyme active-site region. Compared to other P450-surfactant systems, we find redox potentials and electron-transfer rates that differ by approximately 100 mV and >10-fold, respectively, indicating that the nature of the surfactant environment has a significant effect on the observed heme redox properties.
Mianningite, ([], Pb, Ce, Na) (U4+, Mn, U6+) Fe3+ 2(Ti, Fe3+)18 O38, a new member of the crichtonite group from Maoniuping REE deposit, Mianning county, southwest Sichuan, China (2016)

Mianningite (IMA 2014-072), ideally (□,Pb,Ce,Na)(U4+,Mn,U6+)Fe3+2(Ti,Fe3+)18O38, is a new member of the crichtonite group from the Maoniuping REE deposit, Mianning county, Sichuan province, China. It was found in fractures of lamprophyre veins and in the contact between lamprophyre and a later quartz–alkali feldspar syenite dyke with REE mineralization, and is named after its type locality. Associated minerals are microcline, albite, quartz, iron-rich phlogopite, augite, muscovite, calcite, baryte, fluorite, epidote, pyrite, magnetite, hematite, galena, hydroxylapatite, titanite, ilmenite, rutile, garnet-group minerals, zircon, allanite-(Ce), monazite-(Ce), bastnasite-(Ce), parisite-(Ce), maoniupingite-(Ce), thorite, pyrochlore-group minerals and chlorite. Mianningite occurs as opaque subhedral to euhedral tabular crystals, up to 1–2 mm in size, black in color and streak, and with a submetallic luster. Mianningite is brittle, with a conchoidal fracture. Its average micro-indentation hardness is 83.8 kg/mm2 (load 0.2 kg), which is equivalent to ~6 on the Mohs hardness scale. Its measured and calculated densities are 4.62 (8) g/cm3 and 4.77 g/cm3, respectively. Under reflected light, mianningite is grayish white, with no internal reflections. It appears isotropic and exhibits neither bireflectance nor pleochroism. The empirical formula, calculated on the basis of 38 O atoms per formula unit ( apfu ), is [□0.322(Pb0.215Ba0.037Sr0.036Ca0.010)Σ0.298(Ce0.128La0.077Nd0.012)Σ0.217 (Na0.127K0.036)Σ0.163]Σ1.000(U4+0.447Mn0.293U6+0.112Y0.091Zr0.023Th0.011)Σ0.977(Fe3+1.224Fe2+0.243Mg0.023P0.008Si0.006 □0.496)Σ2.000(Ti12.464Fe3+5.292V5+0.118Nb0.083Al0.026Cr3+0.017)Σ18.000O38. Mianningite is trigonal, belongs to the space group ![Formula][1] , and has unit-cell parameters a = 10.3462(5) A, c = 20.837(2) A, V = 1931.65 (20) A3, and Z = 3. The structure was solved ( R 1 = 0.070) using reflections with I > 2σ( I ) on a heated crystal; it is isostructural with the other members of the crichtonite group. Mianningite can be considered as the analogue of mapiquiroite with the M0 site preferentially vacant. Its eight strongest X-ray powder-diffraction lines [ d in A( I / I )( hkl )] are 2.627(100) (125), 2.144 (100) (135), 3.065(75) (025), 2.254 (70) (028), 1.545(60) (336), 2.883(55) (116), 2.476 (55) (027), and 1.705 (55) (146).

 [1]: /embed/mml-math-1.gif
Development, Testing, and Field Deployment of a Hydraulically Expanded Solid Liner Hanger in a Casing Directionally Drilled Well in Norway (2008)

Abstract When ConocoPhillips (COP) decided to conduct Casing Directional Drilling (CDD) operations from a platform in the Norwegian Sector of the North Sea, the well design required that the drilled in 7-3/4" production casing string be converted into a liner prior to completing the well. There was a challenge in identifying a liner hanger system that would be suitable for CDD operations; that did not require a running tool; would maintain a full internal diameter (ID) for running and retrieving bottom hole assemblies (BHA's) and would act as a barrier against gas migration over the service life of the well. Expandable technology(1) was identified as a potential solution. Once a service provider was identified, a basis of design was established and testing began. The end result after eighteen (18) months of work was a successful field deployment of a 7-3/4" liner hanger that was drilled in from surface; successfully expanded into 10-3/4" casing; had a load capability of over 440,000 lbs (200 metric tons or MT) and a 5,000 psi (345 bar) gas tight seal qualified to ISO 14310:V0. This paper will describe the development, testing and actual deployment that took place between December 2006 and January 2007.
Ocular Localization and Transduction by Adenoviral Vectors Are Serotype-Dependent and Can Be Modified by Inclusion of RGD Fiber Modifications (2014)

Different adenoviral vector serotypes ± modifications transduce different cells within the eye. Transgene expression can be brief or extended and is serotype and delivery route dependent. Thus, adenoviral vectors provide a versatile platform for the delivery of therapeutic agents for ocular diseases.
Stereoselective Synthesis of acis-Cedrane-8,9-diol as a Key Intermediate for an Amber Odorant (2020)

The naturally occurring (−)-α-cedrene exhibits a weak woody and cedarlike odor. In contrast, cis-cedrene acetonide, which is a derivative of cedrene, is an extremely powerful semisynthetic aroma molecule. The current process starting from cedrene yields cis-cedrene acetonide in an overall yield of <20%. Herein, we report two synthetic pathways toward this valuable product starting either by isomerization of commercially available cedrene epoxide or by photo-oxidation of (−)-α-cedrene to an allylic intermediate. The key step of the synthesis is the epoxidation of the protected or even unprotected allyl alcohol followed by the reductive opening of the epoxide. This reaction sequence leads to the respective cis-diol with the correct stereochemistry. Subsequent acetalization gives cis-cedrene acetonide in up to 78% overall yield. We also report our attempt to prepare the cis-diol with inverted stereochemistry. In this context, we inverted the configuration of the allylic alcohol via a Mitsunobu reaction. However, only the acetyl-protected alcohol could be epoxidized, leading the undesired trans-product in >99% yield.
Metabolic effects of intra‐abdominal fat in GHRKO mice (2011)

Mice with targeted deletion of the growth hormone receptor (GHRKO mice) are growth hormone (GH) resistant, small, obese, hypoinsulinemic, highly insulin sensitive and remarkably long-lived. To elucidate the unexpected coexistence of adiposity with improved insulin sensitivity and extended longevity, we examined effects of surgical removal of visceral (epididymal and perinephric) fat on metabolic traits related to insulin signaling and longevity. Comparison of results obtained in GHRKO mice and in normal animals from the same strain revealed disparate effects of visceral fat removal (VFR) on insulin and glucose tolerance, adiponectin levels, accumulation of ectopic fat, phosphorylation of insulin signaling intermediates, body temperature, and respiratory quotient (RQ). Overall, VFR produced the expected improvements in insulin sensitivity and reduced body temperature and RQ in normal mice and had opposite effects in GHRKO mice. Some of the examined parameters were altered by VFR in opposite directions in GHRKO and normal mice, and others were affected in only one genotype or exhibited significant genotype × treatment interactions. Functional differences between visceral fat of GHRKO and normal mice were confirmed by measurements of adipokine secretion, lipolysis, and expression of genes related to fat metabolism. We conclude that in the absence of GH signaling, the secretory activity of visceral fat is profoundly altered and unexpectedly promotes enhanced insulin sensitivity. The apparent beneficial effects of visceral fat in GHRKO mice may also explain why reducing adiposity by calorie restriction fails to improve insulin signaling or further extend longevity in these animals.
Successful Gingival Depigmentation With Laser‐Patterned Microcoagulation: A Case Report (2011)

Introduction: Current methods for gingival depigmentation, including mechanical surgery, cryosurgery, laser treatments, and radiosurgery, create significant patient discomfort and risk of complications, thereby reducing attractiveness of the depigmentation procedure for many patients. To our knowledge, this case report presents a first‐time application of a new technology, laser‐patterned microcoagulation (LPM) based on the concept of fractional laser photothermolysis that was successfully applied in dermatology and ophthalmology. Case Presentation: One patient was treated for local hyperpigmentation of the labial attached gingiva in the maxillary anterior area. A diode laser with wavelength 980 nm and power 20 W was used to create microcoagulation columns with a 30% area filling factor. Two treatments were performed, 2 weeks apart, without anesthesia. The patient was followed for 5 months. The discomfort during the procedure was tolerable without anesthesia. Healing was uneventful and visually completed with significant reduction of pigmentation at 2 weeks after treatment. Complete visual depigmentation was observed at both 2 weeks and 2 months after the second treatment. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first clinical case of hyperpigmentation treatment using LPM, demonstrating feasibility of a new, minimally invasive and effective method of localized gingival hyperpigmentation removal. The patient discomfort is significantly less than that reported for other methods for depigmentation.
Plasmon transmissivity and reflectivity of narrow grooves in a silver film (1999)

Surface plasmon (SP) reflectivity and transmissivity of narrow grooves in silver films are studied. The SP source is the probe of a scanning near-field optical microscope. Locally detected leakage radiation from the SP provides detailed information on the paths of SP propagation, in particular the influence of perturbations. Global detection provides representative average data on the SP properties of a given metal film and its structures. A groove of 200 nm width, for instance, reflects/transmits about 15%/80% of 'blue-green' SP radiation at normal incidence.
IFN-lambda 3 directly induces antiviral responses in human B and T cells leading to inhibition of HIV-1 infection of CD4+ T cells (2020)

Abstract Type III interferons (IFN-lambdas(λ)) are the most recently discovered interferon cytokine family that inhibit viruses by signaling through a unique IFN-λR1/IL-10RB heterodimeric receptor. Until now, IFN-λs were thought to primarily act on anatomical barrier epithelial cells, neutrophils and a subset of dendritic cells, although the majority of studies have been performed in mice. Here, we examine regulation of IFN-λR1 expression and downstream effects of IFN-λ3 stimulation of primary human blood immune cells and compare them to lung or liver epithelial cells. IFN-λ3 directly bound and upregulated IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in freshly purified human B cells and CD8+ T cells, but not monocytes, neutrophils, natural killer cells and CD4+ T cells. Despite similar IFNLR1 transcript levels in B cells and lung epithelial cells, lung epithelial cells bound more IFN-λ3, which resulted in a 50-fold greater ISG induction when compared to B cells. The reduced response of B cells could be explained by the higher expression of the soluble splice variant of IFN-λR1, which inhibited ISG induction when added with IFN-λ3 to peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Human CD4+ T cells gained responsiveness to IFN-λ3 upon T-cell receptor stimulation since activation signals potently, and specifically upregulated membrane-bound IFN-λR1 expression. Importantly, IFN-λ3 treatment of activated CD4+ T cells caused a significant decrease in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. Collectively, our data demonstrate that IFN-λ3 directly interacts with the human adaptive immune system, and thus can promote antiviral immunity at mucosal and peripheral sites, unlike what has been previously shown in published mouse models.
Oscillation mechanism in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell studied by <i>operando</i> monitoring of oxygen partial pressure using optical probes (2021)

The stability of polymer electrolyte fuel cells（PEFCs）during power generation is one of the most important issues, especially at high current densities. A new oscillation phenomenon was observed in a PEFC with 10-straight channels operated at the temperature of 60 ℃ and the relative humidity of 60% using a gas diffusion layer（GDL）without a micro porous layer at the cathode. The cell voltage oscillated periodically under a constant-current operation. The period and amplitude were approximately 2 s and 20 mV, respectively, but changed at different gas flow rates and current densities. An operando system was developed for detecting the oxygen partial pressure（p（O2））using optical probes. p（O2）during the oscillation synchronized with the cell voltage. During the oscillation, the generated water was proposed to increase and accumulate in the catalyst layer（CL）, accordingly lowering the transport and thus reduction reaction of oxygen. The larger overvoltage resulted in the heat in the CL, by which the liquid water having accumulated in the CL was removed as water vapor to the GDL. This oscillation could be more pronounced at higher current density.
Controllable Growth and Field-Effect Property of Monolayer to Multilayer Microstripes of an Organic Semiconductor (2010)

The controllable growth of partially aligned monolayer to multilayer micrometer stripes was demonstrated by adjusting the pulling speed in a dip-coating process. The number of molecular layers decreases with the increasing pulling speed. A lower pulling speed yields mixed multilayers (3-9 monolayers). It is noteworthy that pure monolayer and bilayer microstripes over large areas can be obtained at high pulling speeds. The stripe morphology strongly depends on the pulling speed or the number of molecular layers. XRD and confocal fluorescence measurements manifest that monolayer stripes are amorphous, while multilayer stripes (> or = 2) consist of crystalline states. FET devices were fabricated on these stripes. Monolayer stripes failed to reveal a field effect due to their amorphous state. In contrast, multilayer stripes exhibit good field-effect behavior. This study provides useful information for future molecular design in controlling molecular architectures. The controllable growth from monolayer to multilayer offers a powerful experimental system for fundamental research into the real charge accumulation and transporting layers for OFETs.
Process-based cost modeling of photonics manufacture: the cost competitiveness of monolithic integration of a 1550-nm DFB laser and an electroabsorptive modulator on an InP platform (2006)

The monolithic integration of components holds promise to increase network functionality and reduce packaging expense. Integration also drives down yield due to manufacturing complexity and the compounding of failures across devices. Consensus is lacking on the economically preferred extent of integration. Previous studies on the cost feasibility of integration have used high-level estimation methods. This study instead focuses on accurate-to-industry detail, basing a process-based cost model of device manufacture on data collected from 20 firms across the optoelectronics supply chain. The model presented allows for the definition of process organization, including testing, as well as processing conditions, operational characteristics, and level of automation at each step. This study focuses on the cost implications of integration of a 1550-nm DFB laser with an electroabsorptive modulator on an InP platform. Results show the monolithically integrated design to be more cost competitive over discrete component options regardless of production scale. Dominant cost drivers are packaging, testing, and assembly. Leveraging the technical detail underlying model projections, component alignment, bonding, and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) are identified as processes where technical improvements are most critical to lowering costs. Such results should encourage exploration of the cost advantages of further integration and focus cost-driven technology development
Mathematical Model for Simulation of the Fate of Copper in a Marine Environment (1980)

A mathematical model is formulated to describe the first-order kinetics of ionic copper released into a marine environment where sorption on suspended solids and complexation with dissolved organic matter occur. Reactions are followed in time until equilibrium between the three copper states is achieved within about 3 hr (based on laboratory determinations of rate and equilibrium constants). The model is demonstrated by simulation of a hypothetical slug discharge of ionic copper, comparable to an actual accidental release off the California coast that caused an abalone kill. A two-dimensional finite element model, containing the copper submodel, was used to simulate the combined effects of advection, diffusion, and kinetic transformation for 6 hr following discharge of 45 kg of ionic copper. Results are shown graphically.