gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CNN-Based Classification of Degraded Images With Awareness of Degradation Levels (2020)

Image classification needs to consider the existence of image degradations in practice. Although degraded images have various levels of degradation, the degradation levels are usually unknown. This paper proposes a convolutional neural network to classify degraded images by using a restoration network and an ensemble learning. The proposed network can automatically infer ensemble weights by using estimated degradation levels of degraded images and features of restored images, where the degradation levels are estimated internally. The proposed network is mainly discussed with JPEG distortion, while degradations of both Gaussian noise and blurring are also examined. We demonstrate that the proposed network can classify degraded images over various levels of degradation. This paper also reveals how the image-quality of training data for a classification network affects the classification performance of degraded images.
Cytotoxic Hypothemycin Analogues from Hypomyces subiculosus (2006)

Three new hypothemycin analogues were isolated from the fungal strains Hypomyces subiculosus DSM 11931 and DSM 11932. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, chemical conversion, and X-ray crystallographic analysis. One of the analogues, 4-O-demethylhypothemycin, exhibited potent and selective cytotoxic activity against cell lines with a BRAF mutation.
Increased magnetic damping in ultrathin films of Co2FeAl with perpendicular anisotropy (2017)

We estimated the magnetic damping constant α of Co2FeAl (CFA) Heusler alloy films of different thicknesses with an MgO capping layer by means of time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect and ferromagnetic resonance measurements. CFA films with thicknesses of 1.2 nm and below exhibited perpendicular magnetic anisotropy arising from the presence of the interface with MgO. While α increased gradually with decreasing CFA film thickness down to 1.2 nm, it was increased substantially when the thickness was reduced further to 1.0 nm. Based on the microstructure analyses and first-principles calculations, we attributed the origin of the large α in the ultrathin CFA film primarily to the Al deficiency in the CFA layer, which caused an increase in the density of states and thereby in the scatterings of their spins.
Effect of Maturity Stages and Drying Methods on the Retention of Selected Nutrients and Phytochemicals in Bitter Melon ( Momordica charantia ) Leaf (2009)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutrient and phytochemical composition of bitter melon leaves under varying maturity levels and drying techniques. Fresh, oven-dried, and freeze-dried leaves were evaluated over 3 maturity stages. In fresh leaves at various stages, crude fat, crude protein, and soluble dietary fiber contents ranged from 4.2% to 13.6%, 6.4% to 23.1%, and 0.04% to 3.50% on dry-weight basis, respectively. The contents of K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn ranged from 1850.8 to 2811.8, 837.4 to 4978.2, 317.3 to 512.4, 8.4 to 16.7, and 4.1 to 5.9 mg/100 g dry-weight basis, respectively. Vitamin C, beta-carotene, and lutein contents ranged from 397.4 to 1275.1, 154.2 to 422.8, and 737.6 to 1304.6 microg/g dry-weight basis. The major flavonoids and phenolic acids were rutin, gentistic acid, and o-coumaric acid, which ranged from 7.57 to 12.75, 2.53 to 10.11, and 4.24 to 9.75 mg/g dry-weight basis, respectively. In oven-dried samples, 40.2% to 52.3% of vitamin C, 35.4% to 55.4% of beta-carotene, 25.6% to 71.6% of lutein, 26.4% to 84.0% of rutin, trace to 11.4% of gentistic acid, and 7.4% to 46.6% of o-coumaric acid were retained, while the retainment ratios of these components in freeze-dried samples were 84.7% to 99.0%, 76.4% to 99.3%, 90.4% to 96.1%, 39.8% to 99.3%, 24.1% to 68.4%, and 75.8% to 87.0%, respectively. The data showed that freeze-drying better preserves the nutrient and phytochemical quality of bitter melon leaves in comparison to oven-drying. Bitter melon leaf is a rich source of selected nutrients and phytochemicals.
Creep Damage Evaluation by Hardness in Advanced High Cr Ferritic Steels (2007)

The apparent activation energy for rupture life sometimes changes from a high value of short term creep to a low value of long term creep. This change results in overestimation of rupture life recognized recently in advanced high Cr ferritic steels. The present study examined how to detect the decrease of activation energy in 9-12 %Cr steels with tempered martensitic lath microstructure. During aging without stress hardness of the tempered martensite microstructures remains almost constant in short term, whereas it decreases with increasing time after long term exposure. The onset of hardness drop can be a good measure of the decrease of activation energy. Causes of the hardness drop and the decrease of activation energy are discussed.
Effect of AMG 479 on anti-tumor effects of gemcitabine and erlotinib against pancreatic carcinoma xenograft models (2008)

4617 Background: Binding of IGF-1 or IGF-2 to the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) activates intracellular signals important in the growth and survival of pancreatic tumors. AMG 479 is a fully human monoclonal antibody against IGF-1R currently in phase II clinical trials. AMG 479 exerts its anti-tumor activity by blocking ligand binding and inducing receptor downregulation in vivo. Methods: IGF-1R and Insulin Receptor (IR) levels were determined using FACS analysis or Meso Scale Detection (MSD). Level of IGF-1R and AKT phosphorylation were measured using MSD. Animal experiments were performed by injecting 5 million MiaPaCa or BxPC-3 cells subcutaneously into female athymic nude mice. Treatment began when xenografts (n=10/group) were approximately 200 mm3 and continued for the length of the experiment. AMG 479 and gemcitabine were dosed 2x/week intraperitoneally. Erlotinib was dosed orally every day. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the efficacy of the treatment groups. Results: The ratios of IGF-1R to IR were 60:1 and 1.5:1 in the BxPC-3 and MiaPaCa cell lines, respectively. In vitro, AMG 479 blocked IGF-1 induced IGF-1R and AKT activation in both cell lines. In vivo, AMG 479 blocked IGF-1 induced IGF-1R activation in both cell lines but could only block AKT activation in the BxPC-3 cell line. Dose- dependent tumor growth inhibition by AMG 479 was observed in both human pancreatic carcinoma xenograft models. Maximal inhibition (70%) was achieved with a 300 μg/dose, 2x/week schedule. Analysis of tumor xenografts following AMG 479 treatment revealed significant down- regulation of IGF-1R expression (>60%). Since the survival signals driven by IGF-1R have been shown to convey resistance to traditional therapies, we tested the ability of AMG 479 to enhance the efficacy of gemcitabine or erlotinib in vivo. Both gemcitabine and erlotinib were significantly more effective in combination with AMG 479. Furthermore, the triple combination of optimal doses of AMG 479, erlotinib and gemcitabine resulted in tumor stasis and regression. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that IGF-1R blockade by AMG 479 inhibits AKT signaling and enhances the in vivo anti-tumor effects of approved therapies for the treatment of pancreatic carcinoma. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Amgen Amgen
Analysis of the E-Cadherin Repressor Snail in Primary Human Cancers (2007)

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a normal developmental process, is known to play a crucial role in tumor progression. Molecules involved in this process, such as the E-cadherin repressor Snail, facilitate migration and invasion of carcinoma cells. A growing number of studies addressing the expression of Snail in clinical samples have been reported and are discussed in this review. A total of 2,112 cases from 9 different tumor types were evaluated. So far, a clear picture has emerged only in some cancer types analyzed with regard to overexpression of Snail and clinical-pathological parameters. Currently, it seems that Snail may play a role in hormone-dependent carcinomas but may be of minor importance in gastrointestinal cancers for tumor dedifferentiation and the maintenance of the invasive phenotype. It should be kept in mind, however, that the threshold for Snail activity does not have to be the same in every tumor type analyzed. The recent introduction of well-characterized novel monoclonal antibodies reacting with the short-lived nuclear Snail protein may help to establish a potential clinical usefulness for this master molecule of EMT, at least for certain types of cancer.
Very High Frequency Silicon Nanowire Electromechanical Resonators (2007)

We demonstrate very high frequency (VHF) nanomechanical resonators based upon single-crystal silicon nanowires (SiNWs), which are prepared by the bottom-up chemical synthesis. Metallized SiNW resonators operating near 200 MHz are realized with quality factor Q ≈ 2000−2500. Pristine SiNWs, with fundamental resonances as high as 215 MHz, are measured using a VHF readout technique that is optimized for these high resistance devices. The pristine resonators provide the highest Q's, as high as Q ≈ 13 100 for an 80 MHz device. SiNWs excel at mass sensing; characterization of their mass responsivity and frequency stability demonstrates sensitivities approaching 10 zeptograms. These SiNW resonators offer significant potential for applications in resonant sensing, quantum electromechanical systems, and high frequency signal processing.
Isolation and characterization of the cell-associated region of group A streptococcal M6 protein (1988)

DNA sequence analysis of the complete M6 protein gene revealed 19 hydrophobic amino acids at the C terminus which could act as a membrane anchor and an adjacent proline- and glycine-rich region likely to be located in the cell wall. To define this region within the cell wall and its role in attaching the molecule to the cell, we isolated the cell-associated fragment of the M protein. Assuming that the cell-associated region of the M protein would be embedded within the wall and thus protected from trypsin digestion, cells were digested with this enzyme, and the wall-associated M protein fragment was released by phage lysin digestion of the peptidoglycan. With antibody probes prepared to synthetic peptides of C-terminal sequences, a cell wall-associated M protein fragment (molecular weight, 16,000) was identified and purified. Amino acid sequence analysis placed the N terminus of the 16,000-molecular-weight fragment at residue 298 within the M sequence. Amino acid composition of this peptide was consistent with a C-terminal sequence lacking the membrane anchor. Antibody studies of nitrous acid-extracted whole bacteria suggested that, in addition to the peptidoglycan-associated region, a 65-residue helical segment of the C-terminal domain of the M protein is embedded within the carbohydrate moiety of the cell wall. Since no detectable amino sugars were associated with the wall-associated fragment, the C-terminal region of the M6 molecule is likely to be intercalated within the cross-linked peptidoglycan and not covalently linked to it. Because the C-terminal region of the M molecule is highly homologous to the C-terminal end of protein A from staphylococci and protein G from streptococci, it is likely that the mechanism of attachment of these proteins to the cell wall is conserved.
All-glass micro-groove light guide plate by mask and etch (2021)

All-glass, micro-groove arrays were etched into a glass light guide plate surface, transforming edge-lit incident light into uniform area output from its surface. All micro-grooves in the array shared similar shape and extraction efficiency. They were spray etched into Corning alkali-borosilicate glass (Iris) effectively controlling the degree of light extraction uniformity along the array&#x2019;s normal direction by varying the inter-groove pitch from 300&#x2013;1000 &#x00B5;m. Luminance uniformities in excess of 80&#x0025; for 9-point, or 75&#x0025; for 455-point measurements were achieved with 1.2&#x0025; extraction efficiency per groove. Enhanced light redirection from individual micro-grooves towards normal viewing reduced number of additional beam steering films required in light guide plate, backlight units.
Supplementary Figure Legend from Chemotherapy Acts as an Adjuvant to Convert the Tumor Microenvironment into a Highly Permissive State for Vaccination-Induced Antitumor Immunity (2023)

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Compact Inkjet-Printed Flexible MIMO Antenna for UWB Applications (2018)

In this paper, a miniaturized fully inkjet-printed flexible multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for ultrawideband (UWB) application is proposed, occupying a compact size of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$22\times 31\times 0.125$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . In the proposed antenna, two half-planar radiators are introduced to minimize the antenna size. Moreover, a modified T-shaped stub is employed on the ground plane to improve the impedance performance. In addition, a slot is etched on this modified T-shaped ground stub to further enhance the isolation. By doing so, the proposed antenna can operate from 2.9 to more than 12 GHz with the mutual coupling less than −15 dB. Furthermore, to address the out-of-band characteristic drawback that existed in most of the previous UWB antenna, a parallel coupled band-pass filter with stepped impedance transformation and defected ground structure is incorporated in the feedline of the antenna to achieve sharp rejection at the edges of the UWB band. The measurements indicate that the proposed filter-antenna can cover from 3.43 to 10.1 GHz, with the envelope correlation coefficient below 0.3 and the channel capacity loss below 0.4 bit/s/Hz, which ensures its good MIMO performance.
Synthesis of Somatostatin Analogues Containing C-Terminal Adamantane and Their Antiproliferative Properties (2008)

On the basis of the structure of somatostatin analogue TT-232 (1), which exhibited a highly potent antitumor activity, we synthesized small linear peptide derivatives and evaluated their antitumor and apoptotic activity. Of them, Boc-Tyr-D-Trp-1-adamantylamide (5) had the most potent cell antiproliferative activity in SW480 and A431 cell lines, which was supported in A431 cell lines by FACS analysis that demonstrated a major increase in DNA fragmentation in the subG1 fraction.
Tapered multi-mode interference couplers for high order mode power extraction (2010)

Tapered 1 × 1 multi-mode interference (MMI) devices are proposed for high order to fundamental mode conversion. Like adiabatic tapers, the device provides a down-tapered image of the input fundamental mode, while acting as a short taper for higher even-ordered modes. This is the first tapering scheme capable of near 100% transmission of the input fundamental mode, as well as mode conversion for the input higher order modes. When directly excited by diode lasers, the tapered MMI coupler presented can convert the fundamental and second-order transverse modes of different wavelengths into the fundamental mode signals of a single-mode output waveguide.
Mandarin-English bilingual vocabulary development in an English-immersion preschool: How does it compare with monolingual development? (2014)

Aims and objectives: A common phenomenon in many Asian countries is parents enrolling their preschoolers in bilingual or English-immersion programs to provide a head start in learning English. A frequently raised concern is that learning English too early can hamper children’s language development. This study examined the receptive and expressive vocabularies of children in an English-immersion preschool in Taiwan and compared their receptive and expressive vocabulary skills to those of their monolingual peers. Methodology: Mandarin receptive and expressive vocabulary tests were individually administered to 25 bilingual Mandarin-English-speaking and 24 monolingual Mandarin-speaking 5-year-olds, while standardized English receptive and expressive vocabulary tests were given to the bilinguals only. Data analysis: Multivariate analysis of variance and one-sample t-tests were performed to determine whether the bilinguals showed a gap in the development of receptive and expressive vocabulary compared to Mandarin monolingual peers or to English monolingual norms. Follow-up analyses were further conducted to determine differences between the bilingual and monolingual groups on specific vocabulary items. Findings and conclusions: Findings corroborate previous studies that show relatively smaller receptive and expressive vocabularies in bilinguals’ L1 and L2. Follow-up analyses further suggest the circumstance-specific and distributed nature of bilingual vocabulary. Possible explanations proposed in the literature and the present study provide an insight into the nature of bilingual vocabulary development. Originality and implications: The present study provides a preliminary understanding of Mandarin-English vocabulary development in a group of bilingual preschoolers learning English in an English-as-a-foreign language-immersion program, a less-studied context. Insight into the nature of bilingual vocabulary development in different contexts should enable concerned parents and language educators to provide language-rich home and school environments, with exposure to a variety of words and support for learning translation equivalents.
Geometric Defects and Icosahedral Viruses (2018)

We propose that viruses with geometric defects are not necessarily flawed viruses. A geometric defect may be a reactive site. Defects may facilitate assembly, dissociation, or accessibility of cellular proteins to virion components. In single molecule studies of hepadnavirus assembly, defects and overgrowth are common features. Icosahedral alphaviruses and flaviviruses, among others, have capsids with geometric defects. Similarly, immature retroviruses, which are non-icosahedral, have numerous "errors". In many viruses, asymmetric exposure of interior features allows for regulated genome release or supports intracellular trafficking. In these viruses, the defects likely serve a biological function. Commonly used approaches for spherical virus structure determination use symmetry averaging, which obscures defects. We suggest that there are three classes of asymmetry: regular asymmetry as might be found in a tailed phage, irregular asymmetry as found, for example, in defects randomly trapped during assembly, and dynamic asymmetry due to Brownian dynamics of virus capsids. Awareness of their presence and recent advances in electron microscopy will allow unprecedented investigation of capsid irregularities to investigate their biological relevance.
Introduction to this special section: Rocks under stress (2005)

The objective of this special section is to show the state-of-the-art in assessing the sensitivity of rocks to stress and how this can be used to further our understanding in exploration and production. As we approach more and more quantitative use of seismic data for purposes of exploration, reservoir characterization, and reservoir surveillance, understanding how rocks react under stress and how this information can be used becomes more important. Changes in the stress field have an effect on layer thickness, seismic velocity, density, anisotropy, and fracture orientation as observed in reservoir sands, overburden/underburden shales, and in carbonates.
Precise impedance based fault location algorithm with fault resistance separation (2015)

The reactance method with fault resistance separation has been developed in order to determine as precisely as possible the impedance of a fault loop in a transmission or distribution power system line. This method has commonly been used for impedance calculation in case of a single phase-to-earth fault in diverse power system protection applications. New developments in this area have shown that the extension of the method to multi-phase faults is not only possible but also of practical relevance. However, all previous investigations focused on impedance calculation using data from one single side of the power system line. Due to missing data from the remote end, the determined impedance value can deviate from its real value. This research consists in an improvement of this calculation method using data from both the own and the remote line end. This approach uses communication between two measurement units e.g. protection relays, which have the advantage of not requiring a precise synchronization with each other. The additional time invariant parameters of the power system, acquired by each device and transferred to the remote end, allow an exact computation of the fault reactance and fault resistance. In this paper, the derivation of this novel approach as well as experimental results in a fault location application are presented.
Fine mapping and haplotype analysis of the locus for congenital nephrotic syndrome on chromosome 19q13.1. (1995)

We have recently localized the gene for congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF) to chromosome 19q12-13.1. On the basis of observed recombination events, the gene was localized between markers D19S416/D19S425/D19S213/D19S208/D19S191 and D19S224. Here we have extended the mapping efforts, on the basis of a detailed physical map of the region. By means of three new polymorphic markers--D19S608, D19S609, and D19S610--developed in this study, the critical candidate region could be further restricted. Significant linkage disequilibrium was observed with markers D19S610, D19S608, D19S224, and D19S220, the strongest allelic association being 84% with marker D19S610 at 19q13.1. This suggests that the CNF gene locus lies in close proximity to marker D19S610. Combination of the informative markers revealed four main haplotype categories. Different geographic distribution was observed between these haplotype groups when they were placed on the map of finland according to the birthplaces of grandparents.
Using OOK Modulation for Symmetric 40-Gb/s Long-Reach Time-Sharing Passive Optical Networks (2010)

Due to the requirement of broad bandwidth for next-generation access networks, present passive optical networks (PONs) will be upgraded to 40 Gb/s or higher data rate PONs. Hence, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a simple and efficient scheme to achieve a symmetric 40-Gb/s long-reach (LR) time-division-multiplexed PON by using four wavelength-division-multiplexed 10-Gb/s external on-off keying format channels to serve as the optical transmitter for downstream and upstream traffic simultaneously. Moreover, the system performance of LR transmission and split ratio have also been analyzed and discussed without dispersion compensation.