gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Flame retardancy of bitumen: A calorimetry study (2012)

The article investigates the flame retardancy of bitumen for roofing applications using the mass loss calorimeter. Screening of the solid flame retardants, including expandable graphite, boron-based compounds, and silsesquioxanes, shows that they can provide high fire performance. Nevertheless, the settling of these compounds during hot storage stability tests does not permit using them for large-scale application (transportation of bitumen at high temperature). On the contrary, the incorporation of the commercial liquid flame retardant OP 920 (phosphoric acid alkyl ester) in bitumen enhances the reaction to fire of the bitumen, and the mixture is stable during hot storage test. Nanoparticles (organoclay and multiwall carbon nanotubes) have not been found to be appropriate flame retardants for bitumen, but they can be used as synergist with OP 920. Nevertheless, they are not suitable for practical applications because organoclay settles during hot storage tests. Only OP 920 among the evaluated flame retardants can be considered for roofing applications. It provides a very promising fire performance in polymer-modified bitumen and in roofing felts.
Utilization of V kappa families and V kappa exons. Implications for the available B cell repertoire (1991)

A molecular cloning approach was used to determine the relative utilization of 2 individual V kappa 21 genes, 13 V kappa gene families, and the 4 functional J kappa gene segments among splenic B cells of nonimmunized BALB/c mice. Based on the observed frequency of individual V kappa gene expression, we estimate that the mouse genome encodes 150 to 180 functional V kappa genes, and we suggest that most functional V kappa exons are expressed at comparable frequencies in the preimmune antibody repertoire. In contrast, clear differences in J kappa segment utilization were observed, J kappa 4 being consistently underrepresented with respect to the other J kappa segments.
On Water and in Air: Fast and Highly Chemoselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Aldehydes with Iridium Catalysts. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Abnormal Mitochondrial Structure in Human Unfertilized Oocytes and Arrested Embryos (2005)

To clarify the relationship between mitochondria and embryo development, we collected human unfertilized oocytes, early embryos, and arrested embryos. Unfertilized oocytes and poor-quality embryos were collected, and the ultrastructure of mitochondria was determined by transmission electron micrography. Four criteria for determining the mitochondrial state were mitochondrial morphology, cristae shape, location, and number of mitochondria. In mature oocytes, mitochondria were rounded with arched cristae and a dense matrix and were distributed evenly in the ooplasm. In pronuclear zygotes, the size and shape of mitochondria were similar to those in mature oocytes; however, mitochondria appeared to migrate and concentrate around pronuclei. In this study, 67% of examined unfertilized oocytes had fewer mitochondria in the cytoplasm. A decreased number of mitochondria located near the nucleus was also demonstrated in 60% of arrested embryos. Fewer differentiated cristae were determined in all three arrested blastocyst stages of embryos. The relative expressions of oxidative phosphorylation genes in oocytes and embryos were also determined. These data imply that inadequate redistribution of mitochondria, unsuccessful mitochondrial differentiation, or decreased mitochondrial transcription may result in poor oocyte fertilization and compromised embryo development.
Panel synopsis - how (In)adequate is one time testing? (2004)

While the topics of periodic and concurrent testing have been well researched in the literature, and techniques developed and deployed in mission critical systems for several years, the need for incorporating these techniques into nanometer technology chips is being felt now. Contrary to common belief, the need for periodic testing may exist even today and we may be missing failures during normal operation in dense chips. This panel debates on the need for periodically testing critical components of today's complex chips during in-use conditions in the field, and investigates the possible incompleteness of manufacturing time (one time) testing. Nanometer technology designs face the dual problems of design correctness upon manufacture as well as after it. Issues in the former are better understood and solutions have been proposed based on design styles and design margins, and accompanying design automation. However, issues in the latter are only analysed for reliability, as against for errors due to hard or soft failures, which require periodic testing in the field itself. This problem is aggravated as design geometries shrink, with an increasingly larger mis-correlation between the expected behaviour in simulation and the actual behaviour in silicon, and the increased susceptibility of designs to internal disturbances, (e.g. switching conditions), and external disturbances, (e.g. atmospheric radiation), resulting in an increasingly larger probability of incorrect operation during normal operation. Periodic testing in the field, in the form of test support built into the hardware system, has been employed in systems used in critical applications, e.g. mainframes in online transaction processing, process control systems, navigation control systems (including those used for spacecrafts), telephone exchanges, life saving equipment, high end test equipment, etc., where the operation must be uninterrupted and the tolerance to any error is nil. This panel will investigate the necessity of such forms of testing, (either concurrently with normal operation or at regular intervals), in a wider class of circuit functions built into today's complex chips, and sensitise the design and test community to this new challenge. The issues to be investigated include: (a) Reliability of today's chips on the field. Failure rates. Debug mechanisms presently in use. (b) Failure modes in nanometer technology designs during manufacturing and during use. Their impact on logic and memories. Impact of corresponding fault condition detection mechanisms on yield and reliability. (c) Adequacy of present defect screening techniques based on static test coverage. Enhancements to address very low DPPM (defective parts per million) requirements. Tradeoffs with design margins. (d) Circuit design and synthesis techniques for periodic testing. Design methodology changes required to support them. Type of faults targetted by them. (e) System level techniques for periodic testing. Design and integration of test IPs. Their re-use and applications.
Observation of High Enantioselectivity for the Gas Phase Hydrogenation of Methyl Pyruvate Using Supported Pt Catalysts Pre‐Modified with Cinchonidine. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficacy and safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in participants with a history of cancer: subgroup analysis of a global phase 3 randomized clinical trial (2021)

In participants with past or active neoplasms, BNT162b2 vaccine has a similar efficacy and safety profile as in the overall trial population. These results can inform BNT162b2 use during the COVID-19 pandemic and future trials in participants with cancer. Clinical trial number: NCT04368728.
Experimental investigation of broadband frequency response of fractures in a carbonate core by visualizing seismic wave propagation (2019)

To elucidate the relationship between seismic attenuation phenomena observed in various seismic methods at widely different frequencies and fractures developed in carbonate reservoirs and to elucidate the rock physics mechanism responsible for those phenomena associated with fractures, we propose a novel method to measure dynamic properties of fractures in a broadband frequency by visualization of seismic wave propagation. The characteristic of our proposed method is that we conduct 3D numerical simulation in a broadband frequency on a digital core produced by an X-ray computed tomography (CT) by calibrating with laboratory measurements in a limited frequency range. Fracture parameters and physical properties of the digital core can be calibrated with visualized seismic wave propagation in a core surface and with waveforms transmitted through the inside of a core sample. The advantage of our proposed method over existing methods is that we can measure local properties of a core sample, which may enable us to obtain more reliable information about fractures than existing methods measuring the average properties of a core sample. We describe the concept and workflow of our proposed method, and then preliminarily apply two different visualization techniques to four different core samples from two wells in an Abu Dhabi oil field. We demonstrate the applicability of visualization of seismic wave propagation to characterize fractures in a core sample. Furthermore, our preliminary 3D numerical results demonstrate the feasibility of simulating 3D wave propagation in a core sample. We demonstrate the complicated wave propagation in a core sample, implying the necessity of the assist of numerical modeling to understand 3D wave propagation in a core sample.
Surfactants as Microbicidal Contraceptives:  A Calorimetric Study of Partitioning and Translocation in Model Membrane Systems (2008)

Surfactant partitioning into lipid vesicles was studied using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), comparing the behavior of four surfactants with current or potential application in contraception and the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases: nonoxynol-9 (N-9), the amphoteric mixture known as C31G, benzalkonium chloride (BZK), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Membranes varied in composition from a single-component system, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, to a complex lipid mixture that models the sperm plasma membrane. The partitioning of N-9 into the membranes was found to be endothermic in contrast to the other surfactants studied. For all four surfactants, the partition coefficient decreased as the membrane cholesterol content increased. Surfactant translocation across the membrane leaflets was also determined, with SDS being the only surfactant of the four not to exhibit “flip-flop” on experimental time scales. The results of these studies shed light on the process of surfactant-induced membrane permeabilization.
Molecular recognition in the minor groove of the DNA helix. Studies on the synthesis of oligonucleotides and polynucleotides containing 3-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine. Interaction of the oligonucleotides with the restriction endonuclease EcoRV. (1990)

An improved procedure for the preparation of 3-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine (d3CA) is described which is suitable for the synthesis of gram quantities of this analogue. Using phosphoramidite chemistry d3CA has been incorporated into the Eco RV restiction endonuclease recognition sequence (underlined) present in the self-complementary dodecamer d(GACGATATCGTC). The modified oligonucleotides have been thoroughly characterised by nucleoside composition analysis, circular dichroism and thermal melting studies. Studies with Eco RV show that incorporation of d3CA into either the central or outer dA-dT base-pair results in a substantial reduction in the rate of cleavage. The two-step conversion of d3CA to 3-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine-5'-O-triphosphate (d3CATP) via the 5'-O-tosylate is also described. d3CATP is not a substrate in the poly[d(AT)].poly[d(AT)] primed polymerisation for either E. coli DNA polymerase I or Micrococcus luteus DNA polymerase. In a more detailed kinetic analysis d3CATP was shown to be a competitive inhibitor of E. coli DNA polymerase I with respect to dATP.
Tissue Engineering of Skeletal Muscle Using Polymer Fiber Arrays (2003)

The purpose of this study was to assess a new scaffold design for muscle tissue engineering: arrays of parallel-oriented polymer microfibers. First, C2C12 skeletal myoblasts were seeded onto single, laminin-coated polypropylene fibers and their growth and alignment were characterized. With the aim of creating skeletal muscle sheets, it was then investigated whether cell layers of single fibers merged when in close proximity to neighboring fibers. The optimal fiber spacing needed to achieve cell alignment with the lowest possible content of scaffold material was established. Further, it was assessed whether such a cell sheet became contractile and whether it survived in vitro for extended periods of time. C2C12 cells, cultured on fibers 10 to 15 microm in diameter, formed up to 50-microm-thick layers of longitudinally aligned cells. Four different groups based on fiber spacing (30 to 35, 50 to 55, 70 to 75, and 90 to 95 microm) were evaluated. Complete cell sheets formed between fibers that were spaced 55 microm apart or less; larger spacing led to no or incomplete sheets. C2C12 cells, seeded onto a 10 x 20 mm fiber array, formed a contractile cell sheet that was maintained in vitro for 70 days. Larger, three-dimensional structures might be created by arranging fibers in several layers or by stacking cellular sheets.
Parametric Modeling of Human Wrist for Bioimpedance-Based Physiological Sensing (2022)

Bioimpedance is a powerful modality to continuously and non-invasively monitor cardiovascular and respiratory health parameters through the wearable operation. However, for bioimpedance sensors to be utilized in medical-grade settings, the reliability and robustness of the system should be improved. Previous studies provide limited fundamental analyses of the factors involved in the system that impact the sensitivity and the specificity of the modality in capturing the hemodynamics. This study provides a parametric model of the human wrist that involves different tissue layers (i.e., skin, fat, artery, muscle, bone) with complex dielectric properties built based on the human wrist anatomy. We run a frequency domain electrical field simulation using finite element analysis to map electric current distribution within the wrist to find the optimum operating frequency and electrode placement that provide the highest sensitivity and specificity to the blood flow. Our results suggest using an operating frequency between 10-100 kHz range with minimal electrode separation to capture the pulsatile activity with high accuracy.
False-negative cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcal latex agglutination tests for patients with culture-positive cryptococcal meningitis (1993)

Three cases of false-negative cerebrospinal fluid latex agglutination test results for patients with culture-positive cryptococcal meningitis are reported. False-negative results occurred in settings of low cryptococcal antigen concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and were dependent on the latex agglutination test kit used. Investigation of each case revealed that prozone phenomena or interference from bound antibody or protein could not account for the false-negative results.
Activation of coagulation and platelets by candidate membranes of implantable devices in a whole blood model without soluble anticoagulant (2012)

Implantable devices are challenged with thrombus formation at their biomaterial interface. Thus the importance of identifying compatible biomaterials that will help to improve the performance of these devices are becoming increasingly paramount. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activation of coagulation and platelets by candidate membranes considered for use in implantable devices on the basis of an adapted whole blood model without soluble anticoagulants. Evaluated materials were incubated with whole blood without soluble anticoagulant in wells coated with heparin. Prothrombin fragment 1+2 (PTF 1+2), thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), and β-thromboglobulin (BTG) were analyzed in plasma samples using enzyme immunoassays. The C5 inhibitor eculizumab was used to evaluate the role of complement. Incubation of two of the polyamide membranes PAR and PATF led to an increase in concentration of PTF 1+2 and TAT (p < 0.01 for PAR, ns for PATF). The BTG concentration was significantly increased for five materials [PAR, PATF, polycarbonate (PC), and two polyarylethersulphone membranes PAES-1 and PAES-2]. Complement inhibition had no effect on coagulation or platelet activation induced by PAR and PATF. In conclusion, PAR and PATF were not compatible with blood and should be avoided for use in implantable devices.
28 GHz and 73 GHz signal outage study for millimeter wave cellular and backhaul communications (2014)

This paper presents millimeter wave propagation measurements in New York City and an analysis of signal outage at 28 and 73 GHz using similar spread spectrum sliding correlator channel sounders that employed high gain, directional steerable antennas (24.5 dBi gain antennas at 28 GHz and 27 dBi gain antennas at 73 GHz) at both the transmitter and receiver. Three identical transmitter locations were used for both the 28 and 73 GHz campaigns, while the 73 GHz campaign included two new TX locations. The 28 GHz campaign tested 25 receiver locations for each of the three transmitter locations, and the 73 GHz campaign tested 27 receiver locations in various combinations with the five transmitter sites. Overall, 75 TX-RX location combinations were tested at 28 GHz and 74 TX-RX combinations were tested at 73 GHz, with T-R (transmitter-receiver) separation distances up to 425 m. The maximum transmit power was 30 dBm at 28 GHz and 14.6 dBm at 73 GHz. Our analysis shows that the estimated outage probabilities at 28 and 73 GHz for the cellular communication scenario are 14% and 17%, respectively, and is 16% for the 73 GHz backhaul scenario.
Discovery and Biological Evaluation of Novel Dual EGFR/c-Met Inhibitors (2014)

Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been identified in a subset of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is one of the leading cancer types worldwide. Application of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors leads to acquired resistance by secondary EGFR mutations or by amplification of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met) gene. Although several EGFR and c-Met inhibitors have been reported, potent dual EGFR/c-Met inhibitors, which can overcome this latter resistance mechanism, have hitherto not been published and have not reached clinical trials. In the present study we have identified dual EGFR/c-Met inhibitors and designed novel N-[4-(quinolin-4-yloxy)-phenyl]-biarylsulfonamide derivatives, which inhibit the c-Met receptor and both the wild-type and the activating mutant EGFR kinases in nanomolar range. We have demonstrated by Western blot analysis that compound 10 inhibits EGFR and c-Met phosphorylation at cellular level and effectively inhibits viability of the NSCLC cell lines.
Graphene-Based Papers and Films (2017)

A dip-coating method was reported to prepare transparent, conductive and ultrathin graphene films, which could be used as an alternative to the ubiquitously employed metal oxide window electrodes for solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. Availability of stable dispersions is a critical requirement to fabricate high quality graphene films by using the spraying deposition methods. High quality films should not have concentration gradients, sedimentation and agglomeration. In this case, the preparation of graphene suspensions with sufficiently high concentrations is a challenge. Highly efficient thin film counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells were prepared by using chemically driven aqueous dispersible graphene nanosheets. A spin-coating process was used to deposit large-area few-monolayer graphene oxide films, which were then converted into graphene films. Homogeneous large-area hybrid transparent films, consisting of ultra-large graphene oxide and functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes, were fabricated by using a layer-by-layer assembly strategy.
RAP-011, a soluble activin receptor type IIA IgG-Fc fusion protein, is a novel bone anabolic agent that prevents bone loss and skeletal metastases in a mouse model of metastatic breast cancer. (2009)

Abstract Abstract #1158 Breast cancer cells have a strong propensity to metastasize to bone, resulting in debilitating complications such as intractable bone pain, spinal compression, pathological fractures, or loss of mobility and function. Anti-resorptive agents, such as bisphosphonates, are commonly used to halt the additional loss of bone, but fail to stimulate the formation of new bone to repair lost or damaged bone. Previous data demonstrated that treatment with an activin antagonist, a soluble form of the extracellular domain of the activin type IIA receptor (ActRIIA) fused to a murine IgG-Fc fragment (RAP-011), can restore bone mass in ovariectomized mice with established bone loss and prevent bone loss in a murine model of multiple myeloma.&amp;#x2028; To investigate the ability of RAP-011 to prevent skeletal metastases in an experimental model, bioluminescent breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231-luc-D3H2LN) were administered by intracardiac injection into athymic nude mice that had been pretreated for 2 weeks with RAP-011 (10 mg/kg S.C. twice weekly) or vehicle (VEH). At 3 and 5 weeks post-inoculation, RAP-011 treated mice displayed lower levels of hind limb, mandible and lung metastases compared to VEH-treated mice. RAP-011 treated mice had reduced tumor burden (-70%) and increased overall survival by 11 days compared to VEH-treated mice. It was also shown that RAP-011 preserved bone mineral density and increased both trabecular volume (BV/TV +140%, P&amp;lt;0.001) and trabecular number (+15%, P&amp;lt;0.001), compared to VEH. In the VEH-treated mice, BV/TV was lower in bones with a tumor present (0.191) than bones without a tumor (0.276, p=0.1). However, RAP-011 treated mice increased BV/TV to a similar extent in both bones with a tumor (0.598) and bones without a tumor (0.599, p=0.98) compared to the VEH controls (p&amp;lt;0.001).&amp;#x2028; Taken together, these data suggest that inhibition of activin has the potential therapeutic benefit of improving bone health in patients with cancer related bone loss as well as preventing metastasis of breast cancer. Towards this end, ACE-011, the human analog of RAP-011, is currently in clinical development for the treatment of cancer-related bone loss. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 1158.
NOD/SCID mouse model of canine T‐cell lymphoma with humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy: cytokine gene expression profiling and in vivo bioluminescent imaging (2008)

Lymphoma is a malignant neoplasm arising from B or T lymphocytes. In dogs, one-third of lymphomas are highly aggressive multicentric T-cell lymphomas that are often associated with humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy (HHM). There are no cell lines or animal models to investigate the pathogenesis of T-cell lymphoma and HHM in dogs. We developed the first xenograft model by injecting lymphoma cells from an Irish Wolfhound intraperitoneally into NOD/SCID mice. The mice developed multicentric lymphoma along with HHM and increased parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) as occurs in dogs with T-cell lymphoma. Using cytokine complementary DNA arrays, we identified genes that have potential implications in the pathogenesis of T-cell lymphoma. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of T-cell lymphoma samples from hypercalcaemic canine patients showed that PTHrP likely plays a central role in the pathogenesis of HHM and that hypercalcaemia is the result of a combinatorial effect of different hypercalcaemic factors. Finally, we monitored in vivo tumour progression and metastases in the mouse model by transducing the lymphoma cells with a lentiviral vector that encodes a luciferase-yellow fluorescent protein reporter and showed that in vivo trafficking patterns in this model were similar to those seen in dogs. This unique mouse model will be useful for translational research in lymphoma and for investigating the pathogenesis of T-cell lymphoma and HHM in the dog.