gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scaling Answer Type Detection to Large Hierarchies (2008)

This paper describes the creation of a state-of-the-art answer type detection system capable of recognizing more than 200 different expected answer types with greater than 85 % precision and recall. After describing how we constructed a new, multi-tiered answer type hierarchy from the set of entity types recognized by Language Computer Corporation’s CICEROLITE named entity recognition system, we demonstrate how we used this hierarchy to annotate a new corpus of more than 10,000 English factoid questions. We show how an answer type detection system trained on this corpus can be used to enhance the accuracy of a state-of-the-art question-answering system (Hickl et al., 2007; Hickl et al., 2006b) by more than 7 % overall. 1.
Spin stand characterization of dielectric optical waveguides fabricated on AlTiC sliders for heat-assisted magnetic recording (2004)

Heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR), also known as hybrid recording, is one of the technologies proposed for extending hard disk drive areal densities beyond a Tb/in<sup>2</sup>. Due to their planar nature and compatibility with existing hard disk drive head fabrication techniques, dielectric optical waveguides have been suggested as a means for delivering light directly to the recording medium or near field optical transducer. In this paper we present spin stand experimental results from a dielectric optical slab waveguide fabricated on an AlTiC slider.
Distributed learning of deep feature embeddings for visual recognition tasks (2017)

Deep learning has demonstrated an ability to substantially improve the state of the art for understanding the visual content of images. Much of the recent progress has been measured in the context of the ImageNet large-scale visual recognition challenge, with a modest subset of 1.2 million images, labeled according to 1,000 concepts of the full ImageNet dataset. Few published results have applied learning to the full ImageNet dataset of 14 million images over nearly 22,000 concepts. This is partly due to the substantial time and computational resources needed to perform adequate training, from such a large dataset, despite exploitation of graphics processing units. To achieve this scale of training, we use Phalanx, a distributed deep learning framework being developed by IBM. Phalanx is a distributed framework with a parameter server as the hub and multiple learners that employ the open source Caffe platform as spokes. Using Phalanx on the full ImageNet dataset, we performed experiments that demonstrate the impact of large-scale learning on multiple training scenarios. This paper includes fine-tuning, where a pretrained model is used as the basis for further training, as well as use of pretrained models for learning deep feature embeddings.
Synthesis and in Vitro Evaluation of New Wortmannin Esters:  Potent Inhibitors of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (1996)

New C-11 esters of the fermentation product wortmannin have been synthesized, with some of them further derivatized at C-17. The new esters show greater inhibition of isolated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and increased cell cytotoxicity in a rapidly proliferating leukemia cell line, when compared to wortmannin. Reduction of the C-17 ketone caused a slight increase in activity, while acylation of this new alcohol caused severe loss of activity. With their increased activity, the new C-11 esters may be good candidates to explore the in vivo antitumor effects of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors.
Broadband enhancement of thermal emission (2017)

We present wide-band enhancement of thermal emission from a semitransparent weak thermal emitter optically coupled to an external cavity. We demonstrate ~2.7x enhancement of far-field total thermal emission from a suspended silicon carbide membrane.
SBI-0640756 Attenuates the Growth of Clinically Unresponsive Melanomas by Disrupting the eIF4F Translation Initiation Complex (2015)

Disrupting the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) complex offers an appealing strategy to potentiate the effectiveness of existing cancer therapies and to overcome resistance to drugs such as BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi). Here, we identified and characterized the small molecule SBI-0640756 (SBI-756), a first-in-class inhibitor that targets eIF4G1 and disrupts the eIF4F complex. SBI-756 impaired the eIF4F complex assembly independently of mTOR and attenuated growth of BRAF-resistant and BRAF-independent melanomas. SBI-756 also suppressed AKT and NF-κB signaling, but small-molecule derivatives were identified that only marginally affected these pathways while still inhibiting eIF4F complex formation and melanoma growth, illustrating the potential for further structural and functional manipulation of SBI-756 as a drug lead. In the gene expression signature patterns elicited by SBI-756, DNA damage, and cell-cycle regulatory factors were prominent, with mutations in melanoma cells affecting these pathways conferring drug resistance. SBI-756 inhibited the growth of NRAS, BRAF, and NF1-mutant melanomas in vitro and delayed the onset and reduced the incidence of Nras/Ink4a melanomas in vivo. Furthermore, combining SBI-756 and a BRAFi attenuated the formation of BRAFi-resistant human tumors. Taken together, our findings show how SBI-756 abrogates the growth of BRAF-independent and BRAFi-resistant melanomas, offering a preclinical rationale to evaluate its antitumor effects in other cancers.
Molecular innovations underlying resistance to nicotine and neonicotinoids in the aphid Myzus persicae (2021)

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, is a globally distributed highly damaging crop pest. This species has demonstrated an exceptional ability to evolve resistance to both synthetic insecticides used for control, and natural insecticides produced by certain plants as a chemical defense against insect attack. Here we review work characterizing the evolution of resistance in M. persicae to the natural insecticide nicotine and the structurally related class of synthetic neonicotinoid insecticides. We outline how research on this topic has provided insights into long-standing questions of both evolutionary and applied importance. These include questions pertaining to the origins of novel traits, the number and nature of mutational events or 'adaptive steps' underlying the evolution of new phenotypes, and whether host plant adaptations can be co-opted to confer resistance to synthetic insecticides. Finally, research on the molecular mechanisms underlying insecticide resistance in M. persicae has generated several outstanding questions on the genetic architecture of resistance to both natural and synthetic xenobiotics, and we conclude by identifying key knowledge gaps for future research. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Multiple-field approach for aberration correction in miniature imaging systems based on wafer-level production (2013)

In mobile imaging systems, the most difficult element to integrate is the objective lens. Here we present an intermediate approach between the costly traditional objectives and the low-resolution objectives inspired by the compound eyes of insects. Our multi-field approach uses a small number of optical channels each imaging a portion of the desired field of view. The full-field image is reconstructed digitally. The optics of each channel is kept simple for wafer-level fabrication and its size is sufficient to obtain a reasonable resolution. We present the design and fabrication of a prototype using 9 plano-convex lenses for 9 channels. Glass lenses glued on a wafer are used to image a full-field of &plusmn;40&deg; with an <i>f</i>-number of 3. The images obtained shows field curvature correction. A simple image reconstruction scheme is presented. In conclusion, multi-field objectives fabricated with micro-optics technology are thin, simple to mount, robust, and easily replicated.
Integrated tandem traveling-wave electroabsorption modulators for >100 Gbit/s OTDM applications (2000)

Integrated tandem traveling-wave electroabsorption modulators are demonstrated as high-speed optical short pulse generators and demultiplexers for >100 Gbit/s optical time-division-multiplexed systems. The tandem significantly increases the extinction ratio and further compresses the optical pulses in comparison to a single modulator. An extinction ratio of /spl sim/50 dB is achieved while optical pulses of 4-6 ps width at 30-40 GHz are generated.
Patellar thickness and lateral retinacular release affects patellofemoral kinematics in total knee arthroplasty (2012)

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ChemInform Abstract: Optimized Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Methylcarbonate Salts: A Convenient Methodology to Prepare Intermediates for Ionic Liquid Libraries. (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Novel Modeling of Mean Stress Effect on the High-Cycle Fatigue Performance of Preloaded Threaded Fasteners (2019)

Abstract An experimentally validated model is proposed for the effect of fastener mean stress on its high cycle fatigue (HCF) performance. The model is also used for comparing fatigue performance of ultra-high strength (UHS) fasteners Class 14.8, 15.8 and 16.8 with that of commercially available (CA) Class 10.9 and 12.9 fasteners. Respective mean stress-adjusted S-N curves are constructed using experimental data following applicable ASTM standards. Proposed model results are compared with other existing models that account for the effect of mean stress such as Goodman, Gerber, Morrow, Soderberg, and Elliptic (ASME) models. Detailed discussion of the results, failure mode, and conclusions are provided.
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: From Pathophysiology to Treatment (2015)

Cardiovascular diseases represent the main causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). According to a well-established classification, cardiovascular involvement in CKD can be set in the context of cardiorenal syndrome type 4. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) represents a key feature to provide an accurate picture of systolic-diastolic left heart involvement in CKD patients. Cardiovascular involvement is present in about 80% of prevalent hemodialysis patients, and it is evident in CKD patients since stage IIIb-IV renal disease (according to the K/DOQI CKD classification). According to the definition of cardiorenal syndrome type 4, kidney disease is detected before the development of heart failure, although timing of the diagnosis is not always possible. The evaluation of LVH is a bit heterogeneous, and few standard imaging methods can provide the accuracy of either CT- or MRI-derived left ventricular mass. Key principles in the treatment of LVH in CKD patients are mainly based on anemia and blood pressure control, together with the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism and sudden cardiac death prevention. This review is mainly focused on the clinical aspects of CKD-related LVH to provide practical guidelines both for cardiologists and nephrologists in the daily clinical approach to CKD patients.
Synthesis of benzo-fused benzodiazepines employed as probes of the agonist pharmacophore of benzodiazepine receptors (1994)

The synthesis and in vitro evaluation of benzo-fused benzodiazepines 1-6 are described. These "molecular yardsticks" were employed to probe the spatial dimensions of the lipophilic pocket L2 in the benzodiazepine receptor (BzR) cleft and to determine the effect of occupation of L2 with respect to agonist activity. Of the new analogs synthesized, the 7,8-benzo-fused benzodiazepine 6 displayed moderately high affinity for the BzR (IC50 = 55 nM) and exhibited both anticonvulsant (ED50 approximately 15 mg/kg) and muscle relaxant (ED50 approximately 15 mg/kg) activity. As expected, 2 and 4 interacted with the repulsive regions of interaction, S1 and S2, and exhibited low affinities for BzR. The rigid nature of these molecular yardsticks (especially 6, Figure 7) has been employed to probe the depth of L2. Moreover, in the case of 6 full occupation of L2 has resulted in an increase in the muscle relaxant effect at the expense of the anticonvulsant/anxiolytic effect.
Generating scale-invariant perturbations from rapidly-evolving equation of state (2011)

Recently, we introduced an ekpyrotic model based on a single, canonical scalar field that generates nearly scale-invariant curvature fluctuations through a purely ``adiabatic mechanism'' in which the background evolution is a dynamical attractor. Despite the starkly different physical mechanism for generating fluctuations, the two-point function is identical to inflation. In this paper, we further explore this concept, focusing in particular on issues of non-Gaussianity and quantum corrections. We find that the degeneracy with inflation is broken at three-point level: for the simplest case of an exponential potential, the three-point amplitude is strongly scale dependent, resulting in a breakdown of perturbation theory on small scales. However, we show that the perturbative breakdown can be circumvented---and all issues raised in Linde et al. (arXiv:0912.0944) can be addressed---by altering the potential such that power is suppressed on small scales. The resulting range of nearly scale-invariant, Gaussian modes can be as much as 12 e-folds, enough to span the scales probed by microwave background and large-scale structure observations. On smaller scales, the spectrum is not scale invariant but is observationally acceptable.
Persistent OSPF Attacks. (2012)

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is the most widely deployed interior gateway routing protocol on the Internet. We present two new attacks on OSPF that expose design vulnerabilities in the protocol specification. These new attacks can affect routing advertisements of routers not controlled by the attacker while evading the OSPF self-defense “fight-back ” mechanism. By exploiting these vulnerabilities an attacker can persistently falsify large portions of the routing domain’s topology thereby giving the attacker control over how traffic is routed in the domain. This in turn can lead to denial of service, eavesdropping, and man in the middle attacks. We discuss a number of mitigation strategies and propose an update to the OSPF specification that defeats these attacks and improves overall OSPF security. 1
Two approaches to micromachining si heat exchanger for Joule-Thomson cryosurgical probes (2007)

This paper describes results from two types of micromachined recuperative heat exchangers intended for Joule-Thomson (J-T) cryosurgical probes, which require high stream-to-stream thermal conductance while restricting parasitic stream-wise (axial) conduction. In design A, rows of fins composed of high conductivity silicon are bonded onto a 100 μm thick base plate composed of low conductivity Pyrex glass. This planar device has a footprint of 6×1.5 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 2.5 mm thickness, and is fabricated using a 5-mask process. In design B, numerous high-conductivity silicon plates alternating with low-conductivity Pyrex spacers are stacked together. This has a footprint of 1×1cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , a length of 1.4 cm, and is fabricated using a 3-mask process. Preliminary experiments show that the primary performance constraint for design A is imposed by the compromise between mechanical robustness and transverse conductance of the thin glass base plate that separates the high pressure and low pressure streams. Design B enhances the robustness of the device and can sustain higher pressure.
<title>Optical properties of GaAs, GaP, and CVD diamond</title> (1991)

The optical properties of GaAs, GaP, and CVD diamond, which are being developed by Texas Instruments specifically for infrared optics, are continually being improved. The data reported here indicates the current usefulness and directions for further improvement of these materials. Bulk-grown GaAs has been developed that has near-intrinsic absorption coefficients for both high-resistivity (107 ohm-cm) and conductive (<1 ohm-cm) type material. Its transparency extends from 0.9 to 16.0 micrometers . The absorption coefficient at 1.06 micrometers is 0.3 cm-1 for high-resistivity GaAs and 0.5 cm-1 for conductive GaAs. The absorption coefficients for 2 to 12 micrometers are <0.01 cm-1 for high-resistivity GaAs up to nearly 400 degree(s)C and up to nearly 200 degree(s)C for the conductive GaAs. GaP is transparent from 0.6 to 12.0 micrometers . The absorption coefficient at 1.06 micrometers is 0.1 cm -1; from 2 to 7 micrometers , the coefficients are <0.01 cm-1; from 8 to 10 micrometers , they are <0.1 cm-1, except at 9.25, where the coefficient is 0.5 cm-1. Diamond is transparent from 0.2 to 4.0 micrometers and for all wavelengths beyond 5.5 micrometers . Current CVD diamond is limited by light scattering, hydrogen and other impurity absorption, and defect-induced one-phonon absorption. Absorption coefficient values at 8 to 12 micrometers are 1 cm -1 with some peak absorption of a few cm-1.
Supplementary Figure S1 from Caspase-8 Promotes Cell Motility and Calpain Activity under Nonapoptotic Conditions (2023)

Supplementary Figure S1 from Caspase-8 Promotes Cell Motility and Calpain Activity under Nonapoptotic Conditions
Investigation into the effects of aluminum cathode modification and ion-beam-induced damage in organic light-emitting devices (2004)

We report a fabrication of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on soluble phenyl-substituted poly-p-phenylene-vinylene (Ph-PPVs) thin films with aluminum cathode prepared by ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD). The electrical properties of the aluminum cathode, prepared by IBAD, on Ph-PPV have been investigated and compared to those by thermal evaporation. Energetic particles of Al assisted by an Ar+ ion may damage the organic material generating undesirable leakage current even though a thin Al buffer layer is applied to avoid Ar+-ion-induced damages. Substantial improvements of passivation characteristics were observed in IBAD device because the dense Al cathode inhibits the permeation of H2O and O2 into Ph-PPV film through pinhole defects, and thus retards dark spot growth. These results may be deduced from the highly packed structure that has small contact resistance between Al and Ph-PPV in ion-beam-assisted aluminum devices.
Gs Protein-Coupled Adenosine Receptor Signaling and Lytic Function of Activated NK Cells (2005)

The effect of adenosine and its analogues on the cytotoxic activity of IL-2-activated NK cells was investigated. Adenosine is an endogenous ligand for four different adenosine receptor (AdoR) subtypes (AdoRA1, AdoRA2A, AdoRA2B, and AdoRA3). Increased concentrations of adenosine were found in ascites of MethA sarcoma or in culture medium of 3LL Lewis lung carcinoma growing under hypoxic conditions. We hypothesize that intratumor adenosine impairs the ability of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells to kill tumor cells. The effect of AdoR engagement on LAK cells cytotoxic activity was analyzed using AdoR agonists and antagonists as well as LAK cells generated from AdoR knockout mice. Adenosine and its analogues efficiently inhibited the cytotoxic activity of LAK cells. CGS21680 (AdoRA2A agonist) and 5-N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine (NECA) (AdoRA2A/ADoRA2B agonist) inhibited LAK cell cytotoxicity in parallel with their ability to increase cAMP production. The inhibitory effects of stable adenosine analog 2-chloroadenosine (CADO) and AdoRA2 agonists were blocked by AdoRA2 antagonist ZM 241385. Adenosine and its analogues impair LAK cell function by interfering with both perforin-mediated and Fas ligand-mediated killing pathways. Studies with LAK cells generated from AdoRA1-/- and AdoRA3-/- mice ruled out any involvement of these AdoRs in the inhibitory effects of adenosine. LAK cells with genetically disrupted AdoRA2A were resistant to the inhibitory effects of adenosine, CADO and NECA. However, with extremely high concentrations of CADO or NECA, mild inhibition of LAK cytotoxicity was observed that was probably mediated via AdoRA2B signaling. Thus, by using pharmacological and genetic blockage of AdoRs, our results clearly indicate the prime importance of cAMP elevating AdoR2A in the inhibitory effect of adenosine on LAK cell cytotoxicity. The elevated intratumor levels of adenosine might inhibit the antitumor effects of activated NK cells.
Analysis of the structure of Tetrahymena nuclear RNAs in vivo: telomerase RNA, the self-splicing rRNA intron, and U2 snRNA. (1995)

Dimethyl sulfate modification of RNA in living Tetrahymena thermophila allowed assessment of RNA secondary structure and protein association. The self-splicing rRNA intron had the same methylation pattern in vivo as in vitro, indicating that the structures are equivalent and suggesting that this RNA is not stably associated with protein in the nucleolus. Methylation was consistent with the current secondary structure model. Much of telomerase RNA was protected from methylation in vivo, but the A's and C's in the template region were very reactive. Thus, most telomerase is not base paired to telomeres in vivo. Protein-free telomerase RNA adopts a structure different from that in vivo, especially in the template and pseudoknot regions. The U2 snRNA showed methylation protection at the Sm protein-binding sequence and the mRNA branch site recognition sequence. For both telomerase RNA and U2 snRNA, the in vivo methylation pattern corresponded much better to the structure determined by comparative sequence analysis than did the in vitro methylation pattern. Thus, as expected, comparative analysis gives the structure of the RNA in vivo.
Do People of Different Heights have Different Horopters? (2010)

Accurate perception of depth with respect to the ground is critical for walking. The most precise visual cue to depth is binocular disparity. Depth estimates from disparity are most precise for stimuli near corresponding points, pairs of retinal loci that yield the same perceived direction when stimulated. Rays from corresponding points projected into space intersect at the horopter. It would be adaptive if an upright observer's horopter lay in or near the ground. Interestingly, corresponding points deviate systematically near the retinas' vertical meridians: above the left and right foveas they are shifted rightward and leftward, respectively; below the foveas, the shift is opposite. Because of this horizontal shear, the horopter is pitched top-back. Helmholtz noted that this places the horopter near the ground for an upright observer and thereby could optimize depth perception with respect to the ground. We asked whether people with different eye heights and separations have different shear angles, and whether those angles place the horopter in the ground for each individual. We used a dichoptic apparent-motion paradigm to measure the positions of corresponding points at different retinal eccentricities. We also measured cyclovergence to control for eye torsion and determined the effect of a structured stimulus like the natural environment on cyclovergence. We found a statistically significant, but modest, correlation between predicted and observed shear angles in 28 observers with heights ranging from 4.3 to 7 feet. Thus, corresponding points in most people place the horopter near the ground when they are standing. However, some observers' data were inconsistent with linear shear; their corresponding points yielded curved horopters that cannot be co-planar with the ground.