gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polyfurfuryl Alcohol Resins (1974)

I. INTRODUCTION The furfuryl alcohol and furan resins comprise a group of polymeric liquids derived from furfuryl alcohol or compounds containing the basic furan ring structure. As liquids they have viscosities ranging from approximately 100 to 300,000 cP. They can be resinified further by conventional acid catalysis and cured to provide infusible solid products having high hardness, flexural strength, and chemical resistance to most acids, alkalies, and solvents. They may also be converted to flexible solids by cross-linking with suitable catalyses such as polyfunctional amines [1] or by the use of modifying copolymers and controlled curing conditions [2,3].
Security Analysis and Related Usability of Motion-Based CAPTCHAs: Decoding Codewords in Motion (2014)

We explore the robustness and usability of moving-image object recognition (video) CAPTCHAS, designing and implementing automated attacks based on computer vision techniques. Our approach is suitable for broad classes of moving-image CAPTCHAS involving rigid objects. We first present an attack that defeats instances of such a CAPTCHA (NuCaptcha) representing the state-of-the-art, involving dynamic text strings called codewords. We then consider design modifications to mitigate the attacks (e.g., overlapping characters more closely, randomly changing the font of individual characters, or even randomly varying the number of characters in the codeword). We implement the modified CAPTCHAS and test if designs modified for greater robustness maintain usability. Our lab-based studies show that the modified captchas fail to offer viable usability, even when the captcha strength is reduced below acceptable targets. Worse yet, our GPU-based implementation shows that our automated approach can decode these captchas faster than humans can, and we can do so at a relatively low cost of roughly 50 cents per 1,000 captchas solved based on Amazon EC2 rates circa 2012. To further demonstrate the challenges in designing usable captchas, we also implement and test another variant of moving text strings using the known emerging images concept. This variant is resilient to our attacks and also offers similar usability to commercially available approaches. We explain why fundamental elements of the emerging images idea resist our current attack where others fail.
Combined Effect of Spin Speed and Ionic Strength on Polyelectrolyte Spin Assembly (2007)

Polyelectrolyte spin assembly (PSA) of multilayers is a sequential process featuring adsorption of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes from dilute solutions undergoing spin-coating flow. Here, we report on the dependence of PSA multilayer buildup of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) on solution ionic strength and spin speed. We observed that at a given spin speed, the PSA coating growth rate (thickness/bilayer) and polymer surface coverage shows a nonmonotonic dependence on salt concentration, first increasing and then decreasing with increasing solution ionic strength. This is argued to be a manifestation of two competing mechanisms responsible for the layer formation. At low salt concentrations, the electrostatic interactions control the multilayer assembly process, while at high salt concentrations it is dominated by shear flow. We explain this nonmonotonic behavior in the framework of a Flory-like theory of multilayer formation from polyelectrolyte solution under shear flow. Additionally, the PSA process led to multilayer coatings with a radial dependence on thickness at lower spin speed in the shear-dominated regime. On increasing spin speed, such radial dependence subsided, eventually leading to uniform coatings by planarization. The surface topography of the multilayered coatings adsorbed at salt concentration less than 0.1 M was flat and featureless for all studied spin speeds. Unique morphological features in the films were formed at salt concentration higher than 0.1 M, the size of which depended on the spin speed and solution ionic strength.
Phase contrast MRI for discriminating brain microbleed in a multicentre clinical study (2014)

Brain microbleeds (BMBs) have emerged as a new imaging marker of small vessel diseases and they may play a crucial role in degenerative pathology such as Alzheimer's disease. Composed of hemosiderin, BMBs can be efficiently detected with MRI sequences sensitive to magnetic susceptibility (e.g. gradient recalled echo T2*W images). Nevertheless, that identification remains challenging because of confounding structures and lesions. Most T2*W hyposignals result from local magnetic field inhomogeneity and can be identified either as BMBs, veins or brain micro-calcifications (BMCs). Differential diagnosis of BMBs and BMCs usually requires an additional CT scan. Quantitative susceptibility mapping techniques were proposed to discriminate between diamagnetic and paramagnetic structures, but they require a full 3D dataset and complex post-processing. Here, we introduce a fast 2D phase processing technique including unwrapping and harmonic filtering. We demonstrate its applicability and robustness on multicenter data acquired in standardized clinical setting to discriminate between paramagnetic BMBs and diamagnetic BMCs.
A lightweight and extensible platform for processing personal information at global scale (2010)

Abstract Advances in digital devices, computing, and networking have led to an ever increasing number of personal information being exchanged across the globe. Typically, this is done through centralized, web-based applications like Flickr, YouTube, Twitter, or Facebook. In this paper we propose an alternative architecture for the dissemination of personal information at a global scale. Our solution runs both within a data center as well as on a pool of personal devices such as mobile phones, desktop and laptop computers, or Internet gateways. Our approach leverages idle resources available in millions of devices, allows for much more flexible applications than the predefined services available on the web, and permits users to exchange personal information in a peer-to-peer manner with the possibility but not the requirement to store the personal data in a data center.
Mimicking Protein−Protein Electron Transfer:  Voltammetry ofPseudomonas aeruginosaAzurin and theThermus thermophilusCuADomain at ω-Derivatized Self-Assembled-Monolayer Gold Electrodes (2004)

Well-defined voltammetric responses of redox proteins with acidic-to-neutral pI values have been obtained on pure alkanethiol as well as on mixed self-assembled-monolayer (SAM) omega-derivatized alkanethiol/gold bead electrodes. Both azurin (P. aeruginosa) (pI = 5.6) and subunit II (Cu(A) domain) of ba(3)-type cytochrome c oxidase (T. thermophilus) (pI = 6.0) exhibit optimal voltammetric responses on 1:1 mixtures of [H(3)C(CH(2))(n)()SH + HO(CH(2))(n)()SH] SAMs. The electron transfer (ET) rate vs distance behavior of azurin and Cu(A) is independent of the omega-derivatized alkanethiol SAM headgroups. Strikingly, only wild-type azurin and mutants containing Trp48 give voltammetric responses: based on modeling, we suggest that electronic coupling with the SAM headgroup (H(3)C- and/or HO-) occurs at the Asn47 side chain carbonyl oxygen and that an Asn47-Cys112 hydrogen bond promotes intramolecular ET to the copper. Inspection of models also indicates that the Cu(A) domain of ba(3)-type cytochrome c oxidase is coupled to the SAM headgroup (H(3)C- and/or HO-) near the main chain carbonyl oxygen of Cys153 and that Phe88 (analogous to Trp143 in subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase from R. sphaeroides) is not involved in the dominant tunneling pathway. Our work suggests that hydrogen bonds from hydroxyl or other proton-donor groups to carbonyl oxygens potentially can facilitate intermolecular ET between physiological redox partners.
Requirements for security signalling (1995)

There has been some interest lately in the need for ``authenticated signalling``, and the development of signalling specifications by the ATM Forum that support this need. The purpose of this contribution is to show that if authenticated signalling is required, then supporting signalling facilities for directory services (i.e. key management) are also required. Furthermore, this contribution identifies other security related mechanisms that may also benefit from ATM-level signalling accommodations. For each of these mechanisms outlined here, an overview of the signalling issues and a rough cut at the required fields for supporting Information Elements are provided. Finally, since each of these security mechanisms are specified by a number of different standards, issues pertaining to the selection of a particular security mechanism at connection setup time (i.e. specification of a required ``Security Quality of Service``) are also discussed.
Experimental verification of a self-excited power generation system for dielectric elastomer generation using piezoelectric elements (2020)

Dielectric elastomer generation is a power generation method that converts various mechanical energies into electric energy by using a dielectric elastomer. Dielectric elastomer generation can harvest electric energy from renewable energy sources such as sea wave power, hydraulic power (Karman vortex), and wind power. Practical application of dielectric elastomer generation faces various issues; however, this paper will focus on an electrical problem of a dielectric elastomer generation circuit. The dielectric elastomer generation circuit needs an external power supply to charge the dielectric elastomer before starting the electric generation. Additionally, the dielectric elastomer generation circuit requires a high DC voltage. In this paper, we propose a self-excited dielectric elastomer generation circuit using piezoelectric elements. The proposed circuit consists of piezoelectric elements, the Cockcroft-Walton circuit, the dielectric elastomer, and the ringing choke converter. In the proposed circuit, the piezoelectric element is vibrated to generate a voltage, and the generated voltage is boosted to a high voltage value for charging the dielectric elastomer by the Cockcroft-Walton circuit. After the dielectric elastomer generation is completed, the ringing choke converter circuit steps down the generated voltage to a predetermined value, and the generated power is the output to a load. Furthermore, operations of the circuit are confirmed by the simulation and experimental results. The experimental results are obtained by using a test bench. The test bench uses a piston machine driven by a DC motor for the purpose of stretching and shrinking the dielectric elastomer.
Duality and Rate Optimization for Multiple Access and Broadcast Channels With Amplify-and-Forward Relays (2007)

In this paper, we consider multihop multiple access (MAC) and broadcast channels (BC) where communication takes place with the assistance of relays that amplify and forward (AF) their received signals. For a two-hop parallel AF relay MAC, assuming a sum power constraint across all relays we characterize optimal relay amplification factors and the resulting optimal rate regions. We find the maximum sum rate and the maximum rate for each user in closed form and express the optimal rate pair (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> , R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) that maximizes mu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> +mu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> as the solution of a pair of simultaneous equations. We find that the parallel AF relay MAC with total transmit power of the two users P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> +P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> =P and total relay power P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</sub> is the dual of the parallel AF relay BC where the MAC source nodes become the BC destination nodes, the MAC destination node becomes the BC source node, the dual BC source transmit power is P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</sub> and the total transmit power of the AF relays is P. The duality means that the rate region of the AF relay MAC with a sum power constraint P on the transmitters is the same as that of the dual BC. The duality relationship is found to be useful in characterizing the rate region of the AF relay BC as the union of MAC rate regions. The duality is established for distributed multiple antenna AF relay nodes and multiple (more than 2) hops as well.
Architectural and physical design challenges for one-million gate FPGAs and beyond (1997)

Process technology advances tell us that the one-million gate Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) will soon be here, and larger devices shortly after that.We feel that current architectures will not extend directly to this scale because: they do not handle routing delays effectively; they require excessive compile/place/route times; and because they do not exploit new opportunities presented by the increase in available transistors and wiring.In this paper we describe several challenges that will need to be solved for these large-scale FPGAs to realize their full potential.1.Here we assume that one 4-input lookup table plus one D flip-flop are equivalent to 12 "gates."
Bearing Friction Torque in Threaded Fasteners With Non-Flat Underhead Contact (2018)

This study provides experimentally validated formulation of underhead bearing friction torque component during tightening of threaded fasteners with non-flat contact with the joint. Motosh model is utilized for spherical and conical contact surfaces for various scenarios of contact pressure. For each pressure scenario, a single non-dimensional 3-D graph is generated for the corresponding values of an effective bearing friction radius. A rotating sliding speed-dependent friction coefficient model is also investigated for its impact of the results of bearing friction radius. Torque-Tension testing is used to measure the bearing friction torque and the corresponding bearing friction coefficients using Motosh model, in which the newly formulated bearing friction radius expressions are entered. Obtained bearing friction coefficient values are then compared with those published by the threaded fastener manufacturer.
209 Vibration and Sensor Noise of a Flaw Detection Probe in a Helical Tube Installed in a Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor : Parameter Study (2005)

There is a problem of undesirable vibration of flaw detection probe in a helical tube installed in a prototype fast breeder reactor. Probes modeling and algorithm for numerical simulation were proposed in the precious report and simulation results were same as mock-up experimental results qualitatively. This paper deal with the vibration generation mechanism and the effectiveness of a variety of vibration control plan by using numerical simulation. Confirming the control effect by the numerical analysis leads to the saving of cost and time.
BRAP2 inhibits the Ras/Raf/MEK and PI3K/Akt pathways in leukemia cells, thereby inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell growth (2021)

Breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1)-associated protein 2 (BRAP2) is a novel protein that binds to BRCA1 and is located in the cytoplasm. BRAP2 has been demonstrated to bind to regulators of the Ras-Raf-MEK and PI3K/Akt pathways, both of which are involved in carcinogenesis. This suggests that BRAP2 may be capable of regulating both pathways. In the present study, the role of BRAP2 in both pathways was clarified during apoptosis and cell proliferation in a leukemia cell line. A BRAP2-deficient leukemia cell line was generated using CRISPR/Cas9, the BRAP2-deficient and parental cells were treated with a Ras, pan-Raf or PI3K inhibitor, and the changes in signal transduction, apoptosis and cell proliferation were evaluated. BRAP2 knockout attenuated the inhibition of signal transduction of the Ras-Raf-MEK and PI3K/Akt pathways by the Ras, pan-Raf or PI3K inhibitor. BRAP2 deletion also suppressed the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of the Ras and pan-Raf inhibitors. However, the loss of BRAP2 did not suppress the cytotoxicity of the PI3K inhibitor but did suppress the PI3K inhibitor-induced inhibition of cell proliferation. The present results indicated that BRAP2 induces apoptosis and the inhibition of cell proliferation via regulating the Ras-Raf-MEK and PI3K/Akt pathways. In leukemia cells, because the Ras-Raf-MEK and PI3K/Akt pathways are activated aberrantly, the simultaneous inhibition of both pathways is desired. The current results indicated that enhancement of the function of BRAP2 may represent a new target in leukemia treatment.
Coding schemes for broadcast erasure channels with feedback: the two multicast case (2013)

We consider the single hop broadcast packet erasure channel (BPEC) with two multicast sessions (each of them destined to a different group of $N$ users) and regularly available instantaneous receiver ACK/NACK feedback. Using the insight gained from recent work on BPEC with unicast and degraded messages [1], [2], we propose a virtual queue based session-mixing algorithm, which does not rely on knowledge of channel statistics and achieves capacity for $N=2$ and iid erasures. Since the optimal extension of this algorithm to $N&gt;2$ is not straightforward, we then describe a low complexity algorithm which outperforms standard timesharing for arbitrary $N$ and is actually asymptotically better than timesharing, for any finite $N$, as the erasure probability goes to zero. We finally provide, through an information-theoretic analysis, sufficient but not necessary asymptotic conditions between $N$ and $n$ (the number of transmissions) for which the achieved sum rate, under \\textit{any} coding scheme, is essentially identical to that of timesharing.
Single metal nanoparticle scattering interferometer (2023)

An interferometer and a method for generating scattered light interference are provided. A beam splitter is provided by a single metal nanoparticle to split an incoming excitation light. Scattered light from the single metal nanoparticle and its mirror image shows interference in both spatial and spectral domains. A mirror modifies the spatial distribution of elastic light scattering of the single metal nanoparticle. A large spectral width of the scattered light enables a distance measurement without scanning the mirror.
Pressure-temperature phase diagrams of several (TMTTF)2X compounds : stabilisation of a highly conducting metallic state under pressure in (TMTTF)2Br (1983)

Needle axis resistivity measurements on several TMTTF (tetramethyltetrathiafulvalene) salts of the form (TMTTF)2X, with X = Br, ClO4, PF 6, are presented for pressures up to 32 kbar. The pressure-temperature phase diagrams of all three materials are similar with the stabilization under pressure of a metallic state to low temperatures (∼ 20 K), below which there is a well defined metal-insulator transition. For (TMTTF) 2Br the M-I transition is completely suppressed for pressures above some critical pressure Pc ∼ 25 kbar and the compound is metallic to the lowest temperatures considered in this study, ∼ 1 K. Significant differences are found between samples grown from different chemical solvents : in one case the samples have resistance ratios exceeding 400 at 25 kbar with a conductivity greater than 106 (Ωcm) -1 at 4 K, the highest values yet reported for any organic conductor. In the other case the samples show a possible superconducting transition near 3.5 K at 25 kbar, but have smaller resistance ratios (< 100). For the latter samples at 25 kbar there is no saturation of the resistance in the low temperature regime, whereas for the former the resistance saturates below 10 K. These results suggest slightly difrent critical pressures for these salts. Pc are much higher for the ClO4 and PF6 salts (> 35 kbar). Magnetoresistance measurements have been made on samples of (TMTTF)2 Br as a function of pressure, for field applied along the c* axis. The magnetoresistance progressively increases with increasing pressure obtaining substantial values ((ρ(80 kG)-ρ(H = 0))/ρ( H = 0) ∼ 2-4) near Pc. These results establish that under pressure the physical properties of the (TMTTF)2X salts become increasingly to ressemble those of their selenium counterparts, (TMTSeF) 2X.
A single material alternative to a multilayer optical window (2010)

We have proposed a single-material all-dielectric optical filter design to provide efficient transmission of light using aSi. An angularly independent low-pass optical filter was presented designed using a GA which optimized for material thickness, sidewall profile and periodicity. A traditional thin-film multilayer filter was designed, which produced comparable results. Further study could be done to consider filters composed of different materials which may have less loss in the visible spectrum.
Protein Kinase Cθ Regulates Stability of the Peripheral Adhesion Ring Junction and Contributes to the Sensitivity of Target Cell Lysis by CTL (2008)

Destruction of virus-infected cells by CTL is an extremely sensitive and efficient process. Our previous data suggest that LFA-1-ICAM-1 interactions in the peripheral supramolecular activation cluster (pSMAC) of the immunological synapse mediate formation of a tight adhesion junction that might contribute to the sensitivity of target cell lysis by CTL. Herein, we compared more (CD8(+)) and less (CD4(+)) effective CTL to understand the molecular events that promote efficient target cell lysis. We found that abrogation of the pSMAC formation significantly impaired the ability of CD8(+) but not CD4(+) CTL to lyse target cells despite having no effect of the amount of released granules by both CD8(+) and CD4(+) CTL. Consistent with this, CD4(+) CTL break their synapses more often than do CD8(+) CTL, which leads to the escape of the cytolytic molecules from the interface. CD4(+) CTL treatment with a protein kinase Ctheta inhibitor increases synapse stability and sensitivity of specific target cell lysis. Thus, formation of a stable pSMAC, which is partially controlled by protein kinase Ctheta, functions to confine the released lytic molecules at the synaptic interface and to enhance the effectiveness of target cell lysis.