gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Multilayer GaAs/AlGaAs Transistor Structures by Variable Angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (1989)

Variable angle of incidence spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) has been implemented as a means of determining layer thickness, alloy composition, and growth quality of GaAs/AlGaAs samples composed of relatively thick layers as well as superlattices. The structures studied in this work contained GaAs/AlGaAs multilayers with a superlattice “barrier” and were grown for later formation of modulation-doped field effect transistors (MODFETs). Sample modeling was performed by treating the superlattice as a bulk AlGaAs layer of unknown composition. Extremely good data fits were realized when five layer thicknesses and two alloy ratios were allowed to vary in a regression analysis. Room temperature excitonic effects associated with the e-hh(1), e-lh(1) and e-hh(2) transitions were observed in the VASE data.
The African Enigma: Low Prevalence of Gastric Atrophy, High Prevalence of Chronic Inflammation in West African Adults and Children (2001)

Gambian adults and children mount a CI response to H. pylori but GA, IM and AI are uncommon. cagA and vacA are commonly expressed in Gambian strains of H. pylori. Further studies are needed in order to confirm that GA and IM are not late findings in old age.
A comparison of Ultraflex diamond stents and Wallstents for palliation of distal malignant biliary strictures (2000)

Ultraflex Diamond stents are easy to insert and provide a high success rate of biliary drainage with minimal complication. Although long-term patency rates obtained with this stent were similar to those observed with Wallstents, no firm conclusion can be drawn in this regard due to the relatively small number of patients studied.
Toward Optical Networks Using Rapid Amplified Multi-wavelength Photonic Switches (2019)

We report on efforts to develop optical and electrically packaged photonic switch modules in monolithically integrated CMOS technology and to interface these modules with an FPGA-based control plane facilitating reconfiguration in tens of nanoseconds.
Simulation of Anode Material Erosion in the Internal Environment of HPM Devices (2005)

Summary form only given. The internal environment of a high-vacuum HPM source is subjected to intense electron flow impact resulting in possible rapid erosion of the interior material (anode, collector, etc.) leading to limitation of the operational lifetime and even to accidental damage and failure of the whole device during its operation. In relativistic magnetrons, for example, the anode electrode is subjected to electron flow impact with electron kinetic energy of 350-500 kV, pulse duration up to several 100 ns and power density of hundreds MW per sq. cm. A research program was initiated recently at the University of New Mexico to study anode phenomena in high-power magnetrons. In accordance with the research plan a series of computer experiments have been performed aimed at studying the intense high-voltage and high-current electron flow interaction with matter. In the simulations, the high-energy electron flow penetration into matter as a function of angle of incidence, incident electron energy and magnetic field orientation have been simulated using the Monte-Carlo code MONSOL, which was developed to calculate charged particle trajectories in matter. The erosion of material subjected to pulsed high-density, high-voltage electron flow has been simulated as a function of the electron flow parameters (pulse duration, current density, electron kinetic energy) using the elastic-plastic continuum media dynamics code BETAINE developed for studying dynamic characteristics of an irradiated targets (stresses, density, velocity distributions, phase state of substance). Some results of these simulations are presented showing the dependence of the electron-impact erosion phenomena on the operational parameters of relativistic magnetrons
Intravascular inhibition of factor VIIa and the analogue NN1731 by antithrombin (2010)

NN1731 is a recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) analogue with increased intrinsic activity. This also applies to its reactivity towards antithrombin (AT), the role of which was investigated in a pharmacokinetic (PK) study. NN1731 or rFVIIa was administered to normal and haemophilia A dogs and elimination was measured by FVIIa clot activity, FVIIa- and FVIIa-AT antigen. In vitro AT complex formation was studied in canine plasma spiked with NN1731 or rFVIIa. Based on FVIIa antigen concentrations, PK profiles in normal and haemophilia A dogs were similar for NN1731 and rFVIIa with antigen half lives, t(½) ≈1·8 h. In contrast, PK profiles based on activity measurements were distinctly different. NN1731 induced a strong, short lasting (t(½) ≈0·5 h) pro-coagulant response, whereas rFVIIa induced a lower, longer lasting (t(½) ≈1·1 h) response. Western Blot and FVIIa-AT antigen analysis demonstrated in vivo AT complex formation that accounted for these divergences. AT complex formation with FVIIa or NN1731 in vitro in canine plasma was considerably slower than the in vivo reaction. The results suggest that in vivo inhibition by AT contributes significantly to define drug duration in haemophilia treatment with rFVIIa and in particular with the NN1731 analogue.
Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Replacement Therapy: ADOPPS Wanted! (2014)

With this issue, Blood Purification will begin a series of editorials from the Editor in Chief dedicated to hot topics and areas of research where advances and new ideas are needed. This coincides with the birth of ‘Cappuccino with Claudio Ronco’, a club of Blood Purification that in a short YouTube clip will discuss a paper published in this journal and hopefully stimulate interest and new ideas especially in the younger generation of readers and investigators. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is becoming a major dilemma for healthcare systems not only because of the high cost in terms of healthcare resources required to deal with it, but also because evidence is growing that AKI may have a significant impact on long-term outcomes. With regard to CKD, AKI is associated not only with the development of de novo disease, but also with the worsening of preexisting disease – both these phenomena may lead to ESRD. ESRD (i.e., dialysis dependence) and progression and worsening of CKD represent two of the most important aspects to consider. Furthermore, the presence of AKI and the requirement of renal replacement therapy (both short- and long-term) represent clear risk factors for mortality and increased healthcare expenditure. Under these circumstances, it seems logical to issue a ‘call to action’ to align all scientific, academic, and clinical efforts designed to improve the outcomes of AKI patients. An important aspect here is to partner with healthcare providers, governments, and important stakeholders in
Interdigitated supramolecular laminates (1997)

Secondary ammonium salts of trimesic acid form robust interdigitated lamellar structures which are sustained by a combination of strong hydrogen bonds in two dimensions and hydrophobic interactions in the third dimension.
Resolution of Temporal-Multiplexing and Spatial-Multiplexing Stereoscopic Televisions (2017)

Stereoscopic (S3D) displays present different images to the two eyes. Temporal multiplexing and spatial multiplexing are two common techniques for accomplishing this. We compared the effective resolution provided by these two techniques. In a psychophysical experiment, we measured resolution at various viewing distances on a display employing temporal multiplexing, and on another display employing spatial multiplexing. In another experiment, we simulated the two multiplexing techniques on one display and again measured resolution. The results show that temporal multiplexing provides greater effective resolution than spatial multiplexing at short and medium viewing distances, and that the two techniques provide similar resolution at long viewing distance. Importantly, we observed a significant difference in resolution at the viewing distance that is generally recommended for high-definition television.
Taxonomic Positions and Secondary Metabolite-Biosynthetic Gene Clusters of Akazaoxime- and Levantilide-Producers (2023)

<i>Micromonospora</i> sp. AKA109 is a producer of akazaoxime and A-76356, whereas <i>Micromonospora</i> sp. AKA38 is that of levantilide C. We aimed to clarify their taxonomic positions and identify biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of these compounds. In 16S rRNA gene and DNA gyrase subunit B gene (<i>gyrB</i>) sequence analyses, strains AKA109 and AKA38 were the most closely related to <i>Micromonospora humidisoli</i> MMS20-R2-29<sup>T</sup> and <i>Micromonospora schwarzwaldensis</i> HKI0641<sup>T</sup>, respectively. Although <i>Micromonospora</i> sp. AKA109 was identified as <i>M. humidisoli</i> by the <i>gyrB</i> sequence similarity and DNA-DNA relatedness based on whole genome sequences, <i>Micromonospora</i> sp. AKA38 was classified to a new genomospecies. <i>M. humidisoli</i> AKA109 harbored six type-I polyketide synthase (PKS), one type-II PKS, one type-III PKS, three non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and three hybrid PKS/NRPS gene clusters, among which the BGC of akazaoxime and A-76356 was identified. These gene clusters are conserved in <i>M. humidisoli</i> MMS20-R2-29<sup>T</sup><i>. Micromonospora</i> sp. AKA38 harbored two type-I PKS, one of which was responsible for levantilide C, one type-II PKS, one type-III PKS, two NRPS and five hybrid PKS/NRPS gene clusters. We predicted products derived from these gene clusters through bioinformatic analyses. Consequently, these two strains are revealed to be promising sources for diverse non-ribosomal peptide and polyketide compounds.
Mechanism of receptor assembly via the pleiotropic adipokine Leptin (2022)

Abstract The adipokine Leptin activates its type I cytokine receptor (LEP-R) in the hypothalamus to regulate body weight and exerts additional pleiotropic functions in immunity, fertility, and cancer. However, the structure and mechanism of Leptin-mediated LEP-R assemblies has remained unclear. Here, we show that Leptin:LEP-R assemblies adopt an unprecedented structure within the type I cytokine receptor family featuring 3:3 stoichiometry. We validate Leptin-induced trimerization of LEP-R in the plasma membrane of living cells via multicolor single molecule microscopy. In mediating such assemblies Leptin undergoes drastic restructuring that activates its site III for binding to the Ig-domain of an adjacent LEP-R molecule in the complex. These interactions are abolished by pathological mutations linked to obesity. Collectively, our study uncovers an evolutionarily conserved Leptin:LEP-R assembly as a new mechanistic blueprint for Leptin-mediated signaling in physiology and disease, including insights into how the lowly abundant signaling-competent isoforms of LEP-R can productively participate in signaling.
Real-time pre-ATR video data reduction in wireless networks (2006)

A lot of efforts have been pursued in Automatic Target Recognition (ATR), including, based on: Fourier transform, wavelet transform, novelty filtering, and many others. Unfortunately, in all these methods, a target, either on-the-move (OTM), or static, has to already be identified. Such a Target Identification (ID) pre-ATR process, however, requires significant data reduction that must be done before the ATR process starts. The pre-ATR ID process becomes complex if it is performed by RF-wireless visual sensor networks, based on Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs), or other ground vehicles. The visual sensors include: TV cameras, artificial animal eyes [1] (fish eye, bug eye, lobster eye [2], etc.), and other video-like sensors. These sensors need to work not only autonomously autonomously, but also in cooperation , through RFwireless inter-communication which should be continuous to preserve constant cooperation. Such constant video communication should avoid video image breakdown (in the form of heavy pixeling, or complete image blackout) under abrupt worsening of digital data transfer conditions, in terms of increasing environmental noise (or, reducing SNR), and/or increasing of BER (bit-error-rate) of the video signal transfer. Thus, replacement of image breakdown by its graceful degradation (i.e., preserving image continuity at the expense of quality reduction) is a central issue of the realtime pre-ATR video data reduction. In this paper, we will first discuss the conditions of continuous video RF-communication, based on graceful image degradation, and then analyze some important examples of the real-time pre-ATR video data reduction, based on cooperative video networks, with TV-cameras, as visual sensors.
Bayesian Over-the-Air Computation (2022)

As an important piece of the multi-tier computing architecture for future wireless networks, over-the-air computation (OAC) enables efficient function computation in multiple-access edge computing, where a fusion center aims to compute a function of the data distributed at edge devices. Existing OAC relies exclusively on the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation at the fusion center to recover the arithmetic sum of the transmitted signals from different devices. ML estimation, however, is much susceptible to noise. In particular, in the misaligned OAC where there are channel misalignments among received signals, ML estimation suffers from severe error propagation and noise enhancement. To address these challenges, this paper puts forth a Bayesian approach by letting each edge device transmit two pieces of statistical information to the fusion center such that Bayesian estimators can be devised to tackle the misalignments. Numerical and simulation results verify that, 1) For the aligned and synchronous OAC, our linear minimum mean squared error (LMMSE) estimator significantly outperforms the ML estimator. In the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime, the LMMSE estimator reduces the mean squared error (MSE) by at least 6 dB; in the high SNR regime, the LMMSE estimator lowers the error floor of MSE by 86.4%; 2) For the asynchronous OAC, our LMMSE and sum-product maximum a posteriori (SP-MAP) estimators are on an equal footing in terms of the MSE performance, and are significantly better than the ML estimator. Moreover, the SP-MAP estimator is computationally efficient, the complexity of which grows linearly with the packet length.
Optimal scaling quantum linear systems solver via discrete adiabatic\n theorem (2021)

Recently, several approaches to solving linear systems on a quantum computer\nhave been formulated in terms of the quantum adiabatic theorem for a\ncontinuously varying Hamiltonian. Such approaches enabled near-linear scaling\nin the condition number $\\kappa$ of the linear system, without requiring a\ncomplicated variable-time amplitude amplification procedure. However, the most\nefficient of those procedures is still asymptotically sub-optimal by a factor\nof $\\log(\\kappa)$. Here, we prove a rigorous form of the adiabatic theorem that\nbounds the error in terms of the spectral gap for intrinsically discrete time\nevolutions. We use this discrete adiabatic theorem to develop a quantum\nalgorithm for solving linear systems that is asymptotically optimal, in the\nsense that the complexity is strictly linear in $\\kappa$, matching a known\nlower bound on the complexity. Our $\\mathcal{O}(\\kappa\\log(1/\\epsilon))$\ncomplexity is also optimal in terms of the combined scaling in $\\kappa$ and the\nprecision $\\epsilon$. Compared to existing suboptimal methods, our algorithm is\nsimpler and easier to implement. Moreover, we determine the constant factors in\nthe algorithm, which would be suitable for determining the complexity in terms\nof gate counts for specific applications.\n
A 2nd Selective Inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (PfG6PDH) - Probe 2 (2013)

The reaction catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the first and rate-limiting step in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), a key metabolic pathway sustaining anabolic needs in reductive equivalents and synthetic materials in fast-growing cells. In the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, the bifunctional enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-6-phosphogluconolactonase (PfGluPho) catalyzes the first two steps of the PPP. Since Plasmodium falciparum cells and infected host red blood cells rely on accelerated glucose flux they are dependent on G6PD activity of PfGluPho. The parasite enzyme is essential for Plasmodium proliferation and propagation and it differs structurally and mechanistically from the human orthologs. Thus PfGluPho fulfills the requirements for being a potential novel target for antimalarial drug design.This project sought to identify selective inhibitors of the G6PD activity of PfGluPho (PfG6PDH). This Center Probe Report describes the screen of the ~340,000 compound Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository (MLSMR) and SAR elucidation that led to identification of the second described PfG6PDH inhibitor (190 nM IC50) that was completely selective (>420-fold) vs. the human ortholog.
Long-acting HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) approaches: recent advances, emerging technologies, and development challenges (2022)

The HIV prevention field is evolving faster than ever and the bar for developing next-generation LA HIV prevention options continues to rise. The requirements for viable LA PrEP products to be implemented in resource-limited settings are challenging, necessitating proactive consideration and product modifications during the design and testing of promising new candidates. If successfully translated, next-generation LA PrEP that are safe, affordable, highly effective, and accepted by both end-users and key stakeholders will offer significant potential to curb the HIV pandemic.
High-resolution microscopy of nonstoichiometric Nb22O54crystals: point defects and structural defects (1974)

With the use of high-resolution electron microscopy, defects have been observed in crystals of Nb22O54: two types of point defects and extended Wadsley-type defects having a structure corresponding to Nb12O29. For one type of point defect a model is proposed which contains two displaced metal atoms and two interstitial oxygen atoms within a 'block'. For the other, one metal atom and three oxygen atoms are considered to be missing from a tetrahedral site. Contributions made by the three types of defects to the non-stoichiometry of the crystals are discussed.
Learning Recurrent Binary/Ternary Weights (2018)

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have shown excellent performance in processing sequence data. However, they are both complex and memory intensive due to their recursive nature. These limitations make RNNs difficult to embed on mobile devices requiring real-time processes with limited hardware resources. To address the above issues, we introduce a method that can learn binary and ternary weights during the training phase to facilitate hardware implementations of RNNs. As a result, using this approach replaces all multiply-accumulate operations by simple accumulations, bringing significant benefits to custom hardware in terms of silicon area and power consumption. On the software side, we evaluate the performance (in terms of accuracy) of our method using long short-term memories (LSTMs) on various sequential models including sequence classification and language modeling. We demonstrate that our method achieves competitive results on the aforementioned tasks while using binary/ternary weights during the runtime. On the hardware side, we present custom hardware for accelerating the recurrent computations of LSTMs with binary/ternary weights. Ultimately, we show that LSTMs with binary/ternary weights can achieve up to 12x memory saving and 10x inference speedup compared to the full-precision implementation on an ASIC platform.
Transdiagnostic associations between anger hostility and chemokine interferon-gamma inducible protein 10 (CXCL 10) (2023)

Abstract Background Many psychiatric disorders are linked to low grade systemic inflammation as measured by systemic cytokine levels. Exploration of cytokines and immune activity and their role in psychiatric symptoms may inform pathobiology and treatment opportunities. Methods This was a cross sectional naturalistic study with 132 participants from a general open inpatient psychiatric ward at the Nordland Hospital Trust, Norway. Serum levels of 28 different cytokines were assessed. Psychiatric symptoms the last week were assessed by a self-rating scale (Symptom check list, SCL-90- R) and grouped in defined clusters. Multiple linear regression model was used for statistical analyses of associations between levels of cytokines and symptoms, adjusting for possible confounding factors. Results We found a positive association ( p 0.009) between the chemokine interferon-gamma inducible protein 10 (CXCL 10; IP-10) and the anger hostility cluster. No associations were found between the other symptom clusters and cytokines. IP-10 and the anger hostility cluster were positively associated ( p 0.002) in the subgroup of patients using psychotropic medication, not in the subgroup not using psychotropic medication. Conclusion Our analyses revealed a significant positive association between the symptom cluster anger hostility in SCL-90-R and the chemokine IP-10 in the subgroup of patients using psychotropic medications.
Simplified model of brushless synchronous generator for real time simulation (2015)

This paper presents a simplified model of brushless synchronous machine for saving hardware resources in a real time simulation system. Firstly, a brushless excitation system model is described. Thereafter, the simplified transfer function of an AC exciter and rotating diodes of the brushless excitation system is estimated. Finally, the complete system is simulated, comparing the main generator's voltage with both detailed and simplified excitation systems in several scenarios. These results show the accuracy of the simplified model against the detailed simulation model, resulting on an important hardware resources savings.
ChemInform Abstract: Thio‐Claisen Rearrangement Used in Preparing anti‐β‐Functionalized γ,δ‐Unsaturated Amino Acids: Scope and Limitations. (2012)

Abstract FeBr 3 ‐catalyzed or LDA‐mediated S‐alkylation of thioamides followed by thio‐Claisen rearrangement allows a regio‐, diastereo‐, and enantioselective access to the title compounds.
DNA vaccines expressing pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) elicit protection levels comparable to recombinant protein (2006)

Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is a promising candidate for the development of cost-effective vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae. In the present study, BALB/c mice were immunized with DNA vaccine vectors expressing the N-terminal region of PspA. Animals immunized with a vector expressing secreted PspA developed higher levels of antibody than mice immunized with the vector expressing the antigen in the cytosol. However, both immunogens elicited similar levels of protection against intraperitoneal challenge. Furthermore, immunization with exactly the same fragment in the form of a recombinant protein, with aluminium hydroxide as an adjuvant, elicited even higher antibody levels, but this increased humoral response did not correlate with enhanced protection. These results show that DNA vaccines expressing PspA are able to elicit protection levels comparable to recombinant protein, even though total anti-PspA IgG response is considerably lower.