gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Site selective oxidation of some azaspiroundecanes using Beauvaria sulfurescens ATCC 7159 (1990)

The micro-organism Beauvaria sulfurescens ATCC 7159 converted the bicyclic compounds (5), (12), (17), and (19) into the corresponding oxygenated products (6), (13), (18), and (20) respectively. The amide (9) gave the alcohols (10) and (11) under similar conditions while the isomeric substrate (14) gave equal amounts of the hydroxyamides (15) and (16).
Nmnat Delays Axonal Degeneration Caused by Mitochondrial and Oxidative Stress (2008)

Axonal degeneration is a prominent feature of many neurological disorders that are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, including Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease, and inherited peripheral neuropathies. Studies of the Wld(s) mutant mouse, which undergoes delayed Wallerian degeneration in response to axonal injury, suggest that axonal degeneration is an active process. Wld(s) mice also have slower axonal degeneration and disease progression in numerous models of neurodegenerative disease. The Wld(s) mutation results in the production of a chimeric protein that contains the full-length coding sequence of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 (Nmnat1), which alone is sufficient for axonal protection in vitro. To test the effects of increased Nmnat expression on axonal degeneration induced by mitochondrial dysfunction, we examined dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons treated with rotenone. Rotenone induced profound axonal degeneration in DRG neurons; however, this degeneration was delayed by expression of Nmnat. Nmnat-mediated protection resulted in decreased axonal accumulation and sensitivity to reactive oxygen species (ROS) but did not affect the change in the rate of rotenone-induced loss in neuronal ATP. Nmnat also prevented axonal degeneration caused by exposure to exogenous oxidants and reduced the level of axonal ROS after treatment with vincristine, further supporting the idea that Nmnat promotes axonal protection by mitigating the effects of ROS.
BET Bromodomain Inhibitors with One-Step Synthesis Discovered from Virtual Screen (2017)

Chemical inhibition of epigenetic regulatory proteins BrdT and Brd4 is emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy in contraception, cancer, and heart disease. We report an easily synthesized dihydropyridopyrimidine pan-BET inhibitor scaffold, which was uncovered via a virtual screen followed by testing in a fluorescence anisotropy assay. Dihydropyridopyimidine 3 was subjected to further characterization and is highly selective for the BET family of bromodomains. Structure-activity relationship data and ligand deconstruction highlight the importance of the substitution of the uracil moiety for potency and selectivity. Compound 3 was also cocrystallized with Brd4 for determining the ligand binding pose and rationalizing subsequent structure-activity data. An additional series of dihydropyridopyrimidines was synthesized to exploit the proximity of a channel near the ZA loop of Brd4, leading to compounds with submicromolar affinity and cellular target engagement. Given these findings, novel and easily synthesized inhibitors are being introduced to the growing field of bromodomain inhibitor development.
Catalytic Function of Cobalt(III) Complexes with N,N′-Disalicylideneethylenediamine on Oxygenation of t-Butylphenols (1985)

Abstract Catalytic oxygenation of t-butylphenols has been examined with the cobalt(III) complexes with N,N′-disalicylideneethylenediamine (H2salen), K[Co(salen)CO3], Na[Co(salen)(N3)2], K[Co(salen)(CN)2], [Co(salen)(py)2]PF6, and [Co(salen)(NH3)2]PF6. The CO3-complex showed a high catalytic activity while the other complexes a low or no catalytic activity. Based on electronic and ESR spectral investigations, it has been shown that the reaction is initiated by the direct oxidation of t-butylphenols by the CO3-complex through a phenolatocobalt(III) intermediate.
Basic biochemistry and physiology of magnesium: a brief review. (1993)

A brief review, highlighting some of the major biochemical and physiological aspects of magnesium, is presented. This minireview covers: (1) the distribution of Mg; (2) absorption and excretion of Mg; (3) roles of Mg in cell metabolism; (4) concentration of free ionized intracellular Mg2+; (5) physiological roles of Mg2+, and (6) role of Mg in cardiovascular pathology.
In vitroandin vivosigma 1 receptor imaging studies in different disease states (2020)

The sigma receptor system has been classified into two distinct subtypes, sigma 1 (σ1R) and sigma 2 (σ2R). Sigma 1 receptors (σ1Rs) are involved in many neurodegenerative diseases and different central nervous system disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and drug addiction, and pain. This makes them attractive targets for developing radioligands as tools to gain a better understanding of disease pathophysiology and clinical diagnosis. Over the years, several σ1R radioligands have been developed to image the changes in σ1R distribution and density providing insights into their role in disease development. Moreover, the involvement of both σ1Rs and σ2Rs with cancer make these ligands, especially those that are σ2R selective, great tools for imaging different types of tumors. This review will discuss the principles of molecular imaging using PET and SPECT, known σ1R radioligands and their applications for labelling σ1Rs under different disease conditions. Furthermore, this review will highlight σ1R radioligands that have demonstrated considerable potential as biomarkers, and an opportunity to fulfill the ultimate goal of better healthcare outcomes and improving human health.
Dual inverter based battery energy storage system for grid connected photovoltaic systems (2010)

This paper explores a new breed of energy storage system interfacing for grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. The proposed system uses the popular dual inverter topology in which one inverter is supplied by a PV cell array and the other by a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). The resulting conversion structure is controlled in a way that both demand matching and maximum power point tracking of the PV cell array are performed simultaneously. This dual inverter topology can produces 2, 3, 4 and 5 level inverter voltage waveforms at the dc-link voltage ratios of 0:1, 1:1, 2:1 and 3:2 respectively. Since the output voltage of the PV cell array and the battery are uncorrelated and dynamically change, the resulting dc-link voltage ratio can take non-integer values as well. These noninteger dc-link voltage ratios produce unevenly distributed space vectors. Therefore, the main issue with the proposed system is the generation of undistorted current even in the presence of unevenly distributed and dynamically changing space vectors. A modified space vector modulation method is proposed in this paper to address this issue and its efficacy is proved by simulation results. The ability of the proposed system to act as an active power source is also verified.
Transcriptome Analysis of Pig In Vivo , In Vitro –Fertilized, and Nuclear Transfer Blastocyst-Stage Embryos Treated with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Postfusion and Activation Reveals Changes in the Lysosomal Pathway (2015)

Genetically modified pigs are commonly created via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Treatment of reconstructed embryos with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) immediately after activation improves cloning efficiency. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the transcriptome of SCNT embryos treated with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), 4-iodo-SAHA (ISAHA), or Scriptaid as compared to untreated SCNT, in vitro-fertilized (IVF), and in vivo (IVV) blastocyst-stage embryos. SAHA (10 μM) had the highest level of blastocyst development at 43.9%, and all treatments except 10 μM ISAHA had the same percentage of blastocyst development as Scriptaid (p<0.05). Two treatments, 1.0 μM ISAHA and 1.0 μM SAHA, had higher mean cell number than No HDACi treatment (p<0.021). Embryo transfers performed with 10 μM SAHA- and 1 μM ISAHA-treated embryos resulted in the birth of healthy piglets. GenBank accession numbers from up- and downregulated transcripts were loaded into the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery to identify enriched biological themes. HDACi treatment yielded the highest enrichment for transcripts within the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Pathway, lysosome. The mean intensity of LysoTracker was lower in IVV embryos compared to IVF and SCNT embryos (p<0.0001). SAHA and ISAHA can successfully be used to create healthy piglets from SCNT.
Preserving vessel function during ischemic disease: new possibilities of inorganic nitrite therapy (2008)

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the U.S. and through out the industrialized world. Moreover, the incidence of CVD is on the rise globally and continues to place a significant economic and sociological burden on humanity as a whole. There is no doubt that continued research into the pathophysiological mechanisms of CVD has made excellent strides in clinical diagnosis and management. However, significant limitations still exist with several aspects of CVD pathology namely our ability to protect and restore tissue function in response to acute or chronic ischemic events. Acute or chronic vessel occlusion contributes to nearly all forms of CVD and the ability to thwart these events along with restoration of ‘healthy’ vascular function are still lacking. What is more, a common underlying feature of cardiovascular disease is defective bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) which serves broad physiological roles ranging from regulation of vascular reactivity and growth, inflammation, and thrombosis. Indeed, effective NO therapy has been considered by many to be the ‘holy grail’ for CVD intervention yet realization of this goal has remained elusive. Recent work from our laboratory and others have begun to identify straightforward yet novel approaches for selective NO therapy which involves chemical reduction of the inorganic nitrite anion (NO2−) back into bioavailable NO. While this may be a seemingly simplistic approach, inorganic nitrite therapy may hold significant potential as an effective and selective NO donor for acute and chronic ischemia secondary to cardiovascular disease.
New fabrication process for josephson tunnel junctions using photosensitive polyimide insulation layer for superconducting integrated circuits (2003)

Photosensitive polyimide, synthesized by block copolymerization, is expected to be an excellent insulation layer in LSI circuits in the future. This polyimide has a higher thermal resistance than those of the other organic polymers. It also has good electric properties such as a high break down voltage and a low dielectric constant. We propose a new fabrication process for the Josephson tunnel junction using a photosensitive polyimide. It is possible to simplify the fabrication process of the Josephson tunnel junction, because the photosensitive polyimide is used as the insulation layer instead of conventional inorganic insulation films without an etching process. We fabricated Nb/Al-AlOx/Nb Josephson tunnel junctions using this new process. The junctions show excellent current-voltage (I-V) characteristics with V/sub m/ values more than 80 mV.
Monopole Antennas (2005)

Abstract This article describes the concepts underlying monopole antennas and their many applications, such as for broadcasting, car radios, and more recently for cellular telephones.
Impact of clay mineralogy on the petrophysical properties of tight sandstones (2023)

A full petrographic and petrophysical characterization of tight sandstones has been conducted as part of ongoing study of Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery (CO 2 -EOR/EGR) and CO 2 sequestration. The main purpose of this study is to give novel perception into the interplay of the rock characteristics and fluid flow in tight formations, which are candidates for EOR/EGR processes (macroscopic sweep vs. microscopic displacement efficiency). To achieve this, several experimental techniques, including routine core analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), thin sections petrography, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and capillarity/pore size distributions by using Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure (MICP), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT), were conducted. Three tight sandstone rock samples (Bandera, Kentucky, and Scioto) were used in this work and particular attention was paid to the impact of clay content on rock's pore system and other petrophysical characteristics and hence fluids flow during production process. Results indicate that the presence of fibrous illite clay acting as pore bridging in Bandera and Kentucky samples have blocked the overall micro-pore system causing a significant reduction in the micro-pore throat system to 36% in Bandera sand and 50.9% in Kentucky sample. On the other hand, absence of fibrous illite and the presence of illite platelets in the Scioto sandstone led to a clear preservation of the sample's micro-pore throat attributing to a total of 59.1% of the total pore throat system. A new dimensionless number (dimensionless micro-pore throat modality) was established, defined as the ratio of micro-to macro-pore sizes. This shows that Scioto has the highest value of 1.44 implying that both macro- and micro-pore systems contribute to flow. Therefore, the mitigation of oil bypass from smaller pores should be a key criterion in selecting the proper recovery methods. Results show the effect of clay mineralogy on pore system considering a part of the physical and spatial properties the pore/grain framework of the tight sandstones. • The combination of petrophysical and petrographical analyses was used to select the efficient EOR method. • Micropores diminish by increasing presence of pore bridging illite and/or pore filling kaolinite booklets clay minerals. • High MTMR indicates that gas injection is a successful EOR technique. While Low MTMR suggests using waterflooding. • This study suggests including pore size distributions in tight reservoir classification rather than relying on permeability.
C-axis microbridges for rapid single flux quantum logic (1999)

The c-axis microbridge (CAM) junction technology has an inherently low inductance due to its groundplaned geometry which should be well suited to SFQ logic applications. However, the critical currents of the conventional (2 /spl mu/m diameter) CAM technology are too high. Experiments with optical lithography have shown that junctions of /spl sim/0.5 micron dimension are required. A new process using electron beam lithography has been developed. The junction statistics even at this early stage of development look promising. To confirm the validity of the rest of the design and fabrication technology a CAM based RS Flip-Flop has been fabricated which shows the correct traversal of the state graph at 45 K.
Light propagation within N95 Filtered Face Respirators: A simulation study for UVC decontamination (2020)

This study presents numerical simulations of UVC light propagation through seven different filtered face respirators (FFR) to determine their suitability for UV germicidal inactivation (UVGI). UV propagation was modelled using the FullMonte program for two external light illuminations. The optical properties of the dominant three layers were determined using the inverse adding doubling method. The resulting fluence rate volume histograms and the lowest fluence rate recorded in the modelled volume, sometimes in the nW cm -2 , provide feedback on a respirator’s suitability for UVGI and the required exposure time for a given light source. While UVGI can present an economical approach to extend an FFR’s useable lifetime, it requires careful optimization of the illumination setup and selection of appropriate respirators. Abstract Figure
Carnosine Modulates Stress-Attenuated Plasma Antioxidative Capacity (2009)

Oral administration of carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) in mice treated with restraint stress moderately alleviated a stress-induced decrease in plasma oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) activity (P = 0.075). Carnosine treatment also increased the level of plasma glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid compared with those in the restraint stress mice. Carnosine and related compounds anserine, histidine and histamine exhibited ORAC activity in vitro, while β-alanine was not effective. These results suggest that carnosine exerts a protective effect against the stress-induced elevation of the oxidative level in plasma.
New cytotoxic cyclic peroxide acids from Plakortis sp. marine sponge (2015)

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract of Jamaican marine sponge <i>Plakortis</i> sp. followed by preparative TLC and HPLC yielded several known methyl ester cyclic peroxides (<b>1a, 2a, 3a, 4, 5</b>), known plakortides (<b>6,7</b>), known bicyclic lactone (<b>8</b>) and new cyclic peroxide acids (<b>1b, 2b, 3b</b>). The chemical structures were elucidated by extensive interpretation of their spectroscopic data. These natural products showed remarkable in vitro cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines.
Belt and airbag testing with a pregnant Hybrid III female dummy (1996)

The objective of this research was to develop a pregnancy insert for the Hybrid III female dummy which would allow evaluation of various restraint conditions on energy transmission to the foetus. The pregnancy insert includes a urethane abdomen-uterus surounding an ellipsoidal amniotic fluid gel and simulated 28-32 week foetus, and fits into a 5th percentile Hybrid III female dummy. The foetus is instrumented with accelerometers in the head and thorax. A load-measuring reaction plate records force on the abdomen. Thirty-nine crash tests were run in the driver and right front passenger position on a Hyge sled under eleven different belt restraint and airbag conditions at 10-25 mph (4.5-11.2 m/s). In the first series, foetal and maternal responses for recommended lap-shoulder belt placement were compared to improper placement of the lap or shoulder belt. In the second series, several driver airbag restraint conditions were studied. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528.
Infrared optical materials (1996)

This paper surveys available transparent infrared optical materials, their applications, selection criteria, and physical properties. Crystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous (glassy) materials are considered. A few representative materials (KBr, KRS-5, MgF2, BaF2, A1203, Si02, ZnS, ZnSe, GaAs, Diamond, Ge, ZBLAN glass, As2S3 glass and Ge28SbI2Se60 glass) are discussed in detail and a complete and consistent set of property data are provided. Applications for these materials include bulk optics (lenses, prisms, beam splitters, etc.), windows, optical fibers, thin-film coatings (spectral and neutral density filters, protective and anti-reflective coatings), and opto-electronic devices.
Functional debugging of systems-on-chip (1998)

Due totheexponentird growth of both design complexity and the number of gates per pin, functional debugging has emerged as a critical step in the development of a system-on-chip. We introduce a novel debugging approach for programmable systems-on-chip. The new method leverages the advantagw of the two complementary functional execution approaches, emdation and simdation. We have developed a set of tools, transparent to both the design and debug~ng process, which enabl= the user to run long test sequences in emdation, and upon error detection, roll-back to an arbitrary instance in execution time, and switch over to simtiationbased debugging for fu~design visibility md contro~abifity. The efficacy of the approach is dependent on the method for transferring the computation from one execution domain to another. To enable effective transfer of the computation state, we have identifid a set of optimization tasks, established their computation complexity, and developed an efficient suite of optimization dgoritbms.
General method for direct cloning of DNA fragments generated by the polymerase chain reaction (1991)

Journal Article General method for direct cloning of DNA fragments generated by the polymerase chain reaction Get access David Kovalic, David Kovalic Pharmacology Department, University of Wisconsin Medical SchoolMadison, WI 53706, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jin-Hwan Kwak, Jin-Hwan Kwak Pharmacology Department, University of Wisconsin Medical SchoolMadison, WI 53706, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Bernard Weisblum Bernard Weisblum * Pharmacology Department, University of Wisconsin Medical SchoolMadison, WI 53706, USA * To whom correspondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 19, Issue 16, 25 August 1991, Page 4560, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/19.16.4560 Published: 25 August 1991 Article history Accepted: 21 May 1991 Published: 25 August 1991
Lithographic alternatives to PSM repair (1992)

Repairing phase shift structures on phase shift masks (PSMs) presents formidable challenges. Requirements for PSM repair go far beyond those needed for conventional chrome masks, where pinholes are made opaque and pindots are removed from the surface with what are essentially two-dimensional processes. Defects in the phase material, such as inclusions, chips, or excess material must be repaired to leave optically correct, three-dimensional structures. Unavailability of equipment and methods to handle phase shift defects is one of the greatest barriers to the routine commercial acceptance of phase shift mask technology. In this paper we will demonstrate multiple exposure (or "vote-taking") lithography methods for eliminating the effect of PSM defects on the wafer. Two (or more) exposures are made for a single wafer lithography level using multiple masks. The probability of a random defect occurring in the same location on separate masks is virtually nil. Therefore, dark defects - the consequence of defective phase structures - caused by any single exposure are overprinted by the other exposure(s). This technique also can provide relief from other potential error sources unique to PSMs. Wafer CD uniformity can be improved. Dimensional variations caused by transmission differences between phase and non-phase features will be averaged out by reversing the phase sense among the masks. PSM layout flexibility is enhanced. Normally, abrupt phase transitions (between 0° and 180°) within a bright region will print a dark band. By eliminating this "defect" through complementary exposures, such phase transitions can be used to help meet the boundary conditions imposed by a PSM layout.
Ribonucleoside Triphosphates as Substrate of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase in Human Macrophages (2010)

We biochemically simulated HIV-1 DNA polymerization in physiological nucleotide pools found in two HIV-1 target cell types: terminally differentiated/non-dividing macrophages and activated/dividing CD4(+) T cells. Quantitative tandem mass spectrometry shows that macrophages harbor 22-320-fold lower dNTP concentrations and a greater disparity between ribonucleoside triphosphate (rNTP) and dNTP concentrations than dividing target cells. A biochemical simulation of HIV-1 reverse transcription revealed that rNTPs are efficiently incorporated into DNA in the macrophage but not in the T cell environment. This implies that HIV-1 incorporates rNTPs during viral replication in macrophages and also predicts that rNTP chain terminators lacking a 3'-OH should inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcription in macrophages. Indeed, 3'-deoxyadenosine inhibits HIV-1 proviral DNA synthesis in human macrophages more efficiently than in CD4(+) T cells. This study reveals that the biochemical landscape of HIV-1 replication in macrophages is unique and that ribonucleoside chain terminators may be a new class of anti-HIV-1 agents specifically targeting viral macrophage infection.