gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Engagement with Citations on Wikipedia. (Part 2) (The translation and original text of the article are presented) (2020)

Wikipedia is one of the most visited sites on the Web and a common source of information for many users. As an encyclopedia, Wikipedia was not conceived as a source of original information, but as a gateway to secondary sources: according to Wikipedia’s guidelines, facts must be backed up by reliable sources that reflect the full spectrum of views on the topic. Although citations lie at the heart of Wikipedia, little is known about how users interact with them. To close this gap, we built client-side instrumentation for logging all interactions with links leading from English Wikipedia articles to cited references during one month, and conducted the first analysis of readers’ interactions with citations. We find that overall engagement with citations is low: about one in 300 page views results in a reference click (0,29% overall; 0,56% on desktop; 0,13% on mobile). Matched observational studies of the factors associated with reference clicking reveal that clicks occur more frequently on shorter pages and on pages of lower quality, suggesting that references are consulted more commonly when Wikipedia itself does not contain the information sought by the user. Moreover, we observe that recent content, open access sources, and references about life events (births, deaths, marriages, etc.) are particularly popular. Taken together, our findings deepen our understanding of Wikipedia’s role in a global information economy where reliability is ever less certain, and source attribution ever more vital.
Supplementary Figure 1A from Somatic Epigenetic Silencing of <i>RIPK3</i> Inactivates Necroptosis and Contributes to Chemoresistance in Malignant Mesothelioma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Efficiency of infection of MM cell lines infected with a pWPI lentivirus that expresses GFP marker alone (pWPI, control) or with a pWPI lentivirus that expresses both GFP and either RIPK3 WT or RIPK3-KD. Representative images indicate efficiency of infection of RIPK3-negative MM cell lines M12 and MSTO211H. Photographs of GFP fluorescence and combined GFP plus brightfield were taken 24 h after the initiation of infection. Note that most cells infected with pWPI-RIPK3 WT were floating, dead cells.&lt;/p&gt;
Automatic Transcription of Guitar Chords and Fingering From Audio (2011)

This paper proposes a method for extracting the fingering configurations automatically from a recorded guitar performance. 330 different fingering configurations are considered, corresponding to different versions of the major, minor, major 7th, and minor 7th chords played on the guitar fretboard. The method is formulated as a hidden Markov model, where the hidden states correspond to the different fingering configurations and the observed acoustic features are obtained from a multiple fundamental frequency estimator that measures the salience of a range of candidate note pitches within individual time frames. Transitions between consecutive fingerings are constrained by a musical model trained on a database of chord sequences, and a heuristic cost function that measures the physical difficulty of moving from one configuration of finger positions to another. The method was evaluated on recordings from the acoustic, electric, and the Spanish guitar and clearly outperformed a non-guitar-specific reference chord transcription method despite the fact that the number of chords considered here is significantly larger.
Surface tension gripping applied to a mesoscopic case study (2006)

info:eu-repo/semantics/published
A convenient production of clinical grade 68Ga-labeled Bombesin in an automated cassette-based platform. (2015)

1013 Objectives Similarly to radiolabeled somatostatin-based antagonists that have been growing in popularity, the bombesin family of G-protein coupled receptor ligands has shown high and specific uptake in gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPr)-positive tumors. The DOTA-conjugated bombesin antagonist RM2 (DOTA-(4-amino-piperidin-1-yl)-acetyl-D-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Sta-Leu-NH2) has been radiolabeled with 68Ga for imaging of prostate tumors with positron emission tomography (PET). We seek approval for clinical radiochemistry via the RDRC (Radioactive Drug Research Committee) at Stanford to allow us to study the first patients in the United States with GRPr-positive tumors using 68Ga-RM2. Methods We produced 68Ga-labeled RM2 using an automated cassette-based platform. 68Ga is eluted from a 68Ge/68Ga generator and trapped via a cation exchange cartridge. A concentrated NaCl/HCl solution is used to elute the 68Ga from the cartridge for the subsequent radiolabeling step. After the final product is purified by solid phase extraction, it is formulated and sterilized for injection. Quality control and release criteria were set according to USP . Results The cassette-based synthesis takes less than 25 minutes from elution to final formulation with good consistency in quality of final product (radiochemical purity by HPLC = 97.6% ± 0.6% (n = 3), chemical impurities other than residual precursor undetectable). The radiochemical yield was 85% ± 2% (decay-corrected to start-of-synthesis, n=3). The final formulated batches passed all quality controls and met the set release criteria. Conclusions We implemented a relatively simple and reliable 68Ga-radiochemistry for producing clinical-grade 68Ga-RM2 on a cassette-based platform. Three consecutive and successful validation runs were performed in compliance with USP . We will submit these results with a RDRC application to provide a new avenue to image GRPr-positive tumors in the United States.
Wireless MIMO switching: Sum rate optimization (2013)

This paper addresses relay design for a wireless multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) switching scheme that enables data exchange among multiple users. Here, a multi-antenna relay linearly precodes the received (uplink) signals from multiple users before forwarding the signal in the downlink, where the purpose of precoding is to let each user receive its desired signal with interference from other users suppressed. The problem of optimizing the precoder based on sum-rate maximization criteria is typically non-convex and difficult to solve. The main contribution of this paper is that we show the sum-rate maximization problem can be converted to an equivalent weighted sum-MSE minimization problem and can therefore be solved using an iterative algorithm proposed in our previous work. Asymptotic analysis reveals that, with properly chosen initial values, the proposed iterative algorithms are asymptotically optimal in both high and low signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) regimes for MIMO switching, either with or without self-interference cancellation (a.k.a., physical-layer network coding). Numerical results show that the optimized MIMO switching scheme based on the proposed algorithms significantly outperforms existing approaches in the literature.
Diels-Alder reaction of dienes having stereogenic allylic substituents: control of diastereoface selectivity by the dienophile (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDiels-Alder reaction of dienes having stereogenic allylic substituents: control of diastereoface selectivity by the dienophileR. Tripathy, R. W. Franck, and K. D. OnanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 10, 3257–3262Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1988https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00218a041RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views632Altmetric-Citations90LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (825 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
VaxCelerate II: Rapid development of a self-assembling vaccine for Lassa fever (2014)

Development of effective vaccines against emerging infectious diseases (EID) can take as much or more than a decade to progress from pathogen isolation/identification to clinical approval. As a result, conventional approaches fail to produce field-ready vaccines before the EID has spread extensively. Lassa is a prototypical emerging infectious disease endemic to West Africa for which no successful vaccine is available. We established the VaxCelerate Consortium to address the need for more rapid vaccine development by creating a platform capable of generating and pre-clinically testing a new vaccine against specific pathogen targets in less than 120 d A self-assembling vaccine is at the core of the approach. It consists of a fusion protein composed of the immunostimulatory Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein 70 (MtbHSP70) and the biotin binding protein, avidin. Mixing the resulting protein (MAV) with biotinylated pathogen-specific immunogenic peptides yields a self-assembled vaccine (SAV). To meet the time constraint imposed on this project, we used a distributed R&D model involving experts in the fields of protein engineering and production, bioinformatics, peptide synthesis/design and GMP/GLP manufacturing and testing standards. SAV immunogenicity was first tested using H1N1 influenza specific peptides and the entire VaxCelerate process was then tested in a mock live-fire exercise targeting Lassa fever virus. We demonstrated that the Lassa fever vaccine induced significantly increased class II peptide specific interferon-γ CD4(+) T cell responses in HLA-DR3 transgenic mice compared to peptide or MAV alone controls. We thereby demonstrated that our SAV in combination with a distributed development model may facilitate accelerated regulatory review by using an identical design for each vaccine and by applying safety and efficacy assessment tools that are more relevant to human vaccine responses than current animal models.
Automated interpretation of scatter signatures aimed at tissue morphology identification (2009)

An automated algorithm and methodology is presented to pathologically classify the scattering changes encountered in the raster scanning of normal and tumor pancreatic tissues using microsampling reflectance spectroscopy. A quasiconfocal reflectance imaging system was used to directly measure the tissue scatter reflectance in situ, and the spectrum was used to identify the scattering power, amplitude and total wavelength-integrated intensity. Pancreatic tumor and normal samples were characterized using the instrument and subtle changes in the scatter signal were encountered within regions of each sample. Discrimination between normal vs. tumor tissue was readily performed using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) classifier algorithm. A similar approach has worked also for regions of tumor morphology when statistical pre-processing of the scattering parameters was included to create additional data features. This automated interpretation methodology can provide a tool for guiding surgical resection in areas where microscopy imaging do not reach enough contrast to assist the surgeon.
Flavobacterium faecale sp. nov., an agarase-producing species isolated from stools of Antarctic penguins (2014)

Taxonomic studies were performed on an agarase-producing strain, designated WV33(T), isolated from faeces of Antarctic penguins. Cells of strain WV33(T) were Gram-staining-negative, strictly aerobic, orange and rod-shaped. Strain WV33(T) displayed agarase activity and was able to utilize galactose as a sole carbon source. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain WV33(T) was closely related to Flavobacterium algicola TC2(T) (98.0% similarity), F. frigidarium ATCC 700810(T) (96.9%) and F. frigoris LMG 21922(T) (96.1%). The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C(15 : 1) G, iso-C(15 : 0), C(15 : 0), C(16 : 0) and summed feature 3 (comprising iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH and/or C(16 : 1)ω7c). Menaquinone 6 (MK-6) was the sole quinone identified, and the major pigment was zeaxanthin. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. DNA-DNA relatedness of strain WV33(T) with respect to its closest phylogenetic neighbours was 25% for F. algicola NBRC 102673(T), 23% for F. frigidarium DSM 17623(T) and 21% for F. frigoris DSM 15719(T). The DNA G+C content of strain WV33(T) was 37±0.6 mol%. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain WV33(T) is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium faecale sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WV33(T) ( = KCTC 32457(T) = CECT 8384(T)).
Design and Development of an Assistive Exoskeleton for Independent Sit-Stand Transitions among the Elderly (2014)

Design and development of an assistive exoskeleton
Green Heat: Hot Water Energy Offset System (2014)

The implementation of renewable energy systems is often regarded by the consumer to be too costly and too complex to maintain and operate. For instance converting sunlight or wind energy to electricity along with the conditioning equipment required to put energy into the system can be cost prohibitive for a residential or commercial application. The proposed system implements multiple renewable energy components working in series. These components bypass those costly electrical energy conversions by converting the acquired energy into heat, which can be utilized to offset a portion of the energy consumed within the home or business. This system can be made completely transparent with little or no impact on the consumers’ lifestyle. Also, the proposed system, by only attempting to offset a portion of the current usage, will be simple and inexpensive to assemble and maintain with a short return on investment. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration an estimated 10 quadrillion Btu’s are consumed by 113.6 million houses in the United States, while 1.8 quadrillion Btu’s of the total energy is used for hot water heating [1]. It has been shown that approximately 20% of the energy costs associated with most residential and small commercial businesses stem from hot water heating. A patent-pending technology, called a viscous controller, attached at the base of a wind turbine, which operates in series with a traditional thermal solar collector to supplement the energy used in the hot water tank. This technology reduces the cost of the system and allows for the average homeowner and small business owner to offset their current energy usage, incorporate renewable energy sources, and offer a 4–5 year return on initial investment. More importantly, if this system is implemented in only a portion of the target market, it has the potential to completely offset the rising energy demands for the United States each year for the foreseeable future.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin: Does It Affect Human Endometrial Morphology In Vivo? (2001)

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is widely used as a surrogate to luteinizing hormone (LH) to trigger ovulation in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). Yet this molecule may exert direct effects on the endometrium. These effects, not mediated by ovarian hormones, are probably a consequence of stimulation of endometrial hCG/LH receptors. Because the half-life of hCG differs markedly from that of LH, possible pharmacological effects of hCG on the endometrium could alter endometrial receptivity in COH. Arguments supporting a clinical action of gonadotropins, and hCG in particular, on the endometrium abound. Notably, evidence has been reported of decidualization of stromal cells of the human endometrium in vitro as a result of exposure to gonadotropins, including hCG. The present article discusses, from a clinical standpoint, the main basis supporting the hypothesis that hCG administration as commonly used in infertility treatments may exert direct effects in vivo on endometrial histology and partake in endometrial transformations of the luteal phase. Preliminary results suggest that endometrial effects of hCG exist in vivo and should be taken into account when assessing the endometrial effects of hormones.
In vivo time-resolved optical spectroscopy of mice (2002)

A time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) system has been developed for use with living specimens as part of a fluorescence-mediated molecular tomography scanner. This system has been used to measure the bulk optical properties of mouse tissues. Absorption coefficients were found to be 0.15 - 0.3 cm−1, while reduced scattering coefficients were measured to be 1.5 - 5.0 cm−1. The variability of the results recommend the determination of optical properties for each subject in order to improve the accuracy of fluorescence tomography reconstruction.
Synthesis and Characterization of the W−Os Heterometallic Complex Os3(CO)10(μ-H)(μ-η3-C(CHPh)C⋮CW(O)2(C5Me5)):  Evidence of Hydride Dislocation on a Triosmium Framework by Crystal Polymorphism (1999)

The heterometallic compound Os3(CO)10(μ-H)(μ-η3-C(CHPh)C⋮CW(O)2(C5Me5)) (1), which possesses a bridging hydride and a C⋮CCCHPh ligand, is obtained on addition of the diynyl complex (C5Me5)W(O)2(C⋮CC⋮CPh) to Os3(μ-H)2(CO)10. 1H NMR spectra show the occurrence of three isomers at equilibrium in solution, of which two isomers have been unambiguously characterized by an X-ray diffraction study. During subsequent tests of reactivity we isolated Os3(CO)10(μ-σ:η2-C⋮CCHCHPh)(μ-H) (2) and (C5Me5)W(μ-O)2Os3(CO)9(μ-σ:η2-C⋮CCHCHPh) (3) through two distinct processes initiated by removal of the (C5Me5)W(O)2 fragment and decarbonylation, respectively.
Lifetime prediction for 405-nm single-mode delivery systems for therapeutic laser applications (2012)

Near-UV laser light is used for soft tissue treatment for several years now. In first applications the light was delivered directly from the laser, but for in vivo treatment more flexibility was needed. Multi-mode fibers can be used to achieve a high output power coupled from multi-mode lasers. If fiber bundles are used the power can be increased additionally. But the power density on the treated tissue does not rise proportionally, because of the larger spot. A better ablation can be achieved with a Gaussian beam profile coming from a single-mode fiber. Higher beam quality and higher intensity from a small single-mode core produce power densities in the order of kW/cm<sup>2</sup> in a focus spot smaller than 100 &mu;m. If the laser therapy is used with the scanning fiber endoscope, treatment in between imaging spirals can be employed and only a single fiber is required. 405 nm laser-induced fluorescence may be able to produce both wide-field fluorescence imaging and laser therapy in a single laser. However additional wavelengths combiners and dual-clad couplers are necessary for multi-wavelength reflectance imaging requiring increased input power to compensate for the losses of these devices. This leads to very high intensities at the fiber coupler and damage will occur at this interface. Differences in damage rate due to differently treated fiber end-faces will be discussed. We suggest a new loss mechanism which is basal for the end-face damage and show miscellaneous methods to reduce the occurring damage and enhance the system lifetime.
FULL EXPOSURE OF THE AXILLARY AND SUPRASCAPULAR NERVES (1997)

We describe a method of exposing the whole length of the axillary and suprascapular nerves through a sabre-cut incision. The coracoid process is osteotomised and part of trapezius is detached from its insertions. The posterior deltoid is freed from its scapular origin to expose infraspinatus. We have used this approach to explore combined injuries of the axillary and suprascapular nerves with good results, and no serious complications. Its success depends on a meticulous surgical technique.
ChemInform Abstract: KINETISCHE ACIDITAET ALS NACHWEIS FUER SPIROAROMATIZITAET IN EINEM SPIRO(2,3)HEXADIEN (1972)

Abstract Das Spirohexadien (Ib) wird aus dem Spirohexadien (Ia) auf elektrolytischem Wege durch Substitution von Chlor durch mit Tritium angereicherten Wasserstoff dargestellt.
Representing Ambiguity in Registration Problems with Conditional Invertible Neural Networks (2020)

Image registration is the basis for many applications in the fields of medical image computing and computer assisted interventions. One example is the registration of 2D X-ray images with preoperative three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) images in intraoperative surgical guidance systems. Due to the high safety requirements in medical applications, estimating registration uncertainty is of a crucial importance in such a scenario. However, previously proposed methods, including classical iterative registration methods and deep learning-based methods have one characteristic in common: They lack the capacity to represent the fact that a registration problem may be inherently ambiguous, meaning that multiple (substantially different) plausible solutions exist. To tackle this limitation, we explore the application of invertible neural networks (INN) as core component of a registration methodology. In the proposed framework, INNs enable going beyond point estimates as network output by representing the possible solutions to a registration problem by a probability distribution that encodes different plausible solutions via multiple modes. In a first feasibility study, we test the approach for a 2D 3D registration setting by registering spinal CT volumes to X-ray images. To this end, we simulate the X-ray images taken by a C-Arm with multiple orientations using the principle of digitially reconstructed radiographs (DRRs). Due to the symmetry of human spine, there are potentially multiple substantially different poses of the C-Arm that can lead to similar projections. The hypothesis of this work is that the proposed approach is able to identify multiple solutions in such ambiguous registration problems.
Effects of Sash Movement and Walk-bys on Aerodynamics and Contaminant Leakage of Laboratory Fume Cupboards (2007)

In order to speculate the physical mechanisms of contaminant leakage during sash movement and walk-bys through a laboratory fume cupboard, the complicated three-dimensional flow patterns and the real-time tracer gas leakage are studied via the laser-assisted flow visualization method and the standard gas sampling technique, respectively, over a transparent, full scale chemical fume cupboard. Through the flow visualization, the evolution of drastic changes of the flow pattern is demonstrated. The highly turbulent jet-like currents are induced by the unsteady flow motion near the cupboard face. Large-scale turbulent eddies accompanied with the jet-like currents obviously bring large amount of in-cupboard smoke out to the atmosphere. The turbulent mixing extends the size and the strength of the large-scale eddy circulations, and predominantly contributes to the mechanism that causes the severe spread of contaminant leakage in few seconds. The tracer gas tests that are conducted by employing pr-EN 14175:2003 method show consistent containment results with the flow visualization findings. The temporally evolving large-scale turbulent eddies induced by the sash movement and the walk-bys cause substantially high contaminant leakage to the environment and the breathing zone of the operator.
Structure and Morphology of Uniform-Sized Nanoscale Bimetallic Catalyst (2005)

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2005 in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, July 31--August 4, 2005