gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Next generation 650V CSTBT<sup>TM</sup> with improved SOA fabricated by an advanced thin wafer technology (2015)

Using an advanced thin wafer technology, we have successfully fabricated the next generation 650V class IGBT with an improved SOA and maintaining the narrow distribution of the electrical characteristics for industrial applications. The applied techniques were the finer pattern transistor cell, the thin wafer process and the optimized back side doping concentration profiles. With the well organized back-side wafer process, the practically large chip has achieved without any sacrifice of the production yield. As a results, V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CEsat</sub> -E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> trade-off relationship and an Energy of Short Circuit by active Area (E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SC</sub> /A) are improved in comparison with the conventional Punch Through (PT) structure.
Phase separated Cu@Fe3O4 heterodimer nanoparticles from organometallic reactants (2011)

Cu@Fe3O4 heteroparticles with distinct morphologies were synthesized from organometallic reactants. The shape of the magnetic domains could be controlled by the solvent and reaction conditions. They display magnetic and optical properties that are useful for simultaneous magnetic and optical detection. After functionalization, the Cu@Fe3O4 heterodimers become water soluble. The morphology, structure, magnetic and optical properties of the as-synthesized heterodimer nanoparticles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), mössbauer spectroscopy, superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry, and dark field imaging. A special advantage of these heterodimers lies in the fact that the nanodomains of different composition can be used e.g. for the formation of nitric oxide (NO) through the Cu domain and heterodimer nanoparticles can be removed from the reaction mixture by means of the magnetic domain (Fe3O4).
Magnetic Skyrmions in a Thickness Tunable 2D Ferromagnet from a Defect Driven Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya Interaction (2022)

There is considerable interest in van der Waals (vdW) materials as potential hosts for chiral skyrmionic spin textures. Of particular interest is the ferromagnetic, metallic compound Fe<sub>3</sub> GeTe<sub>2</sub> (FGT), which has a comparatively high Curie temperature (150-220 K). Several recent studies have reported the observation of chiral Néel skyrmions in this compound, which is inconsistent with its presumed centrosymmetric structure. Here the observation of Néel type skyrmions in single crystals of FGT via Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (LTEM) is reported. It is shown from detailed X-ray diffraction structure analysis that FGT lacks an inversion symmetry as a result of an asymmetric distribution of Fe vacancies. This vacancy-induced breaking of the inversion symmetry of this compound is a surprising and novel observation and is a prerequisite for a Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya vector exchange interaction which accounts for the chiral Néel skyrmion phase. This phenomenon is likely to be common to many 2D vdW materials and suggests a path to the preparation of many such acentric compounds. Furthermore, it is found that the skyrmion size in FGT is strongly dependent on its thickness: the skyrmion size increases from ≈100 to ≈750 nm as the thickness of the lamella is increased from ≈90 nm to ≈2 µm. This extreme size tunability is a feature common to many low symmetry ferro- and ferri-magnetic compounds.
A new generation of automotive radar waveform design techniques (2004)

Radar sensors for automotive applications require extremely high performance figures in detection rate, accuracy and resolution. A real technical challenge is the simultaneous range and velocity measurement even in multiple target situations. This requirement reflects especially the waveform design technique. New Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) signals are designed which fulfil the requirements. These signals are based on an intertwined technique in which two or multiple modulation schemes are combined inside a single waveform.
Acute myocardial ischaemia and cardiogenic shock after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; risk factors for and results of emergency coronary bypass (1989)

Between 1 September, 1980 and 1 January, 1989, 4142 patients underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). We retrospectively studied the 155 [3.7%; 119 males, mean age 53.4 years, (range 33-78 years) and 36 females, mean age 59.6 years (range 40-74 years)] who required urgent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (Group I) and a select control group of 155 patients, in whom PTCA was performed without complications (Group II). Before PTCA, 14 Group I and 42 Group II patients had angina Class II, and 78 Group I and 49 Group II patients had angina class IV (chi 2-test, P less than 0.05). There were 445 complications in the 155 group I patients: 303 (68%) early (during PTCA) and 141 (32%) late (within 24 h). On arrival in the operating room 126 patients were stable; five were in cardiac arrest and 19 in cardiogenic shock (AS-group; 24 patients). In the AS-group and control group, respectively, angina Class II occurred in 2/24 (8.3%) and 42/155 (27.1%) patients, angina Class IV in 14/24 (58.3%) and 49/155 (31.6%) (P less than 0.05), single-vessel disease in 8/24 (33.3%) and 85/155 (54.8%), triple-vessel disease in 7/24 (29.2%) and 23/155 (14.9%) (P less than 0.05); elective PTCA in 11/24 (45.8%) and 92/155 (59.4%), urgent PTCA in 12/24 (50%) and 48/155 (30.9%) (P less than 0.05), PTCA of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) in 18/24 (75%) and 86/166 (51.8%), PTCA of the right coronary artery in 2/24 (8.3%) and 47/166 (28.3%) (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The role of antigenic peptide in CD4+ T helper phenotype development in a T cell receptor transgenic model (2004)

CD4+ Th1 cells play a critical role in the induction of cell-mediated immune responses that are important for the eradication of intracellular pathogens. Peptide-25 is the major Th1 epitope for Ag85B of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is immunogenic in I-Ab mice. To elucidate the role of the TCR and IFN-gamma/IL-12 signals in Th1 induction, we generated TCR transgenic mice (P25 TCR-Tg) expressing TCR alpha- and beta-chains of Peptide-25-reactive cloned T cells and analyzed Th1 development of CD4+ T cells from P25 TCR-Tg. Naive CD4+ T cells from P25 TCR-Tg differentiate into both Th1 and Th2 cells upon stimulation with anti-CD3. Naive CD4+ T cells from P25 TCR-Tg preferentially develop Th1 cells upon Peptide-25 stimulation in the presence of I-Ab splenic antigen-presenting cells under neutral conditions. In contrast, a mutant of Peptide-25 can induce solely Th2 differentiation. Peptide-25-induced Th1 differentiation is observed even in the presence of anti-IFN-gamma and anti-IL-12. Furthermore, naive CD4+ T cells from STAT1 deficient P25 TCR-Tg also differentiate into Th1 cells upon Peptide-25 stimulation. Moreover, Peptide-25-loaded I-Ab-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells induce Th1 differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells from P25 TCR-Tg in the absence of IFN-gamma or IL-12. These results imply that interaction between Peptide-25/I-Ab and TCR may primarily influence determination of the fate of naive CD4+ T cells in their differentiation towards the Th1 subset.
Potentially resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma: spiral CT assessment with surgical and pathologic correlation. (1995)

Further progress in preoperative staging of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with spiral CT should be directed toward improving detection of small pancreatic tumors and assessment of early metastatic disease.
CRMP5 Regulates Generation and Survival of Newborn Neurons in Olfactory and Hippocampal Neurogenic Areas of the Adult Mouse Brain (2011)

The Collapsin Response Mediator Proteins (CRMPS) are highly expressed in the developing brain, and in adult brain areas that retain neurogenesis, ie: the olfactory bulb (OB) and the dentate gyrus (DG). During brain development, CRMPs are essentially involved in signaling of axon guidance and neurite outgrowth, but their functions in the adult brain remain largely unknown. CRMP5 has been initially identified as the target of auto-antibodies involved in paraneoplasic neurological diseases and further implicated in a neurite outgrowth inhibition mediated by tubulin binding. Interestingly, CRMP5 is also highly expressed in adult brain neurogenic areas where its functions have not yet been elucidated. Here we observed in both neurogenic areas of the adult mouse brain that CRMP5 was present in proliferating and post-mitotic neuroblasts, while they migrate and differentiate into mature neurons. In CRMP5(-/-) mice, the lack of CRMP5 resulted in a significant increase of proliferation and neurogenesis, but also in an excess of apoptotic death of granule cells in the OB and DG. These findings provide the first evidence that CRMP5 is involved in the generation and survival of newly generated neurons in areas of the adult brain with a high level of activity-dependent neuronal plasticity.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Regulation of CD4<sup>+</sup>NKG2D<sup>+</sup> Th1 Cells in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma Treated with Sorafenib: Role of IL-15Rα and NKG2D Triggering (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 84K, The combination therapy induced a profound lymphopenia.&lt;/p&gt;
Reduced Rack Exhaust Temperature Gradient via Variable Chassis Flow Rate (2011)

An effective method of reducing the temperature gradient in data centers (or “hot” and “cold” spots) is to minimize the maximum temperature at the rack exit plane. For a given rack’s heat load, one way to achieve this is to vary the chassis flow rate in such a way that the rack exit temperature gradient is small. In this paper, a simple algorithm based on the energy equation is developed to set the chassis flow rate such that the exit rack temperature is uniform. When compared to a constant chassis flow rate algorithm, the proposed method is demonstrated through CFD simulations to achieve significant reduction in maximum chassis inlet temperature for the same CRAH flow rate.
Resolution of 7,7-dimethylbicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-6-one using Mortierella ramanniana and 3α,20β-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase, photochemistry of 3-hydroxy-7,7-dimethylbicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-6-ones, and the synthesis of (+)-eldanolide (1987)

The fungus Mortierella ramanniana reduced 7,7-dimethylbicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-6-one (1) to give the (6S)-endo-alcohol (9) and the (6S)-exo-alcohol (10). In contrast the enzyme 3α,20β-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase was found to give the (6S)-endo-alcohol (9) and recovered optically active ketone. Both processes produced the alcohol (9) in high optical purity. The (6S)-endo-alcohol (9) was converted into the lactone (+)-(4) a late stage synthon for the pheromone eldanolide (+)-(11).
Isolation of a Murine Homologue of the Drosophila neuralized Gene, a Gene Required for Axonemal Integrity in Spermatozoa and Terminal Maturation of the Mammary Gland (2001)

The Drosophila neuralized gene shows genetic interactions with Notch, Enhancer of split, and other neurogenic genes and is thought to be involved in cell fate specification in the central nervous system and the mesoderm. In addition, a human homologue of the Drosophila neuralized gene has been described as a potential tumor suppressor gene in malignant astrocytomas. We have isolated a murine homologue of the Drosophila and human Neuralized genes and, in an effort to understand its physiological function, derived mice with a targeted deletion of this gene. Surprisingly, mice homozygous for the introduced mutation do not show aberrant cell fate specifications in the central nervous system or in the developing mesoderm. This is in contrast to mice with targeted deletions in other vertebrate homologues of neurogenic genes such as Notch, Delta, and Cbf-1. Male Neuralized null mice, however, are sterile due to a defect in axoneme organization in the spermatozoa that leads to highly compromised tail movement and sperm immotility. In addition, female Neuralized null animals are defective in the final stages of mammary gland maturation during pregnancy.
The contribution of neurogenic inflammation to sensitive skin: concepts, mechanisms and cosmeceutical intervention (2009)

IFSCC Magazine , 11 (2008) (4) 311–315 This paper was presented as a keynote lecture at the IFSCC Congress 2008, Barcelona, Spain. Cutaneous neurogenic inflammation is emerging as an underlying mechanism for several skin conditions. The intimate cross‐talk between the cutaneous immune system and the peripheral nervous system is fundamental for skin biology. However, an imbalance or dysfunction results in the onset of an inflammatory state that is reinforced by the synergic and complementary action of both systems. Cumulative evidence indicates that the thermoreceptor TRPV1 is a key player of neurogenic inflammation. This receptor is activated by both physical and chemical stimuli, and its activity is potentiated by pro‐inflammatory mediators. An increase in TRPV1 activity results in an increment of neuronal excitability that leads to the release of proalgesic agents that stimulate the immune system. Therefore, the TRPV1 receptor is being considered as a cosmeceutical target, and agents that reduce its activity will be useful cosmeceuticals. Keywords: Algogens, epidermis, immune system, nociceptor, sensitization
Subnuclear localization of the trans-activating protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (1988)

Human T-cell leukemia virus type I is associated with human lymphoid malignancies. The p40xI protein encoded by the x gene of this virus is believed to play some role in virally mediated transformation. This gene is known to encode a transcriptional trans activator which previous studies have shown to be a nuclear protein. Further characterization of the intracellular kinetics of this protein showed that it migrated into the nucleus very soon after synthesis. Within the nucleus, p40xI was distributed almost equally between the nucleoplasm and the nuclear matrix. Given the proposed role of the nuclear matrix in RNA transcription, the association of p40xI with the matrix places it in an appropriate cellular compartment to exercise an effect on transcription.
Progress toward a single chip radio in CMOS (2008)

• On-chip antenna pair gain at 24GHz is not optimal but sufficient for communication over 5 m near ground. 10-m range is possible if the antennas sit ∼ 50 cm above ground. • It should be possible to communicate to a UAV flying at 50–100m above the ground. • 24-GHz RF circuits with reasonable power consumption should be possible in 130-nm CMOS. It needs to be drastically reduced for unattended sensor applications. • The crystal reference frequency stability requirement has been relaxed such that use of an LC oscillator is possible. • Dual conversion architecture should enable integration of a transmitting antenna, PA and VCO on the same silicon substrate. • Power consumption reduction is the last remaining challenge. Lower frequency operation.
Optimizing Latency Sensitive Applications for Amazon's Public Cloud Platform (2019)

Recent cloud technologies enable a diverse set of novel applications with capabilities never seen before. Cloud native programming, microservices, serverless architectures are novel paradigms reducing the burden on both software developers and operators while enabling cloud-grade service deployments. Several types of applications fit in well with the new concepts, however, latency sensitive applications with strict delay constraints pose additional challenges on the platforms. Can we run these applications on today's public cloud platforms making use of the brand new tools and techniques? In this paper, we try to answer this question by addressing one of the most widely used and versatile public cloud platforms, namely Amazon's AWS, and we propose a novel mechanism to optimize the software "layout" based on dynamic performance measurements. Our contribution is threefold. First, we define a combined performance and cost model on CaaS/FaaS (Container/Function as a Service) platforms, specifically for AWS, based on a comprehensive performance analysis, and we also provide an application model capturing the performance requirements. Second, we formulate an optimization problem which minimizes the deployment costs on AWS while meeting the latency constraints. A polynomial algorithm finding the optimal solution is also given. Third, we evaluate the model and the algorithm for different scenarios and investigate the performance on today's system.
Magnetic field microscope using high-sensitivity giant magneto-resistance sensor with AC field modulation (2022)

Abstract A new high-sensitivity giant magneto-resistance (GMR) sensor system was developed and applied to a magnetic field microscope for which a magneto-impedance (MI) sensor was used as a high-sensitivity magnetic probe. The GMR sensor system achieved a detectivity of 13 pT/√Hz at 100 Hz. The sensing limit and spatial resolution were examined compared with the MI sensor. A 100 Hz AC magnetic field from a patterned Cu line was imaged. The GMR sensor showed better spatial resolution than that of the MI sensor owing to its small sensor unit size. The sensing limit was the same for both the GMR sensor and the MI sensor. This limit is due to ambient magnetic field noise. The GMR sensor could reduce this noise by differential detection using two sensor units. These results suggest that the GMR sensor system has advantages for application to the magnetic field microscopes compared with the MI sensor.
A review on superstructure optimization approaches in process system engineering (2020)

In this paper, we survey the main superstructure-based approaches in process system engineering, with a particular emphasis on the existing literature for automated superstructure generation. We examine both classical and more recent representations in terms of generality, ease of use, and tractability. We also discuss the implications that different representations may have on strategies for algebraic modeling and optimization. We then review the state-of-the-art in software implementations to support synthesis. Finally, we examine the use of evolutionary—recently referred to as superstructure-free—approaches, in which algorithmic procedures dynamically generate and evaluate candidate process structures.
Success rate of cytogenetic analysis at the time of second-trimester dilation and evacuation (1998)

Karyotyping for abnormal second-trimester pregnancies and intrauterine fetal deaths at the time of a dilation and evacuation procedure has a success rate nearing 100%. In contrast to previous reports, our data indicate that it is unnecessary to perform pretermination invasive karyotyping in patients with abnormal second-trimester pregnancies or intrauterine fetal death who elect to undergo dilation and evacuation. Chromosome analysis at the time of termination of pregnancy by dilation and evacuation reduces patient discomfort, risk of infection, and cost while still providing reliable and vital cytogenetic information for future genetic counseling.
METABOLISM (2012)

The procedures laid out in Part II lead to the formulation of a MASS model-building process. The process is a step-by-step increase in the scope and coverage of a model by systematically increasing the size of the stoichiometric matrix. Mass action kinetics are assumed to represent the dynamics of the reaction rates. Typical numerical values of the concentrations and fluxes are then used to get PERCs. This leads to a condition-dependent kinetic model. The unregulated version of MASS models was covered in Chapter 8 and the incorporation of regulation was outlined in Chapter 9.
Unidirectional light-emission from in-plane tunneling nanoantennas (Conference Presentation) (2018)

Through the effect of Purcell enhancement, nanoantennas strongly modify the local density of optical states and control the emission of coupled emitters. These antennas determine, in addition to the emission spectrum and polarization, also the angular distribution of the emitted photons, i.e., the radiation pattern. Nearly all directional nanoantennas reported so far, rely on external excitation schemes such as a laser or scanning tunneling microscope (STM) tip, which severely hamper on-chip integration. Here, we experimentally demonstrate for the first time, unidirectional light emission from electrically driven in-plane two-wire nanoantennas in the shape of the letter V. The antenna wires are connected with narrow electrical leads which support electrical currents while preserving the resonant properties of the antenna [1]. A nanoscopic tunneling gap is formed at the feed point of the antenna through a controlled electromigration procedure. Strong far-field interference between the spontaneous dipolar light emission of the tunnel junction and the fundamental quadrupolar resonance of the antenna gives rise to a directional radiation pattern [2]. We show that this directivity can be actively tuned with the applied voltage, and passively tuned with the antenna geometry. The experimental findings are analyzed in detail through electro-optical characterization and extensive numerical simulations. These fully configurable ultra-fast tunneling nanoantennas seamlessly exploit light-matter interactions at the nanoscale and set a new paradigm for directing optical energy on chip using an extremely small footprint. [1] Kern et al. Nature Photonics (2015) 9, 582–586; [2] Vercruysse et al. ACS Nano (2014) 8(8), 8232−8241.
Metallurgical aspects of joining commercially pure titanium to Ti-6Al-4V alloy in a T-joint configuration by laser beam welding (2018)

The present paper focuses on the metallurgical and microstructural characterization of the laser beam-welded T-joints between commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) and Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The weld regions were comprehensively studied and the mechanisms leading to the final morphology within each weld region were described. The link between microstructural features and local mechanical properties was demonstrated. Owing to different constitution, the responses of the two titanium alloys to thermal cycles imposed by laser welding are completely different. A strong interface with no dilution zone between the two alloys was observed. The cooling rate during the welding process is high enough for diffusionless martensitic transformation in the Ti-6Al-4V part of the fusion zone. In contrast, no evidence of martensite was found in the CP-Ti because of low solute content and, consequently, much higher critical cooling rate. Plausible reason for some controversy found in the literature on the resulting transformation products after laser processing of CP-Ti was given. The present findings might have important industrial implications because careful microstructural characterization revealed the real position of the skin fusion line, which is of great importance for fulfillment of the weld quality criteria.