gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Recent Advances of the Catalytic Selective Oxidation of Ethane to Oxygenates (2016)

The selective partial oxidation of short chain alkanes is a key challenge within catalysis research. Direct ethane oxidation to oxygenates is a difficult aim, but potentially rewarding, and it could lead to a paradigm shift in the supply chain of several bulk chemicals. Unfortunately, low C–H bond reactivity and kinetically labile products are just some reasons affecting the development and commercialisation of such processes. Research into direct ethane oxidation is therefore disparate, with approaches ranging from oxidation in the gas phase at high temperatures to enzyme catalysed hydroxylation under ambient conditions. Furthermore, in overcoming the barrier posed by the chemically inert C–H bond a range of oxidants have been utilised. Despite years of research, this remains an intriguing topic from both academic and commercial perspectives. Herein we describe some recent developments within the field of catalytic ethane oxidation focusing on the formation of oxygenated products, whilst addressing the key challenges which are still to be overcome.
Integration of GaN-LEDs with Heterogeneous Device Components by Epitaxil Film Bonding (2020)

Heterogeneous integration of the thin film gallium-nitride (GaN) LEDs of 2 μm thick and titanium oxide (TiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) waveguide were studied for biomedical and other potential applications. Epitaxial film bonding (EFB) of the thin film GaN-LEDs on the flat guest substrate of polyimide (PI)-coated silicon (Si) was first investigated and then the EFB of the thin film GaN-LEDs on the TiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> waveguide was investigated. The thin film GaN-LEDs released from the mother substrate of Si were bonded on the PI-coated optical grating on the TiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> waveguide at room temperature in the atmospheric environment with no adhesive. Good bond of the thin film GaN-LED on the optical grating was proved and integration of the thin film GaN-LED and waveguide by EFB was achieved. The spectrum peak shift of thin film GaN-LED bonded on the waveguide suggests that compressive stress to the active layer was released by the EFB of the thin film GaN-LED onto the waveguide. This study suggests that the EFB process is feasible to achieve integration of thin film devices on heterogeneous substrates implemented with various optical and electronic components.
Impact of API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) Source Selection on Generic Drug Products (2015)

The pharmaceutical industry is emerging as a significant industrial sector with tremendous potential for providing innovative drugs to treat life-threatening diseases as well as for providing economical generic alternatives of supreme quality. Hence this sector is not only responsible to provide the much desired boost to the health of the society, especially of the developing countries, but also it is a competitive yet profitable sector from a business perspective. Currently, the primary focus of the pharmaceutical industry is to raise the bar for the quality, safety and efficacy of the drug products that are made available in the global market place. Product quality, price of raw materials [API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) and excipients] and market return competition are vital factors that determine the longevity or existence and profitability of a company in the crowded pharmaceutical market. . Hence these critical factors receive special consideration from drug product manufacturers. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) is the primary constituent of a pharmaceutical drug product that governs the final cost of the drug product as well as the commercial profit earned by the company. Most of the major generic drug manufacturing companies have their own API manufacturing facility and hence may not prefer to screen independent API suppliers as part of their generic drug development plan to procure additional API. Contradictorily, the generic drug manufacturers who do not synthesize the API themselves are dependent on external and independent API manufacturers for procurement of the API. Such generic drug manufacturing companies have to select suitable API suppliers by adapting a risk aversive approach. This article presents an informed and comprehensive discussion on the primary and alternate API supplier selection processes for generic drug products manufacturing firms. This API supplier selection process can be categorized into several stages which include preliminary assessment, documents review, samples analysis, onsite or offsite audit, results evaluation and final approval or rejection. This API selection process includes the anticipated product specific risk assessment with relation to API characteristics, specifications, analytical results, document review observations and inspection results. A generic drug product manufacturing company can choose an alternative API supplier or change the existing API supplier either during the development phase or after development of the drug product. Generic drug product manufacturing companies should rework on development activities if any API supplier change happens during the development phase. API supplier change or addition of an alternative API supplier has to be followed as per SUPAC guidance for US market and VARIATION filing procedures for European market.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrene‐Appended Fluorescent Tweezers Generated via the Weak‐Link Approach and Their Halide Recognition Properties. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Direct Cerebral Vasodilatory Effects of Sevoflurane and Isoflurane (1999)

In common with other volatile anesthetic agents, sevoflurane has an intrinsic dose-dependent cerebral vasodilatory effect. However, this effect is less than that of isoflurane.
Are Neural Open-Domain Dialog Systems Robust to Speech Recognition Errors in the Dialog History? An Empirical Study (2020)

Large end-to-end neural open-domain chatbots are becoming increasingly popular. However, research on building such chatbots has typically assumed that the user input is written in nature and it is not clear whether these chatbots would seamlessly integrate with automatic speech recognition (ASR) models to serve the speech modality. We aim to bring attention to this important question by empirically studying the effects of various types of synthetic and actual ASR hypotheses in the dialog history on TransferTransfo, a state-of-the-art Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) based neural open-domain dialog system from the NeurIPS ConvAI2 challenge. We observe that TransferTransfo trained on written data is very sensitive to such hypotheses introduced to the dialog history during inference time. As a baseline mitigation strategy, we introduce synthetic ASR hypotheses to the dialog history during training and observe marginal improvements, demonstrating the need for further research into techniques to make end-to-end open-domain chatbots fully speech-robust. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effects of synthetic and actual ASR hypotheses on a state-of-the-art neural open-domain dialog system and we hope it promotes speech-robustness as an evaluation criterion in open-domain dialog.
Impact of straightened thermal profiles generated by gapped near field transducers on HAMR SNR (2020)

In this work, heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) is simulated to assess the areal density advantages of various realistic thermal profiles. Specifically, finite element simulation and micromagnetic modeling are used to assess the areal density consequences of a straighter thermal profile with an associated wider track. This assessment is done by simulating the thermal profiles created by heads with gapped near field optical transducers (NFTs) and split magnetic poles. By varying the gap width of the NFT and the thickness of the medium interlayer, the above variation in transition straightness and associated written transition is achieved. At specific operating points, we find that a wider track with a straighter transition results in a slightly higher recording density (1.2Tb/in2 vs 0.9 Tb/in2). As expected, the former case finds its optimum at higher linear bit densities (1370 kFCI) and lower track densities (850 kTPI) than the latter case (870 kFCI and 1000 kTPI).
Synthesis and Electrochemistry of Schiff Base Cobalt(III) Complexes and Their Catalytic Activity for Copolymerization of Epoxide and Carbon Dioxide (2010)

Abstract A series of cobalt complexes with N , N , O , O ‐tetradentate Schiff base ligands were prepared. All the complexes were characterized by spectroscopy and electrochemical methods. An X‐ray crystal structure analysis revealed that L 1 ‐Co III ‐dnp was monomeric with a six‐coordinated central cobalt(III) atom in the solid state. The complexes were employed as catalysts for the alternating copolymerization of CO 2 and racemic propylene oxide. End group analysis of the resulting polymer provided strong evidence for a monomer insertion mechanism for the propagation step. The catalytic activity was interpreted using the redox potential of cobalt(II/III) for the L ‐Co III ‐dnp complexes, which offered a measure of the bond strength, or the degree of inertness of the axial ligand, to promote or suppress the monomer insertion. magnified image
53.2: A Mobile Dual‐directional Auto‐stereoscopic Display using a New Doubled Electrode‐Layered LCL Lens on an OLED panel (2012)

Abstract A new doubled electrode‐layered liquid crystal lenticular lens (LC lens) with multi‐electrodes is proposed to realize an auto‐stereoscopic display for mobile devices of OLED panel. The analyses of crosstalk show the quality of 3D display in vertical and horizontal screen as 0% and 23%.
Stable Isotope Standards and Capture by Anti-Peptide Antibodies (SISCAPA) (2016)

This document contains recommendations for terminology in mass spectrometry. Development of standard terms dates back to 1974 when the IUPAC Commission on Analytical Nomenclature issued recommendations on mass spectrometry terms and definitions. In 1978, the IUPAC Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy updated and extended the recommendations and made further recommendations regarding symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations. The IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy’s Subcommittee on Mass Spectroscopy revised the recommended terms in 1991 and appended terms relating to vacuum technology. Some additional terms related to tandem mass spectrometry were added in 1993 and accelerator mass spectrometry in 1994. Owing to the rapid expansion of the field in the intervening years, particularly in mass spectrometry of biomolecules, a further revision of the recommendations has become necessary. This document contains a comprehensive revision of mass spectrometry terminology that represents the current consensus of the mass spectrometry community.
Microfabricated Sieve for the Continuous Sorting of Macromolecules (1998)

In a two-dimensional periodic but asymmetric environment, a Brownian particle that is driven in one direction by a potential gradient will also drift in the orthogonal direction at a rate that depends on its diffusion coefficient. On this basis, we propose a new method for separating biological macromolecules according to size. A fine stream of molecules is electrophoresed through a microfabricated sieve, etched from a silicon chip by lithography. The sieve consists of a periodic array of oblong obstacles, which deflect the molecules so that each species follows a different trajectory, oblique to the flow. Advantages promised by the technique include improved efficiency, continuous sorting and ready automation.
Polysalt ligands achieve higher quantum yield and improved colloidal stability for CsPbBr3 quantum dots (2021)

Colloidal lead halide perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) are relatively new semiconductor nanocrystals with great potential for use in optoelectronic applications. They also present a set of new scientifically challenging fundamental problems to investigate and understand. One of them is to address the rather poor colloidal and structural stability of these materials under solution phase processing and/or transfer between solvents. In this contribution, we detail the synthesis of a new family of multi-coordinating, bromide-based polysalt ligands and test their ability to stabilize CsPbBr<sub>3</sub> nanocrystals in polar solutions. The ligands present multiple salt groups involving quaternary cations, namely ammonium and imidazolium as anchors for coordination onto PQD surfaces, along with several alkyl chains with varying chain length to promote solubilization in various conditions. The ligands provide a few key benefits including the ability to repair damaged surface sites, allow rapid ligand exchange and phase transfer, and preserve the crystalline structure and morphology of the nanocrystals. The polysalt-coated PQDs exhibit near unity PLQY and significantly enhanced colloidal stability in ethanol and methanol.
Ultraviolet-spectrum Light-emitting Diodes with Omnidirectional Reflectors for High Extraction Efficiency (2003)

Abstract : This report covers the period August 1st to August 31st 2002 while I was working for Boston University (BU). On September 1st I transferred to Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI). It is my understanding that this report is required for the transfer of the contract from BU to RPI. The reflective properties of a triple-layer omni-directional reflector have been investigated. The reflector has a two-fold purpose namely it serves as ohmic contact to the top GaN layer of a UV LED and also as a reflector. The reflector consists of the semiconductor (GaN), indium tin oxide (ITO) and a metal layer. It was found that the reflector has reflectivities exceeding 90% for all angles of incidence. Such highly reflective ohmic contacts are desirable as conventional ohmic contacts represent a major loss mechanism in UV LEDs.
Abstract 4991: Hyleukin-7, the Fc-fused interleukin-7, generates anti-tumor activity by modulating both adaptive and innate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (2019)

Interleukine-7 (IL-7), a strong candidate for a novel immunotherapeutic agent, plays important roles in the development and homeostasis of T lymphocytes. Recombinant IL-7 has shown positive effects in various models by increasing T cells in both mice and humans; however, the short half-life and stability of recombinant IL-7 has remained a challenge for its clinical application to cancer immunotherapy. Here, we investigated anti-tumor effects of a long-acting form of recombinant human IL-7 fused with hybrid Fc (rhIL-7-hyFc; Hyleukin-7) in mice. rhIL-7-hyFc administration in tumor-free mice generated the cytokine-induced CD8+ T cell proliferation, which altering CD8+ T cell homeostasis by expanding largely the TCM-phenotype CD8+ T cells displaying activation-induced attributes, such as Eomes, Granzyme B, CXCR3, and IFN-γ. When injected into mice with syngeneic tumor graft, rhIL-7-hyFc induced anti-tumor activity in a dose-dependent manner. rhIL-7-hyFc dramatically expands CD8+ T cells in the periphery and recruits effector CD8+ T cells in the tumor, yielding a high CD8+ T/Treg cell ratio in the tumor microenvironment (TME). rhIL-7-hyFc increases Ki-67 and granzyme-B expression but decreases expression levels of immune checkpoint molecules on CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Surprisingly, rhIL-7-hyFc reduced myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the TME, yielding the high CD8+ T/MDSC ratio. Collectively, rhIL-7-hyFc treatment confers anti-cancer activity by inducing a “CD8+ T cell infiltrated-inflamed-immune favorable” TME. The combination treatment of rhIL-7-hyFc with cyclophosphamide and immune checkpoint blockades showed enhanced anti-tumor efficacy in an advanced tumor model. Furthermore, we found that the anti-tumor activity of rhIL-7-hyFc was achieved under lymphopenic conditions by normalizing CD8+ T cell homeostasis. In sum, rhIL-7-hyFc generates an effective anti-tumor response through reconstructing CD8+ T lymphocytes; this activity was highly enhanced by combination therapies with the chemotherapeutics and immune checkpoint blockades. Our data suggests that rhIL-7-hyFc can be applied to various cancer immunotherapy regimens as a monotherapy or in combination partner with conventional and other immunotherapies.Citation Format: Ji-Hae Kim, Sung-Wook Hong, Young-Min Kim, Saet-byeul Jo, Man Kyu Ji, Yeon Kyung Oh, Han Wook Park, Sora Kim, Donghoon Choi, Byung Ha Lee, Se Hwan Yang, Young Chul Sung, Seung-Woo Lee. Hyleukin-7, the Fc-fused interleukin-7, generates anti-tumor activity by modulating both adaptive and innate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4991.
Microstructural Control of the Interface Layer for Strength Enhancement of Dissimilar Al/Cu Joints via Ni Addition during TIG Arc Brazing (2021)

Dissimilar metal joining between Al and Cu is effective for reducing the weight and cost of electrical components. In this study, dissimilar lap joining of pure Al to pure Cu with an Al-Ni filler material was conducted using tungsten inert gas (TIG) arc brazing, and the effect of Ni on the joint strength associated with the microstructure of the intermetallic compound (IMC) layer at the dissimilar interface was examined. The addition of Ni effectively increased the interfacial strength of the joints. Regardless of the addition of Ni, the joints fractured in the thick Al2Cu layer formed at the Al/Cu interface. However, the Ni addition reduced the thickness of the IMC layer and led to the formation of Al7Cu4Ni particles in the weakest Al2Cu layer. Both the thickness reduction and reinforcing Al7Cu4Ni particle formation are thought to contribute to the increase in joint strength of the Al/Cu dissimilar interface.
The Hyperthermophilic Restriction-Modification Systems of Thermococcus kodakarensis Protect Genome Integrity (2021)

<i>Thermococcus kodakarensis</i> (<i>T. kodakarensis</i>), a hyperthermophilic, genetically accessible model archaeon, encodes two putative restriction modification (R-M) defense systems, TkoI and TkoII. TkoI is encoded by TK1460 while TkoII is encoded by TK1158. Bioinformative analysis suggests both R-M enzymes are large, fused methyltransferase (MTase)-endonuclease polypeptides that contain both restriction endonuclease (REase) activity to degrade foreign invading DNA and MTase activity to methylate host genomic DNA at specific recognition sites. In this work, we demonsrate <i>T. kodakarensis</i> strains deleted for either or both R-M enzymes grow more slowly but display significantly increased competency compared to strains with intact R-M systems, suggesting that both TkoI and TkoII assist in maintenance of genomic integrity <i>in vivo</i> and likely protect against viral- or plasmid-based DNA transfers. Pacific Biosciences single molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing of <i>T. kodakarensis</i> strains containing both, one or neither R-M systems permitted assignment of the recognition sites for TkoI and TkoII and demonstrated that both R-M enzymes are TypeIIL; TkoI and TkoII methylate the N<sup>6</sup> position of adenine on one strand of the recognition sequences GTGAAG and TTCAAG, respectively. Further <i>in vitro</i> biochemical characterization of the REase activities reveal TkoI and TkoII cleave the DNA backbone GTGAAG(N)<sub>20</sub>/(N)<sub>18</sub> and TTCAAG(N)<sub>10</sub>/(N)<sub>8</sub>, respectively, away from the recognition sequences, while <i>in vitro</i> characterization of the MTase activities reveal transfer of tritiated S-adenosyl methionine by TkoI and TkoII to their respective recognition sites. Together these results demonstrate TkoI and TkoII restriction systems are important for protecting <i>T. kodakarensis</i> genome integrity from invading foreign DNA.
An Analytical Non-Newtonian and Nonisothermal Viscous Flow Simulation (2006)

ABSTRACT Polymer process control is limited by a lack of observability of the distributed and transient polymer states. An analytical solution is presented for on-line simulation of non-Newtonian and nonisothermal viscous flow in real-time polymer processing. The modeling of the non-Newtonian viscous flow utilizes a modified Ellis model that expresses viscosity as a function of shear stress; the modeling of the heat transfer utilizes a Bessel series expansion to include effects of heat conduction, heat convection, and internal shear heating. The resulting simulation is suitable for inclusion in real-time process controllers requiring sub millisecond response. Numerical verification indicates that the flow rate predictions of the described analysis compare well with the results from a commercial molding simulation. However, empirical validation utilizing a design of experiments for an injection molding process indicates that the described analysis is qualitatively useful but does not possess sufficient accuracy for quantitative process and quality control.
First-in-class and best-in-class dendrimer nanoplatforms from concept to clinic: Lessons learned moving forward (2021)

Research to develop active dendrimers by themselves or as nanocarriers represents a promising approach to discover new biologically active entities that can be used to tackle unmet medical needs including difficult diseases. These developments are possible due to the exceptional physicochemical properties of dendrimers, including their biocompatibility, as well as their therapeutic activity as nanocarriers and drugs themselves. Despite a large number of academic studies, very few dendrimers have crossed the 'valley of death' between. Only a few number of pharmaceutical companies have succeeded in this way. In fact, only Starpharma (Australia) and Orpheris, Inc. (USA), an Ashvattha Therapeutics subsidiary, can fill all the clinic requirements to have in the market dendrimers based drugs/nancocarriers. After evaluating the main physicochemical properties related to the respective biological activity of dendrimers classified as first-in-class or best-in-class in nanomedicine, this original review analyzes the advantages and disavantages of these two strategies as well the concerns to step in clinical phases. Various solutions are proposed to advance the use of dendrimers in human health.
Studies on the Safety and Immunogenicity of the South African Bluetongue Virus Serotype 2 Monovalent Vaccine: Specific Detection of the Vaccine Strain Genome by RT‐PCR (2003)

In order to study the safety and the immunogenicity of the South African vaccine against the serotype 2 bluetongue virus, two groups of seven sheep were vaccinated with the vaccine used in the French island of Corsica. Vaccinated and non-vaccinated sheep were observed clinically and their rectal temperatures were recorded daily. The serological response in vaccinated animals confirmed the immunogenicity of the vaccine. Post-vaccinal viraemia was investigated and the vaccine genome was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). No viraemia was observed at post-vaccination days 4, 7 and 11 but the vaccine strain of virus was detected by RT-PCR throughout the experiment. The thermostability of the vaccine was also evaluated. The vaccine titre strongly decreased at temperatures higher than 35 degrees C.