gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Involvement of a Na+- and Cl–-Dependent Transporter in the Brain Uptake of Amantadine and Rimantadine (2012)

Despite their structural similarity, the two anti-influenza adamantane compounds amantadine (AMA) and rimantadine (RIM) exhibit strikingly different rates of blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport. However, the molecular mechanisms facilitating the higher rate of in situ BBB transport of RIM, relative to AMA, remain unclear. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine whether differences in the extent of brain uptake between these two adamantanes also occurred in vivo, and elucidate the potential carrier protein facilitating their BBB transport using immortalized human brain endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). Following oral administration to Swiss Outbred mice, RIM exhibited 2.4-3.0-fold higher brain-to-plasma exposure compared to AMA, which was not attributable to differences in the degree of plasma protein binding. At concentrations representative of those obtained in vivo, the hCMEC/D3 cell uptake of RIM was 4.5-15.7-fold higher than that of AMA, with Michaelis-Menten constants 6.3 and 238.4 μM, respectively. The hCMEC/D3 cellular uptake of both AMA and RIM was inhibited by various cationic transporter inhibitors (cimetidine, choline, quinine, and tetraethylammonium) and was dependent on extracellular pH, membrane depolarization and Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions. Such findings indicated the involvement of the neutral and cationic amino acid transporter B⁰,⁺ (ATB⁰,⁺) in the uptake of AMA and RIM, which was demonstrated to be expressed (at the protein level) in the hCMEC/D3 cells. Indeed, AMA and RIM appeared to interact with this transporter, as shown by a 53-70% reduction in the hCMEC/D3 uptake of the specific ATB⁰,⁺ substrate ³H-glycine in their presence. These studies suggest the involvement of ATB⁰,⁺ in the disposition of these cationic drugs across the BBB, a transporter with the potential to be exploited for targeted drug delivery to the brain.
Phase Change Recording Media of 20 GB Capacity for System with 0.6 mm-thick Substrate (2003)

We have developed phase change media of 20GB user data capacity for the next generation optical recording system using a blue-violet laser diode with the wavelength of 405 nm. An objective lens with the numerical aperture of 0.65 has been used along with 0.6 mm-thick substrates on which the laser is incident. We have employed the land and groove recording. A transparent film with high thermal conductivity has been adopted at the light incident side of the recording layer in order to improve the carrier to noise ratio and the erase ratio as well as to reduce the cross-erase. Bottom channel bit error rate of less than 1×10-6 has been obtained and its wide tilt margins have successfully demonstrated the strong feasibility for the next generation rewritable system.
Directionality in laser fabrication of 3D graphitic microwires in diamond (2016)

Graphitic wires embedded beneath the surface of single crystal diamond are promising for a variety of applications. Through a combination of ultra short (femtosecond) pulsed fabrication, high numerical aperture focusing and adaptive optics, graphitic wires can be written along any 3D path. Here, we demonstrate a non-reciprocal directional dependence to the graphitization process: the features are distinct when the fabrication direction is reversed. The non-reciprocal effects are significantly determined by the laser power, the fabrication speed, the light polarization and pulse front tilt. The influences of these factors are studied.
The Simbios National Center: Systems Biology in Motion (2008)

Physics-based simulation is needed to understand the function of biological structures and can be applied across a wide range of scales, from molecules to organisms. Simbios (the National Center for Physics-Based Simulation of Biological Structures, http://www.simbios.stanford.edu/) is one of seven NIH-supported National Centers for Biomedical Computation. This article provides an overview of the mission and achievements of Simbios, and describes its place within systems biology. Understanding the interactions between various parts of a biological system and integrating this information to understand how biological systems function is the goal of systems biology. Many important biological systems comprise complex structural systems whose components interact through the exchange of physical forces, and whose movement and function is dictated by those forces. In particular, systems that are made of multiple identifiable components that move relative to one another in a constrained manner are multibody systems. Simbios' focus is creating methods for their simulation. Simbios is also investigating the biomechanical forces that govern fluid flow through deformable vessels, a central problem in cardiovascular dynamics. In this application, the system is governed by the interplay of classical forces, but the motion is distributed smoothly through the materials and fluids, requiring the use of continuum methods. In addition to the research aims, Simbios is working to disseminate information, software and other resources relevant to biological systems in motion.
Chloroquine Potentiates the Anticancer Effect of Pterostilbene on Pancreatic Cancer by Inhibiting Autophagy and Downregulating the RAGE/STAT3 Pathway (2021)

The treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a huge challenge, because pro-survival signaling pathways-such as the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway-are overexpressed in PDAC cells. Moreover, PDAC cells are highly resistant to chemotherapeutic agents because of autophagy induction. Therefore, autophagy and its modulated signaling pathways are attractive targets for developing novel therapeutic strategies for PDAC. Pterostilbene is a stilbenoid chemically related to resveratrol, and has potential for the treatment of cancers. Accordingly, we investigated whether the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine could potentiate the anticancer effect of pterostilbene in the PDAC cell lines MIA PaCa-2 and BxPC-3, as well as in an orthotopic animal model. The results indicated that pterostilbene combined with chloroquine significantly inhibited autophagy, decreased cell viability, and sensitized the cells to pterostilbene-induced apoptosis via downregulation of the RAGE/STAT3 and protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways in PDAC cells. The results of the orthotopic animal model showed that pterostilbene combined with chloroquine significantly inhibited pancreatic cancer growth, delayed tumor quadrupling times, and inhibited autophagy and STAT3 in pancreatic tumors. In summary, the present study suggested the novel therapeutic strategy of pterostilbene combined with chloroquine against the growth of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by inhibiting autophagy and downregulating the RAGE/STAT3 signaling pathways.
Laparoscopic surgery in urology: current applications. (1993)

Urologic applications of laparoscopy have increased exponentially in the past few years, and newer techniques continue to be described. This article considers the latest advances in the field and attempts to place laparoscopy in proper perspective in urologic therapy. From modest diagnostic maneuvers, urologic laparoscopy has progressed to ablation of large solid organs and complex reconstructive procedures. Reproducible clinical success has been achieved in localization of undescended testicles, varicocelectomy, dissection of pelvic lymph nodes, drainage of lymphoceles, and nephrectomy. Clinical reports on use of this technique for orchiectomy, ureterolysis, nephropexy, partial nephrectomy, nephroureterectomy, bladder diverticulectomy, dissection of retroperitoneal lymph nodes, and ileal conduit urinary diversion have been published. Exciting and rapid development of more advanced techniques is under way in the laboratory. Even at this early stage, when urologic applications of minimally invasive surgery are still being defined, it is likely that laparoscopy will have a lasting impact on the practice of urology.
Microstructure Development in Al 2 O 3 ‐Platelet‐Reinforced Ce‐ZrO 2 /Al 2 O 3 Composites (1997)

Composites containing Ce‐ZrO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and aligned Al 2 O 3 platelets were produced by centrifugal consolidation and pressureless sintering, followed by heat treatments at 1600°C for varied duration. Constituents in the consolidated microstructures were either uniformly distributed throughout or segregated into gradient layers, depending critically on platelet content. Quantitative image analysis was used to examine microstructure development with heat treatment. Changes in the volume fraction, dimensional anisotropy, and gradient of pores and platelets, as well as changes in the phase gradient, were quantified. Microstructure development was strongly dependent on the initial microstructure design attained from suspension processing.
Top-pinned STT-MRAM devices with high thermal stability hybrid freelayers for high densitymemory applications (2018)

New free layer (FL) materials and designs have recently drawn a lot of interest as the devices of spin-transfer -torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM) keep scaling down. The so-called dual-MgO FL consisting of two CoFeB/MgO interfaces is under development. However, the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) from two CoFeB/Mg0 interfaces is insufficient to provide the required thermal stability (A) for long data retention time for devices with critical diameter (CD) below 20nm. In our earlier work, a new FL design, the hybrid FL, was proposed. This hybrid free layer (HFL) design consists of a single layer of CoFeB coupled via a spacer to a [Co/Ni] multilayer [1]. Here, we report on the electrical and magnetic properties of the hybrid free layers in top-pinned magnetic tunnel junction (TP-MTJ) devices with various electrical CD (e -CD). We show that HFL's can provide larger coercivity (H e ) and retention (A) than dual-MgO.
Westland row why so slow? (2013)

The advent of real-time traffic streaming offers users the opportunity to visualise current traffic conditions and congestion information. However, real-time information highlighting the underlying reason for tail-backs remains largely unexplored. Broken traffic lights, an accident, a large concert, or road-works reveal important information for citizens and traffic operators alike. Providing such information in real-time requires intelligent mechanisms and user interfaces in order to (i) harness heterogeneous data sources (volume, velocity, variety, veracity) and (ii) make derived knowledge consumable so users can visualize traffic conditions and congestion information making better routing decisions while travelling. This work focuses on surfacing relevant information and explaining the underlying reasons behind traffic conditions. To this end, static data from event providers, planned road works together with dynamically emerging events such as a traffic accidents, localized weather conditions or unplanned obstructions are captured through social media to provide users real-time feedback to highlight the causes of traffic congestion.
Polymorphisms of B7 (CD80 and CD86) Genes Do Not Affect Disease Susceptibility to Sarcoidosis (2005)

There was no relationship between the B7 gene polymorphisms studied and disease susceptibility or BAL fluid cell profiles in Japanese sarcoidosis patients.
Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFα) Expression and FunctionIn Vitroby Modified Antisense Oligonucleotides (1997)

Abstract Antisense oligonucleotides containing C-5 hexynyl/propynyl modified pyrimidines were synthesized using solid phase phosphoramidite chemistry. These modified oligonucleotides were found to have significant inhibitory activity against TNFα production in vitro.
FcγRIIIa chromatography to enrich a-fucosylated glycoforms and assess the potency of glycoengineered therapeutic antibodies (2019)

Therapeutic antibodies can elicit an immune response through different mechanisms, either cell independent via complement activation (CDC) or through activation of immune-effector cells (such as macrophages and NK cells). After target binding, the Fc part of the antibody will interact with Fc receptors on the surface of effector cells, leading to activation and lysis of the target cells by a mechanism called antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The ADCC of an antibody can be increased by modifying the carbohydrates on the Fc part. If the fucose on the first N-acetylglucosamine is absent, the affinity for the FcγRIIIa is increased and the ADCC enhanced. We describe the development of a chromatography method that is based on the differential affinity of the Fc receptor FcγRIIIa (high affinity V158 variant) for fucosylated and a-fucosylated antibodies. Immobilized FcγRIIIa can be used for the separation of immunoglobulins carrying these glycosylation variants for both, analytical and preparative purposes. The biological activity and fucose content of three pools enriched for fully fucosylated, mono-fucosylated or a-fucosylated carbohydrates could be characterized. Mono-fucosylated and a-fucosylated immunoglobulins have the same enhanced biological activity compared to fully fucosylated IgGs. A direct, label- and modification-free analytical method for screening of IgGs from culture supernatant was developed and was amenable to high-throughput screening. Clones producing antibodies with a high content of a-fucosylated oligosaccharides could be successfully selected.
SiO 2 -passivated lateral-geometry GaN transparent Schottky-barrier detectors (2000)

We report on a transparent Schottky-barrier ultraviolet detector on GaN layers over sapphire substrates. Using SiO2 surface passivation, reverse leakage currents were reduced to a value as low as 1 pA at 5 V reverse bias for 200 μm diameter device. The device exhibits a high internal gain, about 50, at low forward biases. The response time (about 15 ns) is RC limited, even in the internal gain regime. A record low level of the noise spectral density, 5×10−23 A2/Hz, was measured at 10 Hz. We attribute this low noise level to the reduced reverse leakage current.
Microscopies Enabled by Photonic Metamaterials (2022)

In recent years, the biosensor research community has made rapid progress in the development of nanostructured materials capable of amplifying the interaction between light and biological matter. A common objective is to concentrate the electromagnetic energy associated with light into nanometer-scale volumes that, in many cases, can extend below the conventional Abbé diffraction limit. Dating back to the first application of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for label-free detection of biomolecular interactions, resonant optical structures, including waveguides, ring resonators, and photonic crystals, have proven to be effective conduits for a wide range of optical enhancement effects that include enhanced excitation of photon emitters (such as quantum dots, organic dyes, and fluorescent proteins), enhanced extraction from photon emitters, enhanced optical absorption, and enhanced optical scattering (such as from Raman-scatterers and nanoparticles). The application of photonic metamaterials as a means for enhancing contrast in microscopy is a recent technological development. Through their ability to generate surface-localized and resonantly enhanced electromagnetic fields, photonic metamaterials are an effective surface for magnifying absorption, photon emission, and scattering associated with biological materials while an imaging system records spatial and temporal patterns. By replacing the conventional glass microscope slide with a photonic metamaterial, new forms of contrast and enhanced signal-to-noise are obtained for applications that include cancer diagnostics, infectious disease diagnostics, cell membrane imaging, biomolecular interaction analysis, and drug discovery. This paper will review the current state of the art in which photonic metamaterial surfaces are utilized in the context of microscopy.
Complement Pathways and Meningococcal Disease: Diagnostic Aspects (2003)

Complement is an immunological effector system that bridges innate and acquired immunity in several ways. There is a striking association between susceptibility to meningococcal disease and various forms of complement deficiency (1,2). In defense against bacterial infection, the most important function of complement is probably to serve as a mediator of antibody-dependent immunity. Specific antibodies can trigger activation of the classical and the alternative pathways of complement activation (3-5). It is well known that antibody-independent mechanisms interfere with alternative pathway activation on the bacterial surface (6,7). The newly discovered mannan-binding lectin (MBL) pathway of complement activation appears to be protective against many types of infection (8) and adds previously unsuspected aspects of innate immunity to complement-mediated defense. Interestingly, immune responses are influenced by complement (9), and it could be that acquisition of protective antibodies is impaired in some types of complement deficiency. A further aspect of interactions between Neisseria and complement is the potential role of membrane-bound complement regulators as cellular receptors for the microbes (7).
Identification of HDAC6‐Selective Inhibitors of Low Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity (2015)

The histone deacetylases (HDACs) occur in 11 different isoforms, and these enzymes regulate the activity of a large number of proteins involved in cancer initiation and progression. The discovery of isoform-selective HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) is desirable, as it is likely that such compounds would avoid some of the undesirable side effects found with the first-generation inhibitors. A series of HDACIs previously reported by us were found to display some selectivity for HDAC6 and to induce cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. In the present work, we show that structural modification of these isoxazole-based inhibitors leads to high potency and selectivity for HDAC6 over HDAC1-3 and HDAC10, while unexpectedly abolishing their ability to block cell growth. Three inhibitors with lower HDAC6 selectivity inhibit the growth of cell lines BxPC3 and L3.6pl, and they only induce apoptosis in L3.6pl cells. We conclude that HDAC6 inhibition alone is insufficient for disruption of cell growth, and that some degree of class 1 HDAC inhibition is required. Moreover, the highly selective HDAC6Is reported herein that are weakly cytotoxic may find use in cancer immune system reactivation.
Flexible SERS-based substrates: challenges and opportunities toward an Army relevant universal sensing platform (2015)

Generally the fabrication, assembly and evaluation of plasmonic nanostructures for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates has focused on static rigid substrates such as glass and silicon. However, these static substrates severely limit the application of plasmonic nanostructures as (i) they provide no means to alter the state of assembly of the nanostructures once they are formed or anchored on the surface i.e., not reconfigurable; and (ii) preclude applications which demand non-planar, flexible or conformal surfaces. The above considerations has led to the development of a novel class of SERS substrates based on flexible substrates such paper, polymer membranes and electrospun fibers. These flexible SERS media based on unconventional substrates such as paper offer distinct advantages compared to the conventional SERS substrates in that (i) flexible nature of the substrate enables conformal contact with the surfaces under investigation leading to efficient sample collection; (ii) porous nature of the SERS substrate (interstices between the fibers) provides efficient access to the analytes; (iii) high surface area of the 3D paper substrate results in large dynamic range of the chemical sensors; (iv) intricate network of fibers decorated with metal nanoparticles can provide potentially high density of electromagnetic hotspots; (v) intense light scattering caused by the fibrous structure of the substrate (e.g., paper) enables efficient light-metal interaction; and (vi) facile fabrication leads to efficient, robust, reliable, reusable and cost-effective SERS substrates. In this presentation, we will focus on the Army need for a more flexible (substrate surface and application) SERS substrate for universal sensing. This presentation will leverage from material presented at a flexible SERS (May 2014) workshop hosted by Dr. Srikanth Singamaneni at Washington University.
Thermal Analysis of a Passenger-Loaded Vehicle in Severe Winter Conditions (2008)

Abstract In this paper, a thermophysical model of the dynamic interactions between an automobile driver and a heated seat is presented. The contacting body is considered to be made of three layers—core, skin, and clothing—while the seat consists of several layers of fabric materials. Experimentally measured load distributions are used to identify the distribution of local thermal resistance across the contact areas and to determine the spatial and temporal variation in the temperature of the seat and of the driver's skin and clothing. The model, which has the ability to predict the transient response of a driver in a highly nonuniform thermal environment, has been tested under simulated winter conditions. The good agreement between model predictions and experimental measurements suggests that such a model can be a useful predictive tool in the design of automobile heated seat systems. The experimentally measured local thermal sensations can be beneficial to the vehicular seat designers.
Tin Halide Perovskite (ASnX3) Solar Cells: A Comprehensive Guide toward the Highest Power Conversion Efficiency (2019)

Abstract ASnX 3 perovskite solar cells (Sn‐PSC) have the potential to deliver the most efficient solar cell technology with safe materials. In this review, a comprehensive introduction of the field is given, that is suitable for nonexperts, gradually leading the reader to a narrower and detailed analysis of the most recent and significant advances. A brief description is given of the leading alternatives for lead‐free PSC and the reasons for ASnX 3 compounds' status as one of the most promising candidates are presented. The last part of the review focuses on the stabilization of ASnX 3 , which is the most compelling challenge to achieve the highest efficiency PSCs. The most promising approaches toward stable and efficient ASnX 3 PSCs are identified and discussed.
Oxidation and Reduction (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Oxidation by Metal Ions Oxidation by Compounds of Non-metallic Elements Miscellaneous Oxidations Ozonolysis and Ozonation Peracids, Peroxides, and Superoxide Atomic Oxygen and Singlet Oxygen Autoxidation and Other Reactions of Triplet Reduction by Complex Hydrides Reduction by Metals, Metal Complexes, and Ions Miscellaneous Reductions Hydrogenation Reductions and Oxidations of Biological Interest
Detection of paramagnetic centers on amorphous-SiO2grain surfaces using positronium (1995)

Angular correlation of positron-annihilation radiation, positron-lifetime spectra, and Doppler-broadening spectra of the annihilation radiation from silica aerogel have been measured in the temperature range between 13 and 295 K. Spin conversion of positronium at the surfaces of the amorphous-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ grains is observed when the aerogel is irradiated sufficiently by the positrons at low temperatures. This shows that paramagnetic centers are induced on the first layer of the surface of the amorphous-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ grains by the irradiation. The surface paramagnetic centers are unstable above 150 K and are attributed to a nonbridging oxygen hole center (Si-O${\mathrm{}}^{\mathbf{\ensuremath{\cdot}}}$).
Supplementary Video from Cross-dressing of CD8α<sup>+</sup> Dendritic Cells with Antigens from Live Mouse Tumor Cells Is a Major Mechanism of Cross-priming (2023)

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