gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduction of linewidth variation over reflective topography (1992)

As device dimensions have shrunk well below the one micron level, linewidth control particularly over reflective topography has become a major problem in optical lithography. Other than reflective notching caused by light reflected into unwanted areas, thin-film interference is the major contributor to linewidth variations. Small changes in film thickness over steps cause significant changes in the amount of energy deposited into photoresist films. Various methods used to solve this problem are investigated to measure their relative effectiveness. Conventional photoresist, dyed-resist, bottom layer ARCs (antireflcctivc coatings; both inorganic and organic), TAR (top-antircflcctivc layer) and CEL (contrast enhancement layer) as a special case of TAR arc compared for their relative effectiveness as well as their advantages and disadvantages for use in manufacturing. Simulations and functional evaluation of film thickness effects on exposure requirement and on linewidths as well as imaging over topography are used as a means of comparison. The use of TAR is a relatively new approach to solving this problem in a simple, effective manner. Material choice depends on film refractive index and ease of processing. Several TAR materials have been investigated and will be discussed.
Validation of leaf enzymes in the detergent and textile industries: launching of a new platform technology (2019)

Chemical catalysts are being replaced by biocatalysts in almost all industrial applications due to environmental concerns, thereby increasing their demand. Enzymes used in current industries are produced in microbial systems or plant seeds. We report here five newly launched leaf-enzyme products and their validation with 15 commercial microbial-enzyme products, for detergent or textile industries. Enzymes expressed in chloroplasts are functional at broad pH/temperature ranges as crude-leaf extracts, while most purified commercial enzymes showed significant loss at alkaline pH or higher temperature, required for broad range commercial applications. In contrast to commercial liquid enzymes requiring cold storage/transportation, chloroplast enzymes as a leaf powder can be stored up to 16 months at ambient temperature without loss of enzyme activity. Chloroplast-derived enzymes are stable in crude-leaf extracts without addition of protease inhibitors. Leaf lipase/mannanase crude extracts removed chocolate or mustard oil stains effectively at both low and high temperatures. Moreover, leaf lipase or mannanase crude-extracts removed stain more efficiently at 70 °C than commercial microbial enzymes (<10% activity). Endoglucanase and exoglucanase in crude leaf extracts removed dye efficiently from denim surface and depilled knitted fabric by removal of horizontal fibre strands. Due to an increased demand for enzymes in the food industry, marker-free lettuce plants expressing lipase or cellobiohydrolase were created for the first time and site-specific transgene integration/homoplasmy was confirmed by Southern blots. Thus, leaf-production platform offers a novel low-cost approach by the elimination of fermentation, purification, concentration, formulation and cold-chain storage/transportation. This is the first report of commercially launched protein products made in leaves and validated with current commercial products.
PI3K (2013)

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) was first discovered in the 1980s through the association of its enzymatic activity with viral oncoproteins (1–5). Since that time, a firm connection between PI3K and cancer has been established. Components of the PI3K signaling pathway are among the most frequently altered in human cancer, leading to deregulation of a signaling cascade that is central to normal cell metabolism, proliferation, motility, and survival (6,7). Intact PI3K signaling is also critical for the processes of angiogenesis and anti-tumor immune surveillance that support and combat tumor growth, respectively (8–10). The enzymes involved in this pathway consequently have become attractive targets for cancer therapy. It is therefore crucial that we examine the diverse roles that components of PI3K signaling play if we are to optimally target these enzymes for therapeutic gain.
Fast magnetic resonance coronary angiography with a three‐dimensional stack of spirals trajectory (1999)

In this work, three-dimensional (3D) spiral imaging has been utilized for magnetic resonance coronary angiography.Spiralbased 3D techniques can dramatically reduce imaging time requirements compared with 3D Fourier Transform imaging.The method developed here utilized a ''stack of spirals'' trajectory, to traverse 3D k-space rapidly.Both thick-slab volumes encompassing the entire coronary tree with isotropic resolution and thin-slab volumes targeted to a particular vessel of interest were acquired.Respiratory compensation was achieved using the diminishing variance algorithm.T2-prepared contrast was also applied in some cases to improve contrast between vessel and myocardium, while off-resonance blurring was minimized by applying a linear correction to the acquired data.Images from healthy volunteers were displayed using a curved reformatting technique to view long segments of vessel in a single projection.The results demonstrate that this 3D spiral technique is capable of producing high-quality coronary magnetic resonance angiograms.
Prédiction de la toxicocinétique in vivo de substances chimiques à partir de données in vitro et de modèles QSAR (2010)

National audience
Distal Stereocontrol Using Guanidinylated Peptides as Multifunctional Ligands: Desymmetrization of Diarylmethanes via Ullman Cross-Coupling (2016)

We report the development of a new class of guanidine-containing peptides as multifunctional ligands for transition-metal catalysis and its application in the remote desymmetrization of diarylmethanes via copper-catalyzed Ullman cross-coupling. Through design of these peptides, high levels of enantioinduction and good isolated yields were achieved in the long-range asymmetric cross-coupling (up to 93:7 er and 76% yield) between aryl bromides and malonates. Our mechanistic studies suggest that distal stereocontrol is achieved through a Cs-bridged interaction between the Lewis-basic C-terminal carboxylate of the peptides with the distal arene of the substrate.
Improving performances of Fresnel CPV systems: Fresnel-RXI Köhler concentrator (2014)

The optical design presented here has been done in order to achieve superior optical performance in comparison with the state-of-the-art Fresnel CPV systems. The design consists of a Photovoltaic Concentrator (CPV) comprising a Fresnel lens (F) as a Primary Optical Element (POE) and a dielectric solid RXI as a Secondary Optical Element (SOE), both with free-form surfaces (i.e. neither rotational nor linearly symmetric). It is the first time the RXI-type geometry has been applied to a CPV secondary. This concentrator has ultra-high CAP value ready to accommodate more efficient cells eventually to be developed and used commercially in future.
Analysis of the gene sequences of the insulin receptor and the insulin-sensitive glucose transporter (GLUT-4) in patients with common-type non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. (1991)

Insulin resistance is a common feature of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and "diabetes susceptibility genes" may be involved in this abnormality. Two potential candidate genes are the insulin receptor (IR) and the insulin-sensitive glucose transporter (GLUT-4). To elucidate whether structural defects in the IR and/or GLUT-4 could be a primary cause of insulin resistance in NIDDM, we have sequenced the entire coding region of the GLUT-4 gene from DNA of six NIDDM patients. Since binding properties of the IRs from NIDDM subjects are normal, we also analyzed the sequence of exons 16-22 (encoding the entire cytoplasmic domain of the IR) of the IR gene from the same six patients. When compared with the normal IR sequence, no difference was found in the predicted amino acid sequence of the IR cytoplasmic domain derived from the NIDDM patients. Sequence analysis of the GLUT-4 gene revealed that one patient was heterozygous for a mutation in which isoleucine (ATC) was substituted for valine (GTC) at position 383. Consequently, the GLUT-4 sequence at position 383 was determined in 24 additional NIDDM patients and 30 nondiabetic controls and all showed only the normal sequence. From these studies, we conclude that the insulin resistance seen in the great majority of subjects with the common form of NIDDM is not due to genetic variation in the coding sequence of the IR beta subunit, nor to any single mutation in the GLUT-4 gene. Possibly, a subpopulation of NIDDM patients exists displaying variation in the GLUT-4 gene.
SANgo: a storage infrastructure simulator with reinforcement learning support (2020)

We introduce SANgo (Storage Area Network in the Go language)-a Go-based package for simulating the behavior of modern storage infrastructure. The software is based on the discrete-event modeling paradigm and captures the structure and dynamics of high-level storage system building blocks. The flexible structure of the package allows us to create a model of a real storage system with a configurable number of components. The granularity of the simulated system can be defined depending on the replicated patterns of actual system behavior. Accurate replication enables us to reach the primary goal of our simulator-to explore the stability boundaries of real storage systems. To meet this goal, SANgo offers a variety of interfaces for easy monitoring and tuning of the simulated model. These interfaces allow us to track the number of metrics of such components as storage controllers, network connections, and hard-drives. Other interfaces allow altering the parameter values of the simulated system effectively in real-time, thus providing the possibility for training a realistic digital twin using, for example, the reinforcement learning (RL) approach. One can train an RL model to reduce discrepancies between simulated and real SAN data. The external control algorithm can adjust the simulator parameters to make the difference as small as possible. SANgo supports the standard OpenAI gym interface; thus, the software can serve as a benchmark for comparison of different learning algorithms.
Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (2016)

The optimal antithrombotic treatment regimen for patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation is an emerging clinical problem. Currently, there is limited evidenced-based data on the optimal antithrombotic treatment regimen, including antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies, for these high-risk patients with practice guidelines, thus, providing limited recommendations. Over the past years, expert consensus documents have provided guidance to clinicians on how to manage patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Given the recent advancements in the field, the current document provides an updated opinion of selected North American experts from the United States and Canada on the treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. In particular, this document provides the current views on (1) embolic/stroke risk, (2) ischemic/thrombotic cardiac risk, and (3) bleeding risk, which are pivotal for discerning the choice of antithrombotic therapy. In addition, we describe the recent advances in pharmacology, stent designs, and clinical trials relevant to the field. Ultimately, we provide expert consensus-derived recommendations, using a pragmatic approach, on the management of patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.
Avis en réponse à la saisine HCB - dossier NL-2005-23. Paris, le 21 octobre 2015 (2015)

Le Haut Conseil des biotechnologies (HCB) a été saisi le 17 juillet 2015 par les autorités compétentes françaises (le ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Agroalimentaire et de la Forêt) d’une demande d’avis relative au dossier EFSA-GMO-NL-2005-23 de demande d’autorisation de mise sur le marché du maïs génétiquement modifié 59122 pour la culture, l’importation, la transformation, l’alimentation humaine et animale. Ce dossier a été déposé conjointement par les sociétés Pioneer Hi-Bred International et Mycogen Seeds c/o Dow AgroSciences LLC sur le fondement du règlement (CE) n°1829/2003 auprès de l’Autorité européenne de sécurité des aliments via les autorités compétentes néerlandaises, sous la référence EFSA-GMO-NL-2005-23. Par cette saisine, les autorités compétentes françaises consultent le HCB au stade ultime de la préparation au vote des Etats membres à la Commission européenne. Le Comité scientifique (CS)2 du HCB a examiné le dossier en séance du 24 septembre 2015 sous la présidence de Jean-Christophe Pagès. Le présent avis a été adopté par voie électronique le 21 octobre 2015 et publié le 2 décembre 2015.
Magnetic Susceptibility: Correlations with Clay Content and Apparent Diffusion Coefficients Controlling Electrical Double Layer Polarization (2016)

Clay content and mineralogy play a critical role in determining the spectral induced polarization (SIP) response in soils and rocks. Clay minerals enhance the induced polarization response of soils due to an increase in the mineral surface area. Traditionally, x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques are used to determine clay content, requiring intact samples to be ground into powder. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) measurements have previously been used to estimate clay content of samples when paramagnetic clays (e.g. illite and chlorite) dominate the response. Building on this work, this study assumes that sandstone samples from two lithologic formations could be approximated as a simple mixture of diamagnetic quartz and a paramagnetic component. Paramagnetic susceptibility is assumed proportional to iron content and thus to the iron bearing clays that control the susceptibility response. Fractions of iron rich clay components were determined with XRD and the volume magnetic susceptibility values of these clays were used to estimate clay content. We evaluated these clay content estimates with SIP measurements (imaginary conductivity magnitude and characteristic time constant (tau)) and properties related to fluid flow, including permeability and pore normalized surface area (Spor). A recently proposed SIP permeability model that uses a single value of the diffusion coefficient for clays and sands was evaluated to see whether apparent diffusion coefficients are correlated with magnetic susceptibility. Our findings show that MS can be helpful in rapidly determining clay content and also brings insight into the effect of paramagnetic clays on SIP measurements.
Beamforming and beam management in 5G and beyond (2020)

As the wireless communication world regarded fifth generation (5G) technology to overcome the rapid rise of wireless data traffic demand, millimeter -wave (mmWave) frequency bands have been considered as an outstanding solution to satisfy the requirement of 5G networks. In this chapter, beamforming structures in mmWave systems are extensively explained after a brief introduction of these techniques in earlier systems. This practical chapter helps one to examine the beam management concept that is introduced exclusively in mmWave frequencies, where the processes and performance for this concept are studied. New challenges and some future directions for beamforming and beam management have been debated at the end of this chapter.
Figure S2 from Inhibiting ERK5 Overcomes Breast Cancer Resistance to Anti-HER2 Therapy By Targeting the G<sub>1</sub>–S Cell-Cycle Transition (2023)

&lt;p&gt;The pattern of ERK5 expression was analyzed in normal breast and tumor tissues from a cohort of patients diagnosed with invasive ductal HER2+ carcinoma.&lt;/p&gt;
Built-in Quantum Dots in Nano-Porous Crystal 12CaO·7Al2O3: Simplified Views for Electronic Structure and Carrier Transport (2005)

12CaO·7Al 2 O 3 (C12A7) has a unique crystal structure composed of subnanometer-sized cages and free oxygen ions in the cages. C12A7 exhibits a variety of active functions if the free oxygen ions are substituted with other active anions. Electronic conduction was attained by introducing high-density F + -like centers, which was the first demonstration of electronic conduction in oxides composed only of light elements. Chemical active species such as O - and H - are produced in C12A7 at high densities. In this paper, we first review the structure and properties of C12A7-drived materials and related ab-initio works, and then provide simplified views for the stability of the crystal lattice and the clathrated anions, electronic structure, and carrier transport mechanism using simple models based on crystal chemistry, classical molecular dynamics simulation and effective-mass approximation.
Dynamic Lymphoscintigraphy in Intermediate Thickness Melanoma: Results of our First 100 Patients. (1999)

Scientific Abstracts And Posters From The 44Th Annual Meeting Of The Southwestern Chapter Of The Society Of Nuclear Medicine, And From The 12Th Northeastern Regional Scientific Meeting Of The New England And New York Chapters Of The Society Of Nuclear Medicine
Drone Detection and Classification Based on Radar Cross Section Signatures (2021)

In this work, we show how drone detection and classification can be enabled by leveraging a database of radar cross section (RCS) signatures. First, we present a set of measurement results of the RCS of a carbon fiber drone model at 28 GHz. The measurements were performed in an anechoic chamber and provide essential information about the RCS signature of the specific drone. Then, we assess the RCS-based detection probability and the range error by running simulations in urban environments. The drones were positioned at different distances, from 30m to 90m, and the RCS signatures used for the detection and classification were obtained experimentally.
Wavefront sensing and adaptive control in phased array of fiber collimators (2011)

A new wavefront control approach for mitigation of atmospheric turbulence-induced wavefront phase aberrations in coherent fiber-array-based laser beam projection systems is introduced and analyzed. This approach is based on integration of wavefront sensing capabilities directly into the fiber-array transmitter aperture. In the coherent fiber array considered, we assume that each fiber collimator (subaperture) of the array is capable of precompensation of local (onsubaperture) wavefront phase tip and tilt aberrations using controllable rapid displacement of the tip of the delivery fiber at the collimating lens focal plane. In the technique proposed, this tip and tilt phase aberration control is based on maximization of the optical power received through the same fiber collimator using the stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) technique. The coordinates of the fiber tip after the local tip and tilt aberrations are mitigated correspond to the coordinates of the focal-spot centroid of the optical wave backscattered off the target. Similar to a conventional Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor, phase function over the entire fiber-array aperture can then be retrieved using the coordinates obtained. The piston phases that are required for coherent combining (phase locking) of the outgoing beams at the target plane can be further calculated from the reconstructed wavefront phase. Results of analysis and numerical simulations are presented. Performance of adaptive precompensation of phase aberrations in this laser beam projection system type is compared for various system configurations characterized by the number of fiber collimators and atmospheric turbulence conditions. The wavefront control concept presented can be effectively applied for long-range laser beam projection scenarios for which the time delay related with the double-pass laser beam propagation to the target and back is compared or even exceeds the characteristic time of the atmospheric turbulence change - scenarios when conventional target-in-the-loop phase-locking techniques fail.
New Paradigms in Signature Schemes (2005)

Digital signatures provide authenticity and nonrepudiation. They are a standard cryptographic primitive with many applications in higher-level protocols. Groups featuring a computable bilinear map are particularly well suited for signature-related primitives. For some signature variants the only construction known uses bilinear maps. Where constructions based on, e.g., RSA are known, bilinear-map-based constructions are simpler, more efficient, and yield shorter signatures. We describe several constructions that support this claim. 
First, we present the Boneh-Lynn-Shacham (BLS) short signature scheme. BLS signatures with 1024-bit security are 160 bits long, the shortest of any scheme based on standard assumptions. Second, we present Boneh-Gentry-Lynn-Shacham (BGLS) aggregate signatures. In an aggregate signature scheme it is possible to combine n signatures on n distinct messages from n distinct users into a single aggregate that provides nonrepudiation for all of them. BGLS aggregates are 160 bits long, regardless of how many signatures are aggregated. No construction is known for aggregate signatures that does not employ bilinear maps. BGLS aggregates give rise to verifiably encrypted signatures, a signature variant with applications in contract signing. 
Third, we present Boneh-Boyen-Shacham (BBS) group signatures. Group signatures provide anonymity for signers. Any member of the group can sign messages, but the resulting signature keeps the signer's identity secret. Only the group manager can trace the signature, undoing its anonymity, using a special trapdoor. BBS group signatures are 1443 bits long, shorter than any previous scheme by an order of magnitude. The signing operation is also an order of magnitude more efficient than in previous schemes. 
Finally, we consider variants and extensions of the BBS group signature scheme, including a group signature with a novel revocation mechanism that we call verifier-local revocation (VLR). In a VLR group signature, messages announcing the revocation of some users need only be processed by the verifiers; the signers are stateless. We present the Boneh-Shacham VLR group signature scheme, which has signatures even shorter than in BBS.
Contribution of Wayside Energy Storage Systems to Short Circuit Currents in DC Railway Traction Power Systems (2022)

As a consequence of the growing demand for mobility and the requirements for reduced environmental pollution, railway traction systems are receiving increasing interest. Researches are analyzing new technologies and managing solutions to increase energy efficiency in the railway infrastructures. Many studies proposed the oppor-tunity to introduce the technology of energy storage systems (e.g., Wayside Energy Storage Systems - WESS) in traction infrastructures. WESS can be able to: i) reduce voltage drops; ii) save braking energy; iii) support Traction Power Substations in supplying traction power peaks. A relevant topic in using WESSs in railway infrastructure is to verify their impact in case of faults. Studies on short circuit analyses are required to verify the correct rating of the protection devices and the opportunity to use new protection devices and mode of operating, when the new technology is integrated. In this paper, the typical Italian DC railway power system is investigated. Specifically, the contribution of WESS to the short circuit currents is assessed by examining transient and steady-state conditions.