gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adaptive fusion of correlated local decisions (1998)

An adaptive fusion algorithm is proposed for an environment where the observations and local decisions are dependent from one sensor to another. An optimal decision rule, based on the maximum posterior probability (MAP) detection criterion for such an environment, is derived and compared to the adaptive approach. In the algorithm, the log-likelihood ratio function can be expressed as a linear combination of ratios of conditional probabilities and local decisions. The estimations of the conditional probabilities are adapted by reinforcement learning. The error probability at steady state is analyzed theoretically and, in some cases, found to be equal to the error probability obtained by the optimal fusion rule. The effect of the number of sensors and correlation coefficients on error probability in Gaussian noise is also investigated. Simulation results that conform to the theoretical analysis are also presented.
QAX576, AN ANTI–INTERLEUKIN (IL)-13 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY, FOR THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH FISTULISING CROHN’S DISEASE (CD): RESULTS OF A PROOF-OF-CONCEPT STUDY (2014)

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies have identified IL-13 as a key cytokine driving the tissue remodelling that accompanies fistula formation in CD. This study assessed the effect of QAX576, an anti–IL-13 monoclonal antibody on fistula healing in patients with fistulising CD.
AIMS & METHODS: In this 52 weeks (6 weeks treatment, 46 weeks observation), multi-centre, parallel group, double-blind, active controlled study, 23 patients (≥18 years) were planned to be included. Enrolment was stopped after 10 patients due to slow recruitment. Eligible patients (CD ≥ 6 months, ≥ 1 perianal fistula, ≥ 1 ineffective fistula treatment but no previous anti-TNF α treatment failure) were randomized to receive intravenously either QAX576 10 mg/kg (at baseline, Weeks 3 and 6; placebo at Week 2; n=6) or infliximab (IFX) 5 mg/kg (at baseline, Weeks 2 and 6; placebo at Week 3; n=4). The primary variable was the number of patients (responders) achieving complete closure of all perianal fistulas for ≥ 4 weeks (compared to historical placebo rate of ~13%). Secondary variables included clinical assessments of the fistulas and MRI-based activity scores of the fistula tracts.
RESULTS: Nine patients were included in the pharmacodynamic analysis set (QAX576=6; IFX=3 [one patient excluded due to protocol deviation]). The primary endpoint was achieved by two patients (33.3%; 90% CI: 0.114, 0.656) in the QAX576 group. One patient stopped treatment due to abscess formation (Week 3), one due to lack of efficacy (Week 14). In the QAX576 group, patients had 1-4 secreting fistulas at baseline. Both responders had complete closure with absence of any secretion within 3 weeks, although the MRI activity score remained stable or even increased in these two patients. Fistula secretion remained stable in three patients and fluctuated in one. All patients in the IFX group were responders.
Immunohistochemistry of fistula tissue at baseline confirmed epithelial expression of IL-13Rα2 (but not IL-13Rα1) and de-differentiation of distorted, entrapped crypts; SNAIL expression as marker of invasiveness was not found.
Overall, 35 AEs were reported in four patients (66.7%) in the QAX576 group; 24 AEs were reported in four patients (100%) in the IFX group. Majority of AEs were mild or moderate in severity. No death was reported in this study. One SAE (procedural pain) was reported in the IFX group.
CONCLUSION: In this study, QAX576 was well tolerated. As expected IFX was a powerful agent to induce fistula closure. Blockade of IL-13 may be effective, too, as compared to historical placebo rates, although the very low patient number does not allow a formal assessment.
INHIBITORY EFFECT OF 8‐METHOXYPSORALEN PLUS ULTRAVIOLET‐A ON INTERLEUKIN‐1 PRODUCTION BY MURINE KERATINOCYTES (1991)

We report the effects of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) plus ultraviolet-A (UV-A) irradiation on interleukin-1 (IL-1) production by murine epidermal keratinocytes, correlating its effect on IL-1 with cell viability, DNA synthesis, and 8-MOP-DNA photoadduct formation. Freshly isolated murine keratinocytes were treated with various doses of 8-MOP (5-100 ng/mL; incubation time, 30 min) plus 1 J/cm2 UV-A and cultured for 1-3 days. The IL-1/epidermal cell-derived thymocyte-activating factor (ETAF) activity in both supernatant and cell extract was reduced proportionately with increasing doses of 8-MOP/UV-A. Interleukin-1 inhibitors induced by 8-MOP plus UV-A were not detected in either supernatant or cell extract. A clear reduction of the IL-1 production was induced by the treatment as low as 15 ng/mL 8-MOP plus 1 J/cm2 UV-A, which led to the formation of 0.52 8-MOP photoadducts per million DNa bases and affected neither cell viability nor DNA synthesis of the treated cells. Cells treated with 100 ng/mL 8-MOP and 1 J/cm2 UV-A exhibited 57% suppression of IL-1 production in both 2- and 3-day culture samples. This treatment resulted in the formation of 3.8 photoadducts per million bases as well as significant abrogation of DNA synthesis although cell viability was unchanged. These observations provide some insights into the phototoxicity mechanisms of 8-MOP and the effect of PUVA therapy on the cytokine regulation in keratinocytes.
Channel estimation and interference rejection for multichannel systems (2002)

A number of schemes for blind channel estimation have been proposed to mitigate the problem of intersymbol (ISI) and co-channel interference (CCI) in mobile communication environments. In many of the proposed schemes no attention is paid to the fact that in most existing and scheduled future systems, training sequences will be available within the transmission protocol of the desired users. In this paper a semi-blind approach utilizing the rich structure inherent in the base station antenna array output and the knowledge of the desired user's training sequence is proposed in order to improve the transmission link performance. In the described approach cancellation of unknown interfering sources is performed based on blind estimation of their corresponding channels allowing the channels of the desired users to be estimated using a conventional training sequence based channel estimation algorithm.
N-Heterocyclic Carbene Boryl Radicals: A New Class of Boron-Centered Radical (2009)

Reduction of xanthates by N-heterocyclic carbene boranes (NHC-boranes) has been suggested to occur by a radical chain mechanism involving heretofore unknown NHC-boryl radicals. In support of this suggestion, both the expected borane dithiocarbonate product and an unexpected borane xanthate product have now been isolated. These are the first NHC-boranes with boron-sulfur bonds, and their structures have been secured by spectroscopic and crystallographic means. The first rate constants for H-atom transfer from an NHC borane complex were determined by using the ring opening of a substituted cyclobutylcarbinyl radical as a clock reaction. The rate constant for reaction of the NHC-borane with a secondary alkyl radical at ambient temperature is 4 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1), and the Arrhenius function displayed an entropic term (log A term) that was typical for a bimolecular reaction. The B-H bond dissociation energy of an NHC-borane complex has been estimated at 88 kcal/mol. The putative NHC-boryl radical in these transformations has been detected by EPR spectroscopy. Spectral analysis suggests that it is a pi-radical, analogous to the benzyl radical.
Transient Spray Characteristics of a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignited Fuel Injector (1997)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper describes the transient spray characteristics of a high pressure, single fluid injector, intended for use in a direct-injection spark-ignited (DISI) engine. The injector was a single hole, pintle type injector and was electronically controlled. A variety of measurement diagnostics, including full-field imaging and line-of-sight diffraction based particle sizing were employed for spray characterization. Transient patternator measurements were also performed to obtain temporally resolved average mass flux distributions.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Particle size and obscuration measurements were performed at three locations in the spray and at three injection pressures: 3.45 MPa (500 psi), 4.83 Mpa (700 psi), and 6.21 MPa (900 psi).&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Results of the spray imaging experiments indicated that the spray shapes varied with time after the start of injection and contained a leading mass, or slug along the center line of the spray. The penetration of the leading mass was faster than the penetration of the leading edge of the main body. Spray shapes were found to be generally similar over the pressure range examined. As expected, penetration of both the leading mass and the leading edge of the main body increased with injection pressure.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Particle size measurements indicated that the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) of the leading mass and leading edge of the main body of the spray were significantly larger than the SMD in other regions of the spray. Peak SMD values were smaller for higher injection pressures, and the change in peak SMD with pressure was more gradual as injection pressure increased.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Transient patternator measurements indicated that transient affects significantly influenced average spatial mass distributions, suggesting that short duration injections are likely to have different spatial distributions from longer duration injections.&lt;/div&gt;
Reactor Technology (2006)

Abstract This article provides an overview of the phenomena and mechanisms that are encountered in the operations of chemical reactors and of the concepts and methods used to describe them. The primary theme of the commentary is the wide spectrum of chemical reactor applications and operating conditions, and the multitude of diverse factors that affect reactor operations. Chemical reactions are classified according to common characteristics (single phase, multiple‐phase, solid‐phase catalytic, etc). Chemical reactors are classified according to their operating mode, configuration, and the way multi‐phase reactants are contacted. Fundamental principles, both physical and chemical, are reviewed and the underlying limitations in applying them are identified and discussed. The design equations of idealized reactor configurations are presented and methods for solving them simultaneously with the energy balance equations are discussed. Common engineering practices that are applied over the entire scope of chemical reactor development are reviewed, including experimental reactors, selection of reactor configuration and operating conditions, and diagnostics. Selected examples of industrial reactors are described.
A Method for Monitoring Sensitive Internet Information Based on Regular Expression (2012)

One monitor method based on regular expression is introduced to monitor sensitive internet information which may bring harm to youth and society stability. This method includes: building sensitive information bank, designing models of regular expression and the realization of program. The result gotten from this method verified it works perfect on finding certain sensitive information.
Learning face recognition from limited training data using deep neural networks (2016)

Often deep learning methods are associated with huge amounts of training data. The deeper the network gets, the larger is the need for training data. A large amount of labeled data helps the network learn about the variations it needs to handle in the prediction stage. It is not easy for everyone to get access to huge amounts of labeled data leaving a few to have the luxury to design very deep networks. In this paper, we propose to flatten the disparity by using the modeling methods to minimize the need for huge amounts of data for training a deep network. Using face recognition as an example, we demonstrate how limited labeled data can be leveraged to obtain near state of the art performance with generalization capability across multiple databases. In addition, we show that the normalization in the overall network can improve the speed and resource requirement for the prediction/inferencing stage.
Very Wide Range Frequency Synthesizer Architecture for Avionic SDR Applications (2015)

This paper presents a very wide range frequency synthesizer architecture appropriate to avionic software defined radio (SDR) applications. The synthesizer generates a continuous carrier frequencies range between 187 MHz and 12.2 GHz that covers most of avionic communication applications. The covered range is distributed into twenty sub- bands by using a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The considered VCO is able to achieve a tuning range from 10 GHz to 12 GHz (18.2%) and from 7 GHz to 8.5 GHz (19.35%). It includes a capacitor bank, varactors, and switched inductors and is designed in 0.13 µm CMOS technology. Using the advanced design system (ADS) simulation tool and SpectreRF simulator, the proposed VCO exhibits a phase noise of -125 dBc/Hz at 12 GHz and at a 10 MHz offset frequency with a power consumption of 4.1 mW. At 10 GHz, the simulated synthesizer phase noise is of -102 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz frequency offset. In addition, the loop bandwidth of the phase locked loop (PLL) is 1.1 MHz whereas the settling time is 3.64 µs.
Is the Presence of Oxygen on an Exoplanet a Reliable Biosignature? (2011)

We revisit the validity of the presence of O(2) or O(3) in the atmosphere of a rocky planet as being a biosignature. Up to now, the false positive that has been identified applies to a planet during a hot greenhouse runaway, which is restricted to planets outside the habitable zone (HZ) of the star that are closer to the star. In this paper, we explore a new possibility based on abiotic photogeneration of O(2) at the surface of a planet that could occur inside the HZ. The search for such a process is an active field of laboratory investigation that has resulted from an ongoing interest in finding efficient systems with the capacity to harvest solar energy on Earth. Although such a process is energetically viable, we find it to be a very unlikely explanation for the observation of O(2) or O(3) in the atmosphere of a telluric exoplanet in the HZ. It requires an efficient photocatalyst to be present and abundant under natural planetary conditions, which appears unlikely according to our discussion of known mineral photochemical processes. In contrast, a biological system that synthesizes its constituents from abundant raw materials and energy has the inherent adaptation advantage to become widespread and dominant (Darwinist argument). Thus, O(2) appears to continue to be a good biosignature.
Lewis acid properties of copper(II) in Cu(II)-N2O2-chelate complexes (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLewis acid properties of copper(II) in Cu(II)-N2O2-chelate complexesAnnette Ewert, Klaus J. Wannowius, and Horst EliasCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1978, 17, 6, 1691–1693Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50184a072https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50184a072research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views66Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Structural basis for breadth development in the HIV-1 V3-glycan targeting DH270 antibody clonal lineage (2023)

Antibody affinity maturation enables adaptive immune responses to a wide range of pathogens. In some individuals broadly neutralizing antibodies develop to recognize rapidly mutating pathogens with extensive sequence diversity. Vaccine design for pathogens such as HIV-1 and influenza has therefore focused on recapitulating the natural affinity maturation process. Here, we determine structures of antibodies in complex with HIV-1 Envelope for all observed members and ancestral states of the broadly neutralizing HIV-1 V3-glycan targeting DH270 antibody clonal B cell lineage. These structures track the development of neutralization breadth from the unmutated common ancestor and define affinity maturation at high spatial resolution. By elucidating contacts mediated by key mutations at different stages of antibody development we identified sites on the epitope-paratope interface that are the focus of affinity optimization. Thus, our results identify bottlenecks on the path to natural affinity maturation and reveal solutions for these that will inform immunogen design aimed at eliciting a broadly neutralizing immune response by vaccination.
On the Reuse Bias in Off-Policy Reinforcement Learning (2023)

Importance sampling (IS) is a popular technique in off-policy evaluation, which re-weights the return of trajectories in the replay buffer to boost sample efficiency. However, training with IS can be unstable and previous attempts to address this issue mainly focus on analyzing the variance of IS. In this paper, we reveal that the instability is also related to a new notion of Reuse Bias of IS --- the bias in off-policy evaluation caused by the reuse of the replay buffer for evaluation and optimization. We theoretically show that the off-policy evaluation and optimization of the current policy with the data from the replay buffer result in an overestimation of the objective, which may cause an erroneous gradient update and degenerate the performance. We further provide a high-probability upper bound of the Reuse Bias and show that controlling one term of the upper bound can control the Reuse Bias by introducing the concept of stability for off-policy algorithms. Based on these analyses, we present a novel yet simple Bias-Regularized Importance Sampling (BIRIS) framework along with practical algorithms, which can alleviate the negative impact of the Reuse Bias, and show that our BIRIS can significantly reduce the Reuse Bias empirically. Moreover, extensive experimental results show that our BIRIS-based methods can significantly improve the sample efficiency on a series of continuous control tasks in MuJoCo.
The Effect of DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase on Adeno-Associated Virus Replication (2010)

Collectively, our results showed that that DNA-PK enhances rAAV replication through the interaction of Ku proteins and AAV-ITRs.
Biological and Molecular Characterization of H13N2 Influenza Type A Viruses Isolated from Turkeys and Surface Water (1993)

The pathogenicity potential of two H13N2 influenza viruses, one isolated from turkeys and the other isolated from surface water, was evaluated in turkeys, chickens, and mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) after intracranial and oculonasal inoculation. Both isolates replicated in turkey poults, causing depressed weight gain, morbidity and mortality; both also caused histopathological lesions, such as mild to severe pancreatitis, hepatitis, and nephritis in turkeys. These isolates replicated in mallard ducklings but not in chickens. There was depressed weight gain in ducklings given the H13N2 isolate from water. Neither isolate caused morbidity or mortality in ducklings or chicks after inoculation.
Noise Investigations on MESFETs Transplanted by Epitaxial Lift Off (1995)

In this paper we present the results of RF and noise measurements on MESFETs transplanted by epitaxial lift off (ELO). ELO is a technology by which epitaxially grown layers are lifted off from their growth substrate and are subsequently re-attached to a new host substrate. [1,2]. Gate leakage current as well as noise and RF characteristics of MESFETs and GaAs circuits are compared before and after ELO. 1. Introduction ELO is a technology which allows the monolithic integration of incompatible materials such as GaAs and InP. The goal of our project is to build optical access nodes for high speed computer networks. As a first step the RF and noise performance of the transplanted MESFETs needed to be investigated. 2. Process Description GaAs MESFETs were fabricated using the slightly modified D07A foundry process offered by Philips Microwave Limeil, France. In order to make ELO possible a 50 nm thick AlAs layer was grown prior to the device layer growth. A 300 m thick wax layer was de...
A 1 V Bandgap Reference in 7-nm FinFET with a Programmable Temperature Coefficient and an Inaccuracy of ±0.2% from −45°C to 125°C (2018)

A 1-V precision voltage reference in 7-nm FinFET CMOS is presented. It allows to control a temperature coefficient of the generated voltage. Proposed trim techniques, favored for short test times, help to achieve good accuracy in spite of the challenges posed by the scaled technology and a `hostile' SoC environment. Two 2nd-order curvature compensation techniques are implemented to achieve high accuracy. Measurement results show a max inaccuracy of ±0.2% with temperature coefficient as low as <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">~</sub> 6ppm/° C over temperature range of 170° C (-45° C to 125° C). Furthermore, the temperature coefficient is digitally programmable between -7mV/100°C to +8mV/100°C, thus enabling temperature compensation for various sub-blocks within an FPGA. Line regulation is 0.1%.V. The whole design occupies 0.078 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Academic research in the 21st century: maintaining scientific integrity in a climate of perverse incentives and hypercompetition. (2019)

Over the last 50 years, we argue that incentives for academic scientists have become increasingly perverse in terms of competition for research funding, development of quantitative metrics to measure performance, and a changing business model for higher education itself. Furthermore, decreased discretionary funding at the federal and state level is creating a hypercompetitive environment between government agencies (e.g., EPA, NIH, CDC), for scientists in these agencies, and for academics seeking funding from all sources-the combination of perverse incentives and decreased funding increases pressures that can lead to unethical behavior. If a critical mass of scientists become untrustworthy, a tipping point is possible in which the scientific enterprise itself becomes inherently corrupt and public trust is lost, risking a new dark age with devastating consequences to humanity. Academia and federal agencies should better support science as a public good, and incentivize altruistic and ethical outcomes, while de-emphasizing output.
Novel fiber lasers for telecommunications (2002)

Fiber lasers have the potential for cost reduction in amplifiers for DWDM applications. This is achieved through efficient use of broad-area lasers. Yb fiber lasers operating at or near the gain peak of 978nm are of particular interest. Lasing on this transition can be realized through either a tapered multi-mode oscillator or a strictly designed double-clad fiber. This work will be reviewed and compared to alternative power scaling techniques.