gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Foundational issues in natural language processing . Ed. by Peter Sells, Stuart M. Shieber and Thomas Wasow. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991. Pp. vii, 232. Cloth $32.50. (1995)

In four separate essays the authors address the complex and difficult connections among grammatical theory, mathematical linguistics, and the operation of real natural-language-processing systems, both human and electronic. The editors' introduction details the progress and problems involved in attempts to relate these four areas of research. William Rounds discusses the relevance of complexity results to linguistics and computational linguistics, providing useful caveats about how results might be misinterpreted and pointing out promising avenues of future research. Avarind Joshi (with K. Vijay-Shanker and David Weir) surveys results showing the equivalence of several different grammatical formalisms, all of which are mildly context-sensitive, with special attention to variants of tree adjoining grammar. Janet Fodor discusses how psycholinguistics results can bear on the choice among competing grammatical theories, surveying a number of recent experiments and their relevance to issues in grammatical theory. Robert Berwick considers the relationships between issues in linguistic theory and the construction of computational parsing issues, in particular the question of what it means to implement a theory of grammar in a computational system. He argues for the advantages of a principle-based approach over a rule-based one, and surveys several recent parsing systems based on the theory of government and binding.
Über Sauerstoffradikale, XII. Das 4‐Cyan‐2.6‐di‐tert.‐butyl‐phenoxyl‐(1) (1959)

Abstract Am Beispiel des 4‐Cyan‐2.6‐di‐tert.‐butyl‐phenoxyls‐(1) wird gezeigt, daß eine experimentell nachweisbare Mesomeriebeteiligung negativer Substituenten zur allgemeinen Stabilisierung von Sauerstoffradikalen nicht ausreicht. Das freie, in Lösung befindliche, intensiv farbige Aroxyl zersetzt sich rasch, während es im festen Zustand als farblose, diamagnetische, beständige Verbindung vorliegt. Zur Deutung wird, wie auch im Falle des 4‐Butyloxy‐2.6‐di‐tert.‐butyl‐phenoxyls‐(1), eine „Elektronen‐Disproportionierung”︁ des Radikals beim Übergang: gelöst → fest vorgeschlagen. Weitere Eigenschaften des neuen Radikals werden beschrieben. Für die Formulierung der chinoliden Derivate des Aroxyls wird eine ortho ‐chinolide Struktur diskutiert.
Effects of whey protein hydrolysate ingestion on post-exercise muscle protein synthesis compared with intact whey protein in rats (2019)

These results indicate that ingestion of the WPH was associated with greater post-exercise MPS compared with intact whey protein, especially at lower doses.
Synthesis of Spiro[4.5]decane and Bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane Ring Systems by Self‐Cyclization of (Z)‐ and (E)‐2‐(Trimethylsilylmethyl)pentadienal Derivative. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Virtual Fusion: Integrating Virtual Components into a Physical Manufacturing System (2015)

Current manufacturing operations are increasingly pushed to boost profits through improved efficiency and quality. A common approach to enhance production is through the adoption of new machines, modified production schedules, and the integration of new products. Existing methods for validating the impact of these modifications either ignore the physical implementation challenges through only simulation-based analysis or require costly run off processes on the physical system. To mitigate these limitations, this paper presents a virtual fusion environment in which the physical and simulated systems are run simultaneously, enabling real-time analysis and integration of virtual parts within the physical manufacturing system. A virtual fusion filter is used to synchronize and augment input signals to a local controller to represent the physical effects of a given process on a virtual part within the physical system. Experimental results on a reconfigurable manufacturing test platform demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach.
Dynamic phases of peroneal and tibial intraneural ganglia formation: a new dimension added to the unifying articular theory (2007)

Object The pathogenesis of intraneural ganglia has been a controversial issue for longer than a century. Recently the authors identified a stereotypical pattern of occurrence of peroneal and tibial intraneural ganglia, and based on an understanding of their pathogenesis provided a unifying articular explanation. Atypical features, which occasionally are observed, have offered an opportunity to verify further and expand on the authors' proposed theory. Methods Three unusual cases are presented to exemplify the dynamic features of peroneal and tibial intraneural ganglia formation. Results Two patients with a predominant deep peroneal nerve deficit shared essential anatomical findings common to peroneal intraneural ganglia: namely, 1) joint connections to the anterior portion of the superior tibiofibular joint, and 2) dissection of the cyst along the articular branch of the peroneal nerve and proximally. Magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained in these patients demonstrated some unusual findings, including the presence of a cyst within the tibial and sural nerves in the popliteal fossa region, and spontaneous regression of the cysts, which was observed on serial images obtained weeks apart. The authors identified a clinical outlier, a case that could not be understood within the context of their previously reported theory of intraneural ganglion cyst formation. Described 32 years ago, this patient had a tibial neuropathy and was found at surgery to have tibial, peroneal, and sciatic intraneural cysts without a joint connection. The authors' hypothesis about this case, based on their unified theory, was twofold: 1) the lesion was a primary tibial intraneural ganglion with proximal extension followed by sciatic cross-over and distal descent; and 2) a joint connection to the posterior aspect of the superior tibiofibular joint with a remnant cyst within the articular branch would be present, a finding that would help explain the formation of different cysts by a single mechanism. The authors proved their hypothesis by careful inspection of a recently obtained postoperative MR image. Conclusions These three cases together with data obtained from a retrospective review of the authors' clinical material and findings reported in the literature provide firm evidence for mechanisms underlying intraneural ganglia formation. Thus, expansion of the authors' unified articular theory permits understanding and elucidation of unusual presentations of intraneural cysts. Whereas an articular connection and fluid following the path of least resistance was pivotal, the authors now incorporate dynamic aspects of cyst formation due to pressure fluxes. These basic principles explain patterns of ascent, cross-over, and descent down terminal nerve branches based on articular connections, paths of diminished resistance to fluid flow within recognized anatomical compartments, and the effects of fluctuating pressure gradients.
Rumble: data independence when data is in a mess. (2019)

This paper introduces Rumble, an engine that executes JSONiq queries on large, heterogenous and nested collections of JSON objects, leveraging the parallel capabilities of Spark so as to provide a high degree of data independence. The design is based on two key insights: (i) how to map JSONiq expressions to Spark transformations on RDDs and (ii) how to map JSONiq FLWOR clauses to Spark SQL on DataFrames. We have developed a working implementation of these mappings showing that JSONiq can efficiently run on Spark to query billions of objects into, at least, the TB range. The JSONiq code is concise in comparison to Spark's host languages while seamlessly supporting the nested, heterogeneous datasets that Spark SQL does not. The ability to process this kind of input, commonly found, is paramount for data cleaning and curation. The experimental analysis indicates that there is no excessive performance loss, occasionally even a gain, over Spark SQL for structured data, and a performance gain over PySpark. This demonstrates that a language such as JSONiq is a simple and viable approach to large-scale querying of denormalized, heterogeneous, arborescent datasets, in the same way as SQL can be leveraged for structured datasets. The results also illustrate that Codd's concept of data independence makes as much sense for heterogeneous, nested datasets as it does on highly structured tables.
Probing surface and bulk chemistry in resist films using near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (2002)

The performance of chemically amplified photoresists is extremely sensitive to interfacial and surface phenomena, which cause deviations in the pattern profile near an interface. Striking examples include T-topping or closure near the air/resist interface and footing or undercutting near the resist/substrate interface. One focus of our research is to identify mechanisms that cause lithographic patterns to deviate near interfaces. Near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) is a powerful tool that can be developed and adapted to probe for detailed chemical information near lithographically relevant interfaces. NEXAFS showed that our model resist films exhibited significant surface segregation of the photo acid generator (PAG) at the air interface. The PAG surface mole fraction was 20–70 times greater than the bulk mole fraction and the amount of surface segregation was dependent on the polarity of the polymer. NEXAFS also revealed that the PAG surface fraction was reduced after a postexposure bake. In the absence of delay times between processing steps, the PAG surface enhancement led to a faster deprotection reaction rate near the air interface relative to the bulk. However, when significant postexposure delay times were incorporated into the processing, NEXAFS showed that the surface deprotection reaction was incomplete after postexposure baking. Comparison of carbon K-edge, and oxygen K-edge NEXAFS spectra showed that the incomplete surface reaction was localized at the air interface. While delay effects have previously been linked to deterioration of resist performance, NEXAFS proved to be a valuable tool for providing detailed chemical specificity about the resist surface composition and deprotection kinetics.
Membranes with Oriented Polyelectrolyte Nanodomains (2006)

Polymer−polymer nanocomposite membranes with polyelectrolyte nanodomains oriented normal to the plane of the membrane were prepared using track-etched membranes as a host matrix. The oriented nanodomains of polyelectrolyte were synthesized in tubular and fibril forms by a plasma-induced surface graft polymerization, where nanodomains with aspect ratios as high as 240 were obtained. The morphology of nanodomains was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The specific conductivity of the polyelectrolyte nanodomains increased with decreasing domain size with the highest value 6 times higher than that of the isotropic bulk polyelectrolyte gel membrane. Mechanical strength of the nanocomposite was similar to the matrix in both the dry and the hydrated state, unlike the bulk polyelectrolyte gel membrane. The membranes synthesized in this study with oriented polyelectrolyte nanodomains demonstrate the ability to enhance transport in the desired direction for applications such as fuel cells.
Solução de locomoção para cadeirantes através de integração Arduino-Android (2018)

O projeto busca contribuir para o tema da acessibilidade, especialmente sobre tecnologia assistiva. O trabalho apresentado consiste em um prototipo de cadeira de rodas guiado por uma aplicacao movel de controle. O aplicativo movel inclui a projecao da cadeira de rodas em um mapa 2D interativo. O prototipo foi desenvolvido usando a plataforma Arduino, enquanto o aplicativo de controle usou o ambiente MIT App Inventor como plataforma de desenvolvimento de software. O aplicativo se comunica com o prototipo atraves de Bluetooth, enviando para o mesmo um vetor 2D calculado a partir de equacoes de geometria analitica. Quando o usuario desloca  Icone da cadeira de rodas no aplicativo para uma parte especifica do mapa, a plataforma dirige-se ate a posicao real correspondente. E motivacao para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho a possibilidade de facilitar a vida daqueles que dependem de uma cadeira de rodas para sua locomocao, tornando-a mais confortavel, como por exemplo, reduzindo o estresse sofrido pelos ombros e bracos para se movimentar.
In Situ Monitoring of Atomic Layer Controlled Pore Reduction in Alumina Tubular Membranes Using Sequential Surface Reactions (1998)

The pore diameter in alumina tubular membranes with an initial diameter of 50 Å was systematically reduced using the atomic layer controlled deposition of Al2O3. The Al2O3 was deposited using sequential exposures of Al(CH3)3 (trimethylaluminum, TMA) and H2O in an ABAB... binary reaction sequence. The pore diameter reduction was monitored using in situ N2 and Ar conductance measurements. The conductance, C = Q/ΔP, was measured using a mass flow controller to define a constant gas throughput, Q, and a pair of capacitance manometers to monitor the transmembrane pressure drop, ΔP. Conductance measurements were periodically obtained at 298 K as a function of AB binary reaction cycles. These conductance measurements were consistent with a pore diameter reduction from 50 Å to ∼5−10 Å at a rate of ∼2.5 Å for each AB cycle. Conductance measurements were also performed during the Al2O3 deposition at 500 K after each half-reaction in the binary reaction sequence. The TMA half-reaction leaves the pore surface covered with AlCH3* surface species; the H2O half-reaction converts these surface species to AlOH*. Following the TMA exposures, the conductance was significantly lower than the conductance after the subsequent H2O exposure. The corresponding difference in pore diameter of ΔD ≈ 2 Å was close to the difference predicted by the van der Waals hard sphere diameters of 3.5−4.0 Å for a CH3 group and 2.9 Å for an OH group. These in situ conductance measurements demonstrate that the pore diameters in mesoporous membranes can be reduced to molecular dimensions with atomic layer control using sequential surface reactions. Pore diameters can be tailored for specific applications by varying the number of AB cycles and changing the nature of the terminating surface functional groups.
Optoelectronic Applications of Monodisperse Carbon Nanomaterials (2013)

For the past 40 years, silicon-based electronics has followed Moore's law, which predicts doubling of transistor density every two years. These sustained advances have provided ever increasing processing capabilities for both information and consumer electronics. However, as device features approach the 10-nm-length scale, conventional silicon electronics will face both technological and fundamental challenges, such as short-channel effects, parasitic resistance and capacitance, and power management issues. Similarly, optoelectronic applications have been dominated by III-V semiconductors for the past several decades, but the complex growth and fabrication techniques for these materials are not well suited for the rapidly growing field of printed electronics. Thus, alternative device geometries and new classes of nanomaterials (e.g., graphene and carbon nanotubes) are being considered for next-generation electronic and optoelectronic applications. Graphene, which is a monolayer of sp2-bonded carbon atoms arranged in a 2D honeycomb lattice, has been studied theoretically since the late 1940s, but it was not demonstrated experimentally until 2004 when Novoselov and Geim produced "few-layer graphite" via mechanical exfoliation. In the following years, other growth methods, such as epitaxial growth and chemical vapor deposition, were developed that produce larger films of graphene. Additionally, solution-based synthesis techniques emerged as a means of producing graphene in a low-cost and scalable manner. With the availability of single-layer graphene samples, a wide breadth of research has been conducted on this unique 2D material. These studies have shown that graphene has many exceptional properties, such as high carrier mobility, which make it interesting for fundamental studies and promising for electronics and optoelectronics.
Instruction of naive CD4+ T‐cell fate to T‐bet expression and T helper 1 development: roles of T‐cell receptor‐mediated signals (2007)

Using T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice, we demonstrate that TCR stimulation of naive CD4(+) T cells induces transient T-bet expression, interleukin (IL)-12 receptor beta2 up-regulation, and GATA-3 down-regulation, which leads to T helper (Th)1 differentiation even when the cells are stimulated with peptide-loaded I-A(b)-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells in the absence of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-12. Sustained IFN-gamma and IL-12 stimulation augments naive T-cell differentiation into Th1 cells. Intriguingly, a significant Th1 response is observed even when T-bet(-/-) naive CD4(+) T cells are stimulated through TCR in the absence of IFN-gamma or IL-12. Stimulation of naive CD4(+) T cells in the absence of IFN-gamma or IL-12 with altered peptide ligand, whose avidity to the TCR is lower than that of original peptide, fails to up-regulate transient T-bet expression, sustains GATA-3 expression, and induces differentiation into Th2 cells. These results support the notion that direct interaction between TCR and peptide-loaded antigen-presenting cells, even in the absence of T-bet expression and costimulatory signals, primarily determine the fate of naive CD4(+) T cells to Th1 cells.
Supplemental Methods, Tables S1-2, Table Legends and Figure Legends from MAPK7 Regulates EMT Features and Modulates the Generation of CTCs (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplemental Methods, Tables S1-2, Table Legends and Figure Legends Table S1.List of qRT-PCR primers used for epithelial, mesenchymal, inducer and housekeeping genes. Table S2. RNA-ISH quantitation of expression scores used in Figure 5.&lt;/p&gt;
A novel metamaterial CRLH ZOR microstrip patch antenna capacitively coupled to a rectangular ring (2010)

In this paper, a novel rectangular patch antenna is proposed to have Zeroth Order Resonance(ZOR) generated based on the Metamaterial Complosite Right- and Left-Handed(CRLH) structure. Making the in-phase electric field over the entire antenna other than a half-wavelength as the fundamental resonance mode of a standard microstrip patch or its positive multiple, the metallic patch is suggested to be capacitively coupled with only one surrounding rectangular ring, different from the previous 1D ZOR antennas commonly having several metal cells in line. The performance of the proposed antenna is simulated by a 3D field solver that inputs the sizes of the physical structure corresponding to the equivalent circuit designed to have ZOR at 2.4 GHz. Consequently, the resonance frequency, the gain and the antenna efficiency are observed 2.4 GHz, 5 dB and 98%, respectively. Besides, the important property of the proposed antenna is addressed as the combination of the low profile as an advantage of microstrip patch antennas, and the omni-directional field pattern typical of monopole antennas.
A correlation based detection method for internal short circuit in battery packs (2017)

This manuscript proposes a fault detection method for internal short circuits in battery packs based on the correlation coefficient. Compared to the threshold and model based detection algorithms, the proposed method is more robust to inconsistent battery cells, and does not require any preliminary effort in modeling and online identification. In order to implement this method online, a moving window is selected to maintain its high sensitivity to fault occurrence. A square wave is designed to avoid false detections when the battery is at rest. Experiment results validate the feasibility and demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method.
Intercellular Transmission of Naked Viruses through Extracellular Vesicles: Focus on Polyomaviruses (2020)

Extracellular vesicles have recently emerged as a novel mode of viral transmission exploited by naked viruses to exit host cells through a nonlytic pathway. Extracellular vesicles can allow multiple viral particles to collectively traffic in and out of cells, thus enhancing the viral fitness and diversifying the transmission routes while evading the immune system. This has been shown for several RNA viruses that belong to the Picornaviridae, Hepeviridae, Reoviridae, and Caliciviridae families; however, recent studies also demonstrated that the BK and JC viruses, two DNA viruses that belong to the Polyomaviridae family, use a similar strategy. In this review, we provide an update on recent advances in understanding the mechanisms used by naked viruses to hijack extracellular vesicles, and we discuss the implications for the biology of polyomaviruses.
Clinical response to the long acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 in a child with congenital microvillus atrophy. (1989)

A 27 month old girl with congenital microvillus atrophy received two courses of SMS 201-995, a synthetic long acting analogue of native somatostatin, in an attempt to decrease profuse secretory diarrhoea. During the first trial at 13 months of age fluid and electrolytes administered by parenteral infusion were decreased as measured by water and faecal electrolyte losses. During the second trial of SMS 201-995 at 19 months fluid and electrolyte input were held constant for 14 days. Stool volume declined from 275 ml/kg to 161 ml/kg. Reductions in output of stool electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-) were accompanied by an increase in urine fluid output and increased excretion of urinary Na+. Subsequent administration of SMS 201-995 for a nine month period was not associated with adverse side effects or an impairment of growth velocity. These findings suggest that SMS 201-995 may be useful therapy in infants with high output diarrhoea as a result of congenital microvillus atrophy.
Human natriuretic hormones, xanthurenic acid 8‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside and xanthurenic acid 8‐O‐sulfate, new potent natriuretic and non‐kaliuretic tryptophan derivatives (2008)

For decades, researchers have searched for a non‐peptidic natriuretic hormone that acts as a definitive modulator of renal sodium excretion. We present herein the demonstration of natriuretic activity of two such recently identified and synthesized molecules isolated from human urine (PNAS Nov. 6, 2007 104: 17873–17878). These molecules are xanthurenic acid 8‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside (termed “NH”) and xanthurenic acid 8‐O‐sulfate (termed “NH‐1”). Substantial natriuresis occurred in rats following administration of synthesized NH and NH‐1 administered intravenously, intra‐arterially, and orally. With the first two routes, natriuresis began during or shortly after the infusion and persisted for one to two hours. Kaliuresis was small or non‐existent. With oral administration, natriuresis was delayed in onset but generally prolonged. When acetazolamide was infused along with the natriuretic hormones, natriuresis was enhanced, but the typical acetazolamide‐induced kaliuresis was blocked. We believe that these two natriuretic compounds may represent a new class of hormone and could have important therapeutic uses in the diagnosis and/or treatment of hypertension and fluid disorders. This research was funded by Naturon Pharmaceutical Corporation.
Estimating the specific heat capacity and heating of electronic sensors and devices (2018)

Most sensors have three functional parts: the sensor part, signal conditioning part and interface part (Fig. 1). The sensor part senses the physical phenomena and transforms it typically into electric form. The signal condition part amplifies, linearizes and scales the electric signal. The interface part can be a simple mechanical connector, (field) bus adapter or in a wireless sensor, a radio module. Signal conditioning and interface parts are in most cases implemented by electronics.