gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Environmental Consequences of Engineered Nanomaterials: An Awareness Campaign to Promote Safe Nanotechnology and Dispel Related Misconceptions (2015)

Abstract Nanomaterials comprise a wide range of material compositions, existing in the form of particles or aggregates that have at least one dimension in the nanoscale regime. They have several unique characteristics such as high surface area, customizable chemical functionalities, and unique electrical, magnetic, and mechanical properties. Examples of synthetic nanomaterials and nanostructured materials include carbon nanotubes, silver nanoparticles, nanoporous silica, and polymeric nanocomposites. Nanomaterials have been extensively studied in relation to applications such as sensors, coatings, and composites, in a wide range of industrial sectors. Thus, it is safe to assume that the application potential for nanomaterials is expanding. This is particularly true in the case of the oil and gas industry wherein several new technological developments are anticipated in relation to nanomaterials and nanotechnology – it is in a relation to a growing need for high-performance materials capable of functioning under adverse field conditions. High-strength polymer nanocomposites come to one's mind as a prominent example of a nano-related application in the oilfield sector. This paper presents an overview of the existing literature on the general impact of engineered nanomaterials from the perspectives of first, human health and the environment, keeping in mind the need to foster safe and responsible use of these materials, and considering the numerous benefits they offer in relation to various applications. In-vitro studies have shown that nanoparticles could potentially inhibit the growth of mammalian cells while in-vivo studies have shown adverse effects of nanomaterial exposure on various organs such as skin, lungs and corneas. In-vitro (on mammalian cells) and in-vivo (on laboratory animals) studies are meant to safely simulate the biological impact of the nanomaterials. However, these studies may not reveal the complete picture, and it cannot be stated that nanomaterials are generally harmful to all life forms. Microbial interaction studies have demonstrated mixed results in that carbon nanotubes were not found to inhibit the growth of E. coli in certain instances where a biofilm was formed. These trends highlight the need for each category of nanomaterial to be understood in the context of its properties, and its application or exposure route. Similar to the case of conventional / commonly used industrial chemical substances, the reviewed results serve to create an awareness of "nano-safety". They point to the need to develop appropriate measures to mitigate any potentially adverse effects of nanomaterials on human health and the environment. This is accomplished through measures such as secure containment of related wastes, choice of appropriate environmentally benign nanomaterials, and a well-planned procedure to handle unintended release of nanomaterials, etc.
A practical and environmentally friendly protocol for synthesis of α‐deuterated carboxylic acids (2023)

α-deuterated carboxylic acids have been synthesized from the corresponding malonic acids via hydrogen/deuterium exchange and decarboxylation in presence of D<sub>2</sub> O. The method is general, mild and efficient and does not require organic solvents or other additives. Yields range between 83% and 94% and purification was not necessary. Starting materials were easy accessible and the α-deuterated carboxylic acids may easily be transformed to other labeled compounds such as alcohols, aldehydes, esters, and amides. Characterization with NMR confirmed purity and isotopic purity.
In vivo inactivation of glycerol dehydrogenase in Klebsiella aerogenes: properties of active and inactivated proteins (1980)

Glycerol:oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) 2-oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.6), an inducible enzyme for anaerobic glycerol catabolism in Klebsiella aerogenes, was purified and found to have a molecular weight of 79,000 by gel electrophoresis. The protein seemed to be enzymatically active either as a dimer of a 40,000-dalton peptide at pH 8.6 or as a tetramer of 160,000 molecular weight at pH 7.0. The enzyme activity was present at high levels in cells growing anaerobically on glycerol, but disappeared with a half-life of about 45 min if molecular oxygen was introduced to the culture. In contrast, no such phenomenon occurred with dihydroxyacetone kinase activity, the second enzyme in the pathway. Immunochemical analysis showed that the inactivation of the oxidoreductase did not involve degradation of the protein. Furthermore, subunits of the active and inactive forms of the enzyme were indistinguishable in size on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and had similar isoelectric points (pH 4.7). Inactivation did, however, alter the gel filtration properties of the enzyme protein and, more importantly, reduced its affinity for the dye Cibacron F3GA and the coenzyme NAD+.
Supplementary Materials and Methods from DLL4-Notch Signaling Mediates Tumor Resistance to Anti-VEGF Therapy <i>In Vivo</i> (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 77K&lt;/p&gt;
Sequential energy detection for touch input detection (2015)

In this paper we propose a novel detection algorithm that delivers impressive savings in the sensing time of the capacitive touchscreen systems using sequential energy detection methods. We also show that these savings can translate into a significant boost to the operational battery life of today's mobile devices. We provide numerical analysis of sequential energy detection scheme, and the average sample number of measurements required to decide the presence of a touch input is derived. The analysis and simulation results confirm that the proposed scheme can save at least 70% or more computational resources for performing touch detection under realistic noise condition as compared to the conventional fixed sample size detection scheme.
High-Compton-frequency, parity-independent, mesoscopic Schrödinger-cat-state atom interferometer with Heisenberg-limited sensitivity (2018)

We present a protocol for an atomic interferometer that reaches the Heisenberg limit (HL), within a factor of $\ensuremath{\sim}\sqrt{2}$, via collective state detection and critical tuning of one-axis twist spin squeezing. It generates a Schr\"odinger cat state, as a superposition of two extremal collective states. When this Schr\"odinger-cat-state interferometer is used as a gyroscope, the interference occurs at an ultrahigh Compton frequency, corresponding to a mesoscopic single object with a mass of $Nm$, where $N$ is the number of particles in the ensemble, and $m$ is the mass of each particle. For $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms, with $N={10}^{6}$, for example, the interference would occur at a Compton frequency of $\ensuremath{\sim}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{31}$ Hz. Under this scheme, the signal is found to depend critically on the parity of $N$. We present two variants of the protocol. Under protocol A, the fringes are narrowed by a factor of $N$ for one parity, while for the other parity the signal is zero. Under protocol B, the fringes are narrowed by a factor of $N$ for one parity, and by a factor of $\sqrt{N}$ for the other parity. Both protocols can be modified in a manner that reverses the behavior of the signals for the two parities. Over repeated measurements under which the probability of being even or odd is equal, the averaged sensitivity is smaller than the HL by a factor of $\ensuremath{\sim}\sqrt{2}$ for both versions of the protocol. We describe an experimental scheme for realizing such an atomic interferometer, and discuss potential limitations due to experimental constraints imposed by the current state of the art, for both collective state detection and one-axis-twist squeezing. We show that when the Schr\"odinger-cat-state interferometer is configured as an accelerometer, the effective two-photon wave vector is enhanced by a factor of $N$, leading to the same degree of enhancement in sensitivity. We also show that such a mesoscopic single object can be used to increase the effective base frequency of an atomic clock by a factor of $N$, with a sensitivity that is equivalent to the HL, within a factor of $\ensuremath{\sim}\sqrt{2}$.
Associated malignancies in vulvar Paget disease (2018)

Vulvar Paget disease (VPD) is a rare skin disorder, most commonly seen in postmenopausal white women, causing patches of itching or burning skin around the vulva. There are different types, and in the past, all types of VPD were associated with breast, intestinal and urological malignancies (e.g. cancers). This study, from the Netherlands, looks at cutaneous non‐invasive VPD, which at the time of diagnosis just affects the skin. The researchers wanted to see if this type does indeed increase the risk of developing breast, intestinal or urological malignancies in comparison with the general population (people without VPD), and moreover to evaluate whether all patients with VPD should be routinely screened for malignancies. Data on the oncological (cancer) history of patients with any type of VPD between 2000 and 2015 were obtained from a nationwide archive of pathology reports in the Netherlands. Follow‐up data and a control group from the general population were obtained from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Of the patients with VPD, 76.9% were diagnosed with cutaneous non‐invasive VPD. The researchers found that, while other types of VPD may be linked with malignancies, the group with cutaneous non‐invasive VPD had no increased risk for developing malignancies of the breast, intestine or urological tract. This suggests that routine screening for these malignancies in patients diagnosed with cutaneous non‐invasive VPD may not be necessary.
SEMOPS: Paying with Mobile Personal Devices (2006)

The growth of mobile commerce is directly related to the increase of ownership and use of mobile personal, programmable communication devices, including mobile phones and PDAs. These devices provide effective authorisation and management of payment and banking transactions since they are capable of offering security and convenience advantages compared with existing methods, such as credit/debit card transactions and online payments through a PC. Some of these advantages are part of the existing devices’ functionality while others require modest, inexpensive enhancements likely to be incorporated in the mobile devices to come. It is expected that the use of secure and convenient mobile personal devices can revolutionise the payment, banking and investment industries worldwide. This paper presents SEMOPS, a secure mobile payment service implemented on innovative technological solutions and introducing a competitive business enabler of mobile commerce. SEMOPS intends to exploit the business opportunities inherent in the billing, customer-service, technical relationships and banking services among mobile customers, mobile operators and banks in order to offer a competitive solution to existing payment services.
Serum Bioactive Follicle-Stimulating Hormone during the Human Menstrual Cycle and in Hyper- and Hypogonadotropic States: Application of a Sensitive Granulosa Cell Aromatase Bioassay* (1986)

A sensitive in vitro assay based on the stimulation of estrogen production by cultured rat granulosa cells was recently developed for the measurement of biologically active FSH. This bioassay system is specific for FSH, highly sensitive, and capable of measuring basal FSH levels in rat serum. The granulosa cell aromatase bioassay was improved by the use of additives known to enhance FSH activity and by pretreatment of serum with 12% polyethylene glycol to remove inhibitory substances. We applied this method to the measurement of bioactive FSH levels in serum samples from human subjects. As determined in daily blood samples during ovulatory menstrual cycles in seven women, bioactive FSH levels exhibited a pattern closely resembling that of immunoreactive FSH. The mean bioactive serum FSH levels were 29.9, 20.5, 39.2, and 14.8 mIU/ml for the early follicular phase, late follicular phase, preovulatory surge, and luteal phase, respectively. The bio- to immunoratio (B:I) throughout the menstrual cycle ranged from 1.4-3.4, with a mean of 2.5. The ratios for early follicular phase, late follicular phase, preovulatory surge, and luteal phase were 2.7, 2.3, 1.4, and 2.6, respectively. The correlation coefficient (r) of the serum FSH values obtained by bioassay and RIA was 0.91. FSH bioactivity was also measured in patients in each of the following categories with the following mean values: oral contraceptive pill users (undetectable), hypothalamic amenorrhea (18.7 mIU/ml; B:I, 2.6), premature ovarian failure (163 mIU/ml; B:I, 1.7), and postmenopausal women (191 mIU/ml; B:I, 1.6). These findings suggest that measurement of immunoreactive FSH levels correctly reflects the biological activity of FSH in serum of cycling women and patients in certain hyper- and hypogonadotropic states. The granulosa cell aromatase bioassay represents a new tool for future assessments of biologically active FSH in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Vessel segmentation analysis of ischemic stroke images acquired with photoacoustic microscopy (2012)

We have applied optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) for longitudinal monitoring of cerebral metabolism through the intact skull of mice before, during, and up to 72 hours after a 1-hour transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). The high spatial resolution of OR-PAM enabled us to develop vessel segmentation techniques for segment-wise analysis of cerebrovascular responses.
Adversarial Robustness Across Representation Spaces (2021)

Adversarial robustness corresponds to the susceptibility of deep neural networks to imperceptible perturbations made at test time. In the context of image tasks, many algorithms have been proposed to make neural networks robust to adversarial perturbations made to the input pixels. These perturbations are typically measured in an ℓ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</inf> norm. However, robustness often holds only for the specific attack used for training. In this work we extend the above setting to consider the problem of training of deep neural networks that can be made simultaneously robust to perturbations applied in multiple natural representations spaces. For the case of image data, examples include the standard pixel representation as well as the representation in the discrete cosine transform (DCT) basis. We design a theoretically sound algorithm with formal guarantees for the above problem. Furthermore, our guarantees also hold when the goal is to require robustness with respect to multiple ℓ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</inf> norm based attacks. We then derive an efficient practical implementation and demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on standard datasets for image classification. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup>
Universal plesiochronous multiplexing (UPM) forarbitrary rate isochronous circuit emulation (1996)

The authors consider an alternative to ATM for the transport of arbitrary rate isochronous signals without cell loss, with minimal delay, and with the low jitter characteristic of PDH/SDH multiplexing. Configurable pulse-stuffing multiplex circuits implement a custom multiplexing format, as required for each application rate. The authors analyse the theoretical frequency coverage of the concept, and compare experimental against predicted jitter in test cases. The authors suggest a unified method and circuit architecture for the bulk mapping of any isochronous tributary into the corresponding SONET, DS3 or SDH carrier signal.
Less Bone Loss With Maraviroc- Versus Tenofovir-Containing Antiretroviral Therapy in the AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5303 Study (2015)

NCT01400412.
Stimulation by in Vivo and in VitroMetabolic Acidosis of Expression of rBSC-1, the Na+-K+(NH4+)-2Cl−Cotransporter of the Rat Medullary Thick Ascending Limb (1998)

To assess whether metabolic acidosis per se regulates rBSC-1, the rat medullary thick ascending limb (MTAL) apical Na+-K+(NH4+)-2Cl- cotransporter, rat MTALs were incubated for 16 h in an acid 1:1 mixture of Ham's nutrient mixture F-12 and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. Cotransport activity was estimated in intact cells and membrane vesicles by intracellular pH and 22Na+ uptake measurements, respectively; rBSC-1 protein was quantified by immunoblotting analysis and mRNA by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. As compared with incubation at pH approximately 7.35, acid incubation (pH approximately 7.10) up-regulated by 35-100% rBSC-1 transport activity in cells and membrane vesicles, and rBSC-1 protein and mRNA abundance. In contrast, acid incubation did not alter alkaline phosphatase and Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme activities or beta-actin protein abundance. After 3 h of in vivo chronic metabolic acidosis (CMA) rBSC-1 mRNA abundance increased in freshly harvested MTALs, which was accompanied after 1-6 days of CMA with enhanced rBSC-1 protein abundance. These results demonstrate that both in vivo and in vitro CMA stimulate rBSC-1 expression, which would contribute to the adaptive increase in MTAL absorption and urinary excretion of NH4+ in response to CMA.
Molecular rationale for the use of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors in combination with crizotinib in ALK-mutated neuroblastoma (2014)

// Nathan F. Moore 1,* , Anna M. Azarova 1,* , Namrata Bhatnagar 1 , Kenneth N. Ross 4 , Lauren E. Drake 1 , Stacey Frumm 1 , Qinsong S. Liu 2,5 , Amanda L. Christie 3 , Takaomi Sanda 1,7 , Louis Chesler 6 , Andrew L. Kung 1,3 , Nathanael S. Gray 2,5 , Kimberly Stegmaier 1,4 and Rani E. George 1 1 Departments of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 2 Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 3 Lurie Family Imaging Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 4 Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 5 Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 6 Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom 7 Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore * These authors contributed equally to this work Correspondence: Rani E. George , email: // Keywords : ALK, neuroblastoma, crizotinib, mTOR inhibitor, MYCN Received : July 28, 2014 Accepted : August 18, 2014 Published : August 19, 2014 Abstract Mutations in the ALK tyrosine kinase receptor gene represent important therapeutic targets in neuroblastoma, yet their clinical translation has been challenging. The ALK F1174L mutation is sensitive to the ALK inhibitor crizotinib only at high doses and mediates acquired resistance to crizotinib in ALK -translocated cancers. We have shown that the combination of crizotinib and an inhibitor of downstream signaling induces a favorable response in transgenic mice bearing ALK F1174L /MYCN -positive neuroblastoma. Here, we investigated the molecular basis of this effect and assessed whether a similar strategy would be effective in ALK -mutated tumors lacking MYCN overexpression. We show that in ALK -mutated, MYCN -amplified neuroblastoma cells , crizotinib alone does not affect mTORC1 activity as indicated by persistent RPS6 phosphorylation. Combined treatment with crizotinib and an ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor abrogated RPS6 phosphorylation, leading to reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival in ALK F1174L /MYCN -positive models compared to single agent treatment. By contrast, this combination, while inducing mTORC1 downregulation, caused reciprocal upregulation of PI3K activity in ALK -mutated cells expressing wild-type MYCN . Here, an inhibitor with potency against both mTOR and PI3K was more effective in promoting cytotoxicity when combined with crizotinib. Our findings should enable a more precise selection of molecularly targeted agents for patients with ALK -mutated tumors.
Figure S1 from Anti-PSMA/CD3 Bispecific Antibody Delivery and Antitumor Activity Using a Polymeric Depot Formulation (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Analysis of purified BiJ591 by SEC-HPLC&lt;/p&gt;
Hypothalamic growth hormone receptor (GHR) controls hepatic glucose production in nutrient-sensing leptin receptor (LepRb) expressing neurons (2017)

These findings suggest the existence of GHR-leptin neurocircuitry that plays an important role in the GHR-mediated regulation of glucose metabolism irrespective of feeding.
<title>Concurrent simulations of xerographic subsystems</title> (1993)

The primary objective of this work is to develop computing capabilities to enable computational prototyping as a complementary and parallel path to the hardware product development process. The evolution of a systems approach, capturing aspects of information generation, processing, visualization, transfer, and reuse, within a sharable, multimedia, electronic environment, is crucial to the integrated design process of the future. We discuss a general computing environment to support the multi-level (process-device-material) simulations of xerographic subsystems. This environment features: distributed computing, concurrent processing, network sharable information and tools, a visual programming interface, dynamic computing and visualization, and interactive steering. We describe the implementation of the testbed environment and the mathematical simulations, from first principles, of the charging, imaging, and development subsystems. Generic algorithms developed for these subsystems are discussed. Interactive steering of dynamical solutions and browsing of visual data are emphasized. A model for multi-level simulation is proposed to support the decision making process. A visual programming interface is used to encapsulate the simulation and visualization tools as modules which can then be visually assembled into dataflow networks on Unix workstations. Mathematical formulations, parallel computing on clusters of workstations, and their use in interactive sessions are detailed.
WebThumb (2002)

The proliferation of wireless handheld devices is placing the World Wide Web in the palms of users, but this convenience comes at a high interactive cost. The Web that came of age on the desktop is ill-suited for use on the small displays of handhelds. Today, handheld browsing often feels like browsing on a PC with a shrunken desktop. Overreliance on scrolling is a big problem in current handheld browsing. Users confined to viewing a small portion of each page often lack a sense of the overall context --- they may feel lost in a large page and be forced to remember the locations of items as those items scroll out of view. In this paper, we present a synthesis of interaction techniques to address these problems. We implemented these techniques in a prototype, WebThumb, that can browse the live Web.