gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of the immune response to tumor antigen. IV. Tumor antigen-specific suppressor factor(s) bear I-J determinants and induce suppressor T cells in vivo. (1978)

The nature and function of suppressor factor(s) elaborated by suppressor T cells in response to certain chemically induced tumors have been further defined. Thus, suppressor factor(s) specific for the S1509a methylchol-anthrene-induced fibrosarcoma have been shown to bear determinants encoded by the I-J subregion of the murine MHC since suppressive activity is removed by passage of the factor through an immunoadsorbent composed of anti-I-Jk coupled to Sepharose. No loss of activity was observed after passage of factor through control columns composed of normal mouse globulin. Furthermore, activity could be recovered from the relevant immunoadsorbent by elution with high salt. The administration of crude suppressor factor(s) to normal animals for 4 days resulted in the development of a population of suppressor cells that act in a manner analogous to the suppressor cell population used for production of factor. These factor-induced suppressor cells are T cells and exhibit an antigen specificity similar to that displayed by the tumor-induced suppressor cells. Thus, tumor-specific suppressor factor(s) bear I-J determinants and are capable of inducing the appearance of suppressor T cells in the nontumor-bearing host, which may then act in a specific manner to limit host responsiveness to tumor antigen.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Preparation of 2,5‐Dichloro‐4′‐phenyloxybenzophenone. (2011)

Abstract The presented synthesis of the title compound (III) leads to a higher yield than the conventional two‐step process (1.
Genesis of avian influenza H9N2 in Bangladesh (2014)

Avian influenza subtype H9N2 is endemic in many bird species in Asia and the Middle East and has contributed to the genesis of H5N1, H7N9 and H10N8, which are potential pandemic threats. H9N2 viruses that have spread to Bangladesh have acquired multiple gene segments from highly pathogenic (HP) H7N3 viruses that are presumably in Pakistan and currently cocirculate with HP H5N1. However, the source and geographic origin of these H9N2 viruses are not clear. We characterized the complete genetic sequences of 37 Bangladeshi H9N2 viruses isolated in 2011-2013 and investigated their inter- and intrasubtypic genetic diversities by tracing their genesis in relationship to other H9N2 viruses isolated from neighboring countries. H9N2 viruses in Bangladesh are homogenous with several mammalian host-specific markers and are a new H9N2 sublineage wherein the hemagglutinin (HA) gene is derived from an Iranian H9N2 lineage (Mideast_B Iran), the neuraminidase (NA) and polymerase basic 2 (PB2) genes are from Dubai H9N2 (Mideast_C Dubai), and the non-structural protein (NS), nucleoprotein (NP), matrix protein (MP), polymerase acidic (PA) and polymerase basic 1 (PB1) genes are from HP H7N3 originating from Pakistan. Different H9N2 genotypes that were replaced in 2006 and 2009 by other reassortants have been detected in Bangladesh. Phylogenetic and molecular analyses suggest that the current genotype descended from the prototypical H9N2 lineage (G1), which circulated in poultry in China during the late 1990s and came to Bangladesh via the poultry trade within the Middle East, and that this genotype subsequently reassorted with H7N3 and H9N2 lineages from Pakistan and spread throughout India. Thus, continual surveillance of Bangladeshi HP H5N1, H7N3 and H9N2 is warranted to identify further evolution and adaptation to humans.
Two Valence Bond State Model for Molecular Nonlinear Optical Properties. Comparison with Push−Pull Polyene Solution Measurements (1999)

The (hyper)polarizabilities obtained from the two valence bond state model including nonequilibrium solvation are compared to experiment. Specifically, the values of μg2αzz(0) and μgβzzz(0) in different solvents calculated from the model are compared to experimental measurements for several push−pull polyene molecules in a range of solvents. The model calculations are in qualitative agreement with the experimental results, but quantitatively the results are mixed. Implications for the two valence bond state model are discussed.
Highly Stereoregular 1,3-Butadiene and Isoprene Polymers through Monoalkyl-N-Aryl-Substituted Iminopyridine Iron Complex-Based Catalysts: Synthesis and Characterization (2021)

Some novel monoalkyl-N-aryl-substituted iminopyridine iron chloride complexes, differing in the nature of the substituent at the iminic carbon and at the ortho position of the aryl ring, were synthesized and characterized. For one of them, single crystals were obtained, which allowed for the determination of its crystalline structure, in which the iron center is coordinated to the chlorides and to the two nitrogen atoms of the ligand. The coordination around iron is distorted tetrahedral, a coordination mode rarely identified for FeCl2 adducts with bidentate nitrogen ligands. All the complexes were used, in combination with methylaluminoxane, for the polymerization of 1,3-butadiene and isoprene, providing syndiotactic 1,2 poly(1,3-butadiene)s and poly(isoprene)s with a predominantly cis-1,4/3,4 alternating structure, in which short cis-1,4 sequences of three or five units, whose length depends on the nature of the ligand on the iron atom, are present. A detailed NMR characterization (1H-, 13C-, and 2D experiments) of the resultant poly(isoprene)s is reported, and a tentative scheme for the formation of the novel isoprene polymers is proposed.
Near-infrared luminescent nanomaterials for in-vivo optical imaging (2008)

Optical imaging using unspecific contrast agents as well as targeted and disease-specific agents play a vital role in preclinical research. Moreover, optical imaging is on the verge of establishing itself as a clinically relevant imaging modality. Also in-vitro diagnostical procedures rely to a large degree on optical labels to report disease-specific events. Materials that fulfill the basic requirements of this market are being used today, with cyanine dyes and semiconductor quantum dots being excellent examples. Other materials are being tested in laboratories throughout the world. Design rules suitable to develop new optical labels for in-vivo near-infrared optical imaging procedures have been formulated by us, and we have developed synthesis routes that lead to nano particles with small diameter, narrow size distribution, high quantum yield, and with stable surfaces required for bioconjugation to disease-specific ligands.
Puzzle of non-surface related 2D electron gas in n-InN epitaxial samples (2019)

We have studied multicarrier contributions to the conductivity in low concentration (with Hall concentration below 1×1018 cm−3) nondoped bulk n-InN samples using Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) in the tilted magnetic field as well as variable field resistivity tensor measurements. In some samples, the Shubnikov-de Haas effect also revealed, besides 3D electron gas, high mobility 2D electron contributions (with transport and quantum mobilities reaching the values of 5060 cm2/V s and 1800 cm2/V s, respectively, for one of our samples), which could hardly be assigned to the surface electrons as the latter are commonly believed to have mobility too low to be detected at magnetic fields not exceeding 12 T in our SdH measurements. The values of the effective masses derived from the temperature dependences of the SdH oscillation amplitudes scale with the concentration of 2D channels and are typical for low concentration InN, thus confirming that these contributions are presumably located on the InN side of some interfaces. This is one of the first experimental evaluations of the effective mass of nonsurface-related 2D electron gas in InN grown on GaN.
Tolerance to a self-protein involves its immunodominant but does not involve its subdominant determinants. (1992)

We have produced transgenic mice expression hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) under the control of a ubiquitous promoter, so that in transgenic animals, HEL is presumably present in the serum and thymus throughout the period of establishment of the T-cell repertoire. We show that HEL transgenic H-2d mice with HEL blood levels greater than 10 ng/ml are tolerant to HEL as well as to the immunodominant peptide 108-116. Thus, their T lymphocytes do not proliferate in response to the immunodominant peptide 108-116 after in vivo immunization with HEL or peptide 108-116. In contrast, in transgenic mice tolerant to HEL, the state of tolerance to subdominant peptides 1-18 and 74-96 appears variable and highly depended on HEL blood levels. Complete unresponsiveness is seen when HEL serum levels are high, and this unresponsiveness is reached at a lower HEL concentration for peptide 1-18 than for peptide 74-96. Thus, a hierarchy exists among the three peptides (108-116 much greater than 1-18 greater than 74-96) for induction of a response to HEL and for HEL tolerance induction in T cells specific for these peptides. Persistence in the periphery of autoreactive T cells recognizing subdominant peptides of self-proteins, as shown in this transgenic model, indicates that self-tolerance is limited to a subset of dominant self-peptides and suggests a role for T lymphocytes specific for subdominant determinants in autoimmunity.
Semiconducting Copolymers with Naphthalene Imide/Amide π‐Conjugated Units: Synthesis, Crystallography, and Systematic Structure‐Property‐Mobility Correlations (2022)

In a series of n-type semiconducting naphthalene tetracarboxydiimide (NDI)-dithiophene (T2) copolymers, structural and electronic properties trends are systematically evaluated as the number of NDI carbonyl groups is reduced from 4 in NDI to 3 in NBL (1-amino-4,5-8-naphthalene-tricarboxylic acid-1,8-lactam-4,5-imide) to 2 in NBA (naphthalene-bis(4,8-diamino-1,5-dicarboxyl)-amide). As the NDI-T2 backbone torsional angle falls the LUMO energy rises. However, the thienyl attachment regiochemistry also plays an important role in less symmetric NBL and NBA. Electron mobility is greatest for N2200 (0.17 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> ) followed by PNBL-3,8-T2 and PNBA-2,6-T2 (0.11 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> ), 0.02 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> in PNBL-4,8-T2, and negligible in PNBA-3,7-T2. Charge transport reflects a delicate balance between electronic backbone communication (optimum for N2200 and PNBL-4,8-T2), backbone planarity (optimum for PNBA-2,6-T2 and PNBL-3,8-T2), LUMO energy (optimum for N2200), π-π stacking distance (optimum for PNBA-2,6-T2), and film crystallinity (optimum for PNBA-2,6-T2 and N2200). These results offer generalizable insight into semiconducting copolymer design.
Autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hearing impairment in two Finnish families due to the population enriched CABP2 c.637+1G>T variant (2022)

We report two Finnish families with hearing impairment due to the CABP2 splice site variant c.637+1G>T.
Age, phylogeography and population structure of the microendemic banded spring snail,Mexipyrgus churinceanus (2005)

Recent theoretical and empirical studies of phylogeography and population structure indicate that many processes influence intraspecific evolutionary history. The present study represents the first examination of various forces influencing the spatial and temporal patterns of sequence variation in the freshwater Mexican banded spring snail, Mexipyrgus churinceanus. This snail occurs in one of the most critically endangered centres of freshwater endemism, the desert ecosystem of Cuatro Ciénegas. From cytochrome b mtDNA sequence variation, there is strong evidence of long-term isolation of three regions, suggesting that these regions represent evolutionarily distinct lineages. Molecular clock estimates of clade age indicate a time to most recent common ancestor of approximately 2.5 million years ago (Ma). The three regions differ considerably in the historical and demographic forces affecting population structure. The western populations have extremely low mtDNA diversity consistent with a severe bottleneck dating to 50,000 years before present (bp). The nearby Rio Mesquites drainage is characterized by fragmentation events, restricted gene flow with isolation by distance, and higher levels of mtDNA polymorphism. These patterns are consistent with the long-term stability of this drainage along with habitat heterogeneity and brooding contributing to population isolation and restricted gene flow. Southeastern populations show evidence of range expansion and a strong influence of genetic drift. Migration rates between drainages indicate very little gene flow between drainages except for asymmetric migration from the Rio Mesquites into both western and southeastern drainages.
Immunohistochemistry Successfully Uncovers Intratumoral Heterogeneity and Widespread Co-Losses of Chromatin Regulators in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (2016)

Recent studies have shown that intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) is prevalent in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), based on DNA sequencing and chromosome aberration analysis of multiple regions from the same tumor. VHL mutations were found to be universal throughout individual tumors when it occurred (ubiquitous), while the mutations in other tumor suppressor genes tended to be detected only in parts of the tumors (subclonal). ITH has been studied mostly by DNA sequencing in limited numbers of samples, either by whole genome sequencing or by targeted sequencing. It is not known whether immunohistochemistry (IHC) can be used as a tool to study ITH. To address this question, we examined the protein expression of PBRM1, and PBRM1-related proteins such as ARID1A, SETD2, BRG1, and BRM. Altogether, 160 ccRCC (40 per stage) were used to generate a tissue microarray (TMA), with four foci from each tumor included. Loss of expression was defined as 0-5% of tumor cells with positive nuclear staining in an individual focus. We found that 49/160 (31%), 81/160 (51%), 23/160 (14%), 24/160 (15%), and 61/160 (38%) of ccRCC showed loss of expression of PBRM1, ARID1A, SETD2, BRG1, and BRM, respectively, and that IHC could successfully detect a high prevalence of ITH. Phylogenetic trees were constructed that reflected the ITH. Striking co-losses among proteins were also observed. For instance, ARID1A loss almost always accompanied PBRM1 loss, whereas BRM loss accompanied loss of BRG1, PBRM1 or ARID1A. SETD2 loss frequently occurred with loss of one or more of the other four proteins. Finally, in order to learn the impact of combined losses, we compared the tumor growth after cells acquired losses of ARID1A, PBRM1, or both in a xenograft model. The results suggest that ARID1A loss has a greater tumor-promoting effect than PBRM1 loss, indicating that xenograft analysis is a useful tool to investigate how these losses impact on tumor behavior, either alone or in combination.
Maintaining video quality and optimizing video delivery over the bandwidth constrained DSL last mile through intelligent packet drop (2008)

The technological challenges for an Internet Protocol television (IPTV) service provider to bring high quality video services into the home through a dedicated bandwidth limited digital subscriber line (DSL) access link are significant. However, at the same time, the dedicated DSL link provides certain opportunities as it allows for service customization on the network level, without impacting any other customers. In this paper, the concept of intelligent packet drop inside a digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM) is introduced. Intelligent packet drop makes use of the fact that some packets containing video information (e.g., I-picture or P-picture) are more important than others (e.g., B-picture), and this importance level can be indicated in the packet header. When congestion in the DSLAM occurs, the low priority packets are preferentially dropped. Provided some (simple) picture loss concealment is performed in the set-top box, intelligent packet drop will not significantly impact the quality of experience (QoE), as evidenced by subjective tests that have been conducted. Simulations have shown that the intelligent packet drop in a DSLAM enables the IPTV service provider to increase the number of customers eligible for a given IPTV service package delivered over the DSL link. It also enables fast channel change (FCC) service without dedicated bandwidth overhead.
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in Asia (2018)

These first prospective multinational data from Asia show that HFpEF affects relatively young patients with a high burden of co-morbidities. Regional differences in types of co-morbidities, cardiac remodelling and outcomes of HFpEF across Asia have important implications for public health measures and global HFpEF trial design.
Conversion of Non-Homogeneous Biomass to Ultraclean Syngas and Catalytic Conversion to Ethanol (2011)

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, rising energy prices and security of supply are reasons that justify the development of biofuels. However, food prices recorded in 2007 and 2008 affected more than 100 million of people that became undernourished worldwide It is estimated that by 2050, it will be essential to increase by 50% the food production to support the 9 billion people living on the planet Recycling the carbon from residual waste to produce biofuels is one of the challenges of this new century. Several companies have been developing technologies that are able to transform residual streams into syngas, which is subsequently converted into alcohols. "Green" ethanol plays an important role in reducing dependency toward petroleum and providing environmental benefit, through its role in the fuel additive market. Ethanol is an oxygenate and also serves as an octane enhancer. The waste-to-syngas approach is an alternative to avoid the controversy food vs. fuel whilst reducing landfills and increasing carbon recuperation. Using this approach, yields of ethanol produced are above 350 liters/dry tonne of feedstock entering the gasifier (Enerkem's technology is taken as example). Residual heat, also a product of the process, is used in the process itself and, as well, it can be used for outside heating or cooling. Enerkem Inc. is moving the technology from bench scale, to pilot, to demo to commercial implementation (a 12,500 kg/h of sorted and biotreated urban waste, is being constructed in Edmonton, Alberta). Economics of the process are favorable at the above commercial capacity, given the modular construction of the plant, reasonable operational costs and a tipping fee for the residue going into the gasifier. The first part of this chapter will present feedstock preparation, gasification and gas conditioning. The characteristics of the heterogeneous feedstock will determine its performance during gasification for syngas production whose composition has the appropriate H 2 /CO ratio for downstream synthesis. The second part of the chapter will be directed at the methanol synthesis in a three-phase reactor using syngas. The third and last part of the chapter will focus on the catalytic steps to convert methanol into bio-ethanol.
Modeling of subwavelength-diameter optical wire waveguides for optical sensing applications (2005)

Low-loss optical wave guiding along a subwavelength-diameter silica wire leaves a large amount of the guided field outside the solid core as evanescent wave and at the same time maintains the coherence of the light, making it possible to develop sensitive and miniaturized optical sensors for physical, chemical and biological applications. Here we introduce, for the first time to our knowledge, a scheme to develop optical sensors based on evanescent-wave-guiding properties of subwavelength-diameter wires. Optical wave guiding properties of these wires that are pertinent to a waveguide sensor, such as single-mode condition, evanescent field, Poynting vector and optical loss are investigated. By measuring the phase shift of the guided light, we propose a Mach-Zehnder-type sensor assembled with two silica wires. The sensitivity and size of the sensor are also estimated, which shows that, subwavelength-diameter silica wires are promising for developing optical sensors with high sensitivity and small size.
Covalent immobilization of nisin on multi-walled carbon nanotubes: superior antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties (2011)

Despite unique and useful properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) such as high strength and a low synthesis cost, their weak antimicrobial property hampers their use as an antimicrobial material. Herein, we demonstrate that the immobilization of nisin, a natural and inexpensive antimicrobial peptide, with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG(1000)) as a linker significantly enhanced the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties of MWNTs. The MWNT-nisin composite showed up to 7-fold higher antimicrobial property than pristine MWNTs against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Moreover, the MWNT-nisin composite had a dramatically improved capability to prevent biofilm formation both on a deposited film and in suspension. In particular, the MWNT-nisin deposit film exhibited a 100-fold higher anti-biofilm property than the MWNT deposit film. Further, it has been shown that PEG and nisin are covalently attached to MWNTs with excellent stability against leaching. We envision that our novel MWNT-nisin composite can serve as an effective and economical antimicrobial material.
Strongly Coordinating Ligands To Form Weakly Coordinating Yet Functional Organometallic Anions (2019)

Weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) are generally tailored to act as spectators with little or no function. Here we describe the implementation of strongly coordinating dianionic carboranyl N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to create organometallic -ate complexes of Au(I) that serve both as WCAs and functional catalysts. These organometallic WCAs can be utilized to form both heterobimetallic (Au(I)<sup>-</sup>/Ag(I)<sup>+</sup>; Au(I)<sup>-</sup>/Ir(I)<sup>+</sup>) and organometallic/main group ion pairs (Au(I)<sup>-</sup>/(CPh<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> or SiEt<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>). Because parent unfunctionalized dianionic carboranyl NHC complex <b>3</b> is unstable in most solvents when paired with CPh<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>, novel synthesis methodology was devised to create polyhalogenated carboranyl NHCs, which show superior stability toward electrophilic substitution and cyclometalation chemistry. Additionally, the WCAs containing polyhalogenated carboranyl NHCs are among the most active catalysts reported for the hydroamination of alkynes. This investigation has also produced the first examples of a low-coordinate Au(III) center with two cis accessible coordination sites and the first true dianionic carbene. These studies pave the way for the design of functional ion pairs that have the potential to participate in tandem or cooperative small-molecule activation and catalysis.
NanoEnergie – Materialentwicklung für eine nachhaltige Energieversorgung. Hierarchische Strukturen aus Nanopartikeln für Solarzellen, Opal-artige Materialien und Mikrolinsen. (2013)

In der Nanotechnologie wird oft von einer Technologielücke gesprochen. Diese Lücke lässt sich beim Bottom-up-Zugang zur Nanotechnologie auch auf Längen-skalen abbilden, geht es doch bei diesem Zugang um den Aufbau makroskopischer Objekte aus Nanobausteinen. Man bewegt sich also vom Nano- über den Mikro- in den Millimeterbereich. Teile dieser Lücke, die Herstellung von Nanopartikeln, die Aufskalierung und die Formulierung in Suspensionen, werden derzeit geschlossen.
Lateral band-structure engineering in micromachined semiconductors (2004)

We demonstrate that micromachining multiple quantum wells produces lateral (in-plane) modifications to the semiconductor band structure that are accurately modeled by finite-element analysis combined with an eight-level band-structure calculation