gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
3. Polyoxometalate catalysts for biomass dissolution: understanding and design (2018)

The use of polyoxometalate catalysts for selective delignification of biomass presents a possible route toward using ionic liquids (ILs) to efficiently obtain high-molecular weight biopolymers from biomass. Rapid progress in this area will depend on recognizing and using the link with already well-developed inorganic chemistry in ILs pursued outside the field of biomass processing. Here, we use crystal structures determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction to better understand the behavior of [PV2Mo10O40]5-, a polyoxometalate catalyst known for its ability to promote selective delignification of biomass in the IL 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][OAc]). The crystal structure of [C2mim]5[PV2Mo10O40]· THF shows the formation of cationic shells around the anions which are likely representative of the interactions of this catalyst with [C2mim][OAc] itself. The reaction of NH4VO3 with [C2mim][OAc] is explored to better understand the chemistry of vanadium(V), which is critical to redox catalysis of [PV2Mo10O40]5-. This reaction gives crystals of [C2mim]4 [V4O12], showing that this IL forms discrete metavanadates which are obtained from aqueous solutions in a specific pH range and indicating that the basicity of [OAc]- dominates the speciation of vanadium (V) in this IL.
Strong reinforcement effects in 2D cellulose nanofibril–graphene oxide (CNF–GO) nanocomposites due to GO-induced CNF ordering (2020)

Nanocomposites from native cellulose with low 2D nanoplatelet content are of interest as sustainable materials combining functional and structural performance. Cellulose nanofibril-graphene oxide (CNF-GO) nanocomposite films are prepared by a physical mixing-drying method, with focus on low GO content, the use of very large GO platelets (2-45μm) and nanostructural characterization using synchrotron x-ray source for WAXS and SAXS. These nanocomposites can be used as transparent coatings, strong films or membranes, as gas barriers or in laminated form. CNF nanofibrils with random in-plane orientation, form a continuous non-porous matrix with GO platelets oriented in-plane. GO reinforcement mechanisms in CNF are investigated, and relationships between nanostructure and suspension rheology, mechanical properties, optical transmittance and oxygen barrier properties are investigated as a function of GO content. A much higher modulus reinforcement efficency is observed than in previous polymer-GO studies. The absolute values for modulus and ultimate strength are as high as 17 GPa and 250 MPa at a GO content as small as 0.07 vol%. The remarkable reinforcement efficiency is due to improved organization of the CNF matrix; and this GO-induced mechanism is of general interest for nanostructural tailoring of CNF-2D nanoplatelet composites.
Isomerism and Blue Electroluminescence of a Novel Organoboron Compound: BIII2(O)(7-azain)2Ph2 (1999)

Bright blue light with a maximum at 450 nm is emitted by both structural isomers of the novel, stable B<sup>III</sup><sub>2</sub> (O)(7-azain)<sub>2</sub> Ph<sub>2</sub> (7-azain=7-azaindole anion) on irradiation with UV light. The isomer shown in the picture has approximate C<sub>2</sub> symmetry (the other isomer approximate C<sub>s</sub> symmetry) and electroluminesces when used as the emitting layer in an electroluminescent device.
Changes in Intestinal Microflora in Obesity: Cause or Consequence? (2009)

Obesity and the associated metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome, have become major public health issues worldwide. Obesity results from a positive energy balance and is associated with decreased microbial diversity in the human gut with lower levels of Bacteroidetes. However, whether changes in the gut microbiota are a cause or consequence in obesity remains to be definitively proven. Experiments using germ-free mice have begun to reveal some mechanisms by which the gut microbiota may affect the development of obesity.
Parameter Adaption for the Speed-Controlled Static AC Drive with a Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor (1980)

The performance of speed-controlled induction motor drives, without a direct sensing of the flux, depends heavily on the accuracy with which the motor parameters are known. They change widely with the temperature, frequency, and current amplitude. With a control based on rotor position measurement and inner current control loops, the rotor resistance is the most essential changing parameter. A method of automatic adaption of the control to the changes in this parameter is presented. The proposed strategy is based on the measurement of only motor voltages and currents and is implemented by analog means. It does not make use of transducers or probes to measure the temperature or the flux in the motor.
Fiber Optic Chemical Sensors on Mars (1994)

A fiber optic chemical sensing instrument is described that will measure the reactivity of the martian soil and atmosphere. The self- contained instrument monitors reflectivity changes in reactive thin films caused by chemical reactions with the martian soil or atmosphere. Data from over 200 separate thin-film-coated optical fibers are recorded simultaneously. This fiber optic sensing technology has many advantages for planetary exploration and monitoring applications on manned spacecraft, in addition to many practical terrestrial uses.
Application of lipid microsphere drug delivery system to steroidal ophthalmic preparation. (1988)

The applicability of a lipid microsphere drug delivery system to ophthalmic preparations was examined using a lipid microsphere containing hydrocortisone 17-butyrate 21-propionate (HBP). 3H-labelled HBP ophthalmic suspension and 3H-labelled HBP lipid microsphere were applied to rabbit eyes, and the eyes were enucleated after 1 and 3 hours to determine 3H-labelled HBP levels in the ocular tissues. The lipid microsphere proved to deliver the drug to the anterior ocular tissues more significantly than the ophthalmic suspension. It is suggested that the lipid microsphere ophthalmic preparation of various lipophilic drugs including steroids may be useful as one of the drug delivery systems for ophthalmic therapy.
Automotive Squint-Forward-Looking SAR: High Resolution and Early Warning (2021)

Forward-looking automotive radars can sense long-distant targets to enable early warning, but the lateral resolution is limited. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) techniques can achieve very high azimuth resolution but cannot resolve targets in the forward direction. As a trade-off, squint-forward-looking SAR (SFL-SAR) can perform 2D imaging on a distant area squint to the moving direction, providing both high resolution and early warning. In this paper, we analyzed and derived the constraints of automotive SFL-SAR to satisfy both the required resolution and braking distance. Simulations and imaging results verified the analysis.
Rapid and direct control of target protein levels with VHL-recruiting dTAG molecules (2020)

ABSTRACT Chemical biology strategies for directly perturbing protein homeostasis including the degradation tag (dTAG) system provide temporal advantages over genetic approaches and improved selectivity over small molecule inhibitors. We describe dTAG V -1, an exclusively selective VHL-recruiting dTAG molecule, to rapidly degrade FKBP12 F36V -tagged proteins. dTAG V -1 overcomes a limitation of previously reported CRBN-recruiting dTAG molecules to degrade recalcitrant oncogenes, supports combination degrader studies and facilitates investigations of protein function in cells and mice.
Description and Preliminary Evaluation of a Diabetes Technology Simulation Course (2013)

In this pilot program, simulation-based education increased the perceived familiarity of residents with CSII and CGMS technologies. In light of these preliminary findings, the course will continue to be offered, with further data accrual. Future work will involve piloting the DTSC approach among other types of providers, such as residents in other specialties or inpatient nursing staff.
Differential RF MEMS interwoven capacitor immune to residual stress warping (2012)

A RF MEMS capacitor with an interwoven structure is designed, fabricated in the PolyMUMPS process and tested in an effort to address fabrication challenges usually faced in MEMS processes. The interwoven structure was found to offer several advantages over the typical MEMS parallel-plate design including eliminating the warping caused by residual stress, eliminating the need for etching holes, suppressing stiction, reducing parasitics and providing differential capability. The quality factor of the proposed capacitor was higher than five throughout a 2–10 GHz range and the resonant frequency was in excess of 20 GHz.
Minimum classification error training for online handwriting recognition (2006)

This paper describes an application of the Minimum Classification Error (MCE) criterion to the problem of recognizing online unconstrained-style characters and words. We describe an HMM-based, character and word-level MCE training aimed at minimizing the character or word error rate while enabling flexibility in writing style through the use of multiple allographs per character. Experiments on a writer-independent character recognition task covering alpha-numerical characters and keyboard symbols show that the MCE criterion achieves more than 30 percent character error rate reduction compared to the baseline Maximum Likelihood-based system. Word recognition results, on vocabularies of 5k to 10k, show that MCE training achieves around 17 percent word error rate reduction when compared to the baseline Maximum Likelihood system.
Portable glucose meter-utilized label-free and washing-free telomerase assay (2020)

We herein describe a portable glucose meter (PGM)-utilized label-free and washing-free method for the facile determination of telomerase activity that relies on the kinase-catalyzed cascade enzymatic reaction (KCER) that transduces the telomerase activity to the glucose level. In the sensor, the telomerase that elongates telomere sequences ((TTAGGG)<sub>n</sub>) from the 3'-terminus of telomerase substrate primer (TSP) consumes deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP), which serves as a phosphate source for KCER promoted by hexokinase and pyruvate kinase. Thus, the presence of telomerase protects KCER from working effectively, resulting in the maintenance of an initial, high glucose level that is readily determined using hand-held PGM. With this strategy, the telomerase activities in various types of cell lines were successfully determined with high sensitivity. Furthermore, the ability of this method to screen candidate inhibitors for telomerase activity was also verified.
Supplemental Figure 1 from M-COPA, a Golgi Disruptor, Inhibits Cell Surface Expression of MET Protein and Exhibits Antitumor Activity against MET-Addicted Gastric Cancers (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Dose-dependent effects on cell surface expression and processing of MET protein, and phosphorylation status of downstream signaling molecules.&lt;/p&gt;
In-depth caracterisation of the structural phase change of Germanium Telluride for RF switches (2017)

This paper presents the phase change characterization of Germanium Telluride (GeTe) used for RF switches when a direct heating is performed. The study describes the method to activate the transition between crystalline and amorphous states, allowing to reach a resistance ratio of 1.8.10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> between both states. RF measurements were performed up to 40 GHz on fabricated switches, showing an ON-state resistance of 1.7 Ω. An OFF-state capacitance of 5.4 fF was extracted from simulation, resulting in an estimated cutoff frequency of 17 THz, which is at the state-of-the-art. The study also shows the importance of the GeTe thickness to optimize the performance of the device.
Design of an inverse metal only reflectarray antenna for millimeter wave application (2015)

An inverse metal only reflectarray antenna consisting of multiple variable height conducting cells is designed at millimeter wave frequency. All reflecting elements are only made up of metal so that there is no dielectric loss in the antenna. Simulation result shows that the radiation efficiency of designed antenna is comparable with conventional parabolic reflector.
A Nanographene‐Based Two‐Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework as a Stable and Efficient Photocatalyst (2021)

Abstract Synthesis of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with desirable organic units furnishes advanced materials with unique functionalities. As an emerging class of two‐dimensional (2D) COFs, sp 2 ‐carbon‐conjugated COFs provide a facile platform to build highly stable and crystalline porous polymers. Herein, a 2D olefin‐linked COF was prepared by employing nanographene, namely, dibenzo[ hi , st ]ovalene (DBOV), as a building block. The DBOV‐COF exhibits unique ABC‐stacked lattices, enhanced stability, and charge‐carrier mobility of ≈0.6 cm 2 V −1 s −1 inferred from ultrafast terahertz photoconductivity measurements. The ABC‐stacking structure was revealed by the high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and powder X‐ray diffraction. DBOV‐COF demonstrated remarkable photocatalytic activity in hydroxylation, which was attributed to the exposure of narrow‐energy‐gap DBOV cores in the COF pores, in conjunction with efficient charge transport following light absorption.
Theory of metal-semiconductor interfaces (1978)

We present a microscopic model for the formation of Schottky barriers at metal-semiconductor contacts. The theory proposes that Schottky barriers are determined by "metal-induced gap states" at the semiconductor surface, which are dangling-bond derived resonances. The dangling-bond character of these states implies that the energies of surface states at clean semiconductor surfaces are very important in Schottky-barrier formation. This work introduces an ionicity parameter, obtained from atomic-term values, to quantitatively characterize the well-known transition from covalent to ionic behavior at metal-semiconductor interfaces. This model directly associates this transition with a truly fundamental change in the electronic structure of the semiconductor substrate and provides a natural interpretation of strong Fermilevel pinning at metal contacts to covalent materials with large optical gaps and low bond polarizabilities.
Experimental observation of cooling in Yb-doped silica fibers (2020)

Anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling in a silica-based fiber is reported for the first time. The fiber had a core with a 20-μm diameter doped with 2.06 wt.% Yb and co-doped with 0.86 wt.% Al and 0.88 wt.% F. Core-pumping the fiber with 1040- nm light, temperature changes as large at -50 mK were measured at atmospheric pressure. Temperature measurements were performed at 12 pump wavelengths, and the measured dependence of the temperature change as a function of pump wavelength was in excellent agreement with a previously reported model. With this model, the absorptive loss in the fiber was inferred to be less than 15 dB/km, and the critical quenching concentration to be ~15.6 wt.% Yb. This combination of low loss and high quenching concentration (a factor of 16 times higher than the highest reported values for Yb-doped silica) is what allowed the observation of cooling. The temperature measurements were performed at atmospheric pressure using a custom slow-light fiber Bragg grating sensor with an improved thermal contact between the test fiber and the FBG. The improved method involves isopropanol to establish a good thermal contact between the two fibers. This eliminated a source of heating and enabled more accurate measurements of the cooled-fiber temperature. This improved temperaturemeasurement set-up also led to a new cooling record in a multimode Yb-doped ZBLAN fiber at atmospheric pressure. When pumped at 1030 nm, the fiber cooled by -3.5 K, a factor of 5.4 times higher than the previous record.
Friction-Assisted Magnetic Holding of an Ingestible Capsule for Esophageal pH and Impedance Monitoring (2006)

24-hour catheter-based ambulatory pH and impedance monitoring is an essential tool for diagnosing esophageal disorders. However, catheter-based monitoring systems are uncomfortable and interfere with normal activities of the patient. To overcome these disadvantages, different wireless monitoring systems have been proposed. However, efficient ways to position and hold wireless capsules are lacking. Currently there is a need to develop safe and reliable methods to hold an esophageal wireless monitoring system in position for 24 hours. Friction-assisted magnetic holding is proposed as an alternative to conventional holding techniques. Permanent magnet and electromagnet designs with the required characteristics to achieve this task were computer-designed and simulated. The size and power requirements of the magnets were considered. Simulation results were verified using laboratory experiments. Permanent neodymium magnets offered the best performance for the intended application. The obtained results show the feasibility of friction-assisted magnetic holding for esophageal monitoring. Improvements to the thread design, friction enhancing pins, magnetic shielding and encapsulation methods are necessary for in vivo testing.
Protein production is an early biomarker for RNA‐targeted therapies (2018)

Measures of newly generated protein show earlier pharmacodynamics changes for RNA-lowering therapeutics compared with total protein concentration. Early in ASO treatment, decreases in newly generated protein are driven by changes in newly synthesized protein. Measuring new protein production in CSF may be a promising early pharmacodynamics marker for RNA-targeted therapeutics.
Detecting Unexpected Obstacles for Self-Driving Cars: Fusing Deep Learning and Geometric Modeling (2016)

The detection of small road hazards, such as lost cargo, is a vital capability for self-driving cars. We tackle this challenging and rarely addressed problem with a vision system that leverages appearance, contextual as well as geometric cues. To utilize the appearance and contextual cues, we propose a new deep learning-based obstacle detection framework. Here a variant of a fully convolutional network is used to predict a pixel-wise semantic labeling of (i) free-space, (ii) on-road unexpected obstacles, and (iii) background. The geometric cues are exploited using a state-of-the-art detection approach that predicts obstacles from stereo input images via model-based statistical hypothesis tests. We present a principled Bayesian framework to fuse the semantic and stereo-based detection results. The mid-level Stixel representation is used to describe obstacles in a flexible, compact and robust manner. We evaluate our new obstacle detection system on the Lost and Found dataset, which includes very challenging scenes with obstacles of only 5 cm height. Overall, we report a major improvement over the state-of-the-art, with relative performance gains of up to 50%. In particular, we achieve a detection rate of over 90% for distances of up to 50 m. Our system operates at 22 Hz on our self-driving platform.
Genetic evidence of intercontinental movement of avian influenza in a migratory bird: the northern pintail (Anas acuta) (2008)

The role of migratory birds in the movement of the highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza H5N1 remains a subject of debate. Testing hypotheses regarding intercontinental movement of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses will help evaluate the potential that wild birds could carry Asian-origin strains of HP avian influenza to North America during migration. Previous North American assessments of LPAI genetic variation have found few Asian reassortment events. Here, we present results from whole-genome analyses of LPAI isolates collected in Alaska from the northern pintail (Anas acuta), a species that migrates between North America and Asia. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the genetic divergence between Asian and North American strains of LPAI, but also suggested inter-continental virus exchange and at a higher frequency than previously documented. In 38 isolates from Alaska, nearly half (44.7%) had at least one gene segment more closely related to Asian than to North American strains of LPAI. Additionally, sequences of several Asian LPAI isolates from GenBank clustered more closely with North American northern pintail isolates than with other Asian origin viruses. Our data support the role of wild birds in the intercontinental transfer of influenza viruses, and reveal a higher degree of transfer in Alaska than elsewhere in North America.
Comparison of planar and Toroidal PCB integrated inductors for a multi-cellular 3.3 kW PFC (2017)

The Printed-Circuit-Board (PCB) technology is attractive for power electronic systems as it offers a low manufacturing cost for mass production. In this paper, we present a procedure to design power inductors based on PCB. These inductors either use PCB for the winding only (Planar structure), or to host both the magnetic core and the winding (Toroidal PCB structure). The design procedure compares, in the form of a Pareto fronts, the two inductor structures over a large range of parameters (geometric parameters, magnetic materials), to identify the best candidates in terms of power losses and box volume. In this procedure, the core losses are taken into account using improved Generalized Steinmetz Equation (iGSE). The skin and proximity effects are considered using the AC resistance calculated with a FEM software. The inductor feasibility is checked from a mechanical perspective using the PCB design rules and from a thermal point of view with FEM simulation. A design case is presented for a 3.3 kW multi-cellular (3 interleaved cells) Power Factor Corrector (PFC). It is found that the planar design offers the most compact solution, but might present challenges regarding thermal management. The Toroidal PCB structure tends to be larger, but easier to cool.
Abstract 14878: Baroreflex Failure Induces Striking Volume Intolerance In A Rat Model With Normal Left Ventricular Function (2011)

Background: In patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), minor (intravascular) volume reduction often rapidly resolves pulmonary edema. Major risk factors of HFpEF such ...
Refractive index mismatch induced aberration in nonlinear As2S3 (2009)

The large refractive index of As2S3 introduces strong spherical aberration onto a wavefront converging into the material from an immersion medium of differing refractive index. Due to the high nonlinearity however, we have observed additional aberration due to the intensity dependant refractive index.
Multivariate Cross-Coupling Adaptive Control Schemes to Reduce Contour Error in Multi-Axis Positioning Systems: Part I — Design and Stability (1996)

Abstract The majority of motion control systems in use today employ fixed controllers, such as PID, which are tuned for nominal system conditions. Such systems, however, suffer from performance degradation as the system dynamics vary from the nominal conditions. Furthermore, cross-coupling among axes of motion also affect the positioning accuracy in contouring, particularly as the speed increases. This paper describes adaptive control strategies to alleviate this problem by adapting controller parameters on-line to compensate for changing system dynamics. Control strategies for both minimum and nonminimum phase systems are presented including cross-coupling control between axes. Part I of two papers presents the design of the multivariate adaptive control laws with stability proofs and part II describes the implementation results for an end milling process. The control schemes presented here can be utilized for a wide range of tracking control problems.