gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Broadband nano-focusing of light using kissing nanowires (2010)

A strategy has been proposed recently to design plasmonic nanostructures capable of efficient harvesting of light over a broadband spectrum. Applying a singular conformal transformation to a metal–insulator–metal infinite structure, the optical response of two kissing nanowires can be deduced analytically. This nanostructure is shown to exhibit a large and continuous absorption cross-section relative to its physical size over the whole visible spectrum. Considerable field enhancement and confinement at the nano-scale are also expected at the touching point. Actually, instead of transporting the energy out to infinity, like in a metal slab geometry, the surface plasmon modes here propagate towards the singularity of the structure where their velocity vanishes and energy accumulates. The field enhancement is then a balance between this energy accumulation and dissipation losses. The asymptotic case of a nanowire placed on top of a metal plate is shown to be of great interest for nanofocusing. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to investigate the effect of radiative losses when the structure dimension becomes comparable to the wavelength.
A Framework for Dynamic Image Sampling Based on Supervised Learning (2017)

Sparse sampling schemes can broadly be classified into two main categories: static sampling where the sampling pattern is predetermined, and dynamic sampling where each new measurement location is selected based on information obtained from previous measurements. Dynamic sampling methods are particularly appropriate for pointwise imaging methods, in which pixels are measured sequentially in arbitrary order. Examples of pointwise imaging schemes include certain implementations of atomic force microscopy, electron back scatter diffraction, and synchrotron X-ray imaging. In these pointwise imaging applications, dynamic sparse sampling methods have the potential to dramatically reduce the number of measurements required to achieve a desired level of fidelity. However, the existing dynamic sampling methods tend to be computationally expensive and are, therefore, too slow for many practical applications. In this paper, we present a framework for dynamic sampling based on machine learning techniques, which we call a supervised learning approach for dynamic sampling (SLADS). In each step of SLADS, the objective is to find the pixel that maximizes the expected reduction in distortion (ERD) given previous measurements. SLADS is fast because we use a simple regression function to compute the ERD, and it is accurate because the regression function is trained using datasets that are representative of the specific application. In addition, we introduce an approximate method to terminate dynamic sampling at a desired level of distortion. We then extend our algorithm to incorporate multiple measurements at each step, which we call groupwise SLADS. Finally, we present results on computationally generated synthetic data and experimentally collected data to demonstrate a dramatic improvement over state-of-the-art static sampling methods
Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Versorgung von Sektionsschnittnephrotomien mit konventioneller Nahttechnik und mit Duragurtung (1976)

On 13 rabbits total longitudinal nephrotomies were performed on both kidneys. On the right side the margins of the parenchyma were sutured together with figure eight sutures. On the left, the nephrotomies were closed by tying ribbons of human dura around the kidney. Excretory urograms after 4-8 months showed no differences on both sides. On histological examination there was no difference of the scars. After roentgenological and histological criteria there are no advantages by closing kidney wounds with dura ribbons versus conventional suturing technique.
ADC Bit Optimization for Spectrum- and Energy-Efficient Millimeter Wave\n Communications (2017)

A spectrum- and energy-efficient system is essential for millimeter wave\ncommunication systems that require large antenna arrays with power-demanding\nADCs. We propose an ADC bit allocation (BA) algorithm that solves a minimum\nmean squared quantization error problem under a power constraint. Unlike\nexisting BA methods that only consider an ADC power constraint, the proposed\nalgorithm regards total receiver power constraint for a hybrid analog-digital\nbeamforming architecture. The major challenge is the non-linearities in the\nminimization problem. To address this issue, we first convert the problem into\na convex optimization problem through real number relaxation and substitution\nof ADC resolution switching power with constant average switching power. Then,\nwe derive a closed-form solution by fixing the number of activated radio\nfrequency (RF) chains M. Leveraging the solution, the binary search finds the\noptimal M and its corresponding optimal solution. We also provide an off-line\ntraining and modeling approach to estimate the average switching power.\nSimulation results validate the spectral and energy efficiency of the proposed\nalgorithm. In particular, existing state-of-the-art digital beamformers can be\nused in the system in conjunction with the BA algorithm as it makes the\nquantization error negligible in the low-resolution regime.\n
Accurate Modeling Method for Cu Interconnect (2008)

This paper proposes an accurate modeling method of the copper interconnect cross-section in which the width and thickness dependence on layout patterns and density caused by processes (CMP, etching, sputtering, lithography, and so on) are fully, incorporated and universally expressed. In addition, we have developed specific test patterns for the model parameters extraction, and an efficient extraction flow. We have extracted the model parameters for 0.15μm CMOS using this method and confirmed that 10%τpd error normally observed with conventional LPE (Layout Parameters Extraction) was completely dissolved. Moreover, it is verified that the model can be applied to more advanced technologies (90nm, 65nm and 55nm CMOS). Since the interconnect delay variations due to the processes constitute a significant part of what have conventionally been treated as random variations, use of the proposed model could enable one to greatly narrow the guardbands required to guarantee a desired yield, thereby facilitating design closure.
Obesity Is Associated with Worse Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Nationwide Analysis (2016)

Introduction: Approximately 30% of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are obese. We performed a nationwide analysis to evaluate the association between obesity and outcomes in hospitalized patients with IBD. Methods: Using the 2012 National Inpatient Sample, a nationally-representative all-payor database of inpatient hospitalizations in the United States we identified patients ≥18 years of age with either Crohn's disease (CD; ICD-9 code 555.x) or ulcerative colitis (UC, ICD-9 code 556.x). Using a previously validated combination of ICD-9 codes, we further identified obese patients with CD or UC. Using survey analysis to obtain weighted national estimates, we compared the rates of in-hospital mortality, IBD-related surgery, length of hospital stay, ‘severe hospitalization’ (defined as need for surgery and/or hospital stay >7d) and hospital charges in obese and non-obese hospitalized patients with IBD. Results: In 2012, an estimated 6,742 patients were hospitalized with UC, of whom 7.3% were obese. As compared to non-obese patients with UC, obese patients with UC had higher rates of IBD-related surgery (23.1% vs. 14.2%), longer hospital stay (6.0 vs. 5.4d, p < 0.001),severe hospitalization (35.3% vs. 26.2%, p < 0.001) as well as higher hospitalization charges ($43,293 vs. $38,879, p=0.05). The rates of inhospital mortality were numerically, but not statistically, higher in obese vs. non-obese UC patients (1.2% vs. 0.6%, p=0.10). Similarly, an estimated 11,845 patients were hospitalized with CD, of whom 6.4% were obese. Obese patients with CD had longer hospital stay as compared to non-obese patients (5.4 vs. 4.8, p < 0.001). However, the rates of in-hospital mortality, IBD-related surgery, severe hospitalization and hospital charges were comparable between obese and non-obese CD patients (Figure). Conclusion: Obesity is associated with worse outcomes in patients hospitalized with IBD, as compared to non-obese patients, particularly in UC. The impact of obesity on disease course and complications, and treatment response in patients with IBD warrants further evaluation.Figure 1
Ultrastructural localization of interferon-producing cells in the livers of patients with chronic hepatitis B. (1991)

Cells expressing alpha- and gamma-interferon were localized in the liver tissue of patients with chronic hepatitis B by means of light and electron microscopy using monoclonal antibodies. Interferon-positive cells were regularly seen in the infiltrating mononuclear cells, and the number showed a good correlation with the degree of the necroinflammatory activity of the disease. In chronic persistent hepatitis and in normal livers, they were infrequent or virtually absent. alpha-Interferon was shown to be positive in lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and fibroblasts, Kupffer cells and, weakly, in the cytoplasm of a few hepatocytes in cases of active hepatitis, whereas gamma-interferon was demonstrated only in lymphocytes. The expression of human leukocyte class I antigens on hepatocytes showed a close association with the number of interferon-producing cells, but not with the presence of virus particles and HBcAg in liver cells, when studied using electron microscopy and double-labeling. Interferon seems to be an important regulator of the local immune response in the liver in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Its functions may play a role in inducing the human leukocyte class I antigen expression on hepatocytes, thus enhancing the elimination of virus-containing hepatocytes by major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxic lymphocytes.
[Monitoring of the cryptococcus count in the cerebrospinal fluid with negative cultures in two cases of serious cryptococcal meningitis]. (2000)

We monitored the cryptococcus count in the cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) using the filter technique in two cases of serious cryptococcal meningitis during the course of treatment with antifungal agents. Lumbar puncture was performed once a week, and 1 ml of CSF was filtered through a Millipore filter(5.0-micron pore for cells), followed by staining of the filters with Alcian blue. All of the cryptococci on the filter were counted under a light microscope at a magnification of x 100. More than 500/ml and 2,000/ml of cryptococci were still observed in the CFS in Cases 1 and 2, respectively, in whom CFS cultures for Cryptococcus neoformans became negative after 4 weeks of treatment. Even though the treatment with antifungal agents were continued in these cases, cryptococci could still be observed for 5 weeks and 60 weeks on the filter preparations of Cases 1 and 2, respectively, after the CSF cultures became negative. The cryptococcal antigen could also be detected in the CSF during the positive filter preparations in these cases. At autopsy in Case 2, patchy lepromeningeal inflammatory lesions with the characteristic capsules of cryptococci were observed in the subarachnoid space. These observations suggest that cryptococci, which persisted in the CSF despite the negative cultures, were responsible for the lesions in the subarachnoid space and protracted clinical course in the two cases of cryptococcal meningitis.
Chromatically Resolved Optical Microscope (CROMoscope): A Grating-Based Instrument for Spectral Imaging (2009)

The chromatically resolved optical microscope (CROMoscope) is capable of spectral imaging with tunable spectral and spatial resolutions. Because of its remarkably simple design, the CROMoscope can be easily assembled and aligned. Spectral resolution as low as 2.5 nm full width at half maximum (fwhm) was measured using an atomic emission line of Hg. Absorption spectra of different parts of a micrograph can readily be compiled using white-light illumination. Chloroplast absorption from an Elodea plant leaf was used to demonstrate this capability. Spectral imaging is widely applicable to many areas of science, and the CROMoscope is particularly simple to adapt to conventional microscopes and should enable detailed spectroscopic information to be obtained from microscopy.
Cervical carcinomas that overexpress human trophoblast cell-surface marker (Trop-2) are highly sensitive to the antibody-drug conjugate sacituzumab govitecan. (2019)

e17028 Background: Recurrent disseminated cervical cancer is a discouraging clinical entity with 1-year survival rates between 10-15%, and development of novel, effective treatments remains an unmet medical need. We investigated the preclinical efficacy of IMMU-132 (sacituzumab govitecan), an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) comprised of a humanized anti-trophoblast-cell-surface-antigen (Trop-2) antibody (hRS7), conjugated with a hydrolysable linker to the active metabolite of irinotecan (SN-38), against Trop-2 positive primary cervical cancer cell lines and mouse xenografts. Methods: Trop-2 expression was evaluated in 151 cervical tumors and 5 primary tumor cell lines by immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flow cytometry. Cervical cancer cell viability against IMMU-132, non-targeting control ADC, and naked antibody (hRS7 IgG) was evaluated using flow-cytometry-based assays after 48-72 hours of incubation at a concentration of 0.05, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 10 nM of each agent. In vivo antitumor activity was tested in xenograft models with 3+ Trop-2 expression. Results: Out of 151 cervical tumors, 123 were squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 26 were adenosquamous/adenocarcinoma, 1 was neuroendocrine carcinoma, and 1 was clear cell carcinoma. Strong diffuse staining was seen in 61% (75/123) of SCCs, and 92% (24/26) of adenocarcinoma/adenosquamous cancers. The neuroendocrine carcinoma was also strongly positive, while there was no staining in the clear cell carcinoma. Four out of five (80%) primary cervical cancer cell lines evaluated overexpressed Trop-2 as determined by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Trop-2 positive cell lines showed high sensitivity to IMMU-132 in vitro, with IC 50 -values in the range of 0.18 to 0.26 nM ( P= 0.02). In contrast, a Trop-2 negative cervical cell line was highly resistant to the ADC with similar IC 50 for IMMU-132 and control ADC. In xenografts, twice-weekly intravenous administration of IMMU-132 for three weeks demonstrated significant tumor growth inhibition compared to controls ( P≤0.001). Overall survival was significantly increased in mice treated with IMMU-132 ( P= 0.014) when compared to naked antibody and ADC-control groups. Conclusions: Sacituzumab govitecan may represent a novel class of active drugs for cervical cancers overexpressing Trop-2. Clinical trials are warranted.
Human monocyte response to particulate biomaterials generated in vivo and in vitro (1995)

We studied the ability of four clinically relevant particle species to stimulate human peripheral blood monocytes to release bone-resorbing agents, including interleukin-1 (both interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta), interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E2. The species studied were titanium-6% aluminum-4% vanadium (TiAlV), commercially pure titanium, fabricated ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, and polyethylene retrieved from interfacial membranes of failed uncemented total hip arthroplasties. For all species, the mean size was less than 1 micron. Human peripheral blood monocytes were challenged with these particles in a uniform manner on the basis of surface area. Phorbol 12-myristate acetate, zymosan, and nonphagocytosable titanium particles served as controls. Stimulation of human monocytes is a function of the composition and concentration of particles. In this study, TiAlV particles appeared to be the most competent to elicit the synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators. Particles of commercially pure titanium and of fabricated ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene also could induce the release of various cellular mediators, albeit at a lower level, whereas the particles of polyethylene retrieved from interfacial membranes were less stimulatory in these short-term in vitro experiments.
Novel modulators of p53-signaling encoded by unknown genes of emerging viruses (2021)

The p53 transcription factor plays a key role both in cancer and in the cell-intrinsic response to infections. The ORFEOME project hypothesized that novel p53-virus interactions reside in hitherto uncharacterized, unknown, or hypothetical open reading frames (orfs) of human viruses. Hence, 172 orfs of unknown function from the emerging viruses SARS-Coronavirus, MERS-Coronavirus, influenza, Ebola, Zika (ZIKV), Chikungunya and Kaposi Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) were de novo synthesized, validated and tested in a functional screen of p53 signaling. This screen revealed novel mechanisms of p53 virus interactions and two viral proteins KSHV orf10 and ZIKV NS2A binding to p53. Originally identified as the target of small DNA tumor viruses, these experiments reinforce the notion that all viruses, including RNA viruses, interfere with p53 functions. These results validate this resource for analogous systems biology approaches to identify functional properties of uncharacterized viral proteins, long non-coding RNAs and micro RNAs.
Image widening not only a question of tip sample convolution (1995)

As the tip in the atomic force microscope is scanned over the sample surface an image results which contains information from the sample as well as from the tip. This mainly results in an increase of the apparent size of the sample. If the tip is reasonably sharp the contribution from the tip is small. In some cases the widening still persists in spite of a very sharp tip. In this letter, a model is presented which ascribes this to the lateral forces twisting the cantilever giving an offset between the apparent point of contact and the real point of contact. This results in a shift between forward and reverse scan of the sample position in the imaging window and, if the lateral forces due to the sample and substrate are different, a change in the apparent width of the sample.
Intrinsic sensitivity of Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/Te semiconductors for digital radiographic imaging (2003)

The intrinsic sensitivity of cadmium zinc telluride (Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/Te) semiconductor detectors has been experimentally measured, within the X-ray diagnostic energy range. The results of this study indicate that the intrinsic efficiency of Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/Te can be increased by optimizing geometrical and physical detection parameters such as X-ray irradiation geometry, detector thickness, and applied electric field. These results indicate that Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/Te is a suitable candidate for digital imaging applications.
Improved colour to greyscale via integrability correction (2009)

The classical approach to converting colour to greyscale is to code the luminance signal as a grey value image. However, the problem with this approach is that the detail at equiluminant edges vanishes, and in the worst case the greyscale reproduction of an equiluminant image is a single uniform grey value. The solution to this problem, adopted by all algorithms in the field, is to try to code colour difference (or contrast) in the greyscale image. In this paper we reconsider the Socolinsky and Wolff algorithm for colour to greyscale conversion. This algorithm, which is the most mathematically elegant, often scores well in preference experiments but can introduce artefacts which spoil the appearance of the final image. These artefacts are intrinsic to the method and stem from the underlying approach which computes a greyscale image by a) calculating approximate luminance-type derivatives for the colour image and b) re-integrating these to obtain a greyscale image. Unfortunately, the sign of the derivative vector is sometimes unknown on an equiluminant edge and, in the current theory, is set arbitrarily. However, choosing the wrong sign can lead to unnatural contrast gradients (not apparent in the colour original). Our contribution is to show how this sign problem can be ameliorated using a generalised definition of luminance and a Markov relaxation.
Deep-center oxygen-related photoluminescence in GaAs doped with dimethylaluminum methoxide during organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (1995)

Infrared oxygen-related photoluminescence measurements of GaAs epilayers grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) and intentionally doped with dimethylaluminum methoxide (DMALMO) are reported. The photoluminescence emissions at 1.08, 0.95, 0.81, and 0.62 eV are detected. The centers responsible for the emissions at 0.81 and 0.62 eV are tentatively attributed to Al–O–Ga and Al–O–Al, respectively, based on correlation with layer growth conditions. The growth parameters lead to information on the number of nearest-neighbor aluminum associated with oxygen. The Al–O–Ga center responsible for the 0.81 emission is also studied for AlxGa1−xAs(x=0.05–0.9) layers grown by OMVPE without DMALMO. The 0.81 eV emission is attributed to the transition from the conduction band to the Al–O–Ga center. The center shows the lattice relaxation exemplified by the Franck–Condon shift of 0.15 eV. The thermal ionization energy of this acceptor is determined to be 0.56 eV above the valence band.
Insulin-Mediated Cellular Insulin Resistance Decreases Osmotic Shock-Induced Glucose Transport in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes**This work was supported by NIH Grant DK-33651 and the Veterans Administration Medical Research Service. Andrej Janez was supported by a grant from Slovenian Ministry of Science and Technology (sklad za mlade raziskovalce). (2000)

Similar to insulin, osmotic shock treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes causes translocation of GLUT4 protein to the plasma membrane and an increase in glucose transport activity. In our study, we evaluated the effect of chronic insulin treatment on the osmotic shock signaling pathway leading to GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake. We found that chronic administration of insulin to the adipocytes induced cellular resistance to osmotic shock-stimulated GLUT4 translocation and glucose transport. We found that chronic insulin treatment attenuated shock-induced Gab-1 tyrosine phosphorylation. Furthermore, chronic insulin exposure led to a marked impairment in the ability of Gab-1 to associate with p85 subunit of PI 3-kinase in response to acute shock and insulin stimulation. Cells that were chronically treated with insulin showed a 70% and a 61% decrease in Gab-1 associated PI 3-kinase activity in shock- vs. insulin-treated cells, respectively. In addition, we found that chronic insulin treatment inhibited both insulin- and osmotic shock-induced membrane ruffling, indicating that two PI 3-kinase dependent effects, GLUT4 translocation and membrane ruffling are decreased in chronically insulin-treated cells. The results described above clearly demonstrate that chronic insulin treatment induces a state of cellular resistance to osmotic shock signal transduction.