gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Image contrast contributions to immersion lithography defect formation and process yield (2008)

As the industry extends immersion lithography to the 32 nm node, the limits of image and resist contrast will be challenged. Image contrast is limited by the inherent numerical aperture of a water based immersion lithography system. Elements of resist design and processing can further degrade the final deprotected image contrast<sup>1,2</sup>. Studies have been done to understand the effects of image contrast on line width roughness (LER) for dry 193 nm lithography<sup>3</sup>. This paper focuses on the impacts of image and resist contrast on the formation of defects and LER in an immersion lithography process. Optical and resist simulations are combined with experiments to better understand the relationship between image quality, resist design, scanner/track processing and defect formation. The goal of this work is to develop a relationship between resist contrast metrics and defect formation for immersion processes.
Illustrating Concepts in Physical Organic Chemistry with 3D Printed Orbitals (2015)

Orbital theory provides a powerful tool for rationalizing and understanding many phenomena in chemistry. In most introductory chemistry courses, students are introduced to atomic and molecular orbitals in the form of two-dimensional drawings. In this work, we describe a general method for producing 3D printing files of orbital models that can be employed with most popular software packages for performing electronic structure calculations and molecular visualization. Methods for producing both solid and mesh orbitals are provided, including pointers for producing a model that is both informative and structurally sound. Finally, numerous examples of various systems of interest in physical organic chemistry are provided in the .stl format for 3D printing, as well as a fully illustrated tutorial for the process.
Eco-conception: de nouveaux critères de conception en électrotechnique pour le développement durable (2008)

International audience
Linearization by prolongations of two-input driftless systems (2002)

Deals with the problem of linearization by prolongations of two-input driftless systems. For general two-input systems, the number of computations needed to check if a system is linearizable by prolongations is quite large. However, for driftless systems, the conditions presented in the paper require very few computations. The methodology is illustrated for some engineering systems which fulfill these conditions, e.g., a unicycle, a planar robot, and a hopping robot.
Systematic review of genome-wide expression studies in multiple sclerosis (2011)

Background Although recent genome-wide association studies have identified several genetic variants contributing to the complex aetiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), expression and functional studies are required to further understand its molecular basis. Objectives To identify genes and pathways with differential expression in MS. Design The authors conducted a systematic review of seven microarray studies, in which expression in immune cells was compared between MS patients and controls. These studies include a previously unpublished study, which is described here in detail. Results and conclusion Although in general the overlap between studies was poor, 229 genes were found to be differentially expressed in MS in at least two studies, of which 11 were in three studies and HSPA1A in four studies. After excluding the authors' unpublished experiment which may have been affected by certain confounding factors and inclusion of treated subjects, 135 genes were identified in at least two studies. The differentially expressed genes were significantly associated with several immunological pathways, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-17 and glucocorticoid receptor signalling pathways. 15 of the 229 loci have shown some association with MS in published genome-wide association studies (p<0.0001), including three loci with confirmed MS risk variants.
Approaches to the Synthesis and Characterization of Spherical and Anisotropic Noble Metal Nanomaterials (2008)

Abstract The ability to tailor the shapes and sizes of inorganic nanostructures is critical for modern materials chemistry, because the intrinsic properties of most nanostructures are strongly dependent on their shapes and sizes, which can be further useful for various applications. This chapter provides an overview of the various synthesis methods of spherical and anisotropic noble metal nanomaterials. The shapes of resultant nanostructures can be controlled by manipulating different parameters, such as the crystallinity of seeds and the growth rates of different crystallographic facets. In this chapter, we discuss a number of useful parameters that can be tuned to control the formation of anisotropic silver and gold nanostructures with a specific shape in a solution‐phase synthesis, using chemical and biological methods. A brief description of various synthesis methods and the characterization of the metal nanoparticles with a special emphasis on X‐ray absorption measurements have been provided in order to understand the mechanistic aspects of crystal growth. Using the synthesis methods described herein, a variety of well‐defined anisotropic shapes of silver and gold nanoparticles can be achieved and these methodologies can be directly extended to other metals.
An overview of the Trilinos project (2005)

The Trilinos Project is an effort to facilitate the design, development, integration, and ongoing support of mathematical software libraries within an object-oriented framework for the solution of large-scale, complex multiphysics engineering and scientific problems. Trilinos addresses two fundamental issues of developing software for these problems: (i) providing a streamlined process and set of tools for development of new algorithmic implementations and (ii) promoting interoperability of independently developed software.Trilinos uses a two-level software structure designed around collections of packages . A Trilinos package is an integral unit usually developed by a small team of experts in a particular algorithms area such as algebraic preconditioners, nonlinear solvers, etc. Packages exist underneath the Trilinos top level, which provides a common look-and-feel, including configuration, documentation, licensing, and bug-tracking.Here we present the overall Trilinos design, describing our use of abstract interfaces and default concrete implementations. We discuss the services that Trilinos provides to a prospective package and how these services are used by various packages. We also illustrate how packages can be combined to rapidly develop new algorithms. Finally, we discuss how Trilinos facilitates high-quality software engineering practices that are increasingly required from simulation software.
Signal compression in wireless sensor networks (2011)

Signal compression is an important tool for reducing communication costs and increasing the lifetime of wireless sensor network deployments. In this paper, we overview and classify an array of proposed compression methods, with an emphasis on illustrating the differences between the various approaches.
Hammerhead Cleavage of the Phosphorodithioate Linkage (2000)

Under standard reaction conditions, a hammerhead ribozyme with a phosphorodithioate linkage at the cleavage site cleaved to the expected products with a rate about 500-fold slower than the corresponding phosphodiester linkage. When the greater stability of the dithioate linkage to nonenzymatic nucleophilic attack is taken into account, the hammerhead is remarkably effective at cleaving the dithioate linkage considering that the R(P)-phosphoromonothioate linkage is virtually inactive. On the basis of experiments determining the Mg(2+) concentration dependence of the cleavage rate and the stimulation of cleavage by thiophilic Cd(2+) ion, the lesser catalytic rate enhancement of the dithioate linkage is primarily due to the loss of a single Mg(2+) ion bound near the cleavage site. These results are qualitatively similar to, but quantitatively different from, similar experiments examining the hammerhead cleavage properties of the R(P)-phosphoromonothioate linkage. The dithioate linkage thus promises to be a valuable alternative phosphate analogue to the monothioate linkage in studying the mechanisms of RNA catalysis.
Automedicazione: una risorsa economica da valorizzare (2001)

At the beginning of this new millennium, when the request for health care exceeds overall economic growth, resorting to self-medication allows to free up healthcare resources and it has a positive outcome for public health care systems and also for the individual. Self-medication is defined as the application of prescription-free medicines (OTC) to consumers in order to cure minor ailments. Aim of this study is to present the social and economic value of self-medication, comparing the Italian situation with other national situations inside European Union, especially France, U.K. and Germany. In Italy the OTC market is still late and the present study examines the different explanations, considering the trade-off between OTC products and health public spending, the geographical distribution and the possible savings for the for public health care system.
Worldwide Argus II implantation: recommendations to optimize patient outcomes (2016)

Bringing together Argus II investigators allowed the identification of strategies to optimize patient outcomes. Establishing an on-line collaborative network will foster coordinated research efforts to advance outcome assessment and rehabilitation strategies.
Combustion efficiency determined from wall pressure and temperature measurement in a Mach 2 combustor (1991)

A study of transverse hydrogen injection behind a rearward facing step in a Mach 2 airflow was conducted to determine the combustion efficiency and the combustor/inlet interactions at the low temperature lean-mixture operational end of a scramjet combustor model. The fuel was injected at sonic conditions into the electrically heated airstream, which was maintained at 850 K or below. The static pressure delivered at the entrance of the combustor ranged between 0.25 to 0.5 atm. Injector configurations included single and staged injectors placed at 3 or 3-and-7 step-heights downstream of the step, respectively, with injector diameters of 1, 1.5, and 2 mm. Ignition was achieved by initially unstarting the test section. The constant area combustor and the low initial temperatures caused thermal choking and upstream interaction to occur at very low equivalence ratios. Typically, most of the fuel was burned in the recirculation region behind the step and around the jets. The effects of initial conditions (temperature and pressure), fuel-to-air dynamic pressure ratio, and boundaries (thermal vs adiabatic) are presented.
Optical probe for in-situ measurements of air-to-fuel ratio in low emission engines (1996)

AIAA, Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 34th, Reno, NV, Jan. 15-18, 1996 The lower temperatures associated with lean premixed combustion generally lead to lower NO(x) emissions; however, the NO(x) emissions also depend on how well the air and fuel are mixed. In this paper, we describe the development of an inexpensive fiber optic probe capable of measuring the extent of turbulent mixing. The fuel concentration is determined by laser absorption at 3.39 microns over a short path length created by infrared transmitting fiber optics. We use this probe to show that NO(x) formation depends significantly on the extent of fuel-air mixing as well as the overall stoichiometry. A hydrogen-piloted, CH4-in-air turbulent flame with a variable fuel injection location is used to vary the degree of mixedness at the burner exit. The level of mixing and the mean concentration profiles are also measured by using Planar Laser Initiated Rayleigh Scattering. We show that at lean conditions, incomplete mixing causes an increase in NO(x) production because of the unfavorable temperature dependence of NO(x) formation at Phi = 0.6. We also show that the optical probe is capable of measuring the extent of mixing of the fuel-air mixture. (Author)
Biowaste-source-dependent synthetic pathways of redox functional groups within humic acids favoring pentachlorophenol dechlorination in composting process (2019)

Humic acids (HAs) can function as electron mediators for contaminants transformation in different environments. The humus respiration can facilitate pentachlorophenol (PCP) dechlorination during different biowastes composting. However, different characteristics of synthetic pathways of redox functional groups within HAs during different biowastes composting have never been characterized. Herein, we assessed the synthetic pathways of redox functional groups within HAs from protein-, lignocellulose-, and lignin-rich composts that facilitated the microbially reductive dechlorination of PCP, respectively. The results show that the aromatic systems are the major electron-accepting moieties of HAs and function as electron shuttles to facilitate the PCP dechlorination. Amino acid and reducing sugar are the major precursors for the synthesis of redox functional groups within HAs in protein-rich composts, and polyphenols and amino acids are discerned as the significant components to synthesize redox functional groups of HAs in lignocellulose- and lignin-rich composts. Seven groups of bacterial communities based on relationships among remarkable precursors, key bacterial communities, and redox functional groups within HAs are classified as participants in the precursors' catabolism and aromatic system' anabolism. Furthermore, the significant environmental factors on the synthetic pathways of redox functional groups within HAs in composting are confirmed by structural equation models. Conclusively, the regulating methods for promoting PCP dechlorination by HAs during different biowastes composting are proposed. Our results can help in understanding the distinct formative mechanisms of redox functional groups within HAs during different biowastes composting, providing insights into a classification-oriented approach for recycling utilization of different biowastes.
Polarized infrared spectroscopic study on changes in molecular orientation and interaction during phase transitions of a ferroelectric liquid crystal with a naphthalene ring (2001)

Temperature-dependent polarized infrared spectra were measured over the temperature range 105-30°C for a ferroelectric liquid crystal with a naphthalene ring (FLC-1) in the isotropic, smectic A (SmA), and chiral smectic C (SmC*) phases to investigate its molecular conformation, interactions, and alignment in each phase. It has been found, from the temperaturedependent spectral changes in the 1610-1600 cm-1 region, that the degree of twist between the naphthalene and benzene rings of FLC-1 changes with temperature. The peak intensity of the band at 1606 cm-1 containing contributions from both the benzene and naphthalene ring stretching modes begins to decrease, not suddenly but gradually, upon going from the SmA phase to the SmC* phase, suggesting that the molecular orientation of the two rings changes gradually between the two phases. The frequencies of two CH2 stretching bands suggest that the disorder of the alkyl chain of FLC-1 is similar for the liquid crystal phase and the isotropic liquid phase. The splitting of the core C=O stretching band indicates that the resonance system consisting of the benzene ring and the C=O group in the core part of FLC-1 is involved in two kinds of intermolecular interaction between adjacent molecules in the liquid crystal phase.
The X‐ray Crystal Structure of a Cuprate–Carbonyl π‐Complex (2013)

π! – aber wie? Die erste Röntgenkristallstruktur eines Cuprat-Carbonyl-π-Komplexes – und überhaupt eines π-Komplexes aus einem Organocuprat und einer Doppelbindung jedweder Art – wurde für ein Intermediat der Reaktion von Me2CuLi mit Fluorenon erhalten (siehe Schema).
Life cycle considerations of nano-enabled agrochemicals: are today's tools up to the task? (2018)

Nano specific challenges of applying LCA towards nano-enabled agrochemicals to assess their environmental implications are identified in this perspective.
Study of hepatitis E virus infection of genotype 1 and 3 in mice with humanised liver (2016)

Human liver chimeric mice can be infected with HEV of different genotypes. This small animal model will be a valuable tool for the <i>in vivo</i> study of HEV infection and the evaluation of novel antiviral molecules.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Iodinated Biochemical Tools Related to the 2‐Azetidinone Class of Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
An efficient test data reduction technique through dynamic pattern mixing across multiple fault models (2011)

ATPG tool generated patterns are a major component of test data for large SOCs. With increasing sizes of chips, higher integration involving IP cores and the need for patterns targeting multiple fault models for better defect coverage in newer technologies, the issues of adequate coverage and reasonable test data volume and application time dominate the economics of test. We address the problem of generating compact set of test patterns across multiple fault models. Traditional approaches use separate ATPG for each fault models and minimize patterns either during pattern generation through static or dynamic compaction, or after pattern generation by simulating all patterns over all fault models for static compaction. We propose a novel ATPG technique where all fault models of interest are concurrently targeted in a single ATPG run. Patterns are generated in small intervals, each consisting of 16, 32 or 64 patterns. In each interval fault model specific ATPG setups generate separate pattern sets for their respective fault model. An effectiveness criterion then selects exactly one of those pattern sets. The selected set covers untargeted faults that would have required the most additional patterns. Pattern generation intervals are repeated until required coverage for faults of all models of interest is achieved. The sum total of all selected interval pattern sets is the overall test set for the DUT. Experiments on industrial circuits show pattern count reductions of 21% to 68%. The technique is independent of any special ATPG tool or scan compression technique and requires no change or additional support in an existing ATPG system.
60-GHz adaptive beamforming receiver arrays for interference mitigation (2010)

This paper describes a millimetre-wave receiver beamforming for interference mitigation as well as array gain enhancement. Like the beamforming architecture in the IEEE 802.15.3c standard, it is based on only one baseband processor to support multiple N-element antenna arrays for low-cost implementation. This makes it difficult to estimate received signals and channel state information on each antenna, which restricts baseband digital processing and introduces large overheads for adaptive beamforming. For these reasons, the IEEE 802.15.3c standard utilizes 2-bit beam codebook for repetitive beam-searching, however it cannot offer adaptive interference nulling capability. We propose an algorithm to get received signal information on each antenna so that we can find optimum weight vectors for maximum beamforming gain. This also enables to mitigate co-channel interference, which increase total throughput by enhancing spatial re-use in multiple 60-GHz indoor networks. The structural difference from the IEEE 802.15.3c beamformer is to employ a continuous phase-shifter, however our implementation proves that it exhibits almost same-level complexity as 2-bit phase-shifters.
Entity Type Recognition for Heterogeneous Semantic Graphs (2013)

We describe an approach for identifying fine-grained entity types in heterogeneous data graphs that is effective for unstructured data or when the underlying ontologies or semantic schemas are unknown. Identifying fine-grained entity types, rather than a few high-level types, supports coreference resolution in heterogeneous graphs by reducing the number of possible coreference relations that must be considered. Big Data problems that involve integrating data from multiple sources can benefit from our approach when the data's ontologies are unknown, inaccessible or semantically trivial. For such cases, we use supervised machine learning to map entity attributes and relations to a known set of attributes and relations from appropriate background knowledge bases to predict instance entity types. We evaluated this approach in experiments on data from DBpedia, Freebase and Arnetminer using DBpedia as the background knowledge base.
Ultrafast all-optical switching with silicon inverse opals (2006)

We present ultrafast two-color pump-probe experiments on silicon inverse opals. A transient blue-shift of the stopgap leads to transmission changes up to a factor of five with relaxation times about 5 ps.
Internet of the body and cognitive companion: Enabling high-quality monitoring of patients at home (2017)

Wearables that continuously acquire vital and other medically relevant parameters facilitate treatment optimizations for individual patients and reduce the duration of hospitalizations - thus improving the patients' quality of life. To accomplish this, we demonstrate a scalable architecture that connects wearables through a hub to the cloud, combines edge and cloud computing to provide optimal user interaction, and allows analytics on multi-stream data from those connected devices.