gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Morphology of contact printed colloidal quantum dots in organic semiconductor films: Implications for QD‐LEDs (2010)

Abstract Quantum dot light emitting devices (QD‐LEDs) con‐sist of a monolayer of QDs sandwiched between a hole transporting layer (HTL) and electron transporting layer (ETL) of organic materials. These hybrid devices emit with the narrow bandwidth characteristic of the QDs. The precise position of the QD layer, relative to the interface between the ETL and HTL, can affect the quantum efficiency of the device on the scale of 10 nm or less. Motivated by this observation, the exact nature of the morphology of contact printed and self‐assembled QDs on typical organic materials is investigated. The QDs are substantially pressed into the organic material, to a somewhat greater extent when contact printed compared to self‐assembled structures. Measured device characteristics from samples made with the two methods are consistent with these observations (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Motion estimation and object tracking based on time-sequentially sampled imagery (1991)

Two new algorithms are presented for estimating optical flow fields. These algorithms are based on the spatiotemporal properties of the data obtained time-sequentially from the field of view (FOV). The first is a centroid-based algorithm which estimates the velocity from the distance traveled by the centroid of the time-sequential data during the observation period. This algorithm performs well considering its simplicity. Next, a Fourier-based algorithm is presented. When motion within a time-varying scene is constant speed translation, the spectral energy is confined to a plane in the frequency domain. It is shown how to estimate a set of points on this plane using the 1-D FFT of the weighted time-sequential data. An estimate of the velocity vector is obtained by finding the orientation of the plane which gives a least squares fit to this set.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Liquid Crystals: Thermally Induced, Multicolored Hyper‐Reflective Cholesteric Liquid Crystals (Adv. Mater. 12/2011) (2011)

While chiral nematic liquid crystals are promising for a variety of dynamic photonic applications, their contrast is usually limited to 50%. Timothy J. Bunning and co-workers present a system that dynamically induces contrast approaching 100% at multiple wavelengths using temperature on p. 1453. The inside cover is a rendered graphic of a surface bound helicoidal structured polymer network that templates the local liquid crystal molecules. The green background is a color enhanced polarized optical microscopy image of the liquid crystal texture in the non-templated region that is critical to thermal tuning behavior. Cover design by Michael E. McConney.
Experimental 39-GHz Band Propagation Measurements for Coverage Extension from the Sky (2022)

While 5G is expected to be an important technology for regional development and solving regional problems, a key issue facing the 5G Evolution and 6G eras is expected to be expanding the communications area to any place where its benefits can be enjoyed. To expand the communications area, we are focusing on implementing a communications area from the sky using satellites and a high-altitude platform station (HAPS). In particular for HAPSs, which can park in fixed locations at a lower altitude than satellites, the use of broadband millimeter-waves is expected to enable the timely provisioning of the required high-speed high-capacity low-latency access in any location including at sea, in the air, or remote areas. Before using an actual HAPS system, we performed an initial experiment to measure the propagation characteristics in the 39-GHz band using a small aircraft. The experimental results assuming HAPSs in an urban area, a forest, and a remote island show propagation loss in the 39-GHz band in various environments under the influence of aircraft turning.
Halogen Bond (2016)

In the past, aggregation and self-assembly have been associated principally with micellar and colloidal systems of molecules; however, with the advent of supramolecular chemistry, molecular self-assembly has been opened to a much wider understanding that has facilitated access to a variety of different shapes and sizes, along with the construction of new and fascinating molecular topologies. This document aims at defining more than 150 terms related to aggregation and self-assembly in the particular case of macromolecules. The list is restricted to the most commonly encountered terms.
Mobilization of dendritic cells in cancer patients treated with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor and chemotherapy (2002)

The number of dendritic cells (DC) circulating in the peripheral blood of cancer patients were monitored at multiple time points during chemotherapy and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) support. DC were identified via the lack of expression of standard lineage markers and high expression of HLA-DR (LN-/DR+). The expression of DC-associated markers, including CD83, CD11c, IL-3Ralpha (CDw123) and CD86, within this LN-/DR+ population was also monitored. Maximal mobilization occurred during recovery on d 12, with a mean 32-fold increase in LN-/DR+ numbers. The most striking increase was observed in the LN-/DR+/CD83+ cell population: 12 d after commencement of treatment, the proportion of these cells had increased by approximately 120-fold when compared with baseline. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and CD34+ cell numbers also peaked 12 d into the treatment regimen in most patients. These data suggest that it should be possible to acquire substantial numbers of DC from leukapheresis products collected from cancer patients undergoing a standard treatment regimen of chemotherapy and G-CSF. This strategy may be a feasible, low-risk means of acquiring cells for DC-based vaccine studies.
Treatment with low-dose everolimus in patients with sporadic lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) (2014)

Sirolimus is a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, was recently shown to stabilize lung function and reduce the size of chylous effusions in patients with LAM. The optimal doses of mTOR inhibitors for the treatment of LAM are not clear, but in recent retrospective trail low-dose therapy with sirolimus was clinically beneficial in LAM patients (Ando K et al., Respir Invest 2013; 51: 175-183). We present here our first experience of low-dose everolimus treatment in LAM patients. Methods: Ten women with sporadic LAM (mean age 41.4 ± 6.4 years) with clinically significant lung disease (FEV1 42.3±16.7%, FVC 77.9± 22.6%, DLCO 33.3±11.7%) were included in our open-label study. Five patients had abdominal angiomyolipomas (AML), four patients had chylous effusion, and one - chylous ascite. Patients received everolimus 1-2 mg daily from 6 month to 3 years (in all patients the blood trough levels of everolimus was lower than 5 ng/mL). Results: There was a complete resolution of chylous complications in all four patients within 1 to 2 months after the initiation of therapy with everolimus. A significant shrinkage of ALM was noted in four women. PFTs also showed substantial improvement: after first 6 months of treatment FEV1 were 46.6±17.9%, FVC - 80.6±13.9% and DLCO - 40.0± 20.6%. The distance in 6-MWD increased by 56.5±19.3 meters. The therapy with low-dose everolimus was well tolerated, and only two patients experienced adverse events: headache (1) and hypercholesterolemia (1). Conclusions: Our findings suggest a potential role for low-dose everolimus treatment in patients with sporadic LAM.
Titanium Silicide/Titanium Nitride Full Metal Gates for Dual-Channel Gate-First CMOS (2015)

We demonstrate a thermally stable titanium silicide/titanium nitride (TiSi <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><i>x</i></sub> /TiN) full metal gate (FMG) for dual-channel gate-first high- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> /metal gate complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology. Unlike prior tungsten-based FMG, the simple TiSi <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><i>x</i></sub> /TiN gate electrode does not require any additional barrier layer preventing oxygen down-diffusion during high-temperature processing, as the TiSi <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><i>x</i></sub> itself blocks oxygen. With HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -based gate dielectrics and without any oxygen scavenging scheme, we thus demonstrate a capacitance-equivalent thickness in inversion ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T_{\mathrm {inv}})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 1.11 nm, corresponding to an equivalent oxide thickness of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim 0.7$ </tex-math></inline-formula> nm. Silicon channel nFET and silicon germanium channel pFET parametrics are similar to those of control devices utilizing a conventional a-Si/TiN metal-inserted poly-Si stack (MIPS) gate, while providing superior gate sheet resistance. By supplanting MIPS with such an FMG, we anticipate that contacted gate pitch can be scaled aggressively via reduced gate height and borderless source/drain contacts.
Frequency-Converter-Based Hybrid Estimation Method for the Centrifugal Pump Operational State (2011)

Research on utilization of a frequency converter and sensorless methods in the drive system diagnostics has been mostly limited to the motor and to the frequency converter itself. However, it has been shown that a frequency converter also allows the sensorless estimation of the operational state of a centrifugal pump providing new opportunities for the diagnostics and control of pumping systems. In this paper, a novel hybrid estimation method for the centrifugal pump operational state is proposed. It is based on the identification of the process by using those flow rate and head estimates produced by QP-curve-based method, which are known to be relatively accurate. After the identification phase, the process model can be used together with the estimates of the frequency converter for the sensorless operational state estimation of the pump. The method is evaluated by laboratory measurements, and its applicability to industrial pumping and fan systems is also discussed.
Enhanced Hematopoiesis by Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells Lacking Intracellular Adaptor Protein, Lnk (2002)

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) give rise to variety of hematopoietic cells via pluripotential progenitors and lineage-committed progenitors and are responsible for blood production throughout adult life. Amplification of HSCs or progenitors represents a potentially powerful approach to the treatment of various blood disorders and to applying gene therapy by bone marrow transplantation. Lnk is an adaptor protein regulating the production of B cells. Here we show that Lnk is also expressed in hematopoietic progenitors in bone marrow, and that in the absence of Lnk, the number and the hematopoietic ability of progenitors are significantly increased. Augmented growth signals through c-Kit partly contributed to the enhanced hematopoiesis by lnk-/- cells. Lnk was phosphorylated by and associated with c-Kit, and selectively inhibited c-Kit-mediated proliferation by attenuating phosphorylation of Gab2 and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. These observations indicate that Lnk plays critical roles in the expansion and function of early hematopoietic progenitors, and provide useful clues for the amplification of hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Pathology Synthesis of 3D-Consistent Cardiac MR Images using 2D VAEs and GANs (2022)

We propose a method for synthesizing cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) images with plausible heart pathologies and realistic appearances for the purpose of generating labeled data for the application of supervised deep-learning (DL) training. The image synthesis consists of label deformation and label-to-image translation tasks. The former is achieved via latent space interpolation in a VAE model, while the latter is accomplished via a label-conditional GAN model. We devise three approaches for label manipulation in the latent space of the trained VAE model; i) \textbf{intra-subject synthesis} aiming to interpolate the intermediate slices of a subject to increase the through-plane resolution, ii) \textbf{inter-subject synthesis} aiming to interpolate the geometry and appearance of intermediate images between two dissimilar subjects acquired with different scanner vendors, and iii) \textbf{pathology synthesis} aiming to synthesize a series of pseudo-pathological synthetic subjects with characteristics of a desired heart disease. Furthermore, we propose to model the relationship between 2D slices in the latent space of the VAE prior to reconstruction for generating 3D-consistent subjects from stacking up 2D slice-by-slice generations. We demonstrate that such an approach could provide a solution to diversify and enrich an available database of cardiac MR images and to pave the way for the development of generalizable DL-based image analysis algorithms. We quantitatively evaluate the quality of the synthesized data in an augmentation scenario to achieve generalization and robustness to multi-vendor and multi-disease data for image segmentation. Our code is available at https://github.com/sinaamirrajab/CardiacPathologySynthesis.
Evaluation of Medicago sativa L. sprouts as antihyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic agent. (2015)

Medicago sativa L. (Alfalfa) is traditionally used to treat diabetes. This study was designed to investigate the potential antihyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic activity of M. sativa sprouts in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes via i.p. injection of 55 mg/kg of STZ. Experimental animals were divided into the following groups: GP1 (normal), GP2 (STZ-hyperlipidemic), GP3 (rouvastatin), GP4 (metformin), GP 5-9 (diabetic treated with methanolic, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol extracts). The administration of the total methanolic extract (500 mg/kg), the petroleum ether (32.5mg) and butanol fractions (60 mg) for 4 weeks significantly decreased (p<0.05) triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) in comparison to rouvastatin. Petroleum ether fraction proved to exhibit the best activity as antihyperlipidemic agent (12.23%). On the other hand, ethyl acetate fraction retained the best activity (vs. metformin) as antihyperglycemic agent. Histopathological evidences on liver, pancreas and spleen were in agreement with the above mentioned results. Purification, characterization, and identification of isolated compounds from the active fractions afforded 9 compounds: β-sitosterol and stigmasterol from the petroleum ether fraction; 10-hydroxy-coumestrol, apigenin, genistein, p-hydroxy-benzoic-acid, 7, 4'- dihydroxyflavone, quercetin-3-glucoside and sissotrin from the ethyl acetate fraction.
Synthesis, Antiproliferative and Antiviral Activity of Imidazo[4,5-d]isothiazole Nucleosides as 5:5 Fused Analogs of Nebularine and 6-Methylpurine Ribonucleoside (1997)

A series of imidazo[4,5-d]isothiazole nucleosides related to the antibiotic nebularine and the highly cytotoxic 6-methyl-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine have been synthesized from the corresponding heterocycles. The sodium salt glycosylation of the imidazo[4,5-d]isothiazoles proceeded smoothly, giving mixtures of N-4 and N-6 regioisomers in generally good yields. The protected derivatives were deblocked using standard conditions to afford the desired imidazo[4,5-d]-isothiazole nucleosides, usually as crystalline solids. None of the new nucleosides or heterocycles displayed selective activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) or herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). The N-6 glycosylated imidazo[4,5-d]isothiazoles were completely inactive up to the highest concentration tested. The N-6 glycosylated imidazo[4,5-d]isothiazoles also were inactive in antiproliferative and cytotoxicity assays, except for 3-methyl-6-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazo[4,5-d]isothiazole (15a) and 5-(benzylthio)-6-(2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-d]isothiaz ole (5e), which showed moderate inhibition of L1210 cell growth. However, the heterocycles and several of the N-4 glycosylated derivatives were toxic to HFF, KB and L1210 cells; compounds with 5-benzylthio substituents were the most cytotoxic agents in this series.
Quantifying variation and estimating the effects of sample size on the frequencies of linguistic variables (2013)

The work we report in this chapter began with the aim of finding techniques to minimize the problems that arise from small data samples in fields such as historical sociolinguistics. However, the solutions we propose are not limited to historical sociolinguistics, but are applicable to quantitative sociolinguistic and corpus studies in general. Establishing the frequency of given linguistic forms is a crucial issue in studying differences in linguistic usage between populations or points in time. In its simplest form, the question can be posed as follows: suppose there are two alternative forms, A and B, of a linguistic variable – alternative pronunciations, words or phrases meaning the same, functionally equivalent grammatical structures – what is the frequency of use of each? The basic questions we address include the use of aggregate data and its relation to individual variation when individuals contribute different amounts of data to the aggregate.
Alpha‐smooth muscle actin expression in rat and mouse mesenteric wounds after transforming growth factor‐β1 treatment (1997)

Rat mesenteric perforations heal by contraction within 5 to 7 days, whereas mouse mesenteric perforations seldom close within 3 weeks unless stimulated by transforming growth factor-beta1. In this article, we quantified the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin by quantitative-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the orientation of actin filaments at the wound margin by Fourier transformation image analysis after treatment with transforming growth factor-beta1. The expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 and its type II receptor was also assessed. Actin filaments were shown to increase with time at the wound margin in both species and the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin mRNA increased simultaneously. Transforming growth factor-beta1 enhanced the alpha-smooth muscle actin expression four to five times in rats and three to four times in mice on day 5, but the number of copies expressed per cell was 15-fold higher in rats than in mice. Transforming growth factor-beta1 was down-regulated after wounding in free peritoneal cells of rats, but maintained until day 5 in transforming growth factor-beta1-treated mice. The main finding of this study was that untreated, normal rats expressed substantially more alpha-smooth muscle actin than mice. After treatment with transforming growth factor-beta1, this expression increased similarly in both species. It can be hypothesized that normal closure of mesenteric perforations requires a minimum level of actin expression. This level is not reached in normal mice, but is exceeded after stimulation. Perforations in the rat always close, because the alpha-smooth muscle actin expression is always above this level.
Modification of GaAs/AlGaAs growth-interrupted interfaces through changes in ambient conditions during growth (1993)

The effect of the ambient conditions in the growth chamber of the molecular beam epitaxy machine during the growth of GaAs/Al0.35Ga0.65As structures was investigated. Both growth-interrupted (120 s at each heterointerface) and uninterrupted surfaces and interfaces were evaluated using a growth temperature of 580 °C. Two ambient conditions were studied: (a) ∼1×10−10 Torr O2; and (b) ultrahigh vacuum (UHV, ∼5×10−11 Torr, with no intentional introduction of contaminants). A striking difference was observed in both the 1.7 K photoluminescence (PL) spectra of single quantum well (SQW) structures and UHV scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of surfaces, which were grown under ambient condition (a) as opposed to (b). When consecutive growth-interrupted SQW samples were grown with different well widths (25 and 28 Å) under condition (a), the emission energy splitting into several peaks was observed, indicating discrete thicknesses of the well. However, the peak energies shifted as the laser spot was scanned across each sample. Additionally, the peak energy shifted from sample to sample for the same nominal well width. On the other hand, when SQW samples were grown under condition (b), no variation in the emission energy was observed as the laser was scanned across the sample, or from sample to sample for a given well width. Furthermore, the PL observations are supported by UHV-STM results. UHV-STM images indicated a very rough surface with large islands containing small terraces on top (a bimodal distribution) for condition (a). Conversely, when samples were grown under condition (b), only large islands were observed. For growth interrupted GaAs surfaces, 400 Å×600 Å islands were observed, and for Al0.35Ga0.65As, they were 150 Å×400 Å, with a one-monolayer step in between islands. These data are consistent with abrupt interfaces with only a single-mode distribution for growth-interrupted surfaces. On the other hand, UHV-STM images of uninterrupted GaAs surfaces grown under condition (b) showed islands that were 40–60 Å across. Photoluminesce spectra of a similarly grown SQW sample showed only a single broad emission line, consistent with an interface configuration of many steps which are smaller than the exciton diameter. The results show that interface roughness is sensitive to background O2.
Subtherapeutic oral anticoagulant therapy: Frequency and risk factors (2009)

Subtherapeutic anticoagulation levels increase both the risk and severity of thromboembolism. The aim of this study was to determine the cumulative incidence of subtherapeutic international normalised ratios (INRs) and to identify risk factors associated with a low INR. We performed a cohort study in 7,419 patients from a Dutch anticoagulation clinic. Patients who started a first treatment with oral anticoagulants between January 2000 and December 2005 and who were stably anticoagulated (4 consecutive INRs in the therapeutic range) were included. Within the cohort a nested case control study was performed to identify risk factors of subtherapeutic INRs and to determine how often a subtherapeutic INR is the result of medical interference in case of invasive procedures, hospital admissions, haemorrhage or overanticoagulation. In patients with a stable anticoagulation, the median time to a first low INR was 40 weeks. A subtherapeutic INR occurred twice as often in patients using acenocoumarol as in those using phenprocoumon (hazard ratio [HR] 2.1, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]:2.0 - 2.3) and was more common in patients with a high therapeutic range compared to a low therapeutic range (HR 1.8, 95%CI:1.5 - 2.2). Occurrence of a low INR also depended on indication for anticoagulant therapy, with the highest risk in patients who used anticoagulants as prophylaxis and the lowest risk in patients with mechanical heart valves. In 30% of cases the subtherapeutic INR was preceded by an event necessitating vitamin K or discontinuation of the anticoagulant drug.