gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
4D PAM-7 Trellis Coded Modulation for Data Centers (2019)

We propose a novel seven-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-7) combined with trellis coded modulation (TCM) for data center applications. Four symbols are combined in the 4D space to encode ten information bits. The novel scheme called 4D PAM-7 TCM is experimentally demonstrated with commercially available devices at 1550 nm at rates of 210/225 Gbit/s. Excellent performance is achieved by employing advanced digital signal processing algorithms both at transmitter and receiver. The TCM scheme is compared with the PAM-6 modulation format which has the same spectral efficiency. The 4D PAM-7 TCM format improves the sensitivity by 5.5 dB compared to the best PAM-6 results assuming that the system works with the KP4 FEC. The TCM solution may transport the next Ethernet data rate of 800G using 4 × 200G transceivers.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Heteroaromatic rings of the future. (2009)

Small aromatic ring systems are of central importance in the development of novel synthetic protein ligands. Here we generate a complete list of 24,847 such ring systems. We call this list and associated annotations VEHICLe, which stands for virtual exploratory heterocyclic library. Searches of literature and compound databases, using this list as substructure queries, identified only 1701 as synthesized. Using a carefully validated machine learning approach, we were able to estimate that the number of unpublished, but synthetically tractable, VEHICLe rings could be over 3000. However, analysis also shows that the rate of publication of novel examples to be as low as 5-10 per year. With this work, we aim to provide fresh stimulus to creative organic chemists by highlighting a small set of apparently simple ring systems that are predicted to be tractable but are, to the best of our knowledge, unconquered. PMID: 19348472
S/390 G5 CMOS microprocessor diagnostics (1999)

This paper describes the strategies and techniques used to diagnose failures in the IBM 600-MHz S/390® G5 (Generation 5) CMOS microprocessor and the associated cache chips. The complexity, density, cycle time, and technology issues related to the hardware, coupled with time-to-market requirements, have necessitated a quick diagnostic turnaround time. Beginning with the first prototype of the G5 microprocessor chip, intense chip diagnostics and physical failure analysis (PFA) have successfully identified the root causes of many failures, including process, design, and random manufacturing defects. In this paper, three different diagnostic techniques are described that have enabled the G5 to achieve its objective. An example is presented for each technique to demonstrate its effectiveness.
In Vitro Repair of Meniscal Radial Tear Using Aligned Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffold (2015)

Radial tears of the meniscus represent one of the most common injuries of the knee, and result in loss of biomechanical meniscal function. However, there have been no established, effective treatments for radial meniscal tears. Nanofibrous materials produced by electrospinning have shown high promise in the engineering of soft musculoskeletal tissues. The goal of our study is to apply these technologies to develop a functional cell-seeded scaffold as a potential, new surgical method to enhance meniscal radial repair. Cylinder-shaped explants were excised from the inner avascular region of bovine meniscus and a radial tear was created in the center of the explant. The torn site was wrapped with either nanofibrous scaffold alone or scaffold seeded with meniscal fibrochondrocytes (MFC). A control group was prepared as explants without scaffolds or cells. The composite constructs in each group were cultured in vitro for 4 and 8 weeks, and these were then assessed histologically and mechanically. Histological analysis showed partial repair of the radial tear was observed with adherence between scaffold and native meniscal tissue in either the scaffold alone or cell-seeded scaffold group. Only the cell-seeded scaffold exhibited significant positive Picrosirius red staining and Safranin O staining. Mechanical testing of the repaired meniscus showed that the load-to-failure and stiffness values were significantly improved in the cell-seeded group. These results demonstrated the applicability of the MFC-seeded nanofibrous scaffold for meniscal radial tear repair based on both histological and mechanical analyses. In particular, the highly adhesive property of the cell-seeded scaffold to the meniscal tissue should be beneficial in helping to preserve the meniscal function by stabilizing meniscal fibers.
O3‐07‐01: Candidate therapeutic antibody with specific ability to catalyze beta‐amyloid degradation (2010)

Clearing amyloid β peptides (Aβ) from the brain may be beneficial for Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. However, the Aβ-binding monoclonal antibody (Ab) Bapineuzumab displayed limited efficacy and dose-limited toxicity in AD immunotherapy trials. Specific Aβ-hydrolyzing catalytic Abs are potential 2nd-generation therapeutic agents with improved efficacy and safety. Compared to 1:1 stable immune complexes, a single catalytic Ab molecule degrades large amounts of the antigen without forming stable immune complexes that can activate hemorrhage and unwanted inflammatory and vascular processes. Clone 2E6 is a heterodimer of Ab light chain variable domains (IgVL2) with specific Aβ-hydrolyzing activity of the same order as classical enzymes (JBC 2008;283:36724). We report functional properties of this Ab fragment supporting its utility for catalytic AD immunotherapy. Aβ aggregation was monitored using thioflavin-T or denaturing electrophoresis. Overlapping synthetic Aβ fragments and 125I-Aβ(1-40) substrate were used to identify the noncovalent binding epitope. Aβ depletion in 5XFAD APP/PS1 transgenic mice after intracerebral IgVL2 injection was quantified by anti-Aβ staining of tissue sections. Catalytic 2E6 inhibited the formation of Aβ aggregates. Treatment of preformed Aβ aggregates with 2E6 reduced the amount of thioflavin-T stainable large Aβ aggregates and oligomers determined by electrophoresis. Intracerebral administration of 2E6 to Aβ overexpressing mice reduced the Aβ plaque burden. Catalytically incompetent 2E6 treated with a protease inhibitor and a non-proteolytic control IgVL2 did not express these activities. The major 2E6-cleavage site in Aβ was the His14-Gln15 peptide bond. Epitope mapping indicated competitive inhibition of 2E6-catalyzed 125I-Aβ degradation by the remote Aβ29-40 peptide, identifying this region as the noncovalent recognition epitope. 2E6-Aβ immune complexes were undetectable by ELISA, consistent with rapid progress of the reaction to the catalysis step. 2E6 did not cleave His-Gln containing proteins, indicating that specificity for Aβ derives from the noncovalent binding step. The Ab fragment targets monomer and aggregate forms of Aβ and clears brain Aβ plaques by initial noncovalent recognition of the amyloidogenic C terminal region followed by cleavage at remote peptide bonds. Catalysis is rapid and no immune complexes are detectable. This catalytic antibody fragment can be developed for more effective and safe AD immunotherapy.
Accounting for uncertainity in observations: A new paradigm for Robust Automatic Speech Recognition (2002)

We introduce a new paradigm for Robust Automatic Speech Recognition that directly incorporates information about the uncertainty introduced by environmental noise. In contrast to the feature cleaning and model adaptation paradigms, where the noise compensation mechanism is separate from the recognizer, the new paradigm unifies the noise compensation mechanism and the recognizer. The Algonquin framework serves to demonstrate the importance of retaining soft information, i.e. information about the degree of uncertainty in the observations. The Algonquin framework employs Gaussian mixture models to model both noise and speech. Uncertainty introduced by the noise process is captured by the variance of the noise model. The Algonquin framework also allows us to isolate the effect of retaining or discarding soft information. Our initial results indicate that substantial improvements in recognition rates can be achieved through the use of soft information.
Generating concurrent test-programs with collisions for multi-processor verification (2003)

We discuss collisions that are of interest to multiprocessor verification. Collisions occur when different processes access a shared resource. We investigate how the results of such collisions can be presented in test programs and suggest implementations for automatically generating such tests and predicting the results of collision scenarios. Most of the ideas presented are the result of years of experience with two multi-processor test generators from IBM (Genie and Genesys-Pro) which are also briefly presented.
Wege einer Verkehrswende (2018)

Einführung in das Schwerpunktthema
Controlled experiment to assess the use of watercolumn multibeam data in the detection of gas seepages in shallow waters (2017)

In order to simulate the detection of underwater gas seepage by acoustic sensors, a controlled experiment was carried in the Paranoá Lake (Brasilia, Brazil) to verify whether multibeam echo-sounders are able to detect and characterize bubbles both at their generation point on the lake-floor and along the water column. The experiment involved the acquisition of acoustic data from a purpose-built submerged target, with and without the presence of gas bubbles. The target was built using a 1×2 meter acrylic plate, mounted on an iron structure, with an air injection system for bubble formation. The air injection system was built using 0.5-inch tubes, which were drilled for air venting, and attached to the bottom of the acrylic plates. Such an arrangement allowed for simulating the presence of gas at the lake-floor. Two vessels were used for the data acquisition, the first equipped with a multibeam sonar system, and the second with an air injection system, including an air compressor powered by a generator. The experiment was carried out at two sites at Paranoá Lake, with different water depths (6 and 13 meters). The study site was chosen due to its proximity to the laboratory facilities and favorable conditions for target implantation. During the experiment, bottom disaggregated sediments and mud buried the controlled target (which is only 4cm thick) in the bottom of the lake, making it difficult to discriminate its position based on bathymetric data. Nevertheless, the results allowed us to observe the bubbles both at their generation point on the lake-floor and along the water column, on a 3D perspective. At the shallower site, the bubbles seemed more densely concentrated near the target, while at the deepest location, they were more spread out around the target area, which can be explained by the increase of ambient pressure with depth which should reduce both bubble size and density.
Cutting Edge: Priming of NK Cells by IL-18 (2008)

Recent evidence suggests that NK cells require priming to display full effector activity. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-18 contributed to this phenomenon. IL-18 signaling-deficient NK cells were found to be unable to secrete IFN-gamma in response to ex vivo stimulation with IL-12. This was not due to a costimulatory role of IL-18, because blocking IL-18 signaling during the ex vivo stimulation with IL-12 did not alter IFN-gamma production by wild-type NK cells. Rather, we demonstrate that IL-18 primes NK cells in vivo to produce IFN-gamma upon subsequent stimulation with IL-12. Importantly, IL-12-induced IFN-gamma transcription by NK cells was comparable in IL-18 signaling-deficient and -sufficient NK cells. This suggests that priming by IL-18 leads to an improved translation of IFN-gamma mRNA. These results reveal a novel type of cooperation between IL-12 and IL-18 that requires the sequential action of these cytokines.
Quantitative and comparative characterizations of plasma process-induced damage in advanced metal-oxide-semiconductor devices (2008)

Two plasma process-induced damage mechanisms are investigated in detail: charging damage by plasma conduction current through two different gate dielectrics (SiO2 and HfAlOx/SiO2 (high-k)) in metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) devices and ion-bombardment damage in Si surfaces. The charging damage was identified as the changes in tunnelling currents and the decrease in the reliability lifetime. The behaviours were found to depend on the dielectric thickness as well as dielectric materials (SiO2 and high-k). For p-ch MOS transistors, the threshold voltage of devices with high-k exposed to Ar-based plasma shifted towards the positive direction, while with SiO2, towards the negative direction. This may be attributed to the difference in the trap site generation process and trapping phenomenon. With regard to the ion-bombardment damage, the changes in optical structures (surface layer thicknesses, dielectric function and mechanical strain within the interfacial damaged layers) by direct current and electron cyclotron resonance plasma exposures were investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry and photoreflectance spectroscopy. The plasma-induced stressing current and the defect density were estimated to quantify the damage. The experimental findings provide key implications that a plasma-induced damage is one of the limiting factors for future-scaled device designs.
Synthesis of pomiferin, auriculasin, and related compounds (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of pomiferin, auriculasin, and related compoundsAmolak C. Jain, Deepak K. Tuli, and Ramesh C. GuptaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 18, 3446–3449Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00412a004https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00412a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views263Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ChemInform Abstract: Inhibition of Protein—Protein Association by Small Molecules: Approaches and Progress (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Post-Stress Thickening of Dextran/Concanavalin A Solutions Used as Sensitive Fluids in a Viscosimetric Affinity Assay for Glucose (1997)

Glucose-dependent low-stress and high-stress rheology of a sensitive fluid (SF) containing high-molecular-weight dextran (30 g/L) and Concanavalin A (ConA, 10 g/L) was studied to define conditions for reproducible glucose determination by a viscosimetric sensor. The viscosity of the investigated SF was reproducibly glucose-dependent only at sufficient shear stresses (>0.5 Pa) . Rheometric parameters measured at low stresses (<0.1 Pa) were strongly dependent on the shear history. Low-stress viscosity measured after laminar flow with a high rate (90 s, 100 s−1, 4.5 Pa) increased by more than 2 orders of magnitude with slow kinetics. Solutions thickened after laminar flow acquired gel-like properties (storage modulus nearly equal to loss modulus in a broad range of frequencies) . The highly viscous and gel-like state developed after flow was stable up to a yield stress of ca. 0.05 Pa. The ConA-mediated contribution to high-stress viscosity was almost completely suppressed by the presence of glucose (100 mM), whereas thickening after flow was rather insensitive to the competing sugar. Interaction of diffusion-controlled ligand exchange at the ConA binding sites with convective displacement of dextran molecules has been considered a main reason for the observed thickening effect. It is proposed that the shear field has an orientating effect on lectin distribution in the dextran matrix, whereby far-reaching lamellar affinity clusters are developed. In the subsequently unloaded fluid, residues of these structures can reorientate and be cross-linked to a weak metastable gel by redistributing ConA.
Intracellular invasion and survival of Brucella neotomae, another possible zoonotic Brucella species (2019)

In 1967, Brucella neotomae was first isolated from Neotoma lepida, the dessert wood rat, in Utah. With little infection data since its discovery, the zoonotic potential of this Brucella species is largely unknown. Recent reports of isolation from human cerebrospinal fluid, along with current literature suggest that B. neotomae has the ability to infect various hosts and cell types. In this report we extend the knowledge of B. neotomae ATCC 23459's intracellular invasion and survival abilities to a variety of cell lines through gentamicin protection assays. Some of the phagocytic and epithelial cell lines from various mammalian species represent characteristics of some cell types that could be encountered by Brucella in potential hosts. It was found that B. neotomae ATCC 23459 exhibits generally lower intracellular bacterial CFUs compared to the mouse-passaged strain of B. neotomae ATCC 23459, B. suis 1330, and B. abortus 2308. Ultimately, these observations provide a small piece of the puzzle in the investigation of the breadth of B. neotomae's pathogenic potential.
Interventional neurorehabilitation for promoting functional recovery post-craniotomy: a proof-of-concept (2022)

The human brain is a highly plastic 'complex' network-it is highly resilient to damage and capable of self-reorganisation after a large perturbation. Clinically, neurological deficits secondary to iatrogenic injury have very few active treatments. New imaging and stimulation technologies, though, offer promising therapeutic avenues to accelerate post-operative recovery trajectories. In this study, we sought to establish the safety profile for 'interventional neurorehabilitation': connectome-based therapeutic brain stimulation to drive cortical reorganisation and promote functional recovery post-craniotomy. In n = 34 glioma patients who experienced post-operative motor or language deficits, we used connectomics to construct single-subject cortical networks. Based on their clinical and connectivity deficit, patients underwent network-specific transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) sessions daily over five consecutive days. Patients were then assessed for TMS-related side effects and improvements. 31/34 (91%) patients were successfully recruited and enrolled for TMS treatment within two weeks of glioma surgery. No seizures or serious complications occurred during TMS rehabilitation and 1-week post-stimulation. Transient headaches were reported in 4/31 patients but improved after a single session. No neurological worsening was observed while a clinically and statistically significant benefit was noted in 28/31 patients post-TMS. We present two clinical vignettes and a video demonstration of interventional neurorehabilitation. For the first time, we demonstrate the safety profile and ability to recruit, enroll, and complete TMS acutely post-craniotomy in a high seizure risk population. Given the lack of randomisation and controls in this study, prospective randomised sham-controlled stimulation trials are now warranted to establish the efficacy of interventional neurorehabilitation following craniotomy.
Drivers of antimicrobial resistance amongst intestinal Escherichia coli isolated from children in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa (2017)

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) dynamics are poorly understood in developing countries, where data on the prevalence of AMR in enteric bacteria are sparse, particularly among children and in the community setting. Here we use a combination of phenotyping, genomics and antimicrobial usage data to investigate patterns of AMR amongst atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC) strains isolated from children &lt;5 years old in seven countries (four in sub-Saharan Africa and three in South Asia) over a three-year period. We detected very high rates of AMR, with 65% of isolates displaying resistance to ≥3 drug classes; the rates of AMR were the same amongst strains associated with diarrhea and strains that were carried asymptomatically. Whole genome sequencing identified a diversity of genetic mechanisms for AMR, which could explain &gt;95% of observed phenotypic resistance. Analysis of AMR gene co-occurrence revealed clusters of acquired AMR genes that were frequently co-located on small plasmids and transposons, providing opportunities for acquisition of multidrug resistance in a single step. We used discriminant analysis to investigate potential drivers of AMR within the bacterial population, and found that genetic determinants of AMR were associated with geographical location of isolation but not with phylogenetic lineage of the E. coli strain or disease status of the human host. Comparison with antimicrobial usage data showed that the prevalence of resistance to newer drugs (fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins) was correlated with usage, which was generally higher in South Asia than Africa. In particular, fluoroquinolone resistance-associated mutations in gyrA were significantly associated with use of these drugs for treatment of diarrheic children. Notably resistance to older drugs such as trimethoprim, chloramphenicol and ampicillin, which are conferred by acquired AMR genes that were frequently clustered together in mobile genetic elements, were common in all locations despite differences in usage; this suggests that reversion to sensitivity is unlikely to occur even if these drugs are removed from circulation. This study provides much-needed insights into the frequencies of AMR in intestinal E. coli in community-based children in developing countries and to antimicrobial usage for diarrhea where the burden of infections is greatest.
A New Approach to the Synthesis of Piperazinomycin and Bouvardin:  Facile Access to Cycloisodityrosine via an Intramolecular SNAr Reaction (1996)

A new method for the synthesis of cycloisodityrosine atropisomers I (R1 = CO2Me, R2 = NHBoc), a 14-membered m,p-cyclophane, is reported. The synthesis hinged on an efficient macrocyclization procedure for biaryl ether formation based on an intramol. SNAr reaction. The cyclization conditions are much milder and the yield is much higher than those previously reported. Moreover, the presence of the NO2 function in I provides an opportunity to introduce not only the hydroxyl group found in natural products but also others such as amino acid amide for bioactivity evaluation. 3-Fluoro-4-nitrophenylalanine II was prepd. by alkylation of a chiral bislactim ether with 3-fluoro-4-nitrobenzyl bromide; secondary amine III resulting from the double alkylation was isolated as a minor product and characterized. A mechanism was proposed for its formation. [on SciFinder (R)]