gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical dynamics for college freshmen (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemical dynamics for college freshmenGeorge S. Hammond and Harry B. Gray Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1968, 45, 6, 354Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1968Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 June 1968Published inissue 1 June 1968https://doi.org/10.1021/ed045p354RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views126Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Large Flow Use Cases for I2RS PBR and QoS (2014)

This draft discusses two use cases to help identify the requirements
for policy-based routing in I2RS. Both of the use cases involve
identification of certain flows and then using I2RS to program routers
with special handling for those flows. The first use case deals with
improving bandwidth efficiency. Demands on networking bandwidth are
growing exponentially due to applications such as large file transfers
and those with rich media. Link Aggregation Group (LAG) and Equal Cost
Multipath (ECMP) are extensively deployed in networks to scale the
bandwidth. However, the static hash-based load balancing techniques
used today make inefficient use of the bandwidth in the presence of
long-lived large flows. We discuss how I2RS can be used for achieving
better load balancing. The second use case is for recognizing and
mitigating Layer 3-4 based DDoS attacks. Behavioral security threats
such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are an ongoing
problem in today's networks. DDoS attacks can be Layer 3-4 based or
Layer 7 based. We discuss how such attacks can be recognized and how
I2RS can be used for mitigating their effects.
Organogels with Fe(III) Complexes of Phosphorus-Containing Amphiphiles as Two-Component Isothermal Gelators (2006)

The properties of thermally reversible organogels in which the gelators consist of a phosphonic acid monoester, phosphonic acid, or phosphoric acid monoester and a ferric salt are probed by IR and NMR spectroscopies, optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, rheology, and light and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques. This is one of a small number of two-component molecular gelator systems in which gelation can be induced isothermally. The data indicate that complexation between the phosphonate moieties and Fe(III) is accompanied by their in situ polymerization to form self-assembled fibrillar networks that encapsulate and immobilize macroscopically the organic liquid component. From SANS measurements, the cross-sectional radii of the cyclindrical fibers are ca. 15 A. The efficiencies of the gelators (based on the diversity of the liquids gelated, the minimum concentration of gelator required to make a gel at room temperature, and the temporal and thermal stabilities of the gels) have been determined. With a common ferric salt and liquid component, phosphonic acid monoesters are generally more efficient than phosphinic acids or phosphoric acid esters. Of the phosphonic acid monoesters, monophosphonates are better gelator components than bisphosphonates, and introduction of an omega-hydroxy group on the alkyl chain directly attached to phosphorus reduces significantly gelation ability. Several of the gels are stable for very long periods at room temperature. When heated, they revert to sols over wide temperature ranges. The structures of the gelator complexes and the mechanism of their formation and transformation to gels in selected liquids are examined as well.
Colloidal Silicon Quantum Dot‐Based Cavity Light‐Emitting Diodes with Narrowed and Tunable Electroluminescence (2022)

Abstract Luminescent colloidal silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) are explored as alternatives to metal‐based quantum dots for light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) because of the abundance and biocompatibility of silicon. To date, the broad electroluminescence (EL) bandwidth (&gt;100 nm) and blueshifting of EL at high applied voltages of SiQD‐LEDs are outstanding challenges that limit a competitive spectral purity and device stability. Herein, the fabrication and testing of SiQD‐LEDs that incorporate a Fabry–Pérot cavity are reported which exhibit a narrow spectral linewidth as low as ≈23 nm. The presented devices also provide wavelength and visual stability from +4 to +8 V, as well as spectral tunability.
47 Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in desmoplastic melanomas (DM) differ from non-DM-associated TLS by their intratumoral location and enhanced immune activity (2021)

Background Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic lymphoid organs that are localized near tumors and other sites of inflammation, and are commonly believed to support antitumor immunity. We previously published studies that show that most desmoplastic melanomas contain TLS, and that TLS in cutaneous metastatic melanomas varied widely in maturation state, in proportions of proliferating T and B cells, and in markers of B cell function, including AID and CD21. Thus, we hypothesized that there may be diversity in TLS function, or immunologic activity, among melanomas. To address this hypothesis, we evaluated TLS in primary desmoplastic melanomas (DM), and non-desmoplastic melanomas (non-DM) for markers of cell proliferation which are indicative of early immune activity. Methods DM and non-DM tumor specimens, which included primary melanomas (PM), and cutaneous metastatic melanomas (CMM), were evaluated for TLS by multiplex Immunofluorescence histology, by staining for CD20, CD8, PNAd, Ki67, FoxP3, and DAPI. Lymphoid aggregates were identified in 20x spectrally unmixed images by visual inspection and identified as TLS if possessing organized T-cell and B-cell regions in addition to high endothelial venule-like vasculature (PNAd+). TLS were identified in 30 out of 64 screened (48%) CMM, 4/4 non-DM PM, and 8 out of 11 screened (73%) DM. Immune cells localized in TLS were enumerated using Halo software (Indica Labs). Mann-Whitney tests were used for statistical assessments. Results DM commonly contain a dense network of fibroblasts and associated stroma, which are not typical for other non-DM (PM and CMM). TLS in DM are located throughout the tumors, intratumorally, in sharp distinction from the peritumoral location of TLS in non-DM. Furthermore, when compared to TLS of non-DM (PM and CMM), TLS of DM contain increased densities of CD20+ B cells (PM p=0.007; CMM p&lt;0.0001) and CD8+ T cells (PM p=0.017; CMM p=0.0006), and a higher proportion of proliferating (Ki67+) CD20+ B cells (PM p=0.04; CMM p=0.009). Conclusions Recently published studies have identified tumor-associated fibroblasts as the likely initiating cells for TLS formation in murine melanomas. The intratumoral location of TLS in DM puts them in close proximity to the dense fibroblasts and desmoplastic stroma in these tumors, which may be responsible for their intratumoral location. The increased density of B and T cells, and higher proportion of proliferating (Ki67+) B cells, in DM than in non-DM, suggests that there may be greater immune activation, increased germinal center maturation, or less regulation in TLS of DM. Ethics Approval Approval was obtained for these studies under IRB protocol #’s 10598 and 19694.
Hoyle-Wickramasinghe Panspermia is Far More Than a Hypothesis (2018)

The hypothesis of life being a cosmic rather than a terrestrial phenomenon has evolved from the mid 1970's onwards and is documented in an extensive body of publications by Fred Hoyle, Chandra Wickramasinghe and their many collaborators and students in the columns of Nature and other peer-reviewed journals.  After nearly 5 decades of pursuing a rigorous Popperian prediction/verification cycle, and the emergence of a vast body of astronomical and biological evidence, the reigning Aristotelean dogma of Earth-bound abiogenesis is now seriously threatened.  A paradigm shift to the H-W theory of cosmic life (H-W Panspermia) has been long overdue, and is currently held back mostly by sociological impediments. Here we outline the special subset of scientific facts which constitute, in our minds, the demarcation data set which distinguishes the terrestrial theory of evolution (neo-Darwinism) based on abiogenesis from the new cosmic theory of evolution (H-W Panspermia).
Electro-Osmotic Remediation of Fine-Grained Sediments (1999)

The coupled-flow phenomenon, electro-osmosis, whereby water flow results from an applied electrical potential gradient, is being used at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to induce water flow through deep (25-40 meters below surface) fine-grained sediments. The scoping work described here lays the groundwork for implementation of this technology to remediate solvent-contaminated clayey zones at the LLNL site. The electro-osmotic conductivity (k{sub e}) measured in-situ between two 37 m deep wells, 3 m apart of 2.3 x 10{sup -9} m{sup 2}/s-V is in good agreement with the value determined from bench-top studies on the core extracted from one of the wells of 0.94 {+-} 0.29 x 10{sup -9} m{sup 2}/s-V. Hydraulic conductivity (k{sub h}) of the same core is measured to be 2.03 {+-} 0.36 x 10{sup -10} m/s. Thus, a voltage gradient of 1 V/cm produces an effective hydraulic conductivity of {approx}1 x 10{sup -7} m/s; an increase in conductivity of nearly three orders of magnitude.
MAL73, a novel regulator of maltose fermentation, is functionally impaired by single nucleotide polymorphism in sake brewing yeast (2018)

For maltose fermentation, budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae operates a mechanism that involves transporters (MALT), maltases (MALS) and regulators (MALR) collectively known as MAL genes. However, functional relevance of MAL genes during sake brewing process remains largely elusive, since sake yeast is cultured under glucose-rich condition achieved by the co-culture partner Aspergillus spp.. Here we isolated an ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized sake yeast strain exhibiting enhanced maltose fermentation compared to the parental strain. The mutant carried a single nucleotide insertion that leads to the extension of the C-terminal region of a previously uncharacterized MALR gene YPR196W-2, which was renamed as MAL73. Introduction of the mutant allele MAL73L with extended C-terminal region into the parental or other sake yeast strains enhanced the growth rate when fed with maltose as the sole carbon source. In contrast, disruption of endogenous MAL73 in the sake yeasts decreased the maltose fermentation ability of sake yeast, confirming that the original MAL73 functions as a MALR. Importantly, the MAL73L-expressing strain fermented more maltose in practical condition compared to the parental strain during sake brewing process. Our data show that MAL73(L) is a novel MALR gene that regulates maltose fermentation, and has been functionally attenuated in sake yeast by single nucleotide deletion during breeding history. Since the MAL73L-expressing strain showed enhanced ability of maltose fermentation, MAL73L might also be a valuable tool for enhancing maltose fermentation in yeast in general.
Mechanisms of Submucosal Gland Morphogenesis in the Airway (2002)

Submucosal glands (SMGs) are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of a number of hypersecretory lung diseases including cystic fibrosis, asthma, and chronic bronchitis. In such diseases, severe SMG hypertrophy and hyperplasia is characteristic of disease progression. Our laboratory has focused efforts on defining both the mechanism of SMG morphogenesis and the identification of SMG stem cells. To this end, we have identified a transcription factor (LEF1) that is temporally and spatially uniquely regulated in SMG progenitors during the initial stages of gland development. LEF1 expression is absolutely required for SMG development in mouse and ferret tracheas, but is insufficient to induce de novo gland development in the absence of other unknown co-factors. In an effort to delineate the transcriptional cascades responsible for inducing LEF1 expression and subsequent SMG development in the airway, we have begun to dissect the regulation of the LEF1 promoter using cell line and transgenic mouse models. Current efforts are focused on defining the cis-acting elements and transcriptional binding factors responsible for Wnt induction of the LEF1 promoter and determining whether the Wnt/beta catenin cascade plays a role in submucosal gland development in vivo.
Rapid Authentication of Coffee Blends and Quantification of 16-O-Methylcafestol in Roasted Coffee Beans by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (2014)

Roasted coffee is subject to commercial frauds, because the high-quality Coffea arabica species, described as "100% Arabica" or "Highland coffee", is often mixed with the less expensive Coffea canephora var. Robusta. The quantification of 16-O-methylcafestol (16-OMC) is useful to monitor the authenticity of the products as well as the Robusta content in blends. The German standard method DIN 10779 is used in the determination of 16-OMC in roasted coffee beans to detect C. canephora in blends, but it is laborious and time-consuming. Here, we introduce a new method that provides a quantitative determination of esterified 16-OMC directly in coffee extracts by means of high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 5 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, which are adequate to detect the presence of Robusta at percentages lower than 0.9%. The proposed method is much faster, more sensitive, and much more reproducible than the DIN standard method.
Binary Time Series Approach to Spectrum Prediction for Cognitive Radio (2007)

One of the major goals of cognitive radio (CR) is to alleviate the inefficient use of the spectrum. CR can sense the spectrum steadily and gather information about the evolution of the spectrum in time. Spectrum occupancy information can be used for both learning the usage of the spectrum and predicting the future occupancy status. In this study, the use of binary time series for spectrum occupancy characterization and prediction is proposed. Both deterministic and non-deterministic occupancy schemes are examined. Numerical results and discussions are presented.
Two additional glutaredoxins exist in Escherichia coli: glutaredoxin 3 is a hydrogen donor for ribonucleotide reductase in a thioredoxin/glutaredoxin 1 double mutant. (1994)

Thioredoxin (Trx) and glutaredoxin (Grx1) are hydrogen donors for ribonucleotide reductase, the key enzyme for deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis. The viability of a double mutant lacking both Trx and Grx1 implies the presence of a third, unknown hydrogen donor. This paper reports the purification and characterization of two proteins with glutaredoxin activity (using hydroxyethyl disulfide as a substrate) from an Escherichia coli mutant lacking Trx and Grx1 (delta trxA, grx::kan). Affinity chromatography was used to bind glutaredoxin on a glutathione-containing thiol-Sepharose column. The molecular weight of Grx2, 27,000, was atypical for glutaredoxins, whereas Grx3 had a molecular weight of 10,000. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed novel structures with putative active sites typical of glutaredoxins: Cys-Pro-Tyr-Cys. The proteins are therefore referred to as Grx2 and Grx3. The low hydrogen donor activity for ribonucleotide reductase in the crude extract was recovered in the purification of Grx3, whereas Grx2 was inactive. As a hydrogen donor for E. coli ribonucleotide reductase, Grx3 showed approximately the same Km value (0.35 microM) as Grx1, whereas its Vmax value was only 5% that of Grx1. The combination of the Grx3 hydrogen donor activity and a 25-fold induction of ribonucleotide reductase activity in a delta trxA, grx double mutant provides an explanation for its viability and deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis. The physiological functions of Grx2 and Grx3 remain to be determined.
Predictive text encourages predictable writing (2020)

Intelligent text entry systems, including the now-ubiquitous predictive keyboard, can make text entry more efficient, but little is known about how these systems affect the content that people write. To study how predictive text systems affect content, we compared image captions written with different kinds of predictive text suggestions. Our key findings were that captions written with suggestions were shorter and that they included fewer words that that the system did not predict. Suggestions also boosted text entry speed, but with diminishing benefit for faster typists. Our findings imply that text entry systems should be evaluated not just by speed and accuracy but also by their effect on the content written.
Fully-Online Always-Adaptation of Transfer Functions and Its Application to Sound Source Localization and Separation (2021)

This paper addresses fully-online always-adaptation of a transfer function for robot audition systems based on microphone array processing. The transfer function represents signal propagation characteristics between a microphone and a sound source, which provides essential information for real-world scene analysis, such as sound source localization and separation for robots. Although it is commonly defined as a stationary function, it should be considered together with room acoustics and their environmental changes for practical use, that is, it should be defined as a dynamically-changing function. To fulfill this requirement, we propose a fully-online always-adaptation method for a transfer function, by continuously estimating the transfer function from the observed signals in a passive manner, while performing sound source localization and separation. The proposed method was implemented on open source robot audition software HARK as modules which works online. These modules are applied to sound source localization and separation which are primary functions in robot audition. Experimental results showed that the proposed method successfully adapted to an office environment and improved the performance of sound source localization and separation at a close level to the transfer function recorded in the room.
Synthesis and Properties of a Hole-Conducting, Photopatternable Molecular Glass (1999)

A glass-forming, low molecular weight diaminobiphenyl compound with incorporated azo groups was synthesized. It exhibits a glass transition temperature well above room temperature (101 °C), which is explained in terms of molecular structure. Holographic birefringence gratings as well as surface gratings were produced in thin spin-coated films under intensity and polarization holography conditions. The hole transport property was demonstrated by implementing the material in organic light-emitting diodes. If the special properties of this material are combined, applications such as organic laser diodes with integrated optical feedback gratings seem to be realizable.
Extraction of Airways with Probabilistic State-space Models and Bayesian\n Smoothing (2017)

Segmenting tree structures is common in several image processing\napplications. In medical image analysis, reliable segmentations of airways,\nvessels, neurons and other tree structures can enable important clinical\napplications. We present a framework for tracking tree structures comprising of\nelongated branches using probabilistic state-space models and Bayesian\nsmoothing. Unlike most existing methods that proceed with sequential tracking\nof branches, we present an exploratory method, that is less sensitive to local\nanomalies in the data due to acquisition noise and/or interfering structures.\nThe evolution of individual branches is modelled using a process model and the\nobserved data is incorporated into the update step of the Bayesian smoother\nusing a measurement model that is based on a multi-scale blob detector.\nBayesian smoothing is performed using the RTS (Rauch-Tung-Striebel) smoother,\nwhich provides Gaussian density estimates of branch states at each tracking\nstep. We select likely branch seed points automatically based on the response\nof the blob detection and track from all such seed points using the RTS\nsmoother. We use covariance of the marginal posterior density estimated for\neach branch to discriminate false positive and true positive branches. The\nmethod is evaluated on 3D chest CT scans to track airways. We show that the\npresented method results in additional branches compared to a baseline method\nbased on region growing on probability images.\n
Characteristics of Solute Transfer in Sodium Dioleyl Phosphate/Sodium Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Sulfosuccinate Microemulsion Systems. (1998)

The behavior of solute transfer in sodium dioleylphosphate (SDOLP)/n-heptane and SDOLP-AOT/n-heptane systems was elucidated by focussing on the extraction process in Winsor II and the solute-exchange process between microemulsion droplets. The extraction of tryptophan (Trp) between the organic and aqueous phases is rather fast for the simultaneous extraction of water and Trp in the SDOLP and SDOLP/AOT systems, whereas in the extraction of Trp without water transfer between the microemulsion droplet and the aqueous phase, the rate slows down significantly with the addition of SDOLP in the AOT system. The rate of the interdroplet exchange process is insensitive to the presence of SDOLP. The reason for the difference in these two processes is discussed with the help of a model of the exchange processes.
The use of surfactant in the rinse to improve collapse behavior of chemically amplified photoresists (2004)

In this study we investigated a production relevant process to reduce pattern collapse by adding a low concentration of surfactant to the final rinse liquid in the resist development process. X-ray lithography was used to print test structures with critical dimensions as small as 70 nm in an experimental EUV photoresist, XP-1449-L-400, generously supplied by Shipley. By controlling the dimensions of the test structures, the in-plane capillary forces that act to deform the resist structures during drying were well-defined and easily varied. Commercially available fluorosurfactants (Zonyl FSK and FSO) from DuPont Chemicals were used at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.01% in water. Using surfactants, the capillary forces that act on the structures were reduced and the critical aspect ratio of collapse (CARC) of the structures was increased by an average of 20 to 30%, from 2.5 to 3.2, allowing industry to meet the SIA roadmap requirements. The use of surfactants in the rinse in conjunction with the test structures provided insight into the fundamental chemical physics of pattern collapse. Using independently measured receding contact angles (&#952;) of the rinse liquid on the resist and the surface tensions (&#947;) of the rinsing solutions, the collapse data could be generalized in terms of the magnitude of the capillary forces that were estimated using classical thermodynamics. The principle conclusion of this study is that the criteria for choosing the optimum rinse liquid to reduce resist collapse is to minimize the magnitude of 2&#947;cos&#952;.