gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optically driven 90-GHz radar system using broadband IQ downconverter (2014)

A millimeter-wave (MMW) radar system is promising for high-precision imaging because of its short wavelength and broad range of available bandwidths. Particularly in the frequency range of 92-100 GHz, where the US, the EU, and Japan allow radiolocation, an atmospheric attenuation coefficient of 0.4 dB/km in standard atmospheric conditions limits the imaging range. Thus, a distributed radar system directly connected to optical fiber networks realizes both high-precision imaging and a large imaging area. A frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FM-CW) radar system based on an optical modulation technique has already been reported and evaluated in the optical domain. In this paper, we evaluate the precision of a broadband FM-CW radar system operated with optical modulation technology. A broadband in-phase/quadrature (IQ) mixer can directly convert to intermediate frequency signals with a common-mode rejection feature.
Sample Efficient Social Navigation Using Inverse Reinforcement Learning (2021)

In this paper, we present an algorithm to efficiently learn socially-compliant navigation policies from observations of human trajectories. As mobile robots come to inhabit and traffic social spaces, they must account for social cues and behave in a socially compliant manner. We focus on learning such cues from examples. We describe an inverse reinforcement learning based algorithm which learns from human trajectory observations without knowing their specific actions. We increase the sample-efficiency of our approach over alternative methods by leveraging the notion of a replay buffer (found in many off-policy reinforcement learning methods) to eliminate the additional sample complexity associated with inverse reinforcement learning. We evaluate our method by training agents using publicly available pedestrian motion data sets and compare it to related methods. We show that our approach yields better performance while also decreasing training time and sample complexity.
The origin of gate bias stress instability and hysteresis in monolayer WS2 transistors (2020)

Due to the ultra-thin nature and moderate carrier mobility, semiconducting two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted extensive attention for next-generation electronics. However, the gate bias stress instability and hysteresis are always observed in these 2D materials-based transistors that significantly degrade their reliability for practical applications. Herein, the origin of gate bias stress instability and hysteresis for chemical vapor deposited monolayer WS2 transistors are investigated carefully. The transistor performance is found to be strongly affected by the gate bias stress time, sweeping rate and range, and temperature. Based on the systematical study and complementary analysis, charge trapping is determined to be the major contribution for these observed phenomena. Importantly, due to these charge trapping effects, the channel current is observed to decrease with time; hence, a rate equation, considering the charge trapping and time decay effect of current, is proposed and developed to model the phenomena with excellent consistency with experimental data. All these results do not only indicate the validity of the charge trapping model, but also confirm the hysteresis being indeed caused by charge trapping. Evidently, this simple model provides a sufficient explanation for the charge trapping induced gate bias stress instability and hysteresis in monolayer WS2 transistors, which can be also applicable to other kinds of transistors.
Microstructural Analysis of 5XXX Series Aluminum Alloys for Optimal Strength and Corrosion Resistance (2005)

Intergranular corrosion is a significant concern for Al-Mg alloys when subjected to a salt-water media. To address this, the standard AA5083 was modified in an attempt to improve corrosion resistance. STEM and EFTEM imaging was performed to analyze microstructural features that cause this behavior. Corrosion was attributed to a network of Mg-rich grain boundary precipitates in the standard alloy. Alloying with Cu and Zn was found to suppress grain boundary precipitation and thus improve corrosion resistance.
Characterisation of L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) Expression in Human Skeletal Muscle by Immunofluorescent Microscopy (2017)

The branch chain amino acid leucine is a potent stimulator of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. Leucine rapidly enters the cell via the L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1); however, little is known regarding the localisation and distribution of this transporter in human skeletal muscle. Therefore, we applied immunofluorescence staining approaches to visualise LAT1 in wild type (WT) and LAT1 muscle-specific knockout (mKO) mice, in addition to basal human skeletal muscle samples. LAT1 positive staining was visually greater in WT muscles compared to mKO muscle. In human skeletal muscle, positive LAT1 staining was noted close to the sarcolemmal membrane (dystrophin positive staining), with a greater staining intensity for LAT1 observed in the sarcoplasmic regions of type II fibres (those not stained positively for myosin heavy-chain 1, Type II-25.07 ± 5.93, Type I-13.71 ± 1.98, <i>p</i> < 0.01), suggesting a greater abundance of this protein in these fibres. Finally, we observed association with LAT1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), suggesting LAT1 association close to the microvasculature. This is the first study to visualise the distribution and localisation of LAT1 in human skeletal muscle. As such, this approach provides a validated experimental platform to study the role and regulation of LAT1 in human skeletal muscle in response to various physiological and pathophysiological models.
Supplementary Table 7 from Genome-Wide Promoter Analysis Uncovers Portions of the Cancer Methylome (2023)

Supplementary Table 7 from Genome-Wide Promoter Analysis Uncovers Portions of the Cancer Methylome
Rolling along a square path: The dynamics of biased balls (2020)

A biased ball rolled and spun on a horizontal surface exhibits interesting dynamics. We investigate the motion of a truncated billiard ball, via experiments, analytical methods, and numerical solutions of the equations of motion for a biased sphere rolling without slipping. Solutions are identified where the center of mass moves in a circular or a square path, and we investigate other quasi-periodic motions of the ball.
LDM Core Services Performance in ATSC 3.0 (2016)

Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) 3.0, the new generation digital terrestrial television standard, has been designed for facing the new challenges of the future broadcasting systems. ATSC 3.0 has been built using the most recent cutting-edge technologies. Layered division multiplexing (LDM) is one of the major components of the new system baseline. LDM provides a tool to make flexible use of the spectrum for delivering simultaneous services to stationary and mobile services. This paper presents the performance evaluation of ATSC 3.0 core services in mobile scenarios using LDM. Simulation results are presented to analyze the influence of different LDM ensemble configuration modes for mobile reception. The simulation results have been also confirmed by laboratory tests under different channel models. The signal to noise ratio threshold values confirm the excellent behavior of ATSC 3.0 and LDM in mobile and portable scenarios.
Validation of galectin-7 using backscattering interferometry. (2012)

15 Background: More than 60% of lung cancer patients are diagnosed with advanced disease due to a lack of early diagnosis tools. These patients are ineligible for surgical resection and have a poor prognosis. This situation could be avoided if we could quantify lung cancer specific biomarkers at sufficiently low concentrations, providing an indication of disease threat. Backscattering Inerferometry (BSI) is a label-free sensor with a simple optical train that is used to quantify biomarkers in complex matrices at picomolar to femtomolar levels. Here we demonstrate that BSI can enable lung cancer biomarker validation in complex, volume constrained samples and at detection limits significantly better than ELISA. Methods: A BSI dose response curve for Galectin-7 was constructed by incubating increasing concentrations (0-20 ng/mL) of recombinant galectin-7 with 100 ng/mL of polyclonal antibody. The samples were mixed at 300 RPM for 2 before being injected into the BSI instrument and measured in triplicate each day. All reagents used were obtained from a commercial ELISA kit. An ELISA dose response curve was similarly constructed using spiked serum and spiked plasma according to the manufacturer’s recommended procedure. Finally, 9 patient serum samples were quantified using BSI and ELISA for direct comparison of the two technologies. Results: BSI was used to quantify galectin-7 in spiked serum and patients samples. The lower limit of detection with standards was determined to be 0.5 ng/mL for ELISA in serum, 10 ng/mL for ELISA in plasma, and 0.04 ng/mL for BSI in serum. In the analysis of 9 patient serum samples, all were quantifiable using BSI, which enjoys low pg/mL detection limits, yet with ELISA only 5 samples contained a galectin-7 concentration high enough to be measured. In this small sample set there was a good correlation between disease state and galectin-7 concentration as measured by BSI. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that BSI is well-suited for biomarker detection and validation, having a greater dynamic operating range and much lower limits of detection than standard commercially available ELISA kits. Future work will focus on detecting other NSCLC biomarkers that are undetectable with currently available technology.
Near-Arbitrary Polarization from Tunable Crossed End-Loaded Dipoles (2015)

Previous work has employed crossed dipoles with properly designed dimensions to radiate circularly polarized waves. Placing tunable elements on the dipoles allows dynamic reconfiguration of their impedance characteristics, thus enabling control of the polarization without the need for phase shifters. The antenna reported herein allows for either left- or right-handed circular polarization, as well as linear in various orientations. The operating frequency of the antenna can be tuned from below 240 MHz to more than 290 MHz.
Limited retransmission of real-time layered multimedia (2002)

In contrast to multimedia applications that involve human-to-human communication, streaming media over the Internet enjoys relaxed delay constraints. Thus, streaming media servers are at liberty to retransmit missing packets to avoid unnecessary signal corruption. While state-of-the-art media servers employ such strategies, no work to date has proposed an optimal strategy for delay-constrained retransmissions of streaming media. In this paper, we propose a framework for streaming media retransmission based on layered media representations and explore the performance advantage of integrating layered signal structure into the retransmission strategy. In our approach, the source must choose between transmitting an older layer that expires sooner and a newer layer that expires later but is more important. To arrive at the proper mix of these two extreme strategies, we derive an optimal strategy for transmitting layered data over a binary erasure channel with instantaneous feedback. To provide a quantitative performance comparison of different transmission policies, we conduct a Markov-chain analysis, which shows that the best transmission policy is time-invariant and thus does not change as the layers approach their expiration times.
Topical Sodium Hyaluronate Before LASIK (2002)

Annonier, Pascal MDa; Chatterjee, Anupam MD, ChB, FRCSEda; Gupta, Vinod MD, FRCOphtha; Wilcox, Lynn RGNa Author Information
Silencing Nox4 in the Paraventricular Nucleus Improves Myocardial Infarction–Induced Cardiac Dysfunction by Attenuating Sympathoexcitation and Periinfarct Apoptosis (2010)

These results suggest that MI causes dysregulation of Nox4-mediated redox signaling in the PVN, which leads to sympathetic overactivation and a decline in cardiac function. Targeted inhibition of oxidant signaling in the PVN could provide a novel treatment for MI-induced heart failure.
Automated Detection and Characterization of Surface Restructuring Events in Bimetallic Catalysts (2019)

Surface restructuring in bimetallic systems has recently been shown to play a crucial role in heterogeneous catalysis. In particular, the segregation in binary alloys can be reversed in the presence of strongly bound adsorbates. Mechanistic characterization of such restructuring phenomena at the atomic level remains scarce and challenging due to the large configurational space that must be explored. To this end, we propose an automated method to discover elementary surface restructuring processes in an unbiased fashion, using Pd/Ag as an example. We employ high-temperature classical molecular dynamics (MD) to rapidly detect restructuring events, isolate them, and optimize using density functional theory (DFT). In addition to confirming the known exchange descent mechanism, our systematic approach has revealed three new predominant classes of events at step edges of close-packed surfaces that have not been considered before: (1) vacancy insertion; (2) direct exchange; (3) interlayer exchange. The discovered events enable us to construct the complete set of mechanistic pathways by which Pd is incorporated into the Ag host in vacuum. These atomistic insights provide a step toward systematic understanding and engineering of surface segregation dynamics in bimetallic catalysts.
Beyond Gold: Spin‐Coated Ti3C2‐Based MXene Photodetectors (2019)

2D transition metal carbides, known as MXenes, are transparent when the samples are thin enough. They are also excellent electrical conductors with metal-like carrier concentrations. Herein, these characteristics are exploited to replace gold (Au) in GaAs photodetectors. By simply spin-coating transparent Ti<sub>3</sub> C<sub>2</sub> -based MXene electrodes from aqueous suspensions onto GaAs patterned with a photoresist and lifted off with acetone, photodetectors that outperform more standard Au electrodes are fabricated. Both the Au- and MXene-based devices show rectifying contacts with comparable Schottky barrier heights and internal electric fields. The latter, however, exhibit significantly higher responsivities and quantum efficiencies, with similar dark currents, hence showing better dynamic range and detectivity, and similar sub-nanosecond response speeds compared to the Au-based devices. The simple fabrication process is readily integratable into microelectronic, photonic-integrated circuits and silicon photonics processes, with a wide range of applications from optical sensing to light detection and ranging and telecommunications.
Characterisation of lignocellulose components by analytical pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (2017)

Analytical pyrolysis combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) is a technique that can be used for the analysis of lignocellulose materials in situ. Pyrolysis degradation products provide information concerning the nature and origin of the initial sample. The main aim of this thesis was to apply analytical pyrolysis for lignin and carbohydrate characterisation from various lignocellulosic plant materials. Isothermal pyrolysis was the main technique utilised. In addition, thermochemolysis, thermal desorption and fractionated pyrolysis were applied in order to provide better understanding of the changes observed in lignin structure and carbohydrate composition in various materials and processes. In pyrolysis, hardwood lignin is degraded to guaiacyl and syringyl type pyrolysis degradation products with similar side chain structures, whereas carbohydrates form stable anhydrosugars. Lignin degradation products can be used to define the lignin composition and S/G ratio of the wood feedstocks. However, Py-GC/MS cannot be recommended for the comparison of carbohydrate composition between different wood species. Information on lignin structure and quantity was obtained directly from pulps by Py-GC/MS. Decrease of oxygenated lignin pyrolysis products and increase of short side chain structures were associated with beta-ether bond cleavage. Decrease of the short side chain structures as a function of delignification was interpreted to indicate leaching of the lignin products formed in cooking, and thus enrichment of native lignin in the residual pulp lignin.
Due to the more complex chemical structure of brewers spent grain than of wood, its lignin composition was characterised by Py-GC/MS and thermochemolysis. Thermochemolysis results demonstrated that Py-GC/MS leads to underestimation of native type syringyl structures and S/G ratios. In addition, thermochemolysis with TMAAc and TMAH reagents was applied as a means to differentiate between free fatty acids and esters, respectively. The results showed that thermochemolysis with alkaline TMAH can be used to determine total fatty acid contents from the aliphatic and aromatic esters. TMAAc can be used to distinguish between free acids and aliphatic esters, but not between aromatic esters and free acids.
In addition a thermal desorption method was developed to provide information on the odorous volatile organic compounds released from lignin. The method is applicable to the comparison of different lignin samples below their thermal degradation temperatures.; Pyrolyysi-kaasukromatografia-massaspektrometrialla (Py-GC/MS) voidaan analysoida lignoselluloosamateriaaleja ilman tarvetta eristaa niiden komponentteja. Pyrolyysituotteet antavat tietoa tutkittavan naytteen luonteesta ja alkuperasta. Tassa vaitoskirjassa tutkittiin laajasti analyyttisen pyrolyysin soveltuvuutta ligniinin ja hiilihydraattien karakterisointiin erilaisista lignoselluloosamateriaaleista. Paaasiallisena menetelmana kaytettiin isotermista pyrolyysia. Sen lisaksi hyodynnettiin termokemolyysi-,…
Homogenization‐based topology optimization for high‐resolution manufacturable microstructures (2017)

Summary This paper presents a projection method to obtain high‐resolution, manufacturable structures from efficient and coarse‐scale homogenization‐based topology optimization results. The presented approach bridges coarse and fine scale, such that the complex periodic microstructures can be represented by a smooth and continuous lattice on the fine mesh. A heuristic methodology allows control of the projected topology, such that a minimum length scale on both solid and void features is ensured in the final result. Numerical examples show excellent behavior of the method, where performances of the projected designs are almost equal to the homogenization‐based solutions. A significant reduction in computational cost is observed compared to conventional topology optimization approaches.
Visible 2-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Laser (2007)

Visible 2-dimensional photonic crystal lasers were fabricated within membranes of InGaP/InGaAlP quantum well material emitting around 670nm. These red photonic crystal lasers with ultra-small mode volumes (~0.01μm^3) are ideally useful for spectroscopic sources.
Amphiphilic aminoclay–RGO hybrids: a simple strategy to disperse a high concentration of RGO in water (2013)

The aqueous dispersion of graphene or reduced graphene oxide (RGO) is very much important to realize the full potential of these materials in many fields. Herein we present a simple route to prepare highly water dispersible aminoclay–RGO (AC–RGO) hybrids by the in situ condensation of aminoclay over graphene oxide (GO) followed by reduction with hydrazine hydrate. The resultant hybrids are stable in aqueous media even at concentrations up to 7.5 mg RGO per mL. To the best of our knowledge this is the highest concentration of an aqueous dispersion of RGO. Significantly, the hybrids are amphiphilic in nature and show simultaneous adsorption of Cytochrome C through hydrophobic interaction and DNA through electrostatic interaction. This strategy opens up new possibilities for the prospect of RGO in catalysis and biomedical applications.
Unsteady flow structures around a high-drag Ahmed body (2015)

This work aims to gain a relatively thorough understanding of unsteady predominant coherent structures around an Ahmed body with a slant angle of $25^{\circ }$ , corresponding to the high-drag regime. Extensive hot-wire, flow visualization and particle image velocimetry measurements were conducted in a wind tunnel at $\mathit{Re}=(0.45{-}2.4)\times 10^{5}$ around the Ahmed body. A number of distinct Strouhal numbers ( St ) have been found, two over the rear window, three behind the vertical base and two above the roof. The origin of every St has been identified. The two detected above the roof are ascribed to the hairpin vortices that emanate from the recirculation bubble formed near the leading edge and to the oscillation of the core of longitudinal vortices that originate from bubble pulsation, respectively. The two captured over the window originate from the hairpin vortices and the shear layers over the roof and side surface, respectively. One measured in the wake results from the structures emanating alternately from the upper and lower recirculation bubbles. The remaining two detected behind the lower edge of the base are connected to the cylindrical struts, respectively, which simulate wheels. These unsteady structures and corresponding St reconcile the widely scattered St data in the literature. The dependence on Re of these Strouhal numbers is also addressed, along with the effect of the turbulent intensity of oncoming flow on the flow structures. A conceptual model is proposed for the first time, which embraces both steady and unsteady coherent structures around the body.
FLIM FRET Technology for Drug Discovery: Automated Multiwell‐Plate High‐Content Analysis, Multiplexed Readouts and Application in Situ (2011)

A fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) technology platform intended to read out changes in Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency is presented for the study of protein interactions across the drug-discovery pipeline. FLIM provides a robust, inherently ratiometric imaging modality for drug discovery that could allow the same sensor constructs to be translated from automated cell-based assays through small transparent organisms such as zebrafish to mammals. To this end, an automated FLIM multiwell-plate reader is described for high content analysis of fixed and live cells, tomographic FLIM in zebrafish and FLIM FRET of live cells via confocal endomicroscopy. For cell-based assays, an exemplar application reading out protein aggregation using FLIM FRET is presented, and the potential for multiple simultaneous FLIM (FRET) readouts in microscopy is illustrated.
The Wreath Process: A totally generative model of geometric shape based\n on nested symmetries (2015)

We consider the problem of modelling noisy but highly symmetric shapes that\ncan be viewed as hierarchies of whole-part relationships in which higher level\nobjects are composed of transformed collections of lower level objects. To this\nend, we propose the stochastic wreath process, a fully generative probabilistic\nmodel of drawings. Following Leyton's "Generative Theory of Shape", we\nrepresent shapes as sequences of transformation groups composed through a\nwreath product.\n This representation emphasizes the maximization of transfer --- the idea that\nthe most compact and meaningful representation of a given shape is achieved by\nmaximizing the re-use of existing building blocks or parts.\n The proposed stochastic wreath process extends Leyton's theory by defining a\nprobability distribution over geometric shapes in terms of noise processes that\nare aligned with the generative group structure of the shape. We propose an\ninference scheme for recovering the generative history of given images in terms\nof the wreath process using reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo methods\nand Approximate Bayesian Computation. In the context of sketching we\ndemonstrate the feasibility and limitations of this approach on model-generated\nand real data.\n