gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Strain Sensing for Compact Heat Exchanger Defect Detection (2019)

Abstract The development of Compact Heat Exchangers (CHE) improves heat transfer efficiency with surface-to-volume ratios approaching 2500 m2/m3. In the applications such nuclear plants, CHE need to work for years in a harsh environment of high temperature up to 800 °C and high pressure up to 20 MPa. Any structural failure, i.e. cracks due to material fatigue or residual stress concentration in the CHEs, may result in safety problems and tremendous economy losses. Compared to the conventional heat exchangers, the non-destructive testing for CHE is challenging because the deformation of micrometer sized channels is hard to detect by the conventional means such as strain gauges or ultrasonic sensors. This paper presents a novel approach to detect the presence of cracks using fiber strain sensors embedded in the compact heat exchangers. The fiber sensors are proposed to install the heat exchanger with the microchannel plate stacks in the heat exchanger, measuring the strain distribution in the structure during the operation. Numerical and analytical models of CHE with and without cracks are built to learn crack size influence on strain variation. Sensors’ sensitivity to crack positions was calculated through simulation. A defect retrieval algorithm based on Tikhonov regularization is presented to achieve crack detection according to sensors’ outputs. A sample CHE section with 5x5 channels are simulated to quantitatively test the accuracy and validity of the proposed method.
Virtual components for droplet control using marangoni flows: Size-selective filters, traps, channels, and pumps (2007)

This paper describes several microfluidic components, including channels, filters, traps, and pumps, for manipulating aqueous droplets suspended in a film of oil on blank, unpatterned substrates. These “virtual” devices have no physical structure; they accomplish their function entirely by localized Marangoni flows created in a non-contact manner by heat sources suspended just above the liquid surface. Various flow patterns can be engineered through the geometric design of the heat sources on size scales ranging from 10–1,000 μm. Channels and circular traps, emulated by linear and annular heat fluxes respectively, demonstrate nearly 100% selectivity for droplets ranging from 300–1,000 μm. A pump, emulated by a triangular heat flux with a 10° taper, translates droplets of about the same range at speeds up to 200 μm/s.
Structural analysis of direct laser written waveguides (2014)

We perform structural characterisation of direct laser write (DLW) waveguides. Quantitative phase microscopy, based on solution of the transfer of intensity equation, is used to measure the cumulative refractive index change through a waveguide perpendicular to its axis. Results are compared with interferometry, cross-sectional measurements using third harmonic microscopy, and analysis of the near-field image of the mode propagating in the waveguide. We show that in many situations, notably in the presence of depth dependent spherical aberrations, the cross-section for DLW waveguides may not be assumed symmetric about the waveguide axis. This is particularly important when fabricating at depths greater than 2 mm in fused silica. Therefore additional measurements are required to fully characterise the refractive index profile.
Dynamics of the top of the order book in a global FX spot market (2006)

The order lifetime at the top of the order book is defined as the time between the order arrival at the top of the order book and its removal from the top of the order book. In this work, the average order lifetime in the EBS FX spot market is analyzed for two corresponding four-week periods in 2004 and 2005. The following currency pairs, EUR/USD, USD/JPY, USD/CHF, EUR/JPY, and EUR/CHF, are considered during the most liquid period of the working day, 7:00 -17:00 GMT. Generally, the distribution of orders with a given lifetime at the top of the order book decays exponentially at short times. However, this decay follows a power law at longer time periods. The crossover times between the two decay forms are estimated. It is shown that the decays have steepened and the order lifetime has become shorter in 2005. In particular, 47.9% of the EUR/USD orders and 34.7% of the USD/JPY orders live less than one second on the top of the order book. Two possible causes of the power-law asymptote are indicated: orders with amounts significantly higher than the average value and the specifics of credit relations among the EBS customers. The only exclusion from the described pattern is the order dynamics of EUR/CHF in 2005 that does not have an exponential decay.
Microsurgical laser scalpel based on spectroscopic feedback: the Smart Scalpel (2001)

To improve the effectiveness of microsurgical techniques, we have developed a semi-autonomous robotic surgical tool (called the 'Smart Scalpel') as an alternative approach to the treatment of vascular lesions. The Smart Scalpel employs optical reflectance spectroscopy and computer vision to identify and selectively target blood vessels with a focused treatment laser. Since the laser only heats along the diseased blood vessels, collateral damage to adjacent healthy tissue is substantially minimized. The Smart Scalpel also employs rapid real-time feedback analysis for on-line modification of the treatment parameters, quantification of treatment efficacy and compensation for motion tremor. These capabilities allow precise control over the energy dosimetry to achieve optimal treatment result. This paper presents the design of a prototype instrument, methods of the image analysis, and preliminary results with animal models.
Multilayered Supported Ionic Liquids as Catalysts for Chemical Fixation of Carbon Dioxide: A High‐Throughput Study in Supercritical Conditions (2011)

Multilayered, covalently supported ionic liquid phase (mlc-SILP) materials were synthesized by using a new approach based on the grafting of bis-vinylimidazolium salts on different types of silica or polymeric supports. The obtained materials were characterized and tested as catalysts in the reaction of supercritical carbon dioxide with various epoxides to produce cyclic carbonates. The material prepared by supporting a bromide bis-imidazolium salt on the ordered mesoporous silica SBA-15 was identified as the most active catalyst for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates and displayed improved productivity compared with known supported ionic liquid catalysts. The catalyst retained its high activity upon reuse in consecutive catalytic runs. This is the first report of the application of mlc-SILP materials as catalysts in a reaction for the fixation of carbon dioxide. Rapid, parallel screening and comparison of the catalysts was performed by means of high-throughput experimentation.
Vibration influence on a region with gas under the adiabatic and isothermal boundary conditions (2013)

The influence of vibration on the behavior of the perfect viscous gas inside a rectangular cavity is investigated numerically. The heat and mass transfer processes in gas are compared in the region under the isothermal and adiabatic boundary conditions. The problem is solved in the one-dimensional statement.
Dispersion process of highly crystalline single-walled carbon nanotubes focusing on their chemical stability (2022)

The purpose of this study is to develop a planar field electron emission source that can be driven stably for a long time with low energy consumption and output power control to realize field-emission–cathodoluminescence (CL) devices with excellent energy efficiency. This was achieved driven by the motivation that the use of CLs with excellent quantum efficiency can create new values for society by realizing energy-saving lighting. We attempted to prepare dispersion coatings of highly crystalline single-walled carbon nanotubes (hc-SWCNTs) with guaranteed chemical stability by an industrial dispersion process. The change in chemical stability owing to the adoption of the dispersion process was traced by quantifying the shape of the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curve, and the process suitable for the dispersion of hc-SWCNTs was investigated. As a result, it was shown that the wet jet mill dispersion process could be combined to achieve dispersion with slightly deteriorated chemical stability. This was achieved by reducing the milling effect of foreign matter and by controlling the shear force and the number of shear cycles applied to the dispersion.
Increased Risk for Cancer in Patients with the Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (1998)

The Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is associated with an increased risk for cancer. The relative risk for breast and gynecologic cancers is particularly high.
Deep brain stimulation that abolishes parkinsonian activity in basal ganglia improves thalamic relay fidelity in a computational circuit (2009)

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus reduces the severity of parkinsonian motor symptoms, but the therapeutic mechanisms are not understood. We hypothesize that clinically effective high frequency DBS suppresses disordered neuronal activity in the globus pallidus internus (GPi), a primary output structure of the basal ganglia. In a computational model of the basal ganglia thalamic circuit, periodic high frequency (>100 Hz) stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus reduced the incidence of thalamic cell errors, from the high error rates seen in the parkinsonian case back to the low error rates seen in the normal-healthy case. In contrast, both low frequency (<70 Hz) DBS and high frequency aperiodic DBS failed to alleviate thalamic errors. In high error rate conditions, disordered patterns of GPi activity lead to irregular synaptic inhibition of thalamus. In low error rate conditions, ordered patterns of GPi activity lead to regular synaptic inhibition of thalamus. Linear regression revealed that the variance of the GPi synaptic output accounted for 87-97% of the changes in thalamic error rate. In contrast, the average GPi synaptic output - a measure of total GPi activity--accounted for only 25-50% of the changes in thalamic error rate. Thus, while the firing rate of GPi cells may play some minor role, regularizing the pathological patterns of GPi activity is the mechanism by which DBS treats parkinsonian motor symptoms.
In situ investigation of growth modes during plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy of (0001) GaN (2007)

Real-time analysis of the growth modes during homoepitaxial (0001) GaN growth by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy was performed using reflection high energy electron diffraction. A growth mode map was established as a function of Ga∕N flux ratio and growth temperature, exhibiting distinct transitions between three-dimensional (3D), layer-by-layer, and step-flow growth modes. The layer-by-layer to step-flow growth transition under Ga-rich growth was surfactant mediated and related to a Ga adlayer coverage of one monolayer. Under N-rich conditions the transition from 3D to layer-by-layer growth was predominantly thermally activated, facilitating two-dimensional growth at temperatures of thermal decomposition.
Baseline circulating tumour DNA and total metabolic tumour volume as early outcome predictors in aggressive large B‐cell lymphoma. A real‐world 112‐patient cohort (2023)

Approximately 20%-50% of patients with large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) experience poor outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the combined prognostic value of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) and total metabolic tumour volume (TMTV) in LBCL. This observational single-centre study included 112 newly diagnosed LBCL patients, receiving R-CHOP/R-CHOP-like chemotherapies. CtDNA load was calculated following next-generation sequencing of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) using a targeted 40-gene lymphopanel. TMTV was measured using a fully automated artificial intelligence-based method for lymphoma lesion segmentation. CtDNA was detected in cfDNA samples from 95 patients with a median concentration of 3.15 log haploid genome equivalents per mL. TMTV measurements were available for 102 patients. The median TMTV was 501 mL. High ctDNA load (>3.57 log hGE/mL) or high TMTV (>200 mL) were associated with shorter 1-year PFS (44% vs. 83%, p < 0.001 and 64% vs. 97%, p = 0.002, respectively). When combined, three prognostic groups were identified. The shortest PFS was observed when both TMTV and ctDNA load were high (p < 0.001). Even with a short follow up, combining ctDNA load with TMTV improved the risk stratification of patients with aggressive LBCL. In the near future, very high-risk patients could benefit from CAR T-cell therapy or bispecific antibodies as first-line treatments.
Nanofabrication of Three-Dimensional Metamaterials (2012)

Abstract : We use high-intensity femtosecond laser pulses to induce the photoreduction of metal ions through multiphoton absorption. The non-linear nature of the absorption process allows us to access the bulk of a material, thus propelling the technique to three-dimensions (3D). The non-linear nature of the interaction also allows us to create structures that are smaller than the diffraction limit of the excitation light source. The technique we use directly writes metal structures, which is different from more common femtosecond writing processes that fabricate polymer structures. During the funding period of the grant, we developed a process to direct write silver in 3D inside a polymer matrix, enabling us to create true 3D disconnected metal structures. We achieved a resolution between 200 and 300 nm. This development is a significant step towards creating 3D metallic metamaterials using femtosecond laser fabrication.
Security under Key-Dependent Inputs. (2007)

In this work we re-visit the question of building cryptographic primitives that remain secure even when queried on inputs that depend on the secret key. This was investigated by Black, Rogaway, and Shrimpton in the context of randomized encryption schemes and in the random oracle model. We extend the investigation to deterministic symmetric schemes (such as PRFs and block ciphers) and to the standard model. We term this notion “security against keydependent-input attack”, or KDI-security for short. Our motivation for studying KDI security is the existence of significant real-world implementations of deterministic encryption (in the context of storage encryption) that actually rely on their building blocks to be KDI secure. We consider many natural constructions for PRFs, ciphers, tweakable ciphers and randomized encryption, and examine them with respect to their KDI security. We exhibit inherent limitations of this notion and show many natural constructions that fail to be KDI secure in the standard model, including some schemes that have been proven in the random oracle model. On the positive side, we demonstrate examples where some measure of KDI security can be provably achieved (in particular, we show such examples in the standard model). 1
Supplementary Information from PLZF, a Tumor Suppressor Genetically Lost in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer, Is a Mediator of Resistance to Androgen Deprivation Therapy (2023)

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Si MAS‐NMR Study of Hydrated Cement Paste and Mortar Made with and without Silica Fume (1995)

This paper presents 29 Si MAS‐NMR measurements that trace the hydration process in both cement paste and mortar specimens made from ordinary portland cement, Type I, when the cement content is replaced by 0, 10, 15, and 20 wt% of silica fume. The specimens were moist‐cured for 3, 7, 14, 28, 90, and 180 days at a laboratory temperature of 21°C (69.8°F). Compressive strength for all tested specimens was also determined. The results show that the degree of hydration (Q 1 + Q 2 )/(Q°+ Q 1 + Q 2 ) increased with increasing content of silica fume, especially at the early ages of 3 to 28 days. In the same manner, compressive strength results were markedly increased up to 14 days and were lowered at later ages, compared to the control mix (0 wt% silica fume).
Ultrafast optical technique for the characterization of altered materials (2023)

Disclosed herein is a method and a system for non-destructively examining a semiconductor sample (30) having at least one localized region underlying a surface (30a) through into which a selected chemical species has been implanted or diffused. A first step induces at least one transient time-varying change in optical constants of the sample at a location at or near to a surface of the sample. A second step measures a response of the sample to an optical probe beam, either pulsed or continuous wave, at least during a time that the optical constants are varying. A third step associates the measured response with at least one of chemical species concentration, chemical species type, implant energy, a presence or absence of an introduced chemical species region at the location, and a presence or absence of implant-related damage. The method and apparatus in accordance with this invention can be employed in conjunction with a measurement of one or more of the following effects arising from a time-dependent change in the optical constants of the sample due to the application of at least one pump pulse: (a) a change in reflected intensity; (b) a change in transmitted intensity; (c) a change in a polarization state of the reflected and/or transmitted light; (d) a change in the optical phase of the reflected and/or transmitted light; (e) a change in direction of the reflected and/or transmitted light; and (f) a change in optical path length between the sample's surface and a detector.
A Parameter Estimator for Inductance within a Dual Active Bridge Converter (2022)

This paper presents a method for a real-time estimate of the primary winding inductance value within the transformer of a dual active bridge converter. The technique requires measurements of the primary and secondary dc bus voltages and of the primary winding current. An application is presented with an externally tunable inductor used in series with the leakage inductance of the transformer. In the application, the external inductance value will dynamically adjust per the performance needs of the converter. An augmented control strategy is proposed, which will detect a deviation in inductance above a certain threshold then re-tune the gains of the controller. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed controller, a real-time digital simulation of the converter and tunable inductor is employed using control hardware-in-the-loop. The large signal transient response is analyzed to evaluate the performance improvement provided by the augmented controller as the tunable inductor dynamically changes during the operation of the converter.
Microbial communities of Auka hydrothermal sediments shed light on vent biogeography and the evolutionary history of thermophily (2022)

Hydrothermal vents have been key to our understanding of the limits of life, and the metabolic and phylogenetic diversity of thermophilic organisms. Here we used environmental metagenomics combined with analysis of physicochemical data and 16S rRNA gene amplicons to characterize the sediment-hosted microorganisms at the recently discovered Auka vents in the Gulf of California. We recovered 325 metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) representing 54 phyla, over 30% of those currently known, showing the microbial community in Auka hydrothermal sediments is highly diverse. 16S rRNA gene amplicon screening of 224 sediment samples across the vent field indicates that the MAGs retrieved from a single site are representative of the microbial community in the vent field sediments. Metabolic reconstruction of a vent-specific, deeply branching clade within the Desulfobacterota suggests these organisms metabolize sulfur using novel octaheme cytochrome-c proteins related to hydroxylamine oxidoreductase. Community-wide comparison between Auka MAGs and MAGs from Guaymas Basin revealed a remarkable 20% species-level overlap, suggestive of long-distance species transfer over 400 km and subsequent sediment colonization. Optimal growth temperature prediction on the Auka MAGs, and thousands of reference genomes, shows that thermophily is a trait that has evolved frequently. Taken together, our Auka vent field results offer new perspectives on our understanding of hydrothermal vent microbiology.
Laser‐induced thermoelectric effects in electrically biased nanoscale constrictions (2017)

Abstract Electrically biased metal nanostructures are at the core of innovative multifunctional integrated devices that control the flow of electrons and photons at the nanoscale. They are based on plasmonic structures that create strongly confined fields, typically associated with large temperature gradients. These thermal effects may generate artifact responses detrimental to the desired operation. We show here how a biasing polarity and a local optical excitation asymmetry of a generic geometry – a nanoscale constriction – interplay thermally to modify the diffusive electron transport in out‐of‐equilibrium conditions. Our experimental results are accompanied with computational electromagnetism and multiphysics simulations.
Hydrophobin‐Coated Solid Fluorinated Nanoparticles for 19F‐MRI (2021)

Abstract In recent years, fluorine‐magnetic resonance imaging ( 19 F‐MRI) has emerged as a promising diagnostic technique, complementary to traditional proton magnetic resonance imaging ( 1 H‐MRI) and easily translatable for clinical use, providing in‐depth in vivo quantification without the use of radioactive agents. This creates a need for the development of appropriate delivery systems for highly omniphobic fluorinated probes. The use of the film‐forming protein hydrophobin (HFBII) represents a sustainable and simple method to invert the philicity of fluorinated surfaces. Here, the ability of HFBII to form a rigid protein monolayer on superfluorinated coatings rendering them hydrophilic is shown, a property that is also retained in biological environment. This approach is then translated to directly disperse a solid superfluorinated 19 F‐MRI probe, PERFECTA, in aqueous solution through the formation of core‐shell hydrophobin stabilized PERFECTA nanoparticles (NPs). The obtained NPs are fully characterized in terms of morphology, magnetic properties, colloidal stability, protein corona formation, cellular viability, and imaging performance.
Monolithic Pixel Development in 180 nm CMOS for the Outer Pixel Layers in the ATLAS Experiment (2018)

The ATLAS experiment at CERN plans to upgrade its Inner Tracking System for the High-Luminosity LHC in 2026. After the ALPIDE monolithic sensor for the ALICE ITS was successfully implemented in a 180 nm CMOS Imaging Sensor technology, the process was modified to combine full sensor depletion with a low sensor capacitance ($\approx$ 2.5fF), for increased radiation tolerance and low analog power consumption. Efficiency and charge collection time were measured with comparisons before and after irradiation. This paper summarises the measurements and the ATLAS-specific development towards full-reticle size CMOS sensors and modules in this modified technology.