gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study of a Heavy Duty Euro5 EGR-Engine Sensitivity to Fuel Change with Emphasis on Combustion and Emission Formation (2010)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A diesel engine developed for an international market must be able to run on different fuels considering the diesel fuel qualities and the increasing selection of biofuels in the world. This leads to the question of how different fuels perform relative to a standard diesel fuel when not changing the hardware settings.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In this study five fuels (Japanese diesel, MK3, EN590 with 10% RME, EN590 with 30% RME and pure RME) have been compared to a reference diesel fuel (Swedish MK1) when run on three different speeds and three different loads at each speed. The experiments are run on a Scania 13l Euro5 engine with standard settings for Swedish MK1 diesel.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt; In general the differences were not large between the fuels. NO &lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; usually increased compared to MK1 and then soot decreased as would be expected. The combustion efficiency increased with increased RME contents of the fuel but the indicated efficiency was not influenced by RME except for at higher loads. The pressure rise rates were increased compared to MK1, in most cases, for all fuels and especially for the Japanese fuel. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
1436: Comprehensive Assessment of TMPRSS2 and ETS Family Gene Aberrations in Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer (2007)

of models predicting Unfavorable biopsies In an EM cohort No. cases
Rapid Antidepressant Effects and MADRS Item Improvements With AXS-05 (DEXTROMETHORPHAN-BUPROPION), an Oral NMDA Receptor Antagonist in Major Depressive Disorder: Results From Two Randomized Double-Blind, Controlled Trials (2023)

Abstract Background AXS-05 (dextromethorphan-bupropion) is a novel, oral, investigational, NMDA receptor antagonist with multimodal activity being developed for MDD. The dextromethorphan component of AXS-05 is an NMDA receptor antagonist and a sigma-1 receptor agonist. The bupropion component of AXS-05 serves primarily to increase the bioavailability of dextromethorphan. Methods AXS-05 was evaluated in two double-blind, randomized, controlled, 6-week trials. The GEMINI trial (N=327) was placebo-controlled and the ASCEND trial (N=80) used bupropion as the control. Here we focus on efficacy in the first 2 weeks of treatment and present a pooled analysis of the individual items of the MADRS for AXS-05 as compared to control. Results In GEMINI, starting at Week 1, AXS 05 was superior (p &lt; 0.05) to placebo on: mean MADRS improvement (7.3 vs. 4.9), MADRS response (15% vs. 7%), CGI-I (22% vs. 13%), CGI-S (0.7 vs. 0.4) and Q-LES-Q-SF (9.0% vs. 5.8%). At Week 2, AXS-05 was also statistically superior to placebo on MADRS remission (17% vs.8%) and on the SDS (6.8 vs. 4.5). In ASCEND, from Week 2, AXS-05 was superior (p&lt; 0.05) to bupropion on: mean MADRS improvement (12.5vs. 7.8), MADRS remission (26% vs. 3%), and CGI-S (1.41 vs. 0.9). At Week 1, treatment with AXS-05 resulted in greater improvements (p&lt; 0.05) in reported sadness, inner tension, inability to feel, pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts, as compared to control. At Week 6, AXS-05 demonstrated significant improvements over control on seven of the ten MADRS items. In the GEMINI trial, the most commonly reported adverse events were dizziness, nausea, headache, diarrhea, somnolence, and dry mouth. Conclusions Treatment with AXS-05 resulted in rapid and broad antidepressant efficacy. Funding Axsome Therapeutics
Charge Conduction and Breakdown Mechanisms in Self-Assembled Nanodielectrics (2009)

Developing alternative high dielectric constant (k) materials for use as gate dielectrics is essential for continued advances in conventional inorganic CMOS and organic thin film transistors (OTFTs). Thicker films of high-k materials suppress tunneling leakage currents while providing effective capacitances comparable to those of thin films of lower-k materials. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and multilayers offer attractive options for alternative OTFT gate dielectrics. One class of materials, organosilane-based self-assembled nanodielectrics (SANDs), has been shown to form robust films with excellent insulating and surface passivation properties, enhancing both organic and inorganic TFT performance and lowering device operating voltages. Since gate leakage current through the dielectric is one factor limiting continued TFT performance improvements, we investigate here the current (voltage, temperature) (I (V,T)) transport characteristics of SAND types II (pi-conjugated layer) and III (sigma-saturated + pi-conjugated layers) in Si/native SiO(2)/SAND/Au metal-insulator-metal (MIS) devices over the temperature range -60 to +100 degrees C. It is found that the location of the pi-conjugated layer with respect to the Si/SiO(2) substrate surface in combination with a saturated alkylsilane tunneling barrier is crucial in controlling the overall leakage current through the various SAND structures. For small applied voltages, hopping transport dominates at all temperatures for the pi-conjugated system (type II). However, for type III SANDs, the sigma- and pi-monolayers dominate the transport in two different transport regimes: hopping between +25 degrees C and +100 degrees C, and an apparent switch to tunneling for temperatures below 25 degrees C. The sigma-saturated alkylsilane tunneling barrier functions to reduce type III current leakage by blocking injected electrons, and by enabling bulk-dominated (Poole-Frenkel) transport vs electrode-dominated (Schottky) transport in type II SANDs. These observations provide insights for designing next-generation self-assembled gate dielectrics, since the bulk-dominated transport resulting from combining sigma- and pi-layers should enable realization of gate dielectrics with further enhanced performance.
RVS large format arrays for astronomy (2016)

Raytheon Vision Systems (RVS) has a long history of providing state of the art infrared sensor chip assemblies (SCAs) for the astronomical community. This paper will provide an update of RVS capabilities for the community not only for the infrared wavelengths but also in the visible wavelengths as well. Large format infrared detector arrays are now available that meet the demanding requirements of the low background scientific community across the wavelength spectrum. These detector arrays have formats from 1k x 1k to as large as 8k x 8k with pixel sizes ranging from 8 to 27 &mu;m. Focal plane arrays have been demonstrated with a variety of detector materials: SiPiN, HgCdTe, InSb, and Si:As IBC. All of these detector materials have demonstrated low noise and dark current, high quantum efficiency, and excellent uniformity. All can meet the high performance requirements for low-background within the limits of their respective spectral and operating temperature ranges.
Adaptive trust-based anonymous network (2007)

A novel Adaptive Trust-based Anonymous Network (ATAN) is proposed. The distributed and decentralised network management in ATAN does not require a central authority so that ATAN alleviates the problem of a single point of failure. In some existing anonymous networks, packets are routed onto intermediate nodes anonymously without knowing whether these nodes are trustworthy. On the other hand, an intermediate node should ensure that packets which it forwards are not malicious and it will not be allegedly accused of involving in the attack. To meet these objectives, the intermediate node only forwards packets received from the 'trusted' predecessor, which can be either the source or another intermediate node. In ATAN, our trust and reputation model aims to enhance anonymity by establishing a trust and reputation relationship between the source and the forwarding members. The trust and reputation relationship of any two nodes is adaptive to new information learned by these two nodes or recommended from other trust nodes. Therefore, packets are anonymously routed from the 'trusted' source to the destination through 'trusted' intermediate nodes, thereby improving anonymity of communications.
Elucidation of the gene defect in Marfan syndrome Success by two complementary research strategies (1992)

Marfan syndrome, which is characterized by manifestations in the skeletal, ocular and cardiovascular systems, is one of the most common inherited connective-tissue disorders. The independently performed genetic assignment of the Marfan locus and classical biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses complemented each other in the search for the Marfan gene defect and in 1991 the fibrillin gene in chromosome 15 was identified as the Marfan gene. So far, three mutations leading to the Marfan phenotype have been reported in this gene coding for a microfibrillar protein. The available data suggests a wide spectrum of different mutations of fibrillin and although mutations of the fibrillin gene account for the majority of Marfan cases, evidence also exists for locus heterogeneity in a minority of Marfan cases.
Methyltitanium Tris(diethylamide) (2001)

[25483-56-1] C13H33N3Ti (MW 279.37) InChI = 1S/3C4H10N.CH3.Ti/c3*1-3-5-4-2;;/h3*3-4H2,1-2H3;1H3;/q3*-1;;+3 InChIKey = KOLYDBUKEYTUNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N (thermally stable reagent useful for alkylative amination of carbonyl compounds2) Physical Data: mp 5 °C. Solubility: sol Et2O. Form Supplied in: not available commercially. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR in C6D6: 3.71 (q, 12H); 1.25 (t, 18H); 0.43 (s, 3H). Preparative Methods: a solution of Methyllithium (or Methylmagnesium Bromide) in Et2O is added slowly to a stirred equimolar solution of Chlorotris(diethylamino)titanium3 or BrTi(NEt2)3 in Et2O at −30 °C. After 0.5 h at −30 °C and 1 h at rt, the yellow solution can be used as is2, 4 or can be isolated5 by sublimation at 60–70 °C/0.001 mmHg. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: moisture sensitive; thermally stable.
Selective Etching of Native Silicon Oxide in Preference to Silicon Oxide and Silicon (2019)

An in-situ dry clean which removes native SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> and flowable oxide but does not etch the underlying silicon, thermal SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> or SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> , is reported. This process utilized a remote NF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> /NH <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> /Ar plasma, and the selectivity was studied as a function of temperature and time. Under the optimized conditions, the native SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> on Si was removed after~15 seconds of plasma exposure whereas the etching of as-sputtered SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> was zero within this time period. Selectivity on a nanometer scale was confirmed by TEM of a patterned Si wafer showing that the optimized dry clean removed flowable SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> but does not etch Si and leaves SiNx/thermal SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> fins undamaged. Furthermore, this cleaning procedure was used to remove the native oxide on a SiGe-based patterned sample containing SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> films in preparation for MoSi <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> atomic layer deposition (ALD). The selectivity between two types of silica relied on defective or weak Si-O bonds in native SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> compared to SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> .
Acceptor site(s) for T cell-replacing factor (TRF) on B lymphocytes. II. Activation of B cells by cross-linkage or aggregation of the TRF acceptor molecule. (1982)

An in vitro experimental system was established to demonstrate the TRF-substituting activity of an alloantiserum raised in TRF low-responder (DBA2/2Ha x BALB/c)(DC)F, male mice against TRF high-responder parental BALB/c B cells. The TRF substituting activity of the antiserum was apparent in that anti-Thy-1 plus C-treated, DNP-primed B cells from TRF high-responder mice were effectively stimulated, whereas B cells from TRF low-responder DBA/2Ha mice were not, as evidenced by the induction of secondary anti-DNP IgG PFC responses. The specificity of the reaction of the antibody with a component present on the TRF high-responder B cells was also substantiated by the fact that antibody activity was virtually eliminated by absorption with B cells from various TRF high-responder mice but not by TRF low-responder DBA/2Ha B cells. The IgG fraction of antiserum and the F(ab')2 and Fab' fragments of the antibody, which possess a comparable reactivity in regard to the TRF acceptor site(s), were prepared, and analysis of the B cell-triggering mechanism by the antibody was carried out. The results revealed that both the IgG fraction and F(ab')2 fragment, but not the monovalent Fab' fragment, demonstrated effective TRF-substituting activity, indicating that cross-linkage or aggregation of the TRF acceptor site(s) may give rise to differentiation signals to the B cells.
The Formation of Trapped Electrons upon the Thermal Dehydrationcondensation of Hydrated Hydrogenorthophosphates (1978)

Abstract Radical formation was found in the thermal dehydration-condensation process of hydrated hydrogenorthophosphates (HHP). It was considered that the intermediate radical reacted with lattice defects, thus resulting in the generation of trapped electrons. The gray coloration and the ESR sensitivity of the heated HHP were assigned to the formation of the trapped electron.
Towards understanding expression for tele-operation (2007)

Human expressions contain important information during communication. Expressions are often used to quickly understand the basic underlying intent of a message being conveyed. This paper presents an approach that leverages human expression for remote tele-operation tasks and to augment shared multiparticipant environments with meaningful concepts. Taking advantage of this information helps to minimise the human time required to convey intent. Expressions are observed through hand gestures and facial expressions, basic primitives are identified using a fuzzy-hidden Markov model approach and sets of these primitives are used to infer intent using a domain specific conceptual-graph based knowledge system. Although dynamic hand gestures and basic facial expressions are used as sources of human expression, the flexibility exists to incorporate additional and alternate sources of human expression. The proposed approach to identify meaningful concepts from human expression can be a valuable tool in a multiparticipant collaborative environment. Multiparticipant multimedia collaboration benefits from this computer-assisted understanding approach, as culture-specific expressions can be automatically clarified to reduce ambiguity and misunderstanding.
Antiviral immunotherapy: emerging approaches with relevance to cutaneous disease (2007)

Recent developments in the characterization of the receptors and pathways of the innate immune system, and of the mechanisms of activation of adaptive immunity, have opened new possibilities for modulation of the immune response to eradicate neoplasms and to overcome resistant viral infections. The discovery of numerous and varied pattern recognition receptors and their ligands have helped to explain the success of older therapies, and paved the way for the novel immunomodulator, imiquimod, which demonstrates the practical applicability of immunomodulation to cutaneous disease. In this review we summarize current knowledge on the mechanisms of activation of innate immunity to viral disease, available therapies and agents in development for cutaneous antiviral immunomodulation, and the implications of the current restructuring of the understanding of cell-mediated immunity, the desired end point of innate immunomodulation, on future immunomodulatory modalities.
Nozzle flow behavior of aluminum/polycarbonate composites in the material extrusion printing process (2018)

ABSTRACT This article investigates the effects of nozzle diameter, resin viscosity, and filler size and volume content on the melt flow properties and clogging of composites in the material extrusion additive manufacturing process. The flow behavior was systematically characterized by a custom nozzle flow test (NOFT) device, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results indicated that the viscosity of the material, the particle size, and the diameter of the nozzle were important factors for clogging. TGA results showed deviations from the designed filler volume fraction, which could be due to the buildup of filler material in the nozzle and subsequent partial clogging. SEM observations showed that particle agglomeration tended to be more prevalent in strands with high filler volume content. The agglomeration could be seen near the edge of the strand. A model for the clogging formation in NOFT was summarized into four stages: particle deposition on the wall of the nozzle, creation of dendrites, particle agglomeration, and particle clogging, which explained the clogging mechanism in the NOFT. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136 , 47252.
A possible role for metalloproteinases in renal cyst development (2001)

The expansion of cysts in polycystic kidneys bears several similarities to the invasion of the extracellular matrix by benign tumors. We therefore hypothesized that cyst-lining epithelial cells produce extracellular matrix-degrading metalloproteinases and that the inhibition of these enzymes may represent a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Using in situ hybridization, we first analyzed the expression of membrane-type metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-14), an essential matrix metalloproteinase, of its inhibitor TIMP-2, and of the cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta2 in the (cy/+) rat model of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Upregulated MMP-14 mRNA was predominantly located in cyst-lining epithelia and distal tubules, whereas TIMP-2 mRNA was confined almost exclusively to fibroblasts. TGF-beta2, a cytokine known to regulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, was also expressed by cyst wall epithelia. We then treated (cy/+) rats with the metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat for a period of 8 wk. The treatment with the metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat resulted in a significant reduction of cyst number and kidney weight. Our study suggests that metalloproteinase inhibitors represent a new therapeutic tool against polycystic kidney disease, which should be applicable independently of the background of the disease.
Ultrafast laser processing of flexible ultrathin glass (2023)

We present an optical concept and adapted ultrashort pulsed laser parameters for a precise cleaving process of flexible ultrathin glasses. To this end, non-diffracting beams with tailored transverse intensity profiles generate asymmetric type-III-regime modifications along the entire substrate thickness. These laser-induced material changes not only show advantages in cutting but can also improve the bending properties of these flexible glasses when arranged in a specific manner. During the relative movement of the workpiece to the processing optics, crack connection occurs between the specifically aligned modifications only, which considerably facilitates glass separation and increases yield.
Nanostructured biocomposites based on unsaturated polyester resin and a cellulose nanofiber network (2015)

Biocomposites reinforced by natural plant fibers tend to be brittle, moisture sensitive and have limited strength. Wood cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were therefore used to reinforce an unsaturated polyester matrix (UP) without the need of coupling agents or CNF surface modification. The nanostructured CNF network reinforcement strongly improves modulus and strength of UP but also ductility and toughness. A template-based prepreg processing approach of industrial potential is adopted, which combines high CNF content (up to 45 vol%) with nanoscale CNF dispersion. The CNF/UP composites are subjected to moisture sorption, dynamic thermal analysis, tensile tests at different humidities, fracture toughness tests and fractography. The glass transition temperature (Tg) increases substantially with CNF content. Modulus and strength of UP increase about 3 times at 45 vol% CNF whereas ductility and apparent fracture toughness are doubled. Tensile properties at high humidity are compared with other biocomposites and interpreted based on differences in molecular interactions at the interface.
Maximizing jammer effectiveness for evaluating the performance of adaptive nulling array antennas (1985)

A theory is developed which is used to find interference source distributions which maximize consumption of the degrees of freedom for <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</tex> -channel adaptive nulling arrays with arbitrary element positions. For a given number of interference sources, after proper positioning, these sources represent a maximally stressed environment for the adaptive array degrees of freedom. The interference covariance matrix eigenvalues are shown to have a direct bearing on the number of degrees of freedom consumed as well on the adaptive cancellation. Numerical examples are given showing that certain source geometries produce the situation where little or no adaptive cancellation is possible due to the available degrees of freedom being severely taxed.
Deep Electrode Insertion in Cochlear Implants: Apical Mrphology, Electrodes and Speech Perception Results (2003)

Morphological examination of the human temporal bone in the apical region supports the benefits of deep electrode insertion. Initiation of spikes on peripheral processes close to the basilar membrane would provide improved channel selectivity during electrical stimulation but recruiting of nerve fibres requires a higher current. A clinical study was performed on 10 users of the MED-EL COMBI 40 + implant to evaluate the effect of the insertion depth of the cochlear implant electrode on speech perception. All subjects were implanted with the standard COMBI 40 + electrode with an insertion depth of > 30 mm. Acute speech tests were carried out in which stimulation was restricted to the apical, middle and basal regions of the cochlea in turn, and using electrode arrangements in which contacts were either distributed over the whole length of the cochlea or concentrated at the basal end, thus mimicking an insertion depth of ≈ 20 mm only. The results showed that stimulation of the apical region of the cochlea supports a significant degree of speech understanding, and that distributing the contacts over the whole length of the cochlea improves speech perception in quiet and in noise.