gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Energy dissipation during pulsed switching of strontium-titanate based resistive switching memory devices (2016)

Resistive random access memories based on redox phenomena (ReRAM) combine several advantages. Beside their good scalability, high endurance and fast switching speed they are also very energy efficient. This work presents a study of the SET kinetics of SrTiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> -based resistive switches covering the timescale from <10 ns up to 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> s. The power-dependence of the SET kinetics and the switching energy are analyzed. It is found that there is a minimum energy that is necessary for switching at a certain time furthermore it is found that devices that otherwise behave very differently have the same minimum switching energies. The experimental findings are discussed theoretically using a 2D axisymmeric finite element simulation model. Based on the simulation results design guidelines to minimize the minimum switching energy are derived.
Optimization of automatic portal image analysis (1995)

The purpose of this study is to quantify and optimize the performance of an automatic portal image analysis procedure under clinical conditions and to compare the performance with that of human operators. A new method, based on analysis of variance, is introduced to quantify the clinical performance of portal image analysis tools in terms of systematic and random variations. The automatic portal image analysis procedure is based on chamfer matching. Two image enhancement techniques have been investigated in the automatic procedure: morphological top-hat (MTH) transformation and multiscale medial axis (MMA) transformation. The performance of these enhancements was quantified and optimized as a function of filter size using images obtained from clinical treatment. All images used for this study were obtained from pelvic treatment fields by means of an electronic portal imaging device. The random variations in the alignment of AP fields are typically 0.5 mm and 0.5 degrees (1 SD) for both the human operators and the optimized automatic analysis procedure. Random variations in the alignment of lateral pelvic fields are typically twice as large for all operators. MMA enhancement yields smaller random variations than MTH enhancement for lateral fields, but the differences are marginal for AP fields. The optimized automatic analysis procedure has a success rate ranging from 99% for AP large fields to 96% for lateral fields and 85% for AP boost fields. The accuracy of the method is comparable with the accuracy of the human operators for most investigated fields. For lateral boost fields and simultaneous boost fields, the random variations of the automatic analysis are typically two times larger than the variations of the human operators. Automatic analysis is 4 to 20 times faster than human operators yielding a large reduction in work load.
Median Filter Based Iris Encoding Technique (2008)

Iris-based human recognition is very attractive because of the high accuracy achievable. However, existing encoding methods are unable to handle iris images acquired when the ambient lighting is non-uniform. In this paper we propose a novel encoding technique which can handle images acquired under such conditions. The method is based on 2D median filters, which are commonly used as de-noising tools in image processing domain, and uses their nonlinear characteristics to generate binary codes from gray scale iris images. The application of this method for robust iris recognition is discussed and compared with two more traditional iris encoding techniques: the 2D Gabor filter based method and the 1D log-Gabor method. Our algorithm is usable for the whole range of conditions encountered in the MMU1 iris database, performs well in a synthetic uneven illumination study, and gets comparable results on other tests.
Enhanced Charge Injection Properties of Organic Field Effect Transistor by Molecular Implantation Doping (2020)

The legends and captions for Figure S8b,c in the Supporting Information of the originally published article were found to be switched with each other.The corrected Figure S8 is shown below.Figure 8. a-c) The time evolution of transfer curves for the doped/unetched PBTTT transistor with channel length L ch, of 50 m (a); the doped/ unetched PBTTT transistor with L ch = 100 m (b), the doped contact (doped/etched) PBTTT transistor with L ch = 50 m (c), and the doped contact PBTTT transistor with L ch = 100 m (d) over two months. CorreCtion
Rapid and Efficient Copper‐Catalyzed Finkelstein Reaction of (Hetero)Aromatics under Continuous‐Flow Conditions (2014)

A general, rapid, and efficient method for the copper-catalyzed Finkelstein reaction of (hetero)aromatics has been developed using continuous flow to generate a variety of aryl iodides. The described method can tolerate a broad spectrum of functional groups, including N-H and O-H groups. Additionally, in lieu of isolation, the aryl iodide solutions were used in two distinct multistep continuous-flow processes (amidation and Mg-I exchange/nucleophilic addition) to demonstrate the flexibility of this method.
Plasminogen activator activity in human prostate and breast tumors: Relationship to steroid receptors (1982)

Using a fluorometric assay based on the activation of human plasminogen, plasminogen activator (PA) activity was measured in cytosolic and lysosomal extracts prepared from normal, benign hyperplastic (BPH), and carcinomatous human prostates. In all three types of prostatic tissue, the lysosomal extracts had much higher concentrations of PA activity than did the cytosolic extracts. The mean PA activity in lysosomal extracts of the carcinomatous prostates was 170% and 85% higher than that measured in normal and BPH prostates, respectively (Student's t-test, p less than .05). With prostatic carcinoma and BPH specimens there was an inverse (negative) relationship between lysosomal PA activity and the nuclear concentration of androgen-receptors (correlation coefficient, -0.84). By comparison in specimens of human breast tumors, there were weakly positive correlations between PA activity and either estrogen (ER) or progestin (PR) receptors (correlation coefficients of + 0.23 and + 0.54, respectively). While as a group ER+, PR+ breast tumors had higher PA activity that ER+, PR- or ER-, PR- tumors, the differences were not statistically significant (Student's t-test, p greater than .05). Thus in breast tumors, it is uncertain whether high levels of PA activity are indicative of hormonal dependence. However, our findings with prostatic tumors infer that in contrast, high concentrations of this enzyme may reflect a malignant phenotype characterized by a decrease in both androgen responsiveness and differentiation.
Reduced-rank adaptive chip-level MMSE equalization for the forward link of long-code DS-CDMA systems (2003)

In this paper, we discuss the recently proposed downlink mobile receiver structure for long code DS-CDMA consisting of a chip level MMSE channel equalizer followed by descrambling and despreading. We show that the known pilot sequence can be exploited to estimate the chip-observation cross-correlation vector (needed to train the equalizer), and propose to use two low complexity reduced rank adaptive filtering algorithms for equalization: the stochastic gradient multistage Wiener filter (SG-MSWF), and the adaptive conjugate gradient reduced rank filter (ACGRRF). Simulations show that both algorithms attain close to optimal performance with reasonable complexity.
Influence of Catalyst and Polymerization Conditions on the Properties of 1,3‐Trimethylene Carbonate and ε‐Caprolactone Copolymers (2003)

Abstract The influence of the catalyst/initiator system and polymerization conditions on the microstructure and physical properties of copolymers of equimolar amounts of 1,3‐trimethylene carbonate (TMC) and ε ‐caprolactone (CL) was studied. Statistical copolymers were prepared in the presence of stannous octoate (SnOct 2 ) in the bulk at 80 °C (14 and 28 d) and 130 °C (1 and 3 d). The copolymerization of TMC and CL initiated by yttrium isopropoxide (Y 5 ( μ ‐O)(O i Pr) 13 ) was performed in solution at room temperature (5 min) and in the bulk at 80 °C (2 min). Block copolymers, used as reference materials, were also prepared by sequential polymerization of the monomers in solution at room temperature with yttrium isopropoxide. Both SnOct 2 and yttrium isopropoxide yielded polymers with shorter average monomer sequence lengths at higher reaction temperatures. For the polymerizations with SnOct 2 a similar effect was observed when the reactions were allowed to proceed for longer periods of time. Independent of the catalyst/initiator system, the statistical copolymers prepared in the bulk at 80 or 130 °C were amorphous, with average monomer sequence lengths shorter than 3. The copolymer prepared in solution at room temperature with yttrium isopropoxide was more blocky, with CL sequences long enough to crystallize ( $\overline {\rm L} _{{\rm CL}} = 3.93$ ). The former copolymers are highly flexible but show low tensile strengths, in agreement with their amorphous structure and low glass transition temperature. The latter copolymer is also flexible but much tougher and stiffer, as it is semi‐crystalline. Its properties are characteristic of phase‐separated block copolymers. Expanded regions of carbonyl carbon atoms in 13 C NMR (75.5 MHz) spectra of TMC–CL copolymer prepared at 80 °C in the bulk in the presence of yttrium isopropoxide. magnified image Expanded regions of carbonyl carbon atoms in 13 C NMR (75.5 MHz) spectra of TMC–CL copolymer prepared at 80 °C in the bulk in the presence of yttrium isopropoxide.
Initial interface formation of Ta-based barriers on SiLK™ low dielectric constant films (2005)

Tantalum and its nitride were deposited onto dense SiLK™ low dielectric constant (low-k) films with e-beam evaporation and atomic layer deposition (ALD). In situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies revealed that the e-beam evaporated Ta formed charge-transfer complexes on the SiLK™ surface. Conventional thermal ALD process using TaCl5 chemistry had ready nucleation on the SiLK™ surface. Absence of “carbide”-like peak in C1s spectra throughout deposition suggested a similar interface formation mechanism. After an initial dielectric interface, the final nitride film was found to be metallic by e-beam evaporation but dielectric Ta3N5 by atomic layer deposition. XPS uptake curves indicated the thinnest interface for ALD Ta3N5 and the thickest interface for PVD Ta. This can be attributed to suppressed diffusion of Ta atoms in the presence of NH3 and limited diffusion of TaCl5 molecules in SiLK™.
A Low-Noise and Highly-Linear Transmitter with Envelope Injection Pre-Power Amplifier for Multi-Mode Radio (2011)

A wideband, low noise, and highly linear transmitter for multi-mode radio is presented. Envelope injection scheme with a CMOS amplifier is developed to obtain sufficient linearity for complex modulation schemes such as OFDM, and to achieve low noise for concurrent operation of more than one standard. Active matching technique with doubly terminated LPF topology is also presented to realize wide bandwidth, low power consumption, and to eliminate off-chip components without increasing die area. A multi-mode transmitter is implemented in a 0.13µm CMOS technology with an active area of 1.13mm2. Third-order intermodulation product is improved by 17dB at -3dBm output by the envelope injection scheme. The transmitter achieves EVM of less than -29.5dB at -3dBm output from 0.2 to 7.2GHz while consuming only 69mW. The transmitter is also tested with multiple standards of UMTS, 802.11b, WiMax, 802.11a, and 802.11n, and satisfies EVM, ACLR, and spectrum specifications.
MR fluoroscopy using projection reconstruction multi-gradient-echo (prMGE) MRI (1999)

A projection reconstruction multi-gradient-echo (prMGE) technique is presented. The introduced technique is an extension of a standard projection reconstruction steady-state gradient-echo technique allowing for the acquisition of several gradient echoes after each excitation of the spin system. Each echo train is used for acquiring data of a certain angular segment of k-space. By use of echo trains consisting of up to four echoes, the overall acquisition time for a 128(2) image can be reduced to 150 ms without sacrificing image quality. Results are presented for cardiac fluoroscopy, for the visualization of swallowing, and for the visualization of joint motion. For all investigated applications promising results have been obtained. Especially in parts of the body where motion on an even shorter time scale than the acquisition process or significant in-plane or through-plane flow are within the field of view, the introduced technique appears to be a promising technique for MR fluoroscopy. Magn Reson Med 42:324-334, 1999.
CELTS: A clinically-based Computer Enhanced Laparoscopic Training System (2003)

International audience
Anti-Collision Risk Management for Real-World Well Placement (2009)

Abstract Current trends in drilling require a proven and comprehensive approach to assessing and managing the risks of wellbore collisions. This paper outlines the scope and nature of the challenges in collision risk management, and provides an overview of a systematic, field-tested approach to identifying, evaluating, eliminating and/or mitigating those risks. Key aspects of the process are explained in detail and a recent field application on a large platform offshore Indonesia is discussed to illustrate the key values of the risk management process. These include maximizing resource recovery by permitting the safe, precise placement of wellbores, and minimizing the financial and human cost of losses from incidents avoided or mitigated.
Segmental Orientation in Well-Defined Thermoplastic Elastomers Containing Supramolecular Fillers (2008)

The mechanical behavior of segmented block copolymers is studied by unraveling the deformation mechanisms on both a macroscopic and a molecular level. Small-angle X-ray scattering and infrared dichroism are used to study the deformation of a thermoplastic elastomer with bisureidobutylene hard segments (PCLU4U) containing various amounts of perfectly fitting supramolecular filler (U4U) incorporated. The pristine PCLU4U and polymers containing filler amounts up to 25 mol % show predominantly a shear type of deformation. The hard segment stacks tend to align parallel to the strain axis upon uniaxial deformation up to the yield point. Permanent deformation is caused by fragmenting of the stacks, which then start to reorient perpendicular to the strain axis. When >25 mol % of filler is added to PCLU4U, two hard phases are present: the first hard phase consists of polymer hard segments containing a maximum amount of filler incorporated and the second hard phase consists of filler aggregates only. In this case, all urea groups orient parallel to the strain axis when such a sample is uniaxially loaded up to the yield point. At the yield point, the first hard phase shows the same shear type of deformation as the pure PCLU4U polymer. The filler aggregates, however, are not connected to the soft segment matrix, and stress transfer to the soft matrix does not occur. Therefore, we propose that they remain parallel to the strain axis. All of these data support the unique character of the supramolecular fillers used in well-defined thermoplastic elastomers.
ToX - the Toronto XML Engine. (2001)

Abstract. We present ToX – the Toronto XML Engine – a repository for XML data and metadata, which supports real and virtual XML documents. Real documents are stored as files or mapped into relational or object databases, depending on their structuredness; indices are defined according to the storage method used. Virtual documents can be remote documents, defined as arbitrary WebOQL queries, or views, defined as queries over documents registered in the system. The system catalog contains metadata for the documents, especially their schemata, used for query processing and optimization. Queries can range over both the catalog and the documents, and multiple query languages are supported. In this paper we describe the architecture and main of ToX; we present our indexing and storage strategies, including two novel techniques; and we discuss our query processing strategy. The project started recently and is under active development. 1
Near‐Infrared‐Emitting Five‐Monolayer Thick Copper‐Doped CdSe Nanoplatelets (2019)

Abstract Doped nanocrystals are instrumental to the high‐performance luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) and the color conversion devices. Recently, copper (Cu)‐doped three and four monolayer (ML) thick CdSe nanoplatelets (NPLs) have been shown superior to the existing Cu‐doped quantum dots (QDs) for their use in LSCs. However, additional improvement in the LSC performance can be achieved by further redshifting the emission into the near‐infrared (NIR) region of electromagnetic spectrum and increasing the absorbed portion of the solar irradiation. Cu‐doping into higher thicknesses of these atomically flat NPLs (e.g., ≥5 ML) can achieve these overarching goals. However, addition of the dopant ions during the nucleation stage disturbs this high‐temperature growth process and leads to multiple populations of NPLs and QDs. Here, by carefully controlling the precursor chemistry the successful doping of Cu in five ML thick NPLs by high‐temperature nucleation doping method is demonstrated. The optimized synthesis method shows nearly pure population of doped five ML thick NPLs, which possess ≈150 nm Stokes‐shifted NIR emission with high quantum yield of 65 ± 2%. Structural, elemental, and optical studies are conducted to confirm the successful doping and understand the detailed photophysics. Finally, these materials are tested experimentally and theoretically for their performance as promising LSC materials.
Read count-based method for high-throughput allelic genotyping of transposable elements and structural variants (2015)

This method can benefit a wide range of applications from the routine genotyping of animal and plant populations to the functional study of structural variants in humans.
Molecullar Genetic Analysis of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. (1993)

The authors report the clinical findings and the results of molecular genetic analysis of 8 patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Differential diagnosis was carried out on the basis of familial history, laboratory data, brain imaging analysis using CT, MRI and SPECT. According to the clinical stage criteria made by Cummings and Benson, 6 cases were in stage 1 and the remaining 2 in stage 2. Recently, it was reported that affected members from 6 Japanese kindreds with familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) had missense mutation in exon 17 of the gene for beta/A4 amyloid precursor protein (APP). Amino acid substitution (Val-Ile) at codon 717 by this mutation was considered to be responsible for FAD in these kindreds. We used genomic DNA from 8 sporadic cases to determine whether the disease in these families is associated with an APP 717 mutation and the mutated codons, 102, 117, 129, 178, and 200, on the gene for proteinase-resistant prion protein (Prp) which causes transmissible dementia, Creuzfelt-Jacob disease (CJD) and Gerstmann-Sträussler syndrome (GSS). The results showed that there were no mutations on these genes in 8 patients. It would be necessary to analyze DNA from patient with sporadic Alzheimer's disease to examine the mutations found in the APP gene and Prp gene of heredity Alzheimer's disease patients.
Transformation optics-inspired dispersion-corrected gradient-index lens design (2016)

Transformation optics is applied to interpret the dispersive nature of materials via changes in geometry, providing an alternative methodology for dispersion correction. An example is proposed and analyzed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
100 kV thermal field emission electron beam lithography tool for high-resolution x-ray mask patterning (1992)

High-voltage (≥50 kV) electron beam lithography (EBL) is the preferred technique for fabrication of additive-process x-ray masks, because the high-voltage minimizes scattering in the resist and membrane, resulting in better resolution, straighter sidewalls, and reduced proximity effect. We have designed and built a new 100 kV column for a vector scan EBL machine for the purpose of writing high-resolution, high-precision x-ray masks in order to explore the technological and fundamental limits of x-ray lithography. The column features a 100 kV thermal field emission gun with an electrostatic condenser lens, conjugate blanking, and a liquid-cooled magnetic final lens with high-precision double magnetic deflection. The two-lens optics provides a beam diameter of 30 nm at a current of 5 nA, sufficient to expose moderately sensitive resists at pixel rates approaching the maximum deflection speed of 10 MHz. Results obtained include proximity corrected, complex patterns in thin resist with feature sizes down to 50 nm. Comparisons of proximity effects, exposure parameters, and actual resist profiles, show that 100 kV is clearly superior to 50 kV and even 75 kV for feature sizes below 0.25 μm in thick (0.75 μm) resist. Excellent linewidth control has been obtained on plated gold x-ray masks with feature sizes as small as 75 nm. Problems of patterning nanometer features with aspect ratios as high as 10:1, which include forward scattering, development effects, and plating effects, are discussed.
Reinforcement Learning for Adaptive Caching With Dynamic Storage Pricing (2019)

Small base stations (SBs) of fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks are envisioned to have storage devices to locally serve requests for reusable and popular contents by caching them at the edge of the network, close to the end users. The ultimate goal is to smartly utilize a limited storage capacity to serve locally contents that are frequently requested instead of fetching them from the cloud, contributing to a better overall network performance and service experience. To enable the SBs with efficient fetch-cache decision-making schemes operating in dynamic settings, this paper introduces simple but flexible generic time-varying fetching and caching costs, which are then used to formulate a constrained minimization of the aggregate cost across files and time. Since caching decisions per time slot influence the content availability in future slots, the novel formulation for optimal fetch-cache decisions falls into the class of dynamic programming. Under this generic formulation, first by considering stationary distributions for the costs as well as file popularities, an efficient reinforcement learning-based solver known as value iteration algorithm can be used to solve the emerging optimization problem. Later, it is shown that practical limitations on cache capacity can be handled using a particular instance of this generic dynamic pricing formulation. Under this setting, to provide a light-weight online solver for the corresponding optimization, the well-known reinforcement learning algorithm, Q-learning, is employed to find optimal fetch-cache decisions. Numerical tests corroborating the merits of the proposed approach wrap up the paper.
Statistics of Stochastic Textures: Application in pattern analysis and image processing (2014)

Unlike the well-established fact of non-Gaussian, highly kurtotic, statistical property that characterizes the general class of natural images, a wide class of Natural Stochastic Textures (NST) obeys, to a good approximation, Gaussianity. This is exploited in denoising, resolution enhancement, analysis, modelling and classification of textures and textured images. Denoising is performed by decomposition to cartoon and textural layers. A fractal model is used to restore the latter. Deconvolution is performed via a variational scheme in the frequency domain, using phase and long-range dependency properties of NST.