gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymerization of methyl methacrylate by latent pre-catalysts based on CO2-protected N-heterocyclic carbenes (2013)

Various carbon dioxide-protected N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have been investigated with regard to their ability to act as thermally latent initiators for the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA). Such CO2-protected NHCs, while completely inactive at room temperature, deliver poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in high yields upon heating and thus represent truly latent pre-catalysts. Polymerizations were conducted in the bulk, semi-bulk and in solution. Especially tetrahydropyrimidinium-2-carboxylates as well as 1,3-di(tert-butyl)imidazolium-2-carboxylate, both in combination with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), were identified as suitable pre-catalysts for the polymerization of MMA. With 1,3-di(tert-butyl)imidazolium-2-carboxylate in toluene, polydispersity indices (PDIs) as low as 1.3 and number-average molecular weights (Mn) of 500 000 g mol−1 could be realized. Tetrahydropyrimidinium-2-carboxylates in conjunction with DMSO resulted in lower molecular weights. Notably, isolated polymer yields up to 96% were possible in some cases, though yields proved to be sensitive to the structure of the initiators used. In principle, at least two different polymerization mechanisms are active. In the presence of DMF or DMSO, the formation of a solvent anion (e.g., DMSO−), which then reacts with the monomer, is proposed. What follows is that only highly basic NHCs work well under these conditions. In contrast, the polymerization of MMA in toluene or in the bulk is probably governed by the nucleophilicity of the NHC, rendering unsaturated, less basic NHCs more applicable. Both mechanisms are discussed.
Ultrasonic studies of anisotropy in cold-worked layer of used rail (1981)

AbstractThe upper 3–5 mm of rail becomes severely cold worked with the regular passage of trains. Previous work has shown that the shear wave velocity in this upper layer is actually reduced by ∼ 10%. One of the most likely sources of this velocity reduction is the presence of a material texture in the upper region. In order to investigate the wave propagation properties of this upper region, several wafers of material, ∼ 4 mm thick, were removed from used and new rail. These wafers were removed from positions at different orientations relative to the longitudinal axis of the rail. Each wafer was secured in a device that permitted a 350° rotation of a pair of shear wave transducers propagating through the thickness of the samples. Transducer centre frequencies were above 10 MHz. The observed shear wave velocity change is compared to predicted changes for several textures observed in steel. A pattern exists indicating that a texture does exist in the cold-worked layer. Steel used for rail normally has a carbon content of 0·67–0·82%.
Electro‐optical Materials: Efficient Poling of Electro‐Optic Polymers in Thin Films and Silicon Slot Waveguides by Detachable Pyroelectric Crystals (Adv. Mater. 10/2012) (2012)

This first ever Advanced Optical Materials cover design shows a silicon–polymer hybrid slot waveguide ring-resonator modulator being poled by two pyroelectric crystals. Each of the three images, from top to bottom, indicates one stage of the poling—before, during, and after—with the device configuration in the front and the dipole alignment state represented in the background. For details on how this was achieved, check out the article by A. K.-Y. Jen and co-workers on page OP42.
S‐Nitrosoglutathione Reductase Inhibition Attenuates Airway Hyperreactivity in a Neonatal Hyperoxia‐Exposed Mouse Model (2019)

Premature infants exposed to supplemental oxygen are at risk for developing wheezing disorders and airway hyperreactivity (AHR). We have previously shown that the endogenous smooth muscle relaxant molecule, S‐nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), is degraded in neonatal hyperoxia by upregulated GSNO reductase (GSNOR) in the murine lung (Raffay, et al. Molecular Pharmacology 2016; 90(4):418–26). We hypothesize that inhibition or deletion of GSNOR will attenuate hyperoxia‐induced AHR in this neonatal mouse model. Newborn C57BL/6 wild‐type (background) or GSNOR −/− (knockout) mice were randomized on the first day of life and assigned to room air (21% O 2 ) or hyperoxic (60% O 2 ) groups for three weeks. At day P21, AHR was assessed in vitro using precision‐cut living lung slice preparations in response to increasing doses of bath‐applied methacholine (MCh, 0.25–64 μM). Wild‐type lung slices were pre‐incubated overnight with or without a GSNOR inhibitor (100 μM N6022). AHR is reported as percent change in airway lumen area from baseline (±SEM). 2–3 airways were imaged and averaged per animal per condition. Neonatal hyperoxia significantly increased (p&lt;0.001) airway contractile responses to MCh in wild‐type mice with a mean maximal effect (E max ) of 70.4 ± 2.1% compared to the room air control E max of 44.5 ± 9.1%. GSNOR inhibition significantly reduced airway contractile responses in wild‐type hyperoxic slices to 34.1 ± 4.2% (p&lt;0.001). GSNOR −/− mice exposed to hyperoxia did not display increased airway contractile responses (E max = 50.9 ± 5.5%). These studies show that neonatal hyperoxia‐exposed mice display in vitro AHR to methacholine and that inhibition or deletion of GSNOR attenuates hyperoxia‐induced AHR. We speculate that increased lung GSNOR expression is critical for neonatal hyperoxic bronchoconstriction. GSNO‐based therapies may serve as novel treatments for premature patients with AHR. Support or Funding Information Supported by NIH 5K08HL133459‐02 and ATS Foundation Unrestricted Research Grant This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal .
Identification of novel hsp65 RFLPs for Mycobacterium leprae. (2007)

Leprosy or Hansen's disease is a chronic infectious disease caused by an acid-fast bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae). The bacilli proliferate in macrophages infiltrating the skin and gain entry to the dermal nerves via the laminar surface of Schwann cells where they replicate. After entry, the Schwann cells proliferate and then die. Conclusive identification of M. leprae DNA in a sample can be obtained by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for the heat shock 65 gene (hsp65). Molecular epidemiology will make it possible to study the global distributions of M. leprae, explore the relationship between genotypes-incidence rates, mode of transmission, and the type of disease (tuberculoid vs. lepromatous). We amplified DNA using PCR for the hsp65 gene from 24 skin lesions from patients diagnosed with various types of leprosy. Fifteen out of 24 were positive for the hsp65 gene. Digestion with HaeIII-PAGE for the RFLP confirmation of the presence of M. leprae DNA showed the typical pattern in 5 out of 24 and 2 novel patterns in 10 out of 24 patients. We confirmed the presence of M. leprae DNA by sequencing the genes for gyraseA or B and folP, which contained only M. leprae specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Thus, we describe novel hsp65 RFLPs for M. leprae found in a high frequency making them ideal for future epidemiology and transmission studies.
Concentration of Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells from Human Bone Marrow by a New Type of Blood Component Separator (1985)

A new type of blood component separator (BCS) was used for the isolation of hematopoietic progenitor cells from human bone marrow aspirates. The BCS was filled with 100-150 ml bone marrow and centrifuged to prepare a buffy coat. This buffy coat was isolated in 10-15% of the original bone marrow volume and contained 64 +/- 8% of the nucleated cells (NC). Morphological examination revealed that the buffy coat was highly enriched for myeloblasts, promyelocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes, whereas the contamination with granulocytes was reduced to 46 +/- 8% of the granulocytes initially present in the bone marrow suspension. In addition the contamination with red blood cells (RBC) was very low; the buffy coat contained only 6 +/- 2% of the RBC. Furthermore it was demonstrated by means of colony assays that the buffy coat was highly enriched for hematopoietic progenitor cells. It contained 91 +/- 6% of the granulocyte/monocyte progenitor cells (CFU-GM) and 87 +/- 9% of the erythroid progenitor cells (BFU-E). These results are comparable to those obtained with continuous or semicontinuous blood cell processors. The advantages of the BCS is that it is a simple and inexpensive apparatus which fits in a normal blood bank centrifuge. It permits efficient preparation and isolation of a buffy coat from human bone marrow without substantial loss of hematopoietic progenitor cells.
SYNERGISTIC ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY BY COMBINED TREATMENT WITH GEMCITABINE AND ANTISENSE OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDE TARGETING CLUSTERIN GENE IN AN INTRAVESICAL ADMINISTRATION MODEL AGAINST HUMAN BLADDER CANCER KOTCC-1 CELLS (2004)

These findings suggest that AS clusterin ODN may be useful for enhancing the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine in patients with bladder cancer, particularly as a novel therapeutic strategy for intravesical instillation therapy.
Meeting report from the Prostate Cancer Foundation PSMA theranostics state of the science meeting (2020)

This article summarizes the presentations from the meeting for the purpose of globally disseminating this knowledge to advance the use of PSMA-targeted theranostic agents for imaging and treatment of patients with prostate cancer.
The effects of cytochrome P-450-448 inhibitors on the binding of benzo(a)pyrene and derivatives to DNA upon microsomal activation (1979)

1. [3H]Benzo(a)pyrene and 6-substituted derivatives of [3H]benzo(a)pyrene are covalently bound to calf thymus DNA upon reaction with microsomal preparations from rats pretreated with 3-methylcholanthrene in the presence of NADPH. Two different types of cytochrome P-450-448 inhibitors, α-napthoflavone and 1-benzylimidazole, show greater than 80% inhibition of the binding of benzo(a)pyrene to DNA.2. In the presence of these inhibitors, 6-hydroxymethylbenzo(a)pyrene, 6-methylbenzo(a)pyrene and 6-formylbenzo(a)pyrene show varying degrees of inhibition of binding to DNA depending upon the inhibitor employed.3. Polyguanylic acid is the most effective substrate for the binding of each activated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon; polyadenylic acid and DNA show essentially equivalent binding.
Comparison of the structural genes for pyruvate decarboxylase in different Zymomonas mobilis strains (1988)

The nucleotide sequence of the pyruvate decarboxylase gene from Zymomonas mobilis ATCC 29191 was determined and compared with the sequence of the corresponding gene in Z. mobilis ATCC 31821. Differences were found, leading to variations on the amino acid level and to different sites for restriction endonucleases.
Postoperative Monitoring: Biomarkers and Alloimmune Responses and Their Relevance to Vascularized Composite (2014)

Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is an evolving area of transplantation. Postoperative monitor- ing and immunosuppression strategies draw experience from solid organ transplantation, but VCA provides unique chal- lenges as grafts incorporate histologically heterogenous tis- sues with differing degrees of antigenicity. In addition, such procedures are often life-improving rather than life-saving; therefore, minimizing the risks of immunosuppression is an important clinical priority. To this end, the identification of biomarkers to monitor the health of the transplanted tissues, assessalloimmune responses under the effects of immunosup- pression, and identify episodes of rejection remain key goals. In this review we look at the general considerations of alloimmune monitoring, promising biomarkers in transplanta- tion research, and their potential application to VCA.
Synthesis and Activities of Bactobolin Derivatives Having New Functionality at C-3. (2002)

Some derivatives of bactobolin were prepared from bactobolin (1) by transformation of the dichloromethyl group at C-3 to the hydroxymethyl, carboxylic acid, methanesulfonyloxymethyl and aldehydeoxime groups. The derivatives proved to be less active than the parent antibiotic 1 against bacteria as well as cytotoxicity, indicating that the functionality at C-3 considerably influences the biological activity.
Applicability of 15% Cr and 17% Cr Martensite-Based Stainless Steel OCTG Materials for Seawater Injection Service (2021)

Abstract This paper reports the applicability of 15% Cr-added (15-6-3-Cu-based; UNS No. S42625) and 17% Cr-added (17-4.5-3-Cu-W-based; UNS No. S42825) martensite-based stainless steel OCTG materials for seawater injection service. It is known that GRP (Glass-fiber Reinforced Plastic) lined carbon steel, 1% Cr-based low alloy steel and CRAs with a PREN (Pitting Resistant Equivalent Number) of over 40, e.g. Super Duplex stainless steels, are likely to be applied as a widely-accepted material selection for seawater injection, while L80-13Cr (13Cr-0.2C-based; UNS No. S42000) and Super-13Cr (generic 13Cr-5Ni-2Mo-based; e.g. UNS No. S41426) have been regarded as unsuitable for seawater injection. The 15% Cr-added and 17% Cr-added martensite-based stainless steels are positioned between Super-13Cr (generic 13Cr-5Ni-2Mo) martensitic stainless steel and duplex stainless steels in corrosion resistance in sweet (CO2-containing) environments, indicating the potential of these stainless steels for application to seawater injection service. These martensite-based stainless steels were evaluated by crevice corrosion tests under combined conditions of dissolved oxygen (D.O.) concentration and temperature in an artificial seawater solution simulating expected and/or over-excessive conditions of seawater injection service. A technique for estimating the D.O. concentration was also developed for higher temperatures than 80 °C (176°F) to around 100°C (210°F), where dissolved oxygen cannot be detected with a membrane-penetration-based D.O. meter due to the instability of the membrane at these temperatures. This study proved that 15% Cr-added and 17% Cr-added martensite-based stainless steels are free from crevice corrosion under most of the tested conditions within temperatures from 30 °C (86 °F) to 93 °C (200 °F) and D.O. levels of 35 ppb to 300 ppb., and those steels with PREN values in the 20s have the potential for application to seawater injection service, through corrosion test in static artificial seawater.
A hybrid MIPv6 and PMIPv6 distributed mobility management: The MEDIEVAL approach (2011)

Video is a major challenge for the future mobile Internet as it is foreseen to account for close to 64% percent of consumer mobile traffic by 2013. However, the current Internet, and in particular the mobile Internet, was not designed with video requirements in mind and, as a consequence, its architecture is very inefficient when handling this type of traffic. This paper presents a novel mobility architecture inspired by the Distributed Mobility Management paradigm, capable of coping with the future video traffic demands, in a distributed and more scalable way. In the proposed solution, mobility support services are spread among several nodes at the edge of the network, thus realizing a flatter architecture and pushing services closer to the terminals. Our approach overcomes some of the major limitations of centralized IP mobility management solutions, by extending existing standard protocols.
On ambiguity and query-specific ontology mapping (2012)

Abstract. In the course of developing an ontology-based data integration system (OBDI) that includes automatic integration of data sources, and thus, includes algorithmic ontology mapping, we have made the following observations. A mapping method may determine that an entity in one ontology maps with equal likelihood to two or more entities in the other ontology. The mapping and reformulation of certain queries is correct only if one pairing is chosen. The correct choice may be different for different queries. Finally, the query itself may lend additional semantics that correctly resolve the ambiguity. These observations suggest a targeted ontology mapping problem, query-specific ontology mapping. In addition to the two ontologies, a query serves as a third argument to the mapping algorithm. Further, the mapping algorithm need not produce a complete mapping, but only a partial mapping sufficient to correctly reformulate the query. We detail a number of open issues on how this problem statement might be refined, and consider features of its evaluation. Ambiguity in Ontology Mapping: Consider the idealized representation (Fig. 1)
Live Images of Donor Dendritic Cells Trafficking via CX3CR1 Pathway (2016)

Our data indicate that immediately post transplant dDC undergo morphological changes and traffic out of the organs via systemic circulation. While, we still noted presence of dDC in the transplanted organs, their trafficking to lymphoid tissue remains to be fully explored.
Cell-Permeable Oct4 Gene Delivery Enhances Stem Cell-like Properties of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (2021)

Direct conversion of one cell type into another is a trans-differentiation process. Recent advances in fibroblast research revealed that epithelial cells can give rise to fibroblasts by epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Conversely, fibroblasts can also give rise to epithelia by undergoing a mesenchymal to epithelial transition. To elicit stem cell-like properties in fibroblasts, the <i>Oct4</i> transcription factor acts as a master transcriptional regulator for reprogramming somatic cells. Notably, the production of gene complexes with cell-permeable peptides, such as low-molecular-weight protamine (LMWP), was proposed to induce reprogramming without cytotoxicity and genomic mutation. We designed a complex with non-cytotoxic LMWP to prevent the degradation of <i>Oct4</i> and revealed that the positively charged cell-permeable LMWP helped condense the size of the <i>Oct4</i>-LMWP complexes (1:5 N:P ratio). When the <i>Oct4</i>-LMWP complex was delivered into mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), stemness-related gene expression increased while fibroblast intrinsic properties decreased. We believe that the <i>Oct4</i>-LMWP complex developed in this study can be used to reprogram terminally differentiated somatic cells or convert them into stem cell-like cells without risk of cell death, improving the stemness level and stability of existing direct conversion techniques.
α-Synuclein structures from fluorescence energy-transfer kinetics: Implications for the role of the protein in Parkinson's disease (2004)

Parkinson's disease is associated with the deposition and accumulation of alpha-synuclein fibrils in the brain. A30P and A53T mutations have been linked to the early-onset familial disease state. Time-resolved tryptophan fluorescence energy-transfer measurements have been used to probe the structures of pseudo-wild-type and mutant (A30P) alpha-synucleins at physiological pH (7.4), in acidic pH (4.4) solutions, and in the presence of SDS micelles, a membrane mimic. Fluorescent donor-energy acceptor (DA) distance distributions for six different tryptophan/3-nitro-tyrosine pairs reveal the presence of compact, intermediate, and extended conformations of the protein. CD spectra indicate that the protein develops substantial helical structure in the presence of SDS micelles. DA distributions show that micelles induce compaction in the N-terminal region and expansion of the acidic C terminus. In acidic solutions, there is an increased population of collapsed structures in the C-terminal region. Energy-transfer measurements demonstrate that the average DA distances for the W4-Y19 and Y19-W39 pairs are longer in one of the two disease-related mutants (A30P).
Diffracting trees (1996)

Shared counters are among the most basic coordination structures in multiprocessor conputation, with applications ranging from barrier synchronization to concurrent-data-structure design. This article introduces diffracting trees, novel data structures for share counting and load balancing in a distributed/parallel environment. Empirical evidence, collected on a simulated distributed shared-memory machine and several simulated message-passing architectures, shows that diffracting trees scale better and are more robust than both combining trees and counting networks, currently the most effective known methods for implementing concurrent counters in software. The use of a randomized coordination method together with a combinatorial data structure overcomes the resiliency drawbacks of combining trees. Our simulations show that to handle the same load, diffracting trees and counting networks should have a similar width w , yet the depth of a diffracting tree is O (log w ), whereas counting networks have depth O (log 2 w ). Diffracting trees have already been used to implement highly efficient producer/consumer queues, and we believe diffraction will prove to be an effective alternative paradigm to combining and queue-locking in the design of many concurrent data structures.
Fabrication of Zinc Oxide Nanostructures by Mist Chemical Vapor Deposition (2014)

ZnO nanostructures with well-controlled growth on silicon substrate were fabricated in a reducing gas ambient following by a novel mist chemical vapor deposition (Mist CVD) treatment. The effects of Mist CVD post-treatment time on the crystal growth, structural properties were investigated. It was found that the morphology of ZnO nanostructures was significantly modified and regrown during Mist CVD post-treatment process. The crystallinity of ZnO nanostructures was remarkably changed after Mist CVD post-treatment due to the huge regrowth of nanostructures. The mechanism of the nanostructures growth in Mist CVD was investigated in detail.
A103 andT311 (1997)

Jungbluth, A A; Chen, Y T; Stockert, E; Iversen, K; Coplan, K; Tsang, S; Busam, K; Gerald, W; Old, L J Author Information
Preparation of Efficient Organic Solar Cells Based on Terpolymer Donors via a Monomer‐Ratio Insensitive Side‐Chain Hybridization Strategy (2023)

Creating new donor materials is crucial for further advancing organic solar cells. Random terpolymers have been adopted to overcome shortcomings of regular alternating donor-acceptor (D-A) polymers of which the performance is often susceptible to batch-to-batch variations. In general, the properties and performance of efficient D<sub>1</sub> -A-D<sub>2</sub> -A and D-A<sub>1</sub> -D-A<sub>2</sub> terpolymers are sensitive to the D<sub>1</sub> /D<sub>2</sub> or A<sub>1</sub> /A<sub>2</sub> monomer ratios. Side-chain hybridization is a strategy to address this problem. Here, six D<sub>1</sub> -A-D<sub>2</sub> -A-type random terpolymers comprising D<sub>1</sub> and D<sub>2</sub> monomers with the same π-conjugated D unit but with different side chains were synthesized. The side chains, containing either fluorine or trialkylsilyl substituents were chosen to provide near-identical optoelectronic properties but provide a tool to create a better-optimized film morphology when blended with a non-fullerene acceptor. This strategy allows improving the device performance to over 18 %, higher than that obtained with the corresponding D<sub>1</sub> -A or D<sub>2</sub> -A bipolymers (around 17 %). Hence, side-chain hybridization is a promising strategy to design efficient D<sub>1</sub> -A-D<sub>2</sub> -A terpolymer donors that are insensitive to the D<sub>1</sub> /D<sub>2</sub> monomer ratio, which is beneficial for the scaled-up synthesis of high-performance materials.