gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF THE N-PHTHALOYL MOIETY AS PROTECTING GROUP IN AMINOACYLPHOSPHONIC DERIVATIVES (1991)

Abstract Reaction of dimethyl benzoylphosphonate with hydrazine hydrate gave exclusively benzhydrazide. Reaction of methyl lithium benzoylphosphonate with hydrazine hydrate gave the corresponding hydrazone (3) as a 65:35 mixture of E and Z isomers. Reaction of hydrazine hydrate with diisopropyl 4phthalimidobutanoylphosphonate gave mainly products resulting from nucleophilic attack of hydrazine on the carbonyl of the acylphosphonate and only a small percentage of phthalhydrazide. From our results it appears that the N-phthaloyl protecting group is not suitable for the transient protection of amino groups during attempts to synthesize aminoacylphosphonates. Key Words: AcylphosphonateAminoacylphosphonateHydrazonePhosphonatephthalimidoacylphosphonates.
Synthetic Modification of the Escherichia coli Chromosome:  Enhancing the Biocatalytic Conversion of Glucose into Aromatic Chemicals (1996)

The yield of l-phenylalanine, racemic phenyllactic acid, and prephenic acid synthesized from glucose has been doubled and contamination of these aromatic end products by biosynthetic intermediates drastically reduced. These improvements resulted from increasing the in vivo catalytic activity of specific enzymes in the common pathway of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis by chromosomal modification of Escherichia coli. The centerpiece of these changes was the synthesis of a multigene cassette carrying aroA (encoding EPSP synthase), aroC (encoding chorismate synthase), and aroB (encoding DHQ synthase). Chromosomal insertion of the synthesized multigene cassette into E. coli KAD29B, a strain having a mutation in the tyrR locus which relieves transcriptional repression of aroL (encoding shikimate kinase), resulted in biocatalysts KAD1D and KAD11D. Improved catalytic activities of individual common pathway enzymes have previously been accomplished with extrachromosomal plasmids encoding the appropriate loci. By contrast, the chromosomal alterations possessed by KAD1D and KAD11D circumvent potential problems associated with plasmid instability and unnecessary overexpression of plasmid-encoded, common pathway enzymes. The described modifications of the E. coli chromosome and the methods utilized to achieve these changes will also simplify construction of future generations of aromatic-synthesizing biocatalysts.
Synthetic Approach to the Natural N-Nitrosohydroxylamino Tetramic Acid JBIR-141 (2022)

An analogue of the <i>Streptomyces</i> metabolite JBIR-141, featuring a delicate <i>N</i>-nitrosohydroxylamine, a 3-acyltetramic acid, and an oxazoline, was synthesized by a convergent strategy from l-alanine, l-threonine, and l-glutamic acid. Key steps were the cyclization of an Ala-Thr derivative to give the oxazoline, a Dieckmann condensation affording the 3-acyltetramic acid, and the <i>N</i>-nitrosation of a hydroxylamino derivative of glutamic acid. An adequate protecting group strategy was established for coupling the three building blocks.
The structure changes in Sn1−xTixalloys at transition from liquid to solid state (2009)

The structures of Sn1– x Ti x (x = 0.00; 0.02, 0.05, 0.15, 0.25; 0.35; 0.45) alloys were studied by X-ray diffraction at different temperatures. The structure factors, pair correlation functions, and parameters obtained were analysed. It is shown that the structures of the liquid alloys are inhomogeneous in the pre-crystallisation temperature region. The solidified phases are in agreement with the equilibrium phase diagram. The X-ray diffraction data were used for the specification of the liquidus line position.
Thermal birefringence effect in Nd/sup 3+/-doped YAG ceramics (2002)

The thermal birefringence effect in Nd/sup 3+/-doped YAG ceramics has been investigated. The amount of depolarization induced by thermal birefringence is the same for ceramics and single crystals at the same Nd/sup 3+/ concentration, but increases with increasing Nd/sup 3+/-doping.
Data from Genomic and Epigenomic Landscaping Defines New Therapeutic Targets for Adenosquamous Carcinoma of the Pancreas (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Adenosquamous cancer of the pancreas (ASCP) is a subtype of pancreatic cancer that has a worse prognosis and greater metastatic potential than the more common pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) subtype. To distinguish the genomic landscape of ASCP and identify actionable targets for this lethal cancer, we applied DNA content flow cytometry to a series of 15 tumor samples including five patient-derived xenografts (PDX). We interrogated purified sorted tumor fractions from these samples with whole-genome copy-number variant (CNV), whole-exome sequencing, and Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) analyses. These identified a variety of somatic genomic lesions targeting chromatin regulators in ASCP genomes that were superimposed on well-characterized genomic lesions including mutations in &lt;i&gt;TP53&lt;/i&gt; (87%) and &lt;i&gt;KRAS&lt;/i&gt; (73%), amplification of &lt;i&gt;MYC&lt;/i&gt; (47%), and homozygous deletion of &lt;i&gt;CDKN2A&lt;/i&gt; (40%) that are common in PDACs. Furthermore, a comparison of ATAC-seq profiles of three ASCP and three PDAC genomes using flow-sorted PDX models identified genes with accessible chromatin unique to the ASCP genomes, including the lysine methyltransferase &lt;i&gt;SMYD2&lt;/i&gt; and the pancreatic cancer stem cell regulator &lt;i&gt;RORC&lt;/i&gt; in all three ASCPs, and a &lt;i&gt;FGFR1-ERLIN2&lt;/i&gt; fusion associated with focal CNVs in both genes in a single ASCP. Finally, we demonstrate significant activity of a pan FGFR inhibitor against organoids derived from the &lt;i&gt;FGFR1-ERLIN2&lt;/i&gt; fusion–positive ASCP PDX model. Our results suggest that the genomic and epigenomic landscape of ASCP provide new strategies for targeting this aggressive subtype of pancreatic cancer.&lt;/p&gt;Significance:&lt;p&gt;These data provide a unique description of the ASCP genomic and epigenomic landscape and identify candidate therapeutic targets for this dismal cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Enhanced Oxidative Reactivity for Anthracite Coal via a Reactive Ball Milling Pretreatment Step (2009)

Reactive ball milling in a cyclohexene solvent significantly increases the oxidative reactivity of an anthracite coal, due to the combined effects of particle size reduction, metal introduction, introduction of volatile matter, and changes in carbon structure. Metals introduced during milling can be easily removed via a subsequent demineralization process, and the increased reactivity is retained. Solvent addition alters the morphological changes that occur during pyrolysis and leads to a char with significantly increased reactivity. When the solvent is omitted, similar effects are seen for the milled product, but a significant fraction of the char is resistant to oxidation.
Structural and electrochemical investigation of crystallite size controlled zinc ferrite (ZnFe 2 O 4 ) (2021)

Zinc ferrite, ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(ZFO), is a promising electrode material for next generation Li-ion batteries because of its high theoretical capacity and low environmental impact. In this report, synthetic control of crystallite size from the nanometer to submicron scale enabled probing of the relationships between ZFO size and electrochemical behavior. A facile two-step coprecipitation and annealing preparation method was used to prepare ZFO with controlled sizes ranging ∼9 to >200 nm. Complementary synchrotron and electron microscopy techniques were used to characterize the series of materials. Increasing the annealing temperature increased crystallinity and decreased microstrain, while local structural ordering was maintained independent of crystallite size. Electrochemical characterization revealed that the smaller sized materials delivered higher capacities during initial lithiation. Larger sized particles exhibited a lack of distinct electrochemical signatures above 1.0 V, suggesting that the longer diffusion length associated with greater crystallite size causes the lithiation process to proceed via non discrete lithium insertion, cation migration, and conversion processes. Notably, larger particles exhibited enhanced electrochemical reversibility over 50 cycles, with capacity retention improving from <20% to >40% at C/2 cycling rate. This intriguing result was probed through x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements of the cycled electrodes. XAS revealed that the larger crystallite size materials do not completely convert to Fe<sup>0</sup>during the first lithiation and that independent of size, delithiation results in the formation of nanocrystalline FeO and ZnO phases rather than ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. After 20 cycles, the larger crystallites showed reversibility between partially oxidized FeO in the charged state and Fe<sup>0</sup>in the discharged state, while the smaller crystallite size material was electrochemically inactive as Fe<sup>0</sup>. XPS analysis revealed more significant solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation on the cycled electrodes utilizing ZFO with smaller crystallite size. This finding suggests that excessive SEI buildup on the smaller sized, higher surface area ZFO particles contributes to their reduced electrochemical reversibility relative to the larger crystallite size materials.
Evaluation of Potential Genotoxicity of HIV Entry Inhibitors Derived from Natural Sources (2014)

AIDS is a global pandemic that has seen the development of novel and effective treatments to improve the quality of life of those infected and reduction of spread of the disease. Palmitic Acid (PA), which we identified and isolated from Sargassum fusiforme, is a naturally occurring fatty acid that specifically inhibits HIV entry by binding to a novel pocket on the CD4 receptor. We also identified a structural analogue, 2-bromopalmitate (2-BP), as a more effective HIV entry inhibitor with a 20-fold increase in efficacy. We have used the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of 2-BP as a platform to identify new small chemical molecules that fit into the various identified active sites in an effort to identify more potent CD4 entry inhibitors. To validate further drug development, we tested the PA and 2-BP scaffold molecules for genotoxic potential. The FDA and International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) recommends using a standardized 3-test battery for testing compound genotoxicity consisting of the bacterial reverse mutation assay, mouse lymphoma assay, and rat micronucleus assay. PA and 2-BP and their metabolites tested negative in all three genotoxicty tests. 2-BP is the first derivative of PA to undergo pre-clinical screening, which will enable us to now test multiple simultaneous small chemical structures based on activity in scaffold modeling across the dimension of pre-clinical testing to enable transition to human testing.
Multiphysics Simulation of Wave Energy to Electric Energy Conversion by Permanent Magnet Linear Generator (2005)

The possibility to use three-phase permanent magnet linear generators to convert sea wave energy into electric energy is investigated by multiphysics simulations. The results show a possibility, which needs to be further verified by experimental tests, for a future step toward a sustainable electric power production from ocean waves by using direct conversion. The results suggest that wave energy can have an impact on tomorrow's new sustainable electricity production, not only for large units, but also for units ranging down to 10 kW. This gives wave power a larger economical potential than previously estimated. The study demonstrates the feasibility of computer simulations to give a broad, and in several aspects a detailed, understanding of the energy conversion. The simulation results also give a useful starting point for future experimental work.
RAW camera DPCM compression performance analysis (2010)

The MIPI standard has adopted DPCM compression for RAW data images streamed from mobile cameras. This DPCM is line based and uses either a simple 1 or 2 pixel predictor. In this paper, we analyze the DPCM compression performance as MTF degradation. To test this scheme's performance, we generated Siemens star images and binarized them to 2-level images. These two intensity values where chosen such that their intensity difference corresponds to those pixel differences which result in largest relative errors in the DPCM compressor. (E.g. a pixel transition from 0 to 4095 corresponds to an error of 6 between the DPCM compressed value and the original pixel value). The DPCM scheme introduces different amounts of error based on the pixel difference. We passed these modified Siemens star chart images to this compressor and compared the compressed images with the original images using IT3 MTF response plots for slanted edges. Further, we discuss the PSF influence on DPCM error and its propagation through the image processing pipe.
A proliferation gradient between proximal andmsxb-expressing distal blastema directs zebrafish fin regeneration (2002)

Previous studies of zebrafish fin regeneration led to the notion that the regeneration blastema is a homogeneous population of proliferating cells. Here, we show that the blastema consists of two components with markedly distinct proliferation properties. During early blastema formation, proliferating cells are evenly distributed. At the onset of regenerative outgrowth, however, blastemal cells are partitioned into two domains. Proximal blastemal cells proliferate at a high rate, shifting from a median G(2) of more than 6 hours to approximately 1 hour. By contrast, the most distal blastemal cells do not proliferate. There is a gradient of proliferation between these extremes. Using bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and anti-phosphohistone H3 labeling, we find a 50-fold difference in proliferation across the gradient that extends approximately 50 microm, or ten cell diameters. We show that during early regeneration, proliferating blastemal cells express msxb, a homeodomain transcriptional repressor. While msxb is widely expressed among proliferating cells during blastema formation, its expression becomes restricted to a small number of non-proliferating, distal blastemal cells during regenerative outgrowth. Bromodeoxyuridine pulse-chase experiments show that distal and proximal blastemal cells are formed from proliferating, msxb-positive blastemal cells, not from preexisting slow-cycling cells. These data support the idea that blastema formation results from dedifferentiation of intraray mesenchymal cells. Based on these findings, we propose a new model of zebrafish fin regeneration in which the function of non-proliferating, msxb-expressing, distal blastemal cells is to specify the boundary of proliferation and provide direction for regenerative outgrowth.
2D and 3D growth of carbon nanotubes on substrates, from nanometre to millimetre scales (2007)

This paper presents a suite of techniques for making Carbon Nanotube (CNT) assemblies having hierarchical two- and three-dimensional organisation: conformal films of tangled single-walled CNTs are grown on silicon microstructures, millimetre-thick films and microstructures of aligned Multi-wall CNTs (MWNTs) are grown on flat silicon substrates, large-area CNT micropatterns are fabricated by post-growth dry embossing of aligned CNT films and 3D forms of CNTs are directly grown to take the shape of microfabricated template. These growth processes use catalyst thin-films deposited by electron beam evaporation and atmospheric-pressure thermal Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD), which is scalable from academic-level prototyping to industrial-level manufacturing.
Ultrastrong composites from dopamine modified-polymer-infiltrated colloidal crystals (2015)

Multilayered nanocomposites containing iron oxide nanoparticles, strongly cemented together through a dopamine modified polymer, exhibit high resistance against elastic and plastic deformation with a Young's modulus of 17 GPa and a hardness of 1.3 GPa.
Results of Lung Cancer Screening in a Rural Setting: A Retrospective Cohort Study (2022)

Background In this study, we aimed to determine the performance of the lung cancer screening (LCS) program using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) in a rural community. Methodology We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent LCS at a rural healthcare institution from September 1, 2016, through December 31, 2019, to determine the utilization of screening, rate of positivity, rate of cancer detection, and patient compliance. Results A total of 1,474 patients underwent initial LCS, and 1,776 LCS examinations were performed using LDCT. Of 1,776 tests performed, 375 (21.1%) were categorized as positive (Lung CT Screening Reporting and Data System III or higher), with 215 of the 375 (57.6%) being lost to follow-up. A total of 29 malignancies were identified (in 1.6% of all LCS tests) during the study period, with 23 (82.8%) malignancies being low-stage malignancies (stage I or II), 24 (79.3%) malignancies potentially surgical candidates (stage IIIA or less), and five (17.2%) malignancies being non-surgical candidates based on stage (stage IIIB or IV). A total of 28.7% of all patients eligible for repeat screening had at least one repeat annual test. Overall, 9.9% of all patients eligible for two repeat annual tests had a second repeat annual test. Conclusions LCS using LDCT is effective in detecting lung cancer in a rural setting. However, compliance with repeat annual screening and recommendations for further workup is low. This may be exacerbated by healthcare and socioeconomic issues prevalent in rural communities. The use of LCS patient coordinators and dedicated tracking software may improve compliance with repeat annual screening and compliance with recommendations when LCS tests are positive.
Atmospheric Pressure MALDI with Pulsed Dynamic Focusing for High-Efficiency Transmission of Ions into a Mass Spectrometer (2004)

The atmospheric pressure (AP) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) technique described to date has proven to be a convenient and rapid method for soft ionization of biomolecules. However, this technique, like other AP ionization methods, has so far suffered from a low efficiency in transmitting ions from atmospheric pressure into the vacuum of the mass spectrometer (MS). In this work, a novel technique we termed pulsed dynamic focusing, or PDF, which improves the ion transmission efficiency and sensitivity of AP-MALDI by over an order of magnitude, is described. Pulsed dynamic focusing operates on the basis of pulsing a high-voltage extraction field to zero, when ions are just outside of the MS entrance, to allow the intake gas flow of the MS to effectively entrain the ions into the MS. Results from application of the PDF technique to an AP-MALDI ion trap MS demonstrated that in comparison to static AP-MALDI operation (1). up to 2.1 times more ions from a given laser shot could be transferred into the MS, (2). applying higher voltages in combination with the switching scheme yielded up to 1.6-times-higher ion intensities, and (3). a 3-times-larger laser spot area could be utilized. The combination of these factors produced an enhancement in throughput and sensitivity, as measured by the ions detected per unit time, of over 12 times for a digest sample of bovine serum albumin. In addition, the PDF technique proved to make AP-MALDI less sensitive to laser positioning, creating a more robust ion source in comparison to static AP-MALDI.
Preparation of Cr‐Doped TiO2 Thin Film of p‐Type Conduction for Gas Sensor Application. (2002)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Optical design of a thin curved lightguide and manufacturing using ophthalmic approaches (2019)

We present an underexplored variation of the classical optical freeform prism design that incorporates 3 optical surfaces. This optical architecture can make use of one, two, or three freeform surfaces. Our initial prototype uses a single freeform surface along with a sphere and a at surface to simplify manufacturing complexity. There are two key contributions in this paper that to our knowledge have not been achieved previously: 1) the design of a thin, 4 mm to 1 mm gradient thickness, curved freeform lightguide (nearly 4x thinner than the original freeform prism), and 2) lightguide fabrication utilizing ophthalmic machines. This particular optical design makes combined use of total internal reflections and partial reflections. The advantages of this optical architecture include the curved optical surfaces that eliminate the optical collimator requirement in at lightguides, a relatively large eyebox, and a manufacturing approach that reuses the standard ophthalmic process for fabricating the eyeside and worldside optical surfaces. The limitations of the optical design are low efficiency (~ 5%), multiple image artifacts, and lack of optical see-through.
Towards clinical development of aPfs48/45-based transmission blocking malaria vaccine (2017)

Malaria is a devastating vector-borne disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite, resulting in almost 0.5 million casualties per year. The parasite has a complex life-cycle that includes asexual replication in human red blood cells, causing symptomatic malaria, and sexual stages which are essential for the transmission to the mosquito vector. A vaccine targeting the sexual stages of the parasite and thus blocking transmission will be instrumental for the eradication of malaria. One of the leading transmission blocking vaccine candidates is the sexual stage antigen Pfs48/45. Areas covered: PubMed was searched to review the progress and future prospects for clinical development of a Pfs48/45-based subunit vaccine. We will focus on biological function, naturally acquired immunity, functional activity of specific antibodies, sequence diversity, production of recombinant protein and preclinical studies. Expert commentary: Pfs48/45 is one of the lead-candidates for a transmission blocking vaccine and should be further explored in clinical trials.
Effects of E.coli Infection on Tissue Structure and VIP Expression in Sacculus rotundus of Rabbit (2010)

Pathological lesions and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(VIP)distribution in Sacculus rotundus of E.coli infection rabbits was studied by means of histopathological and immunohistochemistric methods.The results showed that,compared with the control group,Sacculus rotundus mucous layer of the infected rabbits has the obvious pathological damage and the submucous layer lymphatic tissue's altitude decreased obviously.Immunohistochemistry showed that,VIP immunoreactive cell density in the infected rabbits were significantly increased than those of control rabbits(P0.01).The results indicated that E.coli infection can lead to the serious injury and enhanced expression of VIP in Sacculus rotundus of rabbit.Enhanced expression of VIP demonstrated that VIP play a part in the process of Sacculus rotundus damage.
A Multicenter, Open-Label, Controlled Phase II Study to Evaluate Safety and Immunogenicity of MVA Smallpox Vaccine (IMVAMUNE) in 18–40 Year Old Subjects with Diagnosed Atopic Dermatitis (2015)

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00316602.