gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Androgen replacement and quality of life. (2003)

Considerable attention is being paid to the quality of life as men age—and why not? As men age, they still want to remain productive, active and, of course, healthy. Unfortunately, it seems that nature is cruel. For men, this cruelty starts immediately after college, when they begin to notice, ever so subtly, that the refractory period between their erectile events increases. As men enter their forties, they begin to notice that their erections have started to change, such that the erections may not be as rigid as they once were or do not seem to last as long. Some men even begin to lose that “every moment’s interest in sex” that seems to define their persona during youth. This change in sexuality, coupled with the other phenotypic evidence of aging, such as losing one’s hair and increasing one’s waistline, begs the question—what’s next? As most men who have already traveled that road know so well, it does not get any better. What men also have to look forward to with aging is an increasing sense of lethargy, occasional bouts of memory failure, recognition of no longer being a Samson, and, sometimes, depression. Yes, they can become grumpy, overweight, old men.

These aforementioned symptoms and signs are referred to as andropause or androgen deficiency of the aging man (ADAM). As men age, their testosterone levels—particularly their free testosterone levels—decrease. There are many reasons for this but, suffice it to say, this does occur in many men. If these symptoms of aging result from a decrease in testosterone levels, it makes sense that such men may benefit from exogenous androgen treatment. Many men opt for this treatment when confronted with their midlife changes because the evidence suggests that many of these afflictions of aging are ameliorated with androgen replacement.
Intelligence in Markets: Asset Pricing, Mechanism Design, and Natural Computation [Technology Review] (2008)

Evolution, human and animal cognition, and the emergent coordination of systems of autonomous agents are among the areas of nature drawn upon for inspiration by the field of computational intelligence. Researchers are increasingly using these aspects of nature in the exploration of market interaction, both to develop more scientific knowledge about economic and financial phenomena and to build new commercial applications for price forecasting, asset trading, and market design. Adam Smith wrote of an "invisible hand" which guided markets. Today we may consider this specter to be the result of a limiting process of some computational evolutionary algorithm. It is here, at the intersection of economics and intelligent computation, where we may most profitably study the nature of human market interaction.
Animal Experimentation Study of Atrial Activity Propagation Using a Multi-channcl SQUID System (2001)

Article Animal Experimentation Study of Atrial Activity Propagation Using a Multi-channcl SQUID System was published on January 1, 2001 in the journal Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik (volume 46, issue s2).
Forward-viewing echoendoscope versus standard echoendoscope for endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition of solid lesions: a randomized, multicenter study (2018)

Our results strongly suggest that the FVL echoendoscope is noninferior to the CLA scope for the detection and performance of EUS-TA in patients with solid lesions of the gastrointestinal tract and adjacent organs. In addition, the FVL scope has the same diagnostic yield, accuracy, and safety as the CLA scope.
S3107 The Correlation Between Bowel Wall Thickening on Computed Tomography and Subsequent Colonoscopy in Patients With Suspected Colitis (2020)

INTRODUCTION: Many patients undergo cross-sectional imaging with computed tomography (CT) scan after emergency room (ER) visits for suspected colitis. An abdominal CT scan may show wall thickening indicating possible colitis. Bowel wall thickening may represent bowel inflammation, infection, ischemic colitis, collapsed wall, neoplasia or normal wall. We study the correlation between whether positive imaging findings on CT scans reflect mucosal inflammation process upon endoscopic investigation. METHODS: A retrospective single-center cohort study with 306 adult patients presented to ER with gastroenteritis symptoms, hospitalized for suspected colitis between January 2010 and January 2015. All these patients underwent cross-sectional imaging with a CT scan of the abdomen. We analyzed these patients and studied the correlation of positive CT scan imaging findings in relation to the site of inflammation and the presence of significant mucosal findings in colonoscopy. RESULTS: Bowel wall thickening was observed in 237 patients (47.6%). The most common site of the inflammation was in the transverse colon in 74 patients (31.2%), followed by ascending colon in 64 (27%) and descending colon in 61 patients (25.7%). Only 68 out of 237 patients underwent endoscopic evaluation during hospitalization. 23 out of 68 patients (33.8.4%) had a significant findings; tubular adenoma 12 (17.6%), newly diagnosed IBD 6 (8.8%), IBD flares 6 (8.8%), ischemic colitis 4 (5.8%), and microscopic colitis 1 (1.5%). Among 68, one-quarter of patients (n = 18/68; 26.5%) have a similar point of inflammation on colonoscopy and CT scan imaging. CONCLUSION: Incidental findings of bowel wall thickening seen on CT scan of the abdomen were associated with significant findings on subsequent colonoscopies including tubular adenoma, ischemic colitis, microscopic colitis, newly diagnosed IBD, IBD flares and possible neoplasia. This raises the question of whether follow-up colonoscopy is indicated in the setting of these radiological findings. Future studies are needed to validate these findings.Table 1.: Location of bowel wall thickening on CT scan in patients with colitis noted in the site belowFigure 1.: Pie chart 1. Location of bowel wall thickening on CT scan in patients with colitis.
Keyword proximity search on XML graphs (2004)

XKeyword provides efficient keyword proximity queries on large XML graph databases. A query is simply a list of keywords and does not require any schema or query language knowledge for its formulation. XKeyword is built on a relational database and, hence, can accommodate very large graphs. Query evaluation is optimized by using the graph's schema. In particular, XKeyword consists of two stages. In the preprocessing stage a set of keyword indices are built along with indexed path relations that describe particular patterns of paths in the graph. In the query processing stage plans are developed that use a near optimal set of path relations to efficiently locate the keyword query results. The results are presented graphically using the novel idea of interactive result graphs, which are populated on-demand according to the user's navigation and allow efficient information discovery. We provide theoretical and experimental points for the selection of the appropriate set of precomputed path relations. We also propose and experimentally evaluate algorithms to minimize the number of queries sent to the database to output the top-K results.
The effect of substrate growth temperature on the optical properties of self-assembled InAs quantum dots (2003)

Summary form only given. We investigate MBE-grown samples of capped InAs quantum dots with substrate growth temperatures ranging from 465/spl deg/C to 515/spl deg/C and explore their optical properties. In our first measurement, we perform low temperature (5K) photoluminescence experiments on ensembles of quantum dots in our samples using 100 /spl mu/w of continuous-wave, 735 nm light from a Ti-sapphire laser for exciting the quantum dots. We find that the photoluminescence emission energy decreases with increasing substrate growth temperature. Our second type of optical experiment involves the time resolution of the optical emission from a pulsed laser source. We retrieve time-resolved data using a Hamamatsu streak-camera with attached monochrometer. Our streakcamera measurements yield color-hue plots of intensity versus wavelength versus time. This allows us to tell not only where in the energy spectrum our quantum dots are emitting, but also for how long they emit. We find that increasing the growth temperature decreases the quantum dot lifetime.
Initiation of Shockley Stacking Fault Expansion in 4H-SiC P-i-N Diodes (2019)

To understand the effects of temperature and injection current density on expansion of Shockley stacking faults (SSFs) from basal-plane dislocations in 4H-SiC p-i-n diodes, the threshold current density for SSF expansion was investigated at eight temperatures by electroluminescence image observation. The threshold injection current density was found to decrease at lower temperatures and to increase at higher temperatures. We identified the origin of this temperature dependence and found that the limiting factor for expansion differed depending on the temperature.
VA-RED$^2$: Video Adaptive Redundancy Reduction (2021)

Performing inference on deep learning models for videos remains a challenge due to the large amount of computational resources required to achieve robust recognition. An inherent property of real-world videos is the high correlation of information across frames which can translate into redundancy in either temporal or spatial feature maps of the models, or both. The type of redundant features depends on the dynamics and type of events in the video: static videos have more temporal redundancy while videos focusing on objects tend to have more channel redundancy. Here we present a redundancy reduction framework, termed VA-RED$^2$, which is input-dependent. Specifically, our VA-RED$^2$ framework uses an input-dependent policy to decide how many features need to be computed for temporal and channel dimensions. To keep the capacity of the original model, after fully computing the necessary features, we reconstruct the remaining redundant features from those using cheap linear operations. We learn the adaptive policy jointly with the network weights in a differentiable way with a shared-weight mechanism, making it highly efficient. Extensive experiments on multiple video datasets and different visual tasks show that our framework achieves $20\% - 40\%$ reduction in computation (FLOPs) when compared to state-of-the-art methods without any performance loss. Project page: http://people.csail.mit.edu/bpan/va-red/.
K-means clustering for high-resolution, realistic acoustic maps (2018)

In this work, we describe a method for converting fat-water-separated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumes to acoustic maps for ultrasound simulations. An acoustic map is a mapping of acoustic imaging parameters such as speed of sound and density to grid points in the ultrasound simulations. Tissues are segmented into five primary classes of tissue in the human abdominal wall (skin, fat, muscle, connective tissue, and non-tissue). This segmentation is achieved using an unsupervised machine learning algorithm, called soft k-means clustering, on a multi-scale feature representation of the MRI volumes. We describe an automated method for utilizing soft k-means weights to produce an acoustic map that achieves approximately 90% agreement with manual segmentation. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear ultrasound simulations are conducted, demonstrating the utility of realistic 3D maps over previously-available 2D acoustic maps.
Calcium influx via mechanosensitive piezo1 channels regulates ultrasound targeted microbubble cavitation-induced endothelial hyperpermeability (2023)

Ultrasound targeted microbubble cavitation (UTMC) enhances drug-delivery across the endothelial barrier, but the underlying molecular mechanisms require further investigation. Here we explore the role of mechanosensitive piezo1 channels in regulating UTMC-induced hyperpermeability. Human coronary artery endothelial cells on transwells showed that UTMC (1 MHz, 250 kPa, 10 cycles, 10 ms interval for 10 s) caused hyperpermeability, demonstrated by reduced transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) (1.7-fold, p &amp;lt; 0.05) and increased dextran flux across the monolayer (twofold, p &amp;lt; 0.01 for 70 kDa dextran, 1.6-fold, p &amp;lt; 0.05 for 10 kDa dextran). UTMC enhanced the paracellular permeability as shown by transient increase in inter-endothelial gaps. Inhibition of Ca2+ influx using mechanosensitive channel inhibitor GsMTx4, or piezo1 siRNA abrogated UTMC-induced hyperpermeability. Reduction in Ca2+ influx diminished inter-endothelialgaps and stress-fiber formation, suggesting Ca2+ influx is required, at least in part, for UTMC-induced hyperpermeability. UTMC increased nitric oxide (NO) production and inhibition of endothelial NO synthase with L-NAME abrogated UTMC-induced hyperpermeability, indicating a role for NO. Immunostaining showed that UTMC caused reorganization of adherens-junction protein VE-cadherin from a linear to interrupted pattern, which is known to be associated with hyperpermeability. Further elucidation of these pathways will aid in clinical translation and optimization of UTMC for delivery of cell-impermeant drugs.
Writing Solaris device drivers in Java (2006)

Operating system kernels have been traditionally written in C for flexibility and efficiency. They, however, often suffer from bugs and security vulnerabilities because C is inherently error-prone and unsafe. While there have been attempts to experimentally construct a complete operating system in a type safe language such as Java for higher safety and reliability, such type safe operating systems are not mainstream as yet. In this paper, we present an experimental implementation of the Java Virtual Machine that runs inside the kernel of the Solaris operating system. Our approach is to extend the existing operating system, rather than creating a new operating system from scratch, in order to reap the benefits of a type safe language in the kernel without expensive development and transition cost for a new operating system architecture. We implemented our system by porting an existing small, portable JVM, Squawk, into the Solaris kernel. Our first application of this system is to allow device drivers to be written in Java. A simple device driver was ported from C to Java. Characteristics of the Java device driver and our device driver interface are described.
USe: A Retargetable Word Segmentation Procedure for Information Retrieval (1996)

Many languages, such as Chinese, are written without interword delimiters. For these languages, a segmenter is required as a pre-processing step for information retrieval systems. We describe USeg, a platform for word segmentation designed to fulfill the requirments imposed by the information retrieval task. USeg is based on an underlying probabalistic automaton which serves as a simple language model. A description of the proposed model(s), implementation issues for these models and experimental results are presented. The experiments show that a fairly simple underlying model can produce reasonable segmentation results, can do so quickly enough to be useful for indexing in an information retrieval system and can be re-targeted to new languages without a great deal of human effort.
High-Performance MoC Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Enabled by Surface Sulfur Substitution (2021)

Molybdenum carbides have been expected to be one of the promising catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to their similar d-band electronic structures to the Pt-group metals. However, the weaker hydrogen-adsorption ability of MoC severely hinders its applications. Guided by density functional theory calculations, we put forward a strategy to design the novel MoC-based electrocatalyst with surface reconstruction through sulfur doping. The incorporation of minor sulfur not only greatly increases the number of active sites and intrinsic activity but also optimizes the electronic structure to improve the electron transfer efficiency. As a result, the as-prepared sulfur-substituted MoC tackles the limitation of the Volmer step and exhibits superior HER performance with a small Tafel slope of 48 mV dec<sup>-1</sup>. Theoretical investigations demonstrate that the terminal sulfur plays a critical role in facilitating a close to zero hydrogen adsorption energy (Δ<i>G</i><sub>H*</sub>) and a lower hydrogen release barrier.
Spontaneous evolution of equilibrium morphology in phospholipid-cholesterol monolayers (2022)

Competition between intradomain electrostatic repulsions and interdomain line tension leads to domain shape transitions in phase-separating lipid monolayers. The question remains if these morphologies are energy minima or are kinetically trapped metastable states. We show the reversible evolution of uniform width stripe domains from polydisperse semicircular domains in monolayers of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), hexadecanol (HD) or palmitic acid (PA), and dihydrocholesterol (DChol). The initial semicircular domains grow at a fixed 2:1 DPPC:HD (or PA) stoichiometry, depleting the liquid phase of HD, leaving behind a liquid enriched in DPPC and DChol. At higher surface pressures, the remaining DPPC precipitates onto existing domains, decreasing the ratio of line tension to the square of the dipole density difference, λ/μ<sup>2</sup>. Theory predicts that, as λ/μ<sup>2</sup> decreases, circular domains reversibly transform to uniform width stripes as the minimum energy structure. Measuring the stripe width provides the first estimates of λ/μ<sup>2</sup> at liquid condensed-liquid expanded phase coexistence.
Focusing of light following a 4-fpulse shaper: Considerations for quantum control (2008)

The focusing of coherent light, modified by a spatial light modulator (SLM) based 4-$f$ pulse shaper, is discussed in the context of scalar diffraction theory. Diffractive effects (including space-time coupling) in SLMs may alter the size and shape of a subsequent laser focus. A numerical approach is used to investigate the effects of some common phase masks on the properties of the laser focus. The extreme case of an alternating phase mask is considered in some detail, as it clearly illustrates the effects of space-time coupling. The results are compared to a simple analytic model. The potential influence of SLM diffractive effects on multiphoton quantum control studies is discussed and some approaches to minimizing undesirable diffractive effects are suggested.
Evidence of a causal and modifiable relationship between kidney function and circulating trimethylamine N -oxide with implications for heart and kidney disorders (2022)

Abstract Objectives The host-microbiota co-metabolite trimethylamine N -oxide (TMAO) is linked to increased thrombotic and cardiovascular risks. Here we, sought to i) characterize which host variables contribute to fasting serum TMAO levels in real-life settings ii) identify potential actionable therapeutic means related to circulating TMAO. Design We applied “explainable” machine learning, univariate-, multivariate- and mediation analyses of fasting plasma TMAO concentration and a multitude of bioclinical phenotypes in 1,741 adult Europeans of the MetaCardis study. We expanded and validated our epidemiological findings in mechanistic studies in human renal fibroblasts and a murine model of kidney fibrosis following TMAO exposure. Results Next to age, kidney function was the primary variable predicting circulating TMAO in MetaCardis, with microbiota composition and diet playing minor, albeit significant roles. Mediation analysis revealed a causal relationship between TMAO and kidney function decline that strengthened at more severe stages of cardiometabolic disease. We corroborated our findings in preclinical models where TMAO exposure augmented conversion of human renal fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and increased kidney scarring in vivo . Mechanistically, TMAO aggravated kidney fibrosis due to ERK1/2 hyperactivation synergistically with TGF-β1 signaling. Consistent with our findings, patients receiving next-generation glucose-lowering drugs with reno-protective properties, had significantly lower circulating TMAO when compared to propensity-score matched control individuals. Conclusion After age, kidney function is the major determinant of fasting circulating TMAO in adults. Our findings of lower TMAO levels in individuals medicated with reno-protective anti-diabetic drugs suggests a clinically actionable intervention for decreasing TMAO-associated excess cardiovascular risk that merits urgent investigation in human trials. Data availability statement Raw shotgun sequencing data that support the findings of this study have been deposited in the European Nucleotide Archive with accession codes PRJEB37249, PRJEB38742, PRJEB41311 and PRJEB46098. Serum NMR and urine NMR metabolome data have been uploaded to Metabolights with accession number MTBLS3429; serum GC-MS and isotopically quantified serum metabolites (UPLC–MS/MS) are available from MassIVE with accession numbers MSV000088042 and MSV000088043, respectively.
Joint Transmission with Limited Backhaul Connectivity (2017)

Downlink beamforming techniques with low signaling overhead are proposed for joint processing coordinated (JP) multi-point transmission. The objective is to maximize the weighted sum rate within joint transmission clusters. As the considered weighted sum rate maximization is a non-convex problem, successive convex approximation techniques, based on weighted mean-squared error minimization, are applied to devise algorithms with tractable computational complexity. Decentralized algorithms are proposed to enable JP even with limited backhaul connectivity. These algorithms rely provide a variety of alternatives for signaling overhead, computational complexity and convergence behavior. Time division duplexing is exploited to design transceiver training techniques for two scenarios: stream specific estimation and direct estimation. In the stream specific estimation, the base station and user equipment estimate all of the stream specific precoded pilots individually and construct the transmit/receive covariance matrices based on these pilot estimates. With the direct estimation, only the intended transmission is separately estimated and the covariance matrices constructed directly from the aggregate system-wide pilots. The impact of feedback/backhaul signaling quantization is considered, in order to further reduce the signaling overhead. Also, user admission is being considered for time-correlated channels. The enhanced transceiver convergence rate enables periodic beamformer reinitialization, which greatly improves the achieved system performance in dense networks.
Interaction analysis using switching structured autoregressive models (2008)

This paper explores modeling the dependency structure among multiple vector time-series. We focus on a large classes of structures which yield efficient and tractable exact inference. Specifically, we use directed trees and forests to model causal interactions among time-series. These models are incorporated in a dynamic setting in which a latent variable indexes evolving structures. We demonstrate the utility of the method by analyzing the interaction of multiple moving objects.
Nitric Oxide as a Mediator of Relaxation of the Corpus Cavernosum in Response to Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic Neurotransmission (1992)

RAJFER, JACOB; ARONSON, WILLIAM J.; BUSH, PEGGY A.; DOREY, FREDERICK J.; IGNARRO, LOUIS J. Author Information