gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anionic Polymerization of Alkyl (Meth)acrylates Using Metal-Free Initiators:  Effect of Ion Pairing on Initiation Equilibria (1999)

Metal-free anionic polymerizations of alkyl (meth)acrylates using tetrabutylammonium salts of diethylphenylmalonate, fluorene, and 9-ethylfluorene as initiators were performed in THF at 30 °C. A poor control of molecular weights, inconsistent initiator efficiencies, and broad or bimodal molecular weight distributions were obtained. The effect of counterion nature was studied from the polymerization of methyl methacrylate using the 1,1-diphenylhexyl anion with tetrabutylammonium, tetramethyldiethylguanidinium, and lithium as counterions under otherwise identical conditions. Metal-free initiators resulted in incomplete initiation which is attributed to the fact that the initiation is an equilibrium reaction. In conjunction with possible side reactions such as Hofmann elimination and transfer reactions, this leads to broad and bimodal molecular weight distributions of the resulting polymers.
Remarkable Enhancement in the Self-Pulsating Action of a Weakly-Index-Guided AlGaAs Laser Diode by Nanosecond Electric-Pulse Excitation (2009)

Pulsation phenomena were enhanced in an AlGaAs self-pulsation laser diode under strong electric-pulse excitation. The peak power and pulse repetition increased, and the pulse duration decreased by a factor of 10 compared to DC-current operation.
Evaluating Journal Quality and the Association for Information Systems Senior Scholars’ Journal Basket Via Bibliometric Measures: Do Expert Journal Assessments Add Value?1 (2013)

Information systems journal rankings and ratings help scholars focus their publishing efforts and are widely used surrogates for judging the quality of research. Over the years, numerous approaches have been used to rank IS journals, approaches such as citation metrics, school lists, acceptance rates, and expert assessments. However, the results of these approaches often conflict due to a host of validity concerns. In the current scientometric study, we make significant strides toward correcting for these limitations in the ranking of mainstream IS journals. We compare expert rankings to bibliometric measures such as the ISI Impact Factor™, the h-index, and social network analysis metrics. Among other findings, we conclude that bibliometric measures provide very similar results to expert-based methods in determining a tiered structure of IS journals, thereby suggesting that bibliometrics can be a complete, less expensive, and more efficient substitute for expert assessment. We also find strong support for seven of the eight journals in the Association for Information Systems Senior Scholars’ “basket” of journals. A cluster analysis of our results indicates a two-tiered separation in the quality of the highest quality IS journals—with MIS Quarterly, Information Systems Research, and Journal of Management Information Systems belonging, in that order, to the highest A+ tier. Journal quality metrics fit nicely into the sociology of science literature and can be useful in models that attempt to explain how knowledge disseminates through scientific communities.
Structure and Performance Evolution of Perovskite Solar Cells under Extreme Temperatures (2022)

Abstract Metal halide perovskite solar cells may work for application in extreme temperatures, such as those experienced under extraterrestrial conditions. However, device performances in extreme temperatures are poorly investigated. This work systematically explores the performance of perovskite solar cells between −160 and 150 °C. In situ grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering discloses perovskite phase transition and crystal disordering as dominant factors for the temperature‐dependent device efficiency deterioration. It is shown that perovskite lattice strain and relaxation originating from extreme temperature variations are recoverable, and so are the perovskite structure and photovoltaic performances. This work provides insights into the functioning under extreme temperatures, clarifying bottlenecks to overcome and the potential for extraterrestrial applications.
An Autoimmune Disease‐Associated CTLA4 Splice Variant Lacking the B7 Binding Domain Signals Negatively in T Cells (2005)

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) plays a critical role in down-regulating T cell responses. A number of autoimmune diseases have shown genetic linkage to the CTLA4 locus. We have cloned and expressed an alternatively spliced form of CTLA4 that has genetic linkage with type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. This splice variant of CTLA4, named ligand-independent CTLA4 (liCTLA4), lacks exon 2 including the MYPPPY motif essential for binding to the costimulatory ligands B7-1 and B7-2. liCTLA4 is expressed as a protein in primary T cells and strongly inhibits T cell responses by binding and dephosphorylating the TcRzeta chain. Expression of liCTLA4, but not full length CTLA4 (flCTLA4), was higher in memory/regulatory T cells from diabetes resistant NOD congenic mice compared to susceptible NOD mice. Transgenic expression of liCTLA4 in autoimmune prone Ctla4 -/- mice inhibited spontaneous T cell activation and prevented early lethality in the Ctla4 -/- mice. Thus, increased expression and negative signalling delivered by the liCTLA4 may play a critical role in regulating the development of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
ChemInform Abstract: COORDINATION CHEMISTRY OF CHROMIUM(III) WITH THIOBIS(ETHYLENENITRILO)TETRAACETIC ACID (TEDTA) (1979)

Abstract Die Reaktion zwischen Cr(ClO 4 ) 3 und dem Titelliganden führt in Abhängigkeit vom pH‐Wert der Reaktionslösung zu zwei verschiedenen, geometrischen, isomeren Komplexen.
O -GlcNAc modification of nuclear pore complexes accelerates bidirectional transport (2021)

Macromolecular transport across the nuclear envelope depends on facilitated diffusion through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). The interior of NPCs contains a permeability barrier made of phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat domains that selectively facilitates the permeation of cargoes bound to nuclear transport receptors (NTRs). FG-repeat domains in NPCs are a major site of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, but the functional role of this modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport is unclear. We developed high-throughput assays based on optogenetic probes to quantify the kinetics of nuclear import and export in living human cells. We found that increasing O-GlcNAc modification of the NPC accelerated NTR-facilitated transport of proteins in both directions, and decreasing modification slowed transport. Superresolution imaging revealed strong enrichment of O-GlcNAc at the FG-repeat barrier. O-GlcNAc modification also accelerated passive permeation of a small, inert protein through NPCs. We conclude that O-GlcNAc modification accelerates nucleocytoplasmic transport by enhancing the nonspecific permeability of the FG-repeat barrier, perhaps by steric inhibition of interactions between FG repeats.
Alignment of laser‐induced fluorescence and mass spectrometric detection traces using electrophoretic mobility scaling in CE‐LIF‐MS of labeled N‐glycans (2012)

The combination of optical detection techniques like photometry (UV) or laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) with mass spectrometry for capillary electrophoresis offers advantages, both for later use of stand-alone CE-UV or CE-LIF systems and for combined CE-UV-MS or CE-LIF-MS analysis. Faster method development is enabled, the identification of analytes is facilitated, and it allows christian the optical detection scheme to be used for more precise quantification. However, shortcomings of current methodology and equipment hindered the broader use of such detection combinations mainly due to the long distance between the detection points (at least 20 cm). Large shifts in migration times and changes in resolution are visible between the detection traces hindering their straightforward comparison. We present here novel equipment for a robust coupling of CE-LIF-MS with the shortest possible distance between detection points (12 cm) determined by the length of the electrospray needle. In addition, we encourage the use of a normalization of detection traces using a scale of effective electrophoretic mobility to obtain the same x-scale for both detection traces. As an example, the proposed methodology is applied to a mixture of labeled as well as non-labeled N-glycans.
Intelligent Motor Controllers (1988)

New switching devices have made very sophisticated motor control strategies possible using modern microprocessors and complex control algorithms. In this way a transducerless controller can be implemented to give an intelligent operating system with both data collection and control capabilities via a computer interface. The controller can allow for precise torque and speed measurements by generating PWM switching waveforms in real-time with independent amplitude and frequency control. The algorithms used to determine the appropriate parameters at any given instant are discussed briefly. All the control features can be implemented in a single chip Intel 8052 microprocessor to give a very versatile controller with no manufacturing cost premium over a conventional controller.
The visual benefits of correcting longitudinal and transverse chromatic aberration (2023)

We describe a system-the Binocular Varichrome and Accommodation Measurement System-that can be used to measure and correct the eye's longitudinal and transverse chromatic aberration (LCA and TCA) and to perform vision tests with custom corrections. We used the system to investigate how LCA and TCA affect visual performance. Specifically, we studied the effects of LCA and TCA on visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and chromostereopsis. LCA exhibited inter subject variability but followed expected trends compared with previous reports. TCA at the fovea was variable between individuals but with a tendency for the shift at shorter wavelengths to be more temporalward in the visual field in each eye. We found that TCA was generally greater when LCA was corrected. For visual acuity, we found that a measurable benefit was realized only with both LCA and TCA correction unless the TCA was low. For contrast sensitivity, we found that the best sensitivity to a 10-cycle/degree polychromatic grating was attained when LCA and TCA were corrected. Finally, we found that the primary cause of chromostereopsis is the TCA of the eyes.
Fusogenic Activity of Amino-Terminal Region of HIV Type 1 Nef Protein (1994)

We have studied two isoforms of Nef, Nef-27 and Nef-25, which were produced in E. coli. Nef-25 lacked the first 18 N-terminal residues of Nef-27 and both were nonmyristylated. Nef-27 fuses small unilamellar dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles (SUVs), as indicated by enhanced light scattering of SUVs and lipid mixing using concentration-dependent fluorescence dequenching. Nef-27 also causes the appearance of a shifted isotropic peak in the 31P NMR spectra of these vesicles, suggesting that protein interactions induce nonlamellar lipid structures. Recombinant Nef-25, which lacks only the 18 N-terminal residues of Nef-27, does not fuse vesicles and has little effect on the 31P NMR spectra. On the other hand, synthetic peptides consisting of 18 or 21 of the N-terminal residues of Nef-27 are strongly membrane perturbing, causing vesicle fusion and inducing isotropic peaks in the 31P NMR spectrum. Endogenous fluorescence spectra of the N-terminal peptide (21 residues) with SUVs show that the N-terminal sequence of Nef may achieve these perturbing effects by inserting its hydrophobic side into the lipid bilayer. Theoretical calculations using hydrophobic moment plot analysis indicate that short-length stretches (i.e., six amino acid residues) of the N-terminal sequence may insert into the lipid bilayer as multimeric alpha helices or beta sheets. The above-described membrane activities of Nef-27, which principally reside in its N-terminal domain, may play critical role(s) in certain functional properties of the full-length protein. For example, the fusogenic activity of the N-terminal sequence may be involved in the extracellular release of Nef-27, much of which appears to be associated with small membrane vesicles. The fusion activity may also be relevant to the ability of Nef-27 to downregulate CD4 and IL-2 receptors when this protein is electroporated into cultured lymphocytes, an activity not possessed by Nef-25.
RADIAL HEAD ARTHROPLASTY FOR ESSEX-LOPRESTI LESIONS: OUTCOMES OF ACUTE VERSUS CHRONIC MANAGEMENT (2020)

Essex-Lopresti injuries are often unrecognized acutely with resulting debilitating adverse effects. Persistent axial forearm instability may affect load transmission at both the elbow and wrist, re...
Gene-gene Interaction of AhR with and within the Wnt Cascade Affects Susceptibility to Lung Cancer (2021)

Abstract Background Aberrant Wnt signalling, regulating cell development and stemness, influences the development of many cancer types. The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor ( AhR ) mediates tumorigenesis of environmental pollutants. Complex interaction patterns of genes assigned to AhR/Wnt -signalling were recently associated with lung cancer susceptibility. Aim To assess the association and predictive ability of AhR/Wnt -genes with lung cancer in cases and controls of European descent. Methods Odds ratios (OR) were estimated for genomic variants assigned to the Wnt agonist and the antagonistic genes DKK2 , DKK3 , DKK4 , FRZB , SFRP4 and Axin2 . Logistic regression models with variable selection were trained, validated and tested to predict lung cancer, at which other previously identified SNPs that have been robustly associated with lung cancer risk could also enter the model. Further, decision trees were created to investigate variant x variant interaction. All analyses were performed for overall lung cancer and for subgroups. Results No genome-wide significant association of AhR/Wnt -genes with overall lung cancer was observed, but within the subgroups of ever smokers (e.g. maker rs2722278 SFRP4 ; OR = 1.20; 95%-CI: 1.13–1.27; p = 5.6 10 − 10 ) and never smokers (e.g. maker rs1133683 Axin2 ; OR = 1.27; 95%-CI: 1.19–1.35; p = 1.0 10 − 12 ). Although predictability is poor, AhR/Wnt-variants are unexpectedly overrepresented in optimized prediction scores for overall lung cancer and for small cell lung cancer. Remarkably, the score for never-smokers contained solely two AhR/Wnt-variants . The optimal decision tree for never smokers consists of 7 AhR/Wnt-variants and only two lung cancer variants Conclusions The role of variants belonging to Wnt / AhR- pathways in lung cancer susceptibility may be underrated in main-effects association analysis. Complex interaction patterns in individuals of European descent have moderate predictive capacity for lung cancer or subgroups thereof, especially in never smokers.
EMI due to electric field coupling on PCB (2002)

In switching power converter circuits, EM noise can couple between PCB traces through the effect of electric field coupling. An experiment using a flyback power converter verifies the severity of this effect. Further experiments and field plots confirm that a good PCB layout can significantly reduce conducted EMI due to unintentional E-field coupling.
Exhaust deposit clean process using a remote NF/sub 3/ plasma (MAC-ICP) (2003)

Polysilicon deposition process byproducts in the form of exhaust powder deposits present time consuming and periodic maintenance that includes manual cleaning of exhaust components. A technology was therefore developed that allows a dramatic reduction in mean time between cleans thereby significantly increasing uptime of polysilicon deposition tools. Powder deposits and accompanying adsorbed gases throughout the entire exhaust line down to the pump inlet and silencer are cleaned in-situ, without trapping, by reacting with fluorine radicals from a remote NF/sub 3/ plasma. A novel compact remote plasma unit-a magnetically coupled inductively coupled plasma (MAC-ICP)-was developed for this immediate purpose and successfully integrated into the existing single-wafer polysilicon deposition system. The evaluation, optimization, automation, and process integration of the cleaning technique is presented.
Label-free detection of proteins using a terahertz chemical microscopy (2014)

A terahertz chemical microscopy (TCM) has been proposed and developed to visualize the distribution of chemical reactions such as antigen-antibody reaction on the sensing plate without any labels on the analyte. The TCM utilize the semiconductor-based device named a sensing plate. The sensing plate can convert the shift of the chemical potential in the magnitude on the surface of sensing plate into the amplitude of generated terahertz (THz) in the sensing plate. Thus, it enables to get images of the potential distribution on the surface of the sensing plate as the distribution of THz amplitude. Here, we demonstrate the detection of the immune reactions between the mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) and the anti-mouse immunoglobulin G (anti-IgG). IgG was immobilized on the sensing plate and reacted with anti-IgG in the solutions with various concentrations. We also fabricated the sample wells on the sensing plate and quantitative evaluation of immune reactions were demonstrated with the anti-IgG concentration of between 5 nM and 100 nM. As a result, the change in the THz amplitude during the reaction showed the proportional relation with the concentration of reacted anti-IgG.
Enteric Viruses Detected by Molecular Methods in Commercial Chicken and Turkey Flocks in the United States Between 2005 and 2006 (2008)

Intestinal samples collected from 43 commercial broiler and 33 commercial turkey flocks from all regions of the United States during 2005 and 2006 were examined for the presence of astrovirus, rotavirus, reovirus, and coronavirus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and for the presence of groups 1 and 2 adenovirus by PCR. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to further characterize the viruses and to evaluate species association and geographic patterns. Astroviruses were identified in samples from 86% of the chicken flocks and from 100% of the turkey flocks. Both chicken astrovirus and avian nephritis virus (ANV) were identified in chicken samples, and often both viruses were detected in the same flock. Turkey astrovirus type-2 and turkey astrovirus type-1 were found in 100% and 15.4% of the turkey flocks, respectively. In addition, 12.5% of turkey flocks were positive for ANV. Rotaviruses were present in 46.5% of the chicken flocks tested and in 69.7% of the turkey flocks tested. Based upon the rotavirus NSP4 gene sequence, the chicken and turkey origin rotaviruses assorted in a species-specific manner. The turkey origin rotaviruses also assorted based upon geographical location. Reoviruses were identified in 62.8% and 45.5% of chicken and turkey flocks, respectively. Based on the reovirus S4 gene segment, the chicken and turkey origin viruses assorted separately, and they were distinct from all previously reported avian reoviruses. Coronaviruses were detected in the intestinal contents of chickens, but not turkeys. Adenoviruses were not detected in any chicken or turkeys flocks. Of the 76 total chicken and turkey flocks tested, only three chicken flocks were negative for all viruses targeted by this study. Most flocks were positive for two or more of the viruses, and overall no clear pattern of virus geographic distribution was evident. This study provides updated enteric virus prevalence data for the United States using molecular methods, and it reinforces that enteric viruses are widespread in poultry throughout the United States, although the clinical importance of most of these viruses remains unclear.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Multiple Sclerosis: Survey of Licensed Naturopaths (2004)

Objective: This paper describes the treatments and treatment outcome measures used by licensed naturopathic physicians in the United States who treat people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Design: A cross-sectional mail survey was used. Subjects: The participants were licensed naturopaths who were members of the American Association of Naturopathic Physicians. Outcome Measures: Outcome measures included practitioner demographics; patient demographics by practitioner report; recommended therapies; perceived effectiveness of treatments for MS; methods for measuring treatment effectiveness. Results: Forty three percent (43%) of the respondents (166/385) had treated at least one patient with MS while 56.9% (291/385) had never treated MS. 63.3% had treated 1–10 patients with MS, 19.9% had treated 11–20 patients with MS, and 16.8% had treated ≥20 patients with MS. Among the naturopaths, 68.1% communicated with an M.D. about their patient(s)' care and the majority of patients with MS were diagnosed by an M.D. (mean % = 96.3). The mean number of therapies recommended for M.S. was 3.91 (standard deviation [SD] =2.01, range 1–10). The most frequently recommended therapies included, diet (52.4%), essential fatty acid supplementation (44.6%), vitamin/mineral supplementation (33.7%), homeopathy (30.7%), botanicals (22.3%), and antioxidants (18.1%). Respondents perceived their treatments as "very effective" for the following stages of MS: early stage (57.2%); middle stage (25.3%); and late stage (3.0%). Respondents perceived their treatments as "very effective" for the following disease-related outcomes: improved quality of life (59.0%); decrease relapse rates (48.2%); decreased symptom severity (45.8%); prevention of disease progression (41.6%). The methods used "most often" for measuring treatment effectiveness included, patient report (88.0%); physical examination (27.1%); medical records/laboratory testing (13.3%). The mean estimated percentage of patients not taking conventional disease-modifying medication was 51.2% (SD = 42.7%). Conclusions: Naturopaths use both a broad range and multiple complementary and alternative medicine CAM therapies for treating MS and report treatment effectiveness on the following outcomes: quality of life; symptom severity; relapse rates; and disease progression. Further research on single CAM therapies and holistic CAM systems is warranted in MS.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery, Synthesis, and Investigation of the Antitumor Activity of Novel Piperazinylpyrimidine Derivatives. (2011)

Abstract The title derivatives are tested for their potential to inhibit selectively the growth of certain tumor cell lines.
Development of a leishmaniasis vaccine: the importance of MPL (2003)

The parasite Leishmania has been used for pioneering work to define T-cell subsets and cytokine patterns mediating susceptibility or resistance to infectious pathogens. This understanding has been essential for the development of a new generation of candidate vaccines for major diseases, such as leishmaniases themselves, tuberculosis and others. It is clear that effective vaccines can be developed through a combination of both antigen and adjuvant selection. Until recently, no adjuvants acceptable for use in human T-cell vaccines were available. However, one such adjuvant, monophosphoryl lipid A, has been shown to be safe and effective. Just as the understanding of T-cell responses has been necessary for the development of a new generation of vaccines, an understanding of signaling by antigen-presenting cells has been essential for adjuvant selection. A combination of antigens and an adjuvant that is effective at promoting durable T-helper 1 responses and is safe for human use comprise a promising vaccine candidate, Leish-111f. This vaccine has potential application in both the prevention and treatment of leishmaniasis.