gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EMERALD: Event Monitoring Enabling Responses to Anomalous Live Disturbances (2002)

The EMERALD (Event Monitoring Enabling Responses to Anomalous Live Disturbances) environment is a distributed scalable tool suite for tracking malicious activity through and across large networks. EMERALD introduces a highly distributed, buildingblock approach to network surveillance, attack isolation, and automated response. It combines models from research in distributed high-volume event-correlation methodologies with over a decade of intrusion detection research and engineering experience. The approach is novel in its use of highly distributed, independently tunable, surveillance and response monitors that are deployable polymorphically at various abstract layers in a large network. These monitors contribute to a streamlined event-analysis system that combines signature analysis with statistical profiling to provide localized real-time protection of the most widely used network services on the Internet. Equally important, EMERALD introduces a recursive framework for coordinating the dissemination of analyses from the distributed monitors to provide a global detection and response capability that can counter attacks occurring across an entire network enterprise. Further, EMERALD introduces a versatile application programmers&amp;apos; interface that enhances its ability to integrate with heterogeneous target hosts and provides a high degree of interoperability with third-party tool suites.
Physiological control of left ventricular assist devices based on gradient of flow (2005)

The new generation of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) is based on rotary pumps used to augment the blood flow from the failing heart of a patient. A controller is necessary for these devices to properly control the blood flow, to detect failure modes, and to avoid adverse effects of the pump operation. In particular, it is essential that the pump accommodate changes to preload and afterload of the patient's circulatory system. The pump must increase blood flow in response to additional venous return, and maintain pressure in response to changes in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) of the patient. However, the limited availability of observable variables makes it difficult to explicitly close the feedback loop to generate the control. In this paper, we describe a feedback mechanism which uses the gradients of mean pump flow and minimum (diastolic) pump flow to control the pump speed. The objective of this controller is to optimize flow while avoiding suction. The optimum speed is obtained by minimizing in real time the gradient of blood flow with respect to speed. Simulations were carried out on a state-space model of the cardiovascular system combined with a rotary pump to demonstrate the responsiveness and robustness of this algorithm. The results show that the gradient methods can continuously track the optimal flow point in response to step perturbations of preload and SVR. Our results also show that a feedback controller based on the gradient method applied on a diastolic pump flow demonstrates better performance than when applied on mean pump flow.
RelA Is a Potent Transcriptional Activator of the CD28 Response Element within the Interleukin 2 Promoter (1995)

T-cell activation requires two different signals. The T-cell receptor's recognition of a specific antigen on antigen-presenting cells provides one, and the second signal comes from costimulatory molecules such as CD28. In contrast, T cells that are stimulated with antigen in the absence of the CD28 costimulatory signal can become anergic (nonresponsive). The CD28 response element (CD28RE) has been identified as the DNA element mediating interleukin 2 (IL-2) gene activation by CD28 costimulation. Our previous work demonstrates that the Rel/NF-kappa B family proteins c-Rel, RelA (p65), and NFKB1 (p50) are involved in the complex that binds to the CD28RE. We also showed that c-Rel, but not NFKB1 (p50), can bind to the CD28RE and activate CD28RE-driven transcription in cotransfection assays. However, the role of RelA (p65) in CD28 signaling has not yet been addressed. We provide evidence that RelA (p65) itself bound directly to the CD28RE of the IL-2 promoter and other lymphokine promoters. In addition, RelA (p65) was a potent transcriptional activator of the CD28RE in vivo. We show that a RelA (p65)-c-Rel heterodimer bound to the CD28RE and synergistically activated the CD28RE enhancer activity. We also demonstrate that activated Raf-1 kinase synergized with RelA (p65) in activating the CD28RE enhancer activity. Interestingly, a soluble anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody alone, in the absence of other stimuli, also synergized with RelA (p65) in activating the CD28RE. Furthermore, we show that RelA (p65) activated expression of the wild-type IL-2 promoter but not the CD28RE-mutated IL-2 promoter. A combination of RelA (p65) and NFKB1 (p50) also activated the IL-2 promoter through the CD28RE site. These results demonstrate the functional regulation of the CD28RE, within the IL-2 promoter, by Rel/NF-kappa B transcription factors.
Raman enhancement of TO-520cm<sup>&#x2212;1</sup> mode of Si by off-plane one- dimensional grating etched on Si substrate (2007)

We have observed the relationship between the intensity of Raman scattering of TO-520 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> mode of Si and variations of the geometrical structure of Si gratings as well as the polarizations of incident waves.
Pulsed D-D Neutron Generator Measurements of HEU Oxide Fuel Pins (2009)

Pulsed neutron interrogation measurements have been performed on highly enriched uranium (HEU) oxide fuel pins and depleted uranium (DU) metal using a D‐D neutron generator (2×106 neutrons‐s−1) and moderated 3He tubes at the Idaho National Laboratory Power Burst Facility. These measurements demonstrate the ability to distinguish HEU from DU by coincidence counting using a pulsed source. The amount of HEU measured was 8 kg in a sealed 55‐gallon drum compared to 31 kg of DU. Neutron events were counted during and after the pulse with the Nuclear Materials Identification System (NMIS) and used to calculate the neutron coincidence time distributions. Passive measurements were also performed for comparison with the pulsed measurements. This paper presents the neutron coincidence time distribution and Feynman variance results from the measurements.
Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters Mediate the Import of Nicotinamide Riboside and Nicotinic Acid Riboside into Human Cells (2021)

Nicotinamide riboside (NR), a new form of vitamin B3, is an effective precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD<sup>+</sup>) in human and animal cells. The introduction of NR into the body effectively increases the level of intracellular NAD<sup>+</sup> and thereby restores physiological functions that are weakened or lost in experimental models of aging and various pathologies. Despite the active use of NR in applied biomedicine, the mechanism of its transport into mammalian cells is currently not understood. In this study, we used overexpression of proteins in HEK293 cells, and metabolite detection by NMR, to show that extracellular NR can be imported into cells by members of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) family ENT1, ENT2, and ENT4. After being imported into cells, NR is readily metabolized resulting in Nam generation. Moreover, the same ENT-dependent mechanism can be used to import the deamidated form of NR, nicotinic acid riboside (NAR). However, NAR uptake into HEK293 cells required the stimulation of its active utilization in the cytosol such as phosphorylation by NR kinase. On the other hand, we did not detect any NR uptake mediated by the concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNT) CNT1, CNT2, or CNT3, while overexpression of CNT3, but not CNT1 or CNT2, moderately stimulated NAR utilization by HEK293 cells.
Logic Programming Languages for Expert Systems (2011)

“Expert systems” are a significant subset of what is known as “decision support systems” (DSS). This article suggests a different paradigm for expert systems than what is commonly used. Most often, expert systems are developed with a tool called an “expert system shell.” For the more adventurous, an expert system might be developed with Prolog, a language for artificial intelligence. Both Prolog and expert system shells stem from technology that is approximately 30 years old.1 There have been updates to these platforms, such as GUI interfaces, XML interfaces, and other “bells and whistles.” However, the technology is still fundamentally old. As an analogy, the current technology is akin to updating a 30-year-old car with new paint (a gooey interface), new upholstery, GPS, and so forth. However, the car is fundamentally still a 30-year-old car. It may be in far better shape than another 30-year-old car without the updates, but it cannot compete from an engineering perspective with current models.2 Similarly, the reasoning power of current expert system technology cannot compete with the reasoning power of the state of the art in logic programming. These advances that have taken place in the logic programming community since the advent of Prolog and expert system shells include: a well developed theory of multiple forms of negation, an understanding of open domains, and the closed world assumption, default reasoning with exceptions, reasoning with respect to time (i.e., a solution to the frame problem and introspection with regard to previous beliefs), reasoning about actions, introspection, and maintaining multiple views of the world simultaneously (i.e., reasoning with uncertainty). This article examines a family of logic programming languages. This article in conjunction with a companion article this volume, Knowledge Representation That Can Empower Expert Systems, suggest that logic programs employing recent advances in semantics and in knowledge representation provide a more robust framework in which to develop expert systems. The author has successfully applied this paradigm and these ideas to financial applications, security applications, and enterprise information systems.Request access from your librarian to read this chapter's full text.
A Novel Class of meso -Tetrakis-Porphyrin Derivatives Exhibits Potent Activities against Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1b Replicons In Vitro (2009)

Recent years have seen the rapid advancement of new therapeutic agents against hepatitis C virus (HCV) in response to the need for treatment that is unmet by interferon (IFN)-based therapies. Most antiviral drugs discovered to date are small molecules that modulate viral enzyme activities. In the search for highly selective protein-binding molecules capable of disrupting the viral life cycle, we have identified a class of anionic tetraphenylporphyrins as potent and specific inhibitors of the HCV replicons. Based on the structure-activity relationship studies reported herein, meso-tetrakis-(3,5-dicarboxy-4,4'-biphenyl) porphyrin was found to be the most potent inhibitor of HCV genotype 1b (Con1) replicon systems but was less effective against the genotype 2a (JFH-1) replicon. This compound induced a reduction of viral RNA and protein levels when acting in the low nanomolar range. Moreover, the compound could suppress replicon rebound in drug-treated cells and exhibited additive to synergistic effects when combined with protease inhibitor BILN 2061 or with IFN-alpha-2a. Our results demonstrate the potential use of tetracarboxyphenylporphyrins as potent anti-HCV agents.
Potentiation of nitric oxide-induced apoptosis of MDA-MB-468 cells by farnesyltransferase inhibitor: implications in breast cancer. (2001)

High amounts of nitric oxide (NO) produced by activated macrophages or NO donors are required to induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis in pathogens and tumor cells. High concentrations of NO may lead to nonspecific toxicity thereby limiting the use of NO donors in the treatment of cancer. In this study, we tested the possibility of potentiating the apoptotic action of NO in a human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-468, by combining it with a farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI), which has been shown to induce apoptosis in some other cancer cell lines with minimal toxicity to normal cells. DETA-NONOate, a long acting NO donor which has a half-life of 20 h at 37 degrees C, was used in this study. DETA-NONOate (1 mM), which releases NO in the range produced by activated macrophages, induced apoptosis after 36 h in MDA-MB-468 cells via cytochrome c release and caspase-9 and -3 activation. FTI (25 microM) potentiated the action of lower concentrations of DETA-NONOate (25-100 microM) by inducing apoptosis in these cells within 24 h by increasing cytochrome c release and caspase-9 and -3 activation. This effect was observed preferentially in the cancer cell lines studied with no apoptosis induction in normal breast epithelial cells. This novel combination of FTI and NO may emerge as a promising approach for the treatment of breast cancer.
Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Arylchlorodiazirines: Hammett Correlations of Excited State Lifetimes (2009)

Experimental and computational studies suggest that 375 nm excitation of arylchlorodiazirines furnishes their S(1) excited states with lengthened C-N bonds, a positive charge at the para and diazirine carbon atoms, and a negative charge at the nitrogen atoms. These structures rationalize the observed solvent and substituent effects on the excited state lifetimes.
ENVISIONing the LCA of a wastewater treatment plant (2018)

Abstract In today's sustainability market where there are several tools to rate and grade the ‘green’ level of modern day infrastructure, the multi-tiered credit rating system called Envision provides an holistic approach to tackle the issue. Developed by the Institute for Sustainable Infrastructure (ISI), Envision has around 60 sustainability credits to score points in order to reach a recognized level of achievement. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is another tool that is gaining industry-wide acceptance for assessing potential environmental impacts. LCA is recognized by Envision as a good way to assess several of the available credits in their system. An LCA performed for Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Facility (AWTF), Washington, D.C., USA was used as an example case study to show how credits could be calculated for a used water treatment facility.
Post-transcriptional destabilization of estrogen receptor mRNA in MCF-7 cells by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. (1991)

The effect of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on the regulation of the estrogen receptor (ER) was investigated in this study. After treatment with 100 nM TPA the concentration of receptor protein was measured using an enzyme immunoassay. By 24 h the receptor protein declined by about 80% from a level of approximately 236 fmol of ER/mg of protein in control cells to 50 fmol of ER/mg of protein in cells treated with TPA. Similar results were obtained with an estrogen receptor ligand binding assay. After removal of TPA, the level of ER returned to control values. 4-alpha-Phorbol, a compound related to TPA, had no effect on ER. The effects of TPA on ER expression appear to be mediated by activation of protein kinase C as H-7, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, blocks these effects. In addition to the effect on ER protein, TPA treatment also resulted in a decrease in the steady-state level of ER mRNA as determined by a RNase protection assay. The metabolic inhibitor cycloheximide was unable to prevent the TPA-induced decrease in ER mRNA. Transcription run-off experiments demonstrated that TPA had no effect on ER gene transcription. A half-life study demonstrated that TPA decreased ER mRNA half-life by a factor of 6 from approximately 4 h in control cells to 40 min in TPA-treated cells. These data suggest that the decline in ER expression is mediated by post-transcriptional destabilization of ER mRNA.
Machine learning for optical fiber communication systems: An introduction and overview (2021)

Optical networks generate a vast amount of diagnostic, control, and performance monitoring data. When information is extracted from these data, reconfigurable network elements and reconfigurable transceivers allow the network to adapt not only to changes in the physical infrastructure but also to changing traffic conditions. Machine learning is emerging as a disruptive technology for extracting useful information from these raw data to enable enhanced planning, monitoring, and dynamic control. We provide a survey of the recent literature and highlight numerous promising avenues for machine learning applied to optical networks, including explainable machine learning, digital twins, and approaches in which we embed our knowledge into machine learning such as physics-informed machine learning for the physical layer and graph-based machine learning for the networking layer.
Intermodulation distortion in high dynamic range microwave fiber-optic links with linearized modulators (1993)

A number of techniques have recently been described to linearize integrated optic intensity modulators, and thus significantly reduce the two-tone intermodulation distortion. The resulting intermodulation distortion produced by these extended linearity modulators then varies as the input power to the fifth-order or higher. When these modulators are included in a fiber-optic link system, the overall intermodulation product is a combination of third-order and higher order terms. In this paper we determine the dynamic range of a cascaded microwave network consisting of a preamplifier, a high dynamic range fiberoptic link with a highly linear modulator, and a post-amplifier. An expression is found that relates the intermodulation power at the output to the relative suppression from the signal level. As an example, a hypothetical 10 GHz low distortion fiber-optic link that has a dynamic range of 125 dB in a bandwidth of 1 Hz is cascaded with various preamplifiers, and it is shown that the dynamic range of the system is reduced by as much as 20 dB, depending upon the third-order intercept of the amplifier.
Faster Pairing Computation (2009)

Abstract. This paper proposes new explicit formulas for the doubling and addition step in Miller’s algorithm to compute pairings. For Edwards curves the formulas come from a new way of seeing the arithmetic. We state the first geometric interpretation of the group law on Edwards curves by presenting the functions which arise in the addition and doubling. Computing the coefficients of the functions and the sum or double of the points is faster than with all previously proposed formulas for pairings on Edwards curves. They are even competitive with all published formulas for pairing computation on Weierstrass curves. We also speed up pairing computation on Weierstrass curves in Jacobian coordinates. Finally, we present examples of pairing-friendly twisted Edwards curves with embedding degree k = 6.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Addition of Nucleophiles to 1‐(Phenoxycarbonyl)‐3‐trialkylstannylpyridinium Salts. (1987)

Abstract The stannylpyridines (I) react with phenyl chloroformate (II) and the organometallic compounds (III) to produce mixtures of the alkylated N‐acyldihydropyridines (IV) and (V).
Spectral tuning of high-harmonic generation with resonance-gradient metasurfaces (2023)

High-index dielectric subwavelength structures and metasurfaces are capable of enhancing light-matter interaction by orders of magnitude via geometry-dependent optical resonances. This enhancement, however, comes with a fundamental limitation of a narrow spectral range of operation in the vicinity of one or few resonant frequencies. Here we tackle this limitation and introduce an innovative and practical approach to achieve spectrally tunable enhancement of light-matter interaction with resonant metasurfaces. We design and fabricate {\it resonance-gradient metasurfaces} with varying geometrical parameters that translate into resonant frequencies dependence on one of the coordinates of the metasurface. The metasurfaces are composed of bone-like nanoresonators which are made of germanium, and they support high-$Q$ optical resonances in the mid-IR spectral range. We apply this general concept to observe the resonant enhancement of the $3^{\text{rd}}$ and $5^{\text{th}}$ harmonics generated from the gradient metasurfaces being used in conjunction with a tunable excitation laser to provide a wide spectral coverage of resonantly-enhanced tunable generation of multiple optical harmonics.
High-dose per Fraction Radiotherapy Induces Both Antitumor Immunity and Immunosuppressive Responses in Prostate Tumors (2020)

In allograft prostate cancer models, high-dose radiotherapy induced an early rise of MDSCs, followed by a transient increase of functionally active CD8 TILs. However, systemic depletion of MDSC did not augment the antitumor efficacy of high-dose radiotherapy due to a compensatory Treg response, indicating blocking both MDSCs and Tregs might be necessary to enhance radiotherapy-induced antitumor immunity.
Very rapid prototyping of wearable computers (1997)

The Wearable Computer Project is a testbed integratingresearch on rapid design and prototyping. Based onrepresentative examples from six generations of wearablecomputers, the paper focuses on the differences in rapidprototyping using custom design versus off-the-shelfcomponents. The attributes characterizing these two designstyles are defined and illustrated by experimentalmeasurements. The off-the-shelf approach required ten timesthe overhead, 30% more cost, fifty times the storage resources,20% more effort, five times more power, but 30% less effort toport software than the embedded approach.
MOSPD2 is a therapeutic target for the treatment of CNS inflammation (2020)

In multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), myeloid cells comprise a major part of the inflammatory infiltrate in the central nervous system (CNS). We previously described that motile sperm domain-containing protein 2 (MOSPD2) is expressed on human myeloid cells and regulates monocyte migration in vitro. The role of MOSPD2 in EAE pathogenesis was studied by generating MOSPD2 knock-out (KO) mice and monoclonal antibodies directed against MOSPD2. We found that EAE development in MOSPD2 KO mice was significantly suppressed. While frequency representation of leukocyte subsets in lymphoid tissues was comparable, the ratio of inflammatory monocytes in the blood was markedly reduced in MOSPD2 KO mice. In addition, T cells from MOSPD2 KO mice displayed reduced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and increased production of interleukin (IL)-4. Prophylactic and post-onset treatment using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generated against MOSPD2 abrogated development and reduced EAE severity. These results suggest that MOSPD2 is key in regulating migration of inflammatory monocytes, and that anti-MOSPD2 mAbs constitute a potential therapy for the treatment of CNS inflammatory diseases.
Subterahertz signal crosstalk in transmission line interconnects (1998)

A low-temperature electro-optic sampling system was implemented to study the crosstalk of picosecond pulses between on-chip microstrip interconnects. With a submillivolt sensitivity and a subpicosecond temporal response, this system has allowed noninvasive, nodal testing of superconducting Nb integrated circuits. We have characterized pulse propagation and the crosstalk arising from two microstrip waveguides crossing perpendicular to each other, with one signal line crossing above the other. These results provided direct feedback for improving computer simulations of superconducting electronic circuits, but they are representative of any high-speed interconnect in today’s very large scale integrated circuit technology.