gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A hierarchical attention based model for off-topic spontaneous spoken response detection (2017)

Automatic spoken language assessment and training systems are becoming increasingly popular to handle the growing demand to learn languages. However, current systems often assess only fluency and pronunciation, with limited content-based features being used. This paper examines one particular aspect of content-assessment, off-topic response detection. This is important for deployed systems as it ensures that candidates understood the prompt, and are able to generate an appropriate answer. Previously proposed approaches typically require a set of prompt-response training pairs, which limits flexibility as example responses are required whenever a new test prompt is introduced. Recently, the attention based neural topic model (ATM) was presented, which can assess the relevance of prompt-response pairs regardless of whether the prompt was seen in training. This model uses a bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network (BiRNN) embedding of the prompt combined with an attention mechanism to attend over the hidden states of a BiRNN embedding of the response to compute a fixed-length embedding used to predict relevance. Unfortunately, performance on prompts not seen in the training data is lower than on seen prompts. Thus, this paper adds the following contributions: several improvements to the ATM are examined; a hierarchical variant of the ATM (HATM) is proposed, which explicitly uses prompt similarity to further improve performance on unseen prompts by interpolating over prompts seen in training data given a prompt of interest via a second attention mechanism; an in-depth analysis of both models is conducted and main failure mode identified. On spontaneous spoken data, taken from BULATS tests, these systems are able to assess relevance to both seen and unseen prompts.
Miniature Genome in the Marine Chordate Oikopleura dioica (2001)

International audience
A portable instrument for multiple compound detection and analysis (1987)

In response to a need by the United States Coast Guard and other agencies to monitor levels of toxic chemical vapors frequently encountered in chemical spills, has been developed a portable toxic vapor analyzer. This instrument measures 16 independent signals (i.e., chemical parameters) and identifies and quantitates a sample by a comparison of its response to a predetermined library (so called ''chemical parameter spectroscopy,'' or CPS). The present instrument model, which weighs ca. 9.0 Kg (including battery pack) and has dimensions of 31.5 x 32.1 x 23.5 cm, is truly portable. It has been designed to be used with only a few operator-initiated commands and has microprocessor controlled data acquisition, analysis, and identification. Moreover, emphasis was placed upon designing a rugged instrument able to easily withstand the levels of abuse likely to be encountered in the field. Prototypes have been delivered to the United States Coast Guard for evaluation.
A Wireless Robot for Networked Laparoscopy (2012)

State-of-the-art laparoscopes for minimally invasive abdominal surgery are encumbered by cabling for power, video, and light sources. Although these laparoscopes provide good image quality, they interfere with surgical instruments, occupy a trocar port, require an assistant in the operating room to control the scope, have a very limited field of view, and are expensive. MARVEL is a wireless Miniature Anchored Robotic Videoscope for Expedited Laparoscopy that addresses these limitations by providing an inexpensive in vivo wireless camera module (CM) that eliminates the surgical-tool bottleneck experienced by surgeons in current laparoscopic endoscopic single-site (LESS) procedures. The MARVEL system includes 1) multiple CMs that feature a wirelessly controlled pan/tilt camera platform, which enable a full hemisphere field of view inside the abdominal cavity, wirelessly adjustable focus, and a multiwavelength illumination control system; 2) a master control module that provides a near-zero latency video wireless communications link, independent wireless control for multiple MARVEL CMs, digital zoom; and 3) a wireless human-machine interface that gives the surgeon full control over CM functionality. The research reported in this paper is the first step in developing a suite of semiautonomous wirelessly controlled and networked robotic cyber-physical devices to enable a paradigm shift in minimally invasive surgery and other domains such as wireless body area networks.
&quot;US-JAPAN CONFERENCE: INFLAMMATION, DIABETES AND CANCER&quot; held at the Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA (2011)

The conference was held to facilitate research collaborations between US and Japan scientists, and to commemorate the rich history of the Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope (COH) research contributed by many Japanese doctors. Most noticeable is Dr. Ryojun Kinoshita, an internationally renowned oncologist who built the first research team at the campus of COH Medical Center in 1952. The conference received enthusiastic support from Junichi Ihara, Consul General of Japan, Los Angeles. During the two day conference, seven scientists from Japan, six scientists from Southern California, and six scientists from COH presented various aspects of cancer and diabetes research which included nuclear receptor regulation, DNA base and chromatin modifications, cancer glycosylation, circadian clock, cell polarity, tumorigenesis, micro and small RNA therapies, genomics, epigenetics, and signaling.
Deep Unfolding With Normalizing Flow Priors for Inverse Problems (2022)

Many application domains, spanning from computational photography to medical imaging, require recovery of high-fidelity images from noisy, incomplete or partial/compressed measurements. State-of-the-art methods for solving these inverse problems combine deep learning with iterative model-based solvers, a concept known as deep algorithm unfolding or unrolling. By combining a-priori knowledge of the forward measurement model with learned proximal image-to-image mappings based on deep networks, these methods yield solutions that are both physically feasible (data-consistent) and perceptually plausible (consistent with prior belief). However, current proximal mappings based on (predominantly convolutional) neural networks only implicitly learn such image priors. In this paper, we propose to make these image priors fully explicit by embedding deep generative models in the form of normalizing flows within the unfolded proximal gradient algorithm, and training the entire algorithm end-to-end for a given task. We demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms competitive baselines on various image recovery tasks, spanning from image denoising to inpainting and deblurring, effectively adapting the prior to the restoration task at hand.
P1–107: Measuring axonal transport in aging mice with and without beta‐amyloid plaques induced by mutant APP expression (2013)

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) has two known roles: 1) as a receptor for axonal transport, probably through binding to anterograde motors via the kinesin light chain (Satpute-Krishnan…Bearer, 2006; Seamster…Bearer 2012); and 2) as the parent protein for Abeta, a major component of senile plaques characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. We deploy manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) to witness axonal transport kinetics in living brains and to map functional anatomic connections between brain regions In the Down syndrome mouse (TsDn65). This technique revealed more robust transport in the hippocampal to septal circuit than in wildtype, supporting the idea that APP, triplicated in DS, facilitates transport (Bearer et al 2007). In contrast APP knock-out mice display decreased transport, again consistent with APP's role in transport (Gallagher…Bearer 2012). We now report results from aging mice (13–15 month old) with and without expression of a mutant human transgene encoding APP with both Swedish and Indiana mutations (APP Swe/Ind) associated with dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease. We analyzed 3D T 1 -weighted whole brain (100μm 3 voxels) images captured on a 11.7T vertical bore Bruker Biospin scanner captured at 30m, 6h and 24h after injection of ∼5nl of 200 mM Mn 2+ into CA3 of the hippocampus. After alignment of all wildtype and transgenic cohorts into separate minimal deformation atlases, we compared intensities between time points for each genotype by voxel-wise statistical parametric mapping. Results reveal that transport is depressed with aging. Expression of mutant APP Swe/Ind resulted in dense Abeta plaques primarily in the cortex and hippocampus. Transport was almost undetectable in the aged APP Swe/Ind mice with dense plaques. In the DS mouse we reported that the numbers of cholinergic neurons in the septal nuclei were diminished. Therefore we also counted cholinergic neurons in the aging WT and APP Swe/Ind mice by histopathology after staining for ChAT. Surprisingly mice overexpressing mutant APP with dense plaque deposition had more cholinergic neurons, suggesting that plaques of APP Swe/Ind were protective. In future work, we are dissociating mutant APP Swe/Ind expression from presence of plaques to determine whether one or the other or both are responsible for these effects.
New activating agents for the anionic polymerization of lactams (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew activating agents for the anionic polymerization of lactamsN. Mougin, P. Rempp, and Y. GnanouCite this: Macromolecules 1992, 25, 25, 6739–6743Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00051a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00051a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views155Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Degenerate mode band‐pass birdcage coil for accelerated parallel excitation (2007)

An eight-rung, 3T degenerate birdcage coil (DBC) was constructed and evaluated for accelerated parallel excitation of the head with eight independent excitation channels. Two mode configurations were tested. In the first, each of the eight loops formed by the birdcage was individually excited, producing an excitation pattern similar to a loop coil array. In the second configuration a Butler matrix transformed this "loop coil" basis set into a basis set representing the orthogonal modes of the birdcage coil. In this case the rung currents vary sinusoidally around the coil and only four of the eight modes have significant excitation capability (the other four produce anticircularly polarized (ACP) fields). The lowest useful mode produces the familiar uniform B(1) field pattern, and the higher-order modes produce center magnitude nulls and azimuthal phase variations. The measured magnitude and phase excitation profiles of the individual modes were used to generate one-, four-, six-, and eightfold-accelerated spatially tailored RF excitations with 2D and 3D k-space excitation trajectories. Transmit accelerations of up to six-fold were possible with acceptable levels of spatial artifact. The orthogonal basis set provided by the Butler matrix was found to be advantageous when an orthogonal subset of these modes was used to mitigate B(1) transmit inhomogeneities using parallel excitation.
High resolution vacuum scanning thermal microscopy of HfO2 and SiO2 (2008)

We present scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) measurements on a sample consisting of regions of 3nm thick HfO2 film and 2nm thick SiO2 on a silicon substrate. The experiments were preformed in high vacuum conditions using microfabricated silicon cantilevers with sharp heatable tips, facilitating the unprecedented achievement of a lateral SThM image resolution of 25nm. In addition, the heat transfer through the tip to the sample was investigated using approach curves and used to determine the thermal conductivity of the 3nm thick HfO2 layer.
A time based method for predicting the workpiece surface micro-topography under pulsed laser ablation (2014)

The generation of micro-features in a predictable and repeatable manner by use of pulsed laser ablation requires an understanding of the temporal and energetic distributions of the laser beam upon the workpiece surface. Modelling the response of the material to known energetic and kinematic parameters of the pulsed laser ablation process can be carried out in a discretised time-based approach, allowing the workpiece topography to be simulated mathematically to reflect a real-life process. Considerations of the antecedent workpiece surface texture such as increases in irradiated area due to the surface gradient, and increases in laser spot size due to beam divergence throughout the elevation of the workpiece are used to predict energy densities and hence the resultant ablated depth and texture of the targeted surfaces. A fully calibrated Yb:YAG pulsed fibre laser (SPI G3.0 RM) was used to validate the model on three materials, highlighting the models strengths for different material types. It was found that Ni based workpieces presented redeposition phenomena under these laser ablation conditions. To analyse the model without redeposition, validations trials on materials that do not present such side effects, e.g. diamond, were carried out and differences were found to be up to 9.39%.
Fully Isohexide-Based Polyesters: Synthesis, Characterization, and Structure–Properties Relations (2012)

Here we present a novel series of biobased polyesters solely based on renewable isohexide building blocks, synthesized via melt polymerization. The recently developed isoidide dicarboxylic acid (IIDCA) was polymerized with rigid renewable diols such as isosorbide (IS), isomannide (IM), isoidide (II), and the novel 2,5-methylene-extended isoidide dimethanol (IIDML). Both IIDCA and IIDML were developed to increase the reactivity of the isohexide building block, while retaining rigidity and hence the beneficial effects on Tg. Compared to the parent isohexides, IIDML showed a markedly higher reactivity, resulting in three to four times higher weight-average molecular weight (Mw) values of the synthesized polyesters. The molecular structure of the novel polyesters was analyzed by 1H, 13C and 2D-COSY NMR techniques, confirming that the stereoconfigurations of the isohexide moieties were preserved under the applied polymerization conditions. The II/IS-based polyesters have high Tg values noted of 70 and 85 °C, respectively, while the IIDML-based polyester has a lower Tg of approximately 45 °C, yet with an higher degree of crystallinity than the parent isohexide-based polyesters. A systematic study on structure-thermal properties relations comparing these novel polyesters with, e.g., aliphatic polyesters reveals that, when incorporated into polyesters, both IIDCA and IIDML are able to increase the Tg by approximately 70 °C, which is comparable to the parent isohexides. Given the enhanced reactivity, high thermal stability and the retained ability to increase the Tg, IIDML is a promising renewable building block for performance polymers.
Vacancy diffusion and nitrogen-vacancy center formation near the diamond surface (2021)

For the engineering of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, vacancies have been introduced locally into a type Ib diamond (100–200 ppm nitrogen content) by implanting argon ions from a sub-500 nm focused beam. At an acceleration potential of 12 kV, different charge states (Ar n+, n={1,4,8,11}) result in kinetic energies of 12–132 keV. NV-centers were formed by a subsequent annealing step. A wide range of fluences from around one ion to several hundred ions was implanted per spot. It was found that, on average, between 0.04 (12 keV) and 0.79 (132 keV) NV-centers are created from the vacancies of a single implanted argon ion, depending on the ion energy, but not on the fluence. The different number of vacancies created at each energy alone cannot account for the difference in NV-center yield. However, the probability of a given vacancy to diffuse to the diamond surface during annealing, where it cannot contribute to NV-center formation, was simulated and can fully explain the NV-yield behavior. With this model, an upper bound of approximately 300 nm for the diffusion length of a single vacancy was found for an annealing temperature of 800 °C.
The Power of Constructivist Ideas in Artificial Intelligence (2013)

> upshot • Mainstream AI research largely addresses cognitive features as separate and unconnected. Instead of addressing cognitive growth in this same way – modeling it simply as one more such isolated feature and continuing to uphold a wrong-headed divideand-conquer tradition – a constructivist approach should help unify many key phenomena such as anticipation, self-modeling, life-long learning, and recursive self-improvement. Since this is likely to result in complex systems with unanticipated properties, all cognitive architecture researchers should aim to implement their ideas in full as running systems to be verified by experiment. Perotto’s paper falls short on both these points.
Cationic Gemini Surfactants with Oligo(oxyethylene) Spacer Groups and Their Use in the Polymerization of Styrene in Ternary Microemulsion (1998)

The aggregation and phase behavior, micelle and microemulsion structure, and the polymerization behavior of various binary and ternary systems containing water, (oligooxa)alkanediyl-α,ω-bis(dimethyldodecylammonium bromide) surfactants (12-EOx-12), and styrene are reported. The hydrophilic spacer chain length x in the cationic gemini surfactants was varied between 0 and 5. With increasing spacer chain length the surface area per molecule at the air−water interface increases, whereas the single-phase region of the ternary microemulsion systems is largest for x being 1 and decreases with increasing x in the investigated concentration range. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and cryogenic temperature transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) measurements indicate that the micelle and microdroplet dimensions decrease with increasing x. Polymerization was carried out at 25 and 60 °C using 60Co γ-rays. Spherical polystyrene particles in the nanometer size range were obtained, the particle size being dependent on the spacer length of the gemini surfactants and on the polymerization temperature. At 25 °C, particle size and molecular weight of polystyrene were maximum at medium spacer length, while at 60 °C, the particle size decreased with increasing x, in correspondence to the microstructural properties of the microemulsions observed by SANS. The experimental results suggest that the chemical structure of the surfactant molecules used in the microemulsion formulation has a strong influence on the particle properties after polymerization. This influence depends on the curvature of the interfacial film induced by the surfactant molecules.
Chemogenomics Approaches for Receptor Deorphanization and Extensions of the Chemogenomics Concept to Phenotypic Space (2011)

Chemogenomic approaches, which link ligand chemistry to bioactivity against targets (and, by extension, to phenotypes) are becoming more and more important due to the increasing number of bioactivity data available both in proprietary databases as well as in the public domain. In this article we review chemogenomics approaches applied in four different domains: Firstly, due to the relationship between protein targets from which an approximate relation between their respective bioactive ligands can be inferred, we investigate the extent to which chemogenomics approaches can be applied to receptor deorphanization. In this case it was found that by using knowledge about active compounds of related proteins, in 93% of all cases enrichment better than random could be obtained. Secondly, we analyze different cheminformatics analysis methods with respect to their behavior in chemogenomics studies, such as subgraph mining and Bayesian models. Thirdly, we illustrate how chemogenomics, in its particular flavor of 'proteochemometrics', can be applied to extrapolate bioactivity predictions from given data points to related targets. Finally, we extend the concept of 'chemogenomics' approaches, relating ligand chemistry to bioactivity against related targets, into phenotypic space which then falls into the area of 'chemical genomics' and 'chemical genetics'; given that this is very often the desired endpoint of approaches in not only the pharmaceutical industry, but also in academic probe discovery, this is often the endpoint the experimental scientist is most interested in.
Exosome mediated phenotypic changes in lung cancer pathophysiology (2017)

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles with a size range of 40-150 nm and a lipid bilayer membrane (1-4). They contain protein and nucleic acids, and mediate local and systemic intercellular communication (1-3). Many cell types can produce exosomes, the contents of which likely reflect the phenotypic states of the cells that generate them under both physiological and pathological conditions. They may convey these exosomal cargoes to neighboring or distant cells, and subsequently modulate the phenotype of these target cells. At first exosomes were thought to function as "cellular garbage bags", but now these nanosized extracellular vesicles are being studied for their role in progression and metastasis (5). Cancer-derived exosomes are reported to play a role in various malignant phenotype mechanisms such as proliferation, motility, invasive properties of the recipient cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), transferring drug resistance, immune evasion, and pre-metastatic niche formation (6-17). However, we still need to understand how exosomes and their cargoes function in recipient cells, and whether exosome packaging and release in the extracellular space is an active or passive process.