gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the role of microbial stress response mechanisms in causing biological treatment system upset (2002)

It is known that microbial stress mechanisms play a significant role in short-term microbial adaptation to environmental perturbations, and activation of these mechanisms enhance a cell's chance for surviving the perturbation with minimal damage. Although the target of these mechanisms is protective at the cellular level, the effect may be disruptive at the macroscopic level in engineered bioreactor systems. In this paper, it is proposed that these mechanisms are activated in response to wastewater influent perturbations and may be a significant cause of activated sludge treatment process upset. Selected microbial stress responses are reviewed and hypotheses indicating their potential role in treatment process upset are proposed. A research approach that was previously used to identify the mechanistic cause of deflocculation during perturbation by electrophilic chemicals is summarized, and a protocol for future experiments geared toward establishing source-cause-effect relationships for a range of wastewater upset conditions is put forth. Identifying source-cause-effect relationships will provide a basis for development of new monitoring technologies and operational strategies for systems under the influence of influent chemical perturbations.
IMI – Defining and Classifying Myopia: A Proposed Set of Standards for Clinical and Epidemiologic Studies (2019)

Standardized definitions and consistent choice of thresholds are essential elements of evidence-based medicine. It is hoped that these proposals, or derivations from them, will facilitate rigorous, evidence-based approaches to the study and management of myopia.
Measurement-Based Stochastic mmWave Channel Modeling (2016)

Emerging mmWave technology will require new channel models. Compared to the lower frequency bands, mmWaves will be more reflected and absorbed but less diffracted. Hence, placement of individual physical structures in the environment will affect the propagation much more than before, providing a challenge for channel modeling. At the same time, however, an increasing amount of information about the topology of the physical environment, in particular for buildings, is made available through better measurement equipment and services for obtaining 3D data. We propose a Monte-Carlo approach for channel modeling where interactions between mmWaves and the surrounding small-scale environment can be included, given a stochastic representation. This method is not only suitable for assessment of basic effects such as material reflection and absorption, but can also in the future be extended to various additional effects such as weather, traffic, foliage, etc. The framework is verified against 15 GHz measurements from an urban environment, demonstrating how major reflection paths can be replicated by modeling the closest buildings.
Holistic approach using accuracy of diffraction-based integrated metrology to improve on-product performance, reduce cycle time, and cost at litho (2015)

High-end semiconductor lithography requirements for CD, focus and overlay control drive the need for diffraction-based metrology<sup>1,2,3,4</sup> and integrated metrology<sup>5</sup>. In the advanced nodes, more complex lithography techniques (such as multiple patterning), use of multi-layer overlay measurements in process control, advanced device designs (such as advanced FinFET), as well as advanced materials (like hardmasks) are introduced. These pose new challenges for lithometro cycle time, cost, process control and metrology accuracy. In this publication a holistic approach is taken to face these challenges via a novel target design, a brand new implementation of multi-layer overlay measurement capability in diffraction-based mode and integrated metrology.
Age and hormonal dependence of tonin levels in rat submandibular gland as determined by a new direct radioimmunoassay (1986)

A simple and sensitive direct radioimmunoassay for tonin (EC.3.4.99.-) has been developed. This assay incorporates a modified and convenient poly(ethylene glycol) technique for separation of free from bound tonin. A rabbit antiserum in a final dilution of 1:160,000 was used and the purified tonin was labelled with 125I by using a lactoperoxidase method. It detects 20 pg of immunoreactive tonin per tube. Serial dilutions of rat submandibular gland extracts showed complete parallelism with tonin standard curves. No cross-reactivity with rat tissue kallikrein was seen. Intra- and inter-assay errors were 3.2 and 5.6%, respectively. Using this assay, immunoreactive tonin was detected in the rat submandibular gland as early as 3 weeks after birth (body wt. approximately 50-60 g). Tonin levels are shown to be dependent on age and sex with significantly higher levels in male than in female rats. Castration results in decrease of tonin levels and 17 alpha-methyltestosterone replacement reversed the level to higher than the sham-operated control rats. Cortisol treatment increased, but thyroxine or oestradiol had no effect, on tonin levels in the submandibular gland of castrated rats. This newly developed radioimmunoassay can now be used to measure low levels of tonin in various tissues and body fluids to address questions about its regulation and functional significance.
Mechanistic studies of the immunochemical termination of self-tolerance with unnatural amino acids (2009)

For more than 2 centuries active immunotherapy has been at the forefront of efforts to prevent infectious disease [Waldmann TA (2003) Nat Med 9:269-277]. However, the decreased ability of the immune system to mount a robust immune response to self-antigens has made it more difficult to generate therapeutic vaccines against cancer or chronic degenerative diseases. Recently, we showed that the site-specific incorporation of an immunogenic unnatural amino acid into an autologous protein offers a simple and effective approach to overcome self-tolerance. Here, we characterize the nature and durability of the polyclonal IgG antibody response and begin to establish the generality of p-nitrophenylalanine (pNO(2)Phe)-induced loss of self-tolerance. Mutation of several surface residues of murine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (mTNF-alpha) independently to pNO(2)Phe leads to a T cell-dependent polyclonal and sustainable anti-mTNF-alpha IgG autoantibody response that lasts for at least 40 weeks. The antibodies bind multiple epitopes on mTNF-alpha and protect mice from severe endotoxemia induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Immunization of mice with a pNO(2)Phe(43) mutant of murine retinol-binding protein (RBP4) also elicited a high titer IgG antibody response, which was cross-reactive with wild-type mRBP4. These findings suggest that this may be a relatively general approach to generate effective immunotherapeutics against cancer-associated or other weakly immunogenic antigens.
A Direct Observation of the Formation of Nuclei and the Development of Lamellae in Polymer Spherulites (1999)

Using atomic force microscopy (AFM), detailed information on the formation of the nuclei and the growth of the lamellae is obtained. This is the first experimental data that show the appearance and disappearance of embryos, as predicted by thermodynamics. In addition, it is shown that branching is initiated by secondary nucleation of the parent lamellae, and the lamellae can join with each other and branch in many different ways that have never been observed by other techniques.
A few novel phenomena in electromagnetic scattering (2020)

In this talk, we present some of our recent results in electromagnetic scattering, including a non-classical framework demonstrated via far-field scattering from nanophotonic structures, radiation sources via near-field scattering from free electrons, as well as synthetic scattering with non-Abelian gauge fields.
Abstract A28: Apoptosis induction with the MEK inhibitor AZD6244 and BH3 mimetic ABT-737 in melanoma. (2011)

Abstract Over sixty percent of patients with melanoma have the activating B-RAFV600E mutation leading to increased activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The downstream effects of MAPK pathway activation are increased proliferation, invasiveness, and survival through the regulation of down-stream targets such as the pro-apoptotic protein BIM. Prior studies have shown that inhibiting MAPK kinase (MEK), downstream of constitutively active B-RAF, can up-regulate BIM, leading to increased apoptosis in melanoma cell lines. However, single agent MEK inhibition has had limited effectiveness in the clinical setting for late-stage melanoma patients, likely due to an inadequate induction of apoptosis. We hypothesized that combining the clinically relevant MEK inhibitor, AZD6244 (ARRY142886) with a BCL-2 inhibitor, ABT-737, would lead to increased apoptosis over single agent therapies in melanoma cells via BIM activation and pan-BCL-2 inhibition. We compared single treatments of AZD6244 and ABT737 to the combination of these agents in a panel of melanoma tumor cell lines chosen by mutational status in both a monolayer system and an anchorage independent system. The combination of AZD6244 and ABT-737 had a synergistic effect on decreasing cell viability and increasing apoptosis compared to single agent treatments regardless of B-RAF mutational status. Western blotting revealed dramatic increases in cleaved caspase 3 and PARP with combinational treatment compared to single agent therapy. These early pre-clinical experiments indicate that AZD6244 combined with ABT-737 may be an effective combination therapy for patients with late-stage melanoma. Currently, we have plans to conduct in vivo studies to translate these results into the clinic. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A28.
Structure‐terahertz property relationship in sodium borosilicate glasses (2022)

Abstract We report, for the first time, an early evidence of structure‐terahertz (THz) property relationship for two tie‐lines within the sodium borosilicate glass system. The NaBSi series was chosen to study the effect of the substitution of silicon dioxide for boron oxide, whereas the BNaSi series studies the substitution of silicon dioxide for sodium oxide. Nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared absorption, and Raman spectroscopies were used to determine structural changes across both series. THz time‐domain spectroscopy was used to record the refractive index over the measured bandwidth. Individual measurements at .502 THz were used as a frequency of focus for comparisons. The foundation for the proposed structure‐THz property relationship is based on higher measurable THz refractive index changes correlated to a depolymerized glass network, R &gt; .5, a network consisting of SiO 4 tetrahedra and charge‐deficient [BØ 4 ] − tetrahedra‐forming borosilicate danburite and reedmergnerite rings with mixed Si–O–B bridges, and the formation of nonbridging oxygen (nbO) atoms on silicate tetrahedra. A polymerized glass network, R &lt; .5, consists of homonuclear boroxol and silica rings within sodium borate and silicate subnetworks. Calculated and experimental fractions of tetrahedral borate and silicate tetrahedra with one nbO, optical basicity, density, and network connectivity data support the structure‐THz property relationship.
Examination of X chromosome markers in Rett syndrome: exclusion mapping with a novel variation on multilocus linkage analysis. (1992)

Rett syndrome is a neurologic disorder characterized by early normal development followed by regression, acquired deceleration of head growth, autism, ataxia, and stereotypic hand movements. The exclusive occurrence of the syndrome in females and the occurrence of a few familial cases with inheritance through maternal lines suggest that this disorder is most likely secondary to a mutation on the X chromosome. To address this hypothesis and to identify candidate regions for the Rett syndrome gene locus, genotypic analysis was performed in two families with maternally related affected half-sisters by using 63 DNA markers from the X chromosome. Maternal and paternal X chromosomes from the affected sisters were separated in somatic cell hybrids and were examined for concordance/discordance of maternal alleles at the tested loci. Thirty-six markers were informative in at least one of the two families, and 25 markers were informative in both families. Twenty loci were excluded as candidates for the Rett syndrome gene, on the basis of discordance for maternal alleles in the half-sisters. Nineteen of the loci studied were chosen for multipoint linkage analysis because they have been previously genetically mapped using a large number of meioses from reference families. Using the exclusion criterion of a lod score less than -2, we were able to exclude the region between the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus and the DXS456 locus. This region extends from Xp21.2 to Xq21-q23. The use of the multipoint linkage analysis approach outlined in this study should allow the exclusion of additional regions of the X chromosome as new markers are analyzed. This in turn will result in a defined region of the X chromosome that should be searched for candidate sequences for the Rett syndrome gene in both familial and sporadic cases.
Book reviews (1992)

S. J. Haswell, J. M. Harnly and T. R. Griffiths, Analyst, 1992, 117, 929 DOI: 10.1039/AN9921700929
A simple and reliable chemical preparation of YBa2Cu3O7-x superconductors: An experiment in high temperature superconductivity for an advanced undergraduate laboratory (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA simple and reliable chemical preparation of YBa2Cu3O7-x superconductors: An experiment in high temperature superconductivity for an advanced undergraduate laboratoryPeter I. Djurovich and Richard J. Watts Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 6, 497Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1993Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 June 1993Published inissue 1 June 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/ed070p497RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1530Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
The Self-Incompatibility Phenotype in Brassica Is Altered by the Transformation of a Mutant S Locus Receptor Kinase (1998)

The self-incompatible (SI) Brassica napus line W1, which carries the 910 S allele, was transformed with an inactive copy of the 910 S locus receptor kinase (SRK) gene. Two transformed lines were analyzed based on their heritable ability to set self-seed. The first line was virtually completely self-compatible (SC), and reciprocal pollinations with the original W1 line demonstrated that only the stigma side of the SI phenotype was altered. An analysis of the expression of endogenous SRK-910 demonstrated that the mechanism of transgene action is via gene suppression. Furthermore, the expression of the S locus glycoprotein gene present in the 910 allele (SLG-910), SLG-A10, which is derived from a nonfunctional S allele, and an S locus-related gene were also suppressed. When the transgene was crossed into another SI line carrying the A14 S allele, it was also capable of suppressing the expression of the endogenous genes and of making this line SC. The second transgenic line studied was only partly SC. In this case as well, only the stigma phenotype was affected, although no gene suppression was detected for endogenous SRK-910 or SLG-910. In this line, the expression of the transgene most likely was causing the change in phenotype, and no effect was observed when this transgene was crossed into the other SI line. Therefore, this work reinforces the hypothesis that the SRK gene is required, but only for the stigma side of the SI phenotype, and that a single transgene can alter the SI phenotype of more than one S allele.
Electroreductive cyclization. Ketones and aldehydes tethered to .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated esters (nitriles). Fundamental investigations (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectroreductive cyclization. Ketones and aldehydes tethered to .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated esters (nitriles). Fundamental investigationsR. Daniel Little, Dennis P. Fox, Luc Van Hijfte, Robert Dannecker, Gregory Sowell, Ronald L. Wolin, Luc Moens, and Manuel M. BaizerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 10, 2287–2294Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00245a029https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00245a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views860Altmetric-Citations62LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Receptive Field Properties of the Macaque Second Somatosensory Cortex: Nonlinear Mechanisms Underlying the Representation of Orientation Within a Finger Pad (2006)

We investigate the position invariant receptive field properties of neurons in the macaque second somatosensory (SII) cortical region. Previously we reported that many SII region neurons show orientation tuning in the center of multiple finger pads of the hand and further that the tuning is similar on different pads, which can be interpreted as position invariance. Here we study the receptive field properties of a single finger pad for a subset (n = 61) of those 928 neurons, using a motorized oriented bar that we positioned at multiple locations across the pad. We calculate both vector fields and linear receptive fields of the finger pad to characterize the receptive field properties that give rise to the tuning, and we perform an additional regression analysis to quantify linearity, invariance, or both in individual neurons. We show that orientation tuning of SII region neurons is based on a variety of mechanisms. For some neurons, the tuning is explained by simple excitatory regions, simple inhibitory regions, or some combination of these structures. However, a large fraction of the neurons (n = 20 of 61, 33%) show position invariance that is not explained well by their linear receptive fields. Finding invariance within a finger pad, coupled with the previous result of similar tuning on different pads, indicates that some SII region neurons may exhibit similar tuning throughout large regions of the hand. We hypothesize that invariant neurons play an important role in tactile form recognition.
Colloidal Properties of Recombinant Spider Silk Protein Particles (2016)

Colloidal particles have been prepared from polyanionic and polycationic recombinant spider silk protein. The amino acid sequences of these spider silk proteins are identical except for 16 residues bearing either a cationic or an anionic ionizable group. Electrophoretic titration showed that protonation of the acidic and basic amino acids had significant impact on the electrophoretic mobility of the protein particles and, in particular, on their point of zero mobility (PZM). The experimentally determined PZMs are in good agreement with the theoretical values evaluated on the basis of the relevant amino acid sequences. A comprehensive description of the electrokinetic properties of the recombinant spider silk protein particles as a function of pH and solution ionic strength was provided from adequate application of electrokinetic theory for soft particles. Within the framework of this formalism, spider silk protein particles are viewed as porous colloids penetrable for ions and characterized by a finite penetration length for the electroosmotic flow. The differentiated electrokinetic properties of the particles were shown to be solely governed by the electrohydrodynamic features of their poorly charged outer peripheral layer with a thickness of about 10–20 nm. This finding was further corroborated experimentally by demonstrating that electrokinetics of particles bearing an additional outer layer consisting of oppositely charged spider silk proteins is entirely dominated thereby. The presence of a fuzzy, ion-permeable particle interface with an extension of several tenths of a nanometer was confirmed by direct measurement of the resulting steric forces using the colloidal probe atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique.
Modular Design of Advanced Catalytic Materials Using Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Raspberry Particles (2017)

Abstract Catalysis is one of the most sophisticated areas of materials research that encompasses a diverse set of materials and phenomena occurring on multiple length and time scales. Designing catalysts that can be broadly applied toward global energy and environmental challenges requires the development of universal frameworks for complex catalytic systems through rational and independent (or quasi‐independent) optimization of multiple structural and compositional features. Toward addressing this goal, a modular platform is presented in which sacrificial organic colloids bearing catalytic nanoparticles on their surfaces self‐assemble with matrix precursors, simultaneously structuring the resulting porous networks and fine‐tuning the locations of catalyst particles. This strategy allows combinatorial variations of the material building blocks and their organization, in turn providing numerous degrees of freedom for optimizing the material's functional properties, from the nanoscale to the macroscale. The platform enables systematic studies and rational design of efficient and robust systems for a wide range of catalytic and photocatalytic reactions, as well as their integration into industrial and other real‐life environments.
Exploiting Packet Replication and Elimination in Complex Tracks in LLNs (2019)

The Packet Replication and Elimination (PRE) mechanism duplicates data packets into several paths in the network to increase reliability and provide low jitter. PRE may be used to complement layer-2 Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) and receiver-end Ordering to form the PAREO functions. Over a wireless medium, this technique can take advantage of communication Overhearing, when parallel transmissions over two adjacent paths are scheduled. This document presents the concept and details the required changes to the current specifications that will be necessary to enable the PAREO functions.