gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Provocative Agents and the Diagnosis of Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland (1978)

Twenty-six patients with known or suspected medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and 21 normal control subjects were tested intravenously on four separate days with calcium gluconate (CG), 2 mg Ca(++)/kg/1 min.; pentagastrin (P), 0.5 ug/kg/ 5 sec.; calcium chloride (CC), 3 mg Ca(++)/kg/10 min.; and a combination of calcium gluconate and pentagastrin (CG + P). Calcitonin (CT) levels were determined by radioimmunoassay on plasma collected before and immediately following each test infusion. In none of the 21 control subjects was there a clear increase in CT above 200 pg/ml following any of the four provocative tests. Conversely, in all 26 patients with known or suspected MTC, plasma CT levels were markedly increased (>300 pg/ml) following the combined infusion of CG + P. The peak CT response was greater with CG + P than with a) CG alone (22 of 24 patients, p < 0.002), b) P alone (25 of 26 patients, p < 0.002), or c) CC alone (17 of 17 patients, p < 0.002). Of 12 MTC patients with undetectable basal calcitonin levels, all had peak responses greater than 300 pg/ml following CG + P, whereas such responses occurred less often following CG alone (8 of 12) or P alone (8 of 12). The results demonstrate that the combined administration of pentagastrin and calcium gluconate constitutes a more effective and reliable stimulus for CT secretion from MTC cells than the use of either agent alone, and appears the most useful single screening test for the detection of occult MTC.
Defending Graph Convolutional Networks Against Adversarial Attacks (2020)

The interconnection of social, email, and media platforms enables adversaries to manipulate networked data and promote their malicious intents. This paper introduces graph neural network architectures that are robust to perturbed networked data. The novel network utilizes a randomization layer that performs link-dithering (LD) by adding or removing links with probabilities selected to boost robustness. The resultant link-dithered auxiliary graphs are leveraged by an adaptive (A)GCN that performs SSL. The proposed robust LD-AGCN achieves performance gains relative to GCNs under perturbed network data.
Orbital navigation, docking and obstacle avoidance as a form of three dimensional model-based image understanding (1988)

Range imagery from a laser scanner can be used to provide sufficient information for docking and obstacle avoidance procedures to be performed automatically. Three dimensional model-based computer vision algorithms in development can perform these tasks even with targets which may not be cooperative (that is, objects without special targets or markers to provide unambiguous points). Role, pitch, and yaw of a vehicle can be taken into account as image scanning takes place, so that these can be correlated when the image is converted from egocentric to world coordinated. Other attributes of the sensor, such as the registered reflectance and texture channels, provide additional data sources for algorithm robustness.
Carrier collection in fine-grained p-n junction polysilicon solar cells (2002)

We investigate the factors which determine carrier collection in fine-grained p-n junction polysilicon solar cells. Si layers obtained with chemical vapor deposition at high temperature on oxidized Si wafers have been used in solar cell experiments. Lowering the doping level and increasing the thermal budget of the emitter diffusion increases the collection depth. Increasing the grain size from 2 to 7 /spl mu/m surprisingly does not result in any improvement in the red response of the cells. Analysis of these results shows that carrier collection is mainly determined by the depth of dopant spikes created by enhanced diffusion at grain boundaries. The recombination velocity at grain boundaries appears to be very high (/spl Gt/3/spl times/10/sup 4/ cm/s). Active use of preferential doping in a columnar polysilicon layer could nevertheless lead to photovoltaic devices with satisfactory performance. The best result so far is a solar cell efficiency of 5.2% obtained in a layer with an average grain size of 7 /spl mu/m.
An Approach to Thermocouple Measurements That Reduces Uncertainties in High-Temperature Environments (2015)

Obtaining accurate temperature measurements with thermocouples in flame environments is challenging due to the effects of radiative heat losses, as these losses are difficult to quantify. Efforts to minimize radiative losses by, for example, suction pyrometry often result in a significant sacrifice in spatial resolution. In this work, a new experimental methodology is presented that both minimizes the temperature correction and allows the remaining correction to be accurately quantified. The approach is based on increasing and controlling the convective heat transfer to the thermocouple junction, which is accomplished by spinning the thermocouple at high speed. The rotation yields a large and known convective velocity over the thermocouple. Heat transfer can then be modeled for the thermocouple, and a functional relationship between temperature and rotational speed can be found. Fitting this model to the data allows for an accurate temperature correction. To test the feasibility of the rotating thermocouple technique for temperature measurement in high-temperature gases, experiments were conducted over a range of rotational speeds in a controlled flame where the temperature was known. The measured thermocouple temperatures as a function of rotational speed closely match the theoretical temperatures, yielding a straightforward approach to highly accurate gas temperature measurement. The results also demonstrate limited perturbation to the flow field, even at high rotational speeds. Finally, a method of deconvolution is described that significantly enhances the spatial resolution of the technique, approaching that of a stationary thermocouple.
A Mechanistic Dichotomy Leading to a Ruthenium-Catalyzedcis-Addition for Stereoselective Formation of (Z)-Vinyl Bromides (2000)

Sowohl trans- als auch cis-Halogenalkylierungen gelingen mit Dreikomponentenkupplungen wie der in Gleichung (1) gezeigten. Die cis-Bromruthenierung eines Alkins durch Lithiumbromid und [CpRu(CH3CN)3]PF6, katalysiert durch SnBr4, führt letztlich in hoher Chemoselektivität zu (Z)-Vinylbromiden. Das Ausmaß, in dem die Stereoselektivität gesteuert werden kann, wirft spannende Fragen zum Mechanismus auf und sollte einen großen Nutzen dieser Umsetzung für Synthesen zur Folge haben.
Pattern formation by bacteria (1980)

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Guanylyl cyclase-D in the olfactory CO2neurons is activated by bicarbonate (2009)

Atmospheric CO(2) is an important environmental cue that regulates several types of animal behavior. In mice, CO(2) responses of the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) require the activity of carbonic anhydrase to catalyze the conversion of CO(2) to bicarbonate and the opening of cGMP-sensitive ion channels. However, it remains unknown how the enhancement of bicarbonate levels results in cGMP production. Here, we show that bicarbonate activates cGMP-producing ability of guanylyl cyclase-D (GC-D), a membrane GC exclusively expressed in the CO(2)-responsive OSNs, by directly acting on the intracellular cyclase domain of GC-D. Also, the molecular mechanism for GC-D activation is distinct from the commonly believed model of "release from repression" for other membrane GCs. Our results contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of CO(2) sensing and suggest diverse mechanisms of molecular activation among membrane GCs.
Thermally actuated interferometric sensors based on the thermal expansion of transparent elastomeric media (1999)

In this article the fabrication and characterization of two thermally actuated optical devices for the measurement of temperature and power are described. A transparent polymer having a high coefficient of thermal expansion—poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)—was used as the temperature-sensitive medium. Changes in the dimensions of the polymer on heating caused the observed optical responses of both devices. The temperature sensor based on the Fabry–Pérot cavity measures temperature differences to a precision of 0.005 °C within the linear working ranges of the device. The power sensor uses the architecture of a Mach–Zender interferometer; it is suitable for measurements of powers in the mW/cm2 range, delivered optically to the surface of the device in the visible wavelength region. The devices are inexpensive, easy to fabricate, and mechanically rugged. They offer alternatives to other sensors for measuring temperature and power.
Observation of the interaction between avidin and iminobiotin using a graphene FET on a SiC substrate (2019)

Abstract Fine chemical changes were electrically detected by functionalized epitaxial graphene field-effect transistors (GFET) on SiC substrates, which were expected to have the intrinsic sensing characteristics of a single-crystal graphene film. An iminobiotin (IB)-modified GFET was fabricated to measure the interaction between avidin and IB. IB interacts strongly with avidin in a solution at pH 9, while the interaction becomes weak at a lower pH. The electrical characteristics shifted with increasing concentration of avidin at pH 7 and pH 9, and could be fitted by the adsorption isotherm. However, almost constant electrical characteristics were observed at pH 4. These pH dependences clearly showed that a modified GFET with an epitaxial graphene film on a SiC substrate can act as an environmental sensor for small chemical reactions.
COVID-19 Outbreak: Pathogenesis, Current Therapies, and Potentials for Future Management (2020)

At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus (CoV) was found at the seafood market of Hubei province in Wuhan, China, and this virus was officially named coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) by World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 is mainly characterized by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2) and creates public health concerns as well as significant threats to the economy around the world. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is unclear and there is no effective treatment of this newly life-threatening and devastating virus. Therefore, it is crucial to search for alternative methods that alleviate or inhibit the spread of COVID-19. In this review, we try to find out the etiology, epidemiology, symptoms as well as transmissions of this novel virus. We also summarize therapeutic interventions and suggest antiviral treatments, immune-enhancing candidates, general supplements, and CoV specific treatments that control replication and reproduction of SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
Prospectus for a Dense Linear Algebra Software Library (2007)

Dense linear algebra (DLA) forms the core of many scientific computing applications. Consequently, there is continuous interest and demand for the development of increasingly better algorithms in the field. Here ’better’ has a broad meaning, and includes improved reliability, accuracy, robustness, ease of use, and most importantly new or improved algorithms that would more efficiently use the available computational resources to speed up the computation. The rapidly evolving high end computing systems and the close dependence of DLA algorithms on the computational environment is what makes the field particularly dynamic. A typical example of the importance and impact of this dependence is the development of LAPACK [4] (and later ScaLAPACK [19]) as a successor to the well known and formerly widely used LINPACK [40] and EISPACK [40] libraries. Both LINPACK and EISPACK were based, and their efficiency depended, on optimized Level 1 BLAS [21]. Hardware development trends though, and in particular an increasing Processor-to-Memory speed gap of approximately 50% per year, started to increasingly show the inefficiency of Level 1 BLAS vs Level 2 and 3 BLAS, which prompted efforts to reorganize DLA algorithms to use block matrix operations in their innermost loops. This formed LAPACK’s design philosophy. Later ScaLAPACK extended the LAPACK library to run scalably on distributed memory parallel computers. There are several current trends and associated challenges that influence the development of DLA software libraries. The main purpose of this work is to identify these trends, address the new challenges, and consequently outline a prospectus for new releases of the LAPACK and ScaLAPACK libraries.
La peste des petits-ruminants (PPR) : diagnostic et contrôle en 2002 (2002)

La peste des petits ruminants (PPR) a été décrite pour la première fois en Côte d'Ivoire, en 1942. Depuis cette date et pendant une trentaine d'année, elle a été considérée comme une maladie spécifique des petits ruminants de l'Ouest africain. Le développement de tests de diagnostic spécifiques et une meilleure information des vétérinaires de terrain, révèle en fait, une extension plus importante de la maladie en Afrique (aire comprise entre le Sahara et l'Equateur), ainsi qu'une présence au Moyen Orient et en Asie du sud-ouest. Dans ces régions du monde, 4 lignées virales ont pu évoluer indépendamment l'une de I'autre, ce qui démontrerait une présence ancienne de la maladie dans les pays où elle est actuellement décrite. Huit cent millions de petits ruminants sont à risque et la vaccination représente la méthode prophylactique de choix pour contrôler la PPR. Un vaccin efficace existe, obtenu par atténuation de la souche Nigéria 75-1 sur culture cellulaire. Sa thermosensibilité peut cependant en limiter l'efficacité. De nouveaux vaccins, marqués ou basés sur des vecteurs thermostables sont développés par le CIRAD. Pour la valence PPR, un des vecteurs actuellement expérimentés est le virus vaccinal capripox. Très efficace, il a fait la preuve de son pouvoir protecteur à la fois contre la variole caprine et la peste des petits ruminants. La voie d'administration orale est également étudiée grâce à des vecteurs à tropisme digestif; elle faciliterait l'administration du vaccin PPR à la faune sauvage. (Texte intégral)
Regulation of bone turnover by calcium‐regulated calcium channels (2010)

Calcium plays multiple roles in osteoclast formation, survival, and activity. Intracellular calcium is determined both by the release of intracellular stores and the influx of extracellular calcium through a variety of calcium channels. Osteoclasts express several classes of calcium channels, including ryanodine receptors (RyRs), inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP(3)Rs), and calcium release-activated calcium channels (CRACs), which respond to depletion of intracellular stores. IP(3)R2 is expressed in osteoclast precursors and activated by cytokines that stimulate osteoclast differentiation. In mature osteoclasts, the IP(3)R1 isoform is highly expressed and is implicated in nitric oxide-cGMP-stimulated processes. RyR calcium channels may contribute to the release of intracellular calcium stores, while RyR2 in the plasma membrane may act to limit osteoclast activity based on extracellular calcium concentration. Orai, through regulation by endoplasmic reticular store-sensing proteins, including Stim-1, may also mediate calcium influx and act as a signal amplifier for calcium release by other calcium channels. Together, these receptors allow intracellular Ca(2+) signals to modulate bone turnover and, through calcium-sensing functions, allow coupling of osteoclast activity to extracellular conditions and integrating additional cytokine and nitric oxide signals via transient intracellular calcium signals.
Video Analysis for Universal Multimedia Messaging - Invited paper - (2002)

Multimedia messaging is expected to become a major application for next generation mobile computing and communication devices. Heterogeneous capabilities of these devices, however, require adaptation of multimedia messages before rendering on any specific device. To achieve this in case of video messages, video analysis has to be performed to extract the structure of the video and control the message adaptation. This paper describes the universal multimedia messaging scenario and presents a short overview of existing video structuring approaches. A computationally efficient method for analyzing a video message in this scenario is introduced and a prototype for universal multimedia messaging conforming to the emerging MPEG-7 standard will be outlined. 1 Universal multimedia messaging The rapid development of mobile devices and wireless communication networks will put devices capable of multimedia into the pockets of mobile people. Messaging applications which are today text-based will allow to send and receive multimedia content anywhere, anytime, using any device. Due to the heterogeneous capabilities of the different communication devices (e.g. screen size, computing power), the changing network characteristics while the user moves (e.g., bandwidth, delay) and the different situations in which a user is involved (e.g., in a meeting, driving), multimedia content will have to be adapted to devices, networks and user preferences. This concept is called Universal Multimedia Access (UMA). Integrating UMA functionality into an asynchronous multimedia messaging system will allow a sender to compose a message without having to know the technical characteristics of the recipient’s messaging equipment. Similarly, a recipient can instruct the system how to transmit and present messages. We will call this a Universal Multimedia Messaging (UMM) system. UMM requires meta data to be stored and transmitted along with the message in order to provide the information needed for adaptation. In the UMM case, it is advantageous to use MPEG-7 [5] as a standardized meta data format. These meta data should be generated automatically as far as possible, but can also be provided by the user to emphasize or annotate parts of the message. In this paper, we will describe how UMM can be achieved in the case of asynchronous video messages. Video analysis methods are necessary to extract the meta data from the video. We will first briefly review existing methods for video structuring and abstraction, which have originally been developed for video browsing and retrieval purposes to aid a user in rapidly understanding the essence of a video message without full replays. After that, a new analysis approach for UMM will be described. Finally, we put the analysis into the context of the M3Box, which is a prototype UMM system conforming to MPEG-7.
High speed X-ray imaging camera using a structured CsI(Tl) scintillator (1999)

New third generation X-ray sources such as the Advanced Photon Source have created a need for a detector that can provide multiple frames of detailed X-ray images on the millisecond time scale. Such detectors will prove invaluable in applications such as time-resolved X-ray diffraction, X-ray microtomography, as well as materials science applications like polymer processing. Currently, detectors capable of acquiring high resolution X-ray images at such high speed do not exist, thus limiting progress in many of these important areas of research. To address these needs we have developed a prototype fast X-ray imaging system, using a structured CsI(Tl) scintillator coupled to a fast-frame 1K/spl times/1K CCD. The system has been successfully employed to capture 1024/spl times/64 pixel X-ray images at a rate of 1000 frames per second (fps) with a 12 bit dynamic range. The system exceeds the capabilities of the current high speed X-ray imaging systems which typically operate at the rate of 30 fps. Fabrication of a large area detector is currently underway, using a microstructured CsI(Tl) scintillator coupled to a fast-frame CCD with a 3:1 fiberoptic taper. The camera will operate in a burst mode, acquiring 8 1K/spl times/1K images at rates up to 1000 frames per second with 12 bit dynamic range. Higher image capture speeds can be accomplished by reducing the image area. This paper will discuss the specific characteristics of the CsI(Tl) screens, experimental details of the prototype and the new design for the large area detector being developed specifically for time-resolved X-ray diffraction experiments in structural biology.
On unitary transform approximations (1998)

In this letter, we present a method to find a unitary transform which is the closest to a given square transform matrix in the sense of minimizing the variance of the output error (discrepancy) for given signal statistics. An extension of the result to frequency responses of filterbank transfer matrices is also given along with an example to demonstrate the feasibility of the method.
IEEE Visualization and Graphics Technical Committee (VGTC) (2017)

Presents a listing of the IEEE Visualization and Graphics Technical Committee (VGTC).
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) at the heart of heterologous prime-boost vaccines and regulation of CD8+ T cell immunity (2010)

Developing new vaccination strategies and optimizing current vaccines through heterologous prime-boost carries the promise of integrating the benefits of different yet synergistic vectors. It has been widely thought that the increased immunity afforded by heterologous prime-boost vaccination is mainly due to the minimization of immune responses to the carrier vectors, which allows a progressive build up of immunity against defined epitopes and the subsequent induction of broader immune responses against pathogens. Focusing on CD8+ T cells, we put forward a different yet complementary hypothesis based primarily on the systematic analysis of DNA vaccines as priming agents. This hypothesis relies on the finding that during the initiation of immune response, acquisition of co-inhibitory receptors such as programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is determined by the pattern of antigen exposure in conjunction with Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent stimulation, critically affecting the magnitude and profile of secondary immunity. This hypothesis, based upon the acquisition and co-regulation of pivotal inhibitory receptors by CD8+ T cells, offers a rationale for gene-based immunization as an effective priming strategy and, in addition, outlines a new dimension to immune homeostasis during immune reaction to pathogens. Finally, this model implies that new and optimized immunization approaches for cancer and certain viral infections must induce highly efficacious T cells, refractory to a broad range of immune-inhibiting mechanisms, rather than solely or primarily focusing on the generation of large pools of vaccine-specific lymphocytes.