gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Molecular Imaging of Breast Microcalcification Composition using Photon-Counting Spectral Computed Tomography (2020)

Abstract Mammographic screening for breast cancer is unable to distinguish molecular differences between hydroxyapatite (HA) microcalcifications (μcals) that are associated with malignancy and calcium oxalate (CaOx) μcals that are benign. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate quantitative material decomposition of model breast μcals of clinically-relevant composition and size using spectral photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT). Model μcals composed of HA, CaOx, and dicalcium phosphate (DCP) were treated as materials containing spatially coincident elemental compositions of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and oxygen (O). Elemental decomposition was performed using constrained maximum-likelihood estimation in the image domain. Images were acquired with a commercial, preclinical PCCT system (MARS Bioimaging) with five energy bins selected to maximize counts at low photon energies and spectral differences between Ca and P. Elemental concentrations of Ca and P within the each μcal composition were accurately identified and quantified with a root-mean-squared error &lt; 12%. HA and CaOx μcals, &lt; 1 mm is size, were accurately discriminated by the measured P content with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) &gt; 0.9. The mole fraction of P, P/(Ca+P), was able to discriminate all three μcal compositions with AUC &gt; 0.8 for μcals &lt; 1 mm is size and AUC = 1 for μcals &gt; 2 mm in size. The overall accuracy for the classification of μcal types and quantification of P was robust against different assumptions in the elemental decomposition calibration, but quantification of Ca was improved with assumptions that most accurately accounted for the molar volume of each element within μcal compositions. Thus, PCCT enabled quantitative molecular imaging of breast μcal composition, which is not possible with current clinical molecular imaging modalities.
THE COLLOIDAL STRUCTURE OF CRUDE OILS AND SUSPENSIONS OF ASPHALTENES AND RESINS (1996)

ABSTRACT A better understanding of colloidal macrostructure of the heavy petroleum products and their complex fractions is of great importance in the context of industrial problems that arise during the crude oil production, refining and transport. Much effort has been devoted to the chemical structure studies, but there is a need for more precise data regarding parameters that characterize those complex systems. For instance, the molecular weight of heavy molecules, the composition and size of aggregates formed during the industrial processing and their evolution upon the variation of temperature, pressure and with the addition of solvent have not been well known. In this paper we present new results obtained using several powerful techniques. Scattering methods (using X-rays and neutrons) are applied to study both the fractionated products (asphaltene and resin solutions in more or less good solvents) and the real systems (Safaniya vacuum residue). The lamellar structural model for asphaltenes and resins is confirmed and the molecular weight of these species determined using a polydisperse size distribution. Discussion is presented concerning the specificity of X-ray and neutron scattering : X-ray experiments are more sensitive to the aromatic-rich regions, whereas the neutron scattering data provide information about all the particle volume. Viscosimetry measurements provide information on the molecular shape of asphaltene and confirm the disk-like model. Critical micellar concentration has been obtained using Vapour Pressure Osmometry (VPO) for asphaltene suspensions in toluene and in pyridine. The resin molecules are smaller than asphaltenes, and appear to be a good solvent for asphaltenes. One of the major conclusions of this work is the wide-spread presence of density heterogeneities in diluted solutions of asphaltenes and resins as well as in the pure product (Safaniya vacuum residue). This was deduced from the scattering experiments and cryo-scanning electron microscopy data. The heating effects. were studied: a temperature increase leads to the decrease of molecular weight, but heterogeneities remain present. The structure of vacuum residue exhibits large density fluctuations which are thermally stable. These dense regions remain connected into a network up to 393°K and determine the yield value of the rheological behaviour. Additional informationNotes on contributorsD. Espinat To whom the correspondence should be addressed V. Guille PhD student, Institut Francais du Petrole Min Hui Li Post-doctoral fellow, Institut Francais du Petrole
Supplementary Figure 2 from STAT3 Inhibition Is a Therapeutic Strategy for ABC-like Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (2023)

Supplementary Figure 2 from STAT3 Inhibition Is a Therapeutic Strategy for ABC-like Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Pulmonary cryptococcosis induces chitinase in the rat (2008)

Our findings indicate a possible link between respiratory fungal infections, including C. neoformans, and asthma through the induction of AMCase.
Adaptive delay lines implemented on a photonics chip for extended-range, high-speed absolute distance measurement (2023)

High-speed (upwards of 10<sup>5</sup> coordinates s<sup>-1</sup>) and long-range (~10 m) absolute distance measurement applications based on frequency scanning interferometry (FSI) generate very high modulation frequencies (typically >100 GHz) due to the laser frequency sweep rate and the large imbalance between the reference and object arms. Such systems are currently impractical due to the extremely high cost associated with sampling at these signal frequencies. Adaptive delay lines (ADLs) were recently proposed as a solution to balance the interferometer and therefore reduce sampling rate requirements by a factor of 2<sup><i>N</i></sup>, where <i>N</i> is the number of switches in the ADL [1, 2]. The technique has been successfully demonstrated in the lab using bulk optics and optical fiber configurations, and further reduction in size and cost will increase the breadth of metrology applications that can be addressed. Silicon photonics constitute an effective platform to miniaturize ADLs to chip-scale, simplifying instrument manufacture and providing a more robust configuration compared to bulk-optics and fiber-based solutions. We discuss the design and fabrication of chip-scale ADLs on a silicon on insulator (SOI) photonics platform, using optical switches based on heaters, multi-mode interferometer (MMI) couplers and Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZI). We also establish the heater voltages of 4 switches in series, required to switch the optical path in the reference arm, a necessary step to use the device for FSI range measurements.
Logic Locking for Secure Outsourced Chip Fabrication: A New Attack and Provably Secure Defense Mechanism (2017)

Chip designers outsource chip fabrication to external foundries, but at the risk of IP theft. Logic locking, a promising solution to mitigate this threat, adds extra logic gates (key gates) and inputs (key bits) to the chip so that it functions correctly only when the correct key, known only to the designer but not the foundry, is applied. In this paper, we identify a new vulnerability in all existing logic locking schemes. Prior attacks on logic locking have assumed that, in addition to the design of the locked chip, the attacker has access to a working copy of the chip. Our attack does not require a working copy and yet we successfully recover a significant fraction of key bits from the design of the locked chip only. Empirically, we demonstrate the success of our attack on eight large benchmark circuits from a benchmark suite that has been tailored specifically for logic synthesis research, for two different logic locking schemes. Then, to address this vulnerability, we initiate the study of provably secure logic locking mechanisms. We formalize, for the first time to our knowledge, a precise notion of security for logic locking. We establish that any locking procedure that is secure under our definition is guaranteed to counter our desynthesis attack, and all other such known attacks. We then devise a new logic locking procedure, Meerkat, that guarantees that the locked chip reveals no information about the key or the designer's intended functionality. A main insight behind Meerkat is that canonical representations of boolean functionality via Reduced Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (ROBDDs) can be leveraged effectively to provide security. We analyze Meerkat with regards to its security properties and the overhead it incurs. As such, our work is a contribution to both the foundations and practice of securing digital ICs.
Proceedings 1996 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages (2002)

Presents the title page of the proceedings record.
Harmonics Reduction Control for the Input Current of Electrolytic Capacitor-less High-Power-Factor Inverter for IPMSM (2015)

This paper describes an inverter control method for reducing the input current harmonics and vibration in an electrolytic capacitor-less inverter for an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). Typically, the back electromotive force (EMF) on an IPMSM is not sinusoidal and contains harmonics caused by the rotor structure, which leads to harmonic distortion in the motor control system and generation of harmonics in the input current. Moreover, the input current vibration occurs at the source side, which is caused by resonance with the line impedance and the DC-link capacitor. This paper proposes three control methods to reduce the current harmonics distortion and vibration. The first method filters out the harmonics of the feedback d-q axis current using a notch filter. The second method compensates the d-q axis voltage references to reduce the input current harmonics. To prevent the input current vibration, the third method adds a cancellation voltage pulse to the three-phase voltage reference of the inverter. The superior performance of these proposed methods are demonstrated through experimental results. The experimental results confirm that the proposed methods meet guideline EN61000-3-2.
IntenCD and mask phase uniformity (2010)

The allowable wafer Critical Dimension Uniformity (CDU) budget of the 2x node poses stringent requirements on mask induced errors at wafer level. The total CDU budget of 2 nm which is partially consumed by across wafer and field process and imaging variations, leaves little room for additional mask errors to still comply to the overall CDU budget. The trend of higher mask error enhancement factor (MEEF) for advanced technology nodes aggravates this situation further. Traditionally, the assessment of these variations is based on separate critical dimension and phase/transmission measurements. Metrology measurement tools are typically based on different techniques to independently measure each source of non-uniformity and produce the required uniformity maps. Each technique concentrates on a single physical property (e.g., line-width, phase, transmission, etc.) and requires special calibration for the required accuracy, precision and its transformation from mask to the wafer nanometer domain. An alternative to all these separate measurements is proposed by using the IntenCD<sup>TM</sup> application based on the aerial image of the mask. This alternative approach provides a map of mask-induced, printed CD variations across the photomask. In this paper, a study is presented to estimate mask-induced printed CDU at wafer level from the aerial image and results are compared to mask- and phase-CD measurements. The work shows that a single aerial IntenCD map can replace the two sets of data based on mask-CD and mask-phase measurements and allows for prediction of the mask contribution to overall printed CDU.
In-line High-Resistance Tungsten Plug Defect Monitoring with an Advanced e-beam System (2005)

Abstract In-line e-beam inspection is performed to detect dark voltage contrast (DVC) defects on normally bright W-plugs. Cross-sectional SEM and TEM in an FA lab verified that the different gray level values (GLV) of DVC defects are caused by different resistances of the W-plugs. We found that DVC defects with lower GLV (GLV1) are W-plugs that are open and almost open. DVC defects with GLV2 are caused by partially open W-plugs and in-plug voids.
Red wine polyphenols modulate bone loss in the ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis (2019)

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Red Wine Polyphenols (RWPs) extract on bone mineral density (BMD) in the ovariectomized (OVX) rat model. Thirty-five 10-month-old Wistar rats were separated into controls (CTRL), OVX and OVX plus RWPs in their drinking water (dose, 50 mg/kg body weight per day), starting immediately after OVX for 6 months. Βody and uterine weight, BMD of the tibia at baseline, 3 and 6 months post-OVX, and 3-pointing bending of the femur, were examined. Statistical comparison of the total tibia BMD within groups during the study period showed a significant reduction in the OVX and OVX+RWPs groups both from baseline to 3 and 6 months and from 3 to 6 months, whereas in the CTRL group, there was no significant change. For the proximal tibial metaphysis, comparison of BMD percentage changes from baseline to 3 months and 6 months and from 3 to 6 months revealed highly statistical differences between OVX and OVX+RWPs groups (P = 0.000). OVX induced a significant reduction of biomechanical parameters as expected; the 3-point bending test showed that the maximum force before fracture, energy absorption and fracture stress significantly increased in the OVX group treated with RWPs compared with the nontreated OVX rats (P = 0.048, P = 0.002 and P = 0.003, respectively). Dietary intake of RWPs for 6 months significantly prevented trabecular bone loss and improved bone strength in estrogen-deficient ovariectomized rats.
Differentiation of radial scar from scirrhous carcinoma of the breast: mammographic-pathologic correlation. (1989)

Radial scar, a sclerosing ductal breast lesion characterized by an irregular stellate pattern of epithelial proliferation around a central fibroelastic core, may be confused histologically with scirrhous carcinoma of the breast. Mammographic features used to distinguish these two entities were found unreliable in a retrospective review of 255 consecutive stellate lesions. Of 73 nonpalpable carcinomas, fourteen (19%) had radiographic features of radial scar. Only the presence of microcalcifications in 11 of those patients helped the authors distinguish carcinoma from radial scars. Four of nine biopsy-proved radial scars had a dense central region, simulating the appearance of scirrhous carcinoma. Stellate lesions with radiolucent centers should be considered suggestive of carcinoma, particularly if associated with microcalcifications.
An Investigation on the Use of a Laser Ablation Treatment on Metallic Surfaces and the Influence of Temperature on Fracture Toughness of Hybrid Co-Cured Metal-PMC Interfaces (2015)

Hybrid composite laminates that contain alternating layers of titanium alloys and carbon fabric reinforced polyimide matrix composites (PMC) are excellent candidates for light-weight, high-temperature structural materials for high-speed aerospace vehicles. The delamination resistance of the hybrid titanium-PMC interface is of crucial consideration for structural integrity during service. Here, we report the first investigations on the use of laser ablation in combination with sol-gel treatment technique on Ti/NiTi foil surfaces in co-cured hybrid polyimide matrix composite laminates. Mode-I and mode-II fracture toughness of the hybrid Ti/NiTi-PMC interface as a function of temperature were determined via experimental testing and finite element analysis.
Additional file 10: Figure S6. of Altered gut microbiota in Rett syndrome (2016)

Genus level relative abundances of the bacterial gut microbiota of healthy controls (HC) and Rett syndrome (RTT) subjects. (PDF 5470Â kb)
Spatial organization of the assembly pathways of glycoproteins and complex polysaccharides in the Golgi apparatus of plants. (1991)

The Golgi apparatus of plant cells is the site of assembly of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and complex polysaccharides, but little is known about how the different assembly pathways are organized within the Golgi stacks. To study these questions we have employed immunocytochemical techniques and antibodies raised against the hydroxyproline-rich cell wall glycoprotein, extensin, and two types of complex polysaccharides, an acidic pectic polysaccharide known as rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), and the neutral hemicellulose, xyloglucan (XG). Our micrographs demonstrate that individual Golgi stacks can process simultaneously glycoproteins and complex polysaccharides. O-linked arabinosylation of the hydroxyproline residues of extensin occurs in cis-cisternae, and glycosylated molecules pass through all cisternae before they are packaged into secretory vesicles in the monensin-sensitive, trans-Golgi network. In contrast, in root tip cortical parenchyma cells, the anti-RG-I and the anti-XG antibodies are shown to bind to complementary subsets of Golgi cisternae, and several lines of indirect evidence suggest that these complex polysaccharides may also exit from different cisternae. Thus, RG-I type polysaccharides appear to be synthesized in cis- and medial cisternae, and have the potential to leave from a monensin-insensitive, medial cisternal compartment. The labeling pattern for XG suggests that it is assembled in trans-Golgi cisternae and departs from the monensin-sensitive trans-Golgi network. This physical separation of the synthesis/secretion pathways of major categories of complex polysaccharides may prevent the synthesis of mixed polysaccharides, and provides a means for producing secretory vesicles that can be targeted to different cell wall domains.
Mobile robotic fabrication on construction sites: DimRob (2012)

In this paper, viable applications for mobile robotic units on construction sites are explored. While identifying potential areas for in-situ fabrication in the construction sector, the intention is also to build upon innovative man-machine interaction paradigms to deal with the imprecision and tolerances often faced on construction sites. By combining the precision of the machine with the innate cognitive human skills, a simple but effective mobile fabrication system is tested for the building of algorithmically designed structures that would not be possible through conventional manual means. It is believed that this new approach to man-machine collaboration, aimed at a deeper integration of human ability with the strengths of digitally controlled machines, will result in advances in the construction sector, thus opening up new design and application fields for architects and planners.
Variable-based multi-module data caches for clustered VLIW processors (2005)

Memory structures consume an important fraction of the total processor energy. One solution to reduce the energy consumed by cache memories consists of reducing their supply voltage and/or increase their threshold voltage at an expense in access time. We propose to divide the L1 data cache into two cache modules for a clustered VLIW processor consisting of two clusters. Such division is done on a variable basis so that the address of a datum determines its location. Each cache module is assigned to a cluster and can be set up as a fast power-hungry module or as a slow power-aware module. We also present compiler techniques in order to distribute variables between the two cache modules and generate code accordingly. We have explored several cache configurations using the Mediabench suite and we have observed that the best distributed cache organization outperforms traditional cache organizations by 19%-31% in energy-delay and by 11%-29% in energy-delay. In addition, we also explore a reconfigurable distributed cache, where the cache can be reconfigured on a context switch. This reconfigurable scheme further outperforms the best previous distributed organization by 3%-4%.
Two distant clusters of partially homologous small repeats of Epstein-Barr virus are transcribed upon induction of an abortive or lytic cycle of the virus (1983)

The two regions of the Epstein-Barr virus genome carrying partially homologous clusters of short tandem repeats (DSL and DSR [duplicated sequences, left and right, respectively] ) are transcribed into polyadenylated RNA upon spontaneous or chemical induction of the lytic virus cycle. In Raji, an Epstein-Barr virus genome carrying a nonproducer cell line, transcription of DSL and DSR is only observed upon induction of an abortive life cycle of the virus. In the nonproducer cell line Raji, the polyadenylated transcripts of DSL and DSR are about 2,500 and 2,700 bases, respectively, in length. Four different spontaneous Epstein-Barr virus producer lines, M-ABA, CC34-5, QIMR-WIL, and B95-8, differ in the length of their DSL and/or DSR regions by different numbers of tandem repeats. The size of the RNAs corresponds in all cases to the size of the respective cluster of repeats, indicating that a large part of each RNA species is colinearly transcribed from the entire tandem repeat arrays. Both the DSL and the DSR RNAs have the same polarity proceeding from right to left on the Epstein-Barr virus genome. DNA sequence analysis of the DSR repeat revealed that translation of the RNA would be possible in three open reading frames within the repeat cluster. Short homologies to herpes simplex virus IR-TR sequences and to immunoglobulin switch region sequences (IgH-S) are discussed.
The NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase from Escherichia coli. Evidence for a new mode of binding for reduced pyridine nucleotides (2015)

The NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase from Escherichia coli, named Fre, is a monomer of 26.2 kDa that catalyzes the reduction of free flavins using NADPH or NADH as electron donor. The enzyme does not contain any prosthetic group but accommodates both the reduced pyridine nucleotide and the flavin in a ternary complex prior to oxidoreduction. The specificity of the flavin reductase for the pyridine nucleotide was studied by steady-state kinetics using a variety of NADP analogs. Both the nicotinamide ring and the adenosine part of the substrate molecule have been found to be important for binding to the polypeptide chain. However, in the case of NADPH, the 2'-phosphate group destabilized almost completely the interaction with the adenosine moiety. Moreover, NADPH and NMNH are very good substrates for the flavin reductase, and we have shown that both these molecules bind to the enzyme almost exclusively by the nicotinamide ring. This provides evidence that the flavin reductase exhibits a unique mode for recognition of the reduced pyridine nucleotide. In addition, we have shown that the flavin reductase selectively transfers the pro-R hydrogen from the C-4 position of the nicotinamide ring and is therefore classified as an A-side-specific enzyme.