gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Power factor improvement of synchronous reluctance motors (SynRM) using permanent magnets for drive size reduction (2012)

The performance of a synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) depends on the direct-axis inductance (L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</sub> ) and the quadrature-axis inductance (L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</sub> ) of the machine. Increasing the saliency ratio L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</sub> /L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</sub> and making the difference between these inductances (L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</sub> -L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</sub> ) large are well known methods for achieving high torque density and power factor. Placing the right amount of permanent magnets inside the rotor in the proper position will significantly improve the performance of this permanent magnet-assisted SynRM (PMa-SynRM). The PMa-SynRM offers higher power factor, which will reduce the size of the inverter. This study investigates the effect of Ferrite and NdFeBr permanent magnets on a 1.5kW SynRM, which has the capability of holding block shape magnets inside one of the rotor air barriers. Analytical analysis and finite element analysis (FEA) are used to compare the use of Ferrite against NdFeBr. Finally, the effects that using high or low cost magnets have on machine power factor and output performance have been studied.
Unusual duplex formation in purine rich oligodeoxyribonucleotides (1988)

The purine rich oligodeoxyribonucleotides 1C, d(ATGACGGAATA) and 2C, d(ATGAGCGAATA) alone exhibit highly cooperative melting transitions. Analysis of the concentration dependence of melting, and electrophoretic studies indicate that these oligomers can form an unusual purine rich offset double helix. The unusual duplex is predicted to contain four A.T, two G.C, and four G.A mismatch base pairs as well as a single A base stacked on the 3' end of each chain of the helix. Other possible models for the duplex are unlikely because they are predicted to contain many base pairs of low stability. Changing the central sequence to CGG or GGG should destabilize the duplex and this is observed. The unusual duplex of 2C is more stable than the duplex of 1C indicating that the stability of G.A base pairs is quite sensitive to the surrounding sequence. Addition of 1C and 2C to their complementary pyrimidine strands results in normal duplexes of similar stability. We feel that the unusual duplexes are significantly stabilized by the intrinsic stacking tendency of purine bases.
Mutational Tail Loss Is an Evolutionary Mechanism for Liberating Marapsins and Other Type I Serine Proteases from Transmembrane Anchors (2013)

Human and mouse marapsins (Prss27) are serine proteases preferentially expressed by stratified squamous epithelia. However, mouse marapsin contains a transmembrane anchor absent from the human enzyme. To gain insights into physical forms, activities, inhibition, and roles in epithelial differentiation, we traced tail loss in human marapsin to a nonsense mutation in an ancestral ape, compared substrate preferences of mouse and human marapsins with those of the epithelial peptidase prostasin, designed a selective substrate and inhibitor, and generated Prss27-null mice. Phylogenetic analysis predicts that most marapsins are transmembrane proteins. However, nonsense mutations caused membrane anchor loss in three clades: human/bonobo/chimpanzee, guinea pig/degu/tuco-tuco/mole rat, and cattle/yak. Most marapsin-related proteases, including prostasins, are type I transmembrane proteins, but the closest relatives (prosemins) are not. Soluble mouse and human marapsins are tryptic with subsite preferences distinct from those of prostasin, lack general proteinase activity, and unlike prostasins resist antiproteases, including leupeptin, aprotinin, serpins, and α2-macroglobulin, suggesting the presence of non-canonical active sites. Prss27-null mice develop normally in barrier conditions and are fertile without overt epithelial defects, indicating that marapsin does not play critical, non-redundant roles in development, reproduction, or epithelial differentiation. In conclusion, marapsins are conserved, inhibitor-resistant, tryptic peptidases. Although marapsins are type I transmembrane proteins in their typical form, they mutated independently into anchorless forms in several mammalian clades, including one involving humans. Similar pathways appear to have been traversed by prosemins and tryptases, suggesting that mutational tail loss is an important means of evolving new functions of tryptic serine proteases from transmembrane ancestors.
Pathogen-Induced Proteins with Inhibitory Activity toward Phytophthora infestans (1991)

Charles P. Woloshuk, Josien S. Meulenhoff, Marianne Sela-Buurlage, Peter J. M. van den Elzen, Ben J. C. Cornelissen, Pathogen-Induced Proteins with Inhibitory Activity toward Phytophthora infestans, The Plant Cell, Vol. 3, No. 6 (Jun., 1991), pp. 619-628
Alcohol‐Activated Vanadium‐Containing Polyoxometalate Complexes in Homogeneous Glucose Oxidation Identified with 51V‐NMR and EPR Spectroscopy (2021)

Abstract Alcoholic solvents, especially methanol, show an activating affect for heteropolyacids in homogenously catalysed glucose transformation reactions. In detail, they manipulate the polyoxometalate‐based catalyst in a way that thermodynamically favoured total oxidation to CO 2 can be completely supressed. This allows a nearly 100 % carbon efficiency in the transformation reaction of glucose to methyl formate in methanolic solution at mild reaction conditions of 90 °C and 20 bar oxygen pressure. By using powerful spectroscopic tools like 51 V‐NMR and continuous wave EPR we could unambiguously prove that the vanadate‐methanol‐complex[VO(OMe) 3 ] n is responsible for the selectivity shift in methanolic solution compared to the aqueous reference system.
Immediate Protein Targets of Photodynamic Treatment in Carcinoma Cells (2008)

Oxidative stress induced in tumor cells undergoing photodynamic treatment (PDT) leads to extensive modification of many proteins in these cells. Protein oxidation mainly gives rise to formation of carbonyls and oxidized thiols. The immediate targets of PDT-induced protein oxidation in A431 tumor cells have been identified using a proteomic approach involving selective biotinylation, affinity purification and mass spectrometric identification of modified proteins. In all, 314 proteins were shown to undergo PDT-mediated oxidative modifications. While abundant structural proteins and chaperones represented a significant fraction of the carbonylated proteins, labeling of proteins containing oxidized thiols allowed identification of many proteins at low abundance and those involved in signaling and redox homeostasis. On the basis of the identification of these proteins, several likely mechanisms of PDT-induced triggering of apoptosis were put forward. This may not only lead to a further understanding of the complex network of cellular responses to oxidative stress, but it may also help in detailed targeting of photodynamic treatment applied to cancer.
Territorial Politics in Europe, A Zero-Sum Game? Urban Governance in Europe: How Does Globalisation Matter? (1998)

Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in 2020.
In Vitro Approach for the Identification of Exceptional Responders in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (2018)

Abstract Each case of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) represents a unique ecosystem. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the genetic landscape of AML, this information remains insufficient to accurately match patients with targeted therapies. While pediatric and adult AML share phenotypic similarities, pediatric AML represents a genetically distinct disease from adult AML, and will benefit from independent genomic studies and novel therapeutic strategies. Real-time ex-vivo functional screening can identify mechanisms underpinning drug response and diversity between tumors, aiding in patient stratification. We established an in vitro drug screening system that incorporates cytokine signaling to better model inflammation, stem cell function, and niche derived support of leukemic blasts. This approach provided insight into variability between patients who currently would be placed on the same therapeutic regimen. Samples were acquired from 12 pediatric AML patients, after informed consent was obtained. Samples were enriched for blasts, and cultured in the presence of SCF, TPO, FLT3-L, IL-3, and IL-6 (KTF36). A panel of 38 drugs was selected from a larger screen of 1839 compounds done on commercially available hematological malignancy cell lines. Drugs included standard chemotherapy agents used in AML and drugs currently under clinical development. Cells were exposed to drugs for 72hrs. An MTS assay was performed and results reported as % of viable cells remaining, after normalization to vehicle control wells. Targeted DNA NGS sequencing of 406 genes, 31 introns, and RNA sequencing of 265 genes was performed for genetic characterization. In vitro drug screening revealed variations in drug sensitivity between samples and revealed time ex-vivo and cytokine milieu to be important factors affecting response of the same cells to the same drugs. Engraftment of long term cultures into immunodeficient mice produced aggressive disease in all cases, indicating robust support of stem cell function via addition of KTF36 cytokines. When possible, clinical response to therapy was compared with in vitro response to the same drugs. This screening approach highlighted well established agents that showed significant activity in highly refractory disease providing rationale for further clinical trial development. An unsupervised clustering showed drug sensitivity primarily correlated with the presence of MLL-X fusion, NRAS/KRAS and PTPN11 alterations. Linear Regression with interaction effects showed drug sensitivity/resistance to be highly selective for single/signature of specific molecular alterations. Figure. Figure. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Smooth Top-Down Photoelectrochemical Etching of m-Plane GaN (2008)

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) etching of -plane GaN has been studied extensively because it is one of only a few available damage-free wet-etching techniques for this material system. Because of its nonpolar nature and low defect density, -plane GaN may benefit from PEC etching even more than -plane GaN has. With -plane GaN, it is possible to achieve smooth, controllable etching, bandgap-selective top-down etching, and deep, anisotropic etching. We have investigated PEC etching of -plane GaN in KOH and and have found etch rates ranging from less than to more than , with roughness that is crystallographic in nature but small in scale. Etch selectivity of 60:1 between and GaN is observed using PEC etching with filtered light. Anisotropic etching to depths as great as was achieved, with the sidewall profile of the etch controlled by the direction of incident light.
Laser adhesion test for thermal sprayed coatings on textured surface by laser (2016)

The laser shock adhesion test (LASAT) is a technique allowing the generation of high tensile stresses in materials. The LASAT consists in focusing a pulsed laser beam on a water-confined target. The laser pulse crosses the water transparent layer and is absorbed by the target. High energetic plasma is created at the surface of the sample. As a response to the expansion of the plasma, a shock wave is generated and propagates through the sample. This shock wave leads to the generation of high tensile stresses in the sample. These stresses allow the interface solicitation in order to evaluate the dynamic adhesive bond strength of coated systems. In order to determine interface strengths, this technique has already proven its feasibility. In this paper, the adhesion strength of coated system was evaluated using LASAT for two surface pretreatments of substrates obtained by grit-blasting and laser surface texturing techniques. The generation of the high-intensity shock wave by laser plasma in the water-confinement regime has been performed at 7.1 ns at 532 nm with the new Nd:YAG laser facility HEPHAISTOS. This paper shows that surface treatments have a great influence on the adherence results of the coated systems obtained with laser adhesion test. However, the LASAT is efficient on thin coating. In that sense, thicker industrial coatings are not adapted for the conventional LASAT anymore. Therefore, a new technique was designed to improve and extend the conventional technique. This technique consists of varying the delay Δt between two incident pulses to adjust the location of the maximum tensile stresses near the interface. Some preliminary results on the improved configuration are presented in this paper and the problematic of the laser-matter interaction with two time-delayed laser pulses which has arisen is discussed.
Investigating the influence of acid sites in continuous methane oxidation with N2O over Fe/MFI zeolites (2017)

Methane oxidation using N<sub>2</sub>O was carried out with Fe–MFI zeolite catalysts at 300 °C.
Energy-Efficient Relay-Selection-Based Dynamic Routing Algorithm for IoT-Oriented Software-Defined WSNs (2020)

In this article, a dynamic routing algorithm based on energy-efficient relay selection (RS), referred to as DRA-EERS, is proposed to adapt to the higher dynamics in time-varying software-defined wireless sensor networks (SDWSNs) for the Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications. First, the time-varying features of SDWSNs are investigated from which the state-transition probability (STP) of the node is calculated based on a Markov chain. Second, a dynamic link weight is designed for DRA-EERS by incorporating both the link reward and the link cost, where the link reward is related to the link energy efficiency (EE) and the node STP, while the link cost is affected by the locations of nodes. Moreover, one adjustable coefficient is used to balance the link reward and the link cost. Finally, the energy-efficient routing problem can be formulated as an optimization problem, and DRA-EERS is performed to find the best relay according to the energy-efficient RS criteria derived from the designed link weight. The simulation results demonstrate that the path EE obtained by DRA-EERS through an available coefficient adjustment outperforms that by Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm. Again, a tradeoff between the EE and the throughput can be achieved by adjusting the coefficient of the link weight, i.e., increasing the impact of the link reward to improve the EE, and otherwise, to improve the throughput.
Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor and Stress Stimuli Activate the Jak-STAT Pathway in Retinal Neurons and Glia (2000)

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is pleiotrophic for central, peripheral, and sensory neurons. In the mature retina, CNTF treatment enhances survival of retinal ganglion and photoreceptor cells exposed to otherwise lethal perturbation. To understand its mechanism of action in vivo, the adult rat retina was used as a model to investigate CNTF-mediated activation of Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (Jak-STAT) and ras-mitogen activated protein kinase (ras-MAPK). Intravitreal injection of Axokine, an analog of CNTF, phosphorylates STAT3 and MAPK and produces delayed upregulation of total STAT3 and STAT1 protein in rat retina. Activated STAT3 is predominantly localized in nuclei of retinal Müller (glial) cells, ganglion cells, and astrocytes, but not in photoreceptors. Although CNTF α-receptor (CNTFRα) mRNA and protein are localized predominantly if not exclusively in retinal neurons, coincident CNTF-mediated STAT3 signaling was observed in both glia and neurons. CNTF-induced activation of Jak-STAT signaling prompted us to investigate STAT3 phosphorylation after a variety of stress-mediated, conditioning stimuli. We show that STAT3 is activated in the retina after exposure to subtoxic bright light, mechanical trauma, and systemic administration of the α 2 -adrenergic agonist xylazine, all of which have been shown previously to condition photoreceptors to resist light-induced degeneration. These results demonstrate that CNTF directly stimulates Jak-STAT and ras-MAPK cascades in vivo and strongly suggest that STAT3 signaling is an underlying component of neural responsiveness to stress stimuli. The observation that CNTF activates STAT3 in ganglion cells, but not in photoreceptors, suggests that Jak-STAT signaling influences neuronal survival via both direct and indirect modes of action.
Zeolite SUZ-4 as Selective Dehydration Catalyst for Methanol Conversion to Dimethyl Ether (2004)

Abstract Zeolite SUZ-4 is found to be a very selective and stable catalyst for producing dimethyl ether in methanol dehydration because the formed dimethyl ether is hardly converted to hydrocarbons, different from ZSM-5 zeolite.
EFFECT OF DRAG REDUCING POLYMERS (DRPs) ON RED BLOOD CELL (RBC) FILTERABILITY (2003)

It has been shown previously that minute concentrations of special blood soluble high molecular weight polymers significantly increase blood flow and tissue perfusion. One hypothesis regarding the mechanism of this phenomenon was the possible effect of DRPs on RBC defoxmability. Many diseases such as diabetes and sickle cell anemia are associated with a diminished RBC deformability which represents either the primary or secondary pathological disturbances. The goal of this study was to investigate whether DRPs enhance the filterability of RBCs. If this hypothesis is proven, DRPs might represent a novel method to improve microcirculation in patients with the above diseases. This hypothesis was examined using a well-established filtration techuique for the measurement of RBC deformability. Rat blood was obtained from a carotid artery. RBCs were washed three times and resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 1.0% bovine serum albumin at 10% hernatocrit with/without DRP (polyethylene oxide (PEO) WSR-301) at a concentration of 10 μg/ml. The cell suspensions and suspension media were filtered at two constant flow rates through straight channel polycarbonate filters with a mean pore size of 5 μm, 13 mm in diameter, 10 μm thick, and a mean pore density of 4x105/cm2. The RBC Filtration Pressure Index (FPI) was calculated as the ratio of the driving pressure required for constant flow of a RBC suspension (P) and a corresponding suspension medium (Po): FPI=P/Po. We demonstrated a decrease in FPI for flow rates of 1.6 ml/min (by 30%, p<0.001) and 3.0 ml/min (20%, p<0.01) for RBC suspensions containing DRPs compared to RBCs suspended in buffer solutions. A decrease in FPI signifies an increase in RBC filterability. Our results suggest that DRPs might increase RBC deformability at the flow conditions similar to those in microcirculation. If such, the DRPs may be beneficial in the treatment of hypoperfusion associated with decreased RBC deformability due to diabetes or sickle cell anemia.
Modeling of MZM-based photonic link power budget (2016)

An accurate methodology for analyzing the Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) based optical link power budget is presented. It optimizes the transceiver's system-level performance to meet the specifications of the optical links with N-level (N=2,4,8) pulse amplitude modulation format for high-speed signaling.
Deep Learning-Based Human Pose Estimation: A Survey (2020)

Human pose estimation aims to locate the human body parts and build human body representation (e.g., body skeleton) from input data such as images and videos. It has drawn increasing attention during the past decade and has been utilized in a wide range of applications including human-computer interaction, motion analysis, augmented reality, and virtual reality. Although the recently developed deep learning-based solutions have achieved high performance in human pose estimation, there still remain challenges due to insufficient training data, depth ambiguities, and occlusion. The goal of this survey paper is to provide a comprehensive review of recent deep learning-based solutions for both 2D and 3D pose estimation via a systematic analysis and comparison of these solutions based on their input data and inference procedures. More than 250 research papers since 2014 are covered in this survey. Furthermore, 2D and 3D human pose estimation datasets and evaluation metrics are included. Quantitative performance comparisons of the reviewed methods on popular datasets are summarized and discussed. Finally, the challenges involved, applications, and future research directions are concluded. A regularly updated project page is provided: \url{https://github.com/zczcwh/DL-HPE}
RFVTM: A Recovery and Filtering Vertex Trichotomy Matching for Remote Sensing Image Registration (2022)

Reliable feature point matching is a vital yet challenging process in feature-based image registration. In this paper,a robust feature point matching algorithm called Recovery and Filtering Vertex Trichotomy Matching (RFVTM) is proposed to remove outliers and retain sufficient inliers for remote sensing images. A novel affine invariant descriptor called vertex trichotomy descriptor is proposed on the basis of that geometrical relations between any of vertices and lines are preserved after affine transformations, which is constructed by mapping each vertex into trichotomy sets. The outlier removals in Vertex Trichotomy Matching (VTM) are implemented by iteratively comparing the disparity of corresponding vertex trichotomy descriptors. Some inliers mistakenly validated by a large amount of outliers are removed in VTM iterations, and several residual outliers close to correct locations cannot be excluded with the same graph structures. Therefore, a recovery and filtering strategy is designed to recover some inliers based on identical vertex trichotomy descriptors and restricted transformation errors. Assisted with the additional recovered inliers, residual outliers can also be filtered out during the process of reaching identical graph for the expanded vertex sets. Experimental results demonstrate the superior performance on precision and stability of this algorithm under various conditions, such as remote sensing images with large transformations, duplicated patterns, or inconsistent spectral content.
Variational autoencoders for tissue heterogeneity exploration from (almost) no preprocessed mass spectrometry imaging data (2017)

The paper presents the application of Variational Autoencoders (VAE) for data dimensionality reduction and explorative analysis of mass spectrometry imaging data (MSI). The results confirm that VAEs are capable of detecting the patterns associated with the different tissue sub-types with performance than standard approaches.
Catalytic methodologies for the β-boration of conjugated electron deficient alkenes (2012)

The area of boron conjugate addition via diboration (β-boration) has grown rapidly since the first examples appeared in the late 1990s. This article aims to give a comprehensive review of the current advances in β-boration (of electron deficient alkenes), providing a commentary upon the development of the asymmetric version. To date, many mechanistic models have been put forward to explain the experimental observations and this review surveys some of these key ideas. Recently, the development of organocatalytic methodologies that facilitate β-boration have also been demonstrated and current ideas regarding the mechanisms of such processes are examined.