gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Whole breast radiotherapy (boost) after partial mastectomy (2020)

A boost of irradiation to the site of tumor excision has been shown to improve local control at 10 years in both younger and older women, although reduction in rates of local recurrence was &lt;5% for women aged &gt;60 years. Breast conservative surgery followed by whole breast irradiation remains the standard treatment for early breast cancer: randomized trials conducted during the 1970s to the 1990s established the efficacy of breast-conservation therapy as an alternative to mastectomy. Oncoplastic breast surgery has become widespread, with a variety of plastic surgery techniques employed to provide an aesthetically improved breast shape. Oncoplastic breast-conserving surgical techniques with parenchymal rearrangement present fresh challenges in terms of localization of the tumor bed and subsequent delivery of a local radiotherapy boost. Brachytherapy delivers a high dose over a short time period within a reduced volume and can be adapted for treatment of deeply placed target volumes in large voluminous breasts.
The Cholinergic and Purinergic Components of Detrusor Contractility in a Whole Rabbit Bladder Model (1992)

Whole rabbit bladders were suspended in a bath chamber and stimulated with ATP, bethanechol, electrical field stimulation, and bethanechol + ATP. Detrusor pressure and fluid expelled by the bladder were recorded, synchronized, and digitized. Detrusor work and power were calculated with a computer program. Maximum work was 61.4 +/- 28.7, 83.3 +/- 17.0, 85.0 +/- 15.0, 90.8 +/- 13.1 cm. H2O, ml. for ATP, bethanechol, electrical and bethanechol + ATP, respectively. Maximum power generated by ATP was 4.8 +/- 3.0 cm. H2O, ml./sec and was approximately 66% of that generated by bethanechol, and 50% of that generated by electrical stimulation, and bethanechol + ATP. ATP cannot empty the bladder with moderate outlet resistance while bethanechol and electrical stimulation can. Our results suggest that ATP is able to generate detrusor power and achieve work in bladder emptying. However, ATP generated power and work is considerably less than that of electrical stimulation or bethanechol alone. ATP mediated contraction is not inhibited by atropine or tetrodotoxin but is inhibited by P2 purinoceptor desensitization, suggesting a functional role of purine receptors on detrusor smooth muscle. Since ATP generated pressure is more rapid than with bethanechol alone, we support the hypothesis that ATP may be important in the initiation of micturition.
Effect of Cataract in Evaluation of Macular Pigment Optical Density by Autofluorescence Spectrometry (2010)

Cataract, especially its nuclear component, affects MPOD measured by autofluorescence spectrometry. Care should be taken when using this method in eyes with age-related macular maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration and in older patients who may develop these diseases.
Annual cycle in LH and testosterone release in response to GnRH challenge in male woodchucks ( Marmota monax ) (1998)

Testosterone and LH concentrations were determined in serum samples obtained before and 15 min after injections of GnRH (1 microgram kg-1) administered at 4-7 week intervals over 20 months to groups of male woodchucks (n = 6-7) born and maintained in Northern Hemisphere (boreal) versus Southern Hemisphere (austral) simulated natural photoperiods, beginning at 18-24 months of age. Nadir and peak unstimulated testosterone (0.1 +/- 0.01 and 7.0 +/- 0.1 ng ml-1, respectively) and LH (0.8 +/- 0.2 and 8.1 +/- 1.1 ng ml-1, respectively) concentrations did not differ in boreal versus austral males. In the five boreal and five austral males that were confirmed to be photoentrained, basal (pre-GnRH) concentrations of LH and testosterone were lowest in summer, increased simultaneously in late autumn or early winter, and declined in the spring. GnRH stimulated some LH release throughout the year except for a 1-4 month period in the summer. The initial annual increase in the LH response to GnRH occurred in early autumn, and in 17 of 20 cycles it occurred 1-2 months before the initial increase in basal LH was detected. In the three free-running males not entrained to the photoperiod, the endocrine patterns were similar but were advanced by several months. The results demonstrate that in woodchucks there is a late autumn increase in LH secretion associated with the onset of testicular recrudescence, and an early autumn increase in pituitary response to GnRH before a detectable increase in serum testosterone.
Synthesis of ergostane-type brassinosteroids with modifications in ring A (2017)

Herein, we present a new strategy for the preparation of a broad range of brassinosteroid biosynthetic precursors/metabolites differing by the ring A fragment. The protocol is based on the use of readily available phytohormones of this class bearing a 2α,3α-diol moiety (epibrassinolide or epicastasterone) as starting materials. The required functionalities (Δ<sup>2</sup>-, 2α,3α- and 2β,3β-epoxy-, 2α,3β-, 2β,3α-, and 2β,3β-dihydroxy-, 3-keto-, 3α- and 3β-hydroxy-, 2α-hydroxy-3-keto-) were synthesized from 2α,3α-diols in a few simple steps (Corey-Winter reaction, epoxidation, oxidation, hydride reduction, etc.).
Non-volatile memory system design of edge server and cloud centralized server for multiple-tier 5G network (2021)

Abstract This paper co-designs a network and non-volatile memory system for a fifth generation (5G) multiple-tier network. Because a 5G network has shorter latency and wider bandwidth compared with a 4G network, the non-volatile memory system becomes a bottleneck. From the bottom to the top of the multiple-tier network, edge devices/machines, edge servers, and cloud centralized servers play different types of roles and handle different types of data. Thus, different types of non-volatile memory are required for cloud centralized servers, edge servers, and edge devices/machines. This work employs three-dimensional single-level cell (3D-SLC) NAND flash memory for edge servers and resistive RAM (ReRAM) for cloud centralized servers. To achieve short latency and low cost of the non-volatile memory system, distributed multiple write for 3D-SLC NAND flash memory and hierarchical multiple-deck ReRAM are proposed. By using an evaluation platform of the network and non-volatile memory co-design system, the proposed non-volatile memory system is defined as a network bottleneck or memory bottleneck.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef Functions at the Level of Virus Entry by Enhancing Cytoplasmic Delivery of Virions (2001)

The Nef protein of the type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) plays a key although poorly understood role in accelerating the progression of clinical disease in vivo. Nef exerts several biological effects in vitro, including enhancement of virion infectivity, downregulation of CD4 and major histocompatibility complex class I receptor expression, and modulation of various intracellular signaling pathways. The positive effect of Nef on virion infectivity requires its expression in the producer cell, although its effect is manifested in the subsequent target cell of infection. Prior studies suggest that Nef does not alter viral entry into target cells; nevertheless, it enhances proviral DNA synthesis, arguing for an action of Nef at the level of viral uncoating or reverse transcription. However, these early studies discounting an effect of Nef on virion entry may be confounded by the recent finding that HIV enters cells by both fusion and endocytosis. Using epifluorescence microscopy to monitor green fluorescent protein-Vpr-labeled HIV virion entry into HeLa cells, we find that endocytosis forms a very active pathway for virus uptake. Virions entering via the endocytic pathway do not support productive infection of the host cell, presumably reflecting their inability to escape from the endosomes. Conversely, our studies now demonstrate that HIV Nef significantly enhances CD4- and chemokine receptor-dependent entry of HIV virions into the cytoplasmic compartment of target cells. Mutations in Nef either impairing its ability to downregulate CD4 or disrupting its polyproline helix compromise virion entry into the cytoplasm. We conclude that Nef acts at least in part as a regulator of cytosolic viral entry and that this action contributes to its positive effects on viral infectivity.
Salt Stress Increases the Level of Translatable mRNA for Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (1987)

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum responds to salt stress by switching from C(3) photosynthesis to Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). During this transition the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) increases in soluble protein extracts from leaf tissue. We monitored CAM induction in plants irrigated with 0.5 molar NaCl for 5 days during the fourth, fifth, and sixth week after germination. Our results indicate that the age of the plant influenced the response to salt stress. There was no increase in PEPCase protein or PEPCase enzyme activity when plants were irrigated with 0.5 molar NaCl during the fourth and fifth week after germination. However, PEPCase activity increased within 2 to 3 days when plants were salt stressed during the sixth week after germination. Immunoblot analysis with anti-PEPCase antibodies showed that PEPCase synthesis was induced in both expanded leaves and in newly developing axillary shoot tissue. The increase in PEPCase protein was paralleled by an increase in PEPCase mRNA as assayed by immunoprecipitation of PEPCase from the in vitro translation products of RNA from salt-stressed plants. These results demonstrate that salinity increased the level of PEPCase in leaf and shoot tissue via a stress-induced increase in the steady-state level of translatable mRNA for this enzyme.
Supplemental Figure 3 from Novel Methylated DNA Markers in the Surveillance of Colorectal Cancer Recurrence (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplemental Figure 3: The distribution of MDMs in MDM Plasma CRC Early Primary Detection Study (i.e., training data) and in MDM Plasma CRC Surveillance Study (i.e., Recurrence data). There are reference lines relative to the healthy controls (blue line) and stage IV cancers (orange line). These reference lines are helpful in assessing drifts between patient populations.&lt;/p&gt;
Synthesis and Characterization of Hierarchically Structured La2O2M@C:Eu3+ (M = S, Se) Microflowers by a Single‐Step RAPET Method (2010)

Abstract Hierarchically structured La 2 O 2 M@C:Eu 3+ (M = S, Se) microflowers have been successfully prepared by a facile one‐pot synthesis at a low temperature of 950 °C by the reaction under autogenic pressure at elevated temperature (RAPET) technique. The X‐ray diffraction patterns reveal the single‐phase formation of hexagonally structured La 2 O 2 M and La 2 O 2 M:Eu 3+ (M = S, Se) microstructures. The optimization of reaction parameters, such as temperature and the molar concentrations of the precursors, for the preparation ofmonophasic La 2 O 2 M was evaluated by XRD measurements. Raman spectroscopy measurements allowed for the elucidation of the formation of La 2 O 2 M (M = S, Se) through examination of the active vibrational modes, and also proved the presence of carbon in the compounds. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and TEM images clearly show the micron‐sized rose‐like morphology, as well as the nanoflake‐like structure of the final products. The high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images reveal well‐defined lattice fringes indicating the highly crystalline nature of the products. The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern indicates the single‐ and polycrystalline nature of the products. The optical properties of the materials have been studied by UV/Vis spectroscopy.
Synthesis and dioxygen-binding properties of double-sided porphyrinatoiron(II) complexes bearing covalently bound axial imidazole (1993)

Double-sided porphyrinatoiron(II) complexes bearing covalently bound axial imidazole, 5-[2-(5-imidazolylvaleryloxy)-6-(pivaloyloxy)phenyl]-10,15,20-tris[2,6-bis(pivaloyloxy)phenyl]porphyrinatoiron(II) and 5-[2-(3,3-dimethylbutyryloxy)-6-(5-imidazolylvaleryloxy)phenyl]-10,15,20-tris[2,6-bis(3,3-dimethylbutyryloxy)phenyl]porphyrinatoiron(II), have been synthesized. On the basis of their absorption and 1H NMR spectra, the axial imidazole group is co-ordinated. The complexes reversibly form stable dioxygen adducts in toluene at 25 °C, and the kinetics of binding of O2 and CO has been investigated. When embedded in phospholipid unilamellar vesicles, the complexes possess the ability to transport dioxygen in an aqueous medium. The binding affinity of the pivaloyloxy derivative [P½(O2)= 27 Torr] is equal to that of a red blood cell suspension and the half-life of the dioxygen adduct formed was 1.5 d under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 °C).
Chemical states and band offsets of NH3-treated Si oxynitride films studied by high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy (2004)

Ultrathin SiON films formed by thermal nitridation of SiO2 films with NH3 gas are analyzed by high-resolution angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate the interfacial chemistry, the chemical state in-depth distribution of nitrogen atoms, and the band offsets. Although nitrogen atoms are mostly homogeneously distributed in the NH3-treated SiON films, the [Si–Si3−xOx]3N or [Si–N3−xOx]3N component exists closer to the surface than the [Si–Si3−xNx]3N or Si3N4 component. The valence-band offsets of HN3-treated SiON films are determined by a substrate subtraction method to be 4.4 eV. This is the same as for SiO2 film. Valence-band offsets for NO-treated SiON film are measured to be 4.4 eV for SiO2/Si and 3.3 eV for SiON/Si. Furthermore, O 1s loss spectra reveal that SiON films consist mainly of a SiO2 region with a band gap of 8.9 eV, and a smaller region of probably Si3N4 with a band gap of about 5.3 eV.
Themes of nanoscience for the introductory physics course (2009)

We present three experimental themes and one discussion theme that proved to be suitable for introducing nanoscience through topics that can be integrated into the existing introductory physics or teacher training courses. The experimental themes include two teaching models of an atomic force microscope (AFM) and an experiment with an elastic optical grating. They are all based on simple experiments that give also quantitative results and can be explained using basic physics theory.
Low temperature absolute internal quantum efficiency of InGaN-based light-emitting diodes (2023)

A method to reveal low temperature absolute internal quantum efficiency of an InGaN-based light-emitting diode (LED) is reported. Structural (via scanning electron and atomic force microscopies, x-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy) and optical (via temperature- and power-dependent photoluminescence) properties of InGaN-based blue LEDs are coupled with a channel-based recombination model, which reveals the low temperature absolute internal quantum efficiency of the LED on traditional sapphire and emerging Si (111) substrates as 27.5% and 71.1%, respectively. High low-temperature absolute internal quantum efficiency of the former is attributed to its lower defect density and less strain. Our results show assuming perfect (i.e., 100%) internal quantum efficiency in an InGaN-based LED at low temperatures could be misleading, and using negative thermal quenching properties of defect luminesce bands with a channel-based recombination model can be a method to quantify LED's less than ideal low temperature internal quantum efficiencies.
Disease progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective study with paired liver biopsies at 3 years (2010)

Patients with simple steatosis may still develop NASH and fibrosis progression. Weight reduction is associated with non-progressive disease. All patients with NAFLD should undergo periodic assessment and lifestyle modification.
Supplementary Materials and Methods from Efficacy of a Cancer Vaccine against <i>ALK</i>-Rearranged Lung Tumors (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Materials and Methods&lt;/p&gt;
Knowledge discovery from telecommunication network alarm databases (2002)

A telecommunication network produces daily large amounts of alarm data. The data contains hidden valuable knowledge about the behavior of the network. This knowledge can be used in filtering redundant alarms, locating problems in, the network, and possibly in predicting severe faults. We describe the TASA (Telecommunication Network Alarm Sequence Analyzer) system for discovering and browsing knowledge from large alarm databases. The system is built on the basis of viewing knowledge discovery as an interactive and iterative process, containing data collection, pattern discovery, rule postprocessing, etc. The system uses a novel framework for locating frequently occurring episodes from sequential data. The TASA system offers a variety of selection and ordering criteria for episodes, and supports iterative retrieval from the discovered knowledge. This means that a large part of the iterative nature of the KDD process can be replaced by iteration in the rule postprocessing stage. The user interface is based on dynamically generated HTML. The system is in experimental use, and the results are encouraging: some of the discovered knowledge is being integrated into the alarm handling software of telecommunication operators.
Anionic Copolymers with Different Charge Densities for Regulating the Properties of Cement Pastes (2022)

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is an extremely flowable concrete, which increases the probability of segregation and bleeding. Viscosity-modifying admixtures (VMAs) have been developed to improve the stability of SCC. Synthetic polymer VMAs have excellent water solubility and stability, and can be easily chemically prepared and modified. In this work, a series of copolymers based on anionic 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and nonionic N, N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMAA), with similar molecular weights but different charge densities, were prepared. The effect of the charge density of the anionic polymers on the fluidity, rheological property, and adsorption behavior of the cement pastes was investigated. The action mechanism of the polymers was discussed. The results indicate that the charge density of anionic polymer VMAs is of great significance for the development of cost-effective SCCs with good rheological properties.
Identifying a base in a nucleic acid (2023)

Devices and techniques for hybridization of nucleic acids and for determining the sequence of nucleic acids. Arrays of nucleic acids are formed by techniques, preferably high resolution, light-directed techniques. Positions of hybridization of a target nucleic acid are determined by, e.g., epifluorescence microscopy. Devices and techniques are proposed to determine the sequence of a target nucleic acid more efficiently and more quickly through such synthesis and detection techniques.
Nanophotonic waveguides for extreme nonlinear optics (2018)

We demonstrate nanophotonic waveguides for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation and high-harmonic generation. The waveguide geometry enables phase-matching of harmonic generation to higher-order modes. Simulations reveal how periodic poling enables high-harmonic generation through a cascaded mechanism.
Modular Spacecraft Standards: Supporting Low-Cost, Responsive Space (2004)

The long lead and cycle times currently associated with development and launch of satellite systems effectively preclude low-cost, responsive deployment of technology and tactical capability to orbit. To eliminate this obstacle, AeroAstro is developing SMARTBusTM, a novel spacecraft architecture based on the coordination of multiple predesigned functional modules. This paper describes the development of the mechanical, electrical, and logical interoperability standards to which SMARTBus modules must adhere. Designing a spacecraft using this architecture reduces to selecting the appropriate pre-qualified modules for their performance and functional characteristics and stacking them together. A standardized mechanical module design emphasizes a lightweight, interchangeable framework to enable configuration flexibility and rapid integration. The logical system developed for this architecture represents an enhancement to commercial “plug-and-play” connectivity, and will enable the vehicle to detect the presence and orientation of integrated modules. Control of the spacecraft and completion of mission objectives reduces to the dynamic allocation of on-board resources through prioritization of requests and responses among modules. While this modular assembly approach leads to a suboptimum design in some cases, it enables the assembly of a complete spacecraft on a budget and time scale that is impossible to achieve with the current method of custom spacecraft construction. Assembly, integration, and test of a spacecraft from off-the-shelf SMARTBus modules could be completed in a matter of hours.
Fabrication-Tolerant Four-Channel Wavelength-Division-Multiplexing Filter Based on Collectively Tuned Si Microrings (2013)

We demonstrate a robust, compact and low-loss four-channel wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) filter based on cascaded double-ring resonators (2RR) in silicon. The flat-top channel response obtained by the second-order filter design is exploited to compensate for the detrimental effects of local fabrication variations and their associated phase errors on the ring-based filter response. Full wafer-scale characterization of a cascaded, four-channel 2RR filter with channel spacing of 300 GHz shows an average worst-case insertion loss below 1.5 dB and an average worst-case crosstalk below -18 dB across the wafer, representing a substantial improvement over a first-order based ring (1RR) design. The robust 2RR filter design enables the use of a simple collective thermal tuning mechanism to compensate for global fabrication variations as well as for global temperature fluctuations of the WDM filter, the WDM laser source, or both. Highly uniform collective heating is demonstrated using integrated doped silicon heaters. The compact filter footprint of less than 50×50 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> per channel enables straightforward scaling of the WDM channel count to 8 channels and beyond. Such low-loss collectively tuned ring-based WDM filters can prove beneficial in scaling the bandwidth density of chip-level silicon optical interconnects.