gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Implementation of a time-reversal cavity by confining a time-reversal mirror in a waveguide (1997)

Time reversal is an original method to focus ultrasonic waves through heterogeneous lossless media. Nevertheless, to conduct a perfect time-reversal experiment, the wave field coming from an acoustic source should be recorded on a closed surface covered with transducers and surrounding the region of interest. This led to the concept of time-reversal cavity. In practice, its implementation is not easily realizable and the time-reversal operation is only performed on a restricted area named a time-reversal mirror. Some aberrating medium may diffract a part of the wavefield coming from the acoustic source outside the limited aperture of the time-reversal mirror. Hence, focusing quality may be strongly degraded. To approach the optimal focusing obtained with a time-reversal cavity, a channel bounded by totally reflecting walls was used to guide the wave field between the source and the time-reversal mirror. The previously lost information was then recovered to focus on the source location. Therefore, the combination of a time-reversal mirror with a waveguide can simulate a time-reversal cavity with only a small number of transducers. Experimental results give good agreement with a wave propagation model using a finite differences scheme. Both show that the focusing is now the same as that in a homogeneous medium.
Polyphenols in Highland Barley Tea Inhibit the Production of Advanced Glycosylation End‐Products and Alleviate the Skeletal Muscle Damage (2022)

These data indicate that the relationship between the biological activity and HBP properties is relevant since Highland barley can be a potential functional food to prevent AGEs-mediated skeletal muscle damage.
Improving the Energy Efficiency of CO Electrolysis by Controlling Cu Domain Size in Gas Diffusion Electrodes (2022)

Carbon monoxide electrolysis is a potential bridge between CO2-to-CO technologies and renewable C2+ platform chemicals, but CO reduction (COR) cathode performance must improve to advance these systems. A key challenge is designing COR catalyst layers on gas diffusion electrodes with adequate electron, ion, and gas transport for high current densities. Here we study the effects of Cu domain size and loading in catalyst layers composed of Cu nanoparticles (NPs) and PTFE gas-transporting domains. Using a special ink solvent that stably disperses PTFE, we optimize the PTFE content to create catalyst layers with networks of ∼5 μm wide Cu NP domains. Such layers provide favorable COR transport properties even at very high Cu loadings, which reduces the COR overpotential. In a 24 h electrolysis, an optimized Cu/PTFE electrode achieves a 73.5% single-pass conversion efficiency at 200 mA cm–2 and 2.13 V with 76% Faradaic efficiency for COR, including 18% for propanol.
Distributed transverse stress measurement along an optic fiber using polarimetric OFDR (2016)

We report a novel polarimetric optical frequency domain reflectometer (P-OFDR) that can simultaneously measure both space-resolved transverse stresses and light back-reflections along an optic fiber with sub-mm spatial resolution. By inducing transversal stresses and optical back-reflections at multiple points along a length of optic fiber, we demonstrate that our system can unambiguously distinguish the stresses from the back-reflections of a fiber with a fiber length longer than 800 m, a spatial resolution of 0.5 mm, a maximum stress level of up to 200 kpsi (1379 Mpa), a minimum stress of about 10 kpsi (69 Mpa), and a stress measurement uncertainty of 10%. We show that our P-OFDR can clearly identify the locations and magnitudes of the stresses inside a fiber coil induced during a fiber winding process. The P-OFDR can be used for fiber health monitoring for critical fiber links, fiber gyro coil characterization, and other distributed fiber sensing applications.
Epstein-Barr Virus Large Tegument Protein BPLF1 Contributes to Innate Immune Evasion through Interference with Toll-Like Receptor Signaling (2014)

Viral infection triggers an early host response through activation of pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLR). TLR signaling cascades induce production of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines involved in establishing an anti-viral state as well as in orchestrating ensuing adaptive immunity. To allow infection, replication, and persistence, (herpes)viruses employ ingenious strategies to evade host immunity. The human gamma-herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a large, enveloped DNA virus persistently carried by more than 90% of adults worldwide. It is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with several malignant tumors. EBV activates TLRs, including TLR2, TLR3, and TLR9. Interestingly, both the expression of and signaling by TLRs is attenuated during productive EBV infection. Ubiquitination plays an important role in regulating TLR signaling and is controlled by ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases (DUBs). The EBV genome encodes three proteins reported to exert in vitro deubiquitinase activity. Using active site-directed probes, we show that one of these putative DUBs, the conserved herpesvirus large tegument protein BPLF1, acts as a functional DUB in EBV-producing B cells. The BPLF1 enzyme is expressed during the late phase of lytic EBV infection and is incorporated into viral particles. The N-terminal part of the large BPLF1 protein contains the catalytic site for DUB activity and suppresses TLR-mediated activation of NF-κB at, or downstream of, the TRAF6 signaling intermediate. A catalytically inactive mutant of this EBV protein did not reduce NF-κB activation, indicating that DUB activity is essential for attenuating TLR signal transduction. Our combined results show that EBV employs deubiquitination of signaling intermediates in the TLR cascade as a mechanism to counteract innate anti-viral immunity of infected hosts.
Cover Picture: Total Synthesis of Pactamycin (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 15/2011) (2011)

Packing dense functionality in a cyclopentane framework is how the soil microorganism Streptomyces pactum produces pactamycin, a cytotoxic and antibacterial aminocyclopentitol. S. Hanessian and co-workers describe the first total synthesis of pactamycin in their Communication on page 3497 ff. The image shows intermediates that eventually culminate in pactamycin. The inserts show B. subtilis (green), crystals of Thermus thermophilus (magenta), and the binding of pactamycin in the 30 S RNA subunit (according to Ramakrishnan et al.) against a background of S. pactum.
Study of Ground State Interactions of Enantiopure Chiral Quaternary Ammonium Salts and Amides, Nitroalkanes, Nitroalkenes, Esters, Heterocycles, Ketones and Fluoroamides (2021)

Chiral phase-transfer catalysis provides high level of enantiocontrol, however no experimental data showed the interaction of catalysts and substrates. <sup>1</sup> H NMR titration was carried out on Cinchona and Maruoka ammonium bromides vs. nitro, carbonyl, heterocycles, and N-F containing compounds. It was found that neutral organic species and quaternary ammonium salts interacted via an ensemble of catalyst <sup>+</sup> N-C-H and (sp<sup>2</sup> )C-H, specific for each substrate studied. The correspondent BArF salts interacted with carbonyls via a diverse set of <sup>+</sup> N-C-H and (sp<sup>2</sup> )C-H compared to bromides. This data suggests that BArF ammonium salts may display a different enantioselectivity profile. Although not providing quantitative data for the affinity constants, the data reported proofs that chiral ammonium salts coordinate with substrates, prior to transition state, through specific C-H positions in their structures, providing a new rational to rationalize the origin of enantioselectivity in their catalyses.
(Co, Ni)Sn0.5 nanoparticles supported on hierarchical CN-graphene-based electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (2018)

The synthesis of new 'Pt-free' electrocatalysts (ECs) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is reported. The ECs are characterized by a hierarchical 'core-shell' morphology; the 'core' is made of graphene, that is covered by a cratered, microporous carbon nitride (CN) 'shell'. The latter supports nanoparticles of M1 and Sn metals (M1 = Co; Ni) in 'coordination nests'. These latter are holes in the CN matrix, whose walls consist of N- and C-ligands. Two groups of ECs are studied: (i) 'pristine' ECs; and (ii) 'activated' ECs, that are obtained from the 'pristine' ECs by means of a suitable activation process (A) aimed at improving the performance in the ORR. Here is clarified the interplay existent between: (i) the chemical composition, morphology, structure and A; and (ii) the ORR performance and mechanism as a function of the pH of the environment. The resulting insights improve the fundamental understanding of this family of ECs and open the door to the devising of new preparations of 'Pt-free' ECs for the ORR, which: (i) are stabilized by a CN matrix and; (ii) exhibit an improved performance.
Subharmonic threshold for chirp excitations of high frequency contrast agents (2015)

The subharmonic response of ultrasound contrast agents facilitates imaging for high frequency (>20 MHz) applications in terms differentiation from scattered tissue responses and the reduction signal loss due to attenuation. The subharmonic response has specific pressure threshold. Chirp excitation have been shown to enhance the subharmonic response though the underlying mechanisms is not completely understood. The widely used frequency domain pressure threshold criteria based on ratio of the spectral amplitudes subharmonic and fundamental has limitations with respect to nonstationary and nonlinear signals. We propose a more robust criteria based on the Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMF) of the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD). A comparison is highlighted with signals from two types of ultrasound polymer contrast agent data for mono-frequency and chirp excitations.
P01.53. Spheroid formation and axonal severing in adult neurons during oxidative stress: role of calcium (2012)

Axonal severing is critical to the irreversible disability that occurs over the course of multiple sclerosis (MS). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in neurodegenerative aspects of MS: axonal spheroid formation, severing, and axoplasmic Ca 2+ elevation. However, the exact role of Ca 2+ in spheroid formation remains unclear. The mechanism of action of natural anti-oxidants such as lipoic acid, which provide neuroprotection during oxidative stress in MS model, also remains unclear.
The square root of linear time varying systems with applications (1996)

This paper considers the extension of a number of passive multiplier theory based results, previously known only for linear time invariant scalar systems, to linear time varying (LTV) multivariable settings. The extensions obtained here have important applications to the stability of both adaptive systems and linear systems in general. We demonstrate in this paper that at the heart of the extensions carried out here lies the result that if a stable multivariable, linear time varying system is stable under all scalar constant, positive feedback gains, then it has a well defined square root. The existence of this square root is demonstrated through a constructive Newton-Raphson based algorithm. The various extensions provided here though different in form from their linear time invariant scalar counterparts, do recover these as special cases.
A SIMS study of cation and anion diffusion in tantalum oxide (2017)

Ion transport in ceramics of the low-temperature phase of tantalum pentoxide, L-Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, was examined by means of diffusion experiments and subsequent analysis of diffusion profiles with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). <sup>18</sup>O/<sup>16</sup>O isotope anneals were used to investigate oxygen diffusion, and oxygen tracer diffusion coefficients were obtained for the temperature range of 623 ≤ T/K ≤ 873 at an oxygen partial pressure of pO<sub>2</sub> = 0.2 bar and for the oxygen partial pressure range of 10<sup>-2</sup> ≤ pO<sub>2</sub>/bar ≤ 10<sup>0</sup> at a temperature of T = 723 K. Cation diffusion in Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> was probed by using chemically similar niobium as the diffusant (in the absence of stable tantalum isotopes). Thin films of Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> were deposited onto Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> ceramics; diffusion anneals yielded niobium diffusion coefficients for the temperature range of 1073 ≤ T/K ≤ 1223 at an oxygen partial pressure of pO<sub>2</sub> = 0.2 bar. Comparison of the measured diffusion coefficients strongly suggests that oxygen is many orders of magnitude more mobile than niobium in L-Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> at these temperatures and at pO<sub>2</sub> = 0.2 bar. The electrical conductivity was also determined in the range 950 ≤ T/K ≤ 1200 and 10<sup>-23</sup> ≤ pO<sub>2</sub>/bar ≤ 10<sup>-2</sup>. Considered together with the measured diffusion coefficients, the conductivity data indicate that under oxidising conditions conduction is due to oxygen ions above T = 1090-1130 K and due to electron holes below this temperature range. Point-defect models are presented that are consistent with these transport data and with conductivity data in the literature. They suggest that under oxidising conditions oxygen interstitials are the majority ionic charge carriers in L-Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>. The implications for resistive switching devices are discussed.
Continuous Ejection Fraction Estimation by Model-Based Analysis of an Aortic Pressure Waveform: Comparison to Echocardiography (2007)

Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) is perhaps the most clinically significant index of global ventricular function. EF is measured in clinical practice using imaging methods such as non-invasive echocardiography. However, imaging methods generally require a skilled operator and expensive equipment. Thus, EF is not sufficiently monitored. To this end, we have recently developed a novel technique to continuously (i.e., automatically) estimate EF by model-based analysis of an aortic pressure waveform. Here, we review the technique and present its evaluation with respect to reference echocardiography measurements from three dogs during diverse interventions. We report an overall EF error of only 8.3%. With further successful testing, the technique may ultimately be utilized for continuous EF monitoring in research and clinical settings in which an aortic catheter is employed.
Discrepancies in the free spectral range (FSR) of one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal/photonic wire coupled-cavities (2020)

Abstract We present the simulation and experimental demonstration of a coupled-cavity 1D photonic-crystal/photonic-wire (PhC/PhW) structure that produces multiple resonance wavelengths. The combination of several cavities results in the assembly of a spectral response that exhibits multiple resonance wavelengths and potentially leads to the wavelength control required for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) applications. By using a structure with three distinct in-line cavities, we have obtained three distinct resonance wavelengths—in conformity with the rule that the number of distinct resonance wavelengths is proportional to the number of cavities. The experimental photonic wire waveguide structure had cross-sectional dimensions of 600 nm (width) × 260 nm (height)—with an embedded photonic crystal (PhC) micro-cavity—all based on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. The embedded PhC structure was tailored to give resonance wavelengths in the C-band and L-band fiber telecommunication range. With the introduction of tapering in the multiple micro-cavity structure, it was possible to obtain three resonance wavelengths that correspond to WDM wavelengths of 1534.87, 1554.63 and 1594.86 nm—whereas, without tapering, the resonance wavelengths were 1645.60, 1670.76 and 1698.68 nm, respectively. We have observed an asymmetric free spectral range (FSR) situation with un-equal resonance wavelength spacing. The taper regions are also responsible for high optical transmission and lower Q-factor values at resonance. Transmission values of 0.17, 0.47 and 0.43 were obtained, together with Q-factor values of 1179.32, 930.05 and 970.35, respectively, without using tapered sections—while transmission values of 0.45, 0.74 and 0.43 were obtained, together with Q-factor values of 1083.24, 850.10 and 885.22, respectively, using tapered sections. (The normalisation values for the experiments were obtained with respect to an unstructured photonic wire). We have demonstrated that the taper structures used must be designed accurately, in order to maximize the transmission values at the desired resonance wavelengths. The demonstration of fabricated device structures that have measured properties that are in close agreement with predictions obtained using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) computational software is an indication of the precision of the fabrication process. With the introduction of multiple cavities into the structures realised, the number of resonance wavelengths can be tailored for application as WDM components or other wavelength selective filters, such as arrayed-waveguide grating structures (AWGs) and Bragg gratings.
Defined Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Xeno-Free Derivation of Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells on a Novel, Synthetic Substrate (2015)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness, is characterized by the death of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), which is a monolayer posterior to the retina that supports the photoreceptors. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can generate an unlimited source of RPE for cellular therapies, and clinical trials have been initiated. However, protocols for RPE derivation using defined conditions free of nonhuman derivatives (xeno-free) are preferred for clinical translation. This avoids exposing AMD patients to animal-derived products, which could incite an immune response. In this study, we investigated the maintenance of hESCs and their differentiation into RPE using Synthemax II-SC, which is a novel, synthetic animal-derived component-free, RGD peptide-containing copolymer compliant with good manufacturing practices designed for xeno-free stem cell culture. Cells on Synthemax II-SC were compared with cultures grown with xenogeneic and xeno-free control substrates. This report demonstrates that Synthemax II-SC supports long-term culture of H9 and H14 hESC lines and permits efficient differentiation of hESCs into functional RPE. Expression of RPE-specific markers was assessed by flow cytometry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunocytochemistry, and RPE function was determined by phagocytosis of rod outer segments and secretion of pigment epithelium-derived factor. Both hESCs and hESC-RPE maintained normal karyotypes after long-term culture on Synthemax II-SC. Furthermore, RPE generated on Synthemax II-SC are functional when seeded onto parylene-C scaffolds designed for clinical use. These experiments suggest that Synthemax II-SC is a suitable, defined substrate for hESC culture and the xeno-free derivation of RPE for cellular therapies.
Supplementary Figure 6 from Tumor-Promoting Desmoplasia Is Disrupted by Depleting FAP-Expressing Stromal Cells (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Alteration of tumor structure by FAP-CAR T cells in murine PDAs.&lt;/p&gt;
Molybdenum chloride catalysts for Z-selective olefin metathesis reactions (2017)

The development of catalyst-controlled stereoselective olefin metathesis processes has been a pivotal recent advance in chemistry. The incorporation of appropriate ligands within complexes based on molybdenum, tungsten and ruthenium has led to reactivity and selectivity levels that were previously inaccessible. Here we show that molybdenum monoaryloxide chloride complexes furnish higher-energy (Z) isomers of trifluoromethyl-substituted alkenes through cross-metathesis reactions with the commercially available, inexpensive and typically inert Z-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene. Furthermore, otherwise inefficient and non-stereoselective transformations with Z-1,2-dichloroethene and 1,2-dibromoethene can be effected with substantially improved efficiency and Z selectivity. The use of such molybdenum monoaryloxide chloride complexes enables the synthesis of representative biologically active molecules and trifluoromethyl analogues of medicinally relevant compounds. The origins of the activity and selectivity levels observed, which contradict previously proposed principles, are elucidated with the aid of density functional theory calculations.
Locally Produced Survival Cytokines IL‐15 and IL‐7 may be Associated to the Predominance of CD8+ T cells at Heart Lesions of Human Chronic Chagas Disease Cardiomyopathy (2007)

Human chronic Chagas disease cardiomyopathy (CCC) is an inflammatory-dilated cardiomyopathy occurring years after infection by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The heart inflammatory infiltrate in CCC shows a 2:1 predominance of CD8(+) in relation to CD4(+) T cells, with a typical Th1-type cytokine profile. However, in vitro expansion of infiltrating T cells from heart biopsy-derived fragments with interleukin-2 (IL-2) and phytohaemagglutinin leads to the outgrowth of CD4(+) over CD8(+) T cells. We hypothesized that survival cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15 might be differentially involved in the growth and maintenance of heart-infiltrating and peripheral CD8(+) T cells from CCC patients. We found that IL-7 and IL-15 were superior to IL-2 in the expansion and viability of CD8(+) T cells from both PBMC and heart-infiltrating T-cell lines from CCC patients, and the combination of the three cytokines showed synergic effects. Heart-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells showed higher expression of both IL-15R alpha and gamma(c) chain than CD4(+) T cells, which may explain the improvement of CD8(+) T-cell growth in the presence of IL-2 + IL-7 + IL-15. Immunohistochemical identification of IL-15 and the higher mRNA expression of IL-15R alpha, IL-7 and gamma(c) chain in CCC heart tissues compared with control individuals indicate in situ production of survival cytokines and their receptors in CCC hearts. Together, our results suggest that local production of IL-7 and IL-15 may be associated with the maintenance and predominance of CD8(+) T cells, the cells effecting tissue damage in CCC hearts.
Selecting the Right Criteria and Proper Classification to Diagnose Mast Cell Activation Syndromes: A Critical Review (2021)

In recent years, knowledge about mechanisms underlying mast cell activation (MCA) and accumulation in various pathologic conditions increased substantially. In addition, criteria and a classification of MCA syndromes (MCASs) have been set forth. MCAS is defined by typical clinical symptoms, a substantial increase in serum tryptase level during an attack over the patient's baseline tryptase, and a response of the symptoms to drugs targeting mast cells, mediator production, and/or mediator effects. Alternative diagnostic criteria of MCAS have also been suggested, but these alternative criteria often lack specificity and validation. In this report, we critically review the contemporary literature relating to MCAS and compare the specificity, sensitivity, and strength of MCAS-related parameters within proposals to diagnose and classify MCAS and its variants. Furthermore, we highlight the need to apply specific consensus criteria in the evaluation and classification of MCAS in individual patients. This is an urgent and important medical necessity because as an increasing number of patients are being given a misdiagnosis of MCAS based on nonspecific criteria, which contributes to confusion and frustration by patients and caregivers and sometimes may delay recognition and treatment of correct medical conditions that often turn out to be unrelated to MCA.