gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Water Management Issues for Direct Borohydride/Peroxide Fuel Cells (2010)

This study evaluated water management strategies to lengthen the run time of a batch fueled direct sodium borohydride/peroxide (NaBH4/H2O2) proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The term “batch fueled” refers specifically to a fuel tank containing a fixed volume of fuels for use in the run. The length of a run using a fixed fuel tank is strongly influenced by water dynamics. The water that reacts at the anode is produced at the cathode, and is transported through the membrane via drag and diffusion. Resulting concentration changes in the fuel of the NaBH4/H2O2 fuel cell were modeled to evaluate the run lifetime. The run time is defined as the amount of time required for NaBH4 or for NaBO2 (the byproduct compound) to reach either solubility limit or until the fuel is depleted, whichever occurs first. As part of the evaluation, an “effective” H2O drag coefficient (net drag minus back diffusion) with Nafion® 112 was experimentally determined to be 1.14 and 4.36 at 25°C and 60°C, respectively. The concentrations of the NaBH4 and NaBO2 solutions were calculated as a function of initial concentration, and for the case where H2O was supplied to the anode compartment during operation. Several strategies to increase the run time by both passive and active water management were considered. It is found that the run time is increased from 10 W h to 57 W h, with a decrease in the initial NaBH4 concentration from 30 wt % (typically employed in these cells) to 10 wt %. Adding 0.125 ml/min H2O to the bulk anode solution increases the run time of a 10 wt % NaBH4 solution by a factor of 1.6. Adding 0.225 ml/min H2O to 30 wt % NaBH4 bulk solution increases the run time by a factor of 4.4. While attractive for increasing run time, the practicality of water addition depends on its availability or requires incorporation of an added unit, designed to separate and recirculate water from the cathode solution.
Linear, Wide-Band Optical Amplifiers by Stagger Tuning* (1968)

The generation of optical pulses having time durations possibly approaching 10−13 sec but definitely in the 10−12 sec range has kindled interest in wide-band optical amplifiers. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate that the stagger-tuning principle often utilized for obtaining greater bandwidths in the rf or microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum can also be utilized to obtain greater bandwidths in the optical spectrum.
Biomimetic reactions in organic synthesis: Semi-pinacol rearrangements of some spirocyclic epoxyalcohols derived from Juliá-Colonna asymmetric epoxidations (2002)

Epoxy tert-alcohols have been prepared from (E)-enones in a two-step approach consisting of JuliáColonna asymmetric epoxidation followed by Grignard alkylation of the epoxyketone. On treatment with sub-stoichiometric amounts of Yb(OTf) 3 these trans-epoxyalcohols underwent efficient stereoselective semi-pinacol rearrangement to afford anti-α-phenyl-β-hydroxy-ketones (aldols). Under the same conditions, spirocyclic epoxyalcohols derived from 1-tetralone and 1-benzosuberone undergo either ring contraction (via semi-pinacol rearrangement) or fragmentation. A mechanistic rationale is presented to explain the formation of the various products.Key words: JuliáColonna reaction, asymmetric epoxidation, epoxy tert-alcohols, semi-pinacol rearrangement.
Measuring Catastrophic Forgetting in Neural Networks (2017)

Deep neural networks are used in many state-of-the-art systems for machine perception. Once a network is trained to do a specific task, e.g., bird classification, it cannot easily be trained to do new tasks, e.g., incrementally learning to recognize additional bird species or learning an entirely different task such as flower recognition. When new tasks are added, typical deep neural networks are prone to catastrophically forgetting previous tasks. Networks that are capable of assimilating new information incrementally, much like how humans form new memories over time, will be more efficient than re-training the model from scratch each time a new task needs to be learned. There have been multiple attempts to develop schemes that mitigate catastrophic forgetting, but these methods have not been directly compared, the tests used to evaluate them vary considerably, and these methods have only been evaluated on small-scale problems (e.g., MNIST). In this paper, we introduce new metrics and benchmarks for directly comparing five different mechanisms designed to mitigate catastrophic forgetting in neural networks: regularization, ensembling, rehearsal, dual-memory, and sparse-coding. Our experiments on real-world images and sounds show that the mechanism(s) that are critical for optimal performance vary based on the incremental training paradigm and type of data being used, but they all demonstrate that the catastrophic forgetting problem has yet to be solved.
Erratum to “Structure–function relationships of the antigenicity of mycolic acids in tuberculosis patients” [Chem. Phys. Lipids 163 (2010) 800–808] (2010)

The publisher regrets that the author list of the above paper which appeared in Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, vol. 163, pp. 800–808 contained errors. The correct author list is published above.

The publisher would like to apologise for any inconvenience this may have caused to the authors of this article and readers of the journal.
Fracture mechanism map for the fracture of microelectronic Pb-free solder joints under dynamic loading conditions (2010)

Solder joints, which serve as mechanical and electrical interconnects in a package, are particularly prone to failure during a drop. Hence, the fracture behavior of solders at high strain rates and in mixed mode is a critically important design parameter. This study reports the effects of (a) loading conditions (strain rate and loading angle), (b) reflow parameters (dwell time and cooling rate), and (c) post-reflow aging on the mixed mode fracture toughness of a lead-free solder (Sn-3.8%Ag-0.7%Cu)/Cu joint. A methodology based on the calculation of critical energy release rate, G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C</sub> , which is equal to the fracture toughness of a material under limited plasticity condition, was employed. An increase in the strain rate results in limited plasticity ahead of the crack tip leading to a reduction in the fracture toughness of the solder joints. Fracture toughness also decreases with increasing mode-mixity (up to a loading angle of 75°). A slower cooling rate increases the fracture toughness whereas a longer dwell time adversely affects it. Also, aged samples show higher G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C</sub> value. A fracture mechanism map is developed to describe the correlation between the yield strength of the solder, which depends on the solder microstructure and the loading rate, the IMC morphology, which depends on the reflow conditions and aging, and the fracture toughness of the solder joint.
A Computerized Database for Forensic Textile Fibres (1988)

Development and application of a computerized database for assistance in the identification of textile fibres encountered in forensic trace evidence analysis is described. In addition to providing investigative assistance, this data base also has application in proficiency testing, training, research and standard fibre collection inventory.
Temperature-Dependent Optical Properties of Plasmonic Titanium Nitride Thin Films (2017)

Due to their exceptional plasmonic properties, noble metals such as, gold and silver, have been the materials of choice for the demonstration of various plasmonic and nanophotonic phenomena. However, noble metals’ softness, lack of tailorability, and low melting point, along with melting point depression in nanostructures as well as challenges in thin film fabrication and device integration in standard semiconductor processing, have prevented the realization of practical plasmonic devices for technologically important high temperature and heat-assisted applications. In the recent years, titanium nitride (TiN) has emerged as a promising plasmonic material with good metallic and refractory (high temperature stable) properties. The refractory nature of TiN could enable practical plasmonic devices operating at elevated temperatures for energy conversion and harsh-environment industries such as gas and oil. Here we report on the temperature-dependent dielectric functions of TiN thin films of varying thicknesses in the technologically relevant visible and near-infrared wavelength range from 330 to 2000 nm for temperatures up to 900 °C using in situ high temperature ellipsometry. Our findings show that the complex dielectric function of TiN at elevated temperatures deviates from the optical parameters at room temperature, indicating degradation in plasmonic properties both in the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant. However, quite strikingly, the relative changes of the optical properties of TiN are significantly smaller compared to its noble metal counterparts. In fact, at temperatures over 400 °C the quality factors of localized surface plasmon resonances and propagating surface plasmons in thin TiN films become nearly the same as those in polycrystalline noble metals. Furthermore, no structural degradation was observed in any of TiN films upon heat treatment. Using simulations, we demonstrate that incorporating the temperature-induced deviations into the numerical models leads to significant differences in the optical responses of high temperature nanophotonic systems. These studies hold the key for accurate modeling of high temperature TiN-based optical elements and nanophotonic systems for energy conversion, harsh-environment sensors, and heat-assisted applications.
V(D)J recombination is not activated by demethylation of the kappa locus (2000)

V(D)J recombination is thought to be regulated by changes in the accessibility of target sites, such as modulation of methylation. To test whether demethylation of the kappa locus can activate recombination, we generated two recombinationally active B cell lines in which the gene for maintenance of genomic DNA methylation, Dnmt1, was flanked with loxP sites. Transduction with a retrovirus expressing both the cre recombinase and green fluorescent protein allowed us to purify recombinationally active cells devoid of methylation. Loss of methylation of the kappa locus was not sufficient to activate recombination, although transcription was activated in one line. It appears that demethylation of the kappa locus is not the rate-limiting step for altering accessibility and thus regulated demethylation does not generate specificity of recombination.
Good or bad: Application of RAAS inhibitors in COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular comorbidities (2020)

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by a newly emerged coronavirus (CoV) called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) comorbidities have significantly increased morbidity and mortality. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor type 1 blockers (ARBs) improve CVD outcomes; however, there is concern that they may worsen the prognosis of CVD patients that become infected with SARS-CoV-2 because the virus uses the ACE2 receptor to bind to and subsequently infect host cells. Thus, some health care providers and media sources have questioned the continued use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs. In this brief review, we discuss the effect of ACE inhibitor-induced bradykinin on the cardiovascular system, on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) regulation in COVID-19 patients, and analyze recent clinical studies regarding patients treated with RAAS inhibitors. We propose that the application of RAAS inhibitors for COVID-19 patients with CVDs may be beneficial rather than harmful.
Supplementary Methods, Table S1 and Figures S1-S3 from High Turnover of Tissue Factor Enables Efficient Intracellular Delivery of Antibody–Drug Conjugates (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Method S1: Quantitative determination of cell surface antigens. Supplementary Method S2: Synthesis of Duostatin-3. Supplementary Table S1: Apparent antibody affinities. Supplementary Figure S1: Distribution of HER2, EGFR and TF in unstimulated HCC1954 cells. Supplementary Figure S2: Endosomal and lysosomal colocalisation of TF, EGFR and HER2 in tumor cells after treatment with target-specific antibodies. Supplementary Figure S3: Flow cytometry analysis of SK-OV-3 cells after ADC-treatment.&lt;/p&gt;
Thermal Performance of Next Generation of Modulated Pump Lasers in Telco Equipment (2004)

The present investigation numerically modeled the thermal behavior of the laser diode using the parabolic transient conduction equation. In addition, the current study compared the thermal performance of the continuous wave pump lasers versus the modulated wave pump lasers. This comparison revealed that the temperature of the modulated wave pump laser can approach the temperature of the continuous wave pump laser with the same average power dissipation when the frequency approaches infinity. Finally, the resulting thermal behavior was correlated and expressed in an empirical form, which physically described the thermal performance of the modulating pump laser.
Local energy transfer in hybrid nanoplasmonics (2014)

Incorporating resonant optical properties of metal nanostructures into nanoscale applications such as ultrahigh density storage devices, nanoelectronics, and nanophotonics has gained considerable interest within the last years. Recent advances in hybrid and molecular plasmonics are presented. The approach relies on near-field energy transfer between metal nanoparticles and other molecular material, and is not diffraction-limited. We will see that optical nanosources supported by metal nanoparticles can be used for controlling/triggering photochemical and photo physical processes involving photons, charges and motion transfers at the nanoscale. In particular, three examples will be presented and commented: free radical photopolymerization, photo isomerization and nanoscale strong coupling. These examples open new routes including optical near-field photography of ultra confined fields, mode hybridizing in single nanoparticles, molecular optical nanomotors, and new anisotropic nanoemitters.
Frequency selective weighted median filters (1999)

In this paper, we propose a frequency selective weighted median (FSWM) filter with arbitrary spectral behavior. The proposed scheme is motivated by the observation on the structure and design procedure of the linear-phase FIR high- pass (HP) filter. An FIR HP filter can be easily obtained by changing the sign of coefficients in odd position. Thus, the output of the HP filter can be represented as the difference between two subfilters which have all positive coefficients. This representation structure of the FIR HP filter is analogous to the difference of estimates (DoE) such as the difference of medians (DoM). The DoM is essentially a robust HP filter which is commonly used in edge detection. Based on this observation, we define a new nonlinear filtering structure consisting of linear combinations of weighted medians. We refer to this new filter class as the FSWM filter. It is shown experimentally that the FSWM filter can offer 'low-pass (LP),' 'HP,' 'band-pass (BP),' and 'band-stop (BS)' frequency characteristics.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Clinical evaluation of the Keeler Pulsair 3000 non-contact tonometer. (2002)

In the range of 10 to 24 mmHg, the Pulsair 3000 tonometer produced IOP readings that corresponded well with Goldmann values for most eyes and was preferred by the majority of subjects who indicated a preference. The Pulsair 3000 is relatively easy to use by technicians and has numerous special applications in optometric practice (e.g. measuring IOPs for pediatric patients and those with compromised corneas).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF ENANTIOMERS OF 1‐AMINO‐2‐PHENYLETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID (1978)

Abstract Die Synthese der Enantiomeren der Titelverbindung (VI) wird nach aufgezeigtem Schema durchgeführt.
Contacts and variability in international Englishes : Compiling and using the Corpus of English in Finland (2011)

The past few decades have witnessed a substantial spread of English as the language of international communication. One of the consequences of this growth of English world-wide is that there is a n ...
Modification of nano-silver bioactivity by adsorption on carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide (2018)

The results suggest the bioactivity of silver composites may be related to the amount of Ag ions released, which can be dependent on the cell model under investigation.
Developments in lncRNA drug discovery: where are we heading? (2018)

The central dogma of molecular biology, which states that the only role of long RNA transcripts is to convey information from gene to protein, was brought into question in recent years due to discovery of the extensive presence and complex roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Furthermore, lncRNAs were found to be involved in pathogenesis of multiple diseases and thus represent a new class of therapeutic targets. Translational efforts in the lncRNA field have been augmented by progress in optimizing the chemistry and delivery platforms of lncRNA-targeting modalities, including oligonucleotide-based drugs and CRISPR-Cas9. Areas covered: This review covers the current advances in characterizing diversity and biological functions of lncRNA focusing on their therapeutic potential in selected therapeutic areas. Expert opinion: Due to accelerating parallel progress in lncRNA biology and lncRNA-compatible therapeutic modalities, it is likely that lncRNA-dependent mechanisms of pathogenesis will soon be targeted in various disorders, including neurological, psychiatric, cardiovascular, infectious diseases, and cancer. Significant efforts, however, are still required to better understand the biology of both lncRNAs and lncRNA-targeting drugs. Further work is needed in the areas of lncRNA nomenclature, database representation, intra/interfield communication, and education of the community at large.
100 Years of Vitamin E: From Discovery to Commercialization (2022)

Abstract 2022 marks the centenary of the discovery of vitamin E by Evans and Bishop, an important milestone in vitamin research. An enormous amount of scientific data related to the importance of its activity has been published on this micronutrient. Globally, researchers from industry and academia have contributed to improve and implement highly efficient and commercially viable production processes for vitamin E. All processes share a common final step, but differ in the generation of their key building blocks. Today, Vitamin E, accounts for a worldwide production of &gt;75.000 t/a. Vitamin E is applied predominantly as feed supplement for various animal species and in addition is used in a variety of human applications. Moreover, its impressive antioxidative behavior enables frequent use as stabilizing ingredient in many product forms and final consumer applications. This review will provide the current state of science, with clear focus on highlighting the different routes for industrial syntheses of vitamin E. Furthermore, approaches directed towards successful product form development including suitable auxiliary substances combined with appropriate formulation technologies, as well as a broad variety of applications in animal and human nutrition and health will be discussed. Insights on isolation approaches, biosynthesis, and future trends complete the status of Vitamin E research.
Chelate compounds as components of acellular, oxygen-delivering, resuscitation fluids (1982)

The feasibility of various metal chelates as components of acellular resuscitation fluids is examined, with particular emphasis on the bonding mode and kinetics of the dioxygen adduct formed. End-on (Pauling type) or bridged peroxo-dimer structures using iron(II) or cobalt(II) as the active metal ion are currently the most promising candidates for investigation. Criteria which must be met in order to confer desirable O2-binding properties upon the coordinated metal ions are described and ligand systems (porphyrins, Schiff-bases, lacunar macrobicycles) which help fulfill these criteria are critiqued. An important aspect of acellular O2-delivering systems is the mode of dispersion, which in turn is a function of the properties of the metal chelate; this question is broached, for general application, in terms of true solutions, emulsions and colloidally suspended solids.
Spatially looped algorithms for time-domain analysis of periodic structures (1995)

A class of spatially looped time-domain algorithms is developed. These algorithms prove to be effective tools for the analysis of microwave periodic structures. They use the FDTD or TLM simulation of only one spatial period, with a new type of boundary condition modeling its behavior in the entire structure. Applications to a sinusoidally corrugated slow wave structure and to a four-wall corrugated waveguide are presented. The paper includes a tutorial part, discussing the physical nature of solutions produced by the spatially looped algorithms. This explains the meaning of complex notation in the time domain, and the possibility of reducing the calculations of uniform and periodic guiding structures to real numbers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Bone‐specific kinetic model to quantify periosteal and endosteal blood flow using indocyanine green in fluorescence guided orthopedic surgery (2019)

This letter describes a hybrid plug/compartment (HyPC) kinetic model to fit dynamic indocyanine green fluorescence data acquired in a porcine model of long bone traumatic fracture. Parametric images of periosteal blood flow, endosteal blood flow, total bone blood flow and fraction of endosteal-to-periosteal flow were obtained by applying the HyPC model on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Intraoperative discrimination between healthy and damaged bone could facilitate debridement reducing post-operative complications from non-union and infection. The ability to quantify periosteal and endosteal blood flow could inform nail vs. plate-and-screw decisions to avoid further compromising cortical blood supply.
Supplemental Table S1 from Identification and Characterization of Tyrosine Kinase Nonreceptor 2 Mutations in Leukemia through Integration of Kinase Inhibitor Screening and Genomic Analysis (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Enzymatic IC50 of potential targets for XMD8-87 and XMD16-5.&lt;/p&gt;