gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Emerging Research on Bone Health Using High-Resolution CT and MRI Hans LieblThomas BaumDimitrios C. Karampinos • Janina PatschAndreas MaleckiFlorian SchaffElena Eggl • Ernst J. RummenyFranz PfeifferJan S. Bauer (2014)

Today's most prevalent bone disease in the western hemisphere is osteoporosis. Predominantly post- menopausal women and older men suffer from bone loss caused by an imbalance in the physiological tissue renewal process between bone formation and resorption. As a result, osteoporosis is associated with fragility fractures, disability, impaired bone regeneration and increased mor- tality. The World Health Organization based the gold standard for diagnosing osteoporosis on bone mineral density (BMD) measurements using dual X-ray absorpti- ometry. However, BMD measurements are limited in dis- criminating subjects with and without osteoporotic fractures and have been shown to only partly reflect suc- cessful treatment of osteoporotic fractures. Bone micro- structure is an integral determinant of bone strength. Today, new high-resolution imaging techniques such as high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomog- raphy and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging make it possible to measure three-dimensional bone mic- roarchitecture and volumetric bone mineral density with high accuracy and a relatively low radiation dose.
A pupil size measurement system for the analysis of the impact of flicker on human being (2008)

Abstract- The validation of any new model of the human response to flicker requires proper experimental data. Recently, studies have been carried out with the intent of achieving information relevant to the state of annoyance of a human being subjected to light flicker by analyzing the modification of the pupil size. Indeed, it is well known that pupil diameter changes according to the luminous flux variation. According to such a theory the authors developed a measurement system capable of tracing the pupil size variations in time under flicker conditions. This will result of help for further developing the above theory and confirming its correctness and robustness. The presented measurement system will allow measuring the pupil diameter when subjected to flicker with given amplitude, frequency and colour. The technique and the relative system will be examined through the description of some tests executed to evaluate its performance. The good behaviour of the measurement system suggests its future employment for the analysis of flicker effects on human beings. I.
Table S2 from BET Inhibitors Suppress ALDH Activity by Targeting <i>ALDH1A1</i> Super-Enhancer in Ovarian Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;A panel of 24 small molecule inhibitors known to target epigenetic regulators obtained from The Structure Genomics Consortium&lt;/p&gt;
Inactivation of the catecholamine transporter during the preparation of chromaffin granule membrane ‘ghosts’ (1987)

The activity of the catecholamine transporter of chromaffin granules and the binding to these vesicles of reserpine, a transporter inhibitor, decrease during ghost preparation. In contrast, the number of binding sites of dihydrotetrabenazine, another transporter ligand, is constant. Dihydrotetrabenazine thus binds to an inactive transporter whereas reserpine binds only to active vesicles. Inactivation occurs during lysis of the granules, possibly because of an incomplete resealing. The turnover number of the transporter, determined by dividing the uptake activity by the density of dihydrotetrabenazine binding sites, has a maximal value (140 molecules/min) in intact granules. The reserpine to dihydrotetrabenazine binding ratio (10-25%) is an estimate of the proportion of correctly resealed vesicles.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Regioselective Oxidation of Glycosides. (2013)

Abstract This is the first catalytic, regioselective oxidation of unprotected pyranosyl glycosides.
Impingement Heat Transfer on a Cylindrical, Concave Surface With Varying Jet Geometries (2016)

Jet impingement is often employed within the leading edge of turbine airfoils to combat the heat loads incurred within this region. This experimental investigation employs a transient liquid crystal technique to obtain detailed Nusselt number distributions on a concave, cylindrical surface that models the leading edge of a turbine airfoil. The effect of hole shape and differing hole inlet and exit conditions are investigated. Two hole shapes are studied: cylindrical and racetrack-shaped holes; for each hole shape, the hydraulic diameter and mass flow rate into the array of jets is conserved. As a result, the jet's Reynolds number varies between the two jet arrays. Reynolds numbers of 13,600, 27,200, and 40,700 are investigated for the cylindrical holes, and Reynolds numbers of 11,500, 23,000, and 34,600 are investigated for the racetrack holes. Three inlet and exit conditions are investigated for each hole shape: a square edged, a partially filleted, and a fully filleted hole. The ratio of the fillet radius to hole hydraulic diameter is set at 0.25 and 0.667 for the partially and fully filleted holes, respectively, while all other geometrical features remain constant. Results show the Nusselt number is directly related to the Reynolds number for both cylindrical and racetrack-shaped holes. The racetrack holes are shown to provide enhanced heat transfer compared to the cylindrical holes. The degree of filleting at the inlet and outlet of the holes affects whether the heat transfer on the leading edge model is further enhanced or degraded.
<title>Three-dimensional high-resolution ultrasonic imaging of the eye</title> (2000)

Very high frequency (50 MHz) ultrasound provides spatial resolution on the order of 30 microns axially by 60 microns laterally. Our aim was to reconstruct the three-dimensional anatomy of the eye in the full detail permitted by this fine- scale transducer resolution. We scanned the eyes of human subjects and anesthetized rabbits in a sequence of parallel planes 50 microns apart. Within each scan plane, vectors were also spaced 50 microns apart. Radio-frequency data were digitized at a rate of 250 MHz or higher. A series of spectrum analysis and segmentation algorithms was applied to data acquired in each plane; the outputs of these procedures were used to produce color-coded 3-D representations of the sclera, iris and ciliary processes to enhance 3-D volume rendered presentation. We visualized the radial pattern of individual ciliary processes in humans and rabbits and the geodetic web of supporting connections between the ciliary processes and iris that exist only in the rabbit. By acquiring data such that adjacent vectors and planes are separated by less than the transducer's lateral resolution, we were able to visualize structures, such as the ciliary web, that had not been seen before in-vivo. Our techniques offer the possibility of high- precision imaging and measurement of anterior segment structures. This would be relevant in monitoring of glaucoma, tumors, foreign bodies and other clinical conditions.
H/sub ∞/ loop shaping design for nano-positioning (2004)

This article presents the identification and control of a nano-positioning device. The device consists of two stages, which enable two-dimensional positioning. Each stage is actuated by piezo-electric stacks and its motion is sensed by a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT). A 2 /spl times/ 2 transfer function has been identified to describe the device. In this paper the main limitations to nano-positioning have been overcome through control. Feedback laws have been designed to address the undesirable effects of hysteresis and creep, which are significant in the open loop implementation, and to meet the steady state tracking and bandwidth requirements of nano-positioning. Great emphasis has been placed on robustness, which leads to a system that can withstand the diverse conditions where it will be used and does not necessitate tuning, as is the case with the existing designs. Accordingly, Glover-McFarlane H/sub /spl infin// loop shaping controllers have been employed to robustify existing non-model based designs. The merits of these designs along with the experimental results obtained by using them have been presented.
Full stress tensor measurement using colour centres in diamond (2011)

Stress and strain are important factors in determining the mechanical, electronic, and optical properties of materials, relating to each other by the material's elasticity or stiffness. Both are represented by second rank field tensors with, in general, six independent components. Measurements of these quantities are usually achieved by measuring a property that depends on the translational symmetry and periodicity of the crystal lattice, such as optical phonon energies using Raman spectroscopy, the electronic band gap using cathodoluminescence, photoelasticity via the optical birefringence, or Electron Back Scattering Diffraction (EBSD). A reciprocal relationship therefore exists between the maximum sensitivity of the measurements and the spatial resolution. Furthermore, of these techniques, only EBSD and off-axis Raman spectroscopy allow measurement of all six components of the stress tensor, but neither is able to provide full 3D maps. Here we demonstrate a method for measuring the full stress tensor in diamond, using the spectral and optical polarization properties of the photoluminescence from individual nitrogen vacancy (NV) colour centres. We demonstrate a sensitivity of order 10 MPa, limited by local fluctuations in the stress in the sample, and corresponding to a strain of about 10^-5, comparable with the best sensitivity provided by other techniques. By using the colour centres as built-in local sensors, the technique overcomes the reciprocal relationship between spatial resolution and sensitivity and offers the potential for measuring strains as small as 10^-9 at spatial resolution of order 10 nm. Furthermore it provides a straightforward route to volumetric stress mapping. Aside from its value in understanding strain distributions in diamond, this new approach to stress and strain measurement could be adapted for use in micro or nanoscale sensors.
Large Salient Pole Synchronous Machines Field Windings Diagnosis by Frequency Response (2018)

Frequency Response Analysis is a well-known technique for the diagnosis of power transformers. Currently, this technique is under research for its application in rotary electrical machines. This paper presents the application of FRA to the diagnosis of poles of the field winding of synchronous machines. Numerous tests have been performed with ground fault and inter-turn fault in a pole of the field winding of a large commercial size synchronous generator. This technique has been validated through numerous experimental laboratory tests in a pole of a 40 MVA synchronous generator with satisfactory results.
RoSI: Recovering 3D Shape Interiors from Few Articulation Images (2023)

The dominant majority of 3D models that appear in gaming, VR/AR, and those we use to train geometric deep learning algorithms are incomplete, since they are modeled as surface meshes and missing their interior structures. We present a learning framework to recover the shape interiors (RoSI) of existing 3D models with only their exteriors from multi-view and multi-articulation images. Given a set of RGB images that capture a target 3D object in different articulated poses, possibly from only few views, our method infers the interior planes that are observable in the input images. Our neural architecture is trained in a category-agnostic manner and it consists of a motion-aware multi-view analysis phase including pose, depth, and motion estimations, followed by interior plane detection in images and 3D space, and finally multi-view plane fusion. In addition, our method also predicts part articulations and is able to realize and even extrapolate the captured motions on the target 3D object. We evaluate our method by quantitative and qualitative comparisons to baselines and alternative solutions, as well as testing on untrained object categories and real image inputs to assess its generalization capabilities.
A fibrin enhanced thrombosis model for medical devices operating at low shear regimes or large surface areas (2022)

Over the past decade, much of the development of computational models of device-related thrombosis has focused on platelet activity. While those models have been successful in predicting thrombus formation in medical devices operating at high shear rates (> 5000 s-1), they cannot be directly applied to low-shear devices, such as blood oxygenators and catheters, where emerging information suggest that fibrin formation is the predominant mechanism of clotting and platelet activity plays a secondary role. In the current work, we augment an existing platelet-based model of thrombosis with a partial model of the coagulation cascade that includes contact activation of factor XII and fibrin production. To calibrate the model, we simulate a backward-facing-step flow channel that has been extensively characterized in-vitro. Next, we perform blood perfusion experiments through a microfluidic chamber mimicking a hollow fiber membrane oxygenator and validate the model against these observations. The simulation results closely match the time evolution of the thrombus height and length in the backward-facing-step experiment. Application of the model to the microfluidic hollow fiber bundle chamber capture both gross features such as the increasing clotting trend towards the outlet of the chamber, as well as finer local features such as the structure of fibrin around individual hollow fibers. Our results are in line with recent findings that suggest fibrin production, through contact activation of factor XII, drives the thrombus formation in medical devices operating at low shear rates with large surface area to volume ratios.
Accuracy of schemes for the Euler equations with non-uniform meshers (1986)

The effect of non-uniform grids on the solution of the Euler equations is analyzed. A Runge-Kutta type scheme based on a finite volume formulation is considered. It is shown that for arbitrary grids the scheme can be inconsistent even though it is second-order accurate for uniform grids. An improvement is suggested which leads to at least first-order accuracy for general grids. Test cases are presented in both two- and three-space dimensions. Applications to finite difference and implicit algorithms are also given.
Adaptive entropy constrained transform coding of magnetic resonance image sequences (1995)

Compression of magnetic resonance images (MRI) has proved to be more difficult than other medical imaging modalities, and attempts at utilizing interslice dependencies for more efficient coding have so far met with little success. On the other hand, the increasing amounts of MRI data generated every day in hospitals makes this particular data compression problem very important. In this paper, we present an adaptive, entropy constrained transform coder that also employs a new interslice estimator. Previous attempts at interslice coding of MRI have all used a piecewise uniform, discontinuous translational model. We propose a continuous piecewise affine model for interslice dependencies, whose implementation is performed through a triangle-based matching (TBM) algorithm. The residue frames from the interslice estimator are coded through an entropy constrained quantizer, applied to the block discrete cosine transformed (DCT) residue frame. Given that image statistics vary spatially, the optimal spectral distribution of bits is nonuniform. We address this issue through dividing the image into several "activity" regions. Each activity class will have a separate bank of entropy constrained scalar quantizers (ECSQs) tailored to its particular average statistics. The proposed coder was used to encode a sequence of a human heart. An improvement of almost 1 db over nonadaptive interslice and 0.3 dB over adaptive intraslice coding was obtained.
Enzymatic Activity at the Surface of Biomaterials via Supramolecular Anchoring of Peptides: The Effect of Material Processing (2011)

Supramolecular polymers allow for a modular approach to bioactive biomaterials. Here the effect of processing on the bioactivation of supramolecular biomaterials using a RNase S assay is investigated. Incorporation of S-peptides into supramolecular polymers by solvent casting shows a clear organic-solvent dependency. Although a significant release of the S-peptides is observed, RNase S activity can be measured indicating successful S-peptide surface immobilization. Additionally, the effect of electrospinning on the biomaterial's bioactivity is studied, showing that the fibrous meshes developed were bioactive. The results show the importance of solvent choice, and illustrate the potency of rendering supramolecular biomaterial films and meshes bioactive via a modular approach.
Contrast mechanisms on nanoscale subsurface imaging in ultrasonic AFM: scattering of ultrasonic waves and contact stiffness of the tip–sample (2017)

Ultrasonic atomic force microscopy (AFM) and its associated derivatives are nondestructive techniques that can elucidate subsurface nanoscale structures and properties. Despite the usefulness of these techniques, the physical contrast mechanisms responsible for the reported subsurface features observed in ultrasonic AFM are not well defined. In this study, we present a comprehensive model combining ultrasonic wave scattering and tip-sample contact stiffness to better reproduce the experimentally measured phase variations over subsurface features in two model systems. These model systems represent the two extreme sample types typically imaged by ultrasonic AFM, one being a hard material and the other a soft polymeric material. The theoretical analysis presented and associated comparisons with experimental results suggest that the image contrast depends on the combination of two contrast mechanisms: the perturbation of the scattered ultrasonic waves and the local variation of the contact stiffness at the tip-sample contact. The results of this study open up a new door for the depth estimation of buried nanoscale features into hard (engineering structures) and soft (polymers and biological structures) materials, and eventually lead to non-invasive, high-resolution 3D nano-tomography by ultrasonic AFM.
Complex-dependent inhibition of factor VIIa by antithrombin III and heparin. (1993)

The regulation of the factor VIIa-tissue factor complex is essential for control of the hemostatic response. However, the role of the inhibitor antithrombin III in the regulation of factor VIIa has remained in question. The inhibition of factor VIIa activity by antithrombin III and heparin in the presence and absence of tissue factor was evaluated using the fluorescent substrate m-LGR-nds. Our data show that the activity of recombinant human factor VIIa is inhibited by antithrombin III in the presence of heparin at a rate of 1.7 x 10(2) M-1 s-1. In the presence of tissue factor, the rate constant for this reaction increases to 5.6 x 10(3) M-1 s-1. A 1:1 stoichiometric complex between factor VIIa and antithrombin III, with an apparent molecular weight of 110,000, was detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A heterogeneous mixture of factor VIIa products with molecular weights between 50,000 and 80,000, most likely representing proteolytically degraded factor VIIa-antithrombin III complexes, was also observed.
Ex vivo platelet activation with extended duration pulse electric fields for autologous platelet gel applications A new, potential clinical standard for platelet activation and perspectives for a more widespread adoption and improved wound healing with platelet gels (2015)

Background: Abstract: Activated platelet-rich plasma (PRP), also known as “platelet gel,” has emerged in clinical use as the preferred delivery vehicle for physiological combinations of autologous growth factors in wound-healing applications. Although a review of the literature shows encouraging results for wound healing using autologous platelet gels, a more widespread adoption of this approach has been prevented for the following reasons: a) lack of clinical standard for activation, b) challenges with current activation methods, and c) incomplete reporting of PRP preparation, PRP composition, and growth factor levels post activation and how these relate to clinical outcomes. We introduce here a novel instrument-based method for ex vivo platelet activation that eliminates the various challenges posed by the current platelet activator bovine thrombin (high cost, complex workflow, possible side effects) and has the potential for standardisation in clinical practice. We also demonstrate growth factor release using our instrument-based method and evaluate the potency of these growth factor mixes in simple models of angiogenesis and epithelialisation.
LaFTer: Label-Free Tuning of Zero-shot Classifier using Language and Unlabeled Image Collections (2023)

Recently, large-scale pre-trained Vision and Language (VL) models have set a new state-of-the-art (SOTA) in zero-shot visual classification enabling open-vocabulary recognition of potentially unlimited set of categories defined as simple language prompts. However, despite these great advances, the performance of these zeroshot classifiers still falls short of the results of dedicated (closed category set) classifiers trained with supervised fine tuning. In this paper we show, for the first time, how to reduce this gap without any labels and without any paired VL data, using an unlabeled image collection and a set of texts auto-generated using a Large Language Model (LLM) describing the categories of interest and effectively substituting labeled visual instances of those categories. Using our label-free approach, we are able to attain significant performance improvements over the zero-shot performance of the base VL model and other contemporary methods and baselines on a wide variety of datasets, demonstrating absolute improvement of up to 11.7% (3.8% on average) in the label-free setting. Moreover, despite our approach being label-free, we observe 1.3% average gains over leading few-shot prompting baselines that do use 5-shot supervision.
ZnO based ternary transparent conductors (2006)

Abstract ZnO 1– x S x films in the whole composition range were deposited by radio‐frequency reactive sputtering on different substrates. Raman measurements verified that the LO phonon of ZnO shifts towards lower frequencies as a function of the S content in the alloyed films. The composition dependence of the band gap energy in the ternary system was determined by optical transmission and the optical bowing parameter was found to be about 3 eV. We compare this behavior to ZnOSe films which can, however, only be synthesized in a narrow composition range close to the binary constituents ZnO and ZnSe. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)