gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A major part of platelet-derived growth factor purified from human platelets is a heterodimer of one A and one B chain. (1988)

Platelet-derived growth factor, PDGF, purified from human platelets is a disulfide-bonded dimer consisting of two homologous polypeptide chains denoted A and B; it has not been known whether it is a heterodimer or a mixture of homodimers. We present here evidence that a major part of PDGF has a heterodimer structure. A highly homogeneous, 31-kDa PDGF was purified in the presence of protease inhibitors and shown to contain both chains by means of immunoprecipitations with peptide antisera specific for the A and B chains, respectively. The susceptibility of PDGF to mild acid treatment and its chromatographic behavior in reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography, as compared to A and B chain homodimers, is consistent with a heterodimer structure. Analysis of PDGF purified according to our routine, large scale procedure revealed the major part to have a heterodimer structure. In addition, B chain homodimers were also found. With the demonstration that a major part of PDGF purified from human platelets occurs as a heterodimer, all three dimeric forms of PDGF have been identified. The following nomenclature to distinguish the various forms is suggested: PDGF-AA, a homodimer of A chains; PDGF-AB, a heterodimer; PDGF-BB, a homodimer of B chains; PDGF, any dimeric form of A or B chains.
Modification of charge produced during plasma exposure in aluminum oxide by vacuum ultraviolet radiation (2002)

A temporary increase in the conductivity of aluminum oxide sputter deposited on the surface of aluminum wafers was made by exposure to VUV (vacuum ultraviolet) radiation produced by a synchrotron light source. The oxide was charged, either positively or negatively, by exposure to a nonreactive inductively coupled plasma, under typical plasma processing conditions. We show the dependence of the conductivity on the energy of the incoming radiation, and conclude that only those photons whose energy is above the oxide bandgap are capable of producing a temporary increase in conductivity. By appropriately exposing localized regions of pre-charged oxide samples to the vacuum ultraviolet radiation, we produce regions of charge depletion or enhancement in and around the exposed areas as a result of two competing processes: photoemission and enhanced conductivity. We conclude that VUV radiation may be used to significantly decrease plasma-induced surface charging of dielectrics.
Strongly turbulent stablization of electron beam-plasma interactions. Interim report (1979)

The stabilization of electron beam interactions due to strongly turbulent nonlinearities is studied analytically and numerically for a wide range of plasma parameters. A fluid mode coupling code is described in which the effects of electron and ion Landau damping and linear growth due to the energetic electron beam are included in a phenomenological manner. Stabilization of the instability is found to occur when the amplitudes of the unstable modes exceed the threshold of the oscillating two stream instability. The coordinate space structure of the turbulent spectrum which results clearly shows that soliton-like structures are formed by this process. Phenomenological models of both the initial stabilization and the asymptotic states are developed. Scaling laws between the beam-plasma growth rate and the fluctuations in the fields and plasma density are found in both cases, and shown to be in good agreement with the results of the simulation.
Photonic Generation and Wireless Transmission of Linearly/Nonlinearly Continuously Tunable Chirped Millimeter-Wave Waveforms With High Time-Bandwidth Product at W-Band (2012)

We demonstrate a novel scheme for photonic generation of chirped millimeter-wave (MMW) pulse with ultrahigh time-bandwidth product (TBP). By using a fast wavelength-sweeping laser with a narrow instantaneous linewidth, wideband/high-power photonic transmitter-mixers, and heterodyne-beating technique, continuously tunable chirped MMW waveforms at the W-band are generated and detected through wireless transmission. Compared with the reported optical grating-based wavelength-to-time mapping techniques for chirped pulse generation, our approach eliminates the problem in limited frequency resolution of grating, which seriously limits the continuity, tunability, and TBP of the generated waveform. Furthermore, by changing the alternating current (AC) waveform of the driving signal to the sweeping laser, linearly or nonlinearly continuously chirped MMW pulse can be easily generated and switched. Using our scheme, linearly and nonlinearly chirped pulses with record-high TBPs (89-103 GHz/ 50 μs/7 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> ) are experimentally achieved.
Quasiparticle calculation of the dielectric response of silicon and germanium (1991)

We calculate the dielectric function ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{1}$(\ensuremath{\omega}) of silicon and germanium for frequencies below the direct band gap at the experimental lattice constant as well as the pressure dependence of the static dielectric constant ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{1}$(P). Our theory is an extension of the local-density approximation (LDA). We include self-energy effects by adding an operator to the usual LDA Hamiltonian; i.e., ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathbf{k}}$=${\mathit{H}}_{\mathbf{k}}^{\mathrm{LDA}}$+${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{\mathbf{k}}$${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{c}\mathbf{k}}$. This form leads to a Ward-identity replacement p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathit{n}\mathbf{k}}$-${\mathit{H}}_{\mathbf{k}}^{\mathrm{LDA}}$${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathit{n}\mathbf{k}}$ -${\mathit{H}}_{\mathbf{k}}$)p. Our theory is in agreement with experiment for ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{1}$(\ensuremath{\omega}) at the level of a few percent. For ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{1}$(P), we are in agreement with experiments for silicon and some of the conflicting experiments for germanium. A prediction is made for the pressure dependence of the dielectric function of silicon beyond the linear regime.
Measurements for microwave differential and IQ devices (2014)

In the past, devices that require true-mode differential drive (+-180 degree) or true-mode IQ drive (0 and 9 degree) have been difficult to measure at RF and microwave frequencies. At microwave frequencies, baluns and 90 degree hybrids have poor performance, and are very difficult to use in on-wafer test. True-mode VNAs have allowed non-linear measurements of compression, but require input and output frequencies to be the same. To date, no method has been presented that can allow measurements of differential harmonics, differential mixers, or IQ mixers without the use of baluns or hybrids at high frequency, or with high accuracy. This paper presents a new method that provides fully corrected measurements for all these cases, over swept frequency or swept power, or swept phase without the use of baluns. It is suitable for on-wafer applications and extensible to mm-wave frequencies.
High throughput HLA genotyping using 454 sequencing and the Fluidigm Access Array™ system for simplified amplicon library preparation (2013)

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and class II loci are the most polymorphic genes in the human genome; distinguishing the thousands of HLA alleles is challenging. Next generation sequencing of exonic amplicons with the 454 genome sequence (GS) FLX System and Conexio Assign ATF 454 software provides high resolution, high throughput HLA genotyping for eight class I and class II loci. HLA typing of potential donors for unrelated bone marrow donor registries typically uses a subset of these loci at high sample throughput and low cost per sample. The Fluidigm Access Array System enables the incorporation of 48 different multiplex identifiers (MIDs) corresponding to 48 genomic DNA samples with up to 48 different primer pairs in a microfluidic device generating 2304 parallel polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). Minimal volumes of reagents are used. During genomic PCR, in this 4-primer system, the outer set of primers containing the MID and the 454 adaptor sequences are incorporated into an amplicon generated by the inner HLA target-specific primers each containing a common sequence tag at the 5' end of the forward and reverse primers. Pools of the resulting amplicons are used for emulsion PCR and clonal sequencing on the 454 Life Sciences GS FLX System, followed by genotyping with Conexio software. We have genotyped 192 samples with 100% concordance to known genotypes using 8 primer pairs (covering exons 2 and 3 of HLA-A, B and C, and exon 2 of DRB1, 3/4/5 and DQB1) and 96 MIDs in a single GS FLX run. An average of 166 reads per amplicon was obtained. We have also genotyped 96 samples at high resolution (14 primer pairs covering exons 2, 3, and 4 of the class I loci and exons 2 of DRB1, 3/4/5, DQA1, DQB1, DPB1, and exon 3 of DQB1), recovering an average of 173 sequence reads per amplicon.
Synthesis and Characterization of Semicrystalline Polyethylene‐graft‐Poly(acrylic acid) Copolymers (2011)

Abstract Hydrophilic polyolefin materials were prepared by grafting tBA from PE macroinitiators bearing functionalized norbornene units capable of initiating an ATRP. This method produced semicrystalline graft copolymers (PE ‐graft‐ PtBA) with narrow molecular weight distributions (1.2–1.4) and tunable tBA content (2–21 mol‐%). Incorporation of tBA resulted in a decrease in crystallinity, but little change in the melting point of the products. Subsequently, the tBA moieties were converted into acrylic acid units through chemical and thermal means to generate PE ‐graft‐ PAA copolymers. The increased hydrophilicity of the resulting materials was verified by ATR‐IR, solid‐state 13 C NMR spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, and TGA. magnified image
Channel equalization for communication with chaotic signals (1996)

Chaotic signals and synchronized systems are potentially useful as modulation or masking waveforms for communications systems. This paper explores the effect on synchronization of frequency dependent channel gain, i.e., linear filtering. Several approaches to compensating for these effects are also discussed.
The first draft reference genome of the American mink (Neovison vison) (2017)

The American mink (Neovison vison) is a semiaquatic species of mustelid native to North America. It's an important animal for the fur industry. Many efforts have been made to locate genes influencing fur quality and color, but this search has been impeded by the lack of a reference genome. Here we present the first draft genome of mink. In our study, two mink individuals were sequenced by Illumina sequencing with 797 Gb sequence generated. Assembly yielded 7,175 scaffolds with an N50 of 6.3 Mb and length of 2.4 Gb including gaps. Repeat sequences constitute around 31% of the genome, which is lower than for dog and cat genomes. The alignments of mink, ferret and dog genomes help to illustrate the chromosomes rearrangement. Gene annotation identified 21,053 protein-coding sequences present in mink genome. The reference genome's structure is consistent with the microsatellite-based genetic map. Mapping of well-studied genes known to be involved in coat quality and coat color, and previously located fur quality QTL provide new knowledge about putative candidate genes for fur traits. The draft genome shows great potential to facilitate genomic research towards improved breeding for high fur quality animals and strengthen our understanding on evolution of Carnivora.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3,4,6‐Trisubstituted Cinnolines by Intramolecular Wittig Reaction of ortho‐Carbonyl‐Substituted Arylazomethylenetriphenylphosphoranes. (1990)

Abstract The phosphoranes (I) and (III) are subjected for the first time to Wittig reaction and the new cinnolines (II) and (IV), resp., are obtained.
Fabrication of 0.1μm-gate InP HEMTs using i-line lithography (2003)

We developed a new process (PATRASH: PAttern TRAnsfer SHrink) for fabricating T-shaped 0.1/spl mu/m-gate InP HEMTs using i-line lithography. Higher throughput lithography processes were achieved by applying i-line lithography instead of electron beam (EB) lithography. The process we developed has three important technical aspects: shrinking the photoresist pattern, dry etching the multi-layer resists, and shrinking the PMMA resist. The controllability of gate lengths was good enough to realize circuit operation. Using our process, we fabricated a T-shaped 0.1/spl mu/m-gate InP HEMT that showed a transconductance of 880 mS/mm and a cut-off frequency of 202 GHz. This performance equaled that of a device produced using EB lithography.
Optical Metamagnetism and Negative Index Metamaterials (2008)

A new class of artificially structured materials called metamaterials makes it possible to achieve electromagnetic properties that do not exist in nature. In this paper we review the recent progress made in the area of optical metamaterials. It was predicted that nanostructured metamaterials could provide us with artificial magnetic response and negative refractive index at optical frequencies. To date, optical metamagnetics have been already fabricated to demonstrate artificial magnetic response in the infrared and across the entire visible spectrum, while metamaterials showing negative refractive index, also called negative index materials (NIM), have been demonstrated in the infrared and at the border with the visible spectral range. Here we report the results of a sample that displays NIM behavior for red light at a wavelength of 710 nm. This is the shortest wavelength so far at which NIM behavior has been observed for light (excluding a device built on surface plasmon polaritons). We also discuss the fabrication challenges and the impact of fabrication limitations, specifically surface roughness of the fabricated structures on the optical properties of the metamaterials.
RET Mutation Scanning Update: Exon 15 (2009)

Mutation scanning by high-resolution melting analysis has high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity (1)(2). Our 2006 Clinical Chemistry report demonstrated that mutation scanning of RET (ret protooncogene) detects mutations causative of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (3). To illustrate mutation-scanning data for exon 15, we used cell lines that had the wild-type sequence or were heterozygous for a common, nonpathogenic exon 15 polymorphism (c.2712C>G, p.S904S), which occurs at an allele frequency of 11%–27% (4)(5), but samples with other exon 15 sequence variants were not available at that time. We have revisited this mutation-scanning assay for exon 15 because a sample with a novel exon 15 sequence variant (c.2673G>A, p.S891S) (5) became available for testing. Additionally, the published exon 15 forward primer had inadvertently been designed to anneal over a nonpathogenic polymorphism within intron 14, c.2608-24G>A (rs2472737). The variant allele for this polymorphism occurs at a frequency of 6%–28%, depending on the population (4)(5). Because this polymorphism is common and closer to the 5′ end of the exon 15 forward primer, we used samples of known genotypes to test the function of this published primer for amplification efficiency, allele dropout, and mutation-scanning results for RET exon 15.

The protocol for RET mutation scanning by high-resolution melting analysis was described previously …
Highly Accurate Prediction Model for Daily Runoff in Semi-Arid Basin Exploiting Metaheuristic Learning Algorithms (2021)

Developing trustworthy rainfall-runoff (R-R) models can offer serviceable information for planning and managing water resources. Use of artificial neural network (ANN) in adopting such models and predicting changes in runoff has become popular among many hydrologists from a long time. However, since the optimization is the most significant phase in ANN training, researchers’ attentiveness has been attracted to the ANN’s biggest problem, i.e. its susceptibility of being blocked in local minima. Consequently, use of genetic algorithms (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), firefly algorithm (FFA) and improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) approaches to increase the performance of ANN, have gained remarkable interest among distinct modern heuristic optimization approaches. In this paper, the capability of four improved ANN methods, hybrid GA-based ANN, PSO-based ANN, FFA-based ANN and IPSO-based ANN in modeling rainfall-runoff (R-R) is investigated. IPSO has been used in order to increase the ability of PSO, where the new positions of particles are dynamically adjusted using two procedures which is given form the velocity obtained by PSO and proposed velocity in IPSO. The random normal grated number with a dynamical scale factor is used to compute the new position of the best particles in proposed velocity. Daily R-R data from six stations distributed in the Seybouse watershed located in semi-arid region in Algeria were used in models’ development. The selection of the input data sets was carried out using the autocorrelation, partial autocorrelation and cross correlation functions. The results of the four hybrid models were compared via performance metrics, viz., Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Pearson’s correlation coefficient (R), Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficient (NSE), and via graphical analysis (scatter plots, time series and Taylor diagram). Outcomes of the analysis at all study stations disclosed that all the ANN models enhanced with IPSO overachieved the GA-based ANN, PSO-based ANN and FFA-based ANN models in estimating runoff for both training and testing periods. The outcomes of the study indicate that the IPSO hybrid metaheuristic algorithm is the best technique in improving ANN capability in modeling daily R-R.
Multitask Principal–Agent Analyses: Incentive Contracts, Asset Ownership, and Job Design (1991)

Journal Article Multitask Principal–Agent Analyses: Incentive Contracts, Asset Ownership, and Job Design Get access Bengt Holmstrom, Bengt Holmstrom Yale University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Paul Milgrom Paul Milgrom Stanford University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Volume 7, Issue special_issue, January 1991, Pages 24–52, https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/7.special_issue.24 Published: 01 January 1991
Pulseq‐CEST: Towards multi‐site multi‐vendor compatibility and reproducibility of CEST experiments using an open‐source sequence standard (2021)

With Pulseq-CEST, we provide a straightforward approach to standardize, share, simulate, and measure different CEST preparation schemes, which are inherently completely defined.
A hybrid approach combining microCT and fluorescence tomography: imaging workflow and system of coordinate registration (2011)

A fluorescence imaging system was designed to interface with a microCT device. We focus on refining the workflow for meshing and the coordinate registration of the two systems. The former is performed by projection imaging in the microCT, reconstructing a volume, segmenting using image processing software, and meshing using the NIRFAST software. The coordinate registration is performed by exploiting the geometry of the fluorescence system. We determine the location of the geometrical center of a subject, which can be used to derive a translation between instruments. The co-registration is validated by imaging optical phantoms.
Efficient luminescence in highly tensile-strained germanium (2009)

Up to 2.3% biaxial tensile-strained Ge layers have been grown on InGaAs/GaAs buffer layers. A dramatic increase in low temperature photoluminescence intensity for >2% strained Ge confirms the existence of a direct band gap Ge.
Phase Equilibrium Behavior of the Binary Systems CO2 + Nonadecane and CO2 + Soysolv and the Ternary System CO2 + Soysolv + Quaternary Ammonium Chloride Surfactant (2003)

Liquid phase and molar volume data were measured for the binary system CO2 + soysolv at (298.15, 313.15, 323.15, 333.15, and 343.15) K and the ternary system CO2 + soysolv + quaternary ammonium chloride surfactant at (298.15, 313.15, and 333.15) K, where the composition of soysolv to the surfactant is 99:1 wt % and 80:20 wt % on a CO2-free basis. Data were collected stoichiometrically with a high-pressure Pyrex glass cell, where no sampling or chromatographic equipment is required. The accuracy of the experimental apparatus was tested with phase equilibrium measurements for the system CO2 + nonadecane at 313.15 K. A pressure-decay technique was used to calculate the mass of CO2 loaded into the equilibrium section of the apparatus, and its accuracy was verified with a blank nitrogen experiment. The generated data show that CO2 modified soysolv is an effective transport medium for the quaternary ammonium chloride surfactant.
Switching bilateral filter with a texture/noise detector for universal noise removal (2010)

In this paper, we propose a switching bilateral filter (SBF) with a texture and noise detector for universal noise removal. Operation was carried out in two stages: detection followed by filtering. For detection, we propose the sorted quadrant median vector (SQMV) scheme, which includes important features such as edge or texture information. This information is utilized to allocate a reference median from SQMV, which is in turn compared with a current pixel to classify it as impulse noise, Gaussian noise, or noise-free. The SBF removes both Gaussian and impulse noise without adding another weighting function. The range filter inside the bilateral filter switches between the Gaussian and impulse modes depending on the noise classification result. Simulation results show that our noise detector has a high noise detection rate as well as a high classification rate for salt-and-pepper, uniform impulse noise and mixed impulse noise. Unlike most other impulse noise filters, the proposed SBF achieves high peak signal-to-noise ratio and great image quality by efficiently removing both types of mixed noise, salt-and-pepper with uniform noise and salt-and-pepper with Gaussian noise. In addition, the computational complexity of SBF is significantly less than that of other mixed noise filters.