gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-loss polycrystalline silicon waveguides for silicon photonics (1996)

Photonic integrated circuits in silicon require waveguiding through a material compatible with silicon very large scale integrated circuit technology. Polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si), with a high index of refraction compared to SiO2 and air, is an ideal candidate for use in silicon optical interconnect technology. In spite of its advantages, the biggest hurdle to overcome in this technology is that losses of 350 dB/cm have been measured in as-deposited bulk poly-Si structures, as against 1 dB/cm losses measured in waveguides fabricated in crystalline silicon. We report methods for reducing scattering and absorption, which are the main sources of losses in this system. To reduce surface scattering losses we fabricate waveguides in smooth recrystallized amorphous silicon and chemomechanically polished poly-Si, both of which reduce losses by about 40 dB/cm. Atomic force microscopy and spectrophotometry studies are used to monitor surface roughness, which was reduced from an rms value of 19–20 nm down to about 4–6 nm. Bulk absorption/scattering losses can depend on size, structure, and quality of grains and grain boundaries which we investigate by means of transmission electron microscopy. Although the lowest temperature deposition has twice as large a grain size as the highest temperature deposition, the losses appear to not be greatly dependent on grain size in the 0.1–0.4 μm range. Additionally, absorption/scattering at dangling bonds is investigated before and after a low temperature electron-cyclotron resonance hydrogenation step. After hydrogenation, we obtain the lowest reported poly-Si loss values at λ=1.54 μm of about 15 dB/cm.
Improving nutrition and immunity with dry chain and integrated pest management food technologies in LMICs (2020)

Author(s): Dahal, Peetambar; Dhimal, Meghnath; Belbase, Krishna; Tiwari, Sundar; Groopman, John; West, Keith; Pollock, Bradley; Pyakurel, Subodh; Acharya, Ganga; Aryal, Sunil; Ghimire, Yug Nath; Neupane, Manish; Poudel, Rosina; Van Ashbrouck, Johan; Kunusoth, Keshavulu; De Saeger, Sarah; De Boevre, Marthe; Gharti-Chhetri, Gokarna; Gurung, Tek Bahadur; Bradford, Kent J
PACEMAKER: Avoiding HeART attacks in storage clusters with disk-adaptive\n redundancy (2021)

Data redundancy provides resilience in large-scale storage clusters, but\nimposes significant cost overhead. Substantial space-savings can be realized by\ntuning redundancy schemes to observed disk failure rates. However, prior design\nproposals for such tuning are unusable in real-world clusters, because the IO\nload of transitions between schemes overwhelms the storage infrastructure\n(termed transition overload).\n This paper analyzes traces for millions of disks from production systems at\nGoogle, NetApp, and Backblaze to expose and understand transition overload as a\nroadblock to disk-adaptive redundancy: transition IO under existing approaches\ncan consume 100% cluster IO continuously for several weeks. Building on the\ninsights drawn, we present PACEMAKER, a low-overhead disk-adaptive redundancy\norchestrator. PACEMAKER mitigates transition overload by (1) proactively\norganizing data layouts to make future transitions efficient, and (2)\ninitiating transitions proactively in a manner that avoids urgency while not\ncompromising on space-savings. Evaluation of PACEMAKER with traces from four\nlarge (110K-450K disks) production clusters show that the transition IO\nrequirement decreases to never needing more than 5% cluster IO bandwidth\n(0.2-0.4% on average). PACEMAKER achieves this while providing overall\nspace-savings of 14-20% and never leaving data under-protected. We also\ndescribe and experiment with an integration of PACEMAKER into HDFS.\n
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of a Novel Thiopyranoindole Ring System. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Externally Applied Electric Fields up to 1.6 × 105 V/m Do Not Affect the Homogeneous Nucleation of Ice in Supercooled Water (2010)

The freezing of water can initiate at electrically conducting electrodes kept at a high electric potential or at charged electrically insulating surfaces. The microscopic mechanisms of these phenomena are unknown, but they must involve interactions between water molecules and electric fields. This paper investigates the effect of uniform electric fields on the homogeneous nucleation of ice in supercooled water. Electric fields were applied across drops of water immersed in a perfluorinated liquid using a parallel-plate capacitor; the drops traveled in a microchannel and were supercooled until they froze due to the homogeneous nucleation of ice. The distribution of freezing temperatures of drops depended on the rate of nucleation of ice, and the sensitivity of measurements allowed detection of changes by a factor of 1.5 in the rate of nucleation. Sinusoidal alternation of the electric field at frequencies from 3 to 100 kHz prevented free ions present in water from screening the electric field in the bulk of drops. Uniform electric fields in water with amplitudes up to (1.6 ± 0.4) × 10(5) V/m neither enhanced nor suppressed the homogeneous nucleation of ice. Estimations based on thermodynamic models suggest that fields in the range of 10(7)-10(8) V/m might cause an observable increase in the rate of nucleation.
Detailing the optimality of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria through systems biology analysis (2012)

Photosynthesis has recently gained considerable attention for its potential role in the development of renewable energy sources. Optimizing photosynthetic organisms for biomass or biofuel production will therefore require a systems understanding of photosynthetic processes. We reconstructed a high-quality genome-scale metabolic network for Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 that describes key photosynthetic processes in mechanistic detail. We performed an exhaustive in silico analysis of the reconstructed photosynthetic process under different light and inorganic carbon (Ci) conditions as well as under genetic perturbations. Our key results include the following. (i) We identified two main states of the photosynthetic apparatus: a Ci-limited state and a light-limited state. (ii) We discovered nine alternative electron flow pathways that assist the photosynthetic linear electron flow in optimizing the photosynthesis performance. (iii) A high degree of cooperativity between alternative pathways was found to be critical for optimal autotrophic metabolism. Although pathways with high photosynthetic yield exist for optimizing growth under suboptimal light conditions, pathways with low photosynthetic yield guarantee optimal growth under excessive light or Ci limitation. (iv) Photorespiration was found to be essential for the optimal photosynthetic process, clarifying its role in high-light acclimation. Finally, (v) an extremely high photosynthetic robustness drives the optimal autotrophic metabolism at the expense of metabolic versatility and robustness. The results and modeling approach presented here may promote a better understanding of the photosynthetic process. They can also guide bioengineering projects toward optimal biofuel production in photosynthetic organisms.
Leveraging a Generalized Tutoring Framework in Exploratory Simulations Of Ill-Defined Domains. (2013)

Abstract. Generalized frameworks for constructing intelligent tutors, such as GIFT promise many benefits. These benefits should be extended to systems that work in ill-defined domains, especially in simulation environments. This paper presents ideas for understanding how ill-defined domains change the tutoring dynamic in simulated environments and proposes some initial extensions to GIFT that accommodate these challenges.
Increasing thermal stability of subtilisin from mutations suggested by strongly interacting side-chain clusters (1995)

In this paper we present for seven subtilisin structures a systematic comparison of densely packed side-group clusters (defined as an ensemble of side chains with extensive internal atomic contacts as compared with those made with the surrounding protein environment and measured relative to the maximum possible for each residue type). Spatially consistent clusters are observed at structurally equivalent positions in the proteins, as revealed by careful multiple superpositioning of the respective backbone atoms. The clusters are positioned at strategic loop-connecting sites near the protein surfaces. The residues within consistent clusters displaying extensive association show varying conservation at structurally equivalent alignment sites. Suggestions for residue substitutions, as observed over the seven tertiary structures, were taken from the cluster positions and were shown to be consistent with a number of point mutations in one of the seven structures (savinase) that result in increased thermal stability.
Deposition of C-terminally truncated Aβ species Aβ37 and Aβ39 in Alzheimer’s disease and transgenic mouse models (2016)

In Alzheimer's disease (AD) a variety of amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) are deposited in the form of extracellular diffuse and neuritic plaques (NP), as well as within the vasculature. The generation of Aβ from its precursor, the amyloid precursor protein (APP), is a highly complex procedure that involves subsequent proteolysis of APP by β- and γ-secretases. Brain accumulation of Aβ due to impaired Aβ degradation and/or altered ratios between the different Aβ species produced is believed to play a pivotal role in AD pathogenesis. While the presence of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in vascular and parenchymal amyloid have been subject of extensive studies, the deposition of carboxyterminal truncated Aβ peptides in AD has not received comparable attention. In the current study, we for the first time demonstrate the immunohistochemical localization of Aβ37 and Aβ39 in human sporadic AD (SAD). Our study further included the analysis of familial AD (FAD) cases carrying the APP mutations KM670/671NL, E693G and I716F, as well as a case of the PSEN1 ΔExon9 mutation. Aβ37 and Aβ39 were found to be widely distributed within the vasculature in the brains of the majority of studied SAD and FAD cases, the latter also presenting considerable amounts of Aβ37 containing NPs. In addition, both peptides were found to be present in extracellular plaques but only scarce within the vasculature in brains of a variety of transgenic AD mouse models. Taken together, our study indicates the importance of C-terminally truncated Aβ in sporadic and familial AD and raises questions about how these species are generated and regulated.
Red Blood Cell Partitioning, Protein Binding and Lipophilicity of Six Phenothiazines (1993)

Hexane-water partition coefficients, pKa values, protein binding and red blood cell partitioning were studied with six phenothiazine drugs. Red cell partitioning was independent of drug concentration, and there was no correlation between partitioning and physicochemical characteristics. Red cell partitioning could be used indirectly to estimate protein binding, but two potential pitfalls of general importance were found. Failure to consider drug binding of glassware and haematocrit changes were shown to induce incorrect estimates of both red cell partitioning and protein binding, as well as hexane-water partition coefficients.
Odd–even effect in optically active poly(3,4-dialkoxythiophene) (1999)

An odd–even effect is observed in the CD spectra of a homologous series of aggregated optically active poly(3,4-dialkoxythiophene)s, suggesting a helical packing of polymer chains into chiral superstructures, similar to that of the cholesteric liquid crystalline phase.
True time-delay fiber-optic control of a phased-array transmitter with three-octave bandwidth (2002)

We demonstrate a true time-delay fiber-optically controlled phased-array transmitter with eight broadband spiral elements in a sparsely-populated array. The transmitter bandwidth is microwave-component limited to 2-18 GHz frequency range. The transmitter shows /spl plusmn/50/spl deg/ azimuth steering with no observed squint over a complete frequency range.
Thalamic deep brain stimulation activates the cerebellothalamocortical pathway (2004)

To investigate the mechanism of action of deep brain stimulation (DBS), the authors studied the effects of thalamic DBS on the cerebellothalamocortical (CTC) pathway. With DBS turned off, excitability of the CTC pathway was reduced. Turning DBS on resulted in facilitation of the CTC pathway. Therefore, thalamic DBS appears to activate rather than inhibit the target area.
How to control defect formation in monolithic III/V hetero-epitaxy on (100) Si? A critical review on current approaches (2018)

The monolithic hetero-integration of III/V materials on Si substrates could enable a multitude of new device applications and functionalities which would benefit from both the excellent optoelectronic properties of III/V compound materials and the well-established and highly mature Si manufacturing technologies. Due to the lattice mismatch between most III/V compound semiconductors and Si substrates, monolithic growth inevitably leads to the formation of strain releasing defects which degrade the final device performance and reliability. This review paper provides an overview of current approaches and methods to control the defect formation in monolithic III/V hetero-epitaxy on (001) Si substrates. The focus is on understanding the mechanisms of defect nucleation, manipulation and confinement in order to eventually realize active III/V device layers on Si substrates with high crystalline quality. For details about device applications numerous references are listed. Although many different integration approaches are discussed in the literature, there are two main concepts for the hetero-epitaxial growth of III/V material on Si: growth on blanket Si wafers and selective area growth on patterned Si substrates. Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages with respect to defect control and could potentially enable the integration of different III/V devices on a Si platform.
A new family of all-inductive dual-mode filters (2001)

In this paper, we describe a new family of dual-mode filters that is based on the use of simple inductive discontinuities in a rectangular waveguide environment. The proposed filter structure can be analyzed and optimized very efficiently using multimode equivalent network representations, thus leading to a simple and rapid development procedure. In addition to theory, the measured performance of a number of filter structures is also presented, thereby fully validating the proposed filter concept.
A simple and reliable method for the detection of sialylation in complex/hybrid‐type carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins by mixed lectins (2005)

A practical and convenient method for discriminating between the presence and the absence of sialic acid in carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins was devised using paramagnetic beads and two lectins, Sambucus sieboldiana lectin (SSA) and Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA120). The glycoproteins of transferrin or thyroglobulin were firstly captured to paramagnetic beads that were previously coated with corresponding antibody, and then the lectins of RCA120-biotin and SSA-FITC were bound to the glycoproteins on the paramagnetic beads. Finally, the fluorescence intensity of the beads was measured to determine the ratios of lectins RCA120-biotin/Cy5-streptavidin to SSA-FITC. The mixed lectins method showed bigger difference of the ratios between the presence and the absence of sialic acid, indicating higher discrimination efficiency than the ordinary non-mixed lectins method. Furthermore, statistical analysis by two-side t-test indicated that the mixed lectins method was more highly reliable than the ordinary non-mixed lectins method in discriminating between the presence and the absence of sialic acid. The reaction with the two lectins can be performed in a single tube and readily automated taking advantage of the use of paramagnetic beads.
Study of Shear Wave Displacement Change Measured by 1D MRE During Focused Ultrasound Treatment: Preliminary Study (2006)

A new method is evaluated for using 1D MR elastography to monitor focused ultrasound surgery (FUS) treatment in real time. A MRI compatible ultrasound system was used and 29 pieces of ex vivo porcine tissue and 2 nude mice breast tumor xenoplant were evaluated for the change of shear wave displacement measured at the focus of pulsed ultrasound. This study shows the potential of 1D MR elastography to be used for FUS treatment monitoring.
elk , Tissue-Specific ets -Related Genes on Chromosomes X and 14 Near Translocation Breakpoints (1989)

The myb-ets-containing acute leukemia virus, E26, transforms myeloblasts and erythroblasts in culture and causes a mixed erythroid and myeloid leukemia in chicks. Genes (ets-1, ets-2, and erg) with variable relatedness to the v-ets oncogene of the E26 virus have been identified, cloned, and characterized in several species. Two new members (elk-1 and elk-2) of the ets oncogene superfamily have now been identified. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the elk-1 cDNA clone revealed that this gene encodes a 428-residue protein whose predicted amino acid sequence showed 82% similarity to the 3' region of v-ets. The elk or related sequences appear to be transcriptionally active in testis and lung. The elk cDNA probe detects two loci in the human genome, elk-1 and elk-2, which map to chromosome regions Xp11.2 and 14q32.3, respectively. These loci are near the translocation breakpoint seen in the t(X;18) (p11.2;q11.2), which is characteristic of synovial sarcoma, and the chromosome 14q32 breakpoints seen in ataxia telangiectasia and other T cell malignancies. This suggests the possibility that rearrangements of elk loci may be involved in pathogenesis of certain tumors.
Force Measurement by MEMS Sensors during Ant Running (2017)

Insect running is remarkable locomotion in nature. For example, ants climb walls and ceiling same as running on level ground. They can also carry more food to its own weight. This is due to the size effect; such insects are relatively small. Here we introduce our proposed MEMS force plate as a new sensor device for visualizing the forces acting on legs when such small insects are running. The force plate detect 2 axial force acting on the plate with force resolution under 1 µN from the resistance changes of the piezo resistors formed on the supporting beams. Using a prototype force plate, we demonstrate the measurement of the ground reaction force acting on each leg of an ant (Formica fusca).
Mvdr-Based Smart Antenna Mac for Manets (2006)

Capacity and interference suppression capabilities of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) can be greatly enhanced when directional antennas are used. The main capacity gain is achieved because of the spatial reuse which enables simultaneous connections even in dense networks. If conventional directional antennas are used, the directioning is limited by mechanical properties of the antenna steering system. adaptive antennas (a.k.a. smart antennas) offer a great advantage because of the near instantaneous modification of the radiation patterns and possibilities to suppress intentional jamming. The use of directional antennas presents a severe hidden node problem if no special methods in the MAC layer are used. We present a MAC method which can take advantage of the adaptive antenna system, needs no dedicated control channel and can suppress network self-interference and intentional jamming. This work is a continuation of previously presented bi-code channel access (BCCA) MAC method
How Different is Big Data? (2012)

One buzzword that has been popular in the last couple of years is Big Data. In simplest terms, Big Data symbolizes the aspiration to build platforms and tools to ingest, store and analyze data that can be voluminous, diverse, and possibly fast changing. In this talk, I will try to reflect on a few of the technical problems presented by the exploration of Big Data. Some of these challenges in data analytics have been addressed by our community in the past in a more traditional relational database context but only with mixed results. I will review these quests and study some of the key lessons learned. At the same time, significant developments such as the emergence of cloud infrastructure and availability of data rich web services hold the potential for transforming our industry. I will discuss the unique opportunities they present for Big Data Analytics.
Academic library directors’ use of statistical data (2020)

There has been an ongoing discussion about the input of the libraries to the output of the universities. The challenge here seems to be that a clear correlation is difficult to determine without in depth conducted research and analysis. The libraries on the other hand must prove their value to their parent organizations in order to manage the on-going survival game of the academic resource allocation and the competition with different actors within the academic information dissemination. We analyze in our paper how the statistical data is utilized in comparing the success of the universities, their output and in addition the resources and the use of their libraries. The comparison is done between five Finnish universities. Their selection is based on their similar size and academic structure. The main source of the data is interviews conducted with the library managers.
Removing Redundancy in Multi-Resolution Scalable Video Coding Schemes (2006)

Nowadays standard technologies for spatially scalable video coding use Gaussian pyramidal approaches, that naturally lead to redundant descriptions after the temporal analysis. However solutions have been proposed to preserve the critical sampling criterion within a multi-resolution framework. That research area is highly worth the interest since the redundancy suppression potentially improves compression efficiency. We focus here on two different solutions, with a special focus on the spectral composition of the transmitted information. Last some results are presented and discussed.
Radiation Robust RF Gas Beam Detector R for Intensity Frontier Experiments (2019)

A novel radiation robust RF gas beam detector has been demonstrated by using the Main Injector beam at Fermilab. The detector demonstrated a stable signal gain, fast response time, and high radiation resistivity with intense proton beams. The plasma process in the detector is studied to validate the plasma physics model. The result suggests that the detector is applicable for Long Baseline Neutrino Facility at Fermilab. To prepare for the LBNF, a proto type detector will be made and applied for the Neutrino at Main Injector target system. Progress of the project will be given in the presentation.