gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bringing Electrochemical Three-Dimensional Printing to the Nanoscale (2021)

Nanoscale 3D printing is attracting attention as an alternative manufacturing technique for a variety of applications from electronics and nanooptics to sensing, nanorobotics, and energy storage. The constantly shrinking critical dimension in state-of-the-art technologies requires fabrication of complex conductive structures with nanometer resolution. Electrochemical techniques are capable of producing impurity-free metallic conductors with superb electrical and mechanical properties, however, true nanoscale resolution (<100 nm) remained unattainable. Here, we set new a benchmark in electrochemical 3D printing. By employing nozzles with dimensions as small as 1 nm, we demonstrate layer-by-layer manufacturing of 25 nm diameter voxels. Full control of the printing process allows adjustment of the feature size on-the-fly, printing tilted, and overhanging structures. On the basis of experimental evidence, we estimate the limits of electrochemical 3D printing and discuss the origins of this new resolution frontier.
The Taxation of Retirement Saving: Choosing Between Front-Loaded and Back-Loaded Options (2001)

We examine retirement savers' choices between frontand back-loaded tax incentives, such as traditional and Roth IRAs. With equal dollar contribution limits, back-loaded plans shelter more funds than front-loaded plans. This implies that Roth IRAs can be the preferred choice even for investors who expect their tax rates to fall in retirement. Empirically, we examine how marginal tax rates have varied between 1982 and 1995 for a sample of taxpayers and calculate both ex ante and ex post effective tax rates on front-loaded IRAs. The average effective tax rate on traditional IRA contributions made in 1982 and withdrawn in 1995 was-30 percent. Changes in tax law after 1982 reduced tax rates considerably. Holding tax law constant, the average effective tax rate on IRAs was about -11 percent. These results occur because the tax rate in retirement is lower for most people than the rate while working. In contrast, the effective tax rate on Roth IRAs is always zero. Despite the lower average effective tax rate on traditional IRAs, many taxpayers in the sample would have benefited from contributing to a Roth IRA instead of a traditional IRA, due to the difference in effective contribution limits.
Interactions Among Glucose Delivery, Transport, and Phosphorylation That Underlie Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Studies With Dynamic PET Imaging (2013)

Dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) imaging was performed using sequential tracer injections ([(15)O]H2O, [(11)C]3-O-methylglucose [3-OMG], and [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose [FDG]) to quantify, respectively, skeletal muscle tissue perfusion (glucose delivery), kinetics of bidirectional glucose transport, and glucose phosphorylation to interrogate the individual contribution and interaction among these steps in muscle insulin resistance (IR) in type 2 diabetes (T2D). PET imaging was performed in normal weight nondiabetic subjects (NW) (n = 5), obese nondiabetic subjects (OB) (n = 6), and obese subjects with T2D (n = 7) during fasting conditions and separately during a 6-h euglycemic insulin infusion at 40 mU · m(-2) · min(-1). Tissue tracer activities were derived specifically within the soleus muscle with PET images and magnetic resonance imaging. During fasting, NW, OB, and T2D subjects had similar [(11)C]3-OMG and [(18)F]FDG uptake despite group differences for tissue perfusion. During insulin-stimulated conditions, IR was clearly evident in T2D (P < 0.01), and [(18)F]FDG uptake by muscle was inversely correlated with systemic IR (P < 0.001). The increase in insulin-stimulated glucose transport was less (P < 0.01) in T2D (twofold) than in NW (sevenfold) or OB (sixfold) subjects. The fractional phosphorylation of [(18)F]FDG during insulin infusion was also significantly lower in T2D (P < 0.01). Dynamic triple-tracer PET imaging indicates that skeletal muscle IR in T2D involves a severe impairment of glucose transport and additional impairment in the efficiency of glucose phosphorylation.
子どもの経験を階層的に生かす幼小連携カリキュラムの開発(5) : 幼稚園年長「発見・表現の時間」の開発を中心に (2008)

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CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CHOROIDAL VASCULATURE IN MYOPIC MACULOPATHY WITH OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY (2018)

Choriocapillaris flow impairment was observed in many highly myopic eyes, even in those with mild fundus changes, and worsened with increasing severity of myopic maculopathy. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess whether CC flow impairment predicts the risk of myopic maculopathy progression.
THE ADDITION OF EPINEPHRINE TO IRRIGATION FLUID DURING ARTHROSCOPIC SHOULDER SURGERY REDUCED BLEEDING AND INCREASED VISUALIZATION (2002)

Questions: In patients who have arthroscopic shoulder surgery, does the addition of epinephrine to the irrigation fluid reduce bleeding and improve visualization? Are adverse cardiovascular reactions increased?

Design: Randomized (unclear allocation concealment), double-blinded (surgeons and patients), placebo-controlled trial with a 1-hour follow-up.

Setting: A hospital in Denmark.

Patients: 54 patients (mean age, 37 years; range, 21 …
Clinical iron deficiency disturbs normal human responses to hypoxia (2016)

M.C. Frise is the recipient of a British Heart Foundation Clinical Research Training Fellowship (FS/14/48/30828). K.L. Dorrington is supported by the Dunhill Medical Trust (R178/1110). D.J. Roberts was supported by R&D funding from National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant and a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Programme grant (RP-PG-0310-1004). This research was funded by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Programme.
Lensless light-field imaging with multi-phased fresnel zone aperture (2017)

We have been proposing lensless light-field imaging with Fresnel zone aperture (FZA) in front of an image sensor in a few millimeter spacing. Synthesized shadows of real FZA with the incident light generate moiré fringes interfering with another virtual FZA in a computer and result in reconstructed images by simple Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). In order to obtain clear images in this configuration, it is necessary to cancel several kinds of noise component in the detected image signals. We describe details of the process and discuss its effectiveness theoretically and experimentally in this paper.
Joint Pilot Sequence Design And Power Control For Max-Min Fairness In Uplink Massive Mimo (2017)

This paper optimizes the pilot assignment and pilot transmit powers to mitigate pilot contamination in Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) systems. While prior works have treated pilot assignment as a combinatorial problem, we achieve a more tractable problem formulation by directly optimizing the pilot sequences. To this end, we compute a lower bound on the uplink (UL) spectral efficiency (SE), for Rayleigh fading channels with maximum ratio (MR) detection and arbitrary pilot sequences. We optimize the max-min SE with respect to the pilot sequences and pilot powers, under power budget constraints. This becomes an NP-hard signomial problem, but we propose an efficient algorithm to obtain a local optimum with polynomial complexity. Numerical results manifest the near optimality of the proposed algorithm and show significant gains over existing suboptimal algorithms.
Processing active devices on Si interposer and impact on cost (2015)

Enhancing the functionality of interposer substrates by incorporating low-cost active devices is investigated in this paper. Different processing options for the active devices are considered and their impact on processing cost is evaluated. Furthermore, the trade-off between processing complexity and the enabled device functionality is investigated. Two applications for the active devices on the interposer are considered: (i) pre-bond testing of the interposer dies (including TSV interconnects), and (ii) migrate the ESD protection diodes from the active dies to the interposer substrate. The impact of those applications on the system cost of three different interposer-based systems is investigated.
Necklace Globule and Counterion Condensation (2007)

We have developed a necklace model of polyelectrolyte chain in which the necklace structure appears as a result of the counterion condensation on the polyelectrolyte backbone. This necklace structure optimizes the correlation-induced attraction of the condensed counterions and charged monomers and electrostatic repulsion between uncompensated charges. The new feature of this necklace globule is that it can be formed even in good solvent conditions for the polymer backbone. By using the scaling analysis, we have calculated the diagram of state of polyelectrolyte chain as a function of the solvent quality for the polymer backbone and value of the Bjerrum length. To test the predictions of a scaling model, we have performed molecular dynamics simulations of polyelectrolyte chains with the degrees of polymerizations N = 124−304 and fraction of charged monomers f = 1/3 in good, θ, and poor solvent conditions for the polymer backbone. We have identified the range of parameters in which the necklace globule is formed due to correlation-induced attractive interactions in the good solvent conditions for the polymer backbone. The results of the molecular dynamics simulations are in qualitative agreement with the predictions of a scaling model.
A simple synthetic route to statine and statine analogues (1989)

The biologically important amino acid statine, (3S,4S)-4-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoic acid, as well as optically active statine analogues, are readily accessible in the ester form by simple reduction of the corresponding N,N-dibenzyl β-keto esters using NaBH4 followed by deprotection.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Lines Isolated by Different Isolation Methods Show Variations in the Regulation of Graft-versus-host Disease (2013)

Since the discovery of the immunomodulation property of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) about a decade ago, it has been extensively investigated whether MSCs can be used for the treatment of immune-related diseases, such as graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). However, how to evaluate the efficacy of human MSCs for the clinical trial is still unclear. We used an MHC-mismatched model of GvHD (B6 into BALB/c). Surprisingly, the administration of the human MSCs (hMSCs) could reduce the GvHD-related mortality of the mouse recipients and xenogeneically inhibit mouse T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production in vitro. We recently established a new protocol for the isolation of a homogeneous population of MSCs called subfractionation culturing methods (SCM), and established a library of clonal MSC lines. Therefore, we also investigated whether MSCs isolated by the conventional gradient centrifugation method (GCM) and SCM show different efficacy in vivo. Intriguingly, clonal hMSCs (hcMSCs) isolated by SCM showed better efficacy than hMSCs isolated by GCM. Based on these results, the MHC-mismatched model of GvHD may be useful for evaluating the efficacy of human MSCs before the clinical trial. The results of this study suggest that different MSC lines may show different efficacy in vivo and in vitro.
Toward Aligning Computer Programming with Clear Thinking via the Reason Programming Language (2008)

Logic has long set itself the task of helping humans think clearly. Certain computer programming languages, most prominently the Logo language, have been billed as helping young people become clearer thinkers. It is somewhat doubtful that such languages can succeed in this regard, but at any rate it seems sensible to explore an approach to programming that guarantees an intimate link between the thinking required to program, and the kind of clear thinking that logic has historically sought to cultivate. Accordingly, I have invented a new computer programming language, Reason, one firmly based in the declarative programming paradigm, and specifically aligned with the core skills constituting clear thinking. Reason thus offers the intimate link in
Weatherability of HALS Copolymerized Acrylic Resin Precoated Steel Sheet (2003)

The deterioration mechanism of polymer outdoors is known as autooxidation caused by radical chain reaction. Fluorocarbon resin is used to improve the weatherability of precoated metal (hereafter PCM). The binding energy and the hydohobicity of fluorocarobon resin are higher than those of other organic resins, therefore the generation of alkyl radical and the hydrolysis of bonding are reduced.We have investigated the improvement for the weatherability of acrylic base PCM without fluorocarbon. We have introduced hindered amine light stabilizers (hereafter HALS) to capture the radical, and introduced cyclohexyl metacrylate (hereafter CHMA) instead of styrene or methyl metacrylate to improve the light stability and hydrophobicity. HALS was copolymerized with CHMA to prevent the flow out form paint. The newly developed HALS-CHMA PCM showed not only good weatherbility but also good corrosion resistance.
Design of wideband CPW bandpass filters using phase comparison method and oblique air bridges (2020)

This work presents two wideband coplanar-waveguide bandpass filters using open-circuited stubs (Design 1) and short-circuited stubs (Design 2), respectively. The electrical lengths of stubs were accurately determined by a phase comparison method. In Design 1, a spurious resonance was found at the high band edge of the passband. The problem was solved by introducing oblique air bridges to ruin the undesired resonance path for the suppression of the spurious resonance. Design 1 achieves bandwidth of 38.1% and low insertion loss of 0.7 dB. Another CPW filter, Design 2, was constructed with short-circuited stubs for compact size, which can achieve a very wide bandwidth of 70.8% and insertion loss of 0.9 dB.
Transcriptomic features of primary prostate cancer and their prognostic relevance to castration-resistant prostate cancer (2017)

Although various mechanisms of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have been discovered, reliable biomarkers for monitoring CRPC progression are lacking. We sought to identify molecules that predict the progression of advanced prostate cancer (AdvPC) into CRPC. The study used primary-site samples (<i>N</i>=45 for next-generation sequencing (NGS); <i>N</i>=243 for real-time polymerase chain reaction) from patients with prostate cancer (PC). Five public databases containing microarray data of AdvPC and CRPC samples were analyzed. The NGS data showed that each progression step in PC associated with distinct gene expression profiles. <i>Androgen receptor</i> (<i>AR</i>) associated with tumorigenesis, advanced progression, and progression into CRPC. Analysis of the paired and unpaired AdvPC and CRPC samples in the NGS cohort showed that 15 genes associated with progression into CRPC. This was validated by cohort-1 and public database analyses. Analysis of the third cohort with AdvPC showed that higher <i>serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 1</i> (<i>SPINK1</i>) and lower <i>Sp8 transcription factor</i> (<i>SP8</i>) expression associated with progression into CRPC (log-rank test, both <i>P</i><0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that higher <i>SPINK1</i> (Hazard Ratio (HR)=4.506, 95% confidence intervals (CI)=1.175-17.29, <i>P</i>=0.028) and lower <i>SP8</i> (HR=0.199, 95% CI=0.063-0.632, <i>P</i>=0.006) expression independently predicted progression into CRPC. Gene network analysis showed that CRPC progression may be mediated through the <i>AR-SPINK1</i> pathway by a <i>HNF1A</i>-based gene network. Taken together, our results suggest that<i>SPINK1</i> and <i>SP8</i> may be useful for classifying patients with AdvPC who have a higher risk of progressing to CRPC.
Highly Reliable Radical SiO2Films on Atomically Flat Silicon Surface Formed by Low Temperature Pure Ar Annealing (2011)

The gate oxide films are formed by the microwave exited high density plasma on Si(100) surfaces of various flatness to discuss the reliabilities. By annealing in ultra pure Ar ambient below 900 °C at atmosphere pressure, the whole surface of 200-mm-diameter (100) orientation silicon wafers can be atomically flattened without slip-line defects generation. For the capacitors, the intrinsic life time in charge-to-breakdown ( Q bd ) characteristics and the breakdown field ( E bd ) of radical oxide films are much larger than those of thermal oxide films, and the extrinsic Q bd of radical oxide film is drastically improved by forming on atomically flat silicon surface composed with that on conventional Czochralski (Cz)-wafer surface. Moreover, fabricating radical oxide films on the atomically flat wafers, flattened at 800 or 1100 °C in Ar ambient, the equivalent gate oxide breakdown characteristics are obtained.
Inhibitory effect of the novel anti-estrogen EM-800 and medroxyprogesterone acetate on estrone-stimulated growth of dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary carcinoma in rats (1997)

The novel anti-estrogen EM-800 and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) inhibit estrone (E1)-stimulated growth of dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors in a rat model. After 65 days, ovariectomy (OVX) decreased total tumor area to 9.6 +/- 3.9% of initial size, while E1 (1.0 microg, s.c., twice daily) stimulated tumor growth to 225 +/- 40.9% of initial size. Daily oral administration of 2.5 mg/kg body weight of EM-800 completely abolished E1-stimulated tumor growth. A low daily dose of EM-800 (0.25 mg/kg body weight) or MPA (1 mg, s.c., twice daily) used alone partially reversed the stimulatory effect of E1 on the growth of DMBA-induced tumors. The combination of both compounds, however, caused a more potent inhibitory effect than each compound used alone. A high dose of EM-800 completely or almost completely inhibited the E1-stimulated vaginal and uterine weights, respectively. The same dose of EM-800 completely reversed the inhibitory effect of E1 on serum luteinizing hormone levels. Uterine, vaginal and tumoral estrogen and progesterone receptor levels were reduced markedly following treatment with EM-800. Our data show that the combination of the pure anti-estrogen EM-800 with the androgenic compound MPA achieves greater inhibition of the growth of DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma than that achieved by each compound used alone.
Chromenopyrazole-Based Bipolar Blue Host Materials for Highly Efficient Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (2018)

New electron-acceptor cores are necessary for developing highly efficient bipolar hosts, particularly for blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Herein, chromenopyrazole (CP) was used for the first time as an electron-acceptor core to design and synthesize two novel blue bipolar hosts, viz., 8-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-3-methyl-1-phenylchromeno[4,3-c]pyrazol-4(1H)-one (CzCP) and 8-(9H-[3,9′-bicarbazol]-9-yl)-3-methyl-1-phenylchromeno[4,3-c]pyrazol-4(1H)-one (2CzCP). The influence of donor strength on the photophysical, electrochemical, and electroluminescent performances was systematically investigated. CzCP and 2CzCP both maintain high triplet energy (∼3.0 eV), appropriate highest occupied and lowest unoccupied energy levels (HOMO/LUMO), and bipolar nature. Consequently, OLEDs containing CzCP as a host in the emissive layer exhibited state-of-the-art performance with external quantum efficiency of 27.9% and CIE color coordinates of (0.15, 0.21), thus achieving excellent performance among all reported blue host materials in TADF-OLEDs. This work highlights the importance of the CP unit in developing new host materials and paves the way for the realization of high-efficiency blue TADF-OLEDs.
OrderedCuts: A new approach for computing Gomory-Hu tree (2022)

The Gomory-Hu tree, or a cut tree, is a classic data structure that stores minimum $s$-$t$ cuts of an undirected weighted graph for all pairs of nodes $(s,t)$. We propose a new approach for computing the cut tree based on a reduction to the problem that we call {\tt OrderedCuts}. Given a sequence of nodes $s,v_1,\ldots,v_\ell$, its goal is to compute minimum $\{s,v_1,\ldots,v_{i-1}\}$-$v_i$ cuts for all $i\in[\ell]$. We show that the cut tree can be computed by $\tilde O(1)$ calls to {\tt OrderedCuts}. We also establish new results for {\tt OrderedCuts} that may be of independent interest. First, we prove that all $\ell$ cuts can be stored compactly with $O(n)$ space in a data structure that we call an {\em {\tt OC} tree}. Second, we prove results that allow divide-and-conquer algorithms for computing OC tree. Finally, we describe a practical implementation based on {\tt OrderedCuts}, and compare it experimentally with two existing implementations of the classical Gomory-Hu tree algorithm as well as with our implementations. The results suggest that the {\tt OrderedCuts}-based approach is the most robust: on many family of problems it outperforms other algorithms by 1-2 orders of magnitude, and is never slower by more than a small factor. Our implementation is publicly available at https://pub.ist.ac.at/~vnk/software.html.
Functional enhancement of bioreactor assisted engineered skeletal muscle (2007)

Expanded clinical applications for bioengineered skeletal muscle (BM) require a bioreactor system adequate to ensure appropriate cellular organization and enhanced tissue formation. The goal of this study was to determine if contractile function of BM can be enhanced by fusing individual muscle cells to form myofibers. Primary human skeletal muscle precursor cells (SKM) were isolated, grown and expanded in culture. Cells were placed in a muscle differentiation medium to induce cell fusion and seeded onto collagen‐based muscle scaffold strips with matrigel coating. Scaffolds containing SKM were placed in the bioreactor and subjected to ± 10–20% cycle strain at a frequency of 3X/min for 5 minutes each hour for up to 3 weeks. Non‐differentiated SKM seeded scaffolds served as controls. Bioreactor stimulated BM produced viable tissue with appropriate cellular fusion and organization. Differentiated SKM fused and formed multinucleated myofibrils in culture, but non‐differentiated SKM did not. Scanning electron microscopy of the bioreactor stimulated BM showed uniform myofiber attachment of SKM on the scaffolds. Histologically, BM demonstrated unidirectional orientation and expressed muscle markers. Electrophysiological studies documented a significant acetylcholine‐induced alteration in the current‐voltage relationships in differentiated, but not the non‐differentiated SKM (Crown Foundation).
NAG-1/GDF15 Transgenic Mouse Has Less White Adipose Tissue and a Reduced Inflammatory Response (2013)

NAG-1/GDF15 is a TGF- β superfamily member with poorly characterized biological activity proposed to inhibit inflammatory cytokine production. Transgenic mice expressing human NAG-1/GDF15 (NAG-1 (Tg/Lox) ) are leaner with lower body weight and are resistant to chemically or genetically induced intestinal tumors. Because of the link between obesity, inflammation, and cancer, we examined whether these mice exhibit a reduced response to inflammatory stimuli. The NAG-1 (Tg/Lox) mice had a reduced inflammatory response to LPS based on the serum levels of cytokines KC, IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF α . In contrast to literature reports and our in vivo results, NAG-1 did not inhibit LPS-induced cytokine expression in vitro in RAW264.7 cells, mouse peritoneal macrophages, or mouse liver Kupffer cells, suggesting that NAG-1/GDF15 does not directly inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production. However, NAG-1 (Tg/Lox) mice have less white adipose tissue, the major source of inflammatory adipokines including leptin. Basal and LPS-treated serum leptin and mRNA levels in the adipose tissue of NAG-1 (Tg/Lox) mice were lower than those in WT mice. We propose that the reduced white adipose tissue and reduced leptin expression may be responsible, in part, for the reduced inflammatory response to LPS and the decrease in intestinal tumors observed in NAG-1 (Tg/Lox) mice.