gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SO2-Catalyzed Steam Explosion of Corn Fiber for Ethanol Production (2002)

Corn fiber, a by-product of the corn wet-milling industry, represents a renewable resource that is readily available in significant quantities and could potentially serve as a low-cost feedstock for the production of fuel-grade alcohol. In this study, we used a batch reactor to steam explode corn fiber at various degrees of severity to evaluate the potential of using this feedstock in the bioconversion process. The results indicated that maximum sugar yields (soluble and following enzymatic hydrolysis) were recovered from corn fiber that was pretreated at 190 degrees C for 5 min with 6% SO2. Sequential SO2-catalyzed steam explosion and enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in very high conversion (81%) of all polysaccharides in the corn fiber to monomeric sugars. Subsequently, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was able to convert the resultant corn fiber hydrolysates to ethanol very efficiently, yielding 90-96% of theoretical conversion during the fermentation process.
Unbiased Gradient Estimation in Unrolled Computation Graphs with\n Persistent Evolution Strategies (2021)

Unrolled computation graphs arise in many scenarios, including training RNNs,\ntuning hyperparameters through unrolled optimization, and training learned\noptimizers. Current approaches to optimizing parameters in such computation\ngraphs suffer from high variance gradients, bias, slow updates, or large memory\nusage. We introduce a method called Persistent Evolution Strategies (PES),\nwhich divides the computation graph into a series of truncated unrolls, and\nperforms an evolution strategies-based update step after each unroll. PES\neliminates bias from these truncations by accumulating correction terms over\nthe entire sequence of unrolls. PES allows for rapid parameter updates, has low\nmemory usage, is unbiased, and has reasonable variance characteristics. We\nexperimentally demonstrate the advantages of PES compared to several other\nmethods for gradient estimation on synthetic tasks, and show its applicability\nto training learned optimizers and tuning hyperparameters.\n
Model-based error concealment for wireless video (2002)

We introduce model-based schemes for error concealment of networked video. We build appearance models for specific objects in the scene and use these models to replenish any lost information. Due to the models being designed specifically for the object, they are able to capture the statistical variations in the object appearance more effectively, thereby leading to better error-concealment performance. We examine statistical modeling techniques from the literature and introduce a new efficient and accurate linear model for data representation, called the mixture of principal components (MPC), and use these models for error concealment. We simulate lossy network conditions and show that these model-based concealment schemes outperform traditional concealment schemes across a variety of loss probabilities and bit rates for the coded video.
Isothermal Target and Signaling Probe Amplification Method, Based on a Combination of an Isothermal Chain Amplification Technique and a Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Cycling Probe Technology (2010)

An iTPA (isothermal target and signaling probe amplification) method for the quantitative detection of nucleic acids, based on a combination of novel ICA (isothermal chain amplification) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer cycling probe technology (FRET CPT), is described. In the new ICA method, which relies on the strand displacement activity of DNA polymerase and the RNA degrading activity of RNase H, two displacement events occur in the presence of four specially designed primers. This phenomenon leads to powerful amplification of target DNA. Since the amplification is initiated only after hybridization of the four primers, the ICA method leads to high specificity for the target sequence. As part of the new ICA method, iTPA is achieved by incorporating FRET CPT to generate multiple fluorescence signals from a single target molecule. Using the resulting dual target and signaling probe amplification system, even a single copy level of a target gene can be successfully detected and quantified under isothermal conditions.
Receptive Field (RF) Properties of the Macaque Second Somatosensory Cortex: RF Size, Shape, and Somatotopic Organization (2006)

The detailed structure of multidigit receptive fields (RFs) in somatosensory cortical areas such as the SII region has not been investigated previously using systematically controlled stimuli. Recently (Fitzgerald et al., 2004), we showed that the SII region comprises three adjoining fields: posterior, central, and anterior. Here we characterize the RF structures of the 928 neurons that were reported in that study using a motorized oriented bar that was indented into the 12 finger pads of digits 2-5. Most (81%) of the neurons were responsive to the oriented bar stimuli, and 81% of those neurons had RFs that spanned multiple digits. Furthermore, the RFs varied greatly in size, shape, and complexity. Some RFs contained only excitatory finger pads, some contained only inhibitory pads, and some contained both types of pads. A subset of the neurons (23%) showed orientation tuning within one or more pads. The RFs spread across different digits more than within individual digits, and the responsive finger pads for a given neuron tended to cluster together within the hand. Distal and lateral finger pads were better represented than proximal and medial finger pads. Furthermore, neurons in the posterior, central, and anterior SII region fields contained different proportions of RF types. These results collectively indicate that most SII region neurons are selective for different stimulus forms either within single finger pads or across multiple pads. We hypothesize that these RFs represent the kernels underlying the representation of tactile shape.
A Geodynamic Model of Alba Patera; Hotspot Tectonics and Volcanism Under the Tharsis Stress Field (2003)

Alba Patera, one of the largest volcanoes in the planetary system, is situated at the northern periphery of the Tharsis rise and is characterised by numerous graben-dike systems. A study of the fault or dike geometry combined with finite element modelling and analogue experiments allows to assess the influences of regional and local tectonics on the volcano. The graben configuration reflects a change of regional stress orientation and magnitude from the Tharsis centre to the periphery. To the south of Alba Patera, the branch of oldest grabens indicates a significant regional E-W extension. At higher latitudes, the direction of the regional extension turned towards NW-SE. Its influence on the structural pattern was important near the volcano centre and decreased toward the north. However, volcanism and tectonics at Alba Patera were largely uncoupled from the Tharsis activity. Broad uplift centred on Alba Patera better explains the radial pattern of dike swarms that occurred from the edifice centre to the northern pole along 1000 km distance. Coupled with the giant dike swarms, the widespread volcanism of Alba Patera's early phase is similar to the flood basalt provinces commonly associated to hotspot and continental rifting episodes on Earth. Local uplift was followed by subsidence of smaller wavelength responsible for the formation of concentric grabens on the upper and mid flanks of the volcano. The circular fracturing represents a long-term mechanism active during several ten or even hundreds of Myrs accounting for mantle dynamic processes. An increase of density of the mid and lower crust by intrusion and subsequent cooling below Alba Patera probably formed a local stress field that superposed on the regional tectonics. The study of Alba Patera allows to reconstruct the successive tectonic and magmatic events from the birth to the death of an hotspot.
REMOVAL OF FIBER FROM DISTILLERS DRIED GRAINS WITH SOLUBLES (DDGS) TO INCREASE VALUE (2002)

This study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of using air aspiration to remove fiber from distillers driedgrains with solubles (DDGS), produced from fuel ethanol and beverage alcohol cereal grain drygrind processes. Theaspirated fraction was called aspirated DDGS and the remaining fraction (original DDGS without the aspirated fraction)was called residual DDGS. Aspirated DDGS fractions were analyzed for individual and total phytosterol composition.Phytosterols are highvalued nutraceutical compounds that can be recovered from grain fiber fractions. The residual DDGS(original DDGS after the removal of fiber) was analyzed for fat, protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and ashcontent. The study showed limited success in removal of the fiber from the original DDGS fraction. Fiber content was onlyslightly enriched in the aspirated DDGS fraction compared to the residual DDGS fractions. Slightly better results (in termsof fiber enrichment) were seen with DDGS samples from certain drygrind plants compared to the DDGS samples from otherplants. These differences could be due to the differences in the milling/processing conditions of the plants. Although slightenrichment of fiber was obtained in the aspirated DDGS fraction as compared to the original DDGS, no significantenrichment of the phytosterols was noticed in the aspirated DDGS fraction. Due to aspiration, slight enrichment of oil andprotein was observed in the residual DDGS fraction compared to the original DDGS. The increased oil and protein anddecreased fiber content of the residual DDGS could result in increased market value of the residual DDGS.
Disubstituted Bis-THF Moieties as New P2 Ligands in Nonpeptidal HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors (2011)

A series of darunavir analogues featuring a substituted bis-THF ring as P2 ligand have been synthesized and evaluated. High affinity protease inhibitors (PIs) with an interesting activity on wild-type HIV and a panel of multi-PI resistant HIV-1 mutants containing clinically observed, primary mutations were identified using a cell-based assay. A number of PIs have been synthesized that show equivalent and greater activity for HIV-1 mutant strains as compared to wild-type HIV-1. The activity on the purified enzyme was confirmed for a selection of analogues.
Quantifying Empathy in Virtual Reality: An Outline (2020)

The purpose of this paper is to provide an outline of the research undertaken hitherto on quantifying empathy in virtual reality (VR). In this paper we have discussed various methodologies used for testing the impact on empathy vis-à-vis virtual reality, and then classified the end-results of the research in various categories such as the racial discrimination, ethnic and religious prejudice, the poor and the homeless, children who are differently-abled, war victims and disease induced typecasting. We have also proposed three niches which provide a framework to group various categories as aforementioned. The paper discusses how effectively virtual reality has addressed or contributed in alleviating biases or predispositions people have towards various stereotyped classes and how virtual reality has aided to empathize with the people impacted by the numerous difficulties. The paper also recommends how further research and various methods need to be integrated with the existing modus operandi to study the impact on empathy meticulously.
Design-adaptive device modeling in model compiler for efficient and accurate circuit simulation (2005)

A new concept of design-adaptive device modeling is introduced and an innovative method using adaptive device models to speed up circuit simulation is presented. In this method, we utilize the design specific information to generate automatically adaptive device models, which implies partial information on the more generic device model. During simulation, available adaptive device models are substituted automatically for more computationally expensive general device models. The proposed method is model compiler based and has been implemented in our compact device model compiler - MCAST, and targeted and tested for three simulators: the open source circuit simulator SPICE3, Cadence's SPECTREv4.46 and an industry in-house simulator. Experimental results show that the model evaluation time of a typical design adaptive device model is up to 10/spl times/ faster compared to manually coded built-in general device model, and the overall simulation time with design-adaptive device models can be up to 8/spl times/ faster with respect to simulation with general device models while achieving the same accuracy.
Hormonal Profile Effects Following Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Administration to Schizophrenic Patients (2005)

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an important neurosteroid and has demonstrated efficacy in the improvement of mood and energy. The authors previously reported the efficacy of DHEA augmentation in the management of negative, depressive, and anxiety symptoms of schizophrenia. To characterize further the effects of DHEA administration and to describe any hormonal effects following DHEA augmentation of antipsychotic medication, several hormones were measured (TSH, prolactin, testosterone, insulin, and estradiol) in 27 chronic schizophrenic inpatients receiving DHEA or placebo augmentation for 6 weeks. No significant changes in hormonal blood measures were noted. At the study end point, an association was noted between DHEA-S and TSH levels (P < 0.05) as well as a change in DHEA-S and insulin levels (P < 0.001). A modest nonsignificant decrease in plasma testosterone was observed following DHEA treatment. In subjects receiving DHEA, change in testosterone levels was associated with improvement in anxiety (P < 0.05) and illness severity (P < 0.05). Findings in this preliminary study demonstrate minimal effects on hormonal profiles despite the theoretic possibility that DHEA may elevate various hormones (eg, testosterone) with potential long-term adverse effects. DHEA's clinical efficacy appears to be mediated by other mechanisms, including direct effects on membrane channel-coupled receptors.
Data from Downregulation of Sec23A Protein by miRNA-375 in Prostate Carcinoma (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Prostate carcinoma (CaP) is a leading cause of cancer-related death in men. We have previously determined the microRNA (miRNA) profile of primary CaP in comparison with nontumor prostate tissue. miRNAs are small, noncoding RNAs that inhibit protein synthesis on a posttranscriptional level by binding to the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of their target genes. In primary CaP tissue, we have previously found by miRNA sequencing that &lt;i&gt;miR-375&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;miR-200c&lt;/i&gt; were upregulated 9.1- and 4.5-fold, respectively. A computational analysis predicted the 3′-UTR of the &lt;i&gt;SEC23A&lt;/i&gt; gene as a potential target for both &lt;i&gt;miR-375&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;miR-200c&lt;/i&gt;. Here, we show that the 3′-UTR of &lt;i&gt;SEC23A&lt;/i&gt; mRNA is indeed a target for &lt;i&gt;miR-375&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;miR-200c&lt;/i&gt; and that both miRNAs downregulate Sec23A protein expression when ectopically expressed in human 293T cells. In primary samples of CaP, we found a direct correlation between reduction of &lt;i&gt;SEC23A&lt;/i&gt; mRNA and overexpression of &lt;i&gt;miR-375&lt;/i&gt; but not of &lt;i&gt;miR-200c&lt;/i&gt;. The reduced levels of Sec23A protein were inversely correlated to the increased amount of &lt;i&gt;miR-375&lt;/i&gt; in the LNCaP and DU145 CaP cell lines when compared with normal prostate fibroblasts. In primary CaP, we also detected decreased amounts of Sec23A protein when compared with corresponding normal prostate tissue. Ectopically overexpressed Sec23A in LNCaP and DU145 CaP cells significantly reduced the growth properties, indicating that Sec23A might play a role in the induction or growth of prostate carcinoma. Sec23A overexpression reduced cell growth but did not induce apoptosis, whereas inhibition of Sec23A stimulated cell proliferation. &lt;i&gt;Mol Cancer Res; 9(6); 791–800. ©2011 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Effects of chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin on the selected functions of rabbit phagocytic cells (2008)

Chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin belong to the antimicrobials used in veterinary medicine for, among others, rabbit otitis, respiratory or skin diseases treatment. Chloramphenicol binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome, inhibiting thereby bacterial protein synthesis, however it is known to disturb also mammalian mitochondrial protein synthesis. Ciprofloxacin belongs to fluoroquinolones, which are able to accumulate inside the phagocytic cells, reaching far more higher intra- than extracellular concentrations. Our aim was to compare the influence of the drugs on the basic functions of phagocytic cells isolated from rabbit blood. The study was carried out in vitro with pure, water soluble chloramphenicol (Sigma) and pure ciprofloxacin (Polfa, Grodzisk) at the concentrations of 5, 10, 30 µg/ml. The blood was obtained from the marginal ear vein and the polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) were isolated by gradient centrifugation. The cells were incubated for 24 h at the presence of the drugs. Then the following parameters were assessed: PMN viability by quantitation of the ATP present, signaling the presence of metabolically active cells, PMN cell ability to zymozan particles phagocytosis and their metabolic activity determined by nitrotetrazolium blue (NBT) reduction after phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation. Both antibiotics exhibited modulatory effects on the two last parameters.
Pharmacogenomics in type&nbsp;II diabetes mellitus management: Steps toward personalized medicine (2009)

Advances in genotype technology in the last decade have put the pharmacogenomics revolution at the forefront of future medicine in clinical practice. Discovery of novel gene variations in drug transporters, drug targets, effector proteins and metabolizing enzymes in the form of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) continue to provide insight into the biological phenomena that govern drug efficacy and toxicity. To date, novel gene discoveries extracted from genome-wide association scans and candidate gene studies in at least four antidiabetic drug classes have helped illuminate possible causes of interindividual variability in response. Inadequate protocol guidelines for pharmacogenomics studies often leads to poorly designed studies, making it hard to formulate a definitive conclusion regarding the clinical relevance of the information at hand. These issues, along with the ethical, social, political, legislative, technological, and economic challenges associated with pharmacogenomics have only delayed its entry to mainstream clinical practice. On the other hand, these issues are being actively pursued and rapid progress is being made in each area which assures the possibility of gaining widespread acceptance in clinical practice.
On the Geometric Stabilization for Discrete Hamiltonian Systems With Holonomic Constraints (2009)

This paper develops a discrete Hamiltonian system with holonomic constraints with Geometric Constraint Stabilization. It is first shown that constrained mechanical systems with nonconservative external forces can be formulated by using canonical symplectic structures in the context of Hamiltonian systems. Second, it is shown that discrete holonomic Hamiltonian systems can be developed via the discretization based on the Backward Differentiation Formula and also that geometric constraint stabilization can be incorporated into the discrete Hamiltonian systems. It is demonstrated that the proposed method enables one to stabilize constraint violations effectively in comparison with conventional methods such as Baumgarte Stabilization and Gear–Gupta–Leimkuhler Stabilization, together with an illustrative example of linkage mechanisms.
Fast hybrid sequential design for high-dimensional surrogate modeling (2015)

When sequential design is used to approximate the response of a high-fidelity simulator with a surrogate model, the choice of new data points is crucial to obtain accurate models with a limited number of evaluations.A successful algorithm for sequential design (LOLA-Voronoi) approximates gradients to detect non-linear regions, and increases the number of data points in these areas.A successor to this algorithm has been introduced which is computationally less complex, especially for high-dimensional problems.
Design and implementation of fast PWM boost converter based on low cost microcontroller for photovoltaic systems (2015)

This paper presents the design and implementation of PWM boost converter using an 8-bit microcontroller that can be employed to achieve maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic systems (PV). In this paper, the used microcontroller is Arduino Uno that is based on microcontroller Atmega 328. Furthermore, the used PWM is governed using a Fast PWM Mode that is able to run at high frequency. The Fast PWM Mode is obtained by setting Wave Generation Mode (WGM) and Compare Output Mode (COM) that exist in this microcontroller. To validate the performance of the system, the proposed PWM is implemented and experimentally investigated to control a PV system. Instead of the PV modules, an Agilent Photovoltaic Simulator is employed. The experimental results demonstrate good performance under variable PWM.
Linked Clinical Trials – The Development of New Clinical Learning Studies in Parkinson's Disease Using Screening of Multiple Prospective New Treatments (2013)

Finding new therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slow process. We assembled an international committee of experts to examine drugs potentially suitable for repurposing to modify PD progression. This committee evaluated multiple drugs currently used, or being developed, in other therapeutic areas, as well as considering several natural, non-pharmaceutical compounds. The committee prioritized which of these putative treatments were most suited to move immediately into pilot clinical trials. Aspects considered included known modes of action, safety, blood-brain-barrier penetration, preclinical data in animal models of PD and the possibility to monitor target engagement in the brain. Of the 26 potential interventions, 10 were considered worth moving forward into small, parallel 'learning' clinical trials in PD patients. These trials could be funded in a multitude of ways through support from industry, research grants and directed philanthropic donations. The committee-based approach to select the candidate compounds might help rapidly identify new potential PD treatment strategies for use in clinical trials.