gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Syntheses of N‐[1‐2H]‐ and N‐[1‐3H]‐cyclopropylbenzylamine and [phenyl‐14C]‐N‐cyclopropylbenzylamine (1981)

Abstract N‐[1‐ 2 H]‐ ( 5a ) and N‐[1‐ 3 H]‐Cyclopropylbenzylamine ( 5b ) were synthesized from cyclopropanecarbonitrile. The α‐proton of cyclopropanecarbonitrile was exchanged in [O‐ 2 H]‐ and [O‐ 3 H]‐methanol using sodium methoxide as the base. [α‐ 2 H]‐ and [α‐ 3 H]‐Cyclopropanecarbonitrile were hydrolyzed in 4N HCl to the α‐labeled cyclopropanecarboxylic acids which were converted to [1‐ 2 H]‐ and [1‐ 3 H]‐cyclopropylamine. HCl by Curtius rearrangements. The labeled cyclopropylamines were benzylated by reaction with benzaldehyde followed by sodium cyanoborohydride reduction. [phenyl‐ 14 C]‐Cyclopropylbenzylamine ( 2b ) was prepared by the reaction of cyclopropylamine with [phenyl‐ 14 C] benzaldehyde followed by sodium cyanoborohydride reduction.
Blood Flow Restriction Training Applied With High-Intensity Exercise Does Not Improve Quadriceps Muscle Function After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2020)

NCT03141801 ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).
Process Development on Photolithography Free IBC Solar Cells (2014)

IBC process development at imec started with a small cell area baseline process on high quality FZ wafers. This resulted in cell efficiencies up to 23.3% for 4 cm2 cells on 4-inch n-type FZ substrates. Later 12.5x12.5 cm2 and 15.6 x 15.6 cm2 semi-sq commercially available n-type CZ silicon wafers were successfully integrated in this baseline. Confirmed efficiencies up to 23.1 % on 4 cm2 cells on 15.6 x 15.6 cm2 wafer have been achieved. This baseline process involves three photolithography steps, extensive surface cleaning and various high temperature process steps. Based on this stable high-efficiency platform, steps to simplify this process and implementation of industrially viable novel processes were initiated. Initial steps towards process simplification have already been presented, concluding that reduced complexity of the process did not come at a cost of cell efficiency. In this study we show further simplification of the IBC cell process by demonstrating potential replacement of all photolithography steps by cost effective and industrially feasible process steps, namely laser ablation and screen printing. Best cell efficiency of 22.7 % has been achieved on newly developed photolitho-free IBC process. Furthermore the stability of baseline process is improved by implementing the adapted process recipe for back surface field (BSF) diffusion.
1A2-L14 Miniaturization of Fish-Like Robot with Elastic Fin and Its Swimmig Performance Evaluation(Underwater Robot and Mechatronics) (2011)

In this study, we have developed a fish-like robot with elastic fin, which is actuated only a single actuator. Since an elastic fin appropriately bends due to the interaction to the surrounding fluid, the robot can swim smoothly even though it has only a single actuator. For higher swimming performance, we developed a fish-like robot which has half size compared with conventional one, and evaluate its swimming performance.
Unifying Carrier and Cloud Networks: Problem Statement and Challenges (2016)

The introduction of network and service functionality virtualization
in carrier-grade networks promises improved operations in terms of
flexibility, efficiency, and manageability. In current practice,
virtualization is controlled through orchestrator entities that expose
programmable interfaces according to the underlying resource types.
Typically this means the adoption of, on the one hand, established
data center compute/storage and, on the other, network control APIs
which were originally developed in isolation. Arguably, the
possibility for innovation highly depends on the capabilities and
openness of the aforementioned interfaces. This document introduces in
simple terms the problems arising when one follows this approach and
motivates the need for a high level of programmability beyond policy
and service descriptions. This document also summarizes the challenges
related to orchestration programming in this unified cloud and carrier
network production environment. A subsequent problem is the resource
orchestration. This is handled separately in [I-D.caszpe-nfvrg-
orchestration-challenges] and will be merged in the next iteration of
this document.
Cancer in Young Adults With Ischemic Stroke (2015)

Cancer, and especially active cancer and no other apparent cause for stroke, is associated with unfavorable survival among young stroke patients.
Information-Guided Temporal Logic Inference with Prior Knowledge (2018)

This paper investigates the problem of inferring knowledge from data so that the inferred knowledge is interpretable and informative to humans who have prior knowledge. Given a dataset as a collection of system trajectories, we infer parametric linear temporal logic (pLTL) formulas that are informative and satisfied by the trajectories in the dataset with high probability. The informativeness of the inferred formula is measured by the information gain with respect to given prior knowledge represented by a prior probability distribution. We first present two algorithms to compute the information gain with a focus on two types of prior probability distributions: stationary probability distributions and probability distributions expressed by discrete time Markov chains. Then we provide a method to solve the inference problem for a subset of pLTL formulas with polynomial time complexity with respect to the number of Boolean connectives in the formula. We provide implementations of the proposed approach on explaining anomalous patterns, patterns changes and explaining the policies of Markov decision processes.
Congestion-driven codesign of power and signal networks (2002)

We present a global wire design methodology that simultaneously considers the performance needs for both signal lines and power grids under congestion considerations. An iterative procedure is employed in which the global routing is performed according to a congestion map that includes the resource utilization of the power grid, followed by a step in which the power grid is adjusted to relax the congestion in crowded regions. This adjustment is in the form of wire removal in noncritical regions, followed by a wire sizing step that overcomes the effects of wire removal. Experimental results show that the overall routability can be significantly improved while the power grid noise is maintained within the voltage droop constraint.
Molecular adaptations to endurance exercise and skeletal muscle fibre plasticity (2022)

In Chapter seven, we defined the signal transduction theory of exercise adaptation. The present chapter builds on this theory and focuses specifically on the molecular responses to endurance exercise and adaptation to training in heart and skeletal muscle tissues. In summary, everyone responds uniquely to an endurance exercise training programme, but in general most individuals will improve ̇O2max and disease risk factors. One key adaptation to endurance exercise is increased cardiac output which is dependent on physiological cardiac hypertrophy (the athlete’s heart). Central to the development of an athlete’s heart is integrin/PI3K/Akt signalling. A bigger, stronger heart can circulate more oxygen to muscle fibres to perform more work. The muscle fibres receiving the most oxygen are slow (type I) fibres where calcineurin-NFAT signalling is high. Over decades of endurance training, the number of type I fibres (expressing type I myosin heavy chain; MyHCI) can increase as the production of MyHCI simultaneously produces muscle-specific microRNAs that decrease Sox6, a transcription factor needed for the expression of fast MyHCs. Weeks to months of endurance training primarily shift type IIx fibres to IIa fibres and, more importantly, increase the number of mitochondria, capillaries around fibres and enzymes needed for fat oxidation. The molecular signals from the duration of an exercise bout are calcium and NAD+, which are sensed by ‘sensors’ CaMKII and SIRT1, respectively. The intensity of exercise creates a signal via a rise in AMP and ADP and fall of glycogen sensed by AMPK. The stress of exercise creates a molecular signal of lower glycogen and increases in epinephrine and these signals are sensed by p38 MAPK and PKA. Together, these signal transduction molecules activate the transcriptional co-factor PGC-1α, by increasing the activity of existing protein and driving the expression of an alternative form of the gene (PGC-1α2/3). Active PGC-1α then acts as an effector, by co-activating transcription factors to (1) increase the expression of mitochondrial genes and induce the transcription and replication of mitochondrial DNA (with NRF1); (2) drive the formation of new capillaries (with ERRα) and (3) increase fat oxidation enzymes (with PPARδ).
A promoter trap in transgenic citrus mediates recognition of a broad spectrum of Xanthomonas citri pv. citriTALEs, including in planta‐evolved derivatives (2023)

Citrus bacterial canker (CBC), caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), causes dramatic losses to the citrus industry worldwide. Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs), which bind to effector binding elements (EBEs) in host promoters and activate transcription of downstream host genes, contribute significantly to Xcc virulence. The discovery of the biochemical context for the binding of TALEs to matching EBE motifs, an interaction commonly referred to as the TALE code, enabled the in silico prediction of EBEs for each TALE protein. Using the TALE code, we engineered a synthetic resistance (R) gene, called the Xcc-TALE-trap, in which 14 tandemly arranged EBEs, each capable of autonomously recognizing a particular Xcc TALE, drive the expression of Xanthomonas avrGf2, which encodes a bacterial effector that induces plant cell death. Analysis of a corresponding transgenic Duncan grapefruit showed that transcription of the cell death-inducing executor gene, avrGf2, was strictly TALE-dependent and could be activated by several different Xcc TALE proteins. Evaluation of Xcc strains from different continents showed that the Xcc-TALE-trap mediates resistance to this global panel of Xcc isolates. We also studied in planta-evolved TALEs (eTALEs) with novel DNA-binding domains and found that these eTALEs also activate the Xcc-TALE-trap, suggesting that the Xcc-TALE-trap is likely to confer durable resistance to Xcc. Finally, we show that the Xcc-TALE-trap confers resistance not only in laboratory infection assays but also in more agriculturally relevant field studies. In conclusion, transgenic plants containing the Xcc-TALE-trap offer a promising sustainable approach to control CBC.
Computer Navigation-assisted versus Minimally Invasive TKA (2008)

Level II, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Critical Considerations for Regeneration of Vascularized Composite Tissues (2020)

Effective vascularization is vital for survival and functionality of complex tissue-engineered organs. The formation of the microvasculature, composed of endothelial cells (ECs) alone, has been mostly used to restore the vascular networks in organs. However, recent heterocellular studies demonstrate that co-culturing is a more effective approach in revascularization of engineered organs. This review presents key considerations for manufacturing of artificial vascularized composite tissues. We summarize the importance of co-cultures and the multicellular interactions with ECs, as well as design and use of bioreactors, as critical considerations for tissue vascularization. In addition, as an emerging scaffolding technique, this review also highlights the current caveats and hurdles associated with three-dimensional bioprinting and discusses recent developments in bioprinting strategies such as four-dimensional bioprinting and its future outlook for manufacturing of vascularized tissue constructs. Finally, the review concludes with addressing the critical challenges in the regulatory pathway and clinical translation of artificial composite tissue grafts. Impact statement Regeneration of composite tissues is critical as biophysical and biochemical characteristics differ between various types of tissues. Engineering a vascularized composite tissue has remained unresolved and requires additional evaluations along with optimization of methodologies and standard operating procedures. To this end, the main hurdle is creating a viable vascular endothelium that remains functional for a longer duration postimplantation, and can be manufactured using clinically appropriate source of cell lines that are scalable <i>in vitro</i> for the fabrication of human-scale organs. This review presents key considerations for regeneration and manufacturing of vascularized composite tissues as the field advances.
Increased Amyloid Precursor Protein and Tau Expression Manifests as Key Secondary Cell Death in Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury (2016)

In testing the hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like pathology in late stage traumatic brain injury (TBI), we evaluated AD pathological markers in late stage TBI model. Sprague-Dawley male rats were subjected to moderate controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury, and 6 months later euthanized and brain tissues harvested. Results from H&E staining revealed significant 33% and 10% reduction in the ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampal CA3 interneurons, increased MHCII-activated inflammatory cells in many gray matter (8-20-fold increase) and white matter (6-30-fold increased) regions of both the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres, decreased cell cycle regulating protein marker by 1.6- and 1-fold in the SVZ and a 2.3- and 1.5-fold reductions in the ipsilateral and contralateral dentate gyrus, diminution of immature neuronal marker by two- and onefold in both the ipsilateral and contralateral SVZ and dentate gyrus, and amplified amyloid precursor protein (APP) distribution volumes in white matter including corpus callosum, fornix, and internal capsule (4-38-fold increase), as well as in the cortical gray matter, such as the striatum hilus, SVZ, and dentate gyrus (6-40-fold increase) in TBI animals compared to controls (P's < 0.001). Surrogate AD-like phenotypic markers revealed a significant accumulation of phosphorylated tau (AT8) and oligomeric tau (T22) within the neuronal cell bodies in ipsilateral and contralateral cortex, and dentate gyrus relative to sham control, further supporting the rampant neurodegenerative pathology in TBI secondary cell death. These findings indicate that AD-like pathological features may prove to be valuable markers and therapeutic targets for late stage TBI. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 665-677, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
EYE INJURY PATTERNS IN AUTOMOBILE CRASHES: THE EFFECT OF FRONTAL AIRBAGS (2001)

This study is presented in two parts to examine two fundamental questions aimed at elucidating the net effect of frontal airbags on eye injury patterns. Part 1 addresses the question: Do occupants exposed to frontal airbag deployments have a higher incidence of eye injuries compared to similar occupants not exposed to frontal airbags? Part 2 addresses the question: What are the patterns and associated severity of eye injuries in frontal crashes with and without airbags? The National Automotive Sampling System was searched from year 1993 through 1999. This study illustrates that occupants exposed to an airbag deployment may have a higher risk of sustaining an eye injury than occupants not exposed to an airbag deployment; however, the airbag appears to provide a beneficial exchange by decreasing the risk of the more severe eye injuries. This is accomplished in that the inherent design of the airbag minimizes occupant contact with the windshield and steering wheel. New eye injury severity levels are presented that allow for the more accurate estimation of eye trauma and provide a new tool for evaluating the patterns of automobile related eye injuries based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale.
Successful pacemaker lead extraction involving an ossified thrombus: A case report (2016)

A 41-year-old woman who had been fitted with a pacemaker 18 years prior presented for lead extraction because of device infection. First, we tried laser sheath. However, it cannot cross the binding in the innominate vein. Then we switched to the rotating mechanical sheath. Although it crunched through binding tissue, the progress halted. We removed the sheath and found pieces of calcified tissue in the sheath lumen. After removing the calcified tissue, both leads were extracted using the laser sheath, without complications. The pathological examination revealed a diagnosis of ossified thrombus. Venous thromboses associated with implanted leads can ossify with time, causing difficulties in the extraction of long-standing intravascular leads.
Glucose transport and metabolism in rabbit oviduct epithelial cells (1993)

The respiration of intact slices and of isolated epithelial cells from rabbit oviducts was compared. The oxygen consumption of the slices was approximately double that of the cells, but glucose was found to be a preferred substrate in each case. Isolated cells exhibited a Crabtree effect in that glucose concentrations greater than 5.55 mmol l-1 inhibited the respiratory rate. The oviduct epithelial cells grown in primary culture on collagen-impregnated filters formed a polarized monolayer, enabling the transepithelial movement of glucose to be studied under defined conditions. The cells, grown in this manner exhibited an asymmetry characteristic of an epithelium, transporting glucose preferentially in a basal to apical as opposed to apical to basal direction, and corresponding to net glucose transport into the oviduct lumen in vivo. Eighty-one per cent of glucose metabolized under these conditions could be accounted for by the formation of lactate, which appeared predominantly in the basal medium. Glucose was transported across the epithelial cells by facilitated diffusion in association with a smaller, passive component. The rate of glucose transport fell and the transepithelial resistance rose in cells removed and cultured 3 days after mating. The data indicate that rabbit oviduct epithelial cells may be grown as a polarized monolayer in primary culture and that endocrine changes induced in vivo persist under these conditions.
Angular and Spatial Light Modulation by Single Digital Micromirror Device for Multi-Image Output and Nearly-Doubled Étendue (2019)

The “Angular Spatial Light Modulator” (ASLM) uses a binary patterned programmable blazed grating to increase the étendue and number of output pixels of a DMD. We demonstrate an extended FOV display, a light-field projector, and a multi-view display.
Kinetic Investigations of p-Xylene Oxidation to Terephthalic Acid with a Co/Mn/Br Catalyst in a Homogeneous Liquid Phase (2013)

Kinetic investigations of the liquid phase oxidation of p-xylene (pX) to terephthalic acid (TPA) with Co/Mn/Br catalyst were performed in a stirred 50 mL Parr reactor at 200 °C and 15 bar pressure under conditions wherein product precipitation is avoided. The oxidant (O2) was introduced by sparging into the liquid phase at constant gas-phase O2 partial pressure. Apparent kinetic rate constants, estimated by regressing experimental conversion data to a pseudo-first order lumped kinetic model, are at least an order of magnitude greater than those reported in the literature for similar catalytic reactions. We attribute this difference to the presence of gas–solid and liquid–solid mass transfer resistances in the previous studies wherein the TPA product precipitates as it forms, trapping intermediate products and slowing down their oxidation rates. Our results also indicate that it is not possible to completely eliminate the gas–liquid mass transfer limitations associated with the fast intermediate oxidation steps, even when operating without solids formation and at high stirrer speeds. Other types of reactor configurations are therefore needed to better overcome gas–liquid mass transfer limitations. Systematic studies of bromide concentration effects show that the observed reaction rates become zero order in bromide concentration at sufficiently high bromide levels where the elimination of intermediate 4-(bromomethyl)benzoic acid by oxidation is favored. Further, the rate constants do not show any statistically significant dependence on pX concentration as suggested in other reports involving the traditional three-phase gas–liquid–solid reaction system. This again confirms that the formation of a solid phase hinders the overall oxidation rate, resulting in much smaller apparent rate constants.
Current Sensorless Speed Servo System of PM Motor Based on Current Estimation Method (2001)

This paper proposes a new speed servo system of PM motor without current sensor, which is constructed by the current simulator of PM motor. The proposed speed servo system is simple and economical. The sensor of the proposed system is only a position sensor such as an encoder. Hence, the proposed speed servo system has little influence of the switching noise of PWM inverter. Moreover, the resolution of proposed current simulator can be higher than of the conventional actual current feedback system.In this paper, the experimental results point out that the proposed current sensorless speed servo system has the desired current and speed response. The current waveform of the proposed system is smooth and clean. Moreover, this paper proposes a new identification algorithm of motor resistance Ra and main flux Φfa by using only position sensor.
Entwicklung einer leistungsfähigen Detektions-Elektronik für die Multispitzen-Rastersondenmikroskopie zur Fehleranalyse an integrierten Schaltungen (2016)

This thesis deals with the development and construction of a detection electronics which is mainly used in atomic force microscopy. The electronics have been realized by using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). A detection method in atomic force microscopy is the frequency modulation method, which is usually implemented by a phase-locked loop. In this work, the phase detection is implemented using a Hilbert filter. This allows a very high detection bandwidth in excess of tens of kilohertz. The implementation of the phase determination is amplitude-independent, which is not the case with the usually used lock-in method. The electronics is used in the operation with a needle sensor and tested for samples from the semiconductor industry. By realizing a sampling rate of 100 MHz, sensors for the AFM can be operated at a eigenfrequency up to several megahertz. The detection electronics fulfills with its high bandwidth an essential requirement for an application in failure analysis of integrated circuits. There a short time is required for scanning relatively large areas (> 10 μm). Thus, the position of individual SRAM cells or the position of the transistors can be determined so that they can be contacted electrically. For that purpose, multiple tips of a multiprobe scanning force microscope are needed. Therefore, the electronics was constructed modular and is designed for operations of up to ten tips. The detection electronics is also suitable for the imaging of atomic structures with a detection bandwidth of about hundred hertz. In this case, the frequency resolution is 2 mHz. The noise spectral density of the frequency shift signal caused by the electronics is 5 · 10−5 Hz/sqrt(Hz). With regard to the noise, it has been shown, that it is only limited by the thermal noise and the detector noise of the amplifier and not by the developed detection electronics.