gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mitogenic and Anti-Apoptotic Actions of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Through Erk, Stat3 and Akt in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells (2000)

P83 Background: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), an angiogenic growth factor, may play a pivotal role in the regulation of endothelial cells (EC), since HGF demonstrated the mitogenic and anti-apoptotic actions in endothelial cells. However, it is still unclear how HGF demonstrated those actions. Therefore, in this study, we have focused on the signal transduction systems. Methods: Human aortic EC death was induced by serum-deprived condition. Cell growth was assessed by WST assay, and thymidine incorporation and cell death was measured by LDH release and caspase 3 activity. Phosphorylation of ERK, STAT and Akt was measured by western blotting as assessed by the specific phospho-specific antibody. Results: Treatment of EC with recombinant HGF (rHGF) resulted in a significant increase in cell growth (WST: control; 0.267±0.02, rHGF 100ng/ml; 0.385±0.003, p≤0.01) and also attenuated the cell death (LDH release: control; 0.94±0.04, rHGF 100ng/ml; 0.43±0.024, p≤0.01). ERK and STAT3 (Ser727) was phosphorylated by rHGF (100 ng/ml) as assessed by the specific phospho-specific antibody, while PD98059, the inhibitor of MEK, attenuated endothelial cell growth (HGF; 0.385±0.003, HGF+PD 30uM; 0.203±0.003, p≤0.01) and the phosphorylation of STAT3 (Ser727). On the other hand, STAT3 (Tyr705), which was usually stimulated by JAK, was not phosphorylated by rHGF. In addition, Akt on the down stream of PI3 kinase was also phosphorylated by rHGF, while the specific inhibitor of PI3kinase, wortomanin and LY294002, markedly attenuated endothelial cell death assessed by LDH release and caspase3 activity. Conclusions: Overall, this study demonstrated that HGF stimulated cell growth through ERK cascade including STAT3(Ser727) activation, not JAK-STAT3(Tyr705) pathway, and inhibited endothelial cell death through PI3 kinase-Akt pathway. HGF may stimulate angiogenesis through both mitogenic and anti-cell death function in endothelial cells.
Application of optical CD metrology for alternative lithography (2013)

Directed self-assembly (DSA) and nanoimprint lithography (NIL) have been widely developed for low-cost nanoscale patterning. Although they are currently regarded as "alternative lithography," some papers show their potential to be candidates for next-generation lithography (NGL). To actualize the potential, the contribution of metrology engineers is necessary. Since the characteristics of the lithography techniques are different from those of conventional lithography, new metrology schemes correlated with each characteristic are required. In DSA of block copolymer (BCP), a guide is needed to control the direction and position of BCP. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the relationship between the guide and the BCP pattern. Since the depth of guide or the coating thickness variation of BCP over guide influences the behavior of phase separation of BCP, 3D metrology becomes increasingly important. In NIL, residual resist thickness (RLT) underneath the pattern should be measured because its variation affects the CD variation of transferred pattern. 3D metrology is also important in NIL. Optical critical dimension (OCD) metrology will be a powerful tool for 3D metrology. In this work, some applications of OCD for alternative lithography have been studied. For DSA, we have tried to simultaneously monitor the guide and BCP pattern in a DSA-based contact hole shrinking process. Sufficient measurement accuracy for CD and shapes for guide and BCP patterns was achievable. For NIL, sufficient sensitivity to RLT measurement was obtained.
Investigations on In Vivo Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Determinants of Fosfomycin in Murine Thigh and Kidney Infection Models (2022)

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Amidst the era of widespread resistance, there has been a renewed interest in older antibiotics such as fosfomycin, owing to its activity against certain resistant Gram-negative pathogens, including multidrug-resistant variants expressing extended spectrum β-lactamases or carbapenemases. The goal of the study was to investigate pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) index and PK/PD targets of fosfomycin in murine thigh and kidney infection models, employing clinical isolates of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (<i>K. pneumoniae</i>). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Seven isolates of <i>E. coli</i> (one wild-type and six clinical isolates) and five isolates of <i>K. pneumoniae</i> (one wild-type and four clinical isolates) were utilized for <i>in vivo</i> PK/PD studies. Single-dose plasma PK studies were conducted in infected mice by subcutaneous route. PD index was determined from exposure-response analysis employing 24-hr dose fractionation studies in neutropenic murine thigh infection model, while pharmacodynamic targets (PDTs) were derived from both thigh and kidney infection models. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Dose fractionation studies demonstrated that <i>in vivo</i> efficacy of fosfomycin best correlated with AUC/MIC for <i>E. coli</i> (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.9227) and <i>K. pneumoniae</i> (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.8693). The median AUC/MIC linked to 1 log10 kill effects were 346.2 and 745.2 in thigh infection model and 244.1 and 425.4 in kidney infection model for <i>E. coli</i> and <i>K. pneumoniae</i>, respectively. The mice plasma protein binding of fosfomycin was estimated to be 5.4%. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The <i>in vivo</i> efficacy of fosfomycin against Enterobacterales was best described by AUC/MIC. The PDTs derived from this study may help define the coverage potential of fosfomycin at the clinical doses approved.
Helping editors choose better seed sets for entity set expansion (2009)

Sets of named entities are used heavily at commercial search engines such as Google, Yahoo and Bing. Acquiring sets of entities typically consists of combining semi-supervised expansion algorithms with manual cleaning of the resulting expanded sets. In this paper, we study the effects of different seed sets in a state-of-the-art semi-supervised expansion system and show a tremendous variation in expansion performance depending on the choice of seeds. We further show that human editors, in general, provide very bad seed sets, which perform well-below the average random seed set. We identify three factors of seed set composition, namely prototypicality, ambiguity and coverage, and we investigate their effects on expansion performance. Finally, we propose various automatic systems for improving editor-generated seed sets, which seek to remove ambiguous and other error-prone seed instances. An extensive experimental analysis shows that expansion quality, measured in R-precision, can be improved on average by a maximum of 46% by removing the right seeds from a seed set. Our automatic methods outperform the human editors seed sets and on average improve expansion performance by up to 34% over the original seed sets.
Log-structured non-volatile main memory (2017)

Emerging non-volatile main memory (NVMM) unlocks the performance potential of applications by storing persistent data in the main memory. Such applications require a lightweight persistent transactional memory (PTM) system, instead of a heavyweight filesystem or database, to have fast access to data. In a PTM system, the memory usage, both capacity and bandwidth, plays a key role in dictating performance and efficiency. Existing memory management mechanisms for PTMs generate high memory fragmentation, high write traffic and a large number of persist barriers, since data is first written to a log and then to the main data store.

In this paper, we present a log-structured NVMM system that not only maintains NVMM in a compact manner but also reduces the write traffic and the number of persist barriers needed for executing transactions. All data allocations and modifications are appended to the log which becomes the location of the data. Further, we address a unique challenge of log-structured memory management by designing a tree-based address translation mechanism where access granularities are flexible and different from allocation granularities. Our results show that the new system enjoys up to 89.9% higher transaction throughput and up to 82.8% lower write traffic than a traditional PTM system.
Podcast Summary Assessment: A Resource for Evaluating Summary Assessment Methods (2022)

Automatic summary assessment is useful for both machine-generated and human-produced summaries. Automatically evaluating the summary text given the document enables, for example, summary generation system development and detection of inappropriate summaries. Summary assessment can be run in a number of modes: ranking summary generation systems; ranking summaries of a particular document; and estimating the quality of a document-summary pair on an absolute scale. Existing datasets with annotation for summary assessment are usually based on news summarization datasets such as CNN/DailyMail or XSum. In this work, we describe a new dataset, the podcast summary assessment corpus, a collection of podcast summaries that were evaluated by human experts at TREC2020. Compared to existing summary assessment data, this dataset has two unique aspects: (i) long-input, speech podcast based, documents; and (ii) an opportunity to detect inappropriate reference summaries in podcast corpus. First, we examine existing assessment methods, including model-free and model-based methods, and provide benchmark results for this long-input summary assessment dataset. Second, with the aim of filtering reference summary-document pairings for training, we apply summary assessment for data selection. The experimental results on these two aspects provide interesting insights on the summary assessment and generation tasks. The podcast summary assessment data is available.
Wikipedia and Westminster: Quality and Dynamics of Wikipedia Pages about UK Politicians (2020)

Wikipedia is a major source of information providing a large variety of content online, trusted by readers from around the world. Readers go to Wikipedia to get reliable information about different subjects, one of the most popular being living people, and especially politicians. While a lot is known about the general usage and information consumption on Wikipedia, less is known about the life-cycle and quality of Wikipedia articles in the context of politics. The aim of this study is to quantify and qualify content production and consumption for articles about politicians, with a specific focus on UK Members of Parliament (MPs). First, we analyze spatio-temporal patterns of readers' and editors' engagement with MPs' Wikipedia pages, finding huge peaks of attention during election times, related to signs of engagement on other social media (e.g. Twitter). Second, we quantify editors' polarisation and find that most editors specialize in a specific party and choose specific news outlets as references. Finally we observe that the average citation quality is pretty high, with statements on 'Early life and career' missing citations most often (18%).
Joint Detection and the AoA Estimation of Noncoherent Signals in Multi-Element Antennas (2019)

In this paper, we investigate two schemes of a joint detection and signal wavefront estimation for noncoherent signals. Both the developed schemes are based on the GLR (Generalized Likelihood Ratio) method. The first scheme does not exploit assumptions about the shape of signal wavefront. That leads to the known max lambda test, which uses maximum eigenvalue of a sample correlation matrix of signals in multi-element antenna as a decision statistics. The second scheme uses a priori information about the plane shape of the useful signal wavefront. A three-stage procedure of angle-of-arrival (AoA) estimation for signals with plane wavefront is proposed. This procedure allows to avoid ambiguities in the signal phases measurement on the antenna elements, and is applicable for antenna arrays with arbitrary known geometry. The numerical simulations have been done for comparative analysis of the characteristics of the developed joint detection-estimation algorithms. It was shown that the second scheme provides ldB-2dB depending on the number of antenna elements) in comparison with the max lambda test.
Depth Perception during Diplopia is Direct (1997)

Although depth is experienced with targets at large disparities when they are seen as double or diplopic, whether that depth is as direct as with fused targets has been a matter of considerable uncertainty. Researchers have often claimed that judgments of the depth of diplopic targets during simple near/far tasks rely upon indirect associations with eye-muscle proprioception or a copy of the vergence drive signal. We designed a four-alternative task that could not be performed without a direct appreciation of depth. Observers judged the depths of each of two Gabor stereo pairs presented simultaneously. Disparities were always above each observer's measured diplopia threshold. The signs of the disparities were varied independently and observers reported the perceived depth near and far for each target. Our results demonstrate conclusively that depth during diplopia requires neither proprioception nor an efferent copy but is direct.
Comparing fast imaging techniques for individual pulse imaging by Cherenkov in vivo from electron FLASH irradiation (2022)

Objective: In this study, a fast imaging technique was developed for the first in vivo Cherenkov emission imaging from an ultra-high dose rate (UHDR) electron beam source at single pulse (360 Hz) submillimeter resolution. Approach: A CMOS camera, gated to the UHDR LINAC, imaged the Cherenkov emission profiles pulse by pulse passively during the irradiation of mice on their limbs and intestinal region. The utility of an intensifier was investigated for its effect on image quality including signal to noise and spatial resolution. Pulse by pulse variability in Cherenkov emission profile were quantified spatially and temporally. Main results: An intensifier improved the emission profile signal to noise ratio from 15 to 280, with reduced spatial resolution. The profile extended beyond of the treatment field due to the lateral scattering of the electrons in tissue and its optical properties. The CMOS camera with an intensifier detected the changes in Cherenkov emission profile during expiration and inspiration of the respiration cycle for the mice to be about 3 mm. Significance: This fast imaging technique can be utilized for in vivo intrafraction monitoring of FLASH patient treatments at single pulse resolution. It can display delivery differences during respiration, and variability in the delivered treatment's surface profile, which may perturb from the intended UHDR treatment more for pencil beam scanning systems. The technique may leverage Cherenkov emission surface profile to gate the treatment delivery via respiratory gating systems under FLASH conditions.
Intramolecular carbonylation of vinyl halides to form methylene lactones (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIntramolecular carbonylation of vinyl halides to form methylene lactonesM. F. Semmelhack and Steven J. BricknerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 8, 1723–1726Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1981https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00321a040Request reuse permissionsArticle Views408Altmetric-Citations48LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (545 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Adaptive composite antennas for a city-wide sensor network (2010)

A city-wide wireless sewer sensor system becomes ‘intelligent’ by having adaptive manhole cover antennas. Hundred and fifty wireless sensor nodes have been developed and deployed to monitor the sewer flow and to reduce the frequency of the combined sewer overflow (CSO) during heavy storm runoff in a mid-sized city: South Bend, Indiana in the US. The challenge for the wireless designer is to design a radiator that operates below ground as well as to improve the communication performance of the wireless sensor system. In this study, the authors replace a conventional cast-iron manhole cover with a composite manhole cover to create a radiator which is not only mechanically strong but electrically functional. The electrical characteristics of the composite are analysed by finding the relative permittivity and loss tangent. In addition, the effect of adaptive antennas is demonstrated to be extremely useful in terms of the packet reception rate and received signal strength. Measured results indicate that angular diversity significantly enhances received signal strength and the packet reception rate in the presence of interferers. The slot diversity antenna designed herein increased packet reception rate by 52.8% in the fielded system, compared to a uniformly radiating dipole antenna in the azimuthal plane.
Ein neues Werkzeug zur rechnerunterstützten Simulation thermischer Trennverfahren in der fettchemischen Industrie (1991)

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Berechnungssystem KOSI zur stationären Simulation von Absorptions und/oder Rektifikationsanlagen präsentiert. Das Programm ist mit einer benutzerfreundlichen Oberfläche ausgerüstet, die dem Verfahrensingenieur, ohne Vorkenntnisse in der Rechnerprogrammierung, in kurzer Zeit die notwendigen Eingangsdaten einzugeben erlaubt. Durch die im Programm KOSI vorhandenen Plausibilitätsabfragen wird de Eingabedatensatz nach innerer Konsistenz überprüft. Das Berechnungspaket KOSI basiert auf dem Modell der theoretischen Stufe und/oder auf dem Stoffaustauschmodell. Die in der Datenbasis vorhandenen Stoffwerte beziehen sich hauptsächlich auf die fettchemischen Produkte. Wegen des in den letzten Jahren steigenden Einsatzes von strukturierten Hochleistungspackungen in der Oleochemie wurden in das Berechnungspaket KOSI Segmente implementiert, die die hydrodynamische Auslegung der gepackten Kolonnen erlauben. A New Computer-Aided Tool for Simulation of Separation Processes in Oleochemistry Simulation of a separation process can be defined as the analysis of the process model. It can be performed in order to minimize or maximize one or more criteria, e.g. higher capacity, greater flexibility or cost reduction. The computer-aided simulation allows for decreasing of process development costs because of recution of expensive experiments. In this paper the use of mathematical modeling of separation processes in oleochemistry has been presented. Two models of separation process have been applied: the equilibrium stage model and the rate-based approach. The models have been implemented into the computer program KOSI which is equiped with the comfortable user interface and large data bank of oleochemicals. The features of the program KOSI are illustrated by the simulation of a distillation column system consisting of three coupled columns for separating of a fatty alcohols mixture.
On Biases of Attention in Scientific Discovery (2020)

How do nuances of scientists’ attention influence what they discover? We pursue an understanding of the influences of patterns of attention on discovery with a case study about confirmations of protein-protein interactions over time. We find that modeling and accounting for attention can help us to recognize and interpret biases in databases of confirmed interactions and to better understand missing data and unknowns in our fund of knowledge.
TL-5 DEVELOPMENT OF 42- AND 51-IN. TALL, SINGLE-FACED, F-SHAPE CONCRETE BARRIERS (2004)

A review of tractor-trailer impacts into rigid barrier systems was conducted in order to study the dynamic lateral vehicular loads imparted into common barrier systems. For a selected number of crash tests, researchers performed two linear regression analyses on the estimated lateral peak load versus impact severity. This analytical investigation resulted in a peak lateral design load ranging between 681 to 689 N (153 to 155 kips) and 1,081 to 1,103 N (243 to 248 kips) for the AASHTO PL-3 and NCHRP 350 TL-5 impact conditions, respectively. Researchers then determined the redirective capacities of four existing barrier designs using the standard yield-line analytical procedures. It was determined that the standard yield-line analytical procedures likely underestimate the redirected capacity of solid, reinforced concrete parapets, since other factors likely contribute to the redirective capacity of reinforced and nonreinforced concrete barrier systems. Since a modified yield-line analysis procedure is currently unavailable, the standard yield-line analysis procedure was used but in combinations with a scaled-down design impact load. The new barrier systems were developed using a peak design impact load ranging between 939 N (211 kips) to 996 N (224 kips) or based on an average design impact load of approximately 965 N (217 kips). Two single-faced, F-shape concrete barrier systems were designed to meet the TL-5 impact safety standards using the existing yield-line analysis procedures and for 1,067 mm (42-in) and the 1,295 mm (51-in) top-mounting heights. Attachment options were provided for anchoring the barriers to generic reinforced concrete slabs and a median foundation. The barrier and foundation systems were based on a conservative design approach where full-scale vehicle crash testing would not be required. Three research projects were recommended that would advance the state-of-the-art for concrete barrier designs and provide new, more economical and innovative barrier and anchorage support systems.