gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reply: Better Studies Are Needed to Guide Treatment of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning (2017)

In their discussion of the treatment of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, Rose and colleagues state that ". hyperbaric oxygen significantly reduces the permanent neurological and affective effects of CO poisoning" (1).In support of this, they cite a randomized trial by Weaver and colleagues (2), which they characterize as the best available evidence because it fulfills all Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials criteria.This characterization, however, overlooks multiple limitations we and others have detailed previously (3, 4).Arguably the most serious of these is the evolution of the primary outcome from the study's inception to its final publication.As the investigators themselves made clear in early descriptions of the trial (5, 6), the original primary outcome was delayed neurologic sequelae defined by stringent criteria.In contrast, the eventual publication (2) evaluated all neurologic sequelae, using less stringent cutoffs and incorporating nonspecific symptoms in their definition.We subsequently demonstrated that the study by Weaver and colleagues (2) would have found no statistically significant benefit of hyperbaric oxygen had the original primary outcome been retained, and that further assumptions applied during the analysis phase conferred unwarranted statistical significance to outcomes at 6 and 12 months (3, 4).We have raised these concerns previously, including in this Journal (7), only to have leaders in the field of hyperbaric medicine sidestep rather than acknowledge them (8).This is not a pedantic matter.Carbon monoxide poisoning remains a major cause of poisoning-related morbidity and mortality, and the available evidence does not make clear whether hyperbaric oxygen improves clinically meaningful outcomes and, if so, which patients are most likely to benefit.A properly designed randomized trial is needed to answer these questions.Until the limitations of the study by Weaver and colleagues (2) and the resulting clinical equipoise are openly acknowledged, such a trial is unlikely.In the meantime, the treatment of CO poisoning will remain guided by opinion rather than by sound evidence.
Why Machine Learning Cannot Ignore Maximum Likelihood Estimation (2021)

The growth of machine learning as a field has been accelerating with increasing interest and publications across fields, including statistics, but predominantly in computer science. How can we parse this vast literature for developments that exemplify the necessary rigor? How many of these manuscripts incorporate foundational theory to allow for statistical inference? Which advances have the greatest potential for impact in practice? One could posit many answers to these queries. Here, we assert that one essential idea is for machine learning to integrate maximum likelihood for estimation of functional parameters, such as prediction functions and conditional densities.
Remote load-sensitive caching for multi-server database systems (2002)

The recent dramatic improvements in the performance of commodity hardware has made clusters of workstations or PCs an attractive and economical platform upon which to build scalable database servers. These clusters have large aggregate memory capacities, however, since this global memory is distributed, good algorithms are necessary for memory management, or this large aggregate memory will go underutilized. The goal of the study is to develop and evaluate buffer management algorithms for database clusters. We propose a new buffer management algorithm, remote load sensitive caching (RLS caching), that uses novel techniques to combine data placement with a simple modification of standard client server page replacement algorithms to approximate a global LRU page replacement policy. Through an implementation in the SHORE database system, we evaluate the performance of RLS caching against other buffer management algorithms. Our study demonstrates that RLS caching indeed effectively manages the distributed memory of a server cluster.
BMP4 inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer cells and induces an MMP-dependent migratory phenotype in MDA-MB-231 cells in 3D environment (2013)

Taken together, our results show that Matrigel provides a more physiological environment for breast epithelial cells than PEG gel. Moreover, BMP4 partly recapitulates in 3D culture the growth suppressive abilities previously seen in 2D culture and induces an MMP-dependent migratory phenotype in MDA-MB-231 cells.
Regiospecific Synthesis of 5‐(1H‐Indol‐2‐yl)‐1‐ and 2‐Methyl‐6,7‐dihydro‐2H‐indazole Isomers. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Isolation of thedxrgene ofZymomonas mobilisand characterization of the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (2000)

The gene encoding the second enzyme of the 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway for isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthesis, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) reductoisomerase, was cloned and sequenced from Zymomonas mobilis. The deduced amino acid sequence showed the highest identity (48.2%) to the DXP reductoisomerase of Escherichia coli. Biochemical characterization of the purified DXP reductoisomerase showed a strict dependence of the enzyme on NADPH and divalent cations (Mn(2+), Co(2+) or Mg(2+)). The enzyme is a dimer with a molecular mass of 39 kDa per subunit and has a specific activity of 19.5 U mg protein(-1). Catalysis of the intramolecular rearrangement and reduction of DXP to MEP is competitively inhibited by the antibiotic fosmidomycin with a K(i) of 0.6 microM.
Endothelial Cells Derived From Human iPSCS Increase Capillary Density and Improve Perfusion in a Mouse Model of Peripheral Arterial Disease (2011)

This study is a first step toward development of a regenerative strategy for peripheral arterial disease based on the use of ECs derived from hiPSCs.
Delicate Modification of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Ultrathin Film by Low-Energy Ion Beam Treatment for Durable Intermediate Liquid Crystal Pretilt Angles (2009)

Long-term stability of intermediate liquid crystal pretilt angles on a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) ultrathin film grafted onto a surface was realized simply and easily via low-energy ion beam (IB) treatment. The composition and surface energy of the thin film could be controlled by varying the low-energy IB treatment. This treatment results in the permanent chemical modification of the film surface, converting it from organic PDMS to a mixed layer of organic PDMS and inorganic silica. The partial transformation of a PDMS surface gives rise to the control of the pretilt angle via the formation of the inhomogeneous surface and the stabilization of the pretilt angle via the cross-linking reaction of broken chemical bonds through IB irradiation. As a result, a continuous variation of pretilt angles that maintained their initial value with long-term stability was obtained. Thus, the unique chemical transformation of the PDMS surface using IB treatment may allow for the production of durable intermediate liquid crystal pretilt angles.
A MIMO Decoder Accelerator for Next Generation Wireless Communications (2009)

In this paper, we present a multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) decoder accelerator architecture that offers versatility and reprogrammability while maintaining a very high performance-cost metric. The accelerator is meant to address the MIMO decoding bottlenecks associated with the convergence of multiple high-speed wireless standards onto a single device. It is scalable in the number of antennas, bandwidth, modulation format, and most importantly, present and emerging decoder algorithms. It features a Harvard-like architecture with complex vector operands and a deeply pipelined fixed-point complex arithmetic processing unit. When implemented on a Xilinx Virtex-4 LX200FF1513 field-programmable gate array (FPGA), the design occupied 43% of overall FPGA resources. The accelerator shows an advantage of up to three orders of magnitude (1000 times) in power-delay product for typical MIMO decoding operations relative to a general purpose DSP. When compared to dedicated application-specific IC (ASIC) implementations of mmse MIMO decoders, the accelerator showed a degradation of 340%-17%, depending on the actual ASIC being considered. In order to optimize the design for both speed and area, specific challenges had to be overcome. These include: definition of the processing units and their interconnection; proper dynamic scaling of the signal; and memory partitioning and parallelism.
P04-52 LB. The importance of well-defined HIV-1 neutralization assays (2009)

Background Plasma from HIV-1 seropositive individuals show a range of specificities from variant specific to broad cross-neutralizing. The plasma also show different kinetics of neutralization which may be linked to their specificity. The properties may be a consequence of being a polyclonal mixture of antibodies. Isolating monoclonal antibodies from these people would help to resolve these issues.
A light scattering study of reorientational motions in neat liquids. Pressure dependence (1987)

The reorientational correlation times of liquid diphenyl methane and of diphenyl ether have been measured by depolarized light scattering as a function of temperature and pressure. The data yield activation energies and activation volumes. The viscosity dependence of the correlation times is well described by an extended Stokes–Einstein–Debye equation. The data indicate that the reorientational motion observed can to a good approximation be described in terms of a single-molecule motion. The two sets of data obtained from the two liquids are in many respects very similar. However, the more polar diphenyl ether displays larger values of the activation parameters.
SiC JFET: Currently the Best Solution for an Unipolar SiC High Power Switch (2008)

Today a main focus in high efficiency power electronics based on silicon carbide (SiC) lies on the development of an unipolar SiC switch. This paper comments on the advantages of SiC switching devices in comparison to silicon (Si) switches, the decision for the SiC JFET against the SiC MOSFET, and will show new experimental results on SiC JFETs with focus on the production related topics like process window and parameter homogeneity which can be achieved with the presented device concept. Due to material properties unipolar SiC switches have, other than their Si high voltage counterparts, very low gate charge, good body diode performance, and reduced switching losses because of the potential of lower in- and output capacitances. The most common unipolar switch is the MOSFET. However, the big challenge in the case of a SiC MOSFET is the gate oxide. A gate oxide on SiC that provides adequate performance and reliability is missing until now. An alternative unipolar switching device is a normally-on JFET. The normally-on behavior is a benefit for current driven applications. If a normally-off behavior is necessary the JFET can be used together with a low voltage Si MOSFET in a cascode arrangement. Recently manufactured SiC JFETs show results in very good accordance to device simulation and demonstrate the possibility to fabricate a SiC JFET within a mass production. A growing market opportunity for such a SiC switch becomes visible.
Localization of two cellular forms of the vesicular stomatitis viral glycoprotein (1977)

Two cell-associated forms of the glycoprotein (G) of vesicular stomatitis virus, termed G1 and G2, have been resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. G1 has the higher electrophoretic mobility, but both forms migrate more slowly than G protein synthesized in a wheat germ cell-free system (G0), which presumably is the unglycosylated form. G1 is a kinetic precursor of the G2 form, and the apparent cause of the electrophoretic difference between the two species is the presence of N-acetylneuraminic acid on the G2 form. Conversion of G1 to G2 occurs 10 to 20 min prior to the appearance of the G2 form of the protein on the cell surface. This suggests that the G protein may be completely glycosylated several minutes prior to its migration to the cell surface and that glycosylation is not the limiting step in its maturation. No glycoprotein comigrating with G0 can be detected in the infected cells, even after 5-min labeling periods; this suggests that partial clycosylation of G occurs concomitantly with or immediately after its synthesis.
Ultrahigh Surface Area in Porous Solids (2010)

The scope for obtaining extremely high surface areas in porous solids has broadened dramatically in the last ten years. Materials such as metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, and organic polymers can now be prepared with measured surface areas the range 4500 to 6000 square meters per gram. This highlight charts the rapid growth in this area and points to potential applications as well as research challenges to be addressed. We also argue that surface area should be considered as just one property among many when considering practical applications, and that factors such as stability, cost, life-cycle analysis and synthetic ‘added-value’ may often dominate the prospects for supplanting more established sorbents such as activated carbons.
(-)-S-[3H]CGP-12177 and its use to determine the rate constants of unlabeled beta-adrenergic antagonists. (1985)

The enantiomers of the hydrophilic beta-adrenergic blocker CGP-12177 have been synthesized and the S-enantiomer radiolabeled with tritium. The dissociation constant (Kd) of the S-enantiomer for binding to the beta-adrenergic receptor is one-half of that of the racemic mixture and at least 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of the R-enantiomer. The kinetic parameters of the latter were determined by analyzing its effect on the association kinetics of (-)-S-[3H]CGP-12177. A computer program was developed that allows the association and dissociation rate constants of unlabeled ligands to be calculated. This method was validated using Monte Carlo simulations. In addition, the rate constants of unlabeled S-CGP-12177 and S-alprenolol calculated using this method were in good agreement with those of S-[3H]CGP-12177 and S-[3H]dihydroalprenolol, respectively, determined independently. The method was also used to measure the rate constants of the enantiomers of pindolol. These antagonists as well as S- and R-CGP-12177 form their receptor complexes with similar association rate constants. In contrast, the dissociation of the R-enantiomers from receptor-ligand complexes were found to be at least 100 times faster than those of the corresponding S-enantiomers.
Electronic Structure, Defect Chemistry, and Transport Properties of SrTi1-xFexO3-ySolid Solutions (2006)

The electronic structure, defect chemistry, and transport properties of members of the mixed ionic electronic conducting SrTi1-xFexO3-y (STF) solid-solution system are revisited, and an improved defect chemical model is proposed in which Fe is considered to be one of the main constituents that shape the energy-band structure of STF, rather than an impurity dopant with acceptor-like character. As a consequence of the high inherent deficiency in the oxygen sublattice, introduced by the mixed-valence states of the B-site cations Ti4+ and Fe3+, oxygen vacancies and interstitials generated by the anion Frenkel reaction dominate the defect equilibria, leading to predominant ionic conductivity at intermediate partial pressures of oxygen. Increasing Fe content results in both a systematic decrease in band-gap energy, Eg0 = 3.2 − 1.9x + 0.5x2 eV, and reduction enthalpy, ΔHred = 5.8 − 3.4x + 1.7x2 eV. The decrease in band gap is explained on the basis of the systematic broadening of the Fe-derived 3d band lying above the O-derived 2p valence band. The Fe-induced changes in band structure were experimentally confirmed by both optical and photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopies.
Comparison of long-term survival outcomes between laparoscopic and open surgery for mid or low rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy: 7-year follow-up of COREAN trial. (2017)

3518 Background: Laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer has been used widely. However, recent two randomized trials raised concerns about short-term oncologic safety of laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term oncologic safety of laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer based on 7-year data from the Comparison of Open versus laparoscopic surgery for mid or low REctal cancer After Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (COREAN) trial. Methods: COREAN trial was a non-inferiority, randomized controlled trial. Between April, 2006, and Aug, 2009, eligible participants with mid or low rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy were randomly assigned (1:1) to laparoscopic (n = 170) or open surgery (n = 170). Seven-year outcomes included overall and disease-free survival, and local recurrence. Log-rank test and stratified Cox regression analysis were used for survival analysis. Analysis was by intention to treat. Results: The median follow-up times were 84 months (IQR: 61.5-97.0). No differences were found between laparoscopic and open surgery group in terms of overall and disease-free survival, and local recurrence (7-year overall survival: 83.2% [laparoscopic] vs 77.3% [open], p = 0.48; 7-year disease-free survival: 71.6% [laparoscopic] vs 64.3% [open], p = 0.20; 7-year local recurrence: 3.3% [laparoscopic] vs 7.9% [open], p = 0.08). Stratified Cox regression analysis adjusted for ypT, ypN and tumor regression grade showed no significant difference between groups in terms of overall and disease-free survival, and local recurrence. The hazard ratios for overall survival, disease-free survival and local recurrence (open vs laparoscopic surgery) were 0.96 (95% CI = 0.58-1.57), 1.03 (95% CI = 0.70-1.53), and 2.28 (95% CI = 0.82-7.16), respectively. Conclusions: The 7-year analysis confirm the long-term oncological safety of laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy. The use of laparoscopic surgery does not compromise the long-term survival outcomes in rectal cancer. Clinical trial information: NCT00470951.
Catalysis in Lignocellulosic Biorefineries: The Case of Lignin Conversion (2017)

This chapter discusses the prevailing lignocellulose processing methods or biorefinery schemes with focus on the fate of the lignin fraction during these processes. It highlights the most important applications and depolymerization routes. The depolymerized lignin fraction, and mainly the phenolic monomers, not only can be directly used in various low-volume applications but can also be upgraded into fuels, base- and fine chemicals, and polymer-building blocks. In the field of depolymerization and upgrading routes, exciting advances are made regarding catalyst development. The chapter discusses a number of intriguing catalytic approaches and descriebs the structure of lignocellulose. Hydrogenolysis and liquid-phase reforming are effective depolymerization methods in terms of product yields, and progress in the field of catalyst development is expected to further improve these methods. A promising strategy is to use unsupported metal nanoparticles, as they enhance the accessibility of lignin to the catalytic sites.
Biodegradation and bioavailability of bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in soil (1995)

The feasibility of biologically treating process chemicals in soil at a plasticizer manufacturing site containing bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, di-n-octylphthalate, and naphthalene was investigated. It was found that direct biological treatment of site soil was not feasible because part of the contamination existed as insoluble crystalline still-bottom material ranging in size from < 1 mm to several cm. Bench-scale soil biodegradation studies indicated that spiked phthalates and naphthalene could be biodegraded in site soil, but that only portions of the soil contaminant phthalates and naphthalene were bioavailable.
New catanionic surfactants based on 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium alkylsulfonates, [CnH2n+1mim][CmH2m+1SO3]: mesomorphism and aggregation (2009)

Anionic and cationic alkyl-chain effects on the self-aggregation of both neat and aqueous solutions of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium alkylsulfonate salts ([C(n)H(2n+1)mim][C(m)H(2m+1)SO(3)]; n = 8, 10 or 12; m = 1 and n = 4 or 8; m = 4 or 8) have been investigated. Some of these salts constitute a novel family of pure catanionic surfactants in aqueous solution. Examples of this class of materials are rare; they are distinct from both mixed cationic-anionic surfactants (obtained by mixing two salts) and gemini surfactants (with two or more amphiphilic groups bound by a covalent linker). Fluorescence spectroscopy and interfacial tension measurements have been used to determine critical micelle concentrations (CMCs), surface activity, and to compare the effects of the alkyl-substitution patterns in both the cation and anion on the surfactant properties of these salts. With relatively small methylsulfonate anions (n = 8, 10 and 12, m = 1), the salts behave as conventional single chain cationic surfactants, showing a decrease of the CMC upon increase of the alkyl chain length (n) in the cation. When the amphiphilic character is present in both the cation and anion (n = 4 and 8, m = 4 and 8), novel catanionic surfactants with CMC values lower than those of the corresponding cationic analogues, and which exhibited an unanticipated enhanced reduction of surface tension, were obtained. In addition, the thermotropic phase behaviour of [C(8)H(18)mim][C(8)H(18)SO(3)] (n = m = 8) was investigated using variable temperature X-ray scattering, polarising optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry; formation of a smectic liquid crystalline phase with a broad temperature range was observed.
Space Shuttle/TDRSS communication and tracking systems analysis (1986)

In order to evaluate the technical and operational problem areas and provide a recommendation, the enhancements to the Tracking and Data Delay Satellite System (TDRSS) and Shuttle must be evaluated through simulation and analysis. These enhancement techniques must first be characterized, then modeled mathematically, and finally updated into LinCsim (analytical simulation package). The LinCsim package can then be used as an evaluation tool. Three areas of potential enhancements were identified: shuttle payload accommodations, TDRSS SSA and KSA services, and shuttle tracking system and navigation sensors. Recommendations for each area were discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis Applications of Cationic Aza‐Cope Rearrangements. Part 24. Aza‐Cope‐Mannich Approach to Strychnos Alkaloids. Short Stereocontrolled Total Syntheses of (.+‐.)‐Dehydrotubifoline and (.+‐.) ‐Akuammicine. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.