gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Whispering Gallery Mode Resonances from Ge Micro-Disks on Suspended Beams (2015)

Ge is considered to be one of the most promising materials for realizing full monolithic integration of a light source on a silicon (Si) photonic chip. Tensile-strain is required to convert Ge into an optical gain material and to reduce the pumping required for population inversion. Several methods of strain application to Ge are proposed in literature, of which the use of free-standing beams fabricated by micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) processes are capable of delivering very high strain values. However, it is challenging to make an optical cavity within free-standing Ge beams, and here, we demonstrate the fabrication of a simple cavity while imposing tensile strain by suspension using Ge-On-Insulator (GOI) wafers. Ge micro-disks are made on top of suspended SiO$_{2}$ beams by partially removing the supporting Si substrate. According to Raman spectroscopy, a slight tensile strain was applied to the Ge disks through the bending of the SiO2 beams. Whispering-Gallery-Mode (WGM) resonances were observed from a disk with a diameter of 3um, consistent with the finite-domain time-difference simulations. The quality (Q) factor was 192, and upon increasing the pumping power, the Q-factor was degraded due to the red-shift of Ge direct-gap absorption edge caused by heating.
Low Driving Voltage and High Efficiency Blue Phosphorescent OLEDs with Mixed Host System (2013)

We report both low driving voltage and high efficiency characteristics in blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with a simple device structure. A mixed host system consisting of narrow band-gap host material of 4,4’,4’’-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA) and bipolar carrier transporting material of 2,6-bis(3-(carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)pyridine (26DCzPPy) shows low driving voltage performances with high luminance stability. A very low onset voltage of 3.0 V and a driving voltage of 3.8 V to obtain a brightness of 1000 cd/m2are achieved with a current efficiency of 44.2 cd/A.
Some amine hydrofluorides and amines in organofluorine chemistry (1991)

Not Available
Introducing Students to Mechanochemistry via Environmentally Friendly Organic Synthesis Using a Solvent-Free Mechanochemical Preparation of the Antidiabetic Drug Tolbutamide (2019)

The implementation of environmentally friendly, solvent-free mechanochemical synthesis in an undergraduate chemistry teaching laboratory is described. As a model reaction, the experiment addresses the catalytic mechanochemical synthesis of a small library of sulfonylureas, including a known active pharmaceutical ingredient, tolbutamide. The experiment introduces students to mechanochemistry, and the use of automated ball milling as a solvent-free synthetic methodology with a choice of two instruments: a mixer mill and a planetary ball mill. The isolation and purification of final products is achieved simply by washing with water and characterization is performed through powder X-ray diffraction. As milling reactions under wet and dry conditions lead to the formation of two diverse polymorphs of tolbutamide, this experiment also provides an opportunity to discuss topics relevant to solid-state pharmaceutical materials science, such as crystal packing of molecules and polymorphism, and it is an illustration of the emergent field of medicinal mechanochemistry in an undergraduate teaching laboratory.
Dynamics in the dynamic walk of a quadruped robot (1989)

Walk can be classified as 'static walk' and 'dynamic walk'. It is said that dynamic walk is superior in both speed and energy consumption. This paper describes how a quadruped robot should walk dynamically to realize these advantages. Such consideration is lacking in past research. In this paper, three criteria are introduced to evaluate the walk-'stability', 'maximum speed', and 'energy consumption'. The relations between these three criteria and the parameters (gait, speed, period, stride, length of the leg, joint angles, etc.) are formulated accordingly to the dynamics. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The shorter a period is, the more stably the quadruped can walk. (2) It is desirable to walk with a longer period and wider stride in order to increase the maximum speed. (3) There is a period which maximizes the speed. (4) There is a period which minimizes the energy consumption for a given speed. (5) Trot gait is desirable when the priority is placed on energy consumption. Pace gait is recommended when the priority is placed on maximum speed. From experiments using the quadruped robot Collie-2, the validity and usefulness of these relations are verified.
Multi-Attribute Network Selection by Iterative TOPSIS for Heterogeneous Wireless Access (2007)

Contemporary multimedia consumer devices are increasingly obtaining network connectivity mostly through wireless means. In order to economically support the mobile lifestyle of users, a new class of multimodal consumer devices has emerged that are equipped with heterogeneous wireless access capability. Inter-working of heterogeneous packet switched wireless networks, e.g., cellular and WLANs, via IP is a key step to provide ubiquitous service delivery via seamless connectivity of consumer devices. These wireless networks have a diverse range of capabilities and therefore selection of a specific network to optimize service delivery is an issue. Various algorithms have been proposed for use in the decision making process, with the class of Multi Attribute Decision Making (MADM) methods being one of the most promising. MADM methods, however, are known to suffer from ranking abnormalities. This paper applies TOPSIS, a MADM algorithm, to the problem of network selection. The causes of ranking abnormalities in TOPSIS are analyzed. An improvement to the algorithm as applied to the problem of network selection, where only the top ranking alternatives are considered important for decision making, is proposed. The new approach iteratively applies TOPSIS to the problem, removing the bottom ranked candidate network after each iteration. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed iterative TOPSIS approach.
Efficacy of a mitochondrial toxin, F16, in a multi-ATP-depleting regimen + chemotherapy on human breast cancer (MDA-MB-468) xenografts (2004)

2096 Background: : Chemotherapy is enhanced by multi-ATP-depleting therapy (Cancer Res. 60: 6776, 2000). Malignant tumors generally increase ATP production to increase cell division. In general, tumors make and consume (deplete) more ATP than normal tissues. If ATP production is equally inhibited in normal and tumor tissues, high ATP consumption (depletion) in tumors should deplete ATP to cytocidal levels, whereas the lower ATP consumption in normal cells should reduce ATP to tolerable levels. This rationale requires multiple ATP inhibitors inhibiting multiple biochemical pathways that produce ATP. Methods: Alanosine (AL), inhibitor of AMP synthesis, + 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside (MMPR), inhibitor of purine synthesis, preceded by PALA, a pyrimidine inhibitor; acronym, PALM. F16 blocks ATP synthesis by selectively accumulating in mitochondria of responsive breast cancers (Cancer Cell 2:29, 2002). Results: F16 alone was not effective. Taxotere alone (TXT), at MTD40, affects 100% PR of tumors. The addition of PALM (P100 AL250 M150), or PALM + F16 10, effects the same 100% P.R. at half the TXT dose (TXT20), suggesting clinical benefit at reduced normal tissue toxicities. Follow-up (120 days) demonstrates substantial tumor recurrence (43–50%) in Groups 1 and 2, and minimal recurrence (17%) in Group 3. Conclusions: A multi-ATP-depleting regimen (PALM + F16) + chemotherapy augments tumoricidal capability. Chemotherapy is at markedly lower doses, strongly suggesting lower toxic side-effects in the clinic. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Morphogenesis of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus and a Related Human Virus (Strain 229E) (1967)

Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and strain 229E, a virus recently recovered from patients with colds, have been shown to possess a similar distinctive morphology in negatively stained preparations. An electron microscopic study of the morphogenesis of IBV in the chorioallantoic membrane and of strain 229E in WI-38 cells was performed. In infected cells, round electron-dense particles 82 mmu in diameter were observed to form by a process of budding from membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic vesicles. The particles in IBV-infected cells were similar in size and shape to those in strain 229E-infected cells but showed certain differences in internal structure. The evidence that the particles represent virions and the implications of these findings in the classification of this virus group are discussed.
Design and optimization of digital circuits for low power and security applications (2006)

Since integration technology is approaching the nanoelectronics range, some practical limits are being reached. Leakage power is increasing more and more with the continuous scaling, and design of clock distribution systems needs to be reconsidered as it becomes difficult to deal with performance and power consumption specifications while keeping a correct synchronisation in modern multi-GHz systems. The ongoing technology trend will become difficult to maintain unless dedicated library cells, new logic styles and circuit methods are emerging to prevent the drawbacks of future nanoscale circuits. In this thesis we investigate a new class of dynamic differential logic family that features a self-timed operation and low output logic swing. The latter contributes to reduce dynamic power, while the self-timing scheme alleviates the drawbacks of synchronous circuits and systems. Furthermore, the dynamic and differential nature of LSCML class brings advantages in terms of reduction of the power consumption variation and thus gives LSCML an additional potential for implementation of secure encryption devices against attacks based on power analysis. We investigate dynamic and leakage power reduction at the cell level through the application of low-power low-voltage techniques to a new hybrid full adder structure. The 8b RCA circuit based on the ULPFA (ultra low power full adder) version of this full adder, achieves a total power and a leakage power, which are both reduced by 50% compared to the 8b RCA implemented with conventional static CMOS full adder, while featuring better power delay product.
Optically Readable Organic Electrochemical Synaptic Transistors for Neuromorphic Photonic Image Processing (2023)

Optically readable organic synaptic devices have great potential in both artificial intelligence and photonic neuromorphic computing. Herein, a novel optically readable organic electrochemical synaptic transistor (OR-OEST) strategy is first proposed. The electrochemical doping mechanism of the device was systematically investigated, and the basic biological synaptic behaviors that can be read by optical means are successfully achieved. Furthermore, the flexible OR-OESTs are capable of electrically switching the transparency of semiconductor channel materials in a nonvolatile manner, and thus the multilevel memory can be achieved through optical readout. Finally, the OR-OESTs are developed for the preprocessing of photonic images, such as contrast enhancement and denoising, and feeding the processed images into an artificial neural network, achieving a recognition rate of over 90%. Overall, this work provides a new strategy for the implementation of photonic neuromorphic systems.
Intra-Retinal Layer Segmentation of 3D Optical Coherence Tomography\n Using Coarse Grained Diffusion Map (2012)

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a powerful and noninvasive method for\nretinal imaging. In this paper, we introduce a fast segmentation method based\non a new variant of spectral graph theory named diffusion maps. The research is\nperformed on spectral domain (SD) OCT images depicting macular and optic nerve\nhead appearance. The presented approach does not require edge-based image\ninformation and relies on regional image texture. Consequently, the proposed\nmethod demonstrates robustness in situations of low image contrast or poor\nlayer-to-layer image gradients. Diffusion mapping is applied to 2D and 3D OCT\ndatasets composed of two steps, one for partitioning the data into important\nand less important sections, and another one for localization of internal\nlayers.In the first step, the pixels/voxels are grouped in rectangular/cubic\nsets to form a graph node.The weights of a graph are calculated based on\ngeometric distances between pixels/voxels and differences of their mean\nintensity.The first diffusion map clusters the data into three parts, the\nsecond of which is the area of interest. The other two sections are eliminated\nfrom the remaining calculations. In the second step, the remaining area is\nsubjected to another diffusion map assessment and the internal layers are\nlocalized based on their textural similarities.The proposed method was tested\non 23 datasets from two patient groups (glaucoma and normals). The mean\nunsigned border positioning errors(mean - SD) was 8.52 - 3.13 and 7.56 - 2.95\nmicrometer for the 2D and 3D methods, respectively.\n
Predictors of mortality and the provision of dialysis in patients with acute tubular necrosis. The Auriculin Anaritide Acute Renal Failure Study Group. (1998)

To explore the natural history of critically ill patients with acute renal failure due to acute tubular necrosis, we evaluated 256 patients enrolled in the placebo arm of a randomized clinical trial. Death and the composite outcome, death or the provision of dialysis, were determined with follow-up to 60 d. The relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) associated with routinely available demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables were estimated using proportional hazards regression. Ninety-three (36%) deaths were documented; an additional 52 (20%) patients who survived received dialysis. Predictors of mortality included male gender (RR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.21 to 3.36), oliguria (RR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.43 to 3.55), mechanical ventilation (RR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.18 to 2.93), acute myocardial infarction (RR, 3.14; 95% CI, 1.85 to 5.31), acute stroke or seizure (RR, 3.08; 95% CI, 1.56 to 6.06), chronic immunosuppression (RR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.16 to 4.88), hyperbilirubinemia (RR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.08 per 1 mg/dl increase in total bilirubin) and metabolic acidosis (RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.90 to 0.99 per 1 mEq/L increase in serum bicarbonate concentration). Predictors of death or the provision of dialysis were oliguria (RR, 5.95; 95% CI, 3.96 to 8.95), mechanical ventilation (RR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.07 to 2.21), acute myocardial infarction (RR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.24 to 3.07), arrhythmia (RR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.19), and hypoalbuminemia (RR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.74 per 1 g/dl increase in serum albumin concentration). Neither mortality nor the provision of dialysis was related to patient age. These observations can be used to estimate risk early in the course of acute tubular necrosis. Furthermore, these and related models may be used to adjust for case-mix variation in quality improvement efforts, and to objectively stratify patients in future intervention trials aimed at favorably altering the course of hospital-acquired acute renal failure.
Rapid Crystallization of Faujasitic Zeolites: Mechanism and Application to Zeolite Membrane Growth on Polymer Supports (2014)

Zeolites are microporous, crystalline aluminosilicates with the framework made up of T-O-T (T = Si, Al) bonds and enclosed cages and channels of molecular dimensions. Influencing and manipulating the nucleation and growth characteristics of zeolites can lead to novel frameworks and morphologies, as well as decreased crystallization time. In this study, we show that manipulating the supersaturation during synthesis of zeolite X/Y (FAU) via dehydration led to extensive nucleation. Controlled addition of water to this nucleated state promotes the transport of nutrients, with a 4-fold increase in the rate of crystal growth, as compared to conventional hydrothermal process. Structural signature of the nucleated state was obtained by electron microscopy, NMR, and Raman spectroscopy. This extensively intermediate nucleated state was isolated and used as the starting material for zeolite membrane synthesis on porous polymer supports, with membrane formation occurring within an hour. With this time frame for growth, it becomes practical to fabricate zeolite/polymer membranes using roll-to-roll technology, thus making possible new commercial applications.
Angular-type Furocoumarins from the Roots of Angelica atropurpurea and their Inhibitory Activity on the NFAT Signal Transduction Pathway (2014)

One new (1) and two known angular-type (2,3) furocoumarins, isoarchangelicin (1), archangelicin (2), and 2'-angeloyl-3'-isovaleryl vaginate (3), were isolated from the roots of Angelica atropurpurea. The structure of the new compound was established on the basis of one- and two-dimensional NMR spectra and other spectroscopic studies. The inhibitory activity of these three compounds and a deacylated form of archangelicin (4) on the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signal transduction pathway was tested by NFAT-responsive luciferase reporter gene assay in cultured cells. Although 4 did not exhibit inhibitory activity on NFAT signaling, 1-3 exhibited dose-dependent inhibition with IC50 values of 16.5 (1), 9.0 (2), and 9.2 (3) μM.
Magnitude, Kinetics, and Duration of Vibriocidal Antibody Responsesin North Americans after Ingestion of Vibrio cholerae (1982)

Sera from 147 volunteers were examined for vibriocidal antibody by the tube-dilution method before and after they ingested 10(3)-10(6) Vibrio cholerae organisms. Titers increased significantly after challenge in 97% of 110 persons who excreted V. cholerae. In 12% of the bacteriologically confirmed infections, the titer increased significantly only to the homologous (Inaba or Ogawa) serotype. Levels of vibriocidal antibody decreased substantially between one and six months after challenge, but they usually remained elevated over base-line values. Levels of antitoxin to V. cholerae were measured by IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), rabbit skin permeability tests, and adrenal cell techniques in 73 pairs of prechallenge and postchallenge sera. Results of the vibriocidal assay agreed most closely with those of the ELISA, the most sensitive antitoxin assay, in serologically detecting clinical and subclinical infections. Recent infection could be accurately serodiagnosed by levels of vibriocidal antibody and antitoxin (by IgG ELISA) in a convalescent-phase serum.
Synthetic multiantigen MVA vaccine COH04S1 and variant-specific derivatives protect Syrian hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants (2023)

Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants continue to disrupt COVID-19 vaccine efficacy through multiple immune mechanisms including neutralizing antibody evasion. We developed COH04S1, a synthetic modified vaccinia Ankara vector that co-expresses Wuhan-Hu-1-based spike and nucleocapsid antigens. COH04S1 demonstrated efficacy against ancestral virus and Beta and Delta variants in animal models and was safe and immunogenic in a Phase 1 clinical trial. Here, we report efficacy of COH04S1 and analogous Omicron BA.1- and Beta-specific vaccines to protect Syrian hamsters from Omicron subvariants. Despite eliciting strain-specific antibody responses, all three vaccines protect hamsters from weight loss, lower respiratory tract infection, and lung pathology following challenge with Omicron BA.1 or BA.2.12.1. While the BA.1-specifc vaccine affords consistently improved efficacy compared to COH04S1 to protect against homologous challenge with BA.1, all three vaccines confer similar protection against heterologous challenge with BA.2.12.1. These results demonstrate efficacy of COH04S1 and variant-specific derivatives to confer cross-protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants.
What patient information allows us to make accurate predictions of outcome? (2002)

Only some of the information contained in a medical record will be useful to the prediction of patient outcome. The authors describe a novel method for selecting those outcome predictors which allow them to reliably discriminate between adverse and benign end results. Using the area under the receiver operating characteristic as a nonparametric measure of discrimination, the authors show how to calculate the maximum discrimination attainable with a given set of discrete valued features. This upper limit forms the basis of their feature selection algorithm. They use the algorithm to select features (from maternity records) relevant to the prediction of failure to progress in labour. The results of this analysis motivate investigation of those predictors of failure to progress relevant to parous and nulliparous-sub-populations.
Lead Optimization and Modulation of hERG Activity in a Series of Aminooxazoline Xanthene β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme (BACE1) Inhibitors (2014)

The optimization of a series of aminooxazoline xanthene inhibitors of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is described. An early lead compound showed robust Aβ lowering activity in a rat pharmacodynamic model, but advancement was precluded by a low therapeutic window to QTc prolongation in cardiovascular models consistent with in vitro activity on the hERG ion channel. While the introduction of polar groups was effective in reducing hERG binding affinity, this came at the expense of higher than desired Pgp-mediated efflux. A balance of low Pgp efflux and hERG activity was achieved by lowering the polar surface area of the P3 substituent while retaining polarity in the P2' side chain. The introduction of a fluorine in position 4 of the xanthene ring improved BACE1 potency (5-10-fold). The combination of these optimized fragments resulted in identification of compound 40, which showed robust Aβ reduction in a rat pharmacodynamic model (78% Aβ reduction in CSF at 10 mg/kg po) and also showed acceptable cardiovascular safety in vivo.
Development of a Standing Style Transfer System ABLE for a Person with Disabled Lower Limbs (Design Concept and Experiments in a Standing Position) (2008)

A standing style transfer system ABLE is designed for a person with disabled lower limbs to travel in a standing position even on uneven ground, to stand up motion from a chair and to ascend a step. ABLE consists of three modules : a pair of telescopic crutches, a powered lower extremity orthosis, and a pair of mobile platforms. First, we discuss the conceptual design of ABLE, and then show the mechanism and the specification of each module. Next, we present the role of each module and cooperative operations using three modules. In this paper, we mainly discuss the motions in a standing position : traveling and rotating. Some experimental results of these motions verify the effectiveness of this design.