gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enantio‐separation of drugs with multiple chiral centers by chromatography and capillary electrophoresis (2014)

Some drugs with more than one chiral center are of high medicinal values. However, the chiral resolution of such types of racemate is a challenging task for scientists. The evolution of efficient chiral selectors is a hope for the future. Some papers have described such types of chiral resolution. The different techniques used for the purpose are HPLC, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, capillary electrochromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Owing to these facts, it was necessary to review the enantiomeric resolution of racemic drugs having more than one chiral center. The present article describes the chiral resolution of labetalol, formoterol, nadolol, indenolol, nebivolol and diltiazem using above cited techniques. In addition, attempts have been made to discuss the chiral recognition mechanism and future perspectives.
A unique astigmatic nodal property in misaligned Ritchey-Chrétien telescopes with misalignment coma removed (2010)

We present the aberration field response of Ritchey-Chrétien telescopes, with the aperture stop on the primary mirror, to secondary mirror misalignments. More specifically, we derive a general condition for the geometry of the binodal astigmatic aberration field for a telescope that has been aligned to remove field-constant coma. It has been observed that when the coma caused by secondary mirror misalignments is removed the astigmatic field is typically not symmetric around the periphery, but, significantly, it is always effectively zero on-axis. This observation is a manifestation of binodal astigmatism where one of the astigmatic nodes remains near the field center. Here, we show how the condition to remove field-constant coma simultaneously creates a constraint whereby one of the astigmatic nodes must remain effectively on-axis. This result points to why the alignment of a large telescope based on axial imagery is insufficient and demonstrates exactly the geometry of the remaining misalignment aberration field, which dominates the performance of the telescope, providing insights into more complete alignment approaches.
Effects of millimeter wave irradiation and equivalent thermal heating on the activity of individual neurons in the leech ganglion (2014)

Many of today's radiofrequency-emitting devices in telecommunication, telemedicine, transportation safety, and security/military applications use the millimeter wave (MMW) band (30-300 GHz). To evaluate the biological safety and possible applications of this radiofrequency band for neuroscience and neurology, we have investigated the physiological effects of low-intensity 60-GHz electromagnetic irradiation on individual neurons in the leech midbody ganglia. We applied incident power densities of 1, 2, and 4 mW/cm(2) to the whole ganglion for a period of 1 min while recording the action potential with a standard sharp electrode electrophysiology setup. For comparison, the recognized U.S. safe exposure limit is 1 mW/cm(2) for 6 min. During the exposure to MMWs and gradual bath heating at a rate of 0.04°C/s (2.4°C/min), the ganglionic neurons exhibited similar dose-dependent hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane and decrease in the action potential amplitude. However, narrowing of the action potential half-width during MMW irradiation at 4 mW/cm(2) was 5 times more pronounced compared with that during equivalent bath heating of 0.6°C. Even more dramatic difference in the effects of MMW irradiation and bath heating was noted in the firing rate, which was suppressed at all applied MMW power densities and increased in a dose-dependent manner during gradual bath heating. The mechanism of enhanced narrowing of action potentials and suppressed firing by MMW irradiation, compared with that by gradual bath heating, is hypothesized to involve specific coupling of MMW energy with the neuronal plasma membrane.
Homolytic acylation of protonated pyridine and pyrazine derivatives (1972)

The results of the homolytic acylation of compounds containing pyridine and pyrazine rings are reported, aldehydes being used as source of acyl radicals. The reactions proceed in high yields and with complete selectivity at positions α and γ to a heterocyclic nitrogen atom. The factors affecting mono- and poly-substitution and the formation of 9-acyl-9,10-dihydro-derivatives with acridine are discussed. A new process of homolytic acylation, based on decarboxylation of α-keto-acids, is also reported.
Analysis of Oxidative Damage by Gene‐Specific Quantitative PCR (2009)

This unit describes the gene-specific quantitative PCR-based (QPCR) assay, which is used to measure DNA integrity of both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes based on amplification of long DNA targets. QPCR can be used to quantify the formation of DNA damage and the kinetics of DNA repair by following restoration of amplification of the target DNA over time after removal of the damaging agent. A detailed protocol to set up QPCR in any laboratory, highlighting critical parameters for successful establishment of the assay and interpretation of the results, is provided here. Advantages (e.g., the use of nanogram amounts of DNA) and limitations (e.g., the inability to define the specific type of lesion present on the DNA) of using QPCR to assay DNA damage in human cells are also described.
Efficacy and late complications of percutaneous epiphysiodesis with transphyseal screws (2012)

Percutaneous epiphysiodesis using transphyseal screws (PETS) has been developed for the treatment of lower limb discrepancies with the aim of replacing traditional open procedures. The goal of this study was to evaluate its efficacy and safety at skeletal maturity. A total of 45 consecutive patients with a mean skeletal age of 12.7 years (8.5 to 15) were included and followed until maturity. The mean efficacy of the femoral epiphysiodesis was 35% (14% to 87%) at six months and 66% (21% to 100%) at maturity. The mean efficacy of the tibial epiphysiodesis was 46% (18% to 73%) at six months and 66% (25% to 100%) at maturity. In both groups of patients the under-correction was significantly reduced between six months post-operatively and skeletal maturity. The overall rate of revision was 18% (eight patients), and seven of these revisions (87.5%) involved the tibia. This series showed that use of the PETS technique in the femur was safe, but that its use in the tibia was associated with a significant rate of complications, including a valgus deformity in nine patients (20%), leading us to abandon it in the tibia. The arrest of growth was delayed and the final loss of growth at maturity was only 66% of that predicted pre-operatively. This should be taken into account in the pre-operative planning.
Cellobiose dehydrogenase modified electrodes: advances by materials science and biochemical engineering (2013)

The flavocytochrome cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is a versatile biorecognition element capable of detecting carbohydrates as well as quinones and catecholamines. In addition, it can be used as an anode biocatalyst for enzymatic biofuel cells to power miniaturised sensor-transmitter systems. Various electrode materials and designs have been tested in the past decade to utilize and enhance the direct electron transfer (DET) from the enzyme to the electrode. Additionally, mediated electron transfer (MET) approaches via soluble redox mediators and redox polymers have been pursued. Biosensors for cellobiose, lactose and glucose determination are based on CDH from different fungal producers, which show differences with respect to substrate specificity, pH optima, DET efficiency and surface binding affinity. Biosensors for the detection of quinones and catecholamines can use carbohydrates for analyte regeneration and signal amplification. This review discusses different approaches to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of CDH-based biosensors, which focus on (1) more efficient DET on chemically modified or nanostructured electrodes, (2) the synthesis of custom-made redox polymers for higher MET currents and (3) the engineering of enzymes and reaction pathways. Combination of these strategies will enable the design of sensitive and selective CDH-based biosensors with reduced electrode size for the detection of analytes in continuous on-site and point-of-care applications.
A hybrid framework of multiple active appearance models and global registration for 3D prostate segmentation in MRI. (2012)

International audience
Nondestructive 3D pathology with analysis of nuclear features for prostate cancer risk assessment (2023)

Prostate cancer treatment decisions rely heavily on subjective visual interpretation [assigning Gleason patterns or International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade groups] of limited numbers of two-dimensional (2D) histology sections. Under this paradigm, interobserver variance is high, with ISUP grades not correlating well with outcome for individual patients, and this contributes to the over- and undertreatment of patients. Recent studies have demonstrated improved prognostication of prostate cancer outcomes based on computational analyses of glands and nuclei within 2D whole slide images. Our group has also shown that the computational analysis of three-dimensional (3D) glandular features, extracted from 3D pathology datasets of whole intact biopsies, can allow for improved recurrence prediction compared to corresponding 2D features. Here we seek to expand on these prior studies by exploring the prognostic value of 3D shape-based nuclear features in prostate cancer (e.g. nuclear size, sphericity). 3D pathology datasets were generated using open-top light-sheet (OTLS) microscopy of 102 cancer-containing biopsies extracted ex vivo from the prostatectomy specimens of 46 patients. A deep learning-based workflow was developed for 3D nuclear segmentation within the glandular epithelium versus stromal regions of the biopsies. 3D shape-based nuclear features were extracted, and a nested cross-validation scheme was used to train a supervised machine classifier based on 5-year biochemical recurrence (BCR) outcomes. Nuclear features of the glandular epithelium were found to be more prognostic than stromal cell nuclear features (area under the ROC curve [AUC] = 0.72 versus 0.63). 3D shape-based nuclear features of the glandular epithelium were also more strongly associated with the risk of BCR than analogous 2D features (AUC = 0.72 versus 0.62). The results of this preliminary investigation suggest that 3D shape-based nuclear features are associated with prostate cancer aggressiveness and could be of value for the development of decision-support tools. © 2023 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor is a putative tumor suppressor gene in multiple human cancers (2008)

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) is a bHLH/Per-ARNT-Sim transcription factor located in a region of chromosome 5 (5p15.3) that has been proposed to contain one or more tumor suppressor genes. We report here consistent downregulation of AHRR mRNA in human malignant tissue from different anatomical origins, including colon, breast, lung, stomach, cervix, and ovary, and demonstrate DNA hypermethylation as the regulatory mechanism of AHRR gene silencing. Knockdown of AHRR gene expression in a human lung cancer cell line using siRNA significantly enhanced in vitro anchorage-dependent and -independent cell growth as well as cell growth after transplantation into immunocompromised mice. In addition, knockdown of AHRR in non-clonable normal human mammary epithelial cells enabled them to grow in an anchorage-independent manner. Further, downregulation of AHRR expression in the human lung cancer cell line conferred resistance to apoptotic signals and enhanced motility and invasion in vitro and angiogenic potential in vivo. Ectopic expression of AHRR in tumor cells resulted in diminished anchorage-dependent and -independent cell growth and reduced angiogenic potential. These results therefore demonstrate that AHRR is a putative new tumor suppressor gene in multiple types of human cancers.
Subcellular localization of oxidosqualene cyclases from Arabidopsis thaliana, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Pneumocystis carinii expressed in yeast (2002)

Cycloartenol synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana and lanosterol synthase from Trypanosoma cruzi and Pneumocystis carinii were expressed in yeast, and their subcellular distribution in the expressing cells was compared. Determination of enzymatic (oxidosqualene cyclase, OSC) activity and SDS-PAGE analysis of subcellular fractions proved that enzymes from T. cruzi and A. thaliana have high affinity for lipid particles, a subcellular compartment rich in triacylglycerols, and steryl esters, harboring several enzymes of lipid metabolism. In lipid particles of strains expressing the P. carinii enzyme, neither OSC activity nor the electrophoretic band at the appropriate M.W. were detected. Microsomes from the three expressing strains retained some OSC activity. Affinity of enzymes from A. thaliana and T. cruzi for lipid particles is similar to that of OSC of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is mainly located in this compartment. A different distribution of OSC in yeast cells suggests that they differ in some structural features critical for the interaction with the surface of lipid particles. Computer analysis supports the hypothesis of the structural difference since OSC from S. cerevisiae, A. thaliana, and T. cruzi lack or contain only one transmembrane spanning domain (a structural feature that makes a protein poorly inclined to associate with lipid particles), whereas OSC from P. carinii possesses six transmembrane domains. In the strain expressing cycloartenol synthase from A. thaliana, the accumulation of lipid particles largely exceeded that of the other strains.
Cfd Simulation For Flow Behavior In Boiling Water Reactor Vessel And Upper Pool Under Decommissioning Condition (2018)

In order to respond the policy decision of non-nuclear homes, Tai Power Company (TPC) will provide the decommissioning project of Kuosheng Nuclear power plant (KSNPP) to meet the regulatory requirement in near future. In this study, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology has been employed to develop a flow prediction model for boiling water reactor (BWR) with upper pool under decommissioning stage. The model can be utilized to investigate the flow behavior as the vessel combined with upper pool and continuity cooling system. At normal operating condition, different parameters are obtained for the full fluid area, including velocity, mass flow, and mixing phenomenon in the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and upper pool. Through the efforts of the study, an integrated simulation model will be developed for flow field analysis of decommissioning KSNPP under normal operating condition. It can be expected that a basis result for future analysis application of TPC can be provide from this study.
Morphology related bulk and surface mechanical properties of ultralow diameter VGCF–iPP monofilament nanocomposites under potential confinement conditions (2014)

This study looks at the effects of imposed confinement on morphology related properties in vapor grown carbon nanofibers (VGCF) polypropylene nanocomposite filaments. Different levels of imposed confinement are achieved through varying the content of the VGCF and the dimensions of the nanocomposite filaments. The resulting molecular confinement is apparent through a sharp increase (termed the inversion point) in a number of properties at low filament diameters, which is associated with a formation of a 'shish kebab' structure and a transition from a skin/core morphology to an axially oriented lamellar structure.
Semiautomated Quantification of the Mass and Distribution of Vascular Calcification with Multidetector CT: Method and Evaluation (2008)

Institutional review board approval was obtained for this HIPAA-compliant study. Informed consent was obtained for prospective evaluation in 21 asymptomatic volunteers (10 women, 11 men; mean age, 60 years) but waived for retrospective (10 patients with and five patients without disease) evaluation. Prospective validation was in phantoms. Quantification of mass and calcium distribution was performed with fast semiautomated method, without calibration. For actual versus measured mass in phantoms, R(2) was 0.98; absolute and percentage errors were 1.2 mg and 9.1%, respectively. In asymptomatic volunteers, mean interscan variability for calcium mass quantification in extracoronary arteries was 24.9 mg; mean was 991 units for Agatston scoring. In coronary arteries, mean variability was 5.5 mg; mean Agatston variability was 27.7 units. At retrospective computed tomography, mean total calcified mass was 321.3 mg. Accurate quantification of mass and distribution of calcification in simulated arteries with this method can be applied in vivo, with low interscan variability.
Open Problems in Network Security (2016)

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the IFIP WG 11.4 International Workshop on Open Problems in Network Security, iNetSec 2015, held in Zurich, Switzerland, in
Pituitary Adenoma With Paraganglioma/Pheochromocytoma (3PAs) and Succinate Dehydrogenase Defects in Humans and Mice (2015)

The present study confirms the existence of a new association that we termed 3PAs. It is due mostly to germline SDHx defects, although sporadic cases of 3PAs without SDHx defects also exist. Using Sdhb(+/-) mice, we provide evidence that pituitary hyperplasia in SDHx-deficient cells may be the initial abnormality in the cascade of events leading to PA formation.
Smart wearable body sensors for patient self-assessment and monitoring (2014)

Although these devices have been shown to be accurate and have clinical utility, they continue to be underutilized in the healthcare industry. Incorporating smart wearable sensors into routine care of patients could augment physician-patient relationships, increase the autonomy and involvement of patients in regards to their healthcare and will provide for novel remote monitoring techniques which will revolutionize healthcare management and spending.
Tailoring the Cis ‐ Trans Isomerization of Amides (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Substituted Prolines Hydroxyprolines Mercaptoproline Halogenated Prolines Other Proline Analogs Alkylated Proline Analogs Bridged Bicyclic Proline Analogs Locked Proline Mimetics Pseudoprolines in Chemical Synthesis and Biology From Proline to Pseudoproline Synthesis of Pseudoprolines Pseudoprolines for the Synthesis of Difficult Sequences Pseudoprolines in Bioactive Peptides Pseudoprolines for Enhancing Peptide Cyclization and Turn Induction Pseudoprolines for Modulating Polyproline Helices Pseudoprolines for Modulating Structure and Function of Cyclosporins Pseudoprolines for Targeting Cis Bonds in Peptides and Proteins Conclusions and Perspectives
Regression of Metastatic Merkel Cell Carcinoma Following Transfer of Polyomavirus-Specific T Cells and Therapies Capable of Reinducing HLA Class-I (2013)

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin cancer that typically requires the persistent expression of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) oncoproteins that can serve as ideal immunotherapeutic targets. Several immune evasion mechanisms are active in MCC including down-regulation of HLA class-I expression on tumor cells and dysfunctional endogenous MCPyV-specific CD8 T cell responses. To overcome these obstacles, we combined local and systemic immune therapies in a 67-year-old man, who developed metastatic MCPyV-expressing MCC. Intralesional IFNβ-1b or targeted single-dose radiation was administered as a pre-conditioning strategy to reverse the down-regulation of HLA-I expression noted in his tumors and to facilitate the subsequent recognition of tumor cells by T cells. This was followed by the adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded polyclonal, polyomavirus-specific T cells as a source of reactive antitumor immunity. The combined regimen was well-tolerated and led to persistent up-regulation of HLA-I expression in the tumor and a durable complete response in two of three metastatic lesions. Relative to historical controls, the patient experienced a prolonged period without development of additional distant metastases (535 days compared to historic median of 200 days, 95% confidence interval = 154-260 days). The transferred CD8(+) T cells preferentially accumulated in the tumor tissue, remained detectable and functional for >200 days, persisted with an effector phenotype, and exhibited evidence of recent in vivo activation and proliferation. The combination of local and systemic immune stimulatory therapies was well-tolerated and may be a promising approach to overcome immune evasion in virus-driven cancers.
On the TCP Minimum Retransmission Timeout in a High-speed Cellular Network (2005)

Abstract: HS-DSCH is a high-speed shared radio chan-nel extension for WCDMA which is used for cellular mo-bile telephony. The algorithm for distributing the chan-nel resources together with the characteristics of the radio medium result in delay variations. The TCP minimum re-transmission timeout interval has effectively alleviated de-lay variations in its range from deteriorating TCP perfor-mance. But recently, this bound has been shortened in modern widely spread TCP implementations. The aim of our study is to find out how a shorter minimum retrans-mission timeout affects TCP performance over HS-DSCH. We have implemented a model of HS-DSCH in the net-work simulator ns-2. Our simulations cover a wide range of different minimum retransmission timeout settings and loads, two types of schedulers (Round-Robin and Signal-to-Interference-Ratio (SIR) scheduling) and two versions of TCP (SACK and NewReno). Our results show that the number of spurious timeouts increase with the load. The SIR scheduler causes fewer spurious timeouts than the RR scheduler for shorter min-imum retransmission timeout settings, however, for longer settings the RR scheduler causes fewer spurious timeouts compared to the SIR scheduler. The minimum retransmis-sion timeout has consequences for goodput fairness, but it does not affect the total system throughput. Both TCP ver-sions produced similar results.