gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reply by Authors to S.M. Bogdonoff and S. Wang (1986)

W thank Prof. Bogdonoff and Mr. Wang for their comments on our work, although we disagree with them. We did not use selected test results, but based our conclusions on the data set obtained by F.K. Lu during his Master's thesis research. Subsequent work by Good win using fins at larger angles of attack also substantiated our conclusions. If conflicting data have been obtained at Princeton in the interim, we are unaware of them. We are willing to consider conflicting data if any exist. Bogdonoff and Wang question our assertion that conical flow symmetry exists in the outboard region of swept shock/boundary-layer interactions generated by fins. This assertion is supported not only by our data, but by a number of experimental and computational studies conducted in several countries. To our knowledge no form of far-field symmetry other than conical has ever been observed in fingenerated interactions. The matter of the spanwise growth of incoming boundarylayer thickness is admittedly not completely understood. The preponderance of known experiments has used rectangular flat plates that naturally generate boundary layers which grow in the spanwise direction at the upstream limit of a swept interaction. However, in one experiment, the flat-plate leading edge was intentionally swept back 45 deg in order to check such boundary-layer growth effects. The results showed the surface pressure footprints of 4and 10-deg fin interactions at Mach 3 to be invariant to leading-edge sweepback of the flat plate. We find this to be a plausible result; the scale of the incoming boundary layer apparently having exerted its influence only in the establishment of the inception zone, according to dimensional arguments. In further support of conical symmetry, note that the outer inviscid flow is naturally conical. The interaction requires an equilibrium between an outer conical flow and an inner viscous layer. This layer is extremely thin at high Reynolds numbers compared to the dimensions of the fin (as was the case in Ref. 1). Therefore, if the viscous layer refuses to respond to the symmetry of the outer flow, enormous gradients would have to be supported by this thin wall layer. Thus, it seems clear that swept shock/boundary-layer interactions must rapidly adopt the symmetry imposed by the outer flow. The length required for this to occur is the inception length referred to in our paper. This argument has been quantified in an order-of-magnitude analysis by Inger. As for the inception length itself, our description in Ref. 1 was admittedly preliminary. This was not the primary subject of our work, and at that time no one had studied inception lengths per se. More recent work clarifies this issue. It is clear that the inception zone merges gradually into the out-
Structure-Guided Design of EED Binders Allosterically Inhibiting the Epigenetic Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) Methyltransferase (2016)

PRC2 is a multisubunit methyltransferase involved in epigenetic regulation of early embryonic development and cell growth. The catalytic subunit EZH2 methylates primarily lysine 27 of histone H3, leading to chromatin compaction and repression of tumor suppressor genes. Inhibiting this activity by small molecules targeting EZH2 was shown to result in antitumor efficacy. Here, we describe the optimization of a chemical series representing a new class of PRC2 inhibitors which acts allosterically via the trimethyllysine pocket of the noncatalytic EED subunit. Deconstruction of a larger and complex screening hit to a simple fragment-sized molecule followed by structure-guided regrowth and careful property modulation were employed to yield compounds which achieve submicromolar inhibition in functional assays and cellular activity. The resulting molecules can serve as a simplified entry point for lead optimization and can be utilized to study this new mechanism of PRC2 inhibition and the associated biology in detail.
17O nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of substituted phthalic anhydrides and phthalides (1987)

17 O chemical shift data (natural abundance) for 3-substituted phthalic anhydrides and 4- and 7-substituted phthalides in acetonitrile at 75 °C are reported. Steric interactions of substituents ortho to the carbonyl groups result in deshielding effects (9–22 ppm) relative to parent compounds regardless of the electronic character of the substituents. Factors contributing to the deshielding effects are discussed. The relationship between 17 O chemical shifts and regiochemistry of the phthalic anhydrides is discussed.
Efficiency Improvement of Solution Processed Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Using an Alcohol Soluble Exciton Blocking Layer (2010)

High efficiency solution processed blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) were developed using a highly polar phosphine oxide exciton blocking material spin coated from an alcohol solution. An orthogonal film could be effectively deposited due to the insolubility of the emitting layer in alcohol solvent, and a multilayer device structure could be fabricated. The quantum efficiency of the solution processed blue PHOLEDs could be improved from 0.1 to 10.5% by using the alcohol soluble exciton blocking layer. The quantum efficiency of the blue PHOLED with spin coated exciton blocking layer was comparable to that of the blue PHOLED with vacuum deposited exciton blocking layer.
An Experimental Investigation on Hysteresis in a Wet Gas Compressor (2017)

Performance monitoring of wet gas compressors is challenging due to the liquid phase impact on performance. Introduction of a liquid phase alters both the thermodynamics as well as the fluid dynamics of the compression process. Hence, understanding the flow interaction between the impeller, diffuser and volute is pivotal. Previous investigations have detected occurrence of compressor hysteresis at certain wet gas operating conditions, resulting in temporary deviations from the steady state compressor characteristics. This kind of behavior influences both the compressor stability and performance. Thus, being able to understand the onset of hysteresis and its impact on the compressor is paramount. An experimental test campaign has been performed at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). The test facility is an open loop configuration consisting of a shrouded centrifugal impeller, a vaneless diffuser and a circular volute. The current investigation document the compressor performance shift and the occurrence of compressor hysteresis when gradually increasing the liquid load on a centrifugal compressor. Emphasis was put on the compressor performance and its correlation to the diffuser multiphase flow regime. The investigation revealed that there is a clear dependence between the diffuser multiphase flow characteristics and the compressor performance.
Overlapping domains for topology optimization of large-area metasurfaces (2019)

We introduce an overlapping-domain approach to large-area metasurface design, in which each simulated domain consists of a unit cell and overlapping regions from the neighboring cells plus PML absorbers. We show that our approach generates greatly improved metalens quality compared to designs produced using a locally periodic approximation, thanks to ∼10× better accuracy with similar computational cost. We use the new approach with topology optimization to design large-area (200<i>λ</i>) high-NA (0.71) multichrome and broadband achromatic lenses with high focusing efficiency (∼50<i>%</i>), greatly improving upon previously reported works.
Genitourinary tumors (2022)

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK) has made many notable contributions to the scientific understanding and care of patients with common urologic cancers. Many of the advances represented paradigm shifts in management and established new standards of care. This review highlights the surgical procedures and treatment strategies originated and pioneered by urologic surgeons and colleagues at MSK during the past 50 years.
Semi-Supervised QA with Generative Domain-Adaptive Nets (2017)

We study the problem of semi-supervised question answering--utilizing unlabeled text to boost the performance of question answering models. We propose a novel training framework, the Generative Domain-Adaptive Nets. In this framework, we train a generative model to generate questions based on the unlabeled text, and combine model-generated questions with human-generated questions for training question answering models. We develop novel domain adaptation algorithms, based on reinforcement learning, to alleviate the discrepancy between the modelgenerated data distribution and the humangenerated data distribution. Experiments show that our proposed framework obtains substantial improvement from unlabeled text.
A Simple DoF-Achievable Scheme for the Gaussian Interference Channel with Delayed CSIT (2015)

We consider the two-user Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output Interference Channel (MIMO-IC) with outdated channel state information at the transmitters (CSIT). For a fast- fading scenario, the degrees-of-freedom (DoF) region for this channel has been characterized by Vaze and Varanasi in [1]. We devise a simple achievable scheme, which has a unified structure for different antenna configurations. In the proposed scheme, matrices with random entries chosen from a continuous probability distribution are used in the process of designing the precoders. The unified structure of the precoders involving random matrices makes our scheme suitable for generalization to other networks.
Exact reconstruction of gene regulatory networks using compressive sensing (2014)

The method provides a guarantee on how well the inferred graph structure represents the underlying system, reveals deficiencies in the data and model, and suggests experimental directions to remedy the deficiencies.
Direct Electrochemical Deposition of Transparent Metal Oxide Thin Films from Polyoxometalates (2020)

Transition metal oxide coatings, owing to their unique combination of optoelectronic, electrochemical, and chemical properties, are at the forefront of functional thin films across diverse technologies. However, achieving uniform and conformal metal oxide thin films of precise nanoscale thickness and optical quality is largely limited to atomic layer deposition methods. Here, we report a direct, fast, solution-based, ambient-condition electrochemical method to deposit transparent thin films of amorphous niobium oxide and tantalum oxide from polyoxometalate precursors dissolved in aqueous electrolytes. The acid-catalyzed condensation of the polyoxometalates is driven by the potentiostatic oxidation of water at the surface of the transparent working electrode. Film thickness can be tuned at the nanoscale by varying the applied potential. We deposited niobium oxide and tantalum oxide conformally on mesoporous nanocrystal films to demonstrate the abilities of this electrochemical method as an alternative approach to fabricate optical quality composites. These composites exhibit electrochromic and antiphotochromic performance comparable to that of the equivalent composites fabricated by established conventional methods such as atomic layer deposition.
A new robust controller for linear systems with arbitrarily structured uncertainties (2003)

The design of robust controllers for linear single-input-single-output (SISO) systems with uncertainties due to modeling errors and disturbances is considered. It is assumed that a nominal state-space model as well as quantitative bounds on system uncertainties are given. No structural condition such as the matching condition is imposed on system uncertainties. However, it is assumed that the system is minimum phase. Under these assumptions, a controller that achieves regulation of the system output and ensures boundedness of the system state is developed. When the relative degree of the system is larger than two, the controller is first obtained in an unrealizable form, and then its approximation in realizable form is presented. The controller in the approximation form is verified to be effective by a computer simulation study.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
On the Feasibility and Efficacy of Protection Routing in IP Networks (2011)

With network components increasingly reliable, routing is playing an ever greater role in determining network reliability. This has spurred much activity in improving routing stability and reaction to failures and rekindled interest in centralized routing solutions, at least within a single routing domain. Centralizing decisions eliminates uncertainty and many inconsistencies and offers added flexibility in computing routes that meet different criteria. However, it also introduces new challenges, especially in reacting to failures where centralization can increase latency. This paper leverages the flexibility afforded by centralized routing to address these challenges. Specifically, we explore when and how standby backup forwarding options can be activated while waiting for an update from the centralized server after the failure of an individual component (link or node). We provide analytical insight into the feasibility of such backups as a function of network structure and quantify their computational complexity. We also develop an efficient heuristic reconciling protectability and performance, and demonstrate its effectiveness in a broad range of scenarios. The results should facilitate deployments of centralized routing solutions.
Time Resolved Collapse of a Folding Protein Observed with Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (2001)

High-intensity, "pink" beam from an undulator was used in conjunction with microfabricated rapid-fluid mixing devices to monitor the early events in protein folding with time resolved small angle x-ray scattering. This Letter describes recent work on the protein bovine beta-lactoglobulin where collapse from an expanded to a compact set of states was directly observed on the millisecond time scale. The role of chain collapse, one of the initial stages of protein folding, is not currently understood. The characterization of transient, compact states is vital in assessing the validity of theories and models of the folding process.
Mechanisms of Myocardial Regeneration (2009)

The plasticity of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells (BMPCs) and their ability to acquire the myocyte lineage and regenerate dead myocardium after infarction has been challenged. Similarly, although several laboratories have identified cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), the controversy concerning myocyte regeneration in the adult heart has not been resolved. The therapeutic efficacy of these 2 classes of progenitor cells depends on their ability to (1)survive in the hostile milieu of the damaged heart, (2)engraft within the myocardium and (3)grow and differentiate. BMPCs may have a growth potential that is superior to that of CPCs, but transdifferentiation could affect this characteristic and CPCs may constitute a more powerful form of therapy for cardiac repair. The process of transdifferentiation may alter the growth behavior of BMPCs, which may result in losing part of their capability of dividing through alterations of the telomere-telomerase system, premature cellular senescence and apoptosis. Moreover, myocytes derived from BMPCs may possess inherent limitations in the acquisition of the adult phenotype. The opposite may also be true and BMPCs may retain a stronger regenerative capacity than CPCs, representing the most appropriate cells for the damaged heart even after transdifferentiation. Ultimately, the question to be addressed is whether BMPCs are superior, equal or inferior to CPCs for the regeneration of cardiomyocytes and coronary vessels in acute and chronic ischemic heart failure. (Circ J 2010; 74: 13 - 17).
Cadmium, Zinc and Copper in Rabbit Kidney Metallothionein — Relation to Kidney Toxicity (1987)

Exposure to cadmium results in the production of renal metallothionein (MT) (1–5). In the kidney, MT will bind zinc as well as cadmium (1,2). Studies of renal MT obtained from normal horses, with a comparably high concentration of cadmium in their kidneys, have shown that the relative content of zinc in MT decreases with increasing cadmium concentration in the kidney (4). In rats it has been demonstrated that renal MT may also bind copper (6). It is believed that toxic effects caused by cadmium in the kidney will emerge when the tubular cells are unable to produce enough MT to sequester all cadmium ions (2,7).
Recent Drug Approvals from the US FDA and EMEA: What the Future Holds (2009)

The decreased productivity of the pharmaceutical industry in terms of new medical entities approved by the US FDA and the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) on a yearly basis has long been debated. This review will analyze overall new drug applications (NDAs) approved by both the FDA and EMEA in 2007, with the aim of finding trends (also looking at the past) that can be used to predict what the future may be. After a general introduction to the regulatory terminology, NDA approvals in 2007 are divided into categories (new applications of old medicines, metabolites, enantiomers and prodrugs, biological products, natural products and small organic molecule new molecular entities) and discussed. General aspects of the NDA approvals, such as historical trends, the length of the drug-discovery process, geography, differences among therapeutic areas, and the relative role of biotech and pharma industries are also outlined. From this analysis, a perspective is gained on some aspects that will probably influence future drug approvals. The conclusion is that 2007 may represent an inflexion point, in terms of quality if not quantity of new approvals, and that the future may be brighter than previously forecast.
In0.53Ga0.47As metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors with self-aligned metal source/drain using Co-InGaAs alloys (2012)

We have demonstrated InGaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) with self-aligned Co-InGaAs source/drain (S/D). The fabricated MOSEFETs exhibited excellent transistor operation and an on/off ratio of 104 without any S/D ion implantation. It was found that the Co-InGaAs alloys can be formed by direct reaction of Co and InGaAs during annealing at low temperature and that the unreacted Co is selectively etched from Co-InGaAs by an HCl solution without significant etching of Co-InGaAs. We also found that the Co-InGaAs alloys have low sheet resistance of less than 50 Ω/square and relatively low Schottky barrier height of 0.12 eV against electrons in InGaAs with high thermal stability.
[The role of high throughput screening in the early stage of drug research]. (2004)

High throughput screening (HTS) became an integral part of the early phase drug discovery process. Although the methodology itself is widely accepted as a powerful tool of lead discovery there are a number of positive and also negative opinions associated to its application. This paper gives a short introduction to HTS technology, summarizes primary experiences and points out latest changes in screening strategy and technology. Development and application of the new screening facility of Gedeon Richter is also reported.
Dialogue Act DISCOURSE LEARNING: Tagging with Transformation-Based (1998)

My central goal is to compute dialogue acts automatically. A dialogue act is a concise abstraction of a speaker’s intention, such as SUGGEST and REQUEST. Recognizing dialogue acts is critical to understanding at the discourse level, and dialogue acts can also be useful for other applications, such as resolving ambiguity in speech recognition. But, often, a dialogue act cannot be directly inferred from a literal reading of an utterance. Machine learning offers promise as a means of discovering patterns in corpora of data, since the computer can efficiently analyze large quantities of information. My research is the first to investigate using Brill’s (1995) Transformation-Based Learning (TBL) algorithm to compute dialogue acts (Samuel, Carberry, Vijay-Shanker 1998). There are several reasons that I selected this machine learning method over the alternatives for my task: TBL has been applied successfully to a similar problem, Part-of-Speech Tagging (Brill 1995); TBL produces an intuitive model; TBL can easily accommodate local context as well as distant context; TBL demonstrates resistance to overfitting; etc. To address some limitations of the original TBL algorithm and to deal with the particular demands of discourse processing, I developed some extensions to my system, including a Monte Carlo approach that randomly samples from the space of available rules, rather than exhaustively generating all possible rules. This significantly improves efficiency without compromising accuracy (Samuel 1998). Also, to circumvent a sparse data problem, it is necessary to transform the input data by extracting values for a set of simple features of utterances, such as cue phrases and nearby dialogue acts. I am utilizing a very general set of cue phrases that includes patterns such as but, thanks, what time, and busy. To automatically collect those cue phrases that appear frequently in dialogue and provide useful clues to help determine the appropriate dialogue acts, I devised an entropy approach (selecting words so that the dialogue acts co-occurring with those words have low entropy) with a filtering mechanism (removing cue phrases that merely provide redundant information). Other researchers have been investigating machine
A highly efficient dilute alkali deacetylation and mechanical (disc) refining process for the conversion of renewable biomass to lower cost sugars (2014)

The deconstruction of renewable biomass feedstocks into soluble sugars at low cost is a critical component of the biochemical conversion of biomass to fuels and chemicals. Providing low cost high concentration sugar syrups with low levels of chemicals and toxic inhibitors, at high process yields is essential for biochemical platform processes using pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. In this work, we utilize a process consisting of deacetylation, followed by mechanical refining in a disc refiner (DDR) for the conversion of renewable biomass to low cost sugars at high yields and at high concentrations without a conventional chemical pretreatment step. The new process features a low temperature dilute alkaline deacetylation step followed by disc refining under modest levels of energy consumption. The proposed process was demonstrated using a commercial scale Andritz double disc refiner. Disc refined and deacetylated corn stover result in monomeric glucose yields of 78 to 84% and monomeric xylose yields of 71 to 77% after enzymatic hydrolysis at process-relevant solids and enzyme loadings. The glucose and xylose yields of the disc refined substrates in enzymatic hydrolysis are enhanced by 13% and 19%, respectively. Fermentation of the DDR substrates at 20% total solids with Z.mobilis utilized almost all sugars in 20hrs indicating the sugar hydrolyzate produced from the DDR process is highly fermentable due to low levels of chemical contaminants. The ethanol titer and ethanol process yield are approximately 70 g/L and 90% respectively. The proposed new process has been demonstrated using pilot scale deacetylation and disc refiners. The deacetylated and disc refined corn stover was rapidly deconstructed to monomeric sugars at 20% wt solids with enzymatic hydrolysis. High process sugar conversions were achieved, with high concentrations of monomeric sugars that exceeded 150 g/L. The sugar syrups produced were found to have low concentrations of known major fermentation inhibitors: acetic acid, furfural and HMF. The low levels of these fermentation inhibitors lead to high fermentation yields. The results suggest that this process is a very promising development for the nascent cellulosic biofuels industry.