gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
(Invited) Conducting Polymer Transistors Making Use of Activated Carbon Gate Electrodes (2015)

The characteristics of the gate electrode have significant effects on the behaviour of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), which are intensively investigated for applications in the booming field of organic bioelectronics. In this work, high specific surface area activated carbon (AC) was used as gate electrode material in OECTs based on the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS). 1 We found that the high specific capacitance of the AC gate electrodes leads to high drain-source current modulation in OECTs. Cyclic voltammetry studies, where PEDOT:PSS is used as the working electrode (WE) and AC is used as the reference electrode (RE) and counter electrode (CE), show that high double-layer capacitance and absence of Faradaic processes permit the development of stable OECTs where the channel potential is uniquely determined by the applied gate bias. The intrinsic quasi-reference characteristics of AC electrodes make unnecessary the presence of an additional reference electrode to monitor the OECT channel potential. The ease of process of AC electrodes for in plane, flexible device architectures constitutes a step forward in the search of new electrode materials for OECTs to be used in iontronics, printed electronics, bio analytical sensing, and other organic bioelectronic devices.
Investigation of Tip Leakage Vortex Breakdown in a High-Speed Multistage Axial Compressor (2023)

Abstract In this article, an unsteady tip leakage flow instability is identified and investigated for an axial compressor at near-surge conditions. We describe the results of experimental verification of a new compressor developed by improving the blade geometry based on the criterion for the occurrence of this unsteady phenomenon. In a high-speed multistage axial flow compressor having a subsonic high stagger rotor blade, a surge test was carried out by changing the tip clearance. Under a condition of large tip clearance, a drastic decrease in the static pressure rise coefficient near the surge point was observed. At this operating condition, large, unsteady pressure fluctuation at the blade tip was confirmed, and the occurrence of tip leakage vortex breakdown was clarified by unsteady multipoint pressure measurement and detailed unsteady numerical simulations. Due to the blockage effect caused by vortex breakdown of the tip leakage, double leakage and axially reversed flow near the trailing edge were observed. It was found that the vortex breakdown region of the tip leakage vortex propagated in the circumferential direction and caused the rotating instability. In order to investigate the relationship among this unsteady flow phenomenon, tip clearance size, and flow pattern, unsteady calculation was conducted by changing the blade tip stagger and tip clearance size. A new concept of tip clearance of staggered pitch reference was proposed, which makes it possible to include the effect of blade loading on the clearance and clarifies that there exists a threshold at which vortex breakdown occurs/does not occur. On the basis of the aforementioned results, a high-speed multistage improved compressor was designed and manufactured to prevent tip leakage vortex breakdown. A clearance change test using active clearance control technology was conducted, and an increase in the static pressure rise coefficient near the surge point was confirmed for each clearance. The design concept of the improved blade, which suppressed the unsteady tip leakage flow instability, was tested and verified, and the effectiveness of the design guideline in actual gas turbines for power generation was confirmed.
Expression of caspase‐3 in brains from paediatric patients with HIV‐1 encephalitis (1999)

Apoptosis of neurones, macrophages, and microglia occurs in the brains of paediatric patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 encephalitis, which is often associated with pre-mortem neurological disease (progressive encephalopathy). We have previously reported that TUNEL-positive neurones in brain tissue from paediatric patients with HIV type 1 encephalitis and progressive encephalopathy are strikingly devoid of the pro-apoptotic gene product Bax, in marked contrast to brain-resident macrophages and microglia. Using immunocytochemical methods, the present study demonstrate that neurones in patients with HIV type 1 encephalitis and progressive encephalopathy, as well as macrophages and microglia, but not astrocytes, overexpress caspase-3, a pro-apoptotic enzyme that is proteolytically activated downstream of Bax-Bcl-2 dysregulation. Co-localization of neuronal cytoplasmic caspase-3 and nuclear TUNEL staining, a marker for fragmented DNA, was also infrequently observed in brain tissue from patients with HIV type 1 encephalitis and progressive encephalopathy. These findings suggest that vulnerable neurones in brain tissue from patients with HIV virus type 1 encephalitis and progressive encephalopathy undergo apoptosis by a mechanism that involves upregulation of caspase-3 in a pathway that is independent of Bax-Bcl-2 dysregulation. Furthermore, caspase-3 upregulation in apoptotic neurones likely occurs prior to DNA fragmentation.
Scaling up single-wall carbon nanotube laser annealing: effect on electrical resistance and hydrogen adsorption (2017)

Electrical resistance and hydrogen adsorption of laser-annealed single-wall carbon nanotube mats.
Conformational studies of the triphenylphosphazenyl side chain in cyclophosphazenes. I. Crystal and molecular structure of N3P3C15(NPPh3) (1979)

The title compound, C t8H~sC15NaP4, crystallizes in the
monoclinic space group P2~/n with a = 20.14 (2), b =
8.69 (1), c = 14.92 (2) A, fl = 98.8 (3) ° , Z = 4. The
structure was determined from visual data and refined
to R = 0-069 for 1450 reflections. The cyclophosphazene
ring is non-planar. The exocyclic NPPh 3 group
exhibits type I conformation [R. A. Shaw (1975). Pure
Appl. Chem. 44, 317-341] in which the N-P bond is
perpendicular to the adjacent P-CI bond.
Miniemulsion as efficient system for enzymatic synthesis of acid alkyl esters (2010)

The aim of this work is to devise an efficient enzymatic process for the production of linear alkyl esters in aqueous miniemulsion systems. The esterification reactions of linear alcohols and carboxylic acids were performed with three different enzymes, commercial Amano lipase PS from Pseudomonas cepacia, Lipase type VII from Candida rugosa, and lyophilized Fusarium solani pisi cutinase expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae SU50. The miniemulsion system shows a high potential for the synthesis of linear alkyl esters, for example, hexyl octanoate, which could be synthesized with an ester yield of 94% using Amano lipase PS. Even with hydrophilic alcohols as ethanol, ethyl decanoate could be obtained with a concentration of 0.45 M and a yield of 62% using F. s. pisi cutinase as catalyst. High esterification rates for ethyl- and hexyloleate in miniemulsion showed a significant shift in cutinase selectivity towards longer chain length carboxylic acids. The stepwise addition of the alcohol led to an increase of the esterification yield. Moreover, increasing the amount of dispersed organic phase, mainly consisting of the substrates, led to a significant increase of the final ester concentration (e.g., concentration of 1.4 M for ethyl decanoate for the esterification with Amano Lipase PS).
Monoclonal Antibodies (1982)

<h3>Problems With Conventional Antisera</h3> The immune response plays an important role in man's resistance to infectious agents and has evolved to protect us from the many pathogens in our environment. The antibodies that are generated in response to foreign substances can also provide effective reagents for diagnosing and treating many diseases. However, since the natural role of such antibodies is to protect us from invading organisms, a major characteristic of the immune response is its heterogeneity, with many different antibodies being made in response to each antigen. This has complicated the use of antibodies as diagnostic reagents and therapeutic tools because most immune sera, whether raised in animals or man, are a mixture of hundreds to thousands of antibodies that differ from each other in their affinity and specificity. They also differ in their ability to carry out effector functions, such as the binding to macrophages, the fixation of complement,
A numerical algorithm to solve a class of multi-point boundary value problems (2013)

This note presents a numerical algorithm to solve a class of multi-point boundary value problems (MBVPs). Compared to conventional multiple shooting, the proposed method uses less parameters to exploit advantages of single shooting approaches. Unknown parameters are updated by a two-step algorithm which improves the convergence of parameters over existing one-step algorithm. The main idea of the two-step algorithm is to decouple the effects on boundary conditions between two sets of parameters: state and costate, and switch times. The proposed algorithm can compute the solution of a class of MBVPs faster than various existing methods. An application example illustrates the effects of the algorithm.
Energy demand forecasting (2014)

Accurate forecasting of energy demand plays a key role for utility companies, network operators, producers and suppliers of energy. Demand forecasts are utilized for unit commitment, market bidding, network operation and maintenance, integration of renewable energy sources, and for novel dynamic pricing mechanisms, e.g., demand response. In order to achieve accurate forecasts with high spatial and temporal resolution, data from various sources needs to be integrated: Smart meters, SCADA, weather forecasts, physical, statistical and geographical models. In this talk I will give an overview of recent work within IBM Research on an intelligent large-scale energy demand forecasting solution which provides forecasts at different aggregation levels, quantifies uncertainty in demand, and estimates the amount of distributed renewable energy behind the meters. The solution can be seamlessly integrated with external applications for network planning and decision support, and has been validated with leading electric utility companies world-wide.
P4‐020: Separation of Aβ Reduction from Notch Toxicity with Gamma Secretase Inhibitors in Rats (2010)

γ-Secretase inhibitors (GSI) are an attractive therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease (AD) since cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by γ-secretase is required to form the Aβ peptides hypothesized to cause AD. In addition to APP, γ-secretase cleaves other proteins thereby complicating the development of GSIs. Of particular concern are the Notch-family of proteins which require γ-secretase cleavage to control cell fate decisions in several tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract. We have developed Notch-sparing GSIs using cell-based assays. To explore the in vivo translation of these in vitro results, rats were dosed for either 1- or 4-days with GSIs exhibiting a range of different Notch/APP potency ratios. Reductions in plasma Aβ40 levels were measured to monitor inhibition of APP processing while reductions in HES-1 expression in white blood cells (WBC) or formation of gastrointestinal lesions after 4-days of dosing were used to measure inhibition of Notch processing. We demonstrate that the separation of Aβ reductions from Notch toxicity in rats is possible and that the Notch/APP potency ratios established in vitro are predictive of the in vivo response. Our results illustrate that despite the complex nature of γ-secretase as a therapeutic target, the development of safe inhibitors may be possible.
Pig Fetal Septal Neurons Implanted into the Hippocampus of Aged or Cholinergic Deafferented Rats Grow Axons and Form Cross-Species Synapses in Appropriate Target Regions (1999)

The anatomical specificity of axon growth from fetal pig septal xenografts was studied by transplanting septal cells from E30-35 pig fetuses into cholinergic deafferented (192-IgG-saporin-infused) rats or into aged rats (> 18 months). Cell suspensions (100,000 cells/microl) were injected bilaterally into the dorsal and ventral hippocampus of immunosuppressed rats (10 mg/kg/day cyclosporine A). To assess axonal growth and synapse formation, acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, an antibody to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and three pig-positive/rat-negative antibodies: bovine 70kD neurofilament (NF70), human low-affinity NGF receptor (hNGFr), and human synaptobrevin (hSB) were used. In rats with surviving grafts at 6 months, NF70 axonal labeling was more extensive than either ChAT or hNGFr labeling. All three markers demonstrated graft axons extending selectively through the hippocampal CA fields and the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. Graft axons did not extend into adjacent entorhinal cortex or neocortex. The distribution of pig hSB-positive synapses correlated with AChE-positive fiber outgrowth in to the host. Electron microscopic analysis of hSB-immunostained hippocampal sections revealed pig presynaptic terminals in contact with normal rat postsynaptic structures in the CA fields and the dentate gyrus. These data demonstrate target-appropriate growth of pig cholinergic axons and the formation of cross-species synapses in the deafferented or aged rat hippocampus.
Quantification and Determination of Spread Mechanisms of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus in Blood and Tissues from Colostrum-Deprived Calves During an Experimental Acute Infection Induced by a Non-Cytopathic Genotype 1 Strain (2011)

To detect and monitor the sequential changes in virus levels, a reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay using a TaqMan probe was carried out on frozen blood and tissues samples collected from calves experimentally infected with a non-cytopathic Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) genotype 1 strain. Blood samples were collected among days 1-14 post-inoculation (p.i). On day 3 p.i, viral RNA was detected in blood samples from six of the eight inoculated animals. Viral RNA was detected in all remaining inoculated animals between 5 and 12 days p.i. The levels of viral RNA increased along the experiment, with a maximal peak between 6 and 9 days p.i. Analysis of virus load in tissues collected from calves euthanized on days 3, 6, 9 and 14 p.i displayed that BVDV was detected on day 3 p.i, being especially abundant in tonsils and ileocaecal valve, highlighting the role of tonsils as the main earliest viral replication sites as well as the principal source for virus spread to other lymphoid tissues and visceral organs. Coinciding with the highest viraemia levels, the highest viral loads were recorded at 9 days p.i. in tonsils, ileal lymph nodes, distal ileum and spleen, showing the main role of these secondary lymphoid organs in the pathogenic mechanisms of BVDV. However, virus levels in the liver and lung increased only towards the end of the infection. This fact could influence in the appearance of bovine respiratory diseases because of the capacity of BVDV for enhancing susceptibility to secondary infections.
A Statistical Model for Investigating Binding Probabilities of DNA Nucleotide Sequences Using Microarrays (2002)

There is considerable scientific interest in knowing the probability that a site-specific transcription factor will bind to a given DNA sequence. Microarray methods provide an effective means for assessing the binding affinities of a large number of DNA sequences as demonstrated by Bulyk et al. (2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 98, 7158-7163) in their study of the DNA-binding specificities of Zif268 zinc fingers using microarray technology. In a follow-up investigation, Bulyk, Johnson, and Church (2002, Nucleic Acid Research 30, 1255-1261) studied the interdependence of nucleotides on the binding affinities of transcription proteins. Our article is motivated by this pair of studies. We present a general statistical methodology for analyzing microarray intensity measurements reflecting DNA-protein interactions. The log probability of a protein binding to a DNA sequence on an array is modeled using a linear ANOVA model. This model is convenient because it employs familiar statistical concepts and procedures and also because it is effective for investigating the probability structure of the binding mechanism.
Abstract 18277: Bioadhesive and Biodegradable Hyaluronic Acid-Serum Hydrogel Promotes Cardiac Regeneration (2013)

Cellular cardiomyoplasty is limited by low levels of engraftment due to cell egress from injection site and death due to anoikis/necrosis. We hypothesized that tissue-engineered scaffolds that promote rapid cell adhesion would promote transplanted cell engraftment. We custom-designed stem cell niches, examined encapsulated stem cell viability, proliferation and 18 FDG uptake. Acute cardiac retention was measured by cut/count after transplantation of 18 FDG labeled rat cardiosphere derived cells (CDCs), in vivo transplanted cell bioenergetics by dual isotope SPECT/CT imaging of Na-Iodide symporter + CDCs (after 99m Tc-pertechnetate administration), and chronic engraftment by bioluminescence imaging (BLI) of luciferase + CDCs; LV function was assessed by echocardiography. Crosslinking of N-hydroxysuccinimide-derivatized hyaluronic acid with autologous serum yielded bioadhesive, biodegradable hydrogels (HA:Ser) that promoted survival and proliferation of mouse embryonic stem cells, human mesenchymal stem cells, and CDCs (viability: 99%, 93%, and 95%; proliferation: 759%, 126%, and 322%, respectively at d7; n=3, p&lt; 0.05). I n vitro 18 FDG uptake revealed rapid depression (0.13±0.01%ID/μg DNA) following trypsinization and prompt restoration by encapsulation in hydrogels (0.36±0.04%ID/μg DNA; n=4, p&lt; 0.05); in vivo 99m Tc uptake of encapsulated CDCs at 1hr was 2.4fold higher than transplantation of suspended CDCs. Hydrogels boosted acute cell retention following intra-myocardial transplantation (hydrogel: 92±3%; suspended cells: 15±5%), in vivo BLI revealed CDC proliferation (20%increase) in hydrogels and cell loss (99% decrease; n=3, p &lt;0.05) in the suspended cell group. Echocardiogram revealed increased in LVEF of 0.69±1.9% in control, 10.33±2.1% in epicardial HA:Ser and 12.9±4.1% in intra-myocardial HA:Ser (n=7, p &lt;0.05) at d28 compared to d1 post-MI. Hydrogels also induced 5fold higher angiogenesis than controls. In conclusion, HA:Ser hydrogels can be injected intramyocardially or applied epicardially as patches to beating hearts. These hydrogels induce rapid stem cell attachment, acute retention, in vivo proliferation and improve cardiac function following myocardial infarction.
Construction of tetracyclic indole bases via Aza Diels‐Alder reaction of indolylethylimines with Brassard's diene (1994)

Abstract Schiff's bases 3 derived from tryptamine react with Brassard's diene 4 in the presence of EtAlCl 2 to give functionalized 1,2,5,6‐tetrahydropyridines which are subsequently transformed to indolo[2,3‐ a ]quinolizines 8–10 by the Bischler‐Napieralski reaction and reduction of the intermediate iminium salts with NaBH 4 . magnified image
Calcaneal derotation osteotomy for clubfoot revision surgery (2007)

To describe a derotation calcaneal osteotomy technique and assess its efficacy in the correction of relapsed clubfoot. Twenty-one osteotomies were performed in 20 children with recurrent clubfoot. Nineteen children had been previously treated operatively. The derotation osteotomy was the first procedure performed in one case. The procedure combined medial and plantar releases, followed by a curvilinear osteotomy of the calcaneus. Patients were evaluated clinically and with standing dorsoplantar and lateral radiographs preoperatively, postoperatively and at follow-up. The talocalcaneal angle was considered as the most important criteria to evaluate the deformity correction. The clubfoot was idiopathic in 16 cases and neurological in five cases. Mean age at surgery was 7 years old (range 3.4-12 years). Total number of procedures per foot averaged 2.4 (range 4-1). The mean postoperative follow-up period was 2.8 years (range 2-6 years). The talocalcaneal angle increased significantly after the procedure (P<0.001), and no significant loss of correction was seen at latest follow-up (P=0.17). Two scarring complications occurred. Only one foot underwent further surgery after the calcaneal osteotomy for residual forefoot adduction, associated to a cavus and severe fibrosis. The calcaneal curvilinear osteotomy, in which the calcaneoforefoot unit derotation is performed around the talus but within the calcaneus, is a safe and efficient technique that can be proposed for clubfoot revision surgery.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Hydrolysis: Efficient Synthesis of α‐Substituted Cysteines on Multi‐gram Scale. (2012)

Abstract Compared to previous processes, the efficiency of the reaction and the scope are significantly improved.
Low roll-off efficiency green phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices with simple double emissive layer structure (2008)

Using an Ir(ppy)3 metal complex doped in 4,4′4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)-triphenylamine hole and bis[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-pyridine]beryllium electron transport host materials, simple three layer green phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices comprising double emissive layers have been fabricated. A low driving voltage value of 3.3 V to reach a luminance of 1000 cd/m2 and maximum current- and power-efficiency values of 58.7 cd/A and 65.1 lm/W, and maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) value of 18.6% are reported in this device. EQE exceeding 15% over a wide range of current density from 0.03 to 25 mA/cm2 is noticed. We demonstrate a low roll-off current efficiency value of 12% at a luminance of 10 000 cd/m2 in a highly efficient simple double emissive layer device, imperative to high brightness applications.
A Practical, Hardware Friendly MMSE Detector for MIMO-OFDM-Based Systems (2008)

Design and implementation of a highly optimized MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) detector requires cooptimization of the algorithm with the underlying hardware architecture. Special attention must be paid to application requirements such as throughput, latency, and resource constraints. In this work, we focus on a highly optimized matrix inversion free MMSE (minimum mean square error) MIMO detector implementation. The work has resulted in a real-time field-programmable gate array-based implementation (FPGA-) on a Xilinx Virtex-2 6000 using only 9003 logic slices, 66 multipliers, and 24 Block RAMs (less than 33% of the overall resources of this part). The design delivers over 420 Mbps sustained throughput with a small 2.77-microsecond latency. The designed linear MMSE MIMO detector is capable of complying with the proposed IEEE 802.11n standard.
Ballistic spin transport in a two-dimensional electron gas (2000)

We explore electrically injected, spin-polarized transport in a ballistic two-dimensional electron gas. We augment the B\"uttiker-Landauer picture with a simple, but realistic model for spin-selective contacts to describe multimode reservoir-to-reservoir transport of ballistic spin-1/2 particles. Clear and unambiguous signatures of spin transport are established in this regime, for the simplest measurement configuration that demonstrates them directly. These effects originate from spin precession of ballistic carriers; they exhibit a strong dependence upon device geometry, and vanish in the diffusive limit. Our results have important implications for prospective ``spin transistor'' devices.