gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultrathin perpendicular magnetic anisotropy CoFeB free layers for highly efficient, high speed writing in spin-transfer-torque magnetic random access memory (2019)

Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) ferromagnetic CoFeB with dual MgO interfaces is an attractive material system for realizing magnetic memory applications that require highly efficient, high speed current-induced magnetic switching. Using this structure, a sub-nanometer CoFeB layer has the potential to simultaneously exhibit efficient, high speed switching in accordance with the conservation of spin angular momentum, and high thermal stability owing to the enhanced interfacial PMA that arises from the two CoFeB-MgO interfaces. However, the difficulty in attaining PMA in ultrathin CoFeB layers has imposed the use of thicker CoFeB layers which are incompatible with high speed requirements. In this work, we succeeded in depositing a functional CoFeB layer as thin as five monolayers between two MgO interfaces using magnetron sputtering. Remarkably, the insertion of Mg within the CoFeB gave rise to an ultrathin CoFeB layer with large anisotropy, high saturation magnetization, and good annealing stability to temperatures upwards of 400 °C. When combined with a low resistance-area product MgO tunnel barrier, ultrathin CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) demonstrate switching voltages below 500 mV at speeds as fast as 1 ns in 30 nm devices, thus opening a new realm of high speed and highly efficient nonvolatile memory applications.
Fast volumetric deformation on general purpose hardware (2001)

High performance deformation of volumetric objects is a common problem in computer graphics that has not yet been handled sufficiently. As a supplement to 3D texture based volume rendering, a novel approach is presented, which adaptively subdivides the volume into piecewise linear patches. An appropriate mathematical model based on tri-linear interpolation and its approximations is proposed. New optimizations are introduced in this paper which are especially tailored to an efficient implementation using general purpose rasterization hardware, including new technologies, such as vertex programs and pixel shaders. Additionally, a high performance model for local illumination calculation is introduced, which meets the aesthetic requirements of visual arts and entertainment. The results demonstrate the significant performance benefit and allow for time-critical applications, such as computer assisted surgery.
Electro-adhesive forceps for tissue manipulation (2004)

Capturing, separation and removal of thin, evasive, and often transparent membranes attached to the underlying tissue is typically a very difficult task in vitreoretinal surgery. The most challenging part of such procedures is in initial separation of the membrane, which then allows for a strong grip of the micro-tweezers holding it from two sides. Attempts of performing this procedure often lead to piercing and otherwise damaging the underlying tissue. Accordingly, there is a need for devices that could attach to tissue in a minimally-traumatic manner approaching it from only one side. It is desirable that such a device would attach to a tissue on a push of a button and release it on demand. We developed a technique that allows for strong attachment of an electrode to tissue with a single electrical pulse, and disconnection of it from the tissue with a different pulse. Adhesion does not require any electrical support after the pulse, and the adhesive forces generated on a wire electrode of 50 micrometer in diameter are sufficient for manipulation of all types of cellular and non-cellular intraocular tissues. To reduce electroporation-related tissue damage the bipolar train of pulses is applied with burst duration 50-200 microsecond. At optimal pulse parameters the tissue damage is limited to a single layer of cells adjacent to the surface of electrode. Electrically-induced adhesion is very convenient for lifting and manipulation of vitreoretinal membranes. It can also be used for attachment of a needle to a membrane and injection of liquid into the sub-membrane space, thus separating the membrane from the underlying tissue without peeling. Similarly, injection of medication into small retinal blood vessels can be performed without insertion of the needle inside the blood vessels.
Structures of yeast vesicle trafficking proteins (1999)

In protein transport between organelles, interactions of v- and t-SNARE proteins are required for fusion of protein-containing vesicles with appropriate target compartments. Mammalian SNARE proteins have been observed to interact with NSF and SNAP, and yeast SNAREs with yeast homologues of NSF and SNAP proteins. This observation led to the hypothesis that, despite low sequence homology, SNARE proteins are structurally similar among eukaryotes. SNARE proteins can be classified into two groups depending on whether they interact with SNARE binding partners via conserved glutamine (Q-SNAREs) or arginine (R-SNAREs). Much of the published structural data available is for SNAREs involved in exocytosis (either in yeast or synaptic vesicles). This paper describes circular dichroism, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering data for a set of yeast v- and t-SNARE proteins, Vti1p and Pep12p, that are Q-SNAREs involved in intracellular trafficking. Our results suggest that the secondary structure of Vti1p is highly alpha-helical and that Vti1p forms multimers under a variety of solution conditions. In these respects, Vti1p appears to be distinct from R-SNARE proteins characterized previously. The alpha-helicity of Vti1p is similar to that of Q-SNARE proteins characterized previously. Pep12p, a Q-SNARE, is highly alpha-helical. It is distinct from other Q-SNAREs in that it forms dimers under many of the solution conditions tested in our experiments. The results presented in this paper are among the first to suggest heterogeneity in the functioning of SNARE complexes.
Steam Etched Porous Graphene Oxide Network for Chemical Sensing (2011)

Oxidative etching of graphene flakes was observed to initiate from edges and the occasional defect sites in the basal plane, leading to reduced lateral size and a small number of etch pits. In contrast, etching of highly defective graphene oxide and its reduced form resulted in rapid homogeneous fracturing of the sheets into smaller pieces. On the basis of these observations, a slow and more controllable etching route was designed to produce nanoporous reduced graphene oxide sheets by hydrothermal steaming at 200 °C. The degree of etching and the concomitant porosity can be conveniently tuned by etching time. In contrast to nonporous reduced graphene oxide annealed at the same temperature, the steamed nanoporous graphene oxide exhibited nearly 2 orders of magnitude increase in the sensitivity and improved recovery time when used as chemiresistor sensor platform for NO(2) detection. The results underscore the efficacy of the highly distributed nanoporous network in the low temperature steam etched GO.
Organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization towards polyphosphoesters (2016)

Hydrolytically degradable and biocompatible aliphatic polyesters are widely applied for biomedical applications as implants, scaffolds for tissue engineering and, finally, as nanocarriers for drug delivery. Aliphatic phophoesters, known since the pioneering work of S. Penczek in the 70’s, exhibit the same properties of hydrolytic degradability and biocompatibility and are thus more and more studied for biomedical applications as well. In the field of materials, anti-fire properties opens up new perspectives. The difference between polyesters and polyphosphoesters in terms of synthesis and properties will be highlighted. Polyphosphosphoesters are synthesized by step-growth and chain growth polymerization. When these polyphosphoesters are synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of cyclic phosphoesters, organocatalysts turned out to be very efficient compared to coodination processes. The last part of the talk will deal with te implementation of ROP of cyclic phosphates towards a series of amphiphilic PEO-block-polyphosphate copolymers of tailored hydrophobicity depending on the length of the lateral alkyl group. These polymers are able to self assemble into nanoparticles by direct dissolution in water, thus in the absernce of any organic solvent. The so-obtained micelles were studied by a set of techniques (Pyrene Fluorescence, Dynamic Light Scattering, Tensiometry). Finally, the influence of the hydrophobicity of the polyphosphate block of the micelle on the encapsulation and the release of a model drug was investigated.
The 12-lead electrocardiogram as a biomarker of biological age (2021)

The difference between AI ECG and chronological age is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Discrepancies between these possibly reflect disease independent biological ageing.
Acid‐catalysed, nucleophile‐catalysed and thermal decomposition of 2‐amino‐3‐(2′,2′‐dimethylaziridino)‐1,4‐naphthoquinone (1980)

Abstract The course of the thermal, acid‐catalysed and iodide‐catalysed decomposition of 2‐amino‐3‐(2′,2′‐dimethylaziridino)‐1,4‐naphthoquinone (III) was investigated. Thermal and iodide‐catalysed decompositions gave mainly 2,3‐diamino‐1,4‐naphthoquinone (VI) and 2‐amino‐3‐(2′‐methylallylamino)‐1,4‐naphthoquinone (V) together with low amounts of 2,2‐dimethyl‐1,2,3,4,5,10‐hexahydrobenzo[ g ]quinoxaline (IV) and 2‐isopropyl‐1 H ‐naphthoimid‐azole‐4,9‐dione (VII). The acid catalysed isomerization of the aziridinonaphthoquinone III with halohydric acids or with acetic acid readily gave the opening of the aziridine ring; the corresponding salts of 2‐amino‐3‐(2′‐haloisobutylamino)‐1,4‐naphthoquinones (VIIIa‐c) and 2‐amino‐3‐(2′‐acetoxyisobutylamino)‐1,4‐naphthoqunone (X) were formed by cleavage of the carbon‐nitrogen bond at the substituted carbon atom. Hypotheses on the mechanism of these reactions are given.
Optical waveguide characterization of a tristable antiferroelectric liquid crystal cell (2004)

The optical convergent-beam waveguide technique has been used to characterize a homogeneously aligned 3 μm cell containing a liquid crystal in the antiferroelectric phase. The director structure has been quantified with the cell at 0 V and at ±50 V dc, and three distinct states have been observed. From the optical data collected, it is found that the material forms a tilted-bookshelf ferroelectric structure in the presence of a suitable voltage, and the characteristic alternating (anticlinic) structure of the antiferroelectric phase when the cell is short-circuited. The biaxiality of the antiferroelectric state has been measured, and (approximately) uniaxial refractive indices, the cone angle, and layer tilt have been determined for the ferroelectric state.
Possible Bose-Einstein condensate associated with an orbital degree of freedom in the Mott insulatorCaCrO3 (2016)

Whether $\mathrm{CaCr}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is a Mott insulator or a correlated metal is still controversial. We have performed measurements of magnetization, specific heat, and thermal conductivity on $\mathrm{CaCr}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ samples selected from many batches of high-pressure synthesis. The single-crystal $\mathrm{CaCr}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ sample exhibits an unprecedentedly sharp transition at a N\'eel temperature ${T}_{N}\ensuremath{\approx}90\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The critical behavior of specific heat cannot be rationalized by the renormalization group theory for a second-order magnetic transition. More surprisingly, the thermal conductivity $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ exhibits an anomalous drop on cooling through ${T}_{N}$, which is opposite to all known influence on $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ from either spin or orbital ordering. We have argued, on the basis of anomalies found in all three measurements and structural data, for the coexistence of itinerant \ensuremath{\pi}-bonding electrons in a $c$-axis band and localized $xy$ electrons in $xy$ orbitals responsible for type-C antiferromagnetic order below ${T}_{N}$ and the occupation of a pure, localized $xy$ orbital undergoing a Bose-Einstein condensate at ${T}_{N}$.
In situ observation of thermal-driven degradation and safety concerns of lithiated graphite anode (2021)

Graphite, a robust host for reversible lithium storage, enabled the first commercially viable lithium-ion batteries. However, the thermal degradation pathway and the safety hazards of lithiated graphite remain elusive. Here, solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) decomposition, lithium leaching, and gas release of the lithiated graphite anode during heating were examined by in situ synchrotron X-ray techniques and in situ mass spectroscopy. The source of flammable gas such as H<sub>2</sub> was identified and quantitively analyzed. Also, the existence of highly reactive residual lithium on the graphite surface was identified at high temperatures. Our results emphasized the critical role of the SEI in anode thermal stability and uncovered the potential safety hazards of the flammable gases and leached lithium. The anode thermal degradation mechanism revealed in the present work will stimulate more efforts in the rational design of anodes to enable safe energy storage.
An automatic quantitative measurement method for performance assessment of retina image registration algorithms (2016)

This paper presents a novel automatic quantitative measurement method for assessment of the performance of image registration algorithms designed for registering retina fundus images. To achieve automatic quantitative measurement, we propose the use of edges and edge dissimilarity measure for determining the performance of retina image registration algorithms. Our input is the registered pair of retina fundus images obtained using any of the existing retina image registration algorithms in the literature. To compute edge dissimilarity score, we propose an edge dissimilarity measure that we called "robustified Hausdorff distance". We show that our proposed approach is feasible as designed by drawing comparison to visual evaluation results when tested on images from the DRIVERA and G9 dataset.
Electron spin resonance (ESR) probe for interventional MRI instrument localization (1999)

This article presents a miniaturized electron spin resonance (ESR) probe for deducing the position of a surgical instrument on an MR image. The ESR probe constructed was small enough to fit inside a 14-G biopsy needle sheath, and position information of the sheath could be acquired using a simple gradient sequence. The position accuracy was estimated from needle trajectories as inferred from the needle artifact, the actual physical trajectory, and measured coordinates. The probe was able to track the tip of a biopsy needle quickly (10 samples/sec) and precisely with accuracy better than +/-2 mm. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999;10:216-219.
The effects of edge defects on the switching characteristics of bit patterned media (2007)

We present the results of micromagnetic studies on realistic patterning defects in perpendicularly oriented magnetic thin films. Both undercut and line edge roughness are investigated systematically with simulations using simple test structures to see the effect of the side wall angle, the roughness amplitude on a nanostructureiquests switching field, and the roughness period on mathematically tractable figures. We then run simulations of hysteresis loops of actual 200 nm diameter nanostructures using AFM images to define the structure boundary and compare the results to MFM images of DC demagnetized dots.
Fine Crystallographic Facets of Photonic Crystal Voids Embedded in GaN-Based Semiconductor by Mass Transport (2012)

We developed a technique for fabricating photonic crystal (PhC) voids embedded in GaN by dry etching, mass transport, and annealing. We report the annealing conditions and shape of the embedded PhC voids. After dry etching to pattern PhC air holes, they are fully capped with a flat GaN layer (34 nm thick) by annealing at 1025 °C. Inner void walls exhibit GaN crystallographic facets. Upon annealing at 900 °C, the air holes are not capped and instead become narrower with increasing annealing duration. Hence, both the shape and diameter can be controlled in the fabrication of PhC structures in GaN.
Synthesis and Monte Carlo Structure Determination of SSZ-77: A New Zeolite Topology (2008)

A new molecular sieve topology has been determined from a multistage Monte Carlo computer simulation procedure using the program ZEFSAII. The material, SSZ-77, consists of alternating layers present in the RUT and AST topologies, and intergrowths may be possible in the way that this material grows. The product first arose from a synthesis where it appears that the degradation of the quaternary ammonium structure directing agent (SDA) produced the viable organo-guest molecule in the structure formation. The synthesis requires the use of Ge as well as Si as lattice components. In the absence of Ge, only RUT forms. An additional study was carried out to determine the suitable size of guest molecules in a series spanning trimethylamine to tetraethylammonium in the presence of benzyltrimethylammonium. It is found from NMR investigations that none of the larger molecules are occluded within the cages of the SSZ-77 structure, and that the primary occluded species is trimethylamine or tetramethylammonium.
WO3-catalysts made by impregnation and aerosol process: towards higher propene yield (2013)

Catalysts prepared by the original aerosol method have shown remarkable catalytic activity at relatively low reaction temperature. The decisive features for high activity in olefin metathesis under studied conditions are (i) good textural properties, (ii) strong interaction between the carrier and the WOx species. The latter is favoured in the case of silica-alumina where the acidity is well balanced and ensures that the WOx are not easy reducible. The aerosol process appears particularly suited to obtain these features.
Highly Sensitive Monolithic Silicon Photonic Crystal Fiber Tip Sensor for Simultaneous Measurement of Refractive Index and Temperature (2011)

Fiber optic sensors have applications in the measurement of a wide range of physical properties such as temperature, pressure, and refractive index. These sensors are immune to electromagnetic interference, made of high temperature dielectric materials and hence can be deployed in harsh environments where conventional electronics would fail. Photonic crystal (PC) fiber tip sensors are highly sensitive to changes in the refractive index and temperature while remaining compact and robust. In comparison to conventional fiber sensors such as fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) or long period fiber gratings (LPFG), they are attractive in several aspects. PC fiber tip sensors have better sensitivity to refractive index and temperature than FBG sensors and are have much smaller sensing volumes than FBGs and LPFGs. Their small size allows them to combine high sensitivity and structural robustness. The most attractive feature may be that PC fiber tip sensors also return a spectrally rich signal with independently shifting resonances that can be used to extract multiple physical properties of the measurand and distinguish between them. In this paper, we show that the PC fiber tip sensor is highly sensitive to the refractive index and temperature of the environment and that both parameters can be simultaneously determined using multiple wavelengths.
Transesterifications Catalyzed by Solid, Reusable Apatite—Zinc Chloride Catalysts. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Data from CpG Island Methylator Phenotype Associates with Low-Degree Chromosomal Abnormalities in Colorectal Cancer (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; Aberrant promoter methylation and genomic instability occur frequently during colorectal cancer development. CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) has been shown to associate with microsatellite instability, and &lt;i&gt;BRAF&lt;/i&gt; mutation and is often found in the right-side colon. Nevertheless, the relative importance of CIMP and chromosomal instability (CIN) for tumorigenesis has yet to be thoroughly investigated in sporadic colorectal cancers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; We determined CIMP in 161 primary colorectal cancers and 66 matched normal mucosae using a quantitative bisulfite/PCR/ligase detection reaction (LDR)/Universal Array assay. The validity of CIMP was confirmed in a subset of 60 primary tumors using MethyLight assay and five independent markers. In parallel, CIN was analyzed in the same study cohort using Affymetrix 50K Human Mapping arrays.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The identified CIMP-positive cancers correlate with microsatellite instability (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.075) and the &lt;i&gt;BRAF&lt;/i&gt; mutation V600E (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.00005). The array-based high-resolution analysis of chromosomal aberrations indicated that the degree of aneuploidy is spread over a wide spectrum among analyzed colorectal cancers. Whether CIN was defined by copy number variations in selected microsatellite loci (criterion 1) or considered as a continuous variable (criterion 2), CIMP-positive samples showed a strong correlation with low-degree chromosomal aberrations (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.075 and &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.012, respectively). Similar correlations were observed when CIMP was determined by MethyLight assay (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.001 and &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.013, respectively).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; CIMP-positive tumors generally possess lower chromosomal aberrations, which may only be revealed using a genome-wide approach. The significant difference in the degree of chromosomal aberrations between CIMP-positive and the remainder of samples suggests that epigenetic (CIMP) and genetic (CIN) abnormalities may arise from independent molecular mechanisms of tumor progression.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;