gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modulation of adipocyte differentiation by tumor necrosis factor and transforming growth factor beta. (1989)

Cultured TA1 adipocytes treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) lose intracytoplasmic lipid and, over a period of days, come to resemble their predifferentiated progenitors (preadipocytes). To examine the extent to which this phenotypic reversion represents a return to a less differentiated cell, we examined three major characteristics that distinguish preadipocytes from adipocytes: (a) pattern of gene expression; (b) hormonal requirement for accelerated adipogenesis; and (c) pattern of protein synthesis. We found that within hours of TNF addition to adipocytes, mRNAs for genes whose expression is augmented during adipogenesis decreased to predifferentiated levels; in addition, like preadipocytes, TNF-treated adipocytes required exposure to hormones to accelerate adipogenesis. Further, the pattern of protein synthesis seen on polyacrylamide gels reverted to that seen before differentiation. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) also caused a rapid decrease in expression of adipose genes when added to fully differentiated cells, an effect that was achieved by treatment with either TGF-beta 1 or TGF-beta 2. These effects were seen in the absence of a demonstrable proliferative response to either TNF or TGF-beta. Thus characteristics that define the "terminally" differentiated state in adipocytes are subject to modulation by environmental influences.
Supermaneuverable perching (2010)

Birds have the impressive ability to gracefully 'swim' through the air while executing aerobatic maneuvers that routinely defy modern aeronautical and control engineering, consistently reminding us that the skies are truly their playground. These animals are masters at inducing and exploiting post-stall aerodynamics to quickly execute maneuvers with unprecedented precision, with nowhere near the sustained propulsive power found in modern state-of-the-art aircraft. This amazing ability to manipulate the air is commonly attributed to the intricate morphology of the wings, tail, feathers and overall sensory motor system of the animal. 
In this thesis we demonstrate, on real hardware, that using only an approximate model of the post-stall aerodynamics in combination with principled and novel tools in optimal control, even a simple fixed-wing foam glider (no propeller) made out of rigid flat plates, with a single actuator at the tail, is capable of executing a highly dynamic bird-like perching maneuver to land on a power-line by exploiting pressure drag on its stalled wings and tail. We present a feedback controller capable of stabilizing the maneuver over a wide range of flight speeds and quantify its robustness to wind-gust disturbances. In order to better characterize the aerodynamics during perching, we performed smoke-visualization in a low-speed free-flight wind-tunnel, where we were able to capture real images of the dominant vortex wake dynamics. We describe the application of these results to the synthesis of higher fidelity aerodynamic models. We also demonstrate our initial perching experiments with flapping-wings, using a flapping-wing version of our glider as well as our fully computerized two-meter wingspan robotic bird, Phoenix. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Separating Skills and Concepts for Novel Visual Question Answering (2021)

Generalization to out-of-distribution data has been a problem for Visual Question Answering (VQA) models. To measure generalization to novel questions, we propose to separate them into "skills" and "concepts". "Skills" are visual tasks, such as counting or attribute recognition, and are applied to "concepts" mentioned in the question, such as objects and people. VQA methods should be able to compose skills and concepts in novel ways, regardless of whether the specific composition has been seen in training, yet we demonstrate that existing models have much to improve upon towards handling new compositions. We present a novel method for learning to compose skills and concepts that separates these two factors implicitly within a model by learning grounded concept representations and disentangling the encoding of skills from that of concepts. We enforce these properties with a novel contrastive learning procedure that does not rely on external annotations and can be learned from unlabeled image-question pairs. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach for improving compositional and grounding performance. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup>
Strong Nanocomposites with Ca, PO4, and F Release for Caries Inhibition (2009)

This article reviews recent studies on: (1) the synthesis of novel calcium phosphate and calcium fluoride nanoparticles and their incorporation into dental resins to develop nanocomposites; (2) the effects of key microstructural parameters on Ca, PO(4), and F ion release from nanocomposites, including the effects of nanofiller volume fraction, particle size, and silanization; and (3) mechanical properties of nanocomposites, including water-aging effects, flexural strength, fracture toughness, and three-body wear. This article demonstrates that a major advantage of using the new nanoparticles is that high levels of Ca, PO(4), and F release can be achieved at low filler levels in the resin, because of the high surface areas of the nanoparticles. This leaves room in the resin for substantial reinforcement fillers. The combination of releasing nanofillers with stable and strong reinforcing fillers is promising to yield a nanocomposite with both stress-bearing and caries-inhibiting capabilities, a combination not yet available in current materials.
Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing a Formal Tetradentate Coordination Chelate: Structural Properties and Phosphorescence Fine-Tuned by Ancillaries (2019)

Synthesis of the multidentate coordinated chelate N3C-H<sub>2</sub>, composed of a linked functional pyridyl pyrazole fragment plus a peripheral phenyl and pyridyl unit, was obtained using a multistep protocol. Preparation of Ir(III) metal complexes bearing a N3C chelate in the tridentate (κ<sup>3</sup>), tetradentate (κ<sup>4</sup>), and pentadentate (κ<sup>5</sup>) modes was executed en route from two nonemissive dimer intermediates [Ir(κ<sup>3</sup>-N3CH)Cl<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> (<b>1</b>) and [Ir(κ<sup>4</sup>-N3C)Cl]<sub>2</sub> (<b>2</b>). Next, a series of mononuclear Ir(III) complexes with the formulas [Ir(κ<sup>4</sup>-N3C)Cl(py)] (<b>3</b>), [Ir(κ<sup>4</sup>-N3C)Cl(dmap)] (<b>4</b>), [Ir(κ<sup>4</sup>-N3C)Cl(mpzH)] (<b>5</b>), and [Ir(κ<sup>4</sup>-N3C)Cl(dmpzH)] (<b>6</b>), as well as diiridium complexes [Ir<sub>2</sub>(κ<sup>5</sup>-N3C)(mpz)<sub>2</sub>(CO)(H)<sub>2</sub>] (<b>7</b>) and [Ir<sub>2</sub>(κ<sup>5</sup>-N3C)(dmpz)<sub>2</sub>(CO)(H)<sub>2</sub>] (<b>8</b>), were obtained upon treatment of dimer <b>2</b> with pyridine (py), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (dmap), 4-methylpyrazole (mpzH), and 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (dmpzH), respectively. These Ir(III) metal complexes were identified using spectroscopic methods and by X-ray crystallographic analysis of representative derivatives <b>3</b>, <b>5</b>, and <b>7</b>. Their photophysical and electrochemical properties were investigated and confirmed by the theoretical simulations. Notably, green-emitting organic light-emitting diode (OLED) on the basis of Ir(III) complex <b>7</b> gives a maximum external quantum efficiency up to 25.1%. This result sheds light on the enormous potential of this tetradentate coordinated chelate in the development of highly efficient iridium complexes for OLED applications.
Some Practical Considerations in Development of Multichannel Scala Tympani Prostheses (1980)

There are several basic issues regarding the safety and feasibility of implanting multichannel scala tympani cochlear prostheses in humans. Physiological and technical studies have been designed to resolve some of these questions. Results of physiological investigations demonstrate that (1) nerve viability is not affected by the presence (without activation) of a multichannel array; (2) use of a highly specified bipolar electrode configuration permits discrete and predictable stimulation of sectors of the auditory nerve array, and (3) some deleterious effects (i.e., nerve damage and calcification products) may result when stimulus parameters (intensity, duration and waveform symmetry) are not well controlled over long periods of stimulation. Results of technical investigations regarding the specifications (materials and design) of multi-electrode arrays and engineering studies regarding hardware and software for safe and efficient stimulators for humans have provided devices with which 2 patients could be implanted and tested psychophysically. Some preliminary results of testing with these provide data regarding threshold, loudness discrimination and pitch perception.
New paradigm of multi-chip white LEDs: combination of an InGaN blue LED and full down-converted phosphor-converted LEDs (2011)

This study introduces innovative multi-chip white LED systems that combine an InGaN blue LED and green/red or green/amber/red full down-converted, phosphor-conversion LEDs (pc-LEDs). Efficient green, amber, and red full down-converted pc-LEDs were fabricated by simply capping a long-wave pass filter (LWPF) on top of LED packing associated with each corresponding powder phosphor. The principal advantage of this type of color-mixing approach in newly developed multi-chip white LEDs based on colored pc-LEDs is thought to be dynamic control of the chromaticity and better light quality. In addition, the color-mixing approach improves the low efficacy of green/amber LEDs in the "green gap" wavelength; reduces the wide color/efficacy variations of each primary LED with at different temperatures and currents; and improves the low color rendering indexes of the traditional color-mixing approach in red, green, and blue (RGB) multi-chip white LEDs.
PdZn catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol using chemical vapour impregnation (CVI) (2016)

The formation of PdZn bimetallic alloys on ZnO, TiO<sub>2</sub> and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> supports was investigated, together with the effect of alloy formation on the CO<sub>2</sub> hydrogenation reaction. The chemical vapour impregnation (CVI) method produced PdZn nanoparticles with diameters of 3-6 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed the changes in the structure of the PdZn alloy that help stabilise formate intermediates during methanol synthesis. PdZn supported on TiO<sub>2</sub> exhibits high methanol productivity of 1730 mmol kg<sub>cat</sub><sup>-1</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> that is associated with the high dispersion of the supported PdZn alloy.
High efficiency, lossless, large free-standing photonic bandgap polymer films (2022)

Polarization selective photonic bandgaps are demonstrated as free-standing flexible films of chiral structure. Capability of large sizes, absence of defects and related high optical quality make the films adequate for imaging, optical communication, display, and other applications.
An optical fiber radiation sensor for remote detection of radiological materials (2005)

This paper demonstrates the feasibility of a portable radiation sensor system that uses the pulsed optically stimulated luminescence technique to remotely interrogate an aluminum oxide (Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/:C) radiation sensor via an optical fiber. The objective is to develop a system for applications requiring simple and inexpensive sensors for widespread monitoring of ionizing radiation levels, which can be remotely interrogated at regular periods with little or no human intervention and are easy to install, operate, and maintain. Results on the optimization and performance of the system are presented. The current minimum detectable dose is of the order of 5 /spl mu/Gy, which is already satisfactory for applications such as the monitoring of radioactive plumes from radioactive waste sites. We also discuss potential developments that could decrease the minimum detectable dose to allow radiation doses as low as the background level to be measured over short time intervals, making the system more versatile for detecting radiological materials.
ChemInform Abstract: ALKYL NITRITE‐METAL HALIDE DEAMINATION REACTIONS. 3. ARYLATION OF OLEFINIC COMPOUNDS IN THE DEAMINATION OF ARYLAMINES BY ALKYL NITRITES AND COPPER(II) HALIDES. A CONVENIENT AND EFFECTIVE VARIATION OF THE MEERWEIN ARYLATION REACTION (1977)

Abstract Die Umsetzung der Aniline (I), (V) und (X) mit tert.‐Butylnitrit und Kupfer(II)‐halogeniden ergibt in Gegenwart von Acrylnitril oder Acrylsäure die im Formelschema beschriebenen Verbindungen.
High‐Speed rotational ablation (rotablator®) for unfavorable lesions in peripheral arteries (1993)

A strategy of using a single, conservatively sized percutaneous transluminal rotational ablation device with or without adjunctive balloon angioplasty was employed in 18 vessels in 17 patients selected because of unfavorable lesion morphology for balloon angioplasty alone. Fifteen patients had lower extremity occlusions and/or heavily calcified lesions and two patients had ostial renal artery stenoses. We were able to achieve a 94% (17/18 lesions) technical success rate, and a 94% (16/17 patients) clinical success rate. In the patients with lower extremity lesions, the baseline ankle-brachial blood pressure index increased from 0.55 +/- 0.15 to 0.90 +/- 0.19 (p < .001) 1 day after the procedure. Follow-up at 6.8 +/- 2.8 months revealed clinical evidence of restenosis in only one patient. We conclude that a cost-effective strategy of treating unfavorable lesions with a single Rotablator burr and adjunctive balloon angioplasty is safe and effective.
microRNA-449a reduces growth hormone-stimulated senescent cell burden through PI3K-mTOR signaling (2023)

Cellular senescence, a hallmark of aging, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many major age-related disorders, including neurodegeneration, atherosclerosis, and metabolic disease. Therefore, investigating novel methods to reduce or delay the accumulation of senescent cells during aging may attenuate age-related pathologies. microRNA-449a-5p (miR-449a) is a small, noncoding RNA down-regulated with age in normal mice but maintained in long-living growth hormone (GH)-deficient Ames Dwarf (df/df) mice. We found increased fibroadipogenic precursor cells, adipose-derived stem cells, and miR-449a levels in visceral adipose tissue of long-living df/df mice. Gene target analysis and our functional study with miR-449a-5p have revealed its potential as a serotherapeutic. Here, we test the hypothesis that miR-449a reduces cellular senescence by targeting senescence-associated genes induced in response to strong mitogenic signals and other damaging stimuli. We demonstrated that GH downregulates miR-449a expression and accelerates senescence while miR-449a upregulation using mimetics reduces senescence, primarily through targeted reduction of p16<sup>Ink4a</sup>, p21<sup>Cip1</sup>, and the PI3K-mTOR signaling pathway. Our results demonstrate that miR-449a is important in modulating key signaling pathways that control cellular senescence and the progression of age-related pathologies.
Monitoring of chemical elements in soils, waters and plants near the active mine tailing dam in the central zone, Chile (2022)

Abstract Chile, the world's largest copper producer, generates massive amounts of mine tailings that are a source of ongoing environmental concern for local communities. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the concentration of elements: As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn and SO 4 2- in soils, water, and vegetation in the communities surrounding a mine tailings dam in central Chile. Soils, waters and plants samples were collected from the towns of Chacabuco, Huechún, Huertos Familiares, Punta Peuco and Santa Matilde, which are located at 3 to 8 km from the Ovejería mine tailings site, operated by CODELCO in operation since 1999. The results showed that the levels of metals/metalloids and SO 4 2- in water (pH 6.69–7.95) met both WHO limits and Chilean water quality standards for miscellaneous uses. In soil (pH 7.67–8.39), total and available concentrations of metals/metalloids did not exceed common international reference values. Plants with acceptable levels of metals and S were Citrus limon, Eucalyptus, Schinus molle, Prunus persica, Medicago sativa, Citrus sinensis , and Ficus carica . The only species with a content of one metal (Fe) well above the reference value and high concentrations of other metals (Cu, Mn, Mo, and Pb) was Acacia caven . The concentrations of chemical elements determined between 2015–2018, in soils, water and plants in different locations near the active copper tailings dam Ovejeria, in Central Chile, allow us to conclude that in general the levels are comparable to national and international references and do not indicate contamination.
Activating Mutations in the Tyrosine Kinase Domain of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Are Associated with Improved Survival in Gefitinib-Treated Chemorefractory Lung Adenocarcinomas (2005)

The presence of EGFR mutations is a major determinant of gefitinib response, and targeting EGFR should be considered in preference to chemotherapy as first-line treatment in lung adenocarcinomas that have demonstrable EGFR mutations.
Hybrid Switchable Phased Array with p-i-n Diodes for 5G Mobile Terminals (2021)

This article proposes a compact hybrid beam-switchable phased array, with simple structure, high gain and large coverage in the mm-wave band, for next generation mobile handsets. Four reconfigurable antennas are selected as array elements, consisting of two monopoles, placed on both sides of the short clearance of 3 mm, fed by SIW. Each array element has three p-i-n diodes controlled working modes, which generate three switchable radiation patterns, two broadside, by switching on either the top or the bottom monopole, and one endfire, given by all the p-i-n diodes in off state. While the beam-switching is realized in the φ plane, the beam-scanning is achieved in the θ plane through progressive phase shifts. The array has -10 dB impedance bandwidth of 3 GHz from 27 to 30 GHz, which is a portion of the 5G spectrum. Simulations including the proposed hybrid antenna system, placed on the top left corner of a mobile phone PCB, prove that the three switchable beams cover the angle range of ±75° in elevation, while the scan angle of ±30° in azimuth is covered by beam-scanning, obtaining overall 3D coverage with realized gain higher than 7 dBi at 28 GHz.
The dependence of proton energy on the parametric degradation in silicon bipolar junction transistors (2023)

The effects of high total dose proton irradiation on the reliability of silicon NPN rf power bipolar junction transistor (BJT) were examined by subjecting to 1, 3, and 5 MeV protons in the dose range from 100 Krad to 100 Mrad. The electrical characteristics such as Gummel characteristics (IB, IC-VBE), excess base current (ΔIB = IBpost – IBpre), current gain (hFE), and output characteristics (IC-VCE), built-in potential (Vbi) and the effective doping concentration (Nd) were studied before and after irradiation. SRIM simulation was conducted to understand the range and energy loss of protons in the BJT structure. SRIM and experimental results infer that the proton irradiation at lower energy (1 MeV) was found to degrade the current–voltage(I-V) and capacitance–voltage (C-V) characteristics more severely than higher-energy (3 and 5 MeV) proton irradiation. Thermal annealing on irradiated devices was also conducted to study the parametric recovery of irradiated devices.
Entropy and Energy Bounds for Metastability Based TRNG with Lightweight Post-Processing (2015)

On-chip True Random Number Generators (TRNG) are important cryptographic primitives in a variety of applications. In advanced CMOS process technologies, intra-die variations in transistor parameters bias the TRNG and degrade the statistics of the bit stream generated. In this work, we present a stochastic model for metastability based TRNG circuit incorporating both the impact of intra-die variations and thermal noise. The stochastic model is used to estimate the expected entropy out of a TRNG at a given process corner for variations in channel length and threshold voltage. We use the stochastic model to study the impact of variations on three lightweight post-processing techniques: von Neumann corrector, XOR function, and PRESENT cipher. The expected bit rate out of von Neumann corrector, number of XOR stages required for entropy extraction and the number of iterations for using PRESENT encryption are estimated for various process corners using the probabilistic entropy values. These analyses are further extended to different device sizing and operating voltage to explore the optimum trade-off between entropy extraction and energy overhead. A combination of HSPICE circuit simulation using 32 nm Predictive Technology models and stochastic modeling in MatLab show that XOR function and von Neumann corrector have an energy overhead ranging from 0.012pJ/bit to 0.15pJ/bit at the cost of decreased yield and bit-rate respectively. PRESENT cipher provides robust entropy extraction by increasing the number of encryption iterations from 1 for to 3 for . With a maximum of 2.52pJ/bit PRESENT provides a more energy efficient solution compared to AES for entropy extraction in power constrained applications.
Acoustic Cavitation Leading to the Morphosynthesis of Mesoporous Silica Vesicles (2002)

Mesoporous silica vesicles have been prepared by an ultrasound-mediated supramolecular templating technique using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as the surfactant. Cooperative assembly of the surfactant and silicate species near the air–water interface of the cavitating bubbles results in a vesicular morphology. The vesicles are thermally stable, possessing wormhole-like mesopores and a high surface area.
Low-Distortion One-Tone and Two-Tone Signal Generation Using AWG Over Full Nyquist Region (2018)

This paper describes algorithms, simulation and experiment verifications of a novel harmonic distortion suppression technique for an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG). It can automatically suppress the harmonics and the image components over a full Nyquist region of the AWG by preprocessing the sinusoidal waveform data using "phase switching method". We show this technique can apply to cancel the harmonics from mid-frequency regions. Also we show two-tone signal generation with IMD suppression. With these methods, distortion components close to the signal are suppressed simply by changing DSP program or waveform memory contents-AWG nonlinearity identification is not required-and spurious components, generated far from the signal band, are relatively easy to remove using an analog filter.
Capacity improvement for finite-input constellation using unitary precoding for two user channels (2012)

In [1], it was shown that introduction of a relative phase shift between the transmitted constellations of both the users in a two user Gaussian Multiple Access Channel (GMAC) improves the capacity region when finite input constellation is used for both the users. This idea was also shown to improve the capacity region of the two user Gaussian Interference Channel (GIC) under the strong interference assumption, with finite constellation [2]. In the current work, we extend the idea of introducing the phase shift to the two symbol case. We show that for both, GMAC and GIC with strong interference, if one user precodes the signal with a 2×2 unitary matrix, then the capacity improves when compared to [1] and [2]. In particular, it is shown that the entries of the unitary precoder have to be complex in order to improve the capacity region. Using simulations, the entries of the unitary precoder for certain ranges of SNR are computed.