gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Hydraulic Fracture Spacing Through the Investigation of Stress Shadowing and Reservoir Lateral Heterogeneity (2019)

Abstract Monitoring of multi-stage hydraulic fractures in unconventional reservoirs has shown that some fractures are more effective and productive than others. Stress shadowing, in addition to reservoir lateral heterogeneity, are two potential factors behind this phenomenon. The focus of this study is to find the optimum hydraulic fracture spacing that aims to reduce the stress shadowing effect and ensure placement of hydraulic fractures in the best quality reservoir rock along the horizontal lateral. A base hydraulic fracture model was created for a well in the Eagle Ford reservoir. Fiber optic distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) data were analyzed to find the individual perforation cluster contribution to production based on the total proppant placed in each cluster. The modeled well cluster contribution and production data were then matched with actual data. Reservoir and geomechanical properties for certain stages of the horizontal wellbore were altered from the base model to address the effect of rock quality lateral variations. Four scenarios of 57 ft, 76 ft, 100 ft, and 142 ft spacing between perforation clusters were investigated to address the effect of stress shadowing. The sensitized reservoir and geomechanical properties include matrix permeability, Poisson's ratio, and Biot's coefficient. Increasing the matrix permeability from a base value of 0.2 ?D to 2 ?D caused the flowing fracture lengths to increase by 69%, 68%, and 48% in the heel, middle, and toe clusters, respectively. Stages with higher Poisson's ratio of 0.33, compared to a base value of 0.28, created larger flowing fracture lengths by 32% and 41% in the heel and middle clusters. Altering Biot's coefficient resulted in the same effect on flowing fracture lengths as altering Poisson's ratio. Overall, the rate of increase in flowing fracture lengths as a response to changing these properties was found to be more pronounced in the heel and middle clusters but less evident in the toe clusters. As for the cluster spacing scenarios, simulations showed that tighter spacing scenarios yielded a larger fracture network volume due to the higher number of clusters. However, these created fractures were less conductive than the ones created with wider spacing scenarios due to the stress shadowing effects. Production runs showed that scenarios with more accessed reservoir volume via more perforation clusters yielded a larger cumulative production over a 30-year simulation period.
Towards parallel evaluation and learning of Boolean $\mu$-formulas with molecules. (1997)

A {formula is a Boolean formula in which each variable occurs at most once. The paper treats its molecular representation including its queries using techniques in molecular biology. The novelty is that this method can evaluate a Boolean formula in a single tube within a short time. The preliminary experimental result suggests the possibility of parallel evaluation and learning of general {formulas. This method is essentially a simulation of state transitions and can be used to simulate a decision tree or a state machine.
System and method for laser system having non-planar thin disc gain media (2023)

The present disclosure relates to a laser system. The laser system may have at least non-flat gain media disc. At least one pump source may be configured to generate a beam that pumps the non-flat gain media disc. A laser cavity may be formed by the pump source and the non-flat gain media disc. An output coupler may be included for receiving and directing the output beam toward an external component.
Short-Term Fading Behavior in High-Speed Railway Cutting Scenario: Measurements, Analysis, and Statistical Models (2012)

Cuttings are widely used in high-speed railway (HSR) transportation to ensure the flatness of rails. The special structure of cuttings results in rich reflection and scattering, and creates dense multipath components. This paper presents a series of measurements of the propagation channel at 930 MHz conducted along the “Zhengzhou-Xi'an” HSR of China, to characterize the small-scale fading behavior of rail-cutting scenarios as a function of the geometry of cuttings, including crown width and bottom width. Raw data are collected in six cuttings (five cuttings are used for developing the model, while the other one is used for validation) in rural and suburban environments. We propose a set of effective methods to statistically model the spatial/temporal variations - including fade depth (FD), level crossing rate (LCR), average fade duration (AFD), and Ricean <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">K</i> -factor - as a function of the structural parameters of cuttings. Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC)-based evaluation indicates that the Ricean distribution is the best to describe small-scale fading. In addition, the rich multipath and directionality of the transmitting antennas lead to a non-monotonous dependence of the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">K</i> -factor on the distance between transmitter and receiver. The autocovariance function of the deviation of the extracted <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">K</i> -factors from the proposed model is presented and the coherence length is investigated. Our results show that even though a cutting is a scenario with severe fading, a “wide” cutting (i.e., with both wide crown and bottom widths) is conducive to the reduction of the severity of fading.
Microbial degradation of the biocide polyhexamethylene biguanide: isolation and characterization of enrichment consortia and determination of degradation by measurement of stable isotope incorporation into DNA (2007)

This is the first study to demonstrate the microbial metabolism of PHMB.
CO2 desorption using high-pressure bipolar membrane electrodialysis (2011)

The electrodialysis of gas evolving solutions may prove to be an important technology for many gas-separation applications, including CO2 and SO2 separation from mixed-gas streams. Progress on the use of electrodialysis for gas separation has been hampered by the increased resistance caused by gas bubbles on the surface of the electrodialysis membranes. This effect reduces the effective membrane surface area, causing increased voltages and reduced membrane lifetimes due to localized “hot spots” of high current density. To overcome this problem, we designed, constructed, and tested a bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BPMED) system designed to operate up to pressures as high as 20 atm. For given process conditions, operation at a sufficiently high pressure keeps all gas dissolved in solution, eliminating the problems caused by gas bubbles on the membrane surfaces. We performed CO2 desorption from aqueous bicarbonate solutions, demonstrating that high pressures decrease the resistance, voltage, and energy of the desorption process. Our results demonstrate that at high current densities (139 mA cm−2), the CO2 desorption energy from aqueous bicarbonate solutions under high-pressure operation can be 29% lower than under ambient-pressure operation.
Trains of thought (2012)

When information is abundant, it becomes increasingly difficult to fit nuggets of knowledge into a single coherent picture. Complex stories spaghetti into branches, side stories, and intertwining narratives. In order to explore these stories, one needs a map to navigate unfamiliar territory. We propose a methodology for creating structured summaries of information, which we call metro maps. Our proposed algorithm generates a concise structured set of documents maximizing coverage of salient pieces of information. Most importantly, metro maps explicitly show the relations among retrieved pieces in a way that captures story development. We first formalize characteristics of good maps and formulate their construction as an optimization problem. Then we provide efficient methods with theoretical guarantees for generating maps. Finally, we integrate user interaction into our framework, allowing users to alter the maps to better reflect their interests. Pilot user studies with a real-world dataset demonstrate that the method is able to produce maps which help users acquire knowledge efficiently.
The Case for a Factored Operating System (fos) (2008)

The next decade will afford us computer chips with 1,000 - 10,000 cores on a single piece of silicon. Contemporary operating systems have been designed to operate on a single core or small number of cores and hence are not well suited to manage and provide operating system services at such large scale. Managing 10,000 cores is so fundamentally different from managing two cores that the traditional evolutionary approach of operating system optimization will cease to work. The fundamental design of operating systems and operating system data structures must be rethought. This work begins by documenting the scalability problems of contemporary operating systems. These studies are used to motivate the design of a factored operating system (fos). fos is a new operating system targeting 1000+ core multicore systems where space sharing replaces traditional time sharing to increase scalability. fos is built as a collection of Internet inspired services. Each operating system service is factored into a fleet of communicating servers which in aggregate implement a system service. These servers are designed much in the way that distributed Internet services are designed, but instead of providing high level Internet services, these servers provide traditional kernel services and manage traditional kernel data structures in a factored, spatially distributed manner. The servers are bound to distinct processing cores and by doing so do not fight with end user applications for implicit resources such as TLBs and caches. Also, spatial distribution of these OS services facilitates locality as many operations only need to communicate with the nearest server for a given service.
ACLV-analysis in production and its impact on product performance (2003)

The paramount importance of CD-control for logic speed is well recognized. Whereas across wafer-line-width-variation (AWLV) influences the width of the speed distribution, across chip line-width-variation (ACLV) is a dominating factor for device leakage. In our study we will discuss different ACLV-terms based on AMD’s 0.18 and 0.13&#956;m processes. We will show how the variation of different scanner and reticle-parameters affects both random and systematic ACLV-components. We will show that the systematic part either can be dominated by global or layout-specific CD-signature, depending on the reticle manufacturing process, scanner condition and the circuit design. In particular we will discuss the impact of defocus, lens aberrations, illumination uniformity dose accuracy and flare. Eventually, we will show the response of critical performance parameters of state of the art &#956;Ps and we will judge different parameters with respect to their impact on &#956;P-speed. Focus control and flare control are found to be the most critical tasks. We will discuss appropriate methods to ensure both focus and flare don’t affect device performance negatively.
Effect of Confinement on Structure, Water Solubility, and Water Transport in Nafion Thin Films (2012)

Fuel cells based on polymer electrolyte membranes (PEM) show promise as a means of energy conversion for a wide range of applications both in the transportation sector and for stationary power production due to their high charge density and low operating temperatures. While the structure and transport of bulk PEMs for fuel cell applications have been studied extensively, much less is known about these materials at interfaces and under confinement, conditions that are highly relevant in the membrane electrode assembly of a working PEM fuel cell. Using X-ray reflectivity, neutron reflectivity, grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, quartz crystal microbalance, and polarization-modulation infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy, we have studied the structure, swelling, water solubility, and water transport kinetics as a function of relative humidity for confined polyelectrolyte films thinner than 222 nm. While the humidity-dependent equilibrium swelling ratio, volumetric water fraction, and effective diffusivity are relatively constant for films thicker than ca. 60 nm, we observe measurable suppressions of these properties in films less than ca. 60 nm. These effects occur at length scales that are relevant to transport (ion and water) in the polyelectrolyte binders found in the catalyst layer of the membrane–electrode assembly (MEA) of a functional fuel cell. The thin film methodology and findings presented here provide a platform to quantify and validate models of interfacial impedance used within the fuel cell community and have the potential to lead to improvements in MEA materials, design, and optimization.
Compact Double-Side Liquid-Impingement-Cooled Integrated Power Electronic Module (2007)

This paper presents a compact integrated power electronic module (IPEM) which seeks to overcome the volumetric power density limitations of conventional packaging technologies. A key innovation has been the development of a substrate sandwich structure which permits double side cooling of the embedded dies whilst controlling the mechanical stresses both within the module and at the heat exchanger interface. A 3-phase inverter module has been developed, integrating the sandwich structures with high efficiency impingement coolers, delink capacitance and gate drive units. Full details of the IPEM construction and electrical evaluation are given in the paper.
Applications of Raman spectroscopy in the area of instrument development and solvent effects on chemical reactions (2002)

This thesis is a compilation of work in the areas of experimental Raman spectroscopy and the theoretical analysis of fluids. The first two chapters describe the design, performance and applications of a near-infrared Raman imaging microscope (NIRIM), the first Raman instrument of its type. The heart of the NIRIM is a fiber bundle, which allows for the simultaneous collection of spectral and spatial information in one scan of the charge coupled device. The key design features are discussed in detail, including the fiber bundle and the optical coupling required between the microscope and the fiber bundle. Also, the chemical imaging performance is demonstrated with regard to the speed and the ability to classify different chemical components in a sample. The third chapter is a reinvestigation of the principle of corresponding states for simple fluids. Classical corresponding states scaling, based on critical point constants, is found to produce weaker universal behavior than a new scaling procedure linked to the two intermolecular interaction potential parameters of a Lennard-Jones fluid. The last two chapters describe solvent effects on chemical reactions. The complete set of reaction thermodynamic functions (ΔG, ΔH, ΔS, ΔV, ΔU, ΔA) obtained for the reaction of acetone and methanol to form a hemiketal (2-methoxy-2-propanol) in two different solvents, diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran. The results are used to test predictions of the perturbed hard fluid model and extract attractive (cohesive) and repulsive (cavity formation) interactions from the solvation thermodynamic functions.
Synthesis and Deformable Hierarchical Nanostructure of Intrinsically Stretchable ABA Triblock Copolymer Composed of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) and Polyisobutylene Segments (2019)

A novel intrinsically stretchable ABA triblock copolymer can be synthesized where A and B are poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and polyisobutylene (PIB) segments, respectively. The deformation of the self-assembled hierarchical nanostructure of the block copolymer thin film was clearly observed by grazing incidence small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering.
Extracellular vesicles and encapusulated miRNAs as emerging cancer biomarkers for novel liquid biopsy (2018)

Over the past several years, considerable focus has been placed on the need for 'biomarkers'. However, traditional biomarkers, such as CEA or CA19-9, for gastrointestinal cancer do not provide sufficient sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing cancer. Moreover, these biomarkers cannot provide information regarding the individual variability of patients. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and extracellular microRNA (miRNA) have shown potential in cancer diagnosis because tumor cells have been shown to release EVs and miRNAs, which mirror their cellular origin, into circulation. Therefore, detection of tumor-specific EVs and extracellular miRNA in body fluids from cancer patients could serve as a non-invasive liquid biopsy for cancer diagnosis and monitoring. This review explores the potential contribution of liquid biopsy using EVs and extracellular miRNA to diagnosis and monitor cancer, including an assessment of prognosis and early detection of disease recurrence in patients with cancer.
Degradation Products of Cyclophosphamide Synthesis and Structural studies (1996)

Abstract The degradation of cyclophosphamide in neutral or slightly acidic aqueous solution starts with an intramolecular alkylation leading to an intermediary bicyclic compound which hydrolyses immediately and exclusively to a nine-membered heterocycle. Subsequent acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the P-N-bond leads to a phosphoric acid monoester. In strongly acidic solutions (1 N HC1) cyclophosphamide decomposes exclusively to bis(2-chloroethyl)-amine and to the corresponding phosphoric acid monoester H2N(CH2)3OP(O)(OH)2. In solid samples of cyclophosphamide, heated up to its melting point, the first pathway predominates over the second one. The structures of the phosphorus compounds were established by 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy, and synthesis. The structure of the bicyclic compound 2 is confirmed by a single crystal X-ray diffraction study which allows an explanation for the selective and immediate hydrolysis with formation of a nine-membered heterocycle and for the absence of the isomer with a six-membered ring. Key Words:: Cyclophosphamidedegradation pathways 31P NMR spectroscopyX-ray crystal structure analysis
Ultrasensitive and Rapid-Response Sensor for the Electrochemical Detection of Antibiotic Residues within Meat Samples (2019)

Antimicrobial use in livestock has emerged as a pressing global issue because of the rise of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Regulatory authorities across the globe have taken steps to discourage the misuse of these antibiotics by banning or limiting the use of medically important antibiotics in food animals. However, to ensure that food animals are not being administered antibiotics inappropriately, there is a need for a reliable, raid-response biosensor that can detect the presence of these antibiotic residuals in meat products. We have developed an affinity-based electrochemical biosensor for the label-free detection of ceftiofur residues in meat samples. The sensor uses a self-assembled immunoassay to target the ceftiofur biomarker by employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to probe the interfacial capacitive changes as ceftiofur binds to the sensor surface. We have demonstrated a platform that can detect ceftiofur within 15 min of introducing the sample at concentrations down to 0.01 ng/mL in 1× phosphate-buffered saline and 10 ng/mL in 220 mg ground turkey meat samples.
Quasiliving Carbocationic Polymerization. V. Quasiliving Polymerization of lndene (1982)

Abstract Quasiliving polymerization of indene, i.e., an increase of the molecular weight of polyindenes with the cumulative amount of consumed monomer, has been demonstrated using the “H2O”/ BCl3, 2-chloroindene/BCl, “H2O”/TiCl4, 2-chloroindene/TiCl4, and cumyl chloride/TiCl4 initiating systems in CH2Cl2 solvent at -50°C. However, chain transfer operates in every system investigated, and sets a limit to DP n,max. The efficiency of the 2-chloroindene and cumyl chloride initiators is very low. The behavior of BCl3 and TiCl4 coinitiators on the polymerization has also been investigated.
Effect of source spectral shape on task-based assessment of detection and resolution in optical coherence tomography (2005)

We demonstrate the effect of the spectral shape of broadband light sources in a task-based approach for assessment of signal detection and resolution in optical coherence tomography. We define two binary tasks: The signal is either present or absent and the signal can be either resolved or not. In a transparent sample bounded by two uniform interfaces we study the minimum detectable change in the index of refraction as well as the minimum resolvable distance between the layers in correlation with the source spectral shape and power. Results show that the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) for a signal-detection task is not affected by the shape of the spectrum but solely by its optical power, whereas spectral shaping has an effect, which we quantify, on the AUC for the resolution task. Moreover, the AUC is demonstrated in relation to the concept of system sensitivity for a signal-detection task.
Supplementary Figures, Table, and Materials and Methods from CD98hc (SLC3A2) Loss Protects Against Ras-Driven Tumorigenesis by Modulating Integrin-Mediated Mechanotransduction (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figures, Table, and Materials and Methods. Supplementary Figures S1-4. S1: Skin sections of control and 4OHT treated mice. S2: Immunohistochemical analysis of murine back skin sections from vehicle- (Ctrl) and 4OHT-treated mice with antibodies against P-Cofilin, and IgG control. S3: Quantitative RT-PCR of YAP/TAZ signaling markers. S4: CD98hc-deficient keratinocytes (GFP positive) reconstituted with different chimeras were seeded on 50kPa stiffness collagen-coated hydrogels for 48 hours. Supplemental Table 1. Set of qRT-PCR specific primers Sup Materials and Methods&lt;/p&gt;
Leben im und unter dem Eis (2012)

Das Leben im und unter dem Eis der Polarmeere gibt uns noch immer viele Rätsel auf- wir bezeichnen eisige Lebensräume als „extrem" und wundem uns über die besonderen Anpassungen von Mikroorganismen, Pflanzen und Tieren sowie einiger menschlicher Kulturen an die gefrorene Umwelt. Die ersten Polarforscher riskierten ihr Lehen, um in die eisigen Weiten vorzudringen. Mittlerweile, scheint eher der Mensch die Natur als die Natur den Menschen zue drohen. Das Eis der Polarregionen - besonders der Arktis - schwindet durch die globale Erwärmung we- sentlich schneller als vorhergesagt. Die Zukunß der eishedeckten Lebensräume und ihrer Bewohner ist ungewiss.