gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tip of the Tongue Known-Item Retrieval: A Case Study in Movie Identification (2021)

While current information retrieval systems are effective for known-item retrieval where the searcher provides a precise name or identifier for the item being sought, systems tend to be much less effective for cases where the searcher is unable to express a precise name or identifier. We refer to this as tip of the tongue (TOT) known-item retrieval, named after the cognitive state of not being able to retrieve an item from memory. Using movie search as a case study, we explore the characteristics of questions posed by searchers in TOT states in a community question answering website. We analyze how searchers express their information needs during TOT states in the movie domain. Specifically, what information do searchers remember about the item being sought and how do they convey this information? Our results suggest that searchers use a combination of information about: (1) the content of the item sought, (2) the context in which they previously engaged with the item, and (3) previous attempts to find the item using other resources (e.g., search engines). Additionally, searchers convey information by sometimes expressing uncertainty (i.e., hedging), opinions, emotions, and by performing relative (vs. absolute) comparisons with attributes of the item. As a result of our analysis, we believe that searchers in TOT states may require specialized query understanding methods or document representations. Finally, our preliminary retrieval experiments show the impact of each information type presented in information requests on retrieval performance.
Loss of miR125a Expression in a Model of K-ras–Dependent Pulmonary Premalignancy (2014)

Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of lung cancer is necessary to identify biomarkers/targets specific to individual airway molecular profiles and to identify options for targeted chemoprevention. Herein, we identify mechanisms by which loss of microRNA (miRNA)125a-3p (miR125a) contributes to the malignant potential of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) harboring an activating point mutation of the K-ras proto-oncogene (HBEC K-ras). Among other miRNAs, we identified significant miR125a loss in HBEC K-ras lines and determined that miR125a is regulated by the PEA3 transcription factor. PEA3 is upregulated in HBEC K-ras cells, and genetic knockdown of PEA3 restores miR125a expression. From a panel of inflammatory/angiogenic factors, we identified increased CXCL1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production by HBEC K-ras cells and determined that miR125a overexpression significantly reduces K-ras-mediated production of these tumorigenic factors. miR125a overexpression also abrogates increased proliferation of HBEC K-ras cells and suppresses anchorage-independent growth (AIG) of HBEC K-ras/P53 cells, the latter of which is CXCL1-dependent. Finally, pioglitazone increases levels of miR125a in HBEC K-ras cells via PEA3 downregulation. In addition, pioglitazone and miR125a overexpression elicit similar phenotypic responses, including suppression of both proliferation and VEGF production. Our findings implicate miR125a loss in lung carcinogenesis and lay the groundwork for future studies to determine whether miR125a is a possible biomarker for lung carcinogenesis and/or a chemoprevention target. Moreover, our studies illustrate that pharmacologic augmentation of miR125a in K-ras-mutated pulmonary epithelium effectively abrogates several deleterious downstream events associated with the mutation.
Compressed Sensing for Wireless Communications: Useful Tips and Tricks (2017)

As a paradigm to recover the sparse signal from a small set of linear measurements, compressed sensing (CS) has stimulated a great deal of interest in recent years. In order to apply the CS techniques to wireless communication systems, there are a number of things to know and also several issues to be considered. However, it is not easy to grasp simple and easy answers to the issues raised while carrying out research on CS. The main purpose of this paper is to provide essential knowledge and useful tips and tricks that wireless communication researchers need to know when designing CS-based wireless systems. First, we present an overview of the CS technique, including basic setup, sparse recovery algorithm, and performance guarantee. Then, we describe three distinct subproblems of CS, viz., sparse estimation, support identification, and sparse detection, with various wireless communication applications. We also address main issues encountered in the design of CS-based wireless communication systems. These include potentials and limitations of CS techniques, useful tips that one should be aware of, subtle points that one should pay attention to, and some prior knowledge to achieve better performance. Our hope is that this paper will be a useful guide for wireless communication researchers and even non-experts to get the gist of CS techniques.
Organ of Corti vibration within the intact gerbil cochlea measured by volumetric optical coherence tomography and vibrometry (2018)

There is indirect evidence that the mammalian cochlea in the low-frequency apical and the more commonly studied high-frequency basal regions function in fundamentally different ways. Here, we directly tested this hypothesis by measuring sound-induced vibrations of the organ of Corti (OoC) at three turns of the gerbil cochlea using volumetric optical coherence tomography vibrometry (VOCTV), an approach that permits noninvasive imaging through the bone. In the apical turn, there was little frequency selectivity, and the displacement-vs.-frequency curves had low-pass filter characteristics with a corner frequency of ~0.5-0.9 kHz. The vibratory magnitudes increased compressively with increasing stimulus intensity at all frequencies. In the middle turn, responses were similar except for a slight peak in the response at ~2.5 kHz. The gain was ~50 dB at the peak and 30-40 dB at lower frequencies. In the basal turn, responses were sharply tuned and compressively nonlinear, consistent with observations in the literature. These data demonstrated that there is a transition of the mechanical response of the OoC along the length of the cochlea such that frequency tuning is sharper in the base than in the apex. Because the responses are fundamentally different, it is not appropriate to simply frequency shift vibratory data measured at one cochlear location to predict the cochlear responses at other locations. Furthermore, this means that the number of hair cells stimulated by sound is larger for low-frequency stimuli and smaller for high-frequency stimuli for the same intensity level. Thus the mechanisms of central processing of sounds must vary with frequency. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A volumetric optical coherence tomography and vibrometry system was used to probe cochlear mechanics within the intact gerbil cochlea. We found a gradual transition of the mechanical response of the organ of Corti along the length of the cochlea such that tuning at the base is dramatically sharper than that at the apex. These data help to explain discrepancies in the literature regarding how the cochlea processes low-frequency sounds.
19.4 A Small-Satellite-Mounted 256-Element Ka-Band CMOS Phased-Array Transmitter Achieving 63.8dBm EIRP Under 26.6W Power Consumption Using Single/Dual Circular Polarization Active Coupler (2023)

Environmental monitoring, the earth-observation, and non-terrestrial networks using small satellite constellations have become promising space applications for nextgeneration society. There are three key design considerations in small satellite systems. First is the limitation of power consumption due to not only the limited energy from solar panels but also severe thermal management in space. Second is the requirement of beam steerability with large equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) to communicate from 500km to 2000km in low earth orbit (LEO). Active phased-array technology is a prominent satellite transmitter (TX) solution. When the element number increases by N times, single-power-amplifier (PA) output power and total power consumption can be reduced by N <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> times and N times, respectively, under the constant EIRP condition. Thus, reducing PA output power and increasing the number of elements are the most efficient design strategies for lowering power consumption. This is illustrated in the upper left graphs in Fig. 19.4.1. The third consideration is that the satellite TX needs to generate accurate single and dual circular polarization (CP) signals for several situations: single polarization for polarization-multiplexing under a multi-satellite environment; dual circular polarization for high data throughput downlink. Especially in both cases, the crosspolarization discrimination (XPD), which represents the accuracy of CP, is the essentially required performance to avoid conflict between two satellite communication systems and/or interference between two signals in a single satellite communication system as the scenario is demonstrated in the upper right figure in Fig. 19.4.1.
Development of Novel Diol-Functionalized Silica Particles toward Fast and Efficient Boron Removal (2017)

Ion-exchange adsorption may be a promising way to tackle the boron contamination in various waterbodies on condition that an effective boron-specific adsorbent with fast sorption kinetics, high efficiency and capacity, easy regeneration, and low cost is accessible. In this work, a group of novel silica-based adsorbents were synthesized for boron removal, with the objectives of assessing their adsorption behaviors and improving their boron separation performance. The adsorption efficiency was systematically evaluated and optimized under various synthesis and operating conditions, i.e., reactant ratio, chelating temperature, particle loading, contact time, and ion strength. In addition, the adsorption kinetics and isotherm were adequately demonstrated. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model while the adsorption isotherm was described by Langmuir, Freundlich, and Sips models. The silica adsorbent exhibited a high adsorption rate; equilibrium was reached in few minutes, due to its high hydrophilicity and nontortuous structure. A high adsorption capacity was predicted, and a heterogeneous sorption behavior was validated by the isotherm models. Finally, regeneration performance of the adsorbent in both batch experiments and liquid chromatographic (LC) column-based experiments demonstrated that the adsorption capacity was marginally sacrificed (less than 10%) after three cycles of measurements, illustrating promising reusability. These findings may open up new ways to design high-performance boron-specific adsorbents.
Inhibition of Testicular Testosterone Biosynthesis Following Experimental Varicocele in Rats (1987)

In an attempt to determine whether defective testicular testosterone (T) biosynthesis may be associated with a varicocele, an experimental study was performed in adult rats whereby a unilateral left varicocele was surgically created. At 2, 4, 8, and 12 wk following the creation of the varicocele, intratesticular T as well as the activities of three (17 alpha-hydroxylase, 17,20-desmolase, and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) of the five enzymes in the delta 4 pathway of testicular T biosynthesis were measured. Intratesticular T (ng/g testis +/- SEM) in the left testis decreased significantly from 121 +/- 21 in the control group to 59 +/- 8 in the two-wk varicocele group (p less than 0.01), and remained significantly suppressed throughout the experimental period. The T concentrations in the right testis paralleled those in the left in both the control and varicocele animals. At 2 wk following the creation of the varicocele, the activity (nmol/min/testis +/- SEM) of the 17,20-desmolase enzyme decreased significantly, from 115 +/- 8 in the left testis of control rats to 87 +/- 6 in the left testis of the varicocele animals (p less than 0.025), and remained low throughout the 12 weeks of the study. The activity of the 17 alpha-hydroxylase enzyme was significantly decreased at the 8th and 12th weeks of the study, while the 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity did not show any significant change during the study period. The enzyme activities in the right testis paralleled those in the left testis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Evaluation of a Sample of RFCs Produced in 2018 (2021)

This document presents the author's effort to understand the delays
involved in publishing an idea in the IETF or through the Independent
Stream, from the first individual draft to the publication of the RFC.
We analyze a set of randomly chosen RFC approved in 2018, looking for
history and delays. We also use two randomly chosen sets of RFC
published in 2008 and 1998 for comparing delays seen in 2018 to those
observed 10 or 20 years ago. The average RFC in the 2018 sample was
produced in 3 years and 4 months, of which 2 years and 10 months were
spent in the Working Group, 3 to 4 months for IETF consensus and IESG
review, and 3 to 4 months in RFC production. The main variation in RFC
production delays comes from the AUTH-48 phase. We also measure the
number of citations of the chosen RFC using Semantic Scholar, and
compare citation counts with what we know about deployment. We show
that citation counts indicate academic interest, but correlate only
loosely with deployment or usage of the specifications. Counting web
references could complement that. The RFCs selected for this survey
were chosen at random and represent a small sample of all RFCs
produced, and only approximately 10% of the RFCs produced in each of
1998, 2008, and 2018. It is possible that different samples would
produce different results. Furthermore, the conclusions drawn from the
observations made in this document represent the author's opinions
and do not have consensus of the IETF.
Deactivation of Cu-ZSM-5 (1994)

Cu-zeolite catalysts enable NOx reduction in gas streams that model oxidizing emissions from advanced lean-burn engines but are not durable and deactivate after catalysis at 800 °C. Precisely determined variation of micropore volumes correlate well with catalyst deactivation. CuO can be observed in catalytically or hydrothermally deactivated catalysts but not in fresh catalysts by XRD. High resolution TEM reveals a loss of crystallinity of the zeolite in thin regions of the exterior surfaces of zeolite crystal grains. Two phenomena accompany, and probably cause, catalyst deactivation: 1. superficial amorphization of the crystalline zeolite and 2. sintering of CuO and resultant local destruction of zeolite crystallinity in the vicinity of sintering oxides of Cu.
Supplemental Table 1 from Tumor-Penetrating iRGD Peptide Inhibits Metastasis (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplemental Table 1. Summary of statistical analysis&lt;/p&gt;
Novel fiber delivery of fs-laser pulses for THz generation without pre-chirping (2011)

By use of a novel ultrashort pulse fiber delivery laser pulses at 770 nm are delivered over 19 meters without pre-chirping. The fiber delivery module is described revealing its potential for remote distance THz applications.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclopropyl Building Blocks for Organic Synthesis. Part 153. Facile Synthesis of Structurally Diverse 5‐Oxopiperazine‐2‐carboxylates as Dipeptide Mimics and Templates. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Backplane filtering and firewalls (2023)

Described herein are various technologies for providing active mitigation of cyber-attacks against industrial and other control systems. A filtering device is connected to a backplane of a control system and receives communications from various modules of the control system. The filter device analyzes the received communications and determines whether they are genuine and permissible communications for the control system. Validated signals are output to a communications bus of the control system by the filter device, while impermissible communications are blocked. The filter device can be interposed between the modules of the control system and the backplane, or the filter device can be included as a component of a control system backplane.
CrystallineAs2Se3: Electronic and geometric structure (1986)

Realistic ab initio total-energy calculations are performed to investigate the electronic and geometric structure of crystalline ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$. Results include the following: total energies for various distortions, the equilibrium geometric structure, intralayer and interlayer cohesive energies, charge densities, the density of states, the band structure, rigid-layer phonon frequencies, and effective masses. Specific attention is focused on studying the nature of bonding within and between layers, as well as elucidating the nature of the electron and hole wave functions in the vicinity of the fundamental gap. In particular it is found that the interactions between the layers are crucial in determining the properties of the wave functions at the band edges. Moreover, the electron and hole masses are predicted to exhibit a large and unusual anisotropy.
Roadmap on wavefront shaping and deep imaging in complex media (2022)

Abstract The last decade has seen the development of a wide set of tools, such as wavefront shaping, computational or fundamental methods, that allow us to understand and control light propagation in a complex medium, such as biological tissues or multimode fibers. A vibrant and diverse community is now working in this field, which has revolutionized the prospect of diffraction-limited imaging at depth in tissues. This roadmap highlights several key aspects of this fast developing field, and some of the challenges and opportunities ahead.
Phosphabenzenes as Monodentate π-Acceptor Ligands for Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation (2001)

A new class of phosphinine/rhodium catalysts for the hydroformylation of terminal and internal alkenes is presented in this study. A series of phosphabenzenes 1-14 has been prepared by condensation of phosphane or tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphane with the corresponding pyrylium salt. Trans-[(phosphabenzene)2RhCl(CO)] complexes 21-25 have been prepared and studied spectroscopically and by X-ray crystal-structure analysis. The hydroformylation of oct-1-ene has been used to identify optimal catalyst preformation and reaction conditions. Hydroformylation studies with 15 monophosphabenzenes have been performed. The catalytic performance is dominated by steric influences, with the phosphabenzene 8/rhodium system being the most active catalyst. Turnover frequencies of up to 45370 h(-1) for the hydroformylation of oct-1-ene have been determined. In further studies, hydroformylation activity toward more highly substituted alkenes was investigated and compared with the standard industrial triphenylphosphane/rhodium catalyst. The reactivity differences between the phosphabenzene and the triphenylphosphane catalyst increase on going to the more highly substituted alkenes. Even tetrasubstituted alkenes reacted with the phosphabenzene catalyst, whereas the triphenylphosphane system failed to give any product. In situ pressure NMR experiments have been performed to identify the resting state of the catalyst. A monophosphabenzene complex [(phosphinine 8)Ir(CO)3H] could be detected as the predominant catalyst resting state.
Real-Time Simulation Method Using LPV Model of LLC Current Resonant Converter (2022)

In performing real-time simulation of electric circuits, the time step is constrained by the computation, so there is a limit to be small it. In addition, when electric transient analysis simulation represented by SPICE is applied to circuits including switching operation such as Switched-Mode Power Supplies (SMPSs), the time step must be sufficiently shorter than the high-speed switching operation. For these reasons, real-time simulation of SMPSs is very difficult. So, various methods have been proposed in previous research to make it possible, but their accuracy are problematic. In this paper, we propose a real-time simulation method using averaged models of SMPSs. Father more, we targeted LLC Current Resonant Converter (LLC converter), which is difficult to model, and examined the modeling method. In addition, the obtained model is implemented in real-time simulator, and its accuracy and real-time simulation feasibility were verified.
Mutator Genes UDG and AID Appear To Be Normal in Class-Switch Deficient and Clonally Homogeneous Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemias Having Either Germline or Hypermutated Clonotypic IgH VDJ. (2004)

Abstract Clonotypic B cells of Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia (WM) are characterized as CD20+IgM+IgD+ cells that are usually somatically mutated in IgH VDJ but for some patients, the clonotypic IgH VDJ is germline (unmutated).For both mutated and unmutated clones, WM lack ongoing somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). This may be due to abnormalities in switching and/or mutator genes. To understand the nature of unswitched tumor B cells, uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), the two essential elements for CSR, were analysed in WM. Analysis of 12 WM clones characterized by somatic hypermutation showed that the mutation profile of VH genes had normal transition/transversion ratios at C or G, and thus did not suggest UDG abnormalities. Expression of AID was determined by single stage RT-PCR. Out of 14 patients studied (2 unmutated and 12 mutated VH clones), two of them (WM1-01 and WM1-08,with mutation rates of 0% and 6.2% respectively) gave positive bands. In WM1-01, despite having a germline IgH VDJ, AID is consistently expressed in two bone marrow samples collected three years apart and from which the identical unmutated clonotypic VDJ sequence was isolated. Full-length (FL) AID transcripts of WM have a conserved sequence, thus ruling out the possibility of functional defects due to point mutation. In addition, detection of AID in an unmutated VH clone suggested that lack of SHM does not result from an inability to produce AID. In addition to FL transcripts, three other splice variants were identified in both patients. Single cell analysis indicated that only a small compartment (10% or less), not all, of clonotypic B cells expressed AID, and multiple isoforms may be detectable in individual cells. Whether these splice variants that contain truncated C-terminal ends play a role in the regulation of CSR in WM remains to be investigated. Splice variants, nevertheless, may not characterize tumor B cells since up to 10% of AID-expressing normal activated B cells (n=3) also carried them. In vitro activation of clonotypic WM B cells by CD40L and IL4, using conditions that induced CSR in normal B cells, did not yield detectable class switching in WM B cells. In cultures of B cells from WM, the number of non-clonal B cells increased but the clonotypic B cells did not appear to expand, as indicated by the reduction of clonotypic IgM transcript at 5-days of culture. Thus, as well as failing to undergo somatic mutation or class switching, WM tumor B cells appear unresponsive to CD40L+IL4. They may be fundamentally unresponsive to signals for class switching and their clonal expansion may depend upon alternate signaling pathways.