gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancement Layer Coding for Chroma Sub-Sampled Screen Content Video (2021)

Prevalent video codec implementations deployed in the field often solely support chrominance sub-sampled video data represented by the YCbCr 4:2:0 format. For certain applications like screen sharing, however, chroma sub-sampling leads to disturbing artifacts, especially for text or graphics with thin lines. It is desirable to reduce these artifacts while maintaining compatibility with all user devices. For this reason, an enhancement layer coding framework for chroma-format scalable coding with specific focus on screen content is proposed in this paper. Based on an analysis of screen content data characteristics, the enhancement layer codec is optimized specifically for this content class, is of low algorithmic complexity, and applicable with any image or video codec for base layer compression in a joint coding system. The system is intentionally not designed as a general purpose lossless YCbCr 4:4:4 coding scheme, but instead chooses to close a quality gap that prevalent video codecs do not address. Experimental analysis reveals an average BD-PSNR gain in the RGB domain of 1.0 dB comparing the proposed two-layer scalable coding approach to single layer compression using base layer coding only. In relation to simulcast coding, an average BDR RGB difference of 8.1% is observed.
Effect of acetylcholine infusion on adrenal vasculature and catecholamine secretion (1993)

To evaluate effects of cholinergic receptor stimulation on regional adrenal blood flow (Q, radiolabeled microspheres) and catecholamine secretion, acetylcholine (ACh) was infused into pentobarbital-anesthetized, ventilated dogs. Unilateral adrenal denervation and placement of lumboadrenal catheters preceded intra-aortic infusion of 1) ACh alone (n = 6), 2) ACh plus hexamethonium (Hex) 20 mg/kg (n = 6), or 3) ACh plus atropine (Atr) (0.5 mg/kg) and Hex. ACh alone and in combination with Hex elicited similar dose-related (2, 20, and 100 mumol/min) increases in catecholamine secretion (181 +/- 61 to 1,055 +/- 229, 31,644 +/- 9,411, and 179,181 +/- 69,659 ng.min-1 x g medulla-1), whereas Hex and Atr together inhibited ACh-induced secretion by 95%. ACh caused marked medullary vasodilation (0.71 +/- 0.05 to 0.14 +/- 0.03 mmHg.ml-1 x min.100 g) in all three groups. To determine whether medullary vasodilation was due to incomplete muscarinic blockade, Hex-pretreated animals (n = 4) received ACh (100 mumol/min) and three increasing doses of Atr (0.5, 5, and 25 mg/kg). Catecholamine secretion was inhibited by all doses of Atr; however, vasodilation was blocked only by the two higher doses of Atr. These data suggest possible different mechanisms of muscarinic receptor-mediated catecholamine secretion and vasodilation.
The Association Between Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy and Mortality in Individuals With Diabetes (2003)

These results support an association between CAN and increased risk of mortality. The stronger association observed in studies defining CAN by the presence of two or more abnormalities may be due to more severe autonomic dysfunction in these subjects or a higher frequency of other comorbid complications that contributed to their higher mortality risk. Future studies should evaluate whether early identification of subjects with CAN can lead to a reduction in mortality.
Cytokine-induced leukocyte rolling in mouse cremaster muscle arterioles in P-selectin dependent (1997)

Leukocyte rolling and adhesion are generally observed in venules but rarely observed in arterioles. With the use of intravital microscopy, we found that a 4-h treatment with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) dose dependently induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion in arterioles of the mouse cremaster muscle. The rolling response lasted more than 24 h and was completely inhibited by treatment with the sulfated polysaccharide fucoidin. Moreover, we found that costimulation with IL-1beta and TNF-alpha for 4 h synergistically increased arteriolar leukocyte rolling, i.e., threshold doses of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha together caused a more than 10-fold increase of rolling in arterioles compared with the sum of the individual responses. This rolling interaction was abolished by treatment with a monoclonal antibody directed against P-selectin (RB40.34), but it apparently was unaffected by a monoclonal antibody against L-selectin (MEL-14). Taken together, our functional data show that IL-1beta and TNF-alpha separately induce and synergistically increase P-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling and firm adhesion in mouse cremaster arterioles.
Acute Kidney Injury in Sub-Sahara Africa: A Single-Center Experience from Khartoum, Sudan (2018)

Our results indicate a higher mortality in females and in patients with pre-renal AKI and intoxications. Awareness of factors associating with poor outcomes is central to diagnostic and therapeutic efforts, and must be considered in the design of initiatives to reduce risk factors and improve outcomes of AKI in developing countries.
Chapter 14. New deNOx Concept by Fast Reductants Injection Pulse Upstream NSR (2018)

In this chapter, a new deNOx concept by fast reductants injection pulse upstream NSR is introduced. This method has a wider range of applicability for different catalyst temperatures (up to 800 °C) and space velocities than a conventional NOx storage and reduction system. Various types of mechanism analysis suggest that active intermediate species such as isocyanates (R-NCO) generated from adsorbed NOx and partial oxidized HCs by fast injection pulse would play a role in high deNOx performances. The application of the new concept into vehicles will also be considered, in comparison with standard NSR techniques.
The SWOT Analysis of Eco-tourism in Bozhou Jinghe Forest Park (2014)

针对博州精河森林公园的发展现状,运用SWOT分析方法对博州精河森林公园发展森林生态旅游的优势、劣势、机遇、威胁进行了详尽的分析,确定了相应的发展策略,并提出了博州精河森林公园发展生态旅游应注意的主要问题.
CEMENTLESS MIS MINI-KEEL PROSTHESIS REDUCES INTERFACE MICROMOTION VERSUS STANDARD STEMMED TIBIAL COMPONENTS (2015)

Fixation strength of the cementless knee prostheses is dependent on the initial stability of the fixation and minimal relative motion across the prosthesis–bone interface. Broad mini-keels have been developed for tibial components to allow minimally invasive knee arthroplasty, but the effect of the change in fixation design is unknown. In this study, bone–prosthesis interface micromotions of the mini-keel tibial components (consisting of two designs; one is stemless and another with a stem extension of 45[Formula: see text]mm) induced by walking and stair climbing were investigated by finite element modeling and compared with standard stemmed design. The prosthesis surface area amenable for bone ingrowth for the mini-keel tibial components (both stemmed and unstemmed) was predicted to be at least 67% larger than the standard stemmed implant, thereby reducing the risk of long-term aseptic loosening. It was also found that while different load patterns may have led to diverse predictions of the magnitude of the interface micromotions and the extent of osseointegration onto the prosthesis, the outcome of design change evaluation in cementless tibial fixations remains unchanged. The mini-keel tibial components were predicted to anchor onto the periprosthetic bone better than the standard stemmed design under all loading conditions investigated.
Effect of Soybean Lipid on Growth and Ruminal Nitrogen Metabolism in Cattle Fed Soybean Meal or Ground Whole Soybeans (1987)

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of soybean lipid on ruminal proteolysis of soybean meal (SBM) and ground whole soybeans (GSB). Experiment 1 was a 92-d growth experiment using 120 calves (206 kg) allotted to 12 pens of 10 calves each. Three replicate pens were assigned to each of the treatment supplements: low SBM (LSBM), low GSB (LGSB), high SBM (HSBM) and high GSB (HGSB). Calves received ad libitum amounts of corn silage top-dressed with the respective supplement (.81 kg/head). High protein supplements produced greater (P less than .05) gains than low protein supplements, with HSBM calves gaining faster (P less than .05) than HGSB calves and LSBM and LGSB calves having similar (P greater than .10) gains. In Exp. 2, 15 ruminally cannulated Angus X Hereford heifers (380 kg) fed corn silage were used to determine ammonia-N release from the treatment supplements: ground corn (control), GSB, SBM and SBM coated with soybean oil (SBMO). Heifers fed the control supplement had lower (P less than .05) ruminal NH3-N concentrations than those consuming soybean protein. Ruminal NH3-N concentrations were similar (P greater than .10) for GSB and SBM; whereas, SBMO had lower (P less than .10) concentrations than SBM through 3 h. In Exp. 3, two ruminally cannulated Angus X Jersey steers (250 kg) were used to determine in situ disappearance of SBM, GSB and SBMO. Total and feed N disappearances were greater (P less than .001) for GSB than SBM or SBMO.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Transabdominal ultrasonography of detrusor wall thickness in women with overactive bladder (2009)

DWT measured by TAUS in women with OAB and without OAB was not different and did not differ with urodynamic status. Thus, TAUS measurement of DWT is not recommended as a useful diagnostic test for DO in women with OAB.
Study of B0→D*-π+π-π+ and B0→D*-K+π-π+ decays (2013)

Using proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at √s=7 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb-1, the ratio of branching fractions of the Bº→D*-π+π-π+ decay relative to the Bº→D*-π+ decay is measured to be B(Bº→D*-π+π-π+)/B(Bº→D*-π+)=2.64±0.04(stat)±0.13(syst). The Cabibbo-suppressed decay Bº→D*-K+π-π+ is observed for the first time, and the measured ratio of branching fractions is B(Bº→D*-K+π-π+)/B(Bº→D*-π+π-π+)=(6.47±0.37(stat)±0.35(syst))×10-2. A search for orbital excitations of charm mesons contributing to the Bº→D*-π+π-π+ final state is also performed, and the first observation of the Bº→D- 1(2420)0π+π- decay is reported with the ratio of branching fractions B(B0→(D- 1(2420)0→D*-π+)π-π+)/B(B0→D*-π+π-π+)=(2.04±0.42(stat)±0.22(syst))×10-2, where the numerator represents a product of the branching fractions B(B0→D- 1(2420)0π-π+) and B(D- 1(2420)0→D*-π+).
Evaluation of Flavonoid and Resveratrol Chemical Libraries Reveals Abyssinone II as a Promising Antibacterial Lead (2012)

Lead on! In the course of screening flavonoid and resveratrol libraries, abyssinone II, a naturally occurring prenylated flavonoid, was found to exhibit relatively good antitubercular and antibacterial activity. Preliminary mechanistic studies revealed that abyssinone II hyperpolarizes the bacterial membrane potential and inhibits the biosynthesis of key cellular macromolecules (DNA, RNA, and protein).
Application of the Smith-&#x00C5;str&#x00F6;m Predictor to robot force control (2015)

Input/output transport delay is prevalent in process control, causing performance degradation and even instability. This paper focuses on input and measurement delays in robot force control with stiff environments which tend to be susceptible to modeling error and disturbances. Traditional remedies include increasing the sampling rate, adding passive compliance, or modifying the feedback algorithm, e.g., using integral force feedback instead of proportional feedback. For force control using industrial robots, the problem is even more severe, as the loop closure is done at the outer kinematic loop through setpoint modification, which typically has long actuation latency, in addition to force measurement delay. In this paper, we apply two types of delay compensation to force control for a spring-type environment via direct cancellation: Smith Predictor, and its variant Åström Predictor. We show through simulation, and experimental validation on an industrial robot arm, that both methods significantly improve the stability margin as compared to the typical integral force control, with the Åström Predictor further improving the dynamical response by decoupling delay compensation and tracking response.
Open switch fault diagnosis in Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverters (2021)

This paper presents an accurate and quick diagnostic scheme for the open switch faults in a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter. The fault classification is based on variations in normalised half-cycle means of the bridge voltages under fault. The proposed method can precisely locate the fault within one cycle of the output voltage after the occurrence of fault without any domain transformations or complex mathematical analysis. This generalised diagnostic approach can distinguish the fault positions in the inverter irrespective of the number of levels at the output voltage for various modulation indices. Adaptability of the proposed scheme with different PWM schemes for a three-phase cascaded multilevel inverter under switch fault is substantiated using simulation and experimentation. The proposed technique is validated for different load conditions and under input voltage variations.
High performance optical angular position sensing at low-cost: A bio-inspired approach (2011)

Accurate remote contactless angular sensing at high accuracy often requires emissive sensors with high energy consumption, complex processing and high cost. Thanks to active micro-vibrations applied to its elementary retina, our low-cost bio-inspired optical position sensing device is able to measure the angular position of a contrasting edge at low cost with hyperacuity. This sensor is able, for example, to estimate the elevation of a real edge such as the horizontal roof of a distant building with a resolution (0.025°) at least 160-fold better than the sensors's static resolution (4°), despite any changes in the contrast and illuminance. The visual processing algorithm is based on just a few linear filters and arithmetic operations, which require few computational resources. The high performances and low cost of this novel position sensing device make it suitable for applications in the fields of metrology, astronomy, robotics, automotive and aerospace.
<title>State-to-state dynamics and doubly differential cross sections of the reaction of chlorine atoms with CH4(v3=1, J)</title> (1993)

A mixture of methane and chlorine molecules in a helium carrier is expanded into a vacuum chamber using a pulsed valve. Polarized laser photolysis of Cl<SUB>2</SUB> at 355 nm is used to produce chlorine atoms with a sharply peaked speed distribution and a known angular distribution. Methane molecules are excited in the v<SUB>3</SUB> mode by infrared absorption on the R(O) fundamental transition, which results in methane in the v<SUB>3</SUB> equals 1, J equals 1 state. Following a 100 ns time delay to allow for reaction, HCl (v' equals 1, J') product molecules are detected by (2 + 1) resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI). The resulting photoions are detected with both mass and velocity resolution using a linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). An analysis of the time dependence of the ion signal allows us to determine the differential scattering cross section for the specific rovibrational state ionized. The TOF data show a change in the product angular distribution with J', and thus demonstrate the importance of measuring doubly differential cross sections for elucidating the dynamics of this reaction system.
13C NMR–Distance Matrix Descriptors: Optimal Abstract 3D Space Granularity for Predicting Estrogen Binding (2012)

An improved three-dimensional quantitative spectral data-activity relationship (3D-QSDAR) methodology was used to build and validate models relating the activity of 130 estrogen receptor binders to specific structural features. In 3D-QSDAR, each compound is represented by a unique fingerprint constructed from (13)C chemical shift pairs and associated interatomic distances. Grids of different granularity can be used to partition the abstract fingerprint space into congruent "bins" for which the optimal size was previously unexplored. For this purpose, the endocrine disruptor knowledge base data were used to generate 50 3D-QSDAR models with bins ranging in size from 2 ppm × 2 ppm × 0.5 Å to 20 ppm × 20 ppm × 2.5 Å, each of which was validated using 100 training/test set partitions. Best average predictivity in terms of R(2)test was achieved at 10 ppm ×10 ppm × Z Å (Z = 0.5, ..., 2.5 Å). It was hypothesized that this optimum depends on the chemical shifts' estimation error (±4.13 ppm) and the precision of the calculated interatomic distances. The highest ranked bins from partial least-squares weights were found to be associated with structural features known to be essential for binding to the estrogen receptor.
A Fiber-Based ACL Model for Geometrical and Mechanical simulations (1996)

Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) can use the intrinsic protein degradation system in cells to degrade pathogenic target proteins, and are currently a revolutionary frontier of development strategy for tumor treatment with small molecules. However, the poor water solubility, low cellular permeability, and off-target side effects of most PROTACs have prevented them from passing the preclinical research stage of drug development. This requires the use of appropriate delivery systems to overcome these challenging hurdles and ensure precise delivery of PROTACs towards the tumor site. Therefore, the combination of PROTACs and multifunctional delivery systems will open up new research directions for targeted degradation of tumor proteins. In this review, we systematically reviewed the design principles and the most recent advances of various PROTACs delivery systems. Moreover, the constructive strategies for developing multifunctional PROTACs delivery systems were proposed comprehensively. This review aims to deepen the understanding of PROTACs drugs and promote the further development of PROTACs delivery system.
γ-Agostic Species as Key Intermediates in the Vinyl Addition Polymerization of Norbornene with Cationic (allyl)Pd Catalysts: Synthesis and Mechanistic Insights (2009)

Several cationic (allyl)Pd(II) complexes were synthesized and shown to be highly active for (2,3)-vinyl addition polymerization of norbornene (NB) to yield polymers with low molecular weight distributions (MWDs) ranging from 1.2-1.4. Despite the low MWDs, slow initiation was followed by rapid propagation preventing molecular weight control of the poly(norbornene). Several intermediates in these polymerizations initiated with [(2-R-allyl)Pd(mesitylene)](+) complexes were fully characterized (NMR and X-ray diffraction). Consistent with previous observations the allyl and NB units couple in cis-exo fashion to yield a sigma,pi-complex capped by mesitylene. Mesitylene is readily displaced by NB to form an agostic intermediate in which NB acts as a bidentate ligand and binds to the cationic Pd center via the pi-system and a gamma-agostic interaction with the syn hydrogen at C7. The identity of this complex was established by NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It is significant since it suggests bidentate binding of NB in the propagating species, which cannot be observed by NMR spectroscopy. The NMR studies suggest that the second insertion, i.e., insertion of NB in the agostic intermediate, is the slow initiation step and the subsequent insertions are extremely fast. Therefore, slow chelate opening is the major limitation preventing a living polymerization. This hypothesis was explored using a series of cationic substituted pi-allyl complexes; significantly increased reactivity was observed when electron-withdrawing groups were introduced into the allyl moiety. However, despite these modifications initiation remained slow relative to chain propagation.
MailSOM - Visual Exploration of Electronic Mail Archives Using Self-Organizing Maps (2005)

Systems for handling large electronic mail archives can leverage Information Visualization techniques to facilitate explorative data analysis. In this paper, we propose to use Self-Organizing Maps as an appropriate tool to manage large volumes of email in personal email archives. 1
Assessing Engineering Students’ Abilities at Generating and Using Mathematical Models in Capstone Design (2020)

In engineering capstone design, students need to use their previous knowledge to develop solutions to open-ended problems.A thorough solution to a capstone level problem often includes an appropriate computational or mathematical analysis.However, faculty are often disappointed in engineering students" ability to recognize when and how to apply mathematical analysis to their particular design solutions.This study assessed the capability of senior engineering students to apply mathematical modeling to design, and began the process of testing classroom interventions to rectify certain weaknesses.This research was constructed around a framework that identifies 6 steps in mathematical modeling 1 .Students were given a scenario and asked to assist a hypothetical design team by creating a mathematical model that could be used in making decisions about the design of a phototherapy device to treat neonatal jaundice.The problem was posed in four iterations over the academic term, with each iteration requiring students to perform different steps in the modeling process.In an earlier paper we explored how students interpreted the concept of "modeling," and how they decided what parameters were relevant.Most students had difficulty with these essential first steps of model creation, In subsequent iterations, students also demonstrated difficulty in representing a physical situation in equations, and in stating and justifying simplifications and assumptions.The last stages of modeling involve interpretation of the model, and here students proved to be better.They could, in general, relate graphical results from the mathematical model to experimental data obtained from a physical model.They were also able to use the model outputs to make design decisions, or explain why the existing model was inadequate for this purpose.In the second year of the study, there was more instruction and review of students" performance after they worked on each stage of the problem.This improved performance.In the first year only 16% of students were able to generate equations (even incorrect ones), even though an equation for one element of the system had been given in class.In the second year this number increased to 29%.When students were asked to state assumptions they would use to simplify the system they planned to model, only 35% of students in the first year of the study stated assumptions that were relevant, but this number increased to 80% in the second year.We conclude that even though students are exposed to certain aspects of modeling in earlier engineering courses, they may not recognize how to perform some of the required steps in an open-ended situation such as design.This prevents or constrains their use of modeling in this important context.Specific instruction in the steps of model creation can improve students" abilities.More work remains to optimize this instruction, and to determine whether the improvement resulting from instruction transfers from the scenario we created to the students" actual design projects.