gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A translational clinical assessment workflow for the validation of external artificial intelligence models (2021)

Due to variations in unique patient populations, imaging hardware, and drift, artificial intelligence (AI) models perform differently in different clinical practices. The validation of externally developed models is a critical step in implementation, but several challenges related to data de-identification, security, and exchange exist. We created a workflow allowing our clinical radiology practice to safely evaluate external AI models. The workflow encompassed four steps: study selection, extraction, inference, and assessment. A commercially available AI model for intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) was used as a proof of concept. Noncontrast head CT cases were collected using both an internal search engine and a neuroradiologist teaching file that contained 16 exams in which ICH had been missed on the original radiology interpretation. These challenge cases were included to enrich the cohort. Our DICOM de-identification and processing pipeline (D2P2) processed the header and stripped identifiable information. The cleaned data was made available to the external party for AI model processing. The processed results are matched against the ground truth, and performance metrics were calculated, including subgroup analyses. The overall precision was 0.98, the recall was 0.75, and the specificity was 0.97, with an F1 score of 0.85. This result was similar to the original radiologist performance for this enriched challenge cohort. The estimated combined performance of the original radiologist with AI improved the recall to 0.91. Subgroup analyses suggested that combined performance was improved over radiologists or AI alone for subtle hemorrhages or those without mass effect. An integrated workflow to handle the assessment and validation of external deep learning models before implementation is feasible and can aid radiology practices seeking to deploy AI products, particularly in assessing the performance in the local setting and clinical value-added scenarios.
List sphere decoding of polar codes (2015)

Polar codes have gained a lot of attention during the past few years, because they can provably achieve the capacity of a memoryless channel. The design of efficient polar code decoders has been an active topic of research. The simple Successive Cancellation (SC) decoding algorithm yields poor error correction performance on short polar codes: the SC- List (SCL) algorithm overcomes this problem, but its hardware implementation requires a large amount of memory. Sphere Decoding (SD) is an alternative decoding technique that has been shown to work well for short polar codes, but it is burdened by undesirable characteristics. The performance of SD strongly depends on the choice of a suitable sphere radius, whose value must be selected according to the conditions of the channel. Channel conditions also affect the algorithm's time complexity, that is consequently variable. In this paper, we introduce a List- SD algorithm for short polar codes. It has a fixed time complexity and does not make use of a radius: thus, no knowledge of the channel noise level is required. It is shown that the error correction performance of List-SD can match that of SC and SCL with as low as 72% of their memory requirements.
High photoactive titanium nitride nanotube preparation for organic compound in water (2012)

The 243rd American Chemical Society (ACS) National Meeting and Exposition took place in San Diego, California, attracting more than 18,000 delegates from the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, as well as academic experts. There were over 11,700 oral and poster presentations, covering a diverse range of topics from medicinal chemistry and synthetic methods, to health and environmental chemistry. This report summarizes research highlights on novel treatments for Alzheimer's disease, pain, metabolic disorders and infections.
Delineation of the Role of Platelet-Activating Factor in the Immunoglobulin G2 Antibody Response (2004)

Localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by severe destruction of periodontal tissues surrounding the first molars and incisors. LAgP subjects produce large amounts of immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) antibody against oral pathogens, and this response is inversely correlated with the severity of disease. We previously demonstrated that platelet-activating factor (PAF) is required for optimal IgG2 responses. The present investigation was designed to determine the mechanism of IgG2 induction by PAF. Exogenous PAF acetylhydrolase suppressed approximately 80% of pokeweed mitogen-stimulated IgG2 production, confirming that PAF is essential for optimal responses. PAF-activated leukocytes produced gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), a Th1 cytokine that has been associated with IgG2 responses in previous studies. The monocyte-derived cytokines interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 are upstream of IFN-gamma production, and IgG2 production was suppressed by neutralizing antibodies against these proteins. In addition, PAF induced monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) but not macrophages (MPhi) to secrete IL-12 and IL-18. This observation was interesting because monocyte differentiation in LAgP subjects is skewed to the DC phenotype. Although other investigators have implicated IFN-gamma in IgG2 production, its precise role in this response is controversial. Our studies suggest that IFN-gamma induces isotype switching to IgG2 but only in concert with the Th2 cytokine IL-4. Thus, it appears that the unique PAF metabolism of LAgP monocytes or DC promotes Th1 responses that are essential for optimal IgG2 antibody production. As IgG2 antibodies opsonize oral bacteria and promote their clearance and destruction, these alterations in PAF metabolism may be essential for limiting disease severity in LAgP patients.
Proteome Analysis of Primary Neurons and Astrocytes from Rat Cerebellum (2005)

Neurons and astrocytes are predominant cell types in brain and have distinguished morphological and functional features. Although several proteomics studies were carried out on the brain, work on individual brain cells is limited. Generating individual proteomes of neurons and astrocytes, however, is mandatory to assign protein expression to cell types rather than to tissues. We aimed to provide maps of rat primary neurons and astrocytes using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with subsequent in-gel digestion, followed by MALDI-TOF/TOF. 428 protein spots corresponding to 226 individual proteins in neurons and 406 protein spots representing 228 proteins in astrocytes were unambiguously identified. Proteome data include proteins from several cascades differentially expressed in neurons and astrocytes, and specific expressional patterns of antioxidant, signaling, chaperone, cytoskeleton, nucleic acid binding, proteasomal, and metabolic proteins are demonstrated. We herein present a reference database of primary rat primary neuron and astrocyte proteomes and provide an analytical tool for these structures. The concomitant expressional patterns of several protein classes are given and potential neuronal and astrocytic marker candidates are presented.
Muconic acid production from glucose and xylose in Pseudomonas putida via evolution and metabolic engineering (2022)

Muconic acid is a bioprivileged molecule that can be converted into direct replacement chemicals for incumbent petrochemicals and performance-advantaged bioproducts. In this study, Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is engineered to convert glucose and xylose, the primary carbohydrates in lignocellulosic hydrolysates, to muconic acid using a model-guided strategy to maximize the theoretical yield. Using adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) and metabolic engineering in a strain engineered to express the D-xylose isomerase pathway, we demonstrate that mutations in the heterologous D-xylose:H<sup>+</sup> symporter (XylE), increased expression of a major facilitator superfamily transporter (PP_2569), and overexpression of aroB encoding the native 3-dehydroquinate synthase, enable efficient muconic acid production from glucose and xylose simultaneously. Using the rationally engineered strain, we produce 33.7 g L<sup>-1</sup> muconate at 0.18 g L<sup>-1</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> and a 46% molar yield (92% of the maximum theoretical yield). This engineering strategy is promising for the production of other shikimate pathway-derived compounds from lignocellulosic sugars.
A Dempster-Shafer indexing for the focussed retrieval of a hierarchically structured document space: implementation and experiments on a web museum collection (2000)

Effective retrieval of hierarchically structured web documents should exploit the content and structural knowledge associated with the documents. This knowledge can be used to retrieve optimal documents: documents that contain relevant information, and from which users can browse, using the links in these documents, to retrieve further relevant documents. We refer to this approach as focussed retrieval. This paper investigates the effectiveness of a model for the focussed retrieval of hierarchically structured web documents based on the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence. To allow for focussed retrieval, the representation of a document is defined as the aggregation of the representation of its own content and that of its child documents. To evaluate the model, we constructed a test collection based on a museum web site. From our experiments on this collection, the results show that the Dempster-Shafer theory, in particular, the aggregation, leads to an effective focussed retrieval of hierarchically structured web documents.
Phonon and Magnetic Neutron Scattering at 41 meV in YBa2Cu3O7 (1995)

We report inelastic neutron scattering measurements at excitation energies $\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\sim}41$ meV in YB${\mathrm{a}}_{2}$C${\mathrm{u}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$. We separate magnetic and phonon contributions to the scattering cross section by a detailed analysis of the momentum dependence of the scattered intensity. The previously reported broad peak around $\mathbf{q}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}(\ensuremath{\pi}/a,\ensuremath{\pi}/a)$ in the normal state can be entirely accounted for by a phonon which primarily involves vibrations of the in-plane oxygen. Magnetic scattering centered around 41 meV and $\mathbf{q}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}(\ensuremath{\pi}/a,\ensuremath{\pi}/a)$ appears in the superconducting state only. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Performance management for cluster based Web services (2003)

We present an architecture and prototype implementation of a performance management system for cluster-based Web services. The system supports multiple classes of Web services traffic and allocates server resources dynamically so to maximize the expected value of a given cluster utility function in the face of fluctuating loads. The cluster utility is a function of the performance delivered to the various classes, and this leads to Differentiated Service. In this paper we use the average response time as the performance metric. The management system is transparent: it requires no changes in the client code, the server code, or the network interface between them. The system performs three performance management tasks: resource allocation, load balancing, and server overload protection. We use two nested levels of management mechanism. The inner level centers on queuing and scheduling of request messages. The outer level is a feedback control loop that periodically adjusts the scheduling weights and server allocations of the inner level. The feedback controller is based on an approximate first-principles model of the system, with parameters derived from continuous monitoring. We focus on SOAP-based Web services. We report experimental results that show the dynamic behavior of the system.
Changes in Color Parameters during Fermentation and Storage of Red Wine Using Thai Roselle under Different pHs and SO2 Concentrations. (1997)

A red wine was made from must consisting of dried roselle calyces, water, yeast extract, sugar, and NH4H2PO4. The pHs of wine samples were adjusted to various values within the range 2.5 to 4.0, or SO2 was added prior to yeast addition to give concentrations ranging from 0 to 250 mg/l, and the wines were stored at 25°C. After storage for 35 months, the pH of each wine was regularized, and the wines were then analyzed to determine their general composition and various red color parameters. There was little difference in general composition among the wines stored under different pHs and containing various concentrations of SO2. There were, however, appreciable differences in color density, color hue, and polymeric pigment color, but little difference in the wine color measured at wine pH and at pH 0.25, among the wines stored under different pHs. On the other hand, there were noticeable differences in all the above color parameters, except for color hue, among the wines stored under various SO2 concentrations. Wine color and anthocyanin color were more stable in wines stored at lower pHs or at lower concentrations of SO2, whereas the degree of contribution of polymeric pigment to wine color (at pH<0.5) increased with increasing storage pH and was lowest in the wines to which 100 or 150 mg SO2/l was added. Sensory analysis indicated that the addition of SO2 at 100 mg/l when bottling imparted the best overall quality to the roselle wines stored under the various conditions tested.
Higher-dimensional application of rigorous coupled-wave analysis to quasicrystalline gratings (2013)

A novel approach for analysis of the scattering response of aperiodic quasicrystalline gratings is proposed. The method exploits the fact that mathematically quasicrystals can be obtained as irrational projections of higher-dimensional periodic structures onto the physical space. The periodicity in the super-space allows for application of plane wave expansion methods such as Rigorous Coupled-Wave Analysis (RCWA) and projecting the solutions onto the physical space. Analytically, this technique is far superior to the current principal method of analysis for quasicrystals which approximates them as periodic supercells. As an example, the method is applied to a Fibonacci dielectric grating and there is perfect agreement with the results obtained using the super-cell approach.
Iterative and sequential algorithms for multisensor signal enhancement (1994)

In problems of enhancing a desired signal in the presence of noise, multiple sensor measurements will typically have components from both the signal and the noise sources. When the systems that couple the signal and the noise to the sensors are unknown, the problem becomes one of joint signal estimation and system identification. The authors specifically consider the two-sensor signal enhancement problem in which the desired signal is modeled as a Gaussian autoregressive (AR) process, the noise is modeled as a white Gaussian process, and the coupling systems are modeled as linear time-invariant finite impulse response (FIR) filters. The main approach consists of modeling the observed signals as outputs of a stochastic dynamic linear system, and the authors apply the estimate-maximize (EM) algorithm for jointly estimating the desired signal, the coupling systems, and the unknown signal and noise spectral parameters. The resulting algorithm can be viewed as the time-domain version of the frequency-domain approach of Feder et al. (1989), where instead of the noncausal frequency-domain Wiener filter, the Kalman smoother is used. This approach leads naturally to a sequential/adaptive algorithm by replacing the Kalman smoother with the Kalman filter, and in place of successive iterations on each data block, the algorithm proceeds sequentially through the data with exponential weighting applied to allow adaption to nonstationary changes in the structure of the data. A computationally efficient implementation of the algorithm is developed. An expression for the log-likelihood gradient based on the Kalman smoother/filter output is also developed and used to incorporate efficient gradient-based algorithms in the estimation process.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Theoretical and experimental investigation of evanescent-wave absorption sensors for extreme temperature applications (2013)

Recently, significant developments in evanescent wave absorption sensors have been demonstrated for high temperature sensing applications based upon the optical responses of advanced thin film materials. We will demonstrate how such sensors can be utilized in a mode that allows for chemical or temperature sensing starting from basic theoretical considerations. We will also present experimental high temperature sensing results for fabricated sensors. Potential applications of the sensors to be discussed include a range of high temperature systems relevant for fossil energy and combustion monitoring such as industrial combustors or reaction vessels, solid oxide fuel cells, and gas turbines. In these applications, even a small increase in operating efficiency realized via careful observation of in-process parameters and implementation of real-time process controls can result in dramatic savings across the energy industry, illustrating the necessity of pursuing such techniques. It is hoped that sensors of the type described here will allow for unprecedented measurement-access to processes which present challenging high-temperature and chemically reactive environments.
Feasibility of Signal Transmission for Plant Body Channel Communication in Tobacco (2020)

Body channel communication (BCC) is a technique which uses the human body as the medium for carrying various signals, interfacing multiple devices — for example, sensors — with a single gateway. Plant body channel communication (PBCC) is a new technique based on the same fundamentals as BCC, using the plant’s body for signal transmission. As a feasibility study for PBCC, a four-electrode setup — two for the transmitter and two for the receiver — was installed on Nicotiana tabacum plants, and the signal attenuation through the stems was studied in both frequency and time domains. We show that for multiple plants, the attenuation follows a consistent trend with respect to frequency.
An Equidistantly Stepped Waveguide TE<inf>11</inf> -TE<inf>01</inf> -Mode Converter for Millimeter Wave Radar Applications (2018)

In this paper, we present a stepped circular waveguide TEll-TEol-mode converter for millimeter wave radar applications in the range of 69 to 91.7 GHz resulting in a relative bandwidth of approximately 28%. The converter is milled and copper/gold-plated into 34 printed circuit boards (PCB) with identical thickness, resulting in a compact setup that grants an alternative way of manufacturing in comparison to precision mechanic processes. To achieve optimal conversion, three-dimensional electromagnetic field simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2018 are performed. Moreover, measurements with a realized back-to-back converter configuration, a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar, and a commercial power meter confirm the outstanding functionality of the converter and its robustness against varying production process parameters.
Recent advances in FINCH technology (2016)

Incoherent digital holography (IDH) offers the ability to record a complete three-dimensional scene without using lasers. In this review paper, the evolution of a well-established method of IDH, the Fresnel incoherent correlation holography (FINCH), is described. Following the FINCH development review, several recently developed methods branched out from FINCH are discussed.
Different IgE recognition of mite allergen components in asthmatic and nonasthmatic children (2015)

The IgE and IgG reactivity profiles to HDM allergens, as well as IgE levels to certain allergen components, differed considerably between children with and without asthmatic symptoms caused by HDM allergy. In fact, asthmatic children were characterized by an expanded IgE repertoire regarding the numbers of recognized allergen components and by increased specific IgE levels.
Data from Whole-Exome Sequencing of Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma Indicates Monoclonality with Associated Ductal Carcinoma Component (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; Although most human cancers display a single histology, there are unusual cases where two or more distinct tissue types present within a primary tumor. One such example is metaplastic breast carcinoma, a rare but aggressive cancer with a heterogeneous histology, including squamous, chondroid, and spindle cells. Metaplastic carcinomas often contain an admixed conventional ductal invasive or &lt;i&gt;in situ&lt;/i&gt; mammary carcinoma component, and are typically triple-negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER-2 amplification/overexpression. An unanswered question is the origin of metaplastic breast cancers. While they may arise independently from their ductal components, their close juxtaposition favors a model that postulates a shared origin, either as two derivatives from the same primary cancer or one histology as an outgrowth of the other. Understanding the mechanism of development of these tumors may inform clinical decisions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; We performed exome sequencing for paired metaplastic and adjacent conventional invasive ductal carcinomas in 8 patients and created a pipeline to identify somatic variants and predict their functional impact, without having normal tissue. We then determined the genetic relationships between the histologically distinct compartments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; In each case, the tumor components have nearly identical landscapes of somatic mutation, implying that the differing histologies do not derive from genetic clonal divergence.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; A shared origin for tumors with differing histologies suggests that epigenetic or noncoding changes may mediate the metaplastic phenotype and that alternative therapeutic approaches, including epigenetic therapies, may be required for metaplastic breast cancers. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 23(16); 4875–84. ©2017 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Generic properties of Whitehead’s algorithm and isomorphism rigidity of random one-relator groups (2006)

We prove that Whitehead's algorithm for solving the automorphism problem in a fixed free group F k has strongly linear time generic-case complexity.This is done by showing that the "hard" part of the algorithm terminates in linear time on an exponentially generic set of input pairs.We then apply these results to one-relator groups.We obtain a Mostow-type isomorphism rigidity result for random one-relator groups: If two such groups are isomorphic then their Cayley graphs on the given generating sets are isometric.Although no nontrivial examples were previously known, we prove that one-relator groups are generically complete groups, that is, they have trivial center and trivial outer automorphism group.We also prove that the stabilizers of generic elements of F k in Aut(F k ) are cyclic groups generated by inner automorphisms and that Aut(F k )-orbits are uniformly small in the sense of their growth entropy.We further prove that the number I k (n) of isomorphism types of k-generator one-relator groups with defining relators of length n satisfies cwhere c 1 , c 2 are positive constants depending on k but not on n.Thus I k (n) grows in essentially the same manner as the number of cyclic words of length n.