gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cover Picture: Discovery of MK‐8970: An Acetal Carbonate Prodrug of Raltegravir with Enhanced Colonic Absorption (ChemMedChem 2/2015) (2015)

The front cover picture shows raltegravir, a safe and efficacious HIV integrase strand-transfer inhibitor marketed for the treatment of HIV/AIDS under the name Isentress®, in complex with the prototype foamy virus (PFV) intasome. MK-8970 is an acetal carbonate prodrug of raltegravir, specifically designed to enhance colonic absorption after oral dosing and maintain inhibition of HIV integrase to enable once-daily dosing. For further details, see the Full Paper by Abbas M. Walji et al. on p. 245 ff. Coordinates for the raltegravir–PFV intasome complex were taken from PDB ID 3OYA (S. Hare, S. S. Gupta, E. Valkov, A. Engelman, P. Cherepanov, Nature­ 2010, 464, 232–236). The cover art was produced in conjunction with Sharon O'Brien (Merck Creative Services).
LIFETIME-SEPARATED SPECTROSCOPY: OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE BaO $A'{^{1}\Pi}$ STATE (1975)

The BaO $A^{\\prime}{^{1}\\Pi}$ - $X^{1}\\Sigma^{+}$ band system has been investigated using laser-induced fluorescence- The BaO is formed in the gas phase reaction Ba + $CO_{2}$ under single-collision conditions, and the $A^{\\prime}{^{1}\\Pi}$ and $A^{1}\\Sigma^{+}$ states are simultaneously excited by a pulsed tunable dye lager with a 0.2 {\\AA} bandwidth. The weak, long-Lifetime A^{\\prime}-X fluorescence is separated from the strong, short-lifetime A-X fluorescence by delaying the observation of the A^{\\prime}-X emission until the A-X emission dies away. The experiments have yielded the lifetime, vibrational constants, and rotational constants for the $A^{\\prime}{^{1}\\Pi}$ state.
White Light Generation with CdSe/ZnS Core-Shell Nanocrystals and InGaN/GaN Light Emitting Diodes (2006)

We present hybrid white light sources that integrate CdSe/ZnS core-shell nanocrystals on blue InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes (LED). We report on the demonstrations of white light generation using yellow nanocrystals (lambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PL</sub> =580 nm) hybridized on a blue LED (lambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">EL</sub> =440 nm) with tristimulus coordinates of x=0.37 and y=0.25, correlated color temperature of T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> =2692 K, and color rendering index of R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</sub> =14.6; cyan and red nanocrystals (lambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PL</sub> =500 nm and 620 nm) on a blue LED (lambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">EL</sub> =440 nm) with x=0.37, y=0.28, T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> =3246 K, and R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</sub> =19.6; and green, yellow, and red nanocrystals (lambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PL</sub> =540 nm, 580 nm, and 620 nm) on a blue LED (lambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">EL</sub> =452 nm) with x=0.30, y=0.28, T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> =7521 K, and R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</sub> =40.9.
Progressive power system data interpretation and information dissemination (2002)

The diversity and number of power system monitoring devices installed within networks has increased greatly, resulting in increased data volumes requiring interpretation by engineers. A progressive approach to power system data retrieval, interpretation and information dissemination is presented offering significant time savings and enhanced utility of monitoring devices through dissemination of generated information. Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) alarms are retrieved and interpreted to identify incidents and events. This information is then further enhanced by the automatic retrieval and interpretation of digital fault recorder (DFR) records and travelling wave fault locator data records using intelligent systems employing knowledge based systems (KBS) and model based diagnosis (MBD) reasoning paradigms.
Measurement of Temperature-Induced Polarization Drift and Correlation in a 7-Core Fiber (2016)

We study the correlation in polarization drift between different cores of a 7-core fiber subjected to temperature fluctuations. We present a method to quantify these changes and show that the drift in different cores is correlated to 98%.
Tremor entrainment by patterned low-frequency stimulation (2008)

High-frequency test stimulation for tremor suppression is a standard procedure for functional target localization during deep brain stimulation. This method does not work in cases where tremor vanishes intraoperatively, for example, due to general anaesthesia or due to an insertional effect. To overcome this difficulty, we developed a stimulation technique that effectively evokes tremor in a well-defined and quantifiable manner. For this, we used patterned low-frequency stimulation (PLFS), i.e. brief high-frequency pulse trains administered at pulse rates similar to neurons' preferred burst frequency. Unlike periodic single-pulse stimulation, PLFS enables one to convey effective and considerably greater integral charge densities without violation of safety requirements. In a computational investigation of an oscillatory neuronal network temporarily rendered inactive, we found that PLFS evokes synchronized activity, phase locked to the stimulus. While a stronger increase in the amount of synchrony in the neuronal population requires higher stimulus intensities, the portion of synchronously active neurons nevertheless becomes strongly phase locked to PLFS already at weak stimulus intensities. The phase entrainment effect of PLFS turned out to be robust against variations in the stimulation frequency, whereas enhancement of synchrony required precisely tuned stimulation frequencies. We applied PLFS to a patient with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) with pronounced tremor that disappeared intraoperatively under general anaesthesia. In accordance with our computational results, PLFS evoked tremor, phase locked to the stimulus. In particular, weak PLFS caused low-amplitude, but strongly phase-locked tremor. PLFS test stimulations provided the only functional information about target localization. Optimal target point selection was confirmed by excellent post-operative tremor suppression.
Active Digital Credentials: Provision of Up-to-Date Identity and Profile Information (2002)

In this paper we address the problem of providing up-to-date certified information in dynamic contexts without the burden of heavy management processes. We introduce and discuss the concept of active digital credential, based on a novel mechanism to provide up-to-date certified identity and profile information along with a fine-grained assessment of their current level of trustworthiness and validity
Substrate Recognition and Saturation Kinetics in de Novo Designed Histidine-Based Four-Helix Bundle Catalysts (1998)

Designed four-helix bundle proteins with reactive sites based on the cooperativity of HisH+−His pairs in helical sequences catalyze acyl-transfer reactions of p-nitrophenyl esters with large rate enhancements. The function of the HisH+−His site has been expanded by the introduction of flanking residues to provide recognition of substrate carboxylate and hydrophobic residues. The second-order rate constants for the MN-42 catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate and of mono-p-nitrophenyl fumarate, under conditions of excess catalyst over substrate, in aqueous solution at pH 5.1 and 290 K are 0.030 M-1 s-1 and 0.027 M-1 s-1, respectively. The reactive site of MN-42 contains only histidine residues. The sequence of MNKR is the same as that of MN-42 except that one Lys and one Arg residue have been introduced in the adjacent helix to flank the HisH+−His site and the resulting second-order rate constants are 0.075 M-1 s-1 and 0.135 M-1 s-1. MNKR catalyzed hydrolysis of the fumarate follows saturation kinetics with a kcat/KM of 0.17 M-1 s-1 which is 230 times larger than the second-order rate constant of the 4-methyl imidazole catalyzed reaction. The second-order rate constants for the JNIII catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate and of p-nitrophenyl valerate are 0.007 M-1 s-1 and 0.097 M-1 s-1, respectively, and binding of the aliphatic group increases the rate constant by more than one order of magnitude. Chiral recognition by de novo designed polypeptides has been demonstrated for the first time, and the hydrolysis of the p-nitrophenyl ester of d-norleucine has been catalyzed with a second-order rate constant that is twice as large as that of the l-norleucine ester.
Analysis of the Optical Reflection on an Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic Medium: Application to a Poiseuille Flow in a Nematic Liquid Crystal (1981)

Abstract Some computations about the reflectivity of a light wave incident to an anisotropic and inhomogeneous medium are reported here. To explain experimental results concerning a nematic liquid crystal distorted by a Poiseuille flow, we introduce an absorption coefficient (χ = 10−4), simulating the global losses in the propagation of the electromagnetic plane wave. Maximal tilt angle and surface tilt angle are simultaneously revealed by two “critical” angles.
Unintended Carbon-Related Impurity and Negative Bias Instability in High-Mobility Oxide TFTs (2021)

Amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOS) with high-mobility (>40 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Vs) have recently become common for next-generation displays. While several candidates have been proposed, their practical use remains unclear because of their low reliability originating from bias stress instability such as negative bias stress (NBS) and positive bias stress (PBS). This study shows that CO-related impurity is a major source of NBS instability in amorphous InSnZnO (ITZO), a representative high-mobility AOS. CO-related impurity is formed at the surface of the ITZO layer after the photolithography process, according to thermal desorption spectroscopy and hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy studies. It is shown that by using a simple method of UV ozone treatment at room temperature to remove these CO-related impurities, a high performance ITZO TFT with mobility of ~ 50 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Vs and excellent bias stability, NBS (at -20 V, 3600 s): -0.25 V, PBS (+20 V, 3600 s): 0.15 V, can be realized. Almost the same results are obtained for Sn-free IZO-TFTs with mobility of ~70 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Vs but the NBS instability caused by CO-related impurity does not appear for IGZO TFTs. This finding suggests that the bias stress instability by CO-related species is sensitive to high mobility AOS-TFTs.
Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Matrix Imaging (2023)

Matrix imaging paves the way towards a next revolution in wave physics. Based on the response matrix recorded between a set of sensors, it enables an optimized compensation of aberration phenomena and multiple scattering events that usually drastically hinder the focusing process in heterogeneous media. Although it gave rise to spectacular results in optical microscopy or seismic imaging, the success of matrix imaging has been so far relatively limited with ultrasonic waves because wave control is generally only performed with a linear array of transducers. In this paper, we extend ultrasound matrix imaging to a 3D geometry. Switching from a 1D to a 2D probe enables a much sharper estimation of the transmission matrix that links each transducer and each medium voxel. Here, we first present an experimental proof of concept on a tissue-mimicking phantom through ex-vivo tissues and then, show the potential of 3D matrix imaging for transcranial applications.
Receptor-specific desensitization with purified proteins. Kinase dependence and receptor specificity of beta-arrestin and arrestin in the beta 2-adrenergic receptor and rhodopsin systems. (1992)

Homologous desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptors, as well as adaptation of rhodopsin, are thought to be triggered by specific phosphorylation of the receptor proteins. However, phosphorylation alone seems insufficient to inhibit receptor function, and it has been proposed that the inhibition is mediated, following receptor phosphorylation, by the additional proteins beta-arrestin in the case of beta-adrenergic receptors and arrestin in the case of rhodopsin. In order to test this hypothesis with isolated proteins, beta-arrestin and arrestin were produced by transient overexpression of their cDNAs in COS7 cells and purified to apparent homogeneity. Their functional effects were assessed in reconstituted receptor/G protein systems using either beta 2-adrenergic receptors with Gs or rhodopsin with Gt. Prior to the assays, beta 2-receptors and rhodopsin were phosphorylated by their specific kinases beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK) and rhodopsin kinase, respectively. beta-Arrestin was a potent inhibitor of the function of beta ARK-phosphorylated beta 2-receptors. Half-maximal inhibition occurred at a beta-arrestin:beta 2-receptor stoichiometry of about 1:1. More than 100-fold higher concentrations of arrestin were required to inhibit beta 2-receptor function. Conversely, arrestin caused half-maximal inhibition of the function of rhodopsin kinase-phosphorylated rhodopsin when present in concentrations about equal to those of rhodopsin, whereas beta-arrestin at 100-fold higher concentrations had little inhibitory effect. The potency of beta-arrestin in inhibiting beta 2-receptor function was increased over 10-fold following phosphorylation of the receptors by beta ARK, but was not affected by receptor phosphorylation using protein kinase A. This suggests that beta-arrestin plays a role in beta ARK-mediated homologous, but not in protein kinase A-mediated heterologous desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptors. It is concluded that even though arrestin and beta-arrestin are similar proteins, they display marked specificity for their respective receptors and that phosphorylation of the receptors by the receptor-specific kinases serves to permit the inhibitory effects of the "arresting" proteins by allowing them to bind to the receptors and thereby inhibit their signaling properties. Furthermore, it is shown that this mechanism of receptor inhibition can be reproduced with isolated purified proteins.
myo-Inositol 1,3,5-Bicyclic Phosphate (1998)

In the crystal structure of the title compound (4,6,10-trihydroxy-2,8,9-trioxa-1-phosphatricyclo­[3.3.1.13,7]decane P-oxide, C6H9O7P), the cyclohexane ring is in a chair conformation. Two hydroxy substituents are in an axial orientation and the third is equatorial. There is an intramolecular hydrogen bond involving the two axial hydroxy groups.
Analysis of power efficiency of schedulers in LTE (2012)

In this work we analyse the behaviour of six different LTE scheduling algorithms, namely the round robin, best CQI, proportional fair, Max-Min, resource fair and the iterative hungarian schedulers. A downlink LTE network is simulated and the properties of the schedulers are analysed for a varying number of served users. These schedulers are studied from a throughput and fairness perspective through system level simulations. Furthermore the impact of each scheduler on the energy consumption is also computed with the aid of a flexible base station power model. The simulations show that the best CQI scheduler proves to deliver the highest data rate but lowest fairness while the Max-Min achieves exactly the opposite. The round robin delivers the worst overall performances while the other ones behave similarly in between. This work argues for the introduction of an energy consumption figure of merit for a fair and insightful comparison between specific scheduling algorithms.
Performance, gut morphology and microbiology effects of a Bacillus probiotic, avilamycin and their combination in mixed grain broiler diets (2017)

1. This study aimed to determine the effect of avilamycin (AGP) and a multi-strain Bacillus probiotic (DFM) on the performance, gut histology and microbiology of broilers fed on a mixed grain diet. 2. A total of 800 chicks were allocated to four treatments: a control diet, control+AGP, control+DFM, or control+AGP+DFM. Bodyweight, feed intake and FCR were measured at d 0, 21 and 42. Samples were taken at d42 to determine villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD) and ratio (VH:CD). Mucosal E. coli and Lactobacilli counts were measured at d42. 3. At d42, DFM and AGP+DFM significantly increased weight over the control, with AGP returning an intermediate value. FCR followed a similar pattern. DFM and AGP+DFM significantly increased VH and CD in all gut sections compared to the control. 4. DFM and AGP+DFM reduced E. coli counts compared to control, with AGP reducing caecal counts only, while Lactobacilli counts were increased. 5. Divergent histology and microbiology between treatments highlight the different modes of action of AGP and DFM for improving broiler growth and feed efficiency.
Field analysis (2000)

We present a new limited form of interprocedural analysis called field analysis that can be used by a compiler to reduce the costs of modern language features such as object-oriented programming, automatic memory management, and run-time checks required for type safety. Unlike many previous interprocedural analyses, our analysis is cheap, and does not require access to the entire program. Field analysis exploits the declared access restrictions placed on fields in a modular language ( e.g. field access modifiers in Java) in order to determine useful properties of fields of an object. We describe our implementation of field analysis in the Swift optimizing compiler for Java, as well a set of optimizations that exploit the results of field analysis. These optimizations include removal of run-time tests, compile-time resolution of method calls, object inlining, removal of unnecessary synchronization, and stack allocation. Our results demonstrate that field analysis is efficient and effective. Speedups average 7% on a wide range of applications, with some times reduced by up to 27%. Compile time overhead of field analysis is about 10%.
Analog measurements of long wavelength vertical-cavity lasers (1998)

We report the measurements of nonlinearity effects on analog transmission of long wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. The experiments involved measuring single-mode fiber-optic transmissions of microwave signals (100–1000 MHz) at 1.54 μm to characterize the dynamic range, intermodulation distortion and frequency response. Spur free dynamic ranges up to 69 dB were demonstrated.
Output laser coupler for coherent beam combining (2020)

We have developed a multichannel output coupler enabling coherent beam combining in the two-micron spectral range. We demonstrate experimentally the combining of multiple beams utilizing a set of thulium-doped, double-clad, singlemode optical fibers. The fibers are pumped by fiber-pigtailed laser diodes at 793 nm via (4+1)x1 pump-signal combiners. The combiners are fabricated using vanishing-core technology, which allows for preservation of the mode field through the tapering process. The output of individual lasing channels is generated over a 20 nm spectral band at around 1970 nm without any spectrally selective elements. The slope efficiency of individual lasers is approximately 50% with respect to the pump power. All lasing channels are fused into a monolithic silica structure with channel spacing of 32 microns on a triangular lattice. The fused assembly is fabricated in a glass microforming tapering process with a draw ratio of 3.9. In the process, the mode field at 1970 nm expands slightly to about 15 microns at the end of the taper, while the outer diameter is reduced from 2.3 mm to approximately 590 microns. The tapered end is straight polished and fusion spliced to a 600- micron diameter silica glass rod. The rod is cleaved and optically polished at zero degrees. The length of the rod is one half of the Talbot distance for optimal coherent beam combining. In the experiment, an antiphase supermode is observed when only the seven inner channels are pumped, and an in-phase supermode is excited when the number of channels is nineteen or larger.
Developing Pulsed Fiber Lasers (2007)

Abstract : Laser power is at a premium and a diffraction limited optical beam delivers the maximum intensity on target. Therefore, the better the beam quality, the lower the system cost and complexity is reduced considerably by using high quality beams. Single mode optical fiber lasers and amplifiers produce near diffraction limited beams and therefore will result in near diffraction limited optical beams thus they will provide the highest intensities at the lowest laser powers. In the case of pulsed fiber lasers the factors that limit the output power are the fiber nonlinear effects and surface damage on the exit aperture. The nonlinear optical effects include Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), self-phase modulation (SPM) and four-wave mixing (FWM) depending upon the application. For pulse durations of greater than 1-ns SPM and FWM can be neglected. The lowest threshold nonlinear process for long pulse duration is SBS. SBS can be effectively suppressed. The surface damage on the exit aperture can be eliminated by allowing free expansion in an end cap' before the beam exits into free space.
Neural Network based Inter bi-prediction Blending (2022)

This paper presents a learning-based method to improve bi-prediction in video coding. In conventional video coding solutions, the motion compensation of blocks from already decoded reference pictures stands out as the principal tool used to predict the current frame. Especially, the bi-prediction, in which a block is obtained by averaging two different motion-compensated prediction blocks, significantly improves the final temporal prediction accuracy. In this context, we introduce a simple neural network that further improves the blending operation. A complexity balance, both in terms of network size and encoder mode selection, is carried out. Extensive tests on top of the recently standardized VVC codec are performed and show a BD-rate improvement of -1.4% in random access configuration for a network size of fewer than 10k parameters. We also propose a simple CPU-based implementation and direct network quantization to assess the complexity/gains tradeoff in a conventional codec framework.
The NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase from Escherichia coli. Evidence for a new mode of binding for reduced pyridine nucleotides. (1999)

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