gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A framework for statistical multiplexing onto a variable-bit rate output channel (2002)

This paper investigates soft multiplexing, an issue that arises in VP-based ATM networks. The main distinguishing feature of this form of multiplexing (as opposed to traditional statistical multiplexing) is that the output channel is a variable-bit rate VP. The concepts of work conservation and greediness were introduced to study soft multiplexing systematically. We assume that the overall multiplexed output traffic is regulated and policed by a leaky bucket. Before being allowed to access the output channel, each input traffic stream is also controlled by a leaky bucket. It is shown that although strict performance guarantee can be provided to each input traffic stream by independent leaky bucket operation, output-channel utilization can be rather low, and it can be improved significantly if we allow some interactions among the leaky buckets of the input streams. In particular, we show that two simple soft-multiplexing schemes, excess token passing and token borrowing, can achieve higher output-channel utilization, better delay and loss performance without sacrificing guarantee to each session.
Low temperature fabrication and characterization of nickel germanide Schottky source/drain contacts for implant-less germanium p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (2012)

In this work, nickel germanide Schottky contacts have been fabricated on n-type germanium (n-Ge) with an optimum barrier height of 0.63 eV. For rapid thermal annealing (RTA) temperatures above 300 °C, all phases of nickel and germanium convert to nickel mono-germanide (NiGe). However, higher RTA temperatures are also found to cause agglomeration of the NiGe phase and higher leakage current. So, the optimum temperature for Schottky-based source/drain contact formation on n-Ge is ∼300 °C, where the nickel mono-germanide phase is formed but without phase agglomeration.
Hierarchical, modular architectures for object recognition by parts (1996)

We present a methodology for object recognition by parts. The methodology is based on a hierarchical, modular structure for object recognition. Recognition is performed at different levels in the hierarchy, and the type of recognition performed differs from level to level. Each level is made up of modules, where each module is an expert on a particular part of an object, that is, each module is specifically trained to recognize one part of an object. We present a Bayesian system in which the expert modules represent the probability density functions of each part, modeled as a mixture of densities to incorporate different views (aspects) of each part. Results obtained for object recognition in second generation forward looking infrared (FLIR) images are also presented in this paper.
Fairness of MAC protocols: IEEE 1901 vs. 802.11 (2013)

The MAC layer of the IEEE 1901 standard for power line communications employs a CSMA/CA method similar to, but more complex than, this of IEEE 802.11 for wireless communications. The differences between these protocols raise questions such as which one performs better and under what conditions. We study the fairness of the 1901 MAC protocol in single contention domain networks, where all stations hear each other. We examine fairness at the packet level: a MAC layer protocol is fair if all stations share equitably the medium during a fixed time interval. We focus on short-term fairness, that is, over short time intervals. Short-term fairness directly impacts end-user experience, because unfair protocols are susceptible to introduce substantial packet delays. We evaluate short-term fairness with two metrics: Jain's fairness index and the number of inter-transmissions. We present test-bed results of both protocols and compare them with simulations. Both simulation and test-bed results indicate that 802.11 is fairer in the short-term when the number of stations N is between 2 and 5. However, simulation results reveal that 1901 is fairer in the short-term for N ≥ 15. Importantly, our test-bed measurements indicate that 1901 unfairness can cause significant additional delay when N = 2. Finally, we confirm these results by showing analytically that 1901 is short-term unfair for N = 2.
Selective Inhibition of JAK2 Driven Erythroid Differentiation of Polycythemia Vera Progenitors (2007)

Abstract Myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs), diagnosed in 15,000 individuals annually, are characterized by overproduction of lineage-committed blood cells, thrombotic events, occasionally marrow fibrosis or progression to acute myelogenous leukemia and frequently a point mutation (V617F) in the JAK2 kinase. Mutant JAK2 expression results in erythrocyte overproduction in almost all cases of polycythemia Vera (PV). We investigated the molecular mechanisms driving erythroid skewed differentiation and the capacity of a selective JAK2 inhibitor (TG101348) to normalize PV progenitor differentiation. Both JAK2 V617F+ transduced cord blood and PV progenitor erythroid colony formation was potently inhibited by TG101348 (300 nM). Bioluminescent immunocompromised mouse transplantation studies revealed that TG101348 (150 mg/kg) treatment significantly reduced human erythroid engraftment by both PV and JAK2 V617F+ cord blood progenitors. Moreover, the imbalance between GATA-1 and PU.1 transcripts typical of JAK2 V617F+ progenitors normalized after treatment with TG101348. In addition, TG101348 inhibited both JAK2-mediated STAT5 phosphorylation and AKT-regulated GATA-1 phosphorylation in an erythropoietin responsive cell line suggesting a dual mechanism for the erythroid inhibitory effects of TG101348. Because of selective inhibition of JAK2 V617F+ progenitors both in vitro and in vivo, TG101348 may be an effective molecularly targeted inhibitor of JAK2 V617F+ driven MPDs in clinical trials.
Improving 3D NAND Flash Memory Lifetime by Tolerating Early Retention Loss and Process Variation (2018)

Compared to planar (i.e., two-dimensional) NAND flash memory, 3D NAND flash memory uses a new flash cell design, and vertically stacks dozens of silicon layers in a single chip. This allows 3D NAND flash memory to increase storage density using a much less aggressive manufacturing process technology than planar NAND flash memory. The circuit-level and structural changes in 3D NAND flash memory significantly alter how different error sources affect the reliability of the memory. In this paper, through experimental characterization of real, state-of-the-art 3D NAND flash memory chips, we find that 3D NAND flash memory exhibits three new error sources that were not previously observed in planar NAND flash memory: (1) layer-to-layer process variation, where the average error rate of each 3D-stacked layer in a chip is significantly different; (2) early retention loss, a new phenomenon where the number of errors due to charge leakage increases quickly within several hours after programming; and (3) retention interference, a new phenomenon where the rate at which charge leaks from a flash cell is dependent on the data value stored in the neighboring cell. Based on our experimental results, we develop new analytical models of layer-to-layer process variation and retention loss in 3D NAND flash memory. Motivated by our new findings and models, we develop four new techniques to mitigate process variation and early retention loss in 3D NAND flash memory. These four techniques are complementary, and can be combined together to significantly improve flash memory reliability. Compared to a state-of-the-art baseline, our techniques, when combined, improve flash memory lifetime by 1.85x. Alternatively, if a NAND flash vendor wants to keep the lifetime of the 3D NAND flash memory device constant, our techniques reduce the storage overhead required to hold error correction information by 78.9%.
Two-wavelength scanning spot interferometer using single-frequency diode lasers (1988)

A two-wavelength interferometer is described that can be used to measure distances to rough surfaces with micrometer resolution. The measuring range can be made as large as several centimeters. Owing to the small numerical aperture of the object beam, the interferometer is particularly suitable in applications where a long working distance is required. The interferometer uses two single-frequency diode lasers to create a virtual two-wavelength laser. The equivalent wavelength of this laser can be easily tuned by changing the temperature of the laser diodes in opposite directions.
The photogeneration of acid and base within polymer coatings: Approaches to polymer curing and imaging (1992)

Abstract
An assembly-oriented product family representation for integrated design (2003)

This paper presents a product family representation model which was developed during a research project called CISAL, the purpose of which was to propose an integrated approach for the design of product families and their assembly system. This model is able to deal with partial information from the design of the product family, a situation that often occurs at early stages of the concurrent design of products and production means. The proposed model is assembly-oriented, because the project covered design for assembly, assembly planning, and line layout issues. In fact, it was developed on the basis of the design methodology itself. An originality of the design approach-which impacted the proposed model-is to decompose the product into so-called functional entities defined by the designer. The product family is then seen as an assembly of functional entities that can be analyzed, designed, and further assembled separately. Component variants are aggregated into generic components, and links between components become generic. The paper presents the essential concepts related to this product family representation, before showing their application to an illustrative industrial case study: a family of signaling relays.
Scheduling and Codeword Length Optimization in Time Varying Wireless Networks (2006)

In this paper, a downlink scenario in which a single-antenna base station communicates with K single antenna users, over a time-correlated fading channel, is considered. It is assumed that channel state information is perfectly known at each receiver, while the statistical characteristics of the fading process and the fading gain at the beginning of each frame are known to the transmitter. By evaluating the random coding error exponent of the time-correlated fading channel, we show that there is an optimal codeword length which maximizes the throughput. We examine the throughput of conventional scheduling that transmits to the user with the maximum signal to noise ratio using both fixed length codewords and variable length codewords. Although optimizing the codeword length improves the performance, it is shown that using the conventional scheduling, a gap of Omega(radiclog log log K) exists between the achievable throughput and the maximum possible throughput of the system. We propose a simple scheduling that considers both the signal to noise ratio and the channel time variation. In this case, among users which their fading gain is above a threshold, user that has minimum channel time variation is selected. We show that by using this scheduling, the gap between the achievable throughput and maximum throughput of the system approaches o(1).
Current global status of carotid artery stent placement (1998)

Our purpose was to review the current status of carotid artery stent placement throughout the world. Surveys were sent to major interventional centers in Europe, North and South America, and Asia. Information from peer-reviewed journals was also included and supplemented the survey. The survey asked various questions regarding the patients enrolled, procedure techniques, and results of carotid stenting, including complications and restenosis. Of the centers which were sent surveys, 24 responded. The total number of endovascular carotid stent procedures that have been performed worldwide to date included 2,048 cases, with a technical success of 98.6%. Complications that occurred during carotid stent placement or within a 30-day period following placement were recorded. Overall, there were 63 minor strokes, with a rate of occurrence of 3.08%. The total number of major strokes was 27, for a rate of 1.32%. There were 28 deaths within a 30-day postprocedure period, resulting in a mortality rate of 1.37%. Restenosis rates of carotid stenting have been 4.80% at 6 mo. Endovascular stent treatment of carotid artery atherosclerotic disease is growing as an alternative to vascular surgery, especially for patients that are at high risk for standard carotid endarterectomy. The periprocedural risks for major and minor strokes and death are generally acceptable at this early stage of development. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 44:1–6, 1998. ©1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Steering Beam of Charged Particles using Silicon Crystals (2007)

Two experiments on the deflection of electron and proton beams using silicon crystals were performed to study the channeling effect. An experiment on deflection of a 150-MeV electron beam by a crystal with the thickness of 16 µm was conducted at the REFER ring (Relativistic Electron Facility for Education and Research, Hiroshima University). The maximum deflection angle of 0.2 mrad was achieved. A 12-GeV proton beam was deflected by an 1-cm long crystal, which was bent at an angle of 32.6 mrad, at the KEK Proton Synchrotron. Results of these experiments are presented in this article. As for application, a possibility to create a deflection system for the J-PARC (Japan Proton Accelerator Complex) and a collimator for the ILC (International Linear Collider) are discussed as well.
Ultrasonic-assisted food grade nanoemulsion preparation from clove bud essential oil and evaluation of its antioxidant and antibacterial activity (2022)

Abstract Nanoemulsions formulated using materials of the highest food grade are receiving significant attention in various industries, especially food-based applications. Food-grade nanoemulsions are suitable for delivering bioactive molecules and their bioavailability, encapsulation, and protection. The present study aimed to extract essential oil (EO) from clove bud and formulate food-grade nanoemulsions. Furthermore, it investigated antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy of nanoemulsions against foodborne pathogens. The present study found that the extracted clove bud EO is enriched with polyphenols and consists of 59 bioactive compounds from various chemical groups such as alcohol, aldehyde, esters, benzenes, carboxylic acid, esters, fatty acids, and nitrogen compounds. Among the bioactive compounds, methyl eugenol was identified as a major compound. Clove bud EO nanoemulsion antioxidant and noncytotoxic results suggest that this material could help develop promising antibacterial agents for food-based applications. The formulated nanoemulsion consisting of droplets of a mean diameter of 77.7 nm exhibits significant inhibitory and bactericidal action on Gram-positive and Gram-negative food pathogens. It is still essential to conduct more studies on the effects of food spoilage and poisoning bacteria and the mechanisms of their actions.
Mutations in the gene encoding the inwardly-rectifying renal potassium channel, ROMK, cause the antenatal variant of Bartter syndrome: evidence for genetic heterogeneity. International Collaborative Study Group for Bartter-like Syndromes [published erratum appears in Hum Mol Genet 1997 Apr;6(4):650] (1997)

Inherited renal tubular disorders associated with hypokalemic alkalosis (Bartter-like syndromes) can be subdivided into at least three clinical phenotypes: (i) the hypocalciuric-hypomagnesemic Gitelman variant; (ii) the classic variant; and (iii) the antenatal hypercalciuric variant (also termed hyperprostaglandin E syndrome). Mutations in the Na-Cl cotransporter (NCCT) underlie the pathogenesis of the Gitelman variant and mutations in the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) have recently been identified in the antenatal hypercalciuric variant. We now describe mutations in the gene encoding the inwardly-rectifying potassium channel, ROMK, in eight kindreds with the antenatal variant of Bartter syndrome. These findings indicate that antenatal Bartter syndrome is genetically heterogeneous and provide new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of Bartter-like syndromes.
IC-Package Interaction (2013)

Chip Package Interaction (CPI) gained a lot of importance in the last years. The reason is twofold. First, advanced node IC technologies requires dielectrics in the BEOL (back-end-of-line) with a decreasing k value. These so-called (ultra) low-k materials have a reduced stiffness and adhesion strength to the barrier materials, making the BEOL much more vulnerable to externally applied stress due to packaging. Secondly, advanced packaging technologies such as 3D stacked IC's use thinned dies (down to 25μm) which can cause much higher stresses at transistor level, resulting in mobility shifts.
An investigation of the long-term bioactivity of endogenous growth factor in OASIS Wound Matrix (2005)

The results demonstrate that wound-care products can be developed to retain their bioactivity over time and that inherently unstable purified growth factors are preserved if stored as bound factors within their natural extracellular matrix. The results also suggest that use of acellular matrices containing active growth factors would have advantages in terms of simplicity and cost over purified recombinant growth factor therapies.
Expansion of Tumor-Infiltrating CD8+ T cells Expressing PD-1 Improves the Efficacy of Adoptive T-cell Therapy (2017)

Recent studies have found that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) expressing PD-1 can recognize autologous tumor cells, suggesting that cells derived from PD-1<sup>+</sup> TILs can be used in adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT). However, no study thus far has evaluated the antitumor activity of PD-1-selected TILs <i>in vivo</i> In two mouse models of solid tumors, we show that PD-1 allows identification and isolation of tumor-specific TILs without previous knowledge of their antigen specificities. Importantly, despite the high proportion of tumor-reactive T cells present in bulk CD8 TILs before expansion, only T-cell products derived from sorted PD-1<sup>+</sup>, but not from PD-1<sup>-</sup> or bulk CD8 TILs, specifically recognized tumor cells. The fold expansion of PD-1<sup>+</sup> CD8 TILs was 10 times lower than that of PD-1<sup>-</sup> cells, suggesting that outgrowth of PD-1<sup>-</sup> cells was the limiting factor in the tumor specificity of cells derived from bulk CD8 TILs. The highly differentiated state of PD-1<sup>+</sup> cells was likely the main cause hampering <i>ex vivo</i> expansion of this subset. Moreover, PD-1 precisely identified marrow-infiltrating, myeloma-specific T cells in a mouse model of multiple myeloma. <i>In vivo</i>, only cells expanded from PD-1<sup>+</sup> CD8 TILs contained tumor progression, and their efficacy was enhanced by PDL-1 blockade. Overall, our data provide a rationale for the use of PD-1-selected TILs in ACT. <i>Cancer Res; 77(13); 3672-84. ©2017 AACR</i>.
Enhancing Tropos with Commitments A Business Metamodel and Methodology (2009)

This paper motivates a novel metamodel and methodology for specifying cross-organizational business interactions that is based on Tropos. Current approaches for business modeling are either high-level and semiformal or formal but low-level. Thus they fail to support flexible but rigorous modeling and enactment of business processes. This paper begins from the well-known Tropos approach and enhances it with com- mitments. It proposes a natural metamodel based on commitments and a methodology for specifying a business model. This paper includes an insurance industry case study that several researchers have previously used.
<title>Dry resist technology to fabricate optimized microlenses centered to the end of a monomode fiber with electron-beam lithography</title> (1996)

The fabrication of microlenses on flat and three-dimensional substrates is described. A totally dry resist process is used. The characteristics of this novel process are investigated. A technique for lens positioning and exposure was developed for a scanning electron microscope using an image processor as a beam control system. The hyperbolic profile of the microlenses is computer generated. Microlenses of cylindrical, round, and elliptical geometry were fabricated on a Si wafer and on the end of a monomode quartz fiber. Focusing of infrared light by fabricated microlenses is demonstrated.
Supplementary Methods 1 from A Novel Class of Ribosome Modulating Agents Exploits Cancer Ribosome Heterogeneity to Selectively Target the CMS2 Subtype of Colorectal Cancer (2023)

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Acoustic virtual laboratory: A modeling tool for high-intensity focused ultrasound applications (2006)

The field of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is emerging with strong potential and broad medical applications. Characterized by its ability to penetrate at depth inside the body without harming intervening tissue, therapeutic ultrasound has posed the basis for a new array of noninvasive therapies. However, the inherent complexity of biological media and the nonlinear nature of ultrasound propagation at HIFU regimes make optimization and control of the therapy still a challenging task. In this respect, an accurate modeling tool, the Acoustic Virtual Laboratory (AVL), will be presented for solving multidimensional HIFU problems in complex geometries that can greatly assists in predicting HIFU applications effects and, therefore, help in the optimization and control of the treatment. AVL consists of 2-D, 2.5-D (cylindrical symmetry), and 3-D coupled solutions for acoustic and elastic wave propagation in heterogeneous, lossy, bubbly, and porous media with the bioheat equation for temperature estimation. It includes linear and nonlinear wave propagation, arbitrary frequency power law for attenuation, and can account for multiple reflections and backscattered fields. Sample results for tumor ablation, acoustic hemostasis, and propagation through porous bones will be illustrated. [Work supported by US Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity and NIH NCRR Grant R21 RR 21472.]
Novel Electrical and Fluidic Microbumps for Silicon Interposer and 3-D ICs (2014)

Fine-pitch electrical microbumps (25-μm diameter and 50-μm pitch) and annular-shaped fluidic microbumps (150-μm inner diameter and 210-μm outer diameter) are presented to enable high-bandwidth die-to-die signaling, embedded microfluidic cooling and power delivery for silicon interposer and 3-D integrated electronic systems. Electrical and fluidic testing demonstrates good bonding of the electrical and fluidic microbumps; the average resistance of a single electrical microbump is 13.5 mQ. The bonded fluidic microbumps are successfully tested up to 100 kPa without any leakage. Moreover, the power supply noise (PSN) of 3-D chip stacks is analyzed using a compact physical model. Based on the model, increasing the number of power/ground pads is effective in suppressing PSN, motivating the need for fine-pitch electrical microbumps. Impact of the number of dice in a stack, die thickness, and the area of on-die decoupling capacitors on PSN is also investigated.