gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect Of Quantization On Digitized Noise And Detection Of Low-Contrast Objects (1986)

We investigated the effect of quantization on the signal contrast, noise, and signal-to-noise ratio at three stages of the digital imaging chain, namely, acquisition, processing and display. Histogram analysis was performed for simple objects of constant magnitude superimposed on a uniform noisy background. After quantization, physical quantities, such as the signal contrast, noise and SNR, will vary depending on the fractional displacement of the quantization bin relative to the analog values. These physical quantities on average can provide information on the effectivenesss of a given A/D converter. As the rms value of the analog noise decreases, the various physical quantities become more sensitive to the effect of quantization. On average, the rms noise value after quantization will gradually increase as the quantization increment increases. The average SNR after quantization decreases initially as the quantization increment increases and then it misleadingly increases relative to the SNR prior to quantization. As quantization or further bit reduction becomes coarser, the noise Wiener spectrum will on average increase, and this increase will become relatively larger when the original noise data are obtained with higher x-ray exposures or larger sampling apertures. Image processing techniques allow for the potential increase in the number of bits in the image. However, the conventional CRT monitor is capable of only displaying 256 grey levels. At the display stage, though, observers may be able to detect signals having a contrast of less than a single display grey level due to the capability of the noise to carry the signal. However, in some cases, the potential of various processing techniques may be limited by the display device.
Dynamic prediction of fruit quality traits as a function of environmental and genetic factors (2022)

ISHS XXXI International Horticultural Congress (IHC2022): International Symposium on Integrative Approaches to Product Quality in Fruits and Vegetables Dynamic prediction of fruit quality traits as a function of environmental and genetic factors
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF ALKYNE COMPLEXES OF THE TYPE TA(η5‐C5ME5)(ALKYNE)CL2 AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF (η5‐PENTAMETHYLCYCLOPENTADIENYL)(DIPHENYLACETYLENE)DICHLOROTANTALUM (1981)

Abstract Die Olefinkomplexe (Dliefern bei Umsetzung mit Alkinen (II) analoge Alkinkomplexe (III), die mit Ausnahme von (IIIa) mit weiterem Alkin oder Ethylen nicht reagieren.
Secure manageable mobile handset platform architectures (2006)

The need for openness in mobile handset platform architectures from an applications development perspective, with a conflicting need for closedness in such platform architectures for security, manageability, and multiprotocol communications processing, has created a need for an overall platform architecture that provides simultaneous support for such features. Platform architectures are suggested that are rooted in hardware along with a trusted platform-aware architecture manager that creates closed partitions to provide cryptographic, communications, and manageability services, as well as open partitions for applications processing. Important and desirable ingredients in such platform architectures include domain separation, hardware rooted mechanisms to establish platform trust, hierarchical key management, secure storage, efficient resource management, and an inherently manageable platform.
Interface Engineering-Assisted 3D-Graphene/Germanium Heterojunction for High-Performance Photodetectors (2020)

Three-dimensional graphene (3D-Gr) with excellent light absorption properties has received enormous interest, but in conventional processes to prepare 3D-Gr, amorphous carbon layers are inevitably introduced as buffer layers that may degrade the performance of graphene-based devices. Herein, 3D-Gr is prepared on germanium (Ge) using two-dimensional graphene (2D-Gr) as the buffer layer. 2D-Gr as the buffer layer facilitates the in situ synthesis of 3D-Gr on Ge by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) by promoting 2D-Gr nucleation and reducing the barrier height. The growth mechanism is investigated and described. The enhanced light absorption as confirmed by theoretical calculation and 3D-Gr/2D-Gr/Ge with a Schottky junction improves the performance of optoelectronic devices without requiring pre- and post-transfer processes. The photodetector constructed with 3D-Gr/2D-Gr/Ge shows an excellent responsivity of 1.7 A W<sup>-1</sup> and detectivity 3.42 × 10<sup>14</sup> cm Hz<sup>1/2</sup> W<sup>-1</sup> at a wavelength of 1550 nm. This novel hybrid structure that incorporates 3D- and 2D-Gr into Ge-based integrated circuits and photodetectors delivers excellent performance and has large commercial potential.
Regulation of Gap Junction Protein (Connexin) Genes and Function in Differentiating ES Cells (2003)

Gap junctions are specialized cell-cell junctions that directly link the cytoplasm of neighboring cells. They mediate the direct transfer of low molecular weight (<1000 D) metabolites and ions, including second messengers such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), inositol trisphosphate, and Ca2+ between adjacent cells. Therefore, gap junctional intercellular communication is considered to play an important role in the control of cell growth, differentiation, morphogenesis, and the maintenance of homeostasis. Gap junctions are composed of oligomeric proteins consisting of 6 subunits called connexins (Cxs) that are coded for by a multigene family (,). Thus far, more than 14 different Cxs have been cloned in rodent genes. The expression of each Cx has organ and cell-type specificity and is developmentally controlled. During the cardiomyocytic differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells in vitro, the expression of multiple Cxs is differentially regulated, and gap junctional intercellular communication is modulated (, , ).
Semantic vector space mapping in edge of network multi-domain operations (2023)

Artificial Intelligence applications are increasingly making use of vector embedding techniques to achieve impressive results in many application domains. Semantic Vector Spaces (SVS’s) are constructed using semantic vector embedding techniques that learn vector representations of data across multiple domains. An important application area enabled by such techniques is the capability to represent software services and service workflows as semantic hypervectors. Previous work has shown how these hypervector representations have significant advantages over alternative schemes for decentralized service workflow construction, particularly in low communications bandwidth and energy constrained environments that are typical in multi-domain operations. SVS construction usually assumes that all the data required to construct the semantic vector space is available centrally. However, in multi-domain operations different partners may not be willing to share the training data necessary to construct a common multi-domain SVS. Hence semantic hypervectors representing similar services or workflows but constructed from different training data by different partners cannot be discovered and used. In this paper we focus on how it is possible to map semantic hypervectors between partner SVS’s, so that complementary services and workflows developed and owned by different partners can be discovered and used to achieve mission goals. The paper describes techniques for generating the required mapping that require a minimum exchange of information between the different partners; demonstrate how it is possible to do this for semantic hypervectors that use different types of encoding (eg., real valued, binary, sparse slot-encoding); and illustrates how the mapping can be implemented in various multi-domain operational settings.
NiCr fuse reliability-a new approach (1994)

Presents one technique to apply concurrent engineering in the development of a reliable fuse element in CMOS PROMs. The development required both a new circuit and process design. The five stages presented were used to produce a reliable fuse element that is also manufacturable. The use of these techniques uncovered several limitations in the circuit early enough in the development to be corrected. One reported in this paper was the poor current gain of the fusing bipolar transistor.
Stimulation of Growth Hormone (GH) and Somatomedin C in Idiopathic GH-Deficient Subjects by Intermittent Pulsatile Administration of Synthetic Human Pancreatic Tumor GH-Releasing Factor* (1984)

After initial challenges with vehicle alone and then 10 micrograms/kg human pancreatic tumor GH-releasing factor (hpGRF)-40, six adult subjects who had presented in childhood with idiopathic GH deficiency were given 0.33 micrograms/kg hpGRF-40, iv, every 3 h for 5 days. Serum GH levels were monitored daily for 90 min after the 0800 h doses of 0.33 micrograms/kg hpGRF-40, and serum somatomedin C was measured at 0800 and 2000 h. In addition, plasma levels of cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured daily at 0800 h. Three hours after the last 0.33 micrograms/kg dose, all subjects were rechallenged with 10 micrograms/kg hpGRF-40. In response to the initial 10 micrograms/kg challenge with hpGRF-40, and although serum GH levels rose in two of six subjects, the mean maximum GH level achieved was no different from that after treatment with vehicle alone. Within 12 h after initiation of the intermittent administration of hpGRF-40, mean +/- SEM serum somatomedin C had risen by 0.1 +/- 0.05 U/ml, and at the end of the 5-day period, had increased from 0.24 +/- 0.07 to 0.78 +/- 0.32 U/ml. In response to the second challenge with 10 micrograms/kg hpGRF-40, serum GH levels rose in three of the four subjects who initially failed to respond or had a less than 1 ng/ml GH response. The increase in serum GH was greater in one of the two subjects who had responded to the first dose. In addition, unlike the first dose, the mean maximal serum GH level achieved in response to the second 10 micrograms/kg dose of hpGRF-40 was higher than that in response to vehicle (P = 0.031). Although there was no statistically significant change during the 5-day period, in plasma cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, or triglycerides, the latter exhibited a trend toward increased levels. Our preliminary data show that 5 days of intermittent hpGRF-40 administration augment GH secretion in some adults with GH deficiency, suggesting that somatotropes are present in idiopathic GH deficiency and may be primed by hpGRF-40. The rise in serum somatomedin C to normal levels after multiple injections of hpGRF-40 is encouraging, since circulating levels of somatomedin C may be more important than the increase in immunoreactive GH levels as an index of response for induction of linear growth. The demonstration of biological effects of hpGRF-40 in all six subjects without any serious adverse effects suggests that hpGRF-40 has promise in the treatment of GH deficiency.
Compressed wavefront sensing (2014)

We report on an algorithm for fast wavefront sensing that incorporates sparse representation for the first time in practice. The partial derivatives of optical wavefronts were sampled sparsely with a Shack-Hartman wavefront sensor (SHWFS) by randomly subsampling the original SHWFS data to as little as 5%. Reconstruction was performed by a sparse representation algorithm that utilized the Zernike basis. We name this method sparse Zernike (SPARZER). Experiments on real and simulated data attest to the accuracy of the proposed techniques as compared to traditional sampling and reconstruction methods. We have made the corresponding dataset and software freely available online. Compressed wavefront sensing offers the potential to increase the speed of wavefront acquisition and to defray the cost of SHWFS devices.
Supplementary Materials and Methods from Targeting Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)–MHC Complex with CAR T-Cell Therapy for Liver Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Materials and Methods&lt;/p&gt;
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of New C2‐Symmetric, Optically Active 1,2‐Diols Bearing Tertiary Alkyl Groups. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Impact of photon lifetime on the high-speed performance of 1.3-&#x03BC;m wavelength wafer-fused VCSELs (2013)

Investigation of the impact of photon lifetime on 1.3-μm wafer-fused VCSELs is reported. A significant improvement in both static and dynamic VCSEL performance is demonstrated.
Fabrication of three‐dimensional micro‐structures: Microtransfer molding (1996)

Microtransfer molding is a new technique for rapidly fabricating micrometer‐scale structures over large areas (3.5 cm × 0.8 cm). This new technique, which involves the solidification of a liquid precursor in an elastomeric mold, can generate microstructures of organic polymers and ceramics such as that shown in the Figure on both planar and contoured surfaces and is able to make three‐dimensional structures layer by layer. magnified image
Current Perspectives on the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (2006)

The clinical course of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is variable; however, the long-term survival in IPF is poor. Prednisone has been the mainstay of therapy since its release for clinical use in 1948. Recently, prednisone combined with azathioprine or cyclophosphamide has been used. A number of other drug combinations have been tried with prednisone (e.g., methotrexate, colchicine, penicillamine, or cyclosporine) but have failed or are not well tolerated by the patient. Few high quality, prospective, controlled clinical trials have been performed. Thus, there is no good evidence to support the routine use of any specific therapy in the management of IPF. Additional large clinical trials are needed to confirm the potential usefulness of the newer agents (e.g., IFN-gamma1b, pirfenidone, N-acetylcysteine, coumadin, bosentan, or etanercept). This article examines the body of evidence supporting the current therapies and reviews the newer agents being tested in patients with IPF.
Impaired fornix–hippocampus integrity is linked to peripheral glutathione peroxidase in early psychosis (2016)

Several lines of evidence implicate the fornix-hippocampus circuit in schizophrenia. In early-phase psychosis, this circuit has not been extensively investigated and the underlying mechanisms affecting the circuit are unknown. The hippocampus and fornix are vulnerable to oxidative stress at peripuberty in a glutathione (GSH)-deficient animal model. The purposes of the current study were to assess the integrity of the fornix-hippocampus circuit in early-psychosis patients (EP), and to study its relationship with peripheral redox markers. Diffusion spectrum imaging and T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to assess the fornix and hippocampus in 42 EP patients compared with 42 gender- and age-matched healthy controls. Generalized fractional anisotropy (gFA) and volumetric properties were used to measure fornix and hippocampal integrity, respectively. Correlation analysis was used to quantify the relationship of gFA in the fornix and hippocampal volume, with blood GSH levels and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. Patients compared with controls exhibited lower gFA in the fornix as well as smaller volume in the hippocampus. In EP, but not in controls, smaller hippocampal volume was associated with high GPx activity. Disruption of the fornix-hippocampus circuit is already present in the early stages of psychosis. Higher blood GPx activity is associated with smaller hippocampal volume, which may support a role of oxidative stress in disease mechanisms.
High-fidelity ptychographic imaging of highly periodic structures enabled by vortex high harmonic beams (2023)

Ptychographic Coherent Diffractive Imaging enables diffraction-limited imaging of nanoscale structures at extreme ultraviolet and x-ray wavelengths, where high-quality image-forming optics are not available. However, its reliance on a set of diverse diffraction patterns makes it challenging to use ptychography to image highly periodic samples, limiting its application to defect inspection for electronic and photonic devices. Here, we use a vortex high harmonic light beam driven by a laser carrying orbital angular momentum to implement extreme ultraviolet ptychographic imaging of highly periodic samples with high fidelity and reliability. We also demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, ptychographic imaging of an isolated, near-diffraction-limited defect in an otherwise periodic sample using vortex high harmonic beams. This enhanced metrology technique can enable high-fidelity imaging and inspection of highly periodic structures for next-generation nano, energy, photonic and quantum devices.
Data from Reprogramming Tumor-Infiltrating Dendritic Cells for CD103<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> Mucosal T-cell Differentiation and Breast Cancer Rejection (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Our studies showed that tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells (DC) in breast cancer drive inflammatory Th2 (iTh2) cells and protumor inflammation. Here, we show that intratumoral delivery of the β-glucan curdlan, a ligand of dectin-1, blocks the generation of iTh2 cells and prevents breast cancer progression &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;. Curdlan reprograms tumor-infiltrating DCs via the ligation of dectin-1, enabling the DCs to become resistant to cancer-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), to produce IL-12p70, and to favor the generation of Th1 cells. DCs activated via dectin-1, but not those activated with TLR-7/8 ligand or poly I:C, induce CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T cells to express CD103 (αE integrin), a ligand for cancer cells, E-cadherin. Generation of these mucosal CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T cells is regulated by DC-derived integrin αvβ8 and TGF-β activation in a dectin-1–dependent fashion. These CD103&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; mucosal T cells accumulate in the tumors, thereby increasing cancer necrosis and inhibiting cancer progression &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; in a humanized mouse model of breast cancer. Importantly, CD103&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; mucosal T cells elicited by reprogrammed DCs can reject established cancer. Thus, reprogramming tumor-infiltrating DCs represents a new strategy for cancer rejection. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Immunol Res; 2(5); 487–500. ©2014 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Fuzzy logic in collective robotic search (2004)

One important application of mobile robots is searching a geographical region to locate the origin of a specific sensible phenomenon. We first propose a fuzzy logic approach using a decision table. A novel fuzzy rule based was designed. And then a fuzzy search strategy is adopted by utilizing the three tier centers of mass coordination. Experimental results show that fuzzy logic algorithm is an efficient approach for the collective robots to locate the target source. In addition, noise and the position of the target affect the searching result.
Scalable circuits for supply noise measurement (2005)

This paper discusses techniques to allow high-resolution supply noise measurements in advanced CMOS technologies without the overhead of voltage references or separate power supplies. In addition to improving the existing sample and hold-based system, we propose a new technique that uses a very short integration time in the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)-based A/D converter and hence removes the difficult-to-scale sample and hold circuit. Each conversion results in a low-resolution measurement; however the measurements are intrinsically dithered so that resolution can be increased by averaging multiple conversions. Both sample and hold-based and averaging-based systems are implemented in a 90nm SOI process as part of a characterization test chip for the parallel interface described in (Chang et al., 2005). Measurement results show both systems are capable of measuring supply noise down to 5mV with bandwidths well in the GHz range.
Single-Mode and High-Speed 850nm MEMS-VCSEL (2016)

We present an 850nm Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL) with electrostatically-actuated top mirror.Developed to target the water-transmission window for ophthalmic imaging, the light source achieves 37.7nm of tuning at 347kHz unamplified, and 5.4mW amplified power.OCIS codes: (140.3600)Tunable lasers; (140.7260)Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers
flu, a metastable gene controlling surface properties of Escherichia coli (1980)

flu, a gene of Escherichia coli K-12, was discovered and mapped between his and shiA. It is shown that flu is a metastable gene that changes frequently between the flu+ and flu states. flu+ variants give stable homogeneous suspensions, are piliated, and form glossy colonies. flu variants aggregate, fluff and sediment from suspensions, are nonpiliated, and form frizzy colonies. flu+ and flu variants can be isolated from most strains. Implications of these observations are discussed, and it is demonstrated that flu+ variants of strain P678-54 yield three times more minicells than flu variants.
Two-dimensional micro-self-assembly using the surface tension of water (2002)

Several self-assembling microstructures have been fabricated, and approximately 100 units floating on the surface of water were self-assembled two-dimensionally. The basic assembly units are 400 /spl mu/m large, and consist of both polyimide and polysilicon thin films. Surface tension was used in this system as the bonding force. The surface tension is the local interaction between the units, and is dominant in the microscale. Each unit was bonded selectively by employing the following characteristics of the surface tension: 1) objects located at equal heights are attracted to each other, 2) large attractive forces act on sharp parts, and 3) objects located at different heights are mutually repulsed. The curling-up property of the thin films was used to obtain the different heights. Self-assembling behaviour was also predicted by using a rate equation.
Dimerization of n-Butenes for High Octane Gasoline Components (2000)

Dimerization of linear olefins represents an attractive route for the production of high octane number blending components. The oligomerization needs not only to be high conversion and to produce mainly dimers but also to be selective within the dimer range, as only certain isomers have advantageous blending octane numbers. Moreover, the octane numbers of these dimers blend in a highly nonlinear fashion. Normally the focus for such gasoline polymerization processes is on maximizing branching; however, in this study we seek to maximize the fraction of allylic hydrogens, because we have shown that these are directly linked to the blending octane number of the species. 1-Butene and 2-butene produce different quality dimer gasoline. This unexpected result can be explained from a consideration of the isomerization kinetics between the butene monomers.