gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Liquid Crystalline Supra-Nonlinear Optical Metamaterials with Tunable Negative-, Zero- and Positive- Refractive Indices (2007)

We demonstrate by theory and experiments the feasibility of realizing liquid crystalline supra-nonlinear optical metamaterials with tunable negative-zero-positive refractive indices and nonlinear coefficient far exceeding 1 cm2/Win the visible – infrared regime.
Lymphatic Targeting of Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Nucleosides: Pharmacokinetics of G′-Deoxy-2′,3′-Didehydrothymidine after Intravenous and Oral Administration of Dipalmitoylphosphatidyl Prodrug to Mice (1997)

The lymphatic system is a primary target for early anti-human immunodeficiency virus drug therapy. Strategies are currently being sought to enhance the delivery of nucleoside analogues such as 3′-deoxy-2′,3′-didehydrothymidine (stavudine; d4T) toward the lymph and lymph nodes. The purpose of this study was to synthesize dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-d4T (DPP-d4T) as a lipophilic prodrug of d4T and to evaluate the lymphatic distribution of d4T following administration of d4T and DPP-d4T to mice. The pharmacokinetics of d4T were characterized following administration of a single intravenous or oral dose of 50 mg kg −1 d4T and an equimolar dose (214 mg kg −1 ) of DPP-d4T. Concentrations of d4T in serum and lymph nodes were determined by HPLC. Following administration of d4T, the distribution of d4T into lymph nodes was rapid with maximum concentrations observed within 5 min after dosing. The AUC and half-life values of d4T in three groups of lymph nodes were similar to those in serum. Administration of DPP-d4T resulted in significantly lower concentrations of d4T in serum and lymph nodes. Approximately 67% of the intravenously administered DPP-d4T was biotransformed to parent compound. The apparent oral bioavailability of DPP-d4T was low. While the phospholipid prodrug did not increase d4T concentrations in the lymph nodes, it did provide an extended release of the parent nucleoside, resulting in sustained concentrations of d4T.
Temperature and Gas Pressure Effects in Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Growth from Fe−Mo Catalyst (2008)

Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes are grown from Al2O3-supported Fe−Mo catalyst in a hot filament chemical vapor deposition apparatus. We compare the effect of carbon nanotube growth on deposition of 0.5 and 1 nm thick Fe catalyst layers before and after deposition of 0.1 and 0.2 nm thick layers of Mo. We observe that the order of deposition plays a role in the height of the nanotube arrays, especially evident during growth at elevated reaction pressures where carbon flux is higher. We investigate the role of temperature and pressure on features of the nanotube arrays such as height, alignment, quality, volumetric density, and diameter distribution for each of the catalyst thicknesses and for each case of Fe/Mo and Mo/Fe. We compare our results to those obtained from carpets grown from pure Fe catalyst, and observe that a Mo cocatalyst can be advantageous regardless of how it is deposited. However, we find that the order of deposition plays a key role in the temperature and pressure range in which optimal single-walled carbon nanotube growth occurs.
Surface roughness effect on the torque-tension relationship in threaded fasteners (2007)

An experimental study is presented in order to investigate the effect of surface roughness on the torque-tension relationship in threaded fasteners. Three levels of surface roughness are considered for the fastener underhead and the joint surface; namely, low, medium, and high levels of surface roughness. The study is conducted for two joint materials, two fastener classes, and for coarse and fine threads. In this study, the torque-tension data are expressed in terms of the value of the nut factor as well as its scatter. The effect of the number of tightening on surface roughness and on the torque-tension relationship is investigated as well. The surface roughness is measured before tightening, and after each loosening using a WYKO optical profiling system. An M12 fastener is used in this study. Both fine and coarse threads and fastener material Classes 8.8 and 10.9 for M12 fasteners are used in this study. The torque-tension data is analysed for both steel and aluminium joints. The safety and reliability of bolted assemblies are mainly determined by the level and the stability of the clamp load provided by the initial tightening of the threaded fastener. The value of initial clamp load, which is achieved by a specific level of tightening torque, is highly sensitive to the friction torque components. This study provides an insight into the reliability of the existing engineering practices for estimating the clamp load level from the tightening torque. Hence, the findings of the study would help enhance the reliability and the safety of bolted assemblies, especially in critical applications.
Small Molecules from Spiders Used as Chemical Probes (2011)

Spiders are important species in ecological systems and as major predators of insects they are endowed with a plethora of low-molecular-weight natural products having intriguing biological activities. The isolation and biological characterization of these entities are well established, however, only very recently have these compounds been used as templates for the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of synthetic analogues. In contrast, the investigation of compounds responsible for chemical communication between spiders is far less developed, but recently new light has been shed onto the area of pheromones and allomones from spiders. Herein, we recapitulate these recent results, put them into perspective with previous findings, and provide an outlook for future studies of these chemotypes.
ES Cell-derived Neuroepithelial Cell Cultures (2006)

ES cells have the potential to differentiate into cells from all germ layers, which makes them an attractive tool for the development of new therapies. In general, the differentiation of ES cells follows the concept to first generate immature progenitor cells, which then can be propagated and differentiated into mature cellular phenotypes. This also applies for ES cell-derived neurogenesis, in which the development of neural cells follows two major steps: First, the derivation and expansion of immature neuroepithelial precursors and second, their differentiation into mature neural cells. A common method to produce neural progenitors from ES cells is based on embryoid body (EB) formation, which reveals the differentiation of cells from all germ layers including neuroectoderm. An alternative and more efficient method to induce neuroepithelial cell development uses stromal cell-derived inducing activity (SDIA), which can be achieved by co-culturing ES cells with skull bone marrow-derived stromal cells. Both, EB formation and SDIA, reveal the development of rosette-like structures, which are thought to resemble neural tube- and/or neural crest-like progenitors. The neural precursors can be isolated, expanded and further differentiated into specific neurons and glia cells using defined culture conditions. Here, we describe the generation and isolation of such rosettes in co-culture experiments with the stromal cell line MS5 (2-5).
Response to ‘‘Comment on ‘On the Alfvén resonance and its existence’ ’’ [Phys. Plasmas 2, 340 (1995)] (1996)

The spatial singularity of the shear Alfvén wave in MHD plasma is a delta function. We show that this delta function solution makes physical sense and explore its characteristics. (AIP)
Exploiting non-determinism for reliability of mobile agent systems (2002)

An important technical hurdle blocking the adoption of mobile agent technology is the lack of reliability. Designing a reliable mobile agent system is especially challenging since a mobile agent is potentially affected by failure of any host that it visits, or failure of any communication link that it needs to traverse. Previous work in this domain has attempted techniques such as periodic checkpointing of mobile agent state and restarting upon machine or communication recovery. Such approaches render an agent unavailable until a machine or a communication link itself recovers. In this paper, we take an alternate approach based on the premise that a mobile agent can often complete its task in more than one way. We capture such redundancy in non-deterministic constructs in the agent language and maintain state about an agent's actual computational path in its possible computational tree. We design and implement a distributed recovery scheme that detects a failure, rolls back an agent's computation, and restarts the agent from a previous point in its computational tree down a different but equivalent computational path without waiting for the actual failure itself to be repaired.
220. AAV Mediated Gene Transfer of Smad7 in Different Models of Cystic Kidney Diseases (2006)

Cystic diseases of the kidney (CDK) with consecutive interstitial fibrosis represent the most frequent hereditary causes of end-stage renal failure in children and adults. Up to now no causal treatment for any of them is available in humans. It is shown that the TGF-β pathway is playing a major role in the development of interstitial fibrosis and an overexpression of Smad7, the negative inhibitor of TGF-β, is able to prevent fibrosis. Therefore we want to analyse the effect of a long term expression of Smad7 on renal function and interstitial fibrosis in our CDK animal models. To achieve this goal we produced an adeno associated virus (AAV-2) expressing Smad7. 1E11 genome containing particles were injected into the rat kidney via a femoral catheter and 48h after infection the expression of Smad7 in the kidney and a spectrum of other organs was tested. We could show 48h after infection an increase of Smad7 expression in the infected kidneys up to 7 fold compared to control animals. Now we started a long term experiment with 3 month of AAV-2 mediated Smad7 expression in the CDK animals. In this study we will analyse the development of renal function over time. Finally histology will be performed with special emphasis on interstitial fibrosis and cyst number and size.
Mitigation of eddy current heating during magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia therapy (2016)

Further study is required to optimise these methods for particular scenarios; however, these results suggest larger volumes of tissue could be treated, and/or higher field strengths and frequencies could be used to attain increased MNP heating when these eddy current mitigation techniques are employed.
Role of interleukin-2 in the development and persistence of lymphocytic alveolitis in farmer's lung (1998)

Farmer's lung (FL) is characterized by an intense lymphocytic alveolitis which persists after an acute episode with continuous exposure to the offending antigens. This study aimed to examine the role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in the development and persistence of this lymphocytic alveolitis. Three groups of dairy farmers were studied: acute FL, ex-FL (past history of FL but no clinical evidence of active disease) and asymptomatic farmers (no lung disease). IL-2 was measured by enzyme immunosorbent assay and T-cell proliferation was evaluated by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Acute and ex-FL patients had more lymphocytes (p<0.01) and higher levels of IL-2 (p<0.05) in their bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) than asymptomatic farmers. BAL T-lymphocytes from acute and ex-FL patients released considerable amounts of IL-2 after stimulation with concanavalin A and showed dose-dependent proliferative responses to IL-2. IL-2 production was decreased after treatment with prednisone. Acute FL patients, but not ex-FL, had higher levels of soluble CD25 in their serum than asymptomatics (p=0.009). These results suggest that interleukin-2 may play a role in farmer's lung by providing a stimulus not only for the accumulation of lymphocytes but also for their persistence at the site of hypersensitivity reaction, and that the lung is a likely source of this cytokine in vivo.
Broadcasting Data from an SBAS Reference Network over using LORAN (2000)

Space Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) have been developed principally to augment the Global Positioning System (GPS) for aviation and other safety of life applications. An SBAS reference network generates corrections and integrity information that are broadcast primarily using geostationary satellites. However, SBAS information may also be transmitted on auxiliary data links which could increase the availability and coverage area of the overall system. This paper will discuss how LORAN (Long Range Navigation) may be used to provide an auxiliary data link for SBAS integrity and correction messages. It will begin by examining means of placing data and the SBAS based messages onto LORAN. Since the LORAN data channel does not behave like a satellite data channel, LORAN data channel models will be derived and used to examine the system's performance.
Multi Self-Healable UV Shielding Polyurethane/CeO2 Protective Coating: The Effect of Low-Molecular-Weight Polyols (2020)

We prepared a series of polyurethane (PU) coatings with defined contents using poly(tetramethylene oxide)glycol (PTMG) with two different molecular weights (i.e., <i>M<sub>n</sub></i> = 2000 and 650), as well as polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) with a molecular weight of <i>M<sub>n</sub></i> 550. For every coating, maximum adhesive strength and excellent self-healing character (three times) were found using 6.775 mol% mixed with low-molecular-weight-based polyols (PU-11-3-3). Defined 1.0 wt% CeO<sub>2</sub> was also used for the PU-11-3-3 coating (i.e., PU-11-3-3-CeO<sub>2</sub>) to obtain UV shielding properties. Both the in situ polymerization and blending processes were separately applied during the preparation of the PU-11-3-3-CeO<sub>2</sub> coating dispersion. The in situ polymerization-based coating (i.e., PU-11-3-3-CeO<sub>2</sub>-P) showed similar self-healing properties. The PU-11-3-3-CeO<sub>2</sub>-P coating also showed excellent UV shielding in real outdoor exposure conditions.
Mixture theory modeling for characterizing solute transport in breast\n tumor tissues (2018)

Solute transport is modeled using mixture theory, applied to the nanoparticle\naccumulation and concentration decay in the tissue space for different vascular\nconfigurations. A comparison of a single capillary configuration (SBC) with two\nparallel cylindrical blood vessels (2 BC) and a lymph vessel parallel to a\nblood vessel (BC_LC) embedded in the tissue cylinder is performed for five\nsolute molecular weights between 0.1 kDa and 70 kDa. We found that the presence\nof a second capillary reduces the extravascular concentration compared to a\nsingle capillary and this reduction is enhanced by the presence of a lymph\nvessel. Co-current flow direction between two adjacent vessels led to\nnonhomogeneous nanoparticle distribution for larger particle sizes in the\ntissue space, while smaller particles (0.1 kDa and 3 kDa) showed the propensity\nto get trapped locally in the tissue during counter-current flow. Varying the\nintercapillary distance with respect to vessel diameter shows a deviation of\n10-30 % concentration for 2 BC and 45-60% concentration for BC_LC configuration\ncompared to the reference SBC configuration. Finally, we introduce a\nnon-dimensional time scale that captures the concertation as a function of the\ntransport and geometric parameters. We find that the peak solute concentration\nin the tissue space occurs at a non-dimensional time, T_peak^* = 0.027+/-0.018,\nirrespective of the solute size, tissue architecture, and microvessel flow\ndirection. This suggests that if indeed such a universal time scale holds, the\nknowledge of this time would allow estimation of the time window at which\nsolute concentration in tissue peaks. Hence this can aid in the design of\nfuture therapeutic efficacy studies as an example for triggering drug release\nor laser excitation in the case of photothermal therapies.\n
Bioengineering Organs for Blood Detoxification (2018)

For patients with severe kidney or liver failure the best solution is currently organ transplantation. However, not all patients are eligible for transplantation and due to limited organ availability, most patients are currently treated with therapies using artificial kidney and artificial liver devices. These therapies, despite their relative success in preserving the patients' life, have important limitations since they can only replace part of the natural kidney or liver functions. As blood detoxification (and other functions) in these highly perfused organs is achieved by specialized cells, it seems relevant to review the approaches leading to bioengineered organs fulfilling most of the native organ functions. There, the culture of cells of specific phenotypes on adapted scaffolds that can be perfused takes place. In this review paper, first the functions of kidney and liver organs are briefly described. Then artificial kidney/liver devices, bioartificial kidney devices, and bioartificial liver devices are focused on, as well as biohybrid constructs obtained by decellularization and recellularization of animal organs. For all organs, a thorough overview of the literature is given and the perspectives for their application in the clinic are discussed.
<title>Application of resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (REMPI-TOFMS) for on-line trace analysis of combustion and pyrolysis products in technical processes</title> (1997)

We present first applications of resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (REMPI-TOFMS) for on-line monitoring of technical water incinerator flue gases and coffee roasting process off- gases. The results were obtained with a newly developed, mobile REMPI-TOFMS device. The combination of laser induced resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry represents a highly selective as well as sensitive analytical technique, well suited for species selective real-time on-line monitoring of trace-products in of-gases from thermal processes or technical incinerators. The achievable sensitivities are in the ppb-range or better for aromatic compounds. The high selectivity is due to the combination of mass- and optical selectivity, the high sensitivity is caused by the high cross sections of resonance-enhanced two photon ionization with lasers. On- line monitoring of trace chemicals, formed during combustion- or pyrolysis-processes, is useful e.g. for feed back steering of combustion processes in order to minimize the formation of hazardous byproducts or for optimization of the economic efficiency of thermal production processes.
Study Of High-Mobility Thin Films Containing Highly Crystalline Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2018)

<strong><em>Abstract</em></strong><strong>—</strong> <em>While data from various devices as Internet of Things (IoT) are scattered and isolated as silos at present, some expect that hundreds of billions of devices will be connected through the Internet by the early 2020s. To prevent radio interference of huge amounts of data, it is necessary to develop ubiquitous wearable devices that enable constant retention and sharing of data. We aim to establish the basic packaging technology for realizing the semiconductive thin films and circuits that make up such electronic devices, and we fabricated thin films using highly crystalline single-walled carbon nanotubes (HC-SWCNTs) by a wet-coating process and evaluated their electrical properties in this study. Our research has developed a technology to disperse HC-SWCNTs without impairing their crystallinity and succeeded in fabricating thin films from a dispersion liquid of HC-SWCNTs obtained by this technology. We also evaluated the Hall mobility of these thin films and found that a high Hall mobility of 1,000 cm2/Vs can be achieved by controlling the crystallinity. On the basis of the results of this study, we will pursue our research to establish a technology for packaging electronic circuits that take full advantage of the electronic properties of HC-SWCNTs by a wet-coating process.</em>
Socialization and Political Regimes: the Impact of Generation on Support for Democracy in Latin America (2018)

Studies on democratic attitudes in Latin America indicate that older citizens are more likely to express a preference for democracy. This contradicts part of the literature, which suggests that the greatest support should come from younger generations, who were socialized under democratic regimes. One possible explanation for the greater support for democracy among the older generation is that they experienced the repression of political and civil rights under authoritarian rule, thus creating an aversion to such regimes. In this article, we replicate tests conducted by other studies in evaluating the effect of generation on support for democracy, using data from the 2012 Americas Barometer. In addition, we add a new factor to the analysis: the country's authoritarian legacy, measured as to the duration and intensity with which individual and political rights were curtailed in the past. The results show a complex picture. First, they confirm that the generations that have lived under authoritarian regimes are more likely to support democracy. However, we find no evidence of an increase in the difference in support between generations in countries where the authoritarian legacy is stronger. Finally, the data indicate that countries with stronger authoritarian legacies exhibit less support for democracy, while stronger democratic legacies have the opposite effect.
Ionic Gating for Tuning Electronic and Magnetic Properties (2023)

The energy-efficient manipulation of the properties of functional materials is of great interest from both a scientific and an applied perspective. The application of electric fields is one of the most widely used methods to induce significant changes in the properties of materials, such as their structural, transport, magnetic, and optical properties. This article presents an overview of recent research on the manipulation of the electronic and magnetic properties of various material systems via electrolyte-based ionic gating. Oxides, magnetic thin-film heterostructures, and van der Waals 2D layers are discussed as exemplary systems. The detailed mechanisms through which ionic gating can induce significant changes in material properties, including their crystal and electronic structure and their electrical, optical, and magnetic properties, are summarized. Current and potential future functional devices enabled by such ionic control mechanisms are also briefly summarized, especially with respect to the emerging field of neuromorphic computing. Finally, a brief outlook and some key challenges are presented.
PZT MEMS for an Extremely Sensitive Magnetometer (2003)

The application of a Pt/PZT/Pt sandwich structure in place of a polysilicon material for a xylophone magnetometer bar can greatly improve the sensitivity of the device. This is the first time a piezoelectric activation has been used to resonate a xylophone bar comprised of SiO2/Ta/Pt/PZT/Pt. Both optical beam and scanning laser Doppler vibrometer methods were used for characterizing the bar deflection. A fabrication process for freely suspended xylophone magnetometer bars is presented. When the device was placed in a vacuum ambient the Quality factor improved to a value of 1800.