gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization of fractionation efficiency (FE) and throughput (TP) in a large scale splitter less full-feed depletion SPLITT fractionation (Large scale FFD-SF) (2015)

Split-flow thin cell fractionation (SPLITT fractionation, SF)은 밀도와 입자 크기에 따라 입자성 물질이나 거대분자를 연속적으로 분리 및 분획하는 기술이다. SF 모드 중 full-feed depletion mode (FFD)는 오직 한 개의 주입 구를 가지고 있으며, outlet에만 flow stream splitter가 존재한다. SPLITT은 두 가지의 중요 인자가 있다. 하나는 시간에 따라 통과되는 시료의 양 (throughput, TP)과 또 다른 하나는 이론에 의해 예측된 크기를 가지는 입자들의 수 퍼센트로 정의하는 분획효율 (fractionation efficiency, FE)이다.. 기존 FFD 모드에서는 splitter가 outlet에 존재하여, 채널 규모를 확장시키는 데 제한이 있어 시료 처리량의 한계가 있다. 따라서 splitter를 제거하고 채널규모를 증가하여 시료 처리량을 대폭 증가시킬 수 있는 대규모 중력장 FFD-SF 채널을 사용하였다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 대용량 중력장 FFD-SF의 TP와 FE 최적화를 위하여 시료농도와 유속변화로 실험을 진행하였다. 이 실험에서는 두 개의 다른 입자 분포 (3~7 &#xB5;m, 2~30 &#xB5;m) 를 가지는 Polyurethane (PU) latex beads가 사용되었다. 시료의 농도는 0.2~0.8% (wt/vol)을 사용하였으며, 채널의 유속은 70~160 mL/min을 사용하였다. 분획된 입자는 광학 현미경으로 확인하여 직접 크기 관찰을 하였으며 시료 회수율 (recovery)은 수집된 입자를 0.1 &#xB5;m 맴브레인 필터로 거른 후 무게측정으로 실험하였다. 본 연구를 통해 fraction-a의 분획효율 (FE)은 이론에 따라 정확히 맞춰준다면 언제든 좋은 수치를 얻을 수 있다는 것이 확인되었고, 시료의 입자크기가 커서 채널에 쌓일 경우, 시료 회수율을 높이기 위해서는 이동상을 더 흘려주는 방법을 사용하면 효과적인 것을 확인하였다. 또한 효율적인 TP로 실험을 진행하기 위해서는 최소한 0.4% 농도는 사용해야 효율적인 분획이 이뤄진다는 것을 확인하였다. Split-flow thin cell fractionation (SPLITT fractionation, SF) is a particle separation technique that allows continuous (and thus a preparative scale) separation into two subpopulations based on the particle size or the density. In SF, there are two basic performance parameters. One is the throughput (TP), which was defined as the amount of sample that can be processed in a unit time period. Another is the fractionation efficiency (FE), which was defined as the number % of particles that have the size predicted by theory. Full-feed depletion mode (FFD-SF) have only one inlet for the sample feed, and the channel is equipped with a flow stream splitter only at the outlet in SF mode. In conventional FFD-mode, it was difficult to extend channel due to splitter in channel. So, we use large scale splitter-less FFD-SF to increase TP from increase channel scale. In this study, a FFD-SF channel was developed for a large-scale fractionation, which has no flow stream splitters (&#x2018;splitter less&#x2019;), and then was tested for optimum TP and FE by varying the sample concentration and the flow rates at the inlet and outlet of the channel. Polyurethane (PU) latex beads having two different size distribution (about 3~7 &#xB5;m, and about 2~30 &#xB5;m) were used for the test. The sample concentration was varied from 0.2 to 0.8% (wt/vol). The channel flow rate was varied from 70, 100, 120 and 160 mL/min. The fractionated particles were monitored by optical microscopy (OM). The sample recovery was determined by collecting the particles on a 0.1 &#xB5;m membrane filter. Accumulation of relatively large micron sized particles in channel could be prevented by feeding carrier liquid. It was found that, in order to achieve effective TP, the concentration of sample should be at higher than 0.4%.
Effect of the presence of amniotic fluid for optical transabdominal fetal monitoring using Monte Carlo simulations (2021)

About a third of babies are delivered by Cesarean section. There has been an increase in maternal deaths during labor due to complications with subsequent births after a C-section. Therefore, there is a clinical motivation to reduce the C-section rate. Current techniques are, however, inefficient at determining fetal distress leading to a high false positive rate for complications and ultimately a C-section. For the current study, Monte Carlo simulations were used to calculate the amount of signal received on a model of a pregnant mother, as well as, the percent of the signal that comes from the fetal layer. Models with and without a 1 mm amniotic fluid were compared and showed differing trends.
The secreted proteases of pathogenic species of Aspergillus and their possible role in virulence (1995)

The species of Aspergillus secrete aspartic, serine and metalloproteases. The role of secreted proteases in virulence were investigated with A. fumigatus which is the species the most frequently found in patients with aspergillosis. A mutant of A. fumigatus deficient in proteolytic activity at neutral pH in vitro, was constructed and tested for pathogenicity in a murine model. No difference in pathogenicity was observed between the wild type strain and the mutants, suggesting that the proteases secreted at neutral pH are not essential for the invasion of the lung tissues by the fungus. Key words: proteases, Aspergillus, virulence.
Chromosome Substitution Strains: A New Way to Study Genetically Complex Traits (2006)

Many biological traits and heritable diseases are multifactorial, involving combinations of genetic variants and environmental factors. To dissect the genetic basis for these traits and to characterize their functional consequences, mouse models are widely used, not only because of their genetic and physiological similarity to humans, but also because an extraordinary variety of genetic resources enable rigorous functional studies. Chromosome substitution strains (CSSs) are a powerful complement to existing resources for studying multigenic traits. By partitioning the genome into a panel of new inbred strains with single chromosome substitutions, one strain for each of the autosomes, the X and Y chromosome, and the mitochondria, unique experimental designs and considerable statistical power are possible. Multigenic trait genes (or quantitative trait loci [QTLs]) with weak effects are easily detected, linkage and congenic crosses can be quickly made, gene interactions are readily characterized, and discovery of QTLs is greatly accelerated. Several published studies demonstrate the considerable utility of these strains and new applications for CSSs continue to be discovered.
<title>Chamber-core structures for fairing acoustic mitigation</title> (2005)

Extreme noise and vibration levels at lift-off and during ascent can damage sensitive payload components. Recently, the Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate has investigated a composite structure fabrication approach, called chamber-core, for building payload fairings. Chamber-core offers a strong, lightweight structure with inherent noise attenuation characteristics. It uses one-inch square axial tubes that are sandwiched between inner and outer face-sheets to form a cylindrical fairing structure. These hollow tubes can be used as acoustic dampers to attenuate the amplitude response of low frequency acoustic resonances within the fairing’s volume. A cylindrical, graphite-epoxy chamber-core structure was built to study noise transmission characteristics and to quantify the achievable performance improvement. The cylinder was tested in a semi-reverberant acoustics laboratory using bandlimited random noise at sound pressure levels up to 110 dB. The performance was measured using external and internal microphones. The noise reduction was computed as the ratio of the spatially averaged external response to the spatially averaged interior response. The noise reduction provided by the chamber-core cylinder was measured over three bandwidths, 20 Hz to 500 Hz, 20 Hz to 2000 Hz, and 20 Hz to 5000 Hz. For the bare cylinder with no acoustic resonators, the structure provided approximately 13 dB of attenuation over the 20 Hz to 500 Hz bandwidth. With the axial tubes acting as acoustic resonators at various frequencies over the bandwidth, the noise reduction provided by the cylinder increased to 18.2 dB, an overall increase of 4.8 dB over the bandwidth. Narrow-band reductions greater than 10 dB were observed at specific low frequency acoustic resonances. This was accomplished with virtually no added mass to the composite cylinder.
Sequence‐Specific Nucleic Acid Damage Induced by Peptide Nucleic Acid Conjugates That Can Be Enzyme‐Activated (2006)

Recruitment drive: A 12 mer peptide nucleic acid(PNA)–flavin conjugate is prepared. When the PNA moiety is hybridized to its complementary sequence in a 25 mer oligo-2′-deoxyribonucleotide, the flavin moiety can recruit an NADPH:flavin oxidoreductase. This complex allows the activation of molecular oxygen in the presence of NADH and the selective oxidation of the oligonucleotide target (see scheme).
THz spectroscopy and THz generation in a Prussian blue analogue (2016)

THz spectroscopy and generation is performed in Rb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.94</sub> Mn[Fe(CN) <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> ] <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.98</sub> .0.3H2O Prussian-blue analogue. Our results indicate this cubic material has interesting photo-switchable nonlinear properties in the THz frequency range.
Metabolic fate of 3-(3-methylphenyl)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone (toloxatone), a new antidepressant agent, in man (1979)

1. In man, the antidepressant agent 3-(3-methylphenyl)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone (toloxatone) on oral dosing was mainly eliminated in urine (80% dose in 12 h). 2. Plasma concn. of total radioactivity was max (5.8 micrograms equiv./ml) at 30 min to 1 h after administration and declined rapidly (t1/2, 1.25 h). Unchanged drug accounted for 48, 32 and 13% of plasma radioactivity at 15 min, 1 h and 6 h, respectively. 3. The drug was extensively metabolized. The major urinary metabolites were 3-(3-carboxyphenyl)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone and a glucuronide of toloxatone. A minor urinary metabolite, characterized as a phenolic derivative, was also excreted conjugated.
Critical role of NK but not NKT cells in acute rejection of parental bone marrow cells in F1 hybrid mice (2001)

F1 hybrid mice vigorously reject transplanted parental bone marrow (BM) cells, which is a phenomenon called "hybrid resistance (HR)". Since NK1.1(+) cells play crucial role in HR, both NK1.1(+)CD3(+) NKT cells and NK1.1(+)CD3(-) NK cells have been possible candidates of effector cells. To elucidate the major effector cells in HR, we employed Rag-2(-/-) mice devoid of T, B, and NKT cells and cytokine receptor common gamma subunit and Rag-2 double-deficient (gamma(c)(-/-(y))-Rag-2(-/-)) mice lacking all lymphoid cells including NK cells. Rag-2(-/-) F1 hybrid mice rejected parental BM cells to the extent similar to wild-type (WT) F1 hybrids. In contrast, male gamma(c)(-/y)-Rag-2(-/-) F1 hybrid mice were unable to reject parental BM cells. After reconstitution with NK but not NKT cells, male gamma(c)(-/y)-Rag-2(-/-) F1 hybrid mice restored the ability to reject parental BM cells. Collectively, it is concluded that NKT cells play little role, if any, and NK cells are the only cells involved in HR.
Impact of Interleukin-6 on Plaque Development and Morphology in Experimental Atherosclerosis (2004)

Thus, a lifetime IL-6 deficiency enhances atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoEK-/--IL-6-/- mice and leads to maladaptive vascular developmental processes. These observations are consistent with the notion that baseline levels of IL-6 are required to modulate lipid homeostasis, vascular remodeling, and plaque inflammation in atherosclerosis.
Differential MMSE: A Framework for Robust Adaptive Interference Suppression for DS-CDMA Over Fading Channels (2005)

The linear minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) criterion is known to provide adaptive algorithms for interference suppression in direct-sequence (DS) code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. However, standard MMSE adaptation is not robust to fast fading, being unable to compensate for rapid channel variations. In this paper, we provide a framework for deriving robust adaptive algorithms in this setting based on a new differential MMSE (DMMSE) criterion, which is a constrained optimization problem in which the quantity to be tracked is the ratio of the data appearing in two successive observation intervals. When applied to a DS-CDMA system with short spreading waveforms (i.e., with period equal to the symbol interval) operating over a flat-fading channel, the DMMSE criterion avoids tracking the fades, exploiting the negligible variation of the fading gain over two consecutive symbols. For frequency-selective fading, the DMMSE criterion is extended to provide a new eigenrake receiver which provides interference suppression and diversity combining without requiring explicit information regarding the desired user's propagation channel.
Data from Tumor Suppressor Activity and Epigenetic Inactivation of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Activator Inhibitor Type 2/SPINT2 in Papillary and Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Following treatment with a demethylating agent, 5 of 11 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines showed increased expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) activator inhibitor type 2 (HAI-2/SPINT2/Bikunin), a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor that regulates HGF activity. As activating mutations in the &lt;i&gt;MET&lt;/i&gt; proto-oncogene (the HGF receptor) cause familial RCC, we investigated whether &lt;i&gt;HAI-2/SPINT2&lt;/i&gt; might act as a RCC tumor suppressor gene. We found that transcriptional silencing of &lt;i&gt;HAI-2&lt;/i&gt; in RCC cell lines was associated with promoter region methylation and HAI-2/SPINT2 protein expression was down-regulated in 30% of sporadic RCC. Furthermore, methylation-specific PCR analysis revealed promoter region methylation in 30% (19 of 64) of clear cell RCC and 40% (15 of 38) of papillary RCC, whereas mutation analysis (in 39 RCC cell lines and primary tumors) revealed a missense substitution (P111S) in one RCC cell line. Restoration of HAI-2/SPINT2 expression in a RCC cell line reduced &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; colony formation, but the P111S mutant had no significant effect. Increased cell motility associated with HAI-2/SPINT2 inactivation was abrogated by treatment with extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phospholipase C-γ inhibitors, but not by an inhibitor of atypical protein kinase C. These findings are consistent with frequent epigenetic inactivation of &lt;i&gt;HAI-2/SPINT2&lt;/i&gt;, causing loss of RCC tumor suppressor activity and implicate abnormalities of the MET pathway in clear cell and papillary sporadic RCC. This information provides opportunities to develop novel targeted approaches to the treatment of RCC.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
UN TRISO Compaction in SiC for FCM Fuel Irradiations (2016)

The U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) Advanced Fuels Campaign (AFC) is conducting research and development to elevate the technology readiness level of Fully Ceramic Microencapsulated (FCM) fuels, a candidate nuclear fuel with potentially enhanced accident tolerance due to very high fission product retention. One of the early activities in FY17 was to demonstrate production of FCM pellets with uranium nitride TRISO particles. This was carried out in preparation of the larger pellet production campaign in support of the upcoming irradiation testing of this fuel form at INL’s Advanced Test Reactor.
Isolation and Characterization of Griffithsin, a Novel HIV-inactivating Protein, from the Red Alga Griffithsia sp. (2004)

Griffithsin (GRFT), a novel anti-HIV protein, was isolated from an aqueous extract of the red alga Griffithsia sp. The 121-amino acid sequence of GRFT has been determined, and biologically active GRFT was subsequently produced by expression of a corresponding DNA sequence in Escherichia coli. Both native and recombinant GRFT displayed potent antiviral activity against laboratory strains and primary isolates of T- and M- tropic HIV-1 with EC50 values ranging from 0.043 to 0.63 nM. GRFT also aborted cell-to-cell fusion and transmission of HIV-1 infection at similar concentrations. High concentrations (e.g. 783 nM) of GRFT were not lethal to any tested host cell types. GRFT blocked CD4-dependent glycoprotein (gp) 120 binding to receptor-expressing cells and bound to viral coat glycoproteins (gp120, gp41, and gp160) in a glycosylation-dependent manner. GRFT preferentially inhibited gp120 binding of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2G12, which recognizes a carbohydrate-dependent motif, and the (mAb) 48d, which binds to CD4-induced epitope. In addition, GRFT moderately interfered with the binding of gp120 to sCD4. Further data showed that the binding of GRFT to soluble gp120 was inhibited by the monosaccharides glucose, mannose, and N-acetylglucosamine but not by galactose, xylose, fucose, N-acetylgalactosamine, or sialic acid-containing glycoproteins. Taken together these data suggest that GRFT is a new type of lectin that binds to various viral glycoproteins in a monosaccharide-dependent manner. GRFT could be a potential candidate microbicide to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV and AIDS.
A method of HIFU field characterization in water and deration to tissue (2008)

Acoustic characterization of nonlinear HIFU fields is important for both the accurate prediction of ultrasound induced bioeffects and the development of regulatory standards for clinical HIFU devices. In this work a new characterization method is proposed and tested in water, tissue phantoms, and ex-vivo tissues. The method is based on the combined use of measurements and modeling. Experiments were performed with a 2 MHz transducer of 4.2 cm aperture and 4.5 cm focal length. Low amplitude measurements in water were used to establish boundary conditions for modeling based on the KZK-type equation. High amplitude focal waveforms then were simulated and measured with a fiber optic probe hydrophone in water, within tissue phantom, or adjacent to excised tissue. It was shown that at high amplitudes, the simulations of shock waveforms were more accurate than the measurements. The focal waveforms obtained in water were found to be in a good agreement with those produced in tissue with higher source pressure scaled to compensate for the linear attenuation on the way to focus. This result establishes a method to derate the focal HIFU pressures determined in water to tissue. [Work supported by NIH DK43881, NSBRI SMS00402 and RFBR.]
Acetylenedicarbonyl fluoride. I. Its physical properties and reaction with nucleophilic reagents (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAcetylenedicarbonyl fluoride. I. Its physical properties and reaction with nucleophilic reagentsF. E. Herkes and H. E. SimmonsCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 4, 420–423Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00892a007https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00892a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views295Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The terahertz intensity mapper (TIM): Far-infrared balloon mission for spectroscopic galaxy evolution studies (2020)

Understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies over cosmic time is one of the foremost goals of astrophysics and cosmology today. The cosmic star formation rate has undergone a dramatic evolution over the course of the last 14 billion years, and dust obscured star forming galaxies (DSFGs) are a crucial component of this evolution. A variety of important, bright, and unextincted diagnostic lines are present in the far-infrared (FIR) which can provide crucial insight into the physical conditions of galaxy evolution, including the instantaneous star formation rate, the effect of AGN feedback on star formation, the mass function of the stars, metallicities, and the spectrum of their ionizing radiation
Perkin 1 Abstracts: Natural Product Synthesis (2001)

A. Gunn, J. E. Milne, M. de Puit and D. McArthur, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 2001, 14-xv DOI: 10.1039/B105193H
Thermal Model of the Hollow Cathode Using Numerically Simulated Plasma Fluxes (2007)

The first results from a hollow cathode thermal model are presented. The thermal model uses the spatially distributed plasma fluxes, calculated by a two-dimensional axisymmetric model of the plasma inside the emitter region, as the heat source to predict the hollow cathode and insert temperatures. The computed insert temperature profiles are compared with measured values for a cathode similar to the 0.635-cm diameter discharge cathode used in the NASA solar electric propulsion technology applications readiness ion engine. The insert temperatures can be used to predict cathode life from barium depletion. The present results and related experimental studies yield three important conclusions. First, the emitter in the NASA solar electric propulsion technology applications readiness hollow cathode does not operate in the emission-limited regime. The thermionic electron current is about 20 A higher than the discharge current and requires significant reverse electron flux from the plasma to satisfy current continuity. Second, the high-plasma density near the centerline of the cathode results in power deposition on the orifice plate that is more than twice the emitter power deposition. Third, despite a higher heat load to the orifice plate, the operating temperature where it would be measured by a thermocouple is approximately 100°C lower than the emitter. The lower orifice plate temperature is due to poor thermal contact between the emitter and the cathode tube and higher than anticipated radiative losses from the external surface of the heater.
A study of SPECT/CT camera stability for quantitative imaging (2016)

Based on the results, the camera was stable within 3 % over an 18-month time period. The daily flood source acquisitions can be a reliable source for tracking camera stability and may provide information on updating the calibration factor for quantitative imaging.
Blocking FcRn in humans reduces circulating IgG levels and inhibits IgG immune complex–mediated immune responses (2019)

The neonatal crystallizable fragment receptor (FcRn) functions as an intracellular protection receptor for immunoglobulin G (IgG). Recently, several clinical studies have reported the lowering of circulating monomeric IgG levels through FcRn blockade for the potential treatment of autoimmune diseases. Many autoimmune diseases, however, are derived from the effects of IgG immune complexes (ICs). We generated, characterized, and assessed the effects of SYNT001, a FcRn-blocking monoclonal antibody, in mice, nonhuman primates (NHPs), and humans. SYNT001 decreased all IgG subtypes and IgG ICs in the circulation of humans, as we show in a first-in-human phase 1, single ascending dose study. In addition, IgG IC induction of inflammatory pathways was dependent on FcRn and inhibited by SYNT001. These studies expand the role of FcRn in humans by showing that it controls not only IgG protection from catabolism but also inflammatory pathways associated with IgG ICs involved in a variety of autoimmune diseases.