gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Circuits for silicon photonics on a &#x201C;macrochip&#x201D; (2009)

Recent advances in silicon photonics bring significant benefits to "macrochip" grids made of arrayed chips. Such configurations have global interconnects long enough to benefit from the high speed, low energy, and high bandwidth density of optics. In this paper we consider the constraints of large macrochip systems, and explore modulator drivers and photodetector receivers that match those constraints. We show measured results from a recent 90 nm testchip intended to mate with optical components.
Living Carbocationic Polymerization. LIX. The Synthesis of Novel Asymmetric Telechelic Polyisobutylenes (1993)

Abstract The synthesis of novel asymmetric telechelic polyisobutylenes (PIB) carrying a CH3OCO— headgroup and a —CH2C(CH3)2C1 tailgroup by the use of novel initiators mediating the living carbocationic polymerization (LC+Pzn) of isobutylene (IB) is described. Subsequently, the parent headgroup has been quantitatively converted into a HOCO— group, and the parent tailgroup into a —pC6H4OH group. Scheme 1 summarizes the synthesis routes to the initiators, as well as the polymerizations and functionalizations leading to various asymmetric telechelic PIBs. The CH3OCO— headgroup of the initiator most likely functions as an internal electron donor during the LC+Pzn of IB.
Nonequilibrium in Thermal Plasmas with Applications to Diamond Synthesis (1997)

Atmospheric pressure plasmas are frequently considered to be in local thermodynamic equilibrium due to the high frequency of collisional processes which drive the plasma state towards a Maxwell-Boltzmann equilibrium. However, various forms of thermodynamic, ionizational, and chemical nonequilibrium have been demonstrated and investigated in atmospheric pressure plasma environments over the last several years, and the nonequilibrium behavior of such systems can be quite significant. The investigation, understanding, and exploitation of atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium plasma chemistry is necessary to the further expansion of plasma-based systems into mainstream manufacturing and processing applications. Several experimental programs to investigate the fundamental processes of atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium plasma chemistry, and the application of this nonequilibrium to various chemical systems have been undertaken in our laboratories. The results of these investigations have shed light on the kinetics behind various forms of atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium chemistry, and provided insights into the beneficial control of nonequilibrium plasma chemistry for processing applications.
Comparative Analysis of Probabilistic Models for Activity Recognition with an Instrumented Walker (2012)

Rollating walkers are popular mobility aids used by older adults to improve balance control. There is a need to automatically recognize the activities performed by walker users to better understand activity patterns, mobility issues and the context in which falls are more likely to happen. We design and compare several techniques to recognize walker related activities. A comprehensive evaluation with control subjects and walker users from a retirement community is presented.
Interaction of S-acyl fatty acid synthase thioester hydrolase with fatty acid synthase. Direct measurement of binding by fluorescence anisotropy. (1985)

Treatment of S-acyl fatty acid synthase thioester hydrolase from the uropygial gland of Peking duck with pyrenebutylmethanephosphonofluoridate resulted in inactivation of the enzyme with covalent attachment of the pyrene derivative to the enzyme. One mole of the derivative was attached/mol of protein, most probably at the active serine. When avian fatty acid synthase was added to the modified thioesterase, the fluorescence anisotropy of the pyrene derivative increased dramatically. That this increase represented the functionally significant binding between the two proteins was suggested by the fact that increasing salt concentration resulted in concomitant loss in enzyme activity and fluorescence anisotropy. As the synthase concentration increased, anisotropy increased giving a saturation pattern. From a Scatchard plot analysis the association constant for the binding of the two proteins was calculated to be 10(6) M-1 and one-to-one stoichiometry was shown for this association. These results show that fluorescence anisotropy of the pyrene derivative attached to the thioesterase can be used to directly measure the binding of this enzyme to fatty acid synthase.
Gibbs Construction in Steganography (2010)

We make a connection between steganography design by minimizing embedding distortion and statistical physics. The unique aspect of this work and one that distinguishes it from prior art is that we allow the distortion function to be arbitrary, which permits us to consider spatially dependent embedding changes. We provide a complete theoretical framework and describe practical tools, such as the thermodynamic integration for computing the rate-distortion bound and the Gibbs sampler for simulating the impact of optimal embedding schemes and constructing practical algorithms. The proposed framework reduces the design of secure steganography in empirical covers to the problem of finding local potentials for the distortion function that correlate with statistical detectability in practice. By working out the proposed methodology in detail for a specific choice of the distortion function, we experimentally validate the approach and discuss various options available to the steganographer in practice.
Cell-Edge SINR Coverage-Aware Positioning of Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces in 6G Internet of Things Networks (2022)

Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS) is gaining popularity as a game-changing innovation for controlling/adapting wireless connectivity. It is considered to play an important role in achieving an intelligent radio environment following the goal of sixth-generation (6G) networking. IRS may be electronically or intelligently programmed to concentrate, reflect/transmit or dissipate impinging electromagnetic radiation. In this context, it is necessary to analyze the performance of the IRS thoroughly through real-time deployment or computer-aided simulation. The work, therefore, analyzed the positioning of IRS over the coverage region of micro cell to derive optimal placement location to support cell-edge Internet of Things (IoT) devices with a favorable signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR). Moreover, the work derived that the implementation of IRS significantly enhances energy efficiency notably reducing the transmit power of the micro cell base station.
Cardiorespiratory adaptation to breath-holding in air: Analysis via a cardiopulmonary simulation model (2015)

Apnea via breath-holding (BH) in air induces cardiorespiratory adaptation that involves the activation of several reflex mechanisms and their complex interactions. Hence, the effects of BH in air on cardiorespiratory function can become hardly predictable and difficult to be interpreted. Particularly, the effect on heart rate is not yet completely understood because of the contradicting results of different physiological studies. In this paper we apply our previously developed cardiopulmonary model (CP Model) to a scenario of BH with a twofold intent: (1) further validating the CP Model via comparison against experimental data; (2) gaining insights into the physiological reasoning for such contradicting experimental results. Model predictions agreed with published experimental animal and human data and indicated that heart rate increases during BH in air. Changes in the balance between sympathetic and vagal effects on heart rate within the model proved to be effective in inverting directions of the heart rate changes during BH. Hence, the model suggests that intra-subject differences in such sympatho-vagal balance may be one of the reasons for the contradicting experimental results.
Power allocation for OFDM-based cooperative relay systems (2008)

Cooperative relays can provide spatial diversity and improve performance of wireless communications. In this paper, we study subcarrier power allocation at the relays for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based wireless systems. For cooperative relay with amplify-and-forward(AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) algorithms, we investigate the impact of power allocation to the mutual information between the source and destination. From our simulation results on word-error-rate (WER) performance, we find that the DF algorithm with power allocation provides better performance than that of AF algorithm in a single path relay network because the former is able to eliminate channel noise at each relay. For the multiple path relay network, however, the network structure is already resistant to noise and channel distortion, and AF approach is a more attractive choice due to its lower complexity.
Directed self-assembly process integration: Fin patterning approaches and challenges (2014)

Resolution requirements for photolithography have reached beyond the wavelength of light. Consequently, it is becoming increasingly complicated and expensive to further minimize feature dimensions as required to push the limits of Moore’s law. EUV lithography has been the much anticipated solution; however, its insertion timing for High Volume Manufacturing is still an uncertainty due to source power and EUV mask infrastructure limitations. Extending the limits of 193nm immersion lithography requires pitch division using either Double Patterning Pitch Division (DPPD), and/or Spacer Based Pitch Division (SBPD) schemes (e.g. Hard mask image transfer methods (Double, Triple, Quadruple)). While these approaches reduce pitch, there is an associated risk/compromise of process complexity, and overlay accuracy budget issues. Directed Self Assembly (DSA) processes offer the promise of providing alternative ways to extend optical lithography cost-effectively for sub-10nm nodes and present itself as an alternative pitch division approach. As a result, DSA has gained increased momentum in recent years, as a means for extending optical lithography past its current limits. The availability of a DSA processing line can enable to further push the limits of 193nm immersion lithography and overcome some of the critical concerns for EUV lithography. Robust etch transfer of DSA patterns into commonly used device integration materials such as silicon, silicon nitride, and silicon dioxide had been previously demonstrated [1,2]. However DSA integration to CMOS process flows, including cut/keep structures to form fin arrays, is yet to be demonstrated on relevant film stacks (front-end-of-line device integration such as hard mask stacks, and STI stacks). Such a demonstration will confirm and reinforce its viability as a candidate for sub-10nm technology nodes.
Immunohistochemical expression of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in penile squamous cell carcinomas: a tissue microarray study of 112 cases (2013)

Our results provide evidence of dysregulation of the mTOR pathway in penile carcinomas independently of HPV infection. Future clinical studies should further evaluate the prognostic and predictive usefulness of these markers in patients with penile cancer.
Characterization of a piezoelectric MEMS actuator surface toward motion-enabled reconfigurable RF circuits (2018)

As an alternative to highly constrained hard-wired reconfigurable RF circuits, a motion-enabled reconfigurable circuit (MERC) offers freedom from transmission line losses and homogeneous materials selection. The creation of a successful MERC requires a precise mechanical mechanism for relocating components. In this work, a piezoelectric MEMS actuator array is modeled and experimentally characterized to assess its viability as a solution to the MERC concept. Actuation and design parameters are evaluated, and the repeatability of high quality on-axis motion at greater than 1 mm s−1 is demonstrated with little positional error. Finally, an initial proof-of-concept circuit reconfiguration has been demonstrated using off-the-shelf RF filter components. Although initial feasibility tests show filter performance degradation with an additional insertion loss of 0.3 dB per contact, out-of-band rejection degradation as high as 10 dB, and ripple performance reduction from 0.25 dB to 1.5 dB, MERC is proven here as an alternative to traditional approaches used in reconfigurable RF circuit applications.
Asymmetry-Aware Real-Time Distributed Joint Resource Allocation in IEEE 802.22 WRANs (2010)

In IEEE 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRANs), each Base Station (BS) solves a complex resource allocation problem of simultaneously determining the channel to reuse, power for adaptive coverage, and Consumer Premise Equipments (CPEs) to associate with, while maximizing the total downstream capacity of CPEs. Although joint power and channel allocation is a classical problem, resource allocation in WRANs faces two unique challenges that has not yet been addressed: (1) the presence of small-scale incumbents such as wireless microphones (WMs), and (2) asymmetric interference patterns between BSs using omnidirectional antennas and CPEs using directional antennas. In this paper, we capture this asymmetry in upstream/downstream communications to propose an accurate and realistic WRAN-WM coexistence model that increases spatial reuse of TV spectrum while protecting small-scale incumbents. Based on the proposed model, we formulate the resource allocation problem as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) which is NP-hard. To solve the problem in real-time, we propose a suboptimal algorithm based on the Genetic Algorithm (GA), and extend the basic GA algorithm to a fully-distributed GA algorithm (dGA) that distributes computational cost over the network and achieves scalability via local cooperation between neighboring BSs. Using extensive simulation, the proposed dGA is shown to perform as good as 99.4-99.8% of the optimal solution, while reducing the computational cost significantly.
Low Temperature Curable Polyimide Film Properties and WLP Reliability Performance with Various Curing Conditions (2017)

Polyimide (PI) is a curable polymeric dielectric, which is a popular material for wafer level packages (WLP). Low-curable-temperature polyimide (LTP) attracts increasing interest in assembly applications and is one of the critical materials for 2.5D IC and fan-out (FO) applications because of its curing temperature constraint during the packaging process. As the possible curing temperature is approached, the curing level percentage is an important index of the polymer film. Herein, we aimed to study the thermal properties of PI under various curing conditions (curing level 30-100%) and choose the curing conditions (curing level 80-100%) to apply on WLP for component-level reliability (CLR), chemical resistance and board-level reliability (BLR) tests. According to the CLR results, the lower curing level (about 80%) passes scanning acoustic tomography (SAT) inspection for the 1000-h temperature humidity test (THT), the 96-h u-bias highly accelerated stress test (uHAST), and the 1000-h high-temperature storage test (HTST) despite its lesser thermal stability and chemical resistance than the fully cured condition. In the BLR test, ball drop test results show no gap between the 80% and 100% curing level conditions. In the thermal cycle test (TCT) the lower curing level gives a better TCT result. Finally, since reliability issues minimize chemical resistance capability and thermal process reduction, curing level criteria might be redefined in the polyimide curing process.
The fabulous legacy of a Nobel Prize Laureate (2012)

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medecine 2011 was awarded to Ralph M. Steinman, Jules A. Hoffman and Bruce A. Beutler for the discovery of essential elements of innate immunity, in particular dendritic cells (DCs) and toll-like receptors (TLRs). Antigens become immunogenic and capable of triggering an adaptive immune response involving antigen-specific, MHC- restricted effector T cells, only if they are captured and presented by “accessory” cells. In 1972, Ralph M. Steinman and Zanvil Cohn identified in lymphoid tissues, cells with treelike, arborescent morphology that they named “dendritic cells” (DC) (from the greek word “tree” for tree, δένδρον) with a superior ability to induce alloreactive T cell proliferation in vitro (1978) and to stimulate the rejection of kidney allotransplants in rodents (1982). Thirty years after their discovery, DCare now known to play a seminal role in bridging innate and adaptive immunity, In addition DC are being used in numerous clinical studies all over the world to increase immunity to infectious or tumor-associated antigens. This effort involved the contribution of an international network of basicand clinical scientists spearheaded by Ralph M. Steinman to defineappropriate culture conditions to generate ex vivo DC from circulating or bone marrow precursors, to definefunctionally distinct DC subsets, to identifytheir maturation pathways including those relying on the stimulation of TLRs, and finally to develop DC based-vaccines to immunize patients infected with HIV or affected by cancer. Here, we will detail the history of DC and outline the therapeutic implications of Ralph M. Steinman’s seminal discovery.
(INVITED)Counter-ion effect on the diffusion behavior of Yb, Lu, and Nd ions in YAG transparent ceramics (2022)

The ability to fabricate additively manufactured laser waveguides with sharp dopant concentration interfaces is limited by diffusion of the dopants at the temperatures required to fully densify the material. Compositional analysis of bilayer samples, where each layer was either undoped YAG or YAG doped with Yb, Lu, or Nd, were fabricated such that all combinations were available for testing. Samples were fabricated at both 1750°C and 1850°C to determine the diffusion behavior of each dopant alone and also in the presence of a second dopant. It was found that the experimental concentration profiles exhibited both intragranular (bulk) and grain boundary contributions, and thus fitting to a complementary error function equation required the use of two diffusion coefficients. Nd always diffused further along grain boundaries than the other dopants, due in part to its small segregation coefficient in YAG. It is shown that the presence of Nd as a counter dopant inhibits intragranular diffusion of other dopants while enhancing their grain boundary diffusion. All the observed trends were attributed to a combination of intragranular lattice strain due to: dopant ions replacing yttrium substitutionally, the relative driving forces for the segregation of dopant ions to grain boundaries, and the ability of one dopant to affect the diffusion of a different dopant in the other direction to maintain charge neutrality.
Integrin-dependent Leukocyte Adhesion Involves Geranylgeranylated Protein(s) (1999)

Integrin-dependent leukocyte adhesion is modulated by alterations in receptor affinity or by post-receptor events. Pretreatment of Jurkat T-cells with the 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, lovastatin, markedly reduced (IC(50) approximately 1-2 microM) alpha(4)beta(1)-dependent adhesion to fibronectin (FN) stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) which modulates post-receptor events. In contrast, lovastatin did not inhibit Jurkat cell adhesion to FN induced by the beta(1) integrin-activating monoclonal antibody (mAb) 8A2, which directly modulates beta(1) integrin affinity. Similarly, pretreatment of U937 cells with lovastatin inhibited PMA-stimulated, but not mAb 8A2-stimulated, alpha(6)beta(1)-dependent leukocyte adhesion to laminin. The inhibition of lovastatin on PMA-stimulated leukocyte adhesion was not mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. The inhibitory effect of lovastatin on PMA-stimulated leukocyte adhesion was reversed by co-incubation with geranylgeraniol, but not with farnesol, with concurrent reversal of the inhibition of protein prenylation as shown by protein RhoA geranylgeranylation. The selective inhibition of protein geranylgeranylation by the specific protein geranylgeranyltransferase-I inhibitor, GGTI-298, blocked PMA-stimulated leukocyte adhesion but not mAb 8A2-induced leukocyte adhesion. The protein farnesyltransferase inhibitor, FTI-277, had no effect on leukocyte adhesion induced by either stimulus. These results demonstrate that protein geranylgeranylation, but not farnesylation, is required for integrin-dependent post-receptor events in leukocyte adhesion.
A 16-bit low-power microcontroller with monolithic MEMS-LC clocking (2005)

Low-power, single-chip integrated systems are prevailing in remote applications due to the increasing power and delay cost of inter-chip communication compared to on-chip computation. The paper describes the design and measured performance of a fully-functional digital core with a low-jitter, monolithic, MEMS-LC clock reference. This chip has been fabricated in TSMC's 0.18 μm MM/RF bulk CMOS process. Maximum power consumption of the complete microsystem is 48.78 mW operating at 90 MHz with a 1.8 V power supply.
Preparation and optical properties of amorphous silica doped with porphines and quinizarin by the sol-gel process (1992)

Amorphous siliceous materials with molecular dispersions of organic molecules, TPPS, TMPyP and DAQ were prepared by a sol-gel process in which Si(OC<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>5</SUB>)<SUB>4</SUB> was hydrolyzed in weak acid solution. Effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the sol-gel process was studied for the TPPS/a-SiO<SUB>2</SUB> system in order to attain the further molecular dispersions and shorten the sol-gel reactions. Optical properties of TMPyP doped sol-gel thin films were observed. An amorphous silica thin film which was doped with TMPyP on the order of 1 X 10<SUP>-3</SUP> mol/mol SiO<SUB>2</SUB> showed photochemical hole burning at 20 K. the TMPyP/a-SiO<SUB>2</SUB> was heat-treated at various temperatures and the changes of optical spectrum were observed as a function of temperature. It was found that the sample was comparatively stable up to 200 degree(s)C. Apparent quantum yields of PHB of porphines and quinizarin in polymer or sol-gel film and bulk were discussed.
Analysis of the Potential for N 4 -Hydroxycytidine To Inhibit Mitochondrial Replication and Function (2019)

<i>N</i><sup>4</sup>-Hydroxycytidine (NHC) is an antiviral ribonucleoside analog that acts as a competitive alternative substrate for virally encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. It exhibits measurable levels of cytotoxicity, with 50% cytotoxic concentration values ranging from 7.5 μM in CEM cells and up to >100 μM in other cell lines. The mitochondrial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (POLRMT) has been shown to incorporate some nucleotide analogs into mitochondrial RNAs, resulting in substantial mitochondrial toxicity. NHC was tested in multiple assays intended to determine its potential to cause mitochondrial toxicity. NHC showed similar cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells incubated in a glucose-free and glucose-containing media, suggesting that NHC does not impair mitochondrial function in this cell line based on the Crabtree effect. We demonstrate that the 5'-triphosphate of NHC can be used by POLRMT for incorporation into nascent RNA chain but does not cause immediate chain termination. In PC-3 cells treated with NHC, the 50% inhibitory concentrations of mitochondrial protein expression inhibition were 2.7-fold lower than those for nuclear-encoded protein expression, but this effect did not result in selective mitochondrial toxicity. A 14-day incubation of HepG2 cells with NHC had no effect on mitochondrial DNA copy number or extracellular lactate levels. In CEM cells treated with NHC at 10 μM, a slight decrease (by ∼20%) in mitochondrial DNA copy number and a corresponding slight increase in extracellular lactate levels were detected, but these effects were not enhanced by an increase in NHC treatment concentration. In summary, the results indicate that mitochondrial impairment by NHC is not the main contributor to the compound's observed cytotoxicity in these cell lines.