gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Markov Assumption in Spoken Dialogue Management (2005)

The goal of dialogue management in a spoken dialogue system is to take actions based on observations and inferred beliefs.To ensure that the actions optimize the performance or robustness of the system, researchers have turned to reinforcement learning methods to learn policies for action selection.To derive an optimal policy from data, the dynamics of the system is often represented as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), which assumes that the state of the dialogue depends only on the previous state and action.In this paper, we investigate whether constraining the state space by the Markov assumption, especially when the structure of the state space may be unknown, truly affords the highest reward.In a simulation experiment conducted in the context of a dialogue system for interacting with a speech-enabled web browser, models under the Markov assumption did not perform as well as an alternative model which attempts to classify the total reward with accumulating features.We discuss the implications of the study as well as limitations.
Analysis of Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Combustion With a Sequential Fluid Mechanics-Multizone Chemical Kinetics Model (2005)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;We have developed a methodology for analysis of Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) engines that applies to conditions in which there is some stratification in the air-fuel distribution inside the cylinder at the time of combustion. The analysis methodology consists of two stages: first, a fluid mechanics code is used to determine temperature and equivalence ratio distributions as a function of crank angle, assuming motored conditions. The distribution information is then used for grouping the mass in the cylinder into a two-dimensional (temperature-equivalence ratio) array of zones. The zone information is then handed on to a detailed chemical kinetics model that calculates combustion, emissions and engine efficiency information. The methodology applies to situations where chemistry and fluid mechanics are weakly linked. The results of the multi-zone model have been compared to the results obtained from a fully integrated code, in which a chemical kinetics code is directly linked into a fluid mechanics code to calculate chemistry in every cell of the grid.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The results show that the multi-zone model predicts burn duration and peak cylinder pressure with good accuracy. However, ignition timing predicted by the multi-zone model is sensitive to the transition angle between the fluid mechanics code and the chemical kinetics code. The paper explores the possibility of using different criteria for determining the transition angle. The results show that the criteria have some validity for predicting transition. Further research is necessary to investigate the effect of fuel properties and operating conditions on transition angle.&lt;/div&gt;
INNV-08. THE UTILIZATION OF INTRAOPERATIVE CONFOCAL LASER ENDOMICROSCOPY DURING THE FLUORESCENCE GUIDED SURGERY FOR BRAIN TUMORS (2018)

Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) allows intraoperative “optical biopsy” at a cellular level without tissue processing. We report the evolution of this technology and present analysis of recent use of the updated CLE tool on patients during fluorescein sodium (FNa) guided brain tumor surgeries. Our clinical experience with CLE includes 237 patients with gliomas, meningiomas and other CNS pathologies examined ex vivo and in vivo using a Generation1 CLE and 48 patients using a Generation2 CLE (19 HGG, 3 LGG, 11 pituitary adenomas, 2 craniopharyngiomas, 2 metastases, 2 schwannomas, 4 meningiomas, 2 treatment effects, 1 focal cortical dysplasia, 2 hemangioblastomas) examined ex vivo. Acriflavine (AF) and acridine orange (AO) were used ex vivo on selected tissue samples. In vivo CLE during FNa-guided surgery produced 77.7 ± 46.2 (average) images/optical biopsy location. A first diagnostic image was identified within seconds of CLE application. In vivo CLE specificity/sensitivity (FNa) was equal or better than frozen section (94%/91% gliomas, 93%/97% meningiomas respectively). Generation2 CLE showed improved image resolution and system operation for detectable tumor signal with Z-stack 3D imaging compared to Generation1. FNa 2 mg/kg administered during induction of anesthesia was sufficient for wide field tumor fluorescence visualization using the operative microscope Yellow560 mode. However, additional injection of FNa (2–5 mg/kg) before optical biopsy was necessary to provide sufficient CLE image contrast for immediate ex vivo CLE imaging in most of the cases. CLE imaging after rapid ex vivo application of AF and AO revealed more intense and specific contrasted intracellular structural patterns, such as nuclei. Overall, CLE rapidly provided information on tissue architecture and atypical cellular features and has potential to improve the surgery-pathology workflow. Additional injection of FNa during fluorescence-guidance surgery may be necessary for CLE optical biopsy, which may interfere with the operative microscope wide field fluorescence visualization, and require further investigation.
Sleeve monopole antenna with integrated filter for base station applications (2017)

The sleeve monopole antenna with an integrated broadband filter is presented for base station applications. The antenna is designed to radiate from 698-960 MHz (low band) and provide band rejection from 1695-2690 MHz (high band). The antenna exhibits return loss better than -15 dB in the low band. The filter exhibits excellent rejection where the worst-case return loss is approximately -0.3 dB in the high band. The filter also reduces peak gain by as much as 50 dBi in the high band.
Chaetomugilins and Chaetoviridins—Promising Natural Metabolites: Structures, Separation, Characterization, Biosynthesis, Bioactivities, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics (2022)

Fungi are recognized as luxuriant metabolic artists that generate propitious biometabolites. Historically, fungal metabolites have largely been investigated as leads for various therapeutic agents. Chaetomugilins and the closely related chaetoviridins are fungal metabolites, and each has an oxygenated bicyclic pyranoquinone core. They are mainly produced by various Chaetomaceae species. These metabolites display unique chemical features and diversified bioactivities. The current review gives an overview of research about fungal chaetomugilins and chaetoviridins regarding their structures, separation, characterization, biosynthesis, and bioactivities. Additionally, their antiviral potential towards the SARS-CoV-2 protease was evaluated using docking studies and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We report on the docking and predictive binding energy estimations using reported crystal structures of the main protease (PDB ID: 6M2N, 6W81, and 7K0f) at variable resolutions-i.e., 2.20, 1.55, and 1.65 Å, respectively. Chaetovirdin D (<b>43</b>) exhibited highly negative docking scores of -7.944, -8.141, and -6.615 kcal/mol, when complexed with 6M2N, 6W81, and 7K0f, respectively. The reference inhibitors exhibited the following scores: -5.377, -6.995, and -8.159 kcal/mol, when complexed with 6M2N, 6W81, and 7K0f, respectively. By using molecular dynamics simulations, chaetovirdin D's stability in complexes with the viral protease was analyzed, and it was found to be stable over the course of 100 ns.
A security framework for distributed batch computing (2010)

There is an assumption in the design and implementation of many distributed batch computing systems that once a task enters the system, the system can be fully trusted by all participants, even when the system spans administrative boundaries. As a result, execution hosts and other intermediaries have no way of independently confirming the origin of tasks, attackers have an incentive to attack the intermediaries who handle the tasks, and when results are returned to users, they have no way of determining where and how those results were computed. Users need to be able to specify policies that limit the actions their tasks can perform and the uses to which their delegated credentials can be put, and ways to link these policies to their jobs and credentials. 
In this thesis, I address these shortcomings by introducing and analyzing a framework of mechanisms that can be used to reduce the trustworthiness requirements of components in the system. The framework protects execution hosts by making the association between a particular task and a particular user explicit rather than implicit. It protects end users by permitting them to specify a policy regarding task confidentiality and integrity to accompany their tasks. Finally, it protects intermediaries by making them less attractive to attackers. With relaxed trustworthiness requirements on intermediaries, the benefits of sharing tasks and resources between different administrative domains may be realized without relaxing security policies.
The temporal logic of actions (1994)

The temporal logic of actions (TLA) is a logic for specifying and reasoning about concurrent systems. Systems and their properties are represented in the same logic, so the assertion that a system meets its specification and the assertion that one system implements another are both expressed by logical implication. TLA is very simple; its syntax and complete formal semantics are summarized in about a page. Yet, TLA is not just a logician's toy; it is extremely powerful, both in principle and in practice. This report introduces TLA and describes how it is used to specify and verify concurrent algorithms. The use of TLA to specify and reason about open systems will be described elsewhere.
Optimizing Administrative Datasets to Examine Acute Kidney Injury in the Era of Big Data: Workgroup Statement from the 15th ADQI Consensus Conference (2016)

Administrative data are rapidly growing and evolving, and represent an unprecedented opportunity to address knowledge gaps in AKI. Progress will require continued efforts to improve awareness of the impact of AKI on public health, engage key stakeholders, and develop tangible strategies to reconfigure infrastructure to improve the reporting and phenotyping of AKI. WHY IS THIS REVIEW IMPORTANT?: Rapid growth in the size and availability of administrative data has enhanced the clinical study of acute kidney injury (AKI). However, significant limitations exist in coding that hinder our ability to better understand its epidemiology and address knowledge gaps. The following consensus-based review discusses how administrative data have been used to study AKI, identify current limitations, and suggest how these data sources might be enhanced to improve the future study of this disease. WHAT ARE THE KEY MESSAGES?: The current coding structure of administrative data is hindered by a lack of sensitivity, standardization to properly classify severity, and limited clinical phenotyping. These limitations combined with reduced awareness of AKI and the subjective nature of reporting limit understanding of disease burden across settings and time periods. As administrative data become more sophisticated and complex, important opportunities to employ more objective criteria to diagnose and stage AKI as well as improve contextual phenotyping exist that can help address knowledge gaps and improve care.
Spike culture derived wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variants exhibit improved resistance to multiple chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum (2019)

Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), predominantly caused by Fusarium graminearum, has been categorized into three chemotypes depending on the major mycotoxin produced. The three mycotoxins, namely, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) and nivalenol (NIV) also determine their aggressiveness and response to fungicides. Furthermore, prevalence of these chemotypes changes over time and dynamic changes in chemotypes population in the field have been observed. The objective of this study was to identify spike culture derived variants (SCDV) exhibiting resistance to multiple chemotypes of F. graminearum. First, the optimal volume of inoculum for point inoculation of the spikelets was determined using the susceptible AC Nanda wheat genotype. Fifteen μL of 105 macroconidia/mL was deemed optimal based on FHB disease severity assessment with four chemotypes. Following optimal inoculum volume determination, five chemotypes (Carman-NIV, Carman-705-2-3-ADON, M9-07-1-3-ADON, M1-07-2-15-ADON and China-Fg809-15-ADON) were used to point inoculate AC Nanda spikelets to confirm the mycotoxin produced and FHB severity during infection. Upon confirmation of the mycotoxins produced by the chemotypes, 55 SCDV were utilized to evaluate FHB severity and mycotoxin concentrations. Of the 55 SCDV, five (213.4, 244.1, 245.6, 250.2 and 252.3) resistant lines were identified with resistance to multiple chemotypes and are currently being utilized in a breeding program to develop wheat varieties with improved FHB resistance.
Cloning and characterization of fxp, the flexible pilin gene of Aeromonas hydrophila (1992)

The flexible pilus of Aeromonas hydrophila is a morphologically and biochemically unique organelle which binds eukaryotic cell surfaces and whose expression is induced by specific physiochemical conditions. fxp, the structural gene coding for the flexible pilus subunit, was localized on a 7.6kb plasmid of A. hydrophila strain AH26. A putative Shine-Dalgarno sequence and -10 and -35 regions were identified, a signal peptide sequence delineated, and the coding sequence compared with other bacterial sequences and found to be unique. Plasmid and chromosomal DNA was prepared from 66 other Aeromonas strains and 12 strains from other bacterial genera and examined by Southern blot hybridization using a labelled fxp oligonucleotide and the 7.6kb plasmid as probes. No hybridizing sequences were identified except in the original strain, AH26. It is proposed that fxp codes for a highly evolved organelle, possibly widely distributed in nature, but that it is carried on a genetic element that is rapidly lost from most strains upon in vitro cultivation and storage.
Ultraviolet-induced transient absorption in potassium dihydrogen phosphate and its influence on frequency conversion (1994)

The optical properties of an ultraviolet (266-nm) -induced transient absorption in normal and deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals are discussed. Our main contribution has been to analyze this effect quantitatively, assess its effect on ultraviolet (UV) frequency-conversion applications, and examine sample variability. As observed previously [ Chem. Phys. Lett.207, 540 ( 1993)], the transient absorption is broad (~200–700 nm) and is suggested to arise from an induced defect state resulting from the promotion of an electron into the conduction band by two-photon absorption. At room temperature we find that the defect absorption decays over a wide variety of time scales, ranging from fractions of a second to several days, depending on the particular sample under study. The decay time does not appear to be correlated with deuteration or chemical impurities. The temperature-dependent decay rate has an Arrhenius behavior with a single activation energy of 0.51 ± 0.04 eV for all samples studied, and the decay rate appears to be mediated by a diffusional process as previously postulated. We determined the defect absorption cross section at its spectral peak to be 6 ± 3 × 10−18 cm2. Based on these and other measurements, we have numerically modeled previously published experimental data on fourth-harmonic frequency conversion of a Nd:YLF laser and found good agreement when the effects of transient absorption are included.
Back Cover: Discovery of a Highly Selective PLD2 Inhibitor (ML395): A New Probe with Improved Physiochemical Properties and Broad‐Spectrum Antiviral Activity against Influenza Strains (ChemMedChem 12/2014) (2014)

The back cover picture shows a co-localization study of A549 cells infected with influenza A virus, H1N1: influenza nucleoprotein (green), interferon-induced protein MxA (red), phospholipase D2 (PLD2; magenta), and cell nuclei (blue). Here, we observe pathogen proteins and host PLD2 trafficking together, and these findings led to the hypothesis that PLD2 might play a role in pathogenicity. Efficient invasion is blocked by disruption of PLD activity using an inhibitor ML395 (shown) or RNA interference, suggesting that activation of host PLD2 is required for viral entry. For more details, see the Communication by Craig W. Lindsley et al. on p. 2633 ff.
Organic-on-inorganic semiconductor photodetector (1989)

High-efficiency high-bandwidth organic-on-inorganic (OI) semiconductor heterojunction photodetectors are discussed. The devices consist of a thin layer of the organic semiconductor perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) in contact with an inorganic semiconductor (Si) substrate. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is used as a transparent ohmic contact to the organic film. The external quantum efficiency of the detector was 85%, giving an internal quantum efficiency approaching 100%. The response time to fast optical pulses was 5 ns. Response times of OI detectors can be further reduced to about 100 ps by optimization of device parameters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Luminal disequilibrium pH and ammonia transport in outer medullary collecting duct (1987)

Pages F1148–F1157: Robert A. Star, Maurice B. Burg, and Mark A. Knepper. We regret that an error was made in the title of this article. The correct title and the article are reprinted here.
Fast and Memory Saving Instance Search with Approximate Reverse Nearest Neighbor Search Using Reverse Lookup (2016)

Recently more and more videos have been shared through the websites such as youtube.com. In order to utilize them efficiently, instance search (INS) techniques which find a specific person, object and place from a video database without metadata has been desired. It is known that the BM25 scoring method is a powerful tool for the INS task. It is, however, also known that it requires a time consuming process. It has been pointed out that the time consuming process is equivalent to the bichromatic reverse nearest neighbor (BRNN) search problem and a method to approximate it has been proposed. However, the algorithm needs a huge reference table which causes large memory usage and computational complexity. In this paper, we propose a more efficient way to search BRNNs using a reverse lookup structure. An experimental result using the database of TRECVID 2012 INS task showed that the proposed method was 2.8 times faster with 10% less memory usage than the conventional method.
Gradient-Diffusion Methods for Simulating Decoherence by NMR Spectroscopy (2000)

Theoretical techniques are developed for designing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments to simulate a variety of adiabatic decoherence (aka T2 relaxation) processes, using sequences of pulsed field gradients and diffusion periods. To this end an efficient Hadamard product formalism is introduced and used to derive Lindblad master equations from NMR pulse sequences for both collective and independent phase damping on any number of spins. The Kraus operator sum form is shown to be related to the Hadamard form by diagonalization, and explicit Lindblad and Kraus operators given for arbitrary correlations between two spins. Finally, gradient-diffusion methods are outlined for more complex forms of decoherence, including the three-axis collective model.
A Novel Synthesis of β-Sulfinyl- and β-Sulfonyl-Hydroxamic Acids via CsF-Mediated Ring Opening of Substituted β-Lactones (2001)

The ring-opening reaction of 3-substituted β-lactones with thiols was achieved using CsF in DMF as promoter. The resulting β-sulfanyl-carboxylic acid intermediates were coupled to hydroxylamine-Wang resin and the sulfur atom was selectively oxidized to afford β-sulfinyl- and β-sulfonyl-hydroxamic acid libraries.
Endosomolytic Bioreducible Poly(amido amine disulfide) Polymer Conjugates for the in Vivo Systemic Delivery of siRNA Therapeutics (2013)

Efficient siRNA delivery is dependent not only on the ability of the delivery vehicle to target a specific organ but also on its ability to enable siRNA entry into the cytoplasm of the target cells. Polymers with endosomolytic properties are increasingly being used as siRNA delivery vehicles due to their potential to facilitate endosomal escape and intracellular delivery. Addition of disulfide bonds in the backbone of these polymers was expected to provide degradability through reduction by glutathione in cytosol. This paper describes the synthesis of new endosomolytic bioreducible poly(amido amine disulfide) polymers whose lytic potential can be masked at physiological pH, but can be restored at acidic endosomal pH. These polymer conjugates gave good in vitro knockdown (KD) and did not demonstrate cytotoxicity in a MTS assay. Efficient mRNA KD for apolipoprotein B in mouse liver was observed with these polyconjugates following intravenous dosing.
Fast Eye Detector Using Siamese Network for NIR Partial Face Images (2022)

This paper proposes a fast eye detection method that is based on a Siamese network for near infrared (NIR) partial face images. NIR partial face images do not include the whole face of a subject since they are captured using iris recognition systems with the constraint of frame rate and resolution. The iris recognition systems such as the iris on the move (IOTM) system require fast and accurate eye detection as a pre-process. Our goal is to design eye detection with high speed, high discrimination performance between left and right eyes, and high positional accuracy of eye center. Our method adopts a Siamese network and coarse to fine position estimation with a fast lightweight CNN backbone. The network outputs features of images and the similarity map indicating coarse position of an eye. A regression on a portion of a feature with high similarity refines the coarse position of the eye to obtain the fine position with high accuracy. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparing it with conventional methods, including SOTA, in terms of the positional accuracy, the discrimination performance, and the processing speed. Our method achieves superior performance in speed.
Bottom-up growth of n-type monolayer molecular crystals on polymeric substrate for optoelectronic device applications (2018)

Self-assembly of monolayers of functional molecules on dielectric surfaces is a promising approach for the development of molecular devices proposed in the 1970s. Substrate chemically bonded self-assembled monolayers of semiconducting conjugated molecules exhibit low mobility. And self-assembled monolayer molecular crystals are difficult to scale up and limited to growth on substrates terminated by hydroxyl groups, which makes it difficult to realize sophisticated device functions, particularly for those relying on n-type electron transport, as electrons suffer severe charge trapping on hydroxyl terminated surfaces. Here we report a gravity-assisted, two-dimensional spatial confinement method for bottom-up growth of high-quality n-type single-crystalline monolayers over large, centimeter-sized areas. We demonstrate that by this method, n-type monolayer molecular crystals with high field-effect mobility of 1.24 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> and band-like transport characteristics can be grown on hydroxyl-free polymer surface. Furthermore, we used these monolayer molecular crystals to realize high-performance crystalline, gate-/light-tunable lateral organic p-n diodes.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY, SPECTROSCOPY, AND ISOTOPE‐SELECTIVE INFRARED PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF A VOLATILE URANIUM COMPOUND TAILORED FOR 10‐μ ABSORPTION: URANIUM HEXAMETHOXIDE (U(OCH3)6) (1983)

Abstract Die Darstellung erfolgt mit 51% Ausb. durch Umwandlung von UCl 4 in Li 2 U(OCH 3 ) 6 und anschließende Oxidation mit Bleitetraacetat.