gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance assessment of parenchymal elasticity in normal and edematous, ventilator-injured lung (2012)

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a MR imaging method capable of spatially resolving the intrinsic mechanical properties of normal lung parenchyma. We tested the hypothesis that the mechanical properties of edematous lung exhibit local properties similar to those of a fluid-filled lung at transpulmonary pressures (P(tp)) up to 25 cm H(2)O. Pulmonary edema was induced in anesthetized female adult Sprague-Dawley rats by mechanical ventilation to a pressure of 40 cm H(2)O for ≈ 30 min. Prior to imaging the wet weight of each ex vivo lung set was measured. MRE, high-resolution T(1)-weighted spin echo and T(2)* gradient echo data were acquired at each P(tp) for both normal and injured ex vivo lungs. At P(tp)s of 6 cm H(2)O and greater, the shear stiffness of normal lungs was greater than injured lungs (P ≤ 0.0003). For P(tp)s up to 12 cm H(2)O, shear stiffness was equal to 1.00, 1.07, 1.16, and 1.26 kPa for the injured and 1.31, 1.89, 2.41, and 2.93 kPa for normal lungs at 3, 6, 9, and 12 cm H(2)O, respectively. For injured lungs MRE magnitude signal and shear stiffness within regions of differing degrees of alveolar flooding were calculated as a function of P(tp). Differences in shear stiffness were statistically significant between groups (P < 0.001) with regions of lower magnitude signal being stiffer than those of higher signal. These data demonstrate that when the alveolar space filling material is fluid, MRE-derived parenchymal shear stiffness of the lung decreases, and the lung becomes inherently softer compared with normal lung.
The experimental plan for cryogenic layered target implosions on the National Ignition Facility—The inertial confinement approach to fusion (2011)

Ignition requires precisely controlled, high convergence implosions to assemble a dense shell of deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel with ρR&amp;gt;∼1 g/cm2 surrounding a 10 keV hot spot with ρR ∼ 0.3 g/cm2. A working definition of ignition has been a yield of ∼1 MJ. At this yield the α-particle energy deposited in the fuel would have been ∼200 kJ, which is already ∼10 × more than the kinetic energy of a typical implosion. The National Ignition Campaign includes low yield implosions with dudded fuel layers to study and optimize the hydrodynamic assembly of the fuel in a diagnostics rich environment. The fuel is a mixture of tritium-hydrogen-deuterium (THD) with a density equivalent to DT. The fraction of D can be adjusted to control the neutron yield. Yields of ∼1014−15 14 MeV (primary) neutrons are adequate to diagnose the hot spot as well as the dense fuel properties via down scattering of the primary neutrons. X-ray imaging diagnostics can function in this low yield environment providing additional information about the assembled fuel either by imaging the photons emitted by the hot central plasma, or by active probing of the dense shell by a separate high energy short pulse flash. The planned use of these targets and diagnostics to assess and optimize the assembly of the fuel and how this relates to the predicted performance of DT targets is described. It is found that a good predictor of DT target performance is the THD measurable parameter, Experimental Ignition Threshold Factor, ITFX ∼ Y × dsf 2.3, where Y is the measured neutron yield between 13 and 15 MeV, and dsf is the down scattered neutron fraction defined as the ratio of neutrons between 10 and 12 MeV and those between 13 and 15 MeV.
Relationship between Pyroelectric Properties and Electrode Sizes in (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O3 (PLZT) Thin Films (1998)

Highly c -axis-oriented PLZT films with compositions of (Pb 0.925 La 0.075 )(Zr y Ti 1- y ) 0.981 O 3 , where y =0.2–0.4, were deposited on Pt(100)/MgO(100) by the rf-magnetron sputtering, applying an intermittent deposition comprised of the repetition of deposition and nondeposition. It was confirmed that the highest figures of merit, F.M. and F.M.D * for the pyroelectric IR sensors were obtained by using powders with excess PbO of 20 mol% added to PLZT, as sputtering targets in the preliminary experiment. The PLZT film with y =0.2 exhibited the highest F.M. for voltage responsivity Rv of approximately 5.3×10 -13 C·m/J among the three samples studied, which was around 1.8 times larger than that of PLZT ceramic with y =0.2. The top-electrode sizes of around 500 and 250 µm diameters were suitable for the measurement of pyroelectric properties, judging from the characteristics of the materials and the accuracy of the measuring instruments.
Quantitative Measurement of Pattern Collapse and Particle Removal Force (2007)

The pattern collapse and the particle removal force should be quantitatively understood and measured to develop the effective cleaning process without pattern damages. The method of measuring these forces by atomic force microscope (AFM) was introduced in this paper. Pattern collapse forces of a silicon oxynitride (SiON), silicon oxide (SiO2) and photoresist (PR) line pattern were measured. The particle removal force was measured on a 100 nm PSL particle on silicon. The force for pattern collapse increased linearly as a function of pattern width. PR pattern requires a smaller force than the SiON and SiO2 pattern at the same line width. Particle removal force of aged PSL on hydrophilic Si surface was two orders smaller than the collapse force of same size of patterns.
(Invited) CMOS Compatible High Performance IIIV Devices: Opportunities and Challenges (2016)

Self-aligned InGaAs channel MOSFET has been demonstrated on both InP and Si substrate using CMOS compatible device structure and process flow. Peak transconductance G MSAT over 2200 μS/μm has been achieved, at L EFF = 30 nm and supply voltage V DD = 0.5 V. These processes and devices are well-suited for future generations of high-performance CMOS applications at short gate lengths and tight gate pitches.
Chemiluminescence, Electrogenerated (2000)

Abstract Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) is the process in which electrogenerated species undergo electron transfer reactions to form excited states that emit light. Many molecules have the potential to produce ECL, however Ru(bpy) 3 2+ (bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) is the most common emitter used for analytical applications. Application of a voltage to an electrode in the presence of an emitter induces light production and allows for the detection of the emitter at very low concentrations. Advantages over other analytical methods include low backgrounds, precise spatial and temporal control over the emission, and the possibility of signal amplification. Commercial systems exist that use ECL to detect numerous clinically relevant analytes with high sensitivity using a variety of assay formats.
Correction: 19F-Tagged metal binding pharmacophores for NMR screening of metalloenzymes (2022)

Correction for ‘ 19 F-Tagged metal binding pharmacophores for NMR screening of metalloenzymes’ by Kathleen E. Prosser et al. , Chem. Commun. , 2021, 57 , 4934–4937, DOI: 10.1039/D1CC01231B.
WNT5A-JNK regulation of vascular insulin resistance in human obesity (2016)

Obesity is associated with the development of vascular insulin resistance; however, pathophysiological mechanisms are poorly understood. We sought to investigate the role of WNT5A-JNK in the regulation of insulin-mediated vasodilator responses in human adipose tissue arterioles prone to endothelial dysfunction. In 43 severely obese (BMI 44±11 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and five metabolically normal non-obese (BMI 26±2 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) subjects, we isolated arterioles from subcutaneous and visceral fat during planned surgeries. Using videomicroscopy, we examined insulin-mediated, endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses and characterized adipose tissue gene and protein expression using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses. Immunofluorescence was used to quantify endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation. Insulin-mediated vasodilation was markedly impaired in visceral compared to subcutaneous vessels from obese subjects (p<0.001), but preserved in non-obese individuals. Visceral adiposity was associated with increased JNK activation and elevated expression of WNT5A and its non-canonical receptors, which correlated negatively with insulin signaling. Pharmacological JNK antagonism with SP600125 markedly improved insulin-mediated vasodilation by sixfold (p<0.001), while endothelial cells exposed to recombinant WNT5A developed insulin resistance and impaired eNOS phosphorylation (p<0.05). We observed profound vascular insulin resistance in the visceral adipose tissue arterioles of obese subjects that was associated with up-regulated WNT5A-JNK signaling and impaired endothelial eNOS activation. Pharmacological JNK antagonism markedly improved vascular endothelial function, and may represent a potential therapeutic target in obesity-related vascular disease.
Molecular Dynamics Study of Ionomer and Water Adsorption at Carbon Support Materials (2010)

Molecular dynamics simulations were applied to unravel the microscopic structure of Nafion ionomer and water adsorbed at graphitized carbon sheets. The considered molecular model resembles microscopic interfaces at which current generation proceeds in catalyst layers of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. The analysis of equilibrated interfacial configurations shows that Nafion ionomer forms a thin adhesive film on the graphite sheet. At low water content, water molecules form clusters around sulfonic acid groups. At high water content, a continuous water film wets the ionomer surface. The structural analysis of this model did not provide any evidence for interconnected water clusters existing inside the ionomer film, which implies that hydronium ion transport will occur mainly along hydrated ionomer surfaces.
Signal remodulation high split-ratio hybrid WDM-TDM PONs using RSOA-based ONUs (2009)

A signal remodulation scheme using DPSK downstream and OOK upstream signals for high split-ratio hybrid WDM-TDM PONs is proposed and demonstrated. Colourless and polarisation insensitive operations are implemented using RSOA at the customer side. By comparing with previous similar remodulation schemes, the proposed scheme can mitigate the phase-to-intensity and polarisation tracking issues. The driving current and launched power of the RSOA are also studied, showing that it could be a promising candidate for the next generation of high split-ratio hybrid WDM-TDM PONs.
Normocalcemic Hyperparathyroidism Culminating in Hypercalcemic Crisis (1968)

Definitive therapy for acute hypercalcemic crises of hyperparathyroidism is surgical removal of all hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue. Often the hypercalcemic syndrome of intractable nausea and vomiting, somnolence or coma, decreasing urinary flow, progressive azotemia, and cardiac arrhythmias greatly increases the operative risk. The extent of the danger is shown by an overall mortality of about 65%.<sup>1-3</sup>Since the syndrome is directly attributable to the high level of ionized calcium in the serum, clinical improvement depends on reducing the calcium level. Usually this is attempted by increasing calcium excretion or by chelating or complexing calcium ions. However, the former method depends on good urinary output and many times is ineffective because glomerular filtration is almost always very poor in this syndrome. Calcium complexing agents may cause additional renal damage. Although dialysis avoids both of these objections, several authors have concluded that neither peritoneal dialysis nor hemodialysis is helpful in the management
Liver resection in the elderly: A retrospective cohort study of 460 patients – Feasible and safe (2016)

Age alone should not be a contraindication for liver resection. However, elderly patients who develop pneumonia are at high risk for postoperative mortality. Therefore, factors such as short time of invasive ventilation, direct and intensive respiratory therapy and mobilization are of particular importance and should be focused on even more.
<title>Imaging of scattering media by diffusion tomography: an iterative perturbation approach</title> (1992)

This paper describes an iterative perturbation approach for imaging the absorption properties of a dense scattering medium. This method iteratively adjusts a current estimate until the calculated photon fluxes for the estimated medium match the detected readings. The inverse update in each iteration is accomplished by solving a linear perturbation equation. It is similar to the compensation theory method used in electrical impedance tomography. A comparison was made between the methods of conjugate gradient descent and projection onto convex sets for the solution of the perturbation equation. The former converges more rapidly, but can yield an inaccurate solution where the problem is underdetermined. The latter can incorporate many types of a priori information to reach a correct solution, but progresses very slowly. A multi-grid, progressive reconstruction technique is proposed, which computes the fine details with the help of the coarse structure. It is quite effective in forcing the correct solution and reducing computation time. These methods have been used to reconstruct several inhomogeneous media containing simple structures, from steady-state reflectance data. Two sets of data are tested: one calculated according to the perturbation model, and the other using Monte-Carlo methods. When the difference between the absorption distributions of the test medium and the initial estimate is localized, a single step of the perturbation approach can resolve the absorption distribution reasonably well to within 5 transport mean free pathlengths from the surface. At greater depths, the reconstruction is less reliable.
OFDM With Subcarrier Number Modulation (2018)

A new modulation technique, named orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with subcarrier number modulation, is proposed for efficient data transmission. In this scheme, the information bits are conveyed by changing the number of active subcarriers in each OFDM subblock. The idea behind this scheme is inspired from the integration of OFDM with pulse width modulation, where the width of the pulse represents the number of active subcarriers corresponding to specific information bits. This is different from OFDM with index modulation (OFDM-IM), where the information bits are sent by the indices of the subcarriers instead of their number. The scheme is shown to provide better spectral efficiency than that of OFDM-IM at comparable bit error rate performances. Another key merit of the proposed scheme over OFDM-IM is that the active subcarriers can be located in any position within the subblock, thus enabling channel-dependent optimal subcarrier selection that can further enhance the system performance.
Testing aspheric surfaces with computer-generated holograms: analysis of adjustment and shape errors (1985)

Various interferometric methods can be used for testing aspheric surfaces with high accuracy. Using a partially compensating lens in a Twyman-Green arrangement together with a computer-generated hologram instead of a null corrector gives great flexibility. For quantitative analysis a high-resolution automatic fringe analysis is necessary. The interferometric arrangement and the setup for the interferogram data acquisition are described along with different algorithms for calculating the wave front data. Tilt and decentering of the aspheric surface and the synthetic hologram as well as the actual aspherical parameters can be derived from the calculated wave front using Zernike polynomials to communicate with a ray tracing program. For small adjustment and shape errors the linearity will hold, leading to fast correction and numerical compensation of their effects on the surface error. The method is verified by several examples. Experimental results agree with the proposed model.
ps-laser photolysis of nitrogen solid films at a cryogenic temperature (2000)

Summary form only given. In order to create new possibilities of laser ablation technique, the laser ablation of nitrogen solid films (thickness:>3 mm) on a Cu plate at 10 K was performed upon irradiation with a picosecond-UV laser (FHG of Nd:YLF laser; 263 nm, 8 ps, 10 Hz) in vacuum. UV and visible emissions, which were ascribed to the transition from excited molecular nitrogen (Vegard-Kaplan system; A-X transition) and atomic nitrogen (alpha emission: /sup 2/D-/sup 4/S transition at 523 nm), were detected on the film during the laser irradiation at the fluence of 5 J/spl middot/cm/sup -2/ pulse/sup -1/. These excited species would be produced on a multi-photon absorption process of the nitrogen by the ps-laser irradiation.
Human Merkel cell polyomavirus small T antigen is an oncoprotein targeting the 4E-BP1 translation regulator (2011)

Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) is the recently discovered cause of most Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs), an aggressive form of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Although MCV is known to integrate into the tumor cell genome and to undergo mutation, the molecular mechanisms used by this virus to cause cancer are unknown. Here, we show that MCV small T (sT) antigen is expressed in most MCC tumors, where it is required for tumor cell growth. Unlike the closely related SV40 sT, MCV sT transformed rodent fibroblasts to anchorage- and contact-independent growth and promoted serum-free proliferation of human cells. These effects did not involve protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition. MCV sT was found to act downstream in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway to preserve eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) hyperphosphorylation, resulting in dysregulated cap-dependent translation. MCV sT-associated 4E-BP1 serine 65 hyperphosphorylation was resistant to mTOR complex (mTORC1) and mTORC2 inhibitors. Steady-state phosphorylation of other downstream Akt-mTOR targets, including S6K and 4E-BP2, was also increased by MCV sT. Expression of a constitutively active 4E-BP1 that could not be phosphorylated antagonized the cell transformation activity of MCV sT. Taken together, these experiments showed that 4E-BP1 inhibition is required for MCV transformation. Thus, MCV sT is an oncoprotein, and its effects on dysregulated cap-dependent translation have clinical implications for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of MCV-related cancers.
One‐Pot Organocatalytic Domino Michael/α‐Alkylation Reactions: Direct Catalytic Enantioselective Cyclopropanation and Cyclopentanation Reactions (2008)

The development of one-pot organocatalytic domino Michael/alpha-alkylation reactions between bromomalonates or bromoacetoacetate esters and alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes is presented. The chiral-amine-catalyzed reactions with bromomalonates as substrates give access to the corresponding 2-formylcyclopropane derivatives in high yields with excellent diastereoselectivity and up to 99 % ee. The catalytic domino Michael/alpha-alkylation reactions between 4-bromo-acetoacetate and enals provide a route for the synthesis of functionalized cyclopentanones in good to high yields with 93-99 % ee. The products from the organocatalytic reactions were also reduced with high diastereoselectivity to the corresponding cyclopropanols and cyclopentanols, respectively. Moreover, one-pot combinations of amine and heterocyclic carbene catalysis (AHCC) enabled the highly enantioselective synthesis of beta-malonate esters (91-97 % ee) from the reaction between bromomalonates and enals. The tandem catalysis included the catalytic domino reaction followed by catalytic in situ chemoselective ring-opening of the 2-formylcyclopropane intermediates.
1745 An Evaluation Method of Mechanical Characterization for FRP Pipes with Resin Concrete (2005)

We propose an estimation method of mechanical characterization for FRP pipes with resin concrete. The size and volume fractions of aggregates in resin concrete depend on the mechanical properties of the pipe. Therefore, the three-dimensional modeling method of micro structure for resin concrete has been developed based on the image process and statistical method considering the effect of aggregates. And, in order to investigate an effect of micro structure of resin concrete on macro-scale structure, a multi-scale analysis method (M^3 method) considering the effect of Micro-Meso-Macro scale is applied to the estimation of mechanical behaviors for resin concrete. The mechanical behaviors of a FRP pipe with resin concrete under static compressive load have been analyzed by developed numerical simulation. In the proceeding, the numerical and experimental results are also described.
Cyclopentadienyl Cobalt Complexes as Precatalysts for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution (2017)

Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution is reported with a series of dicationic cobalt complexes [CpCo(N ^ N)(CH 3 CN)](ClO 4 ) 2 (Cp = cyclopentadienyl; N ^ N = bipyridine, pyrazolylpyridine, phenylazopyridine) using N , N ‐dimethylformamidinium buffer as the proton source in acetonitrile. The catalytic current profiles obtained for each complex are very similar to each other with overpotentials ranging from 1.2 to 1.4 V, which suggests a common active catalytic species. Further electrochemical studies demonstrate that these complexes are unstable under electrocatalytic conditions: the bidentate nitrogen ligand is readily lost upon reduction in the presence of acid, initially generating [CpCo(CH 3 CN) 3 ] + , which undergoes further decomposition to surface‐adsorbed species that are responsible for the observed electrocatalysis.
DNA replication: enzymology and mechanisms (1994)

Research into the enzymology of DNA replication has seen a multitude of highly significant advances during the past year, in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. The scope of this article is limited to chromosomal replicases and origins of initiation. The multiprotein chromosomal replicases of prokaryotes and eukaryotes appear to be strikingly similar in structure and function, although future work may reveal their differences. Recent developments, elaborating the activation of origins in several systems, have begun to uncover mechanisms of regulation. The enzymology of eukaryotic origins has, until now, been limited to viral systems, but over the past few years, enzymology has caught a grip on the cellular origins of yeast.
Internal thoracic artery flow competition: studies in a canine H-graft model (2002)

Mild diversion of flow from the LAD was demonstrated during immediate post-ischemic coronary reperfusion only, and could not be elicited under any other physiologic condition. These data suggest that flow competition is unlikely to constitute a clinically significant limitation to the use of H-grafts or other modalities that leave ITA branches patent.
The Interface between Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Proteins Affects Self-Assembly, Pregenomic RNA Packaging, and Reverse Transcription (2015)

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid plays a central role in the virus life cycle and has been studied as a potential antiviral target. The capsid protein (Cp) packages the viral pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) and polymerase to form the HBV core. The role of the capsid in subsequent nucleic acid metabolism is unknown. Here, guided by the structure of the capsid with bound antiviral molecules, we designed Cp mutants that enhanced or attenuated the assembly of purified Cp in vitro. In cell culture, assembly of mutants was consistent with their in vitro biophysical properties. However, all of these mutations inhibited HBV replication. Specifically, changing the biophysical chemistry of Cp caused defects in pgRNA packaging and synthesis of the second strand of DNA. These results suggest that the HBV Cp assembly domain potentially regulates reverse transcription, extending the activities of the capsid protein beyond its presumed role as an inert compartment.