gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relief of Pain following Intravesical Capsaicin in Patients with Hypersensitive Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract (1993)

We have extended our earlier observations on pain relief produced by intravesical instillation of capsaicin (10 microM in saline) in patients with hypersensitive disorders of the lower urinary tract. Patients in group A (n = 15) received intravesical capsaicin on days 0, 14 and 28: on each occasion the drug produced a warm or burning sensation, reduction in bladder capacity and a delayed, transient improvement or disappearance of symptoms. Patients in group B (n = 5) received intravesical capsaicin (10 microM at cystometry) 3 times on day 0. The initial sensation of warmth was experienced on each occasion, indicating that no significant desensitisation has been produced by the first instillation. Clinical improvement similar to that found in group A was observed. Three patients (group C) received warm saline (42 degrees C) at cystometry. This produced a pricking sensation, no change at cystometry and no subjective clinical improvement. Apart from the initial sensation of warmth, no patient in group A or B experienced side effects, either local or systemic. These findings confirm that intravesical instillation of capsaicin has a beneficial effect on patients with hypersensitive bladder disorders. Counter-irritation rather than desensitisation of primary afferents could be a possible mechanism of action. Further studies are needed to establish whether the intravesical administration of capsaicin or capsaicin-like agents represents a new form of treatment for relief of bladder pain.
Effect of O2 on the electron emission characteristics of active molybdenum field emission cathode arrays (1998)

Electron emission from molybdenum field emission microcathode arrays is sensitive to the contamination of the emitters by the residual gases. We studied the effects of O2 exposures on the emission properties of several Spindt type molybdenum field emitter arrays. The arrays were exposed to 0–10 000 L of O2 and the resulting changes in electron emission characteristics were measured. Exposure of the field emitters to O2 resulted in emission degradation ranging from 6.2±1.3% for 10 L to 99.2±0.4% for a 10 000 L exposure. The emission is recoverable for low exposures, but exposures beyond 1000 L result in permanent loss in emission current. We found that the degradation effects are similar in both the dc and pulsed modes of operation of the device. Therefore, dc mode testing can be used as an effective acceleration method in establishing the device lifetimes under various vacuum conditions.
Recurrent Model-Free RL Can Be a Strong Baseline for Many POMDPs (2021)

Many problems in RL, such as meta-RL, robust RL, generalization in RL, and temporal credit assignment, can be cast as POMDPs. In theory, simply augmenting model-free RL with memory-based architectures, such as recurrent neural networks, provides a general approach to solving all types of POMDPs. However, prior work has found that such recurrent model-free RL methods tend to perform worse than more specialized algorithms that are designed for specific types of POMDPs. This paper revisits this claim. We find that careful architecture and hyperparameter decisions can often yield a recurrent model-free implementation that performs on par with (and occasionally substantially better than) more sophisticated recent techniques. We compare to 21 environments from 6 prior specialized methods and find that our implementation achieves greater sample efficiency and asymptotic performance than these methods on 18/21 environments. We also release a simple and efficient implementation of recurrent model-free RL for future work to use as a baseline for POMDPs.
NANOPATTERNED SURFACES FOR CONTROLLED HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION (2006)

Control over cell-substrate interactions is essential to the creation of functional engineered-tissues. In the present study, we explored the effects of surface nanotopography on the organization of cytoskeleton of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) differentiation. hESC colonies were cultured as single cells on replica-molded topographically-patterned fibronectin-coated PDMS. A ridge-groove grating pattern with a periodicity of 1.1 μm and a 500 nm feature height induced cell alignment, elongation, and cytoskeletal rearrangement. Cytoskeleton organization was evident by actin expression and the spatial polarization of focal adhesions was found in aligned cells after 4h. Studies of inhibitors known to affect cellular contractility were also performed. The degree of human ESC alignment and cytoskeleton arrangement was prevented by the presence of actin disrupting agent, cytochalasin D. Inactivation of myosin via Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibition resulted in rapid proliferation. Changes in cell shape may be transduced into regulatory signals by several structures in the cell, including the actin cytoskeleton itself. Utilizing patterned surfaces, we suggest that hESC shape regulates cellular organization and thereby differentiation, by modulating endogenous RhoA activity. Ongoing studies focus on utilizing topography to impose commitment of differentiation to specific lineages.
Transurethral high intensity focused ultrasound: catheter based prototypes and experimental results (2002)

Transurethral catheters containing multiple high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) transducers at their tip have been designed, built and tested for the treatment of prostate tissue. These catheters address a need in the medical community for simple, fast, and effective treatments using low-cost, disposable, and application-specific devices for disease control through tissue ablation. The HIFU transducers used in the transurethral catheter prototypes have a focal length of 10 mm, operate at 5 MHz, and are able to generate total acoustic power levels exceeding 8 Watts. Experimental in vitro and in vivo results show that the catheters can ablate cylindrical tissue volumes >5 cm/sup 3/ around the urethra in less than 15 minutes through simple catheter rotation. These results indicate that catheter-based HIFU transducers can be used to provide a viable alternative to current minimally-invasive therapies for prostate diseases, such as BPH. The technologies also show promise for the treatment of other diseases that would benefit from using small, minimally invasive HIFU transducers (such as esophageal, thoracic, and ear/nose/throat and OB/Gyn applications). Catheter prototypes are described, and in vitro, in vivo, and histology data are presented.
On Predictive RAHT For Dynamic Point Cloud Coding (2020)

We studied predictive coding applied to the region-adaptive hierarchical transform (RAHT) which is used for point cloud compression (PCC). RAHT is part of MPEG’s geometry-based PCC test model and an intra-frame prediction scheme for RAHT (URAHT), wherein the prediction residual is encoded rather than the voxel attributes themselves, has been shown to deliver large gains. We extend the scheme to inter-frame prediction and show that a combination of simple zero-motion-vector (ZMV) inter-frame and intra-frame predictions can provide sizeable gains over pure RAHT or over intra-frame-only prediction when compressing dynamic point clouds. An adaptive method is used such that sections where ZMV does not yield good prediction switch to intra-frame prediction, assuring the performance to be at least that of the intra-frame case. Be the gains large (in steady parts) or very small (where there is rapid motion) results show consistent positive gains coming from a simple inter- and intra-frame prediction combination.
Development of NiO-MgO solid solution catalyst for natural gas reforming under pressurized condition (2000)

This paper reports on catalytic properties and carbon deposition behavior in the CO 2 reforming of methane under pressurized conditions on NiO-MgO solid solution catalyst and MgO supported Ni and Pt catalysts
Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S is an adhesion (1991)

Exoenzyme S from Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been studied as an adhesion for glycosphingolipids and buccal cells. Binding of exoenzyme S to gangliotriosylceramide (GalNAc beta 1-4Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1Cer), gangliotetraosylceramide (Gal beta 1-3 GalNAcT beta 1-4 Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1Cer), and lactosylceramide (Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1Cer) separated on thin-layer chromatograms was observed. Binding curves for exoenzyme S with dilutions of gangliotetraosylceramide immobilized on plastic plates were similar to previously reported results for the intact bacteria. Binding of exoenzyme S to sialylated counterparts of these glycosphingolipids was not seen, indicating that the addition of a sialic acid residue interferes with binding. Exoenzyme S and monoclonal antibody to exoenzyme S inhibit the binding of P. aeruginosa to buccal cells. The presence of exoenzyme S on the surface of P. aeruginosa was detected by immunogold labeling of bacteria with antibodies to exoenzyme S. Results of these studies led us to conclude that exoenzyme S is an important adhesion of P. aeruginosa.
Design and Analysis of a New Five-Phase Brushless Hybrid-Excitation Fault-Tolerant Motor for Electric Vehicles (2017)

High reliability and wide range of speed regulation are key factors for motor drive system in electric vehicles (EVs). To meet the requirement for EV application, this paper proposes and investigates a new five-phase brushless fault-tolerant hybrid-excitation motor. This motor has several advantages over the conventional permanent magnet (PM) motor, such as high fault tolerance and adjustable flux. In addition, to realize flux regulation, based on the utilization of the high-harmonic component of the stator magnetic motive force (MMF), the rotor field winding and the rotor harmonic winding are designed. Unlike the existing hybrid-excitation machines with rotor PM, the proposed motor can achieve the balance between simple structure and no sliding contacts. Moreover, the topology and operation principle of the proposed motor are analyzed. Also, the characteristics of the proposed motor are investigated by using finite-element analysis and experiments with a 2 kW prototype machine. The experimental results are given to be consistent with the theoretical analysis, which validates the correctness of the theory.
2-Fluoroabscisic Acid Analogues:  Their Synthesis and Biological Activities (1998)

Fluorine was introduced into the 2-position of the side chain of abscisic acid (ABA) analogues by Wittig reaction of alpha-ionone derivatives with ethyl triethylphosphono-2-fluoroacetate. The effects of the fluorinated analogues were evaluated on inhibition of cress seed germination and inhibition of gibberellin-inducible alpha-amylase induction in embryoless barley half-seeds. (2E, 4E)-2-Fluoro-5-(1'-hydroxy-2',6', 6'-trimethyl-2'-cyclohexen-1'-yl)-3-methyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid (5b) showed potent inhibitory activity at the same level as ABA in the cress seed germination test, and 5b also inhibited gibberellin-inducible alpha-amylase induction at 4 x 10(-)(6), 3 times the concentration of ABA (1 x 10(-)(6)) for 50% inhibition of alpha-amylase production. 5b also showed dehydrin induction activity. These results indicate that fluorinated ABA analogues mimic ABA action and can be a lead for a plant growth regulator which regulates plant growth or protects plants from environmental stresses.
Kallikrein–kinin in stroke, cardiovascular and renal disease (2005)

Tissue kallikrein, a serine proteinase, produces the potent vasodilator kinin peptide from kininogen substrate. The levels of tissue kallikrein are reduced in humans and animal models with hypertension, cardiovascular and renal disease. Using transgenic and somatic gene transfer approaches, we investigated the role of the tissue kallikrein-kinin system in cardiovascular, renal and central nervous systems. A single injection of the human tissue kallikrein gene in plasmid DNA or an adenoviral vector resulted in a prolonged reduction of blood pressure and attenuation of hypertrophy and fibrosis in the heart and kidney of several hypertensive animal models. Furthermore, enhanced kallikrein-kinin levels after gene transfer exerted beneficial effects, with protection against cardiac remodelling, renal injuries, restenosis, cerebral infarction and neurological deficits in normotensive animal models without haemodynamic effects, indicating direct actions of kallikrein independent of its ability to lower blood pressure. The effects of kallikrein were mediated by the kinin B2 receptor, as the specific B2 receptor antagonist icatibant abolished the actions of kallikrein. Moreover, kallikrein-kinin exhibited pleiotropic effects by inhibiting apoptosis, inflammation, hypertrophy and fibrosis, and promoting angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the heart, kidney, brain and blood vessel. Exogenous administration of kallikrein also led to increased nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP and cAMP levels, and reduced NAD(P)H oxidase activities, superoxide formation and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. These results indicate a novel role of kallikrein-kinin through the kinin B2 receptor as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent in protection against stroke, cardiovascular and renal disease, and may uncover new drug targets for the prevention and treatment of heart failure, vascular injury, end-stage renal disease and stroke in humans.
Overview of spatial channel models for antenna array communication systems (1998)

Spatial antenna diversity has been important in improving the radio link between wireless users. Historically, microscopic antenna diversity has been used to reduce the fading seen by a radio receiver, whereas macroscopic diversity provides multiple listening posts to ensure that mobile communication links remain intact over a wide geographic area. In later years, the concepts of spatial diversity have been expanded to build foundations for emerging technologies, such as smart (adaptive) antennas and position location systems. Smart antennas hold great promise for increasing the capacity of wireless communications because they radiate and receive energy only in the intended directions, thereby greatly reducing interference. To properly design, analyze, and implement smart antennas and to exploit spatial processing in emerging wireless systems, accurate radio channel models that incorporate spatial characteristics are necessary. In this tutorial, we review the key concepts in spatial channel modeling and present emerging approaches. We also review the research issues in developing and using spatial channel models for adaptive antennas.
Shadow-Consistent Semi-Supervised Learning for Prostate Ultrasound Segmentation (2021)

Prostate segmentation in transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) image is an essential prerequisite for many prostate-related clinical procedures, which, however, is also a long-standing problem due to the challenges caused by the low image quality and shadow artifacts. In this paper, we propose a Shadow-consistent Semi-supervised Learning (SCO-SSL) method with two novel mechanisms, namely shadow augmentation (Shadow-AUG) and shadow dropout (Shadow-DROP), to tackle this challenging problem. Specifically, Shadow-AUG enriches training samples by adding simulated shadow artifacts to the images to make the network robust to the shadow patterns. Shadow-DROP enforces the segmentation network to infer the prostate boundary using the neighboring shadow-free pixels. Extensive experiments are conducted on two large clinical datasets (a public dataset containing 1,761 TRUS volumes and an in-house dataset containing 662 TRUS volumes). In the fully-supervised setting, a vanilla U-Net equipped with our Shadow-AUG&Shadow-DROP outperforms the state-of-the-arts with statistical significance. In the semi-supervised setting, even with only 20% labeled training data, our SCO-SSL method still achieves highly competitive performance, suggesting great clinical value in relieving the labor of data annotation. Source code is released at https://github.com/DIAL-RPI/SCO-SSL.
Experimental investigation of a phase-cancelling slow-sound metamaterial with mean flow (2023)

Acoustic metamaterials have a wide variety of potential applications in various engineering disciplines. In many cases, the acoustic medium can be assumed to be at rest. However, for a lot of engineering applications a moving fluid is used to transport energy or substances, or to perform mechanical work. For those cases, acoustic waves are advected and acoustic energy can be dissipated or generated. These effects play a significant role for the design of acoustic metamaterials. In this work, an acoustic metamaterial with a low Mach number mean flow is presented. It is an array consisting of an even number of channels. Half of them are equipped with a slow-sound metamaterial, whereas the other half has unaltered sound propagation characteristics. Thus, the resonance frequencies of the channels are shifted. This results in a phase shift in the acoustic velocity response between both types of channels for a given pressure excitation, resulting in phase cancellation. However, this effect is weakened for higher mean flow velocities.
Control of size dispersity of chitosan biopolymer microparticles and nanoparticles to influence vaccine trafficking and cell uptake (2012)

Structurally related surfactant molecules were exploited to generate chitosan emulsions to provide systematic variation in micelle radii of curvature and size. These compositions provide precise control of chitosan particle dispersity, that is, size distribution according to three quantitative distribution parameters as well as shape distribution. This resulted in a suite of particle size distributions spanning 71 nm to 3.7 μm and a very high degree of particle sphericity, allowing the influence of particle size to be isolated in two in vivo studies relating biopolymer particle size to cellular uptake and trafficking to lymph nodes. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy indicated that the three cell lines examined preferentially internalized chitosan microparticles to a greater extent than nanoparticles over a 24 h period. In an in vivo mouse model, nanoparticles initially trafficked rapidly to lymph nodes draining the site of inoculation followed by further slower uptake. Microparticles trafficked to the lymph nodes with a similar pattern except that the initial discharge was ∼50-fold less than that observed with nanoparticles indicating a profound difference in the physiological transport properties of the two particle types.
Studies on the synthesis of vitamin B12. 2. Synthesis of the "southern" half (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies on the synthesis of vitamin B12. 2. Synthesis of the "southern" halfRobert V. Stevens, Richard E. Cherpeck, Boyd L. Harrison, John Lai, and Richard LapalmeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 98, 20, 6317–6321Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1976https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00436a041RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views536Altmetric-Citations48LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (643 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Study on Certificate Revocation in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (2011)

Certificate revocation is an important security component in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Owing to their wireless and dynamic nature, MANETs are vulnerable to security attacks from malicious nodes. Certificate revocation mechanisms play an important role in securing a network. When the certificate of a malicious node is revoked, it is denied from all activities and isolated from the network. The main challenge for certificate revocation is to revoke the certificates of malicious nodes promptly and accurately. In this paper, we build upon our previously proposed scheme, a clustering-based certificate revocation scheme, which outperforms other techniques in terms of being able to quickly revoke attackers' certificates and recover falsely accused certificates. However, owing to a limitation in the scheme's certificate accusation and recovery mechanism, the number of nodes capable of accusing malicious nodes decreases over time. This can eventually lead to the case where malicious nodes can no longer be revoked in a timely manner. To solve this problem, we propose a new method to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the scheme by employing a threshold based approach to restore a node's accusation ability and to ensure sufficient normal nodes to accuse malicious nodes in MANETs. Extensive simulations show that the new method can effectively improve the performance of certificate revocation.
Noise level estimation using weak textured patches of a single noisy image (2012)

A patch-based noise level estimation algorithm is proposed in this paper, with patches generated from a single noisy image. One can easily estimate the noise level from image patches using principal component analysis (PCA) if the image comprises only weak textured patches. The challenge for patch-based noise level estimation is how to select weak textured patches from a noisy image. As described in this paper, we propose a novel algorithm to select weak textured patches from a single noisy image based on the gradients of the patches and their statistics. Then we estimate the noise level from the selected weak textured patches using PCA. We demonstrate experimentally that the proposed noise level estimation algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithm.
Optimal Design Considerations of a Bus Converter for On-Board Distributed Power Systems (2009)

The power supply systems, which require low-voltage / high-current output has been changing from the conventional centralized power system to a distributed power system. The distributed power system consists of a bus converter and POL. The most important factor is the system stability in bus architecture design. The overlap between the output impedance of a bus converter input impedance of POL causes system instability and has been an actual problem. By increasing the bus capacitor, the system stability can be easily improved. However, due to limited space on the system board, the increasing of bus capacitors is impractical. An urgent solution of this issue is strongly desired. This paper presents the output impedance design for on-board distributed power system by means of three control schemes of a bus converter. The output impedance peak of the bus converter and the input impedance of the POL are analyzed and then conformed experimentally for stability criterion. Furthermore, the design process of each control schemes for system stability is proposed.
Current Urologic Applications of Digital Imaging (2001)

One of the most significant developments in imaging technology has been the process of digitalization. By incorporating currently available digital imaging equipment into surgical practice, urologists can be assured of obtaining real-time video images with optimal clarity and detail. In addition, one can efficiently capture and store still images that are crisper and sharper than their analog counterparts. These factors greatly improve the diagnostic capabilities and organization of today's endourologist.