gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of a model for wall-flow type selective catalytic reduction system (2011)

The two-way diesel particulate filter (DPF)/selective catalytic reduction (SCR) emissions-reduction system has recently been extensively studied due to its potential cost savings and packing flexibility. Unlike a conventional emissions-reduction system that consists of a DPF and an SCR for reduction of both particulate matter and nitrogen oxides (NO x ), this two-way system incorporates SCR function into a wall-flow DPF as a single device by coating SCR catalysts into the filter wall of the DPF. Such a combinatorial system has the advantage of lower system volume and cost, since exhaust gas undergoes soot filtering and NO x reduction reaction simultaneously as it passes through the channels and filter wall. In this work, the mathematical formulations which govern the physical and chemical phenomena in the two-way DPF/SCR are derived and a computer simulation model is developed based on these formulations. The model has been validated and tested with experimental data from a reactor flow bench in a systematic manner, which captures ammonia adsorption/desorption and NO x reduction of the blended two-way DPF/SCR device.
Death in Portuguese Literature for Children and Young People (2012)

Up the 1970s and 1980s, Portuguese society, most notably in rural areas, did not conceal from the young the realities of ageing and the death of loved ones. Today these are effectively prohibited topics, and many children therefore grow up without any knowledge of death. But this shortcoming in the education of the young can in part be overcome by reading literary works such as those analysed in this article. Drawing on a wide range of stories and verses, both creative retellings of traditional tales and more markedly original writings, we see how modern Portuguese authors such as Antnio Mota and ´lvaro Magalhes are able to discuss death in a way that is accessible, and helpful, to children.
Synthesis of fullerenes via the thermal plasma dissociation of hydrocarbons (1997)

A thermal plasma process is described for the synthesis of fullerenes via the dissociation of hydrocarbons. The plasma reactor is equipped with a nontransferred dc plasma torch which was used to dissociate hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons investigated include CH4, C2H2, CBrF3, CCl2F2, and C2Cl4. The best results are obtained with C2Cl4. The collection temperature of the fullerene soot in the process was found to play a critical role in the collection rate of fullerenes.
Rapid release of bound glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by growth factors. Correlation with increased enzymatic activity (1991)

Epidermal growth factor (EGF), a mitogen for renal proximal tubule cells, activated the hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt in renal proximal tubule cells (Stanton, R. C., and Seifter, J. L. (1988) Am. J. Physiol. 254, C267-C271). We therefore evaluated the effect of EGF on the HMP shunt enzymes glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD, the rate-limiting enzyme) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Rat renal cortical cells (RCC) were incubated with either EGF or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and then assayed for G6PD and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities. EGF and PDGF increased G6PD activity by 25 and 27% respectively. Although phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), ionomycin, PMA + ionomycin, and 8-bromo-cyclic AMP had no significant effect on the activity, a 5-min preincubation with PMA potentiated the activation of G6PD by PDGF. Growth factor activation of G6PD was also seen in a fibroblast and epithelial cell line. None of the agents affected 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity in the RCC or in the cell lines. Further exploration into a possible mechanism for G6PD activation revealed that growth factors caused release of G6PD from a structural element within the cell. Streptolysin O permeabilization of RCC did not cause significant release of G6PD. However, within 1 min of addition of EGF or PDGF to permeabilized cells, G6PD was released into the cell supernatant. The nonhydrolyzable analog of GTP, guanosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate), caused a similar release of G6PD. Preincubation with pertussis toxin or guanyl-5'-yl thiophosphate inhibited the PDGF but not the EGF effect. Although the data do not establish a definitive proof linking G6PD release and G6PD activation, these results suggest that they are related. Thus, growth factor stimulation of the HMP shunt likely occurs by a novel mechanism associated with release of bound G6PD.
EndoA/Endophilin-A creates docking stations for autophagic proteins at synapses (2017)

Synapses are very specialized compartments with high metabolic demand to maintain neurotransmission, an essential step for basic brain function. Neurons are post-mitotic and synapses need to stay functional over time-sometimes over decades. Given that synapses are often at a long distance from the cell body, they must use local mechanisms to regulate protein quality control. We show that macroautophagy/autophagy is one of these local processes and found that it is under strict control of the synapse-enriched protein EndoA/Endophilin-A, previously only implicated in endocytosis. Metabolic and neuronal stimulation induce synaptic autophagy and phosphorylation of EndoA by the Parkinson disease kinase Lrrk/LRRK2 is essential to promote the process. EndoA induces membrane curvature in vitro, and, mechanistically, phosphorylated EndoA creates curved membrane-protein docking sites that are capable of recruiting Atg3. Our work reveals a synapse-enriched branch of autophagy under the control of EndoA that may be deregulated in Parkinson disease.
Einfluss einer maternalen Magnesiumtherapie auf die Hirnblutungsrate von VLBW-Frühgeborenen (2005)

Fragestellung: Kürzlich wurde von einer amerikanischen Arbeitsgruppe eine erhöhte Prävalenz von Hirnblutungen bei VLBW-Frühgeborenen, deren Mütter hohe Magnesium-Spiegel aufwiesen, berichtet (J Pediatr 2002; 140:540–6). Wir untersuchten in einer aktuellen multizentrischen Studie die Auswirkung einer Magnesiumtokolyse auf die Prävalenz von Hirnblutungen bei VLBW-Frühgeborenen.
Lithography simulation of contamination-caused defects (1995)

Lithography is the critical process for developing smaller and more dimensionally accurate semiconductor structures more reliably. Many random defects are caused by contamination particles during the lithographic process. Several models have predicted yield loss associated with defect density and particle size. Although some have taken into account the defect growth mechanisms, a more accurate simulator is needed to provide the transformation from the contamination to the defect level. In this paper, the contamination to defect transformation is investigated using the 2D lithographic simulator, METROPOLE. A study is presented that characterizes the effects of particle size, location and composition on the formation of lithographic defects for a 2D metal line structure. Particle characterization and parameterization is carried out for a number of common conditions including different light polarizations, defocus, and nonplanarities. The simulations are checked against defect data from AMD Sunnyvale.
Subband Adaptive Filters (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Subband adaptive filtering Subband adaptive filter structures Aliasing, band-edge effects and solutions Delayless subband adaptive filters MATLAB examples Summary References
HCV Induces Oxidative and ER Stress, and Sensitizes Infected Cells to Apoptosis in SCID/Alb-uPA Mice (2009)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne pathogen and a major cause of liver disease worldwide. Gene expression profiling was used to characterize the transcriptional response to HCV H77c infection. Evidence is presented for activation of innate antiviral signaling pathways as well as induction of lipid metabolism genes, which may contribute to oxidative stress. We also found that infection of chimeric SCID/Alb-uPA mice by HCV led to signs of hepatocyte damage and apoptosis, which in patients plays a role in activation of stellate cells, recruitment of macrophages, and the subsequent development of fibrosis. Infection of chimeric mice with HCV H77c also led an inflammatory response characterized by infiltration of monocytes and macrophages. There was increased apoptosis in HCV-infected human hepatocytes in H77c-infected mice but not in mice inoculated with a replication incompetent H77c mutant. Moreover, TUNEL reactivity was restricted to HCV-infected hepatocytes, but an increase in FAS expression was not. To gain insight into the factors contributing specific apoptosis of HCV infected cells, immunohistological and confocal microscopy using antibodies for key apoptotic mediators was done. We found that the ER chaperone BiP/GRP78 was increased in HCV-infected cells as was activated BAX, but the activator of ER stress-mediated apoptosis CHOP was not. We found that overall levels of NF-kappaB and BCL-xL were increased by infection; however, within an infected liver, comparison of infected cells to uninfected cells indicated both NF-kappaB and BCL-xL were decreased in HCV-infected cells. We conclude that HCV contributes to hepatocyte damage and apoptosis by inducing stress and pro-apoptotic BAX while preventing the induction of anti-apoptotic NF-kappaB and BCL-xL, thus sensitizing hepatocytes to apoptosis.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective C‐C Bond Formation of Carbohydrates by Radical Cyclization Reactions. Part 2. (1989)

Abstract The glycal (I) is converted to the iodinated propargylic ethers (III) which undergo radical‐induced cyclization, forming the bicyclic methylene acetals (IV).
Presence of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Cattle Tick Boophilus microplus and in Epithelial Tissue Culture Cells of Chironomus tentans (1996)

A muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) has been demonstrated and partially characterized in larvae of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. Its properties are compared with mAChR from an epithelial cell line from the dipteran insect Chironomus tentans. Competition studies with cholinergic ligands of different specificity revealed the muscarinic nature of the cholinergic receptors investigated in both species. In homogenates from tick larvae, specific binding sites for [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) with high affinity (1·2±(0·13) nM; Bmax 22·5 pmol mg protein−1) were detected that do not bind nicotinic compounds specifically. The estimated IC50 values for nicotine, imidacloprid and α-bungarotoxin were all in the mM range. Additionally, with tick larvae, high-affinity nicotinic binding sites were detected with [3H]nicotine which could be displaced by high concentrations of imidacloprid or QNB. The estimated IC50 values for nicotine, α-bungarotoxin, imidacloprid and QNB were 43(±8) nM, 0·8(±0·2) μM, 2·8(±0·6) μM and 78(±1·9) μM, respectively. With homogenates of the non-neuronal insect cell line from C. tentans, only high-affinity binding sites for [3H]QNB were found. Muscarinic antagonists selectively displaced [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding to tick larvae homogenates. The mAChR of B. microplus preferred pirenzepine (IC50 2·13(±1·02) μM) among different subtype-specific mAChR antagonists (4-DAMP had IC50 49·9(±9·13) μM and methoctramine had IC50 121(±14·2) μM) indicating a type of binding site similar to the vertebrate M1 mAChR subtype. The tick muscarinic receptor seems to be a G-protein-coupled receptor, as concluded from the 4·8-fold reduction in receptor affinity for binding of the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine M upon treatment with the non-hydrolysable GTP-analogue γ-S-GTP. Binding data for the agonists oxotremorine M (IC50 71·3(±19·6) μM) and carbachol (IC50 253(±87·1) μM) parallel the biological efficacy of these compounds, in that, while oxotremorine M showed some activity against ticks, carbachol was ineffective.
Invariant Language Modeling (2022)

Maxime Peyrard, Sarvjeet Ghotra, Martin Josifoski, Vidhan Agarwal, Barun Patra, Dean Carignan, Emre Kiciman, Saurabh Tiwary, Robert West. Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 2022.
Scaling of structure and electrical properties in ultrathin epitaxial ferroelectric heterostructures (2006)

Scaling of the structural order parameter, polarization, and electrical properties was investigated in model ultrathin epitaxial SrRuO3∕PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3∕SrRuO3∕SrTiO3 heterostructures. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images revealed the interfaces to be sharp and fully coherent. Synchrotron x-ray studies show that a high tetragonality (c∕a∼1.058) is maintained down to 50Å thick films, suggesting indirectly that ferroelectricity is fully preserved at such small thicknesses. However, measurement of the switchable polarization (ΔP) using a pulsed probe setup and the out-of-plane piezoelectric response (d33) revealed a systematic drop from ∼140μC∕cm2 and 60pm∕V for a 150Å thick film to 11μC∕cm2 and 7pm∕V for a 50Å thick film. This apparent contradiction between the structural measurements and the measured switchable polarization is explained by an increasing presence of a strong depolarization field, which creates a pinned 180° polydomain state for the thinnest films. Existence of a polydomain state is demonstrated by piezoresponse force microscopy images of the ultrathin films. These results suggest that the limit for a ferroelectric memory device may be much larger than the fundamental limit for ferroelectricity.
Correction: Multiple Cationic Amphiphiles Induce a Niemann-Pick C Phenotype and Inhibit Ebola Virus Entry and Infection (2013)

Ebola virus (EBOV) is an enveloped RNA virus that causes hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates. Infection requires internalization from the cell surface and trafficking to a late endocytic compartment, where viral fusion occurs, providing a conduit for the viral genome to enter the cytoplasm and initiate replication. In a concurrent study, we identified clomiphene as a potent inhibitor of EBOV entry. Here, we screened eleven inhibitors that target the same biosynthetic pathway as clomiphene. From this screen we identified six compounds, including U18666A, that block EBOV infection (IC 50 1.6 to 8.0 mM) at a late stage of entry. Intriguingly, all six are cationic amphiphiles that share additional chemical features. U18666A induces phenotypes, including cholesterol accumulation in endosomes, associated with defects in Niemann-Pick C1 protein (NPC1), a late endosomal and lysosomal protein required for EBOV entry. We tested and found that all six EBOV entry inhibitors from our screen induced cholesterol accumulation. We further showed that higher concentrations of cationic amphiphiles are required to inhibit EBOV entry into cells that overexpress NPC1 than parental cells, supporting the contention that they inhibit EBOV entry in an NPC1-dependent manner. A previously reported inhibitor, compound 3.47, inhibits EBOV entry by blocking binding of the EBOV glycoprotein to NPC1. None of the cationic amphiphiles tested had this effect. Hence, multiple cationic amphiphiles (including several FDA approved agents) inhibit EBOV entry in an NPC1dependent fashion, but by a mechanism distinct from that of compound 3.47. Our findings suggest that there are minimally two ways of perturbing NPC1-dependent pathways that can block EBOV entry, increasing the attractiveness of NPC1 as an anti-filoviral therapeutic target.
David Baltimore's Mea Culpa (1991)

The following is the statement David Baltimore sent to NIH: A draft report of the investigation conducted by the Office of Scientific Integrity (OSI) of the National Institutes of Health into the 1986 Cell article on transgenic mice has been issued. I welcome OSI's report because of its completeness and detail. I have now had the opportunity to study OSI's findings and to reflect upon the inquiries and proceedings related to both the paper and the data and experimentation that supported the paper's conclusions.
The Thermal Decomposition of Three Magnetic Acetates at Their Autogenic Pressure Yields Different Products. Why? (2007)

Abstract We report on the one‐stage, reproducible, solvent‐free, competent and straightforward approach for the synthesis of fullerene‐like Ni@C, Co@C, and Fe 3 O 4 @C core‐shell nanostructures that can be scaled up. The single precursor reactions of low cost acetates of Fe, Co and Ni are separately conducted at a relatively low temperature (700 °C) in a closed Swagelok reactor, as compared to other methods for the formation of graphitic layers. It is worth mentioning that although identical reaction parameters are employed, using the three acetate precursors, the graphitic carbon is coated on nanosized metallic Ni and Co cores, while Fe tends to form Fe 3 O 4 , maintaining the same core‐shell morphology. The systematic morphological, compositional, structural characterization and the room temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements of the as‐made particles are carried out on a vibrating sample magnetometer. The plausible mechanism is based on the comparison between the dissociation products of three acetate precursors, their obtained experimental data, and calculations on the enthalpy and free energy changes.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Patterning of Flexible Transparent Thin‐Film Transistors with Solution‐Processed ZnO Using the Binary Solvent Mixture (2011)

Abstract Flexible transparent thin‐film transistors (TTFTs) have emerged as next‐generation transistors because of their applicability in transparent electronic devices. In particular, the major driving force behind solution‐processed zinc oxide film research is its prospective use in printing for electronics. Since the patterning that prevents current leakage and crosstalk noise is essential to fabricate TTFTs, the need for sophisticated patterning methods is critical. In patterning solution‐processed ZnO thin films, several points require careful consideration. In general, as these thin films have a porous structure, conventional patterning based on photolithography causes loss of film performance. In addition, as controlling the drying process is very subtle and cumbersome, it is difficult to fabricate ZnO semiconductor films with robust fidelity through selective printing or patterning. Therefore, we have developed a simple selective patterning method using a substrate pre‐patterned through bond breakage of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), as well as a new developing method using a toluene–methanol mixture as a binary solvent mixture.
Consensus Maximization with Linear Matrix Inequality Constraints (2017)

Consensus maximization has proven to be a useful tool for robust estimation. While randomized methods like RANSAC are fast, they do not guarantee global optimality and fail to manage large amounts of outliers. On the other hand, global methods are commonly slow because they do not exploit the structure of the problem at hand. In this paper, we show that the solution space can be reduced by introducing Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) constraints. This leads to significant speed ups of the optimization time even for large amounts of outliers, while maintaining global optimality. We study several cases in which the objective variables have a special structure, such as rotation, scaled-rotation, and essential matrices, which are posed as LMI constraints. This is very useful in several standard computer vision problems, such as estimating Similarity Transformations, Absolute Poses, and Relative Poses, for which we obtain compelling results on both synthetic and real datasets. With up to 90 percent outlier rate, where RANSAC often fails, our constrained approach is consistently faster than the non-constrained one - while finding the same global solution.
A Facile Route for Patterned Growth of Metal–Insulator Carbon Lateral Junction through One-Pot Synthesis (2015)

Precise graphene patterning is of critical importance for tailor-made and sophisticated two-dimensional nanoelectronic and optical devices. However, graphene-based heterostructures have been grown by delicate multistep chemical vapor deposition methods, limiting preparation of versatile heterostructures. Here, we report one-pot synthesis of graphene/amorphous carbon (a-C) heterostructures from a solid source of polystyrene via selective photo-cross-linking process. Graphene is successfully grown from neat polystyrene regions, while patterned cross-linked polystyrene regions turn into a-C because of a large difference in their thermal stability. Since the electrical resistance of a-C is at least 2 orders of magnitude higher than that for graphene, the charge transport in graphene/a-C heterostructure occurs through the graphene region. Measurement of the quantum Hall effect in graphene/a-C lateral heterostructures clearly confirms the reliable quality of graphene and well-defined graphene/a-C interface. The direct synthesis of patterned graphene from polymer pattern could be further exploited to prepare versatile heterostructures.
Thermal Transport through Single-Molecule Junctions (2019)

Molecular junctions exhibit a rich and tunable set of thermal transport phenomena. However, the predicted high thermoelectric efficiencies, phonon quantum interference effects, rectification, and nonlinear heat transport properties of organic molecules are yet to be verified because suitable experimental techniques have been missing. Here, by combining the break junction technique with suspended heat-flux sensors with picowatt per Kelvin sensitivity, we measured the thermal and electrical conductance of single organic molecules at room temperature simultaneously. We used this method to study the thermal transport properties of two model systems, namely, dithiol-oligo(phenylene ethynylene) and octane dithiol junctions with gold electrodes. In agreement with our density functional theory and phase-coherent transport calculations, we show that heat transport across these systems is governed by the phonon mismatch between the molecules and the metallic electrodes. This work represents the first measurement of thermal transport through single molecules and opens new opportunities for studying heat management at the nanoscale level.
Voice query refinement (2012)

We describe a system for the refinement of spoken search queries. Given an initial query (Northern Italian restaurants in New York), instead of requiring a fully-specified followup query (Korean restaurants in New York), a more natural, abbreviated update query (Korean instead) may be spoken. The system consists of a parsing step to identify the type and arguments of the refinement, a candidate generation step to enumerate the possible refinements, and a model classification step to select the best refinement. We present results on test query refinements given both to this system and to human judges that show the automated system outperforms the human judges on that data set.
Ultrasensitive analysis with the crossed-beam thermal lens (1986)

The crossed-beam thermal lens is a two-beam laser technique that produces a high-spatial resolution measurement of weak optical absorbance. The technique has been used for scanning microscope, nonintrusive flow measurements, and liquid chromatographic detection. The authors report the detection of 120 analyte molecules within a 2×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-10</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> volume of liquid. The possibility of detecting and counting single antibodies is considered.