gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Age of Updates in a Simple Relay Network (2018)

In this paper, we examine a system where status updates are generated by a source and are forwarded in a First-Come-First-Served (FCFS) manner to the monitor. We consider the case where the server has other tasks to fulfill referred to as vacations, a simple example being relaying the packets of another non age-sensitive stream. Due to the server's necessity to go on vacations, the age process of the stream of interest becomes complicated to evaluate. By leveraging specific queuing theory tools, we provide a closed form of the average age of the stream which enables us to optimize its packet generation rate and achieve the minimum possible average age. Numerical results are provided to corroborate the theoretical findings and highlight the interaction between the stream and the vacations in question.
Functional Characterization of Peanut Serine/Threonine/Tyrosine Protein Kinase:  Molecular Docking and Inhibition Kinetics with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (2004)

Serine/threonine/tyrosine (STY) protein kinase from peanut is developmentally regulated and is induced by abiotic stresses. In addition, STY protein kinase activity is regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation. Kinetic mechanism of plant dual specificity protein kinases is not studied so far. Recombinant STY protein kinase occurs as a monomer in solution as shown by gel filtration chromatography. The relative phosphorylation rate of kinase against increasing enzyme concentrations follows a first-order kinetics indicating an intramolecular phosphorylation mechanism. Moreover, the active recombinant STY protein kinase could not transphosphorylate a kinase-deficient mutant of STY protein kinase. Molecular docking studies revealed that the tyrosine kinase inhibitors bind the protein kinase at the same region as ATP. STY protein kinase activity was inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and the inhibitor potency series against the recombinant STY protein kinase was tyrphostin > genistein > staurosporine. The inhibition constant (K(i)), and the IC(50) value of STY protein kinase for tyrosine kinase inhibitors with ATP and histone are discussed. All the inhibitors competed with ATP. Genistein was an uncompetitive inhibitor with histone, whereas staurosporine and tyrphostin were linear mixed type noncompetitive inhibitors with histone. Molecular docking and kinetic analysis revealed that Y148F mutant of the "ATP-binding loop" and Y297F mutant of the "activation loop" showed a dramatic increase in K(i) values for genistein and tyrphostin with respect to wild-type STY protein kinase. Data presented here provide the direct evidence on the mechanism of inhibition of plant protein kinases by tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This study also suggests that tyrosine kinase inhibitors may be useful in unraveling the plant tyrosine phosphorylation signaling cascades.
Effect of immunotherapy with allogeneic lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin 2 on established pulmonary and hepatic metastases in mice. (1986)

The adoptive transfer of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells in conjunction with the systemic administration of recombinant interleukin 2 (RIL-2) results in the regression of established pulmonary and hepatic micrometastases from a variety of immunogenic and nonimmunogenic murine tumors in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. Recent studies have shown that this therapeutic approach can mediate the regression of cancer in humans as well. Because of the practical difficulties in obtaining syngeneic or autologous LAK cells for the therapy of cancer in humans we have now evaluated the antitumor efficacy of allogeneic LAK cells generated from different strains of mice. The in vitro lysis of fresh tumor targets by LAK cells is not a major histocompatibility complex-restricted phenomenon since LAK cells of BALB/c-H-2d, DBA/2-H-2d, and C3H-H-2k origin all exhibited lytic activity when tested against allogeneic MCA-102-H-2b tumor cells in short term 51Cr release assays. In vivo, the i.v. transfer of allogeneic LAK cells combined with i.p. injections of RIL-2 reduced the number of established pulmonary metastases induced by either MCA-105 or MCA-101 tumors which are syngeneic to C57BL/6 hosts. The extent of reduction of these pulmonary metastases by the allogeneic LAK cells was directly dependent upon the dose of RIL-2 given; increasing doses of systemically administered RIL-2 resulted in increasingly greater reduction in the numbers of established 3-day pulmonary sarcoma metastases. In dose titration experiments, adoptive transfer of at least 2 doses of 10(8) allogeneic LAK cells was necessary to achieve significant antitumor effect in vivo. Allogeneic LAK cells were also successful in mediating significant regression of hepatic micrometastases. Again, the i.v. transfer of allogeneic LAK cells had a smaller therapeutic benefit compared to i.v. transfer of syngeneic LAK cells. When allogeneic LAK cells were injected intraportally, however, they were as effective as syngeneic LAK cells. Allogeneic LAK cells had little, if any, therapeutic effect on established pulmonary and hepatic metastases when administered to recipients previously immunized to the histocompatibility antigens on the donor cells. Taken together, our results indicate that allogeneic LAK cells from several strains of mice are effective in lysing fresh MCA-102 tumor in vitro and that when given i.v. in sufficient numbers, in conjunction with RIL-2, they can mediate significant reduction in the number of established pulmonary and hepatic micrometastases in nonalloimmunized C57BL/6 mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The effect of ultrasound on the ionic conductance across frog skin in the presence of free-radical scavengers (1990)

In a recent study, Dinno et al. [Ultrasound Meal. Biol. 15, 461–470 (1989).] reported that the increase in ionic conductance across frog skin is primarily due to effects of nonthermal origin. Cavitation was considered to be the major mechanism response for the change in the conductance. Since free radicals (FR), under certain conditions, are known to be generated during cavitation, it was decided to investigate the effect of ultrasound in the presence of free-radical scavengers (FRS). It was found that the presence of 5 mM of either vitamin C or cysteamine caused a significant block to the increase of ionic conductance induced by ultrasound. On the other hand, cystamine, which does not permeate into the cell as readily as the other two FRS, did not interfere as strongly with the action of ultrasound. On the basis of these results, the following indications are suggested: (1) The increase in ionic conductance in the presence of ultrasound is triggered by FR produced by cavitation and (2) in some as-yet-unknown way, secondary effects of cavitation are triggered within the interior of the cell. [Work supported by the NIH under Grant No. 5-RO1-CA-39374-05.]
A magnesium-induced conformational transition in the loop of a DNA analog of the yeast tRNAPhe anticodon is dependent on RNA-like modifications of the bases of the stem (1992)

Two single-stranded DNA heptadecamers corresponding to the yeast tRNA(Phe) anticodon stem-loop were synthesized, and the solution structures of the oligonucleotides, d(CCAGACTGAAGATCTGG) and d(CCAGACTGAAGAU-m5C-UGG), were investigated using spectroscopic methods. The second, or modified, base sequence differs from that of DNA by RNA-like modifications at three positions; dT residues were replaced at positions 13 and 15 with dU, and the dC at position 14 with d(m5C), corresponding to positions where these nucleosides occur in tRNA(Phe). Both oligonucleotides form intramolecular structures at pH 7 in the absence of Mg2+ and undergo monophasic thermal denaturation transitions (Tm = 47 degrees C). However, in the presence of 10 mM Mg2+, the modified DNa adopted a structure that exhibited a biphasic "melting" transition (Tm values of 23 and 52 degrees C) whereas the unmodified DNA structure exhibited a monophasic denaturation (Tm = 52 degrees C). The low-temperature, Mg(2+)-dependent structural transition of the modified DNA was also detected using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. No such transition was exhibited by the unmodified DNA. This transition, unique to the modified DNA, was dependent on divalent cations and occurred most efficiently with Mg2+; however, Ca2+ also stabilized the alternative conformation at low temperature. NMR studies showed that the predominant structure of the modified DNA in sodium phosphate (pH 7) buffer in the absence of Mg2+ was a hairpin containing a 7-nucleotide loop and a stem composed of 3 stable base pairs. In the Mg(2+)-stabilized conformation, the loop became a two-base turn due to the formation of two additional base pairs across the loop.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Robust Control of a Multi-Axis Shape Memory Alloy-Driven Soft Manipulator (2021)

Control of soft robotic manipulators remains a challenge for designs with advanced capabilities and novel actuation. Two significant limitations are multi-axis, three-dimensional motion of soft bodies alongside actuator dynamics and constraints, both of which are present in shape-memory-alloy (SMA)-powered soft robots. This article addresses both concerns with a robust feedback control scheme, demonstrating state tracking control for a soft robot manipulator of this type. Our controller uses a static beam bending model to approximate the soft limb as an LTI system, alongside a singular-value-decomposition compensator approach to decouple the multi-axial motion and an anti-windup element for the actuator saturation. We prove stability and verify robustness of our controller, with robustness intended to account for the unmodeled dynamics. Our implementation is verified in hardware tests of a soft SMA-powered limb, showing low tracking error, with promising results for future multi-limbed robots.
Polarization-independent distortion corrector fabricated using polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (2014)

We demonstrate a polarization-independent distortion corrector fabricated using a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) cell placed on the intermediate image plane of an optical system. At low voltage, a hazy PDLC cell scatters the incident rays and redirects the off-axis propagated chief ray. The chief ray approaches the principal point of the lens element, thereby decreasing image distortion. At high voltage, the PDLC cell becomes transparent, thereby restoring the image distortion. The PDLC-based distortion corrector is an easy-to-fabricate universal device that can be applied to various optical systems. With a large lens diameter, the distortion of a PDLC-corrected image is approximately 1/5 of that of an uncorrected image.
Effect of Molecular Weight on Gelling and Viscoelastic Properties of Poly(caprolactone)–b-Poly(ethylene glycol)–b-Poly(caprolactone) (PCL–PEG–PCL) Hydrogels (2020)

Hydrogels based on poly(caprolactone)-<i>b</i>-poly(ethylene glycol)-<i>b</i>-poly(caprolactone) (PCL-PEG-PCL) have been evaluated extensively as potential injectable fillers or depots for controlled release of drugs. Common drawbacks of these copolymer systems include instability of aqueous solutions and low mechanical strength of gels, issues which are commonly overcome by adding pendant groups to the end of the copolymer chains. Here, a systematic study of the effects of increasing polymer molecular weight (MW) is presented, utilizing PEG blocks of MW 2, 4 or 8 kDa. Triblock copolymers were prepared by the ring-opening polymerization of Ɛ-caprolactone by PEG. Copolymers prepared with PEG MW 2 kDa did not form hydrogels at any copolymer molecular weight. Copolymers prepared with PEG MW 4 kDa formed gels at MW between 11 and 13.5 kDa, and copolymers prepared with PEG MW 8 kDa formed gels at MW between 16 and 18 kDa. Copolymers with PEG block 8 kDa formed hydrogels with high viscosity (17,000 Pa·s) and mechanical strength (G' = 14,000 Pa). The increased gel strength afforded by increased molecular weight represents a simple modification of the reactants used in the reaction feed without added synthetic or purification steps. Shear-thinning of PCL-PEG-PCL triblock copolymer hydrogels allowed for injection through a standard 23G syringe, allowing for potential use as dermal fillers or drug delivery depots.
Study on intracellular trafficking of Mac-1 by direct visualization (2004)

Previously, we constructed DNA vectors containing cDNA of Mac-1 subunits (CD11b or CD18b) fused with fluorescence protein (FP). cDNA fragments and the DNA constructs were then transfected into CHO cells (as CHO-Mac-1-FP). The structure and function of Mac-1-FP obtained from the CHO-Mac-1-FP cells are nearly identical to that expressed in wild type leukocytes. In the present study, the intracellular trafficking of Mac-1 was visualized directly by monitoring the fluorescent intensities of YFP-CD18 and PE-conjugated monoclonal antibody against CD11b under a confocal microscope in CHO-Mac-1-FP cells. The results indicate that: (i) although Mac-1 was not detected in the cell membrane at resting state, it had been translocated and clustered into the cell membrane by 1 h and internalized 2 h after PMA stimulation, at which point the fluorescence intensity began to diminish gradually, probably due to partial degradation of Mac-1. The fluorescence of CD18 and CD11b reappeared on the cell membrane 1 h after re-treatment with PMA, suggesting the recycling of non-degraded Mac-1. (ii) The adhesion rate of CHO-Mac-1-FP to magnetic beads coupled ICAM-1 increased within 4 h after their initial interaction, accompanied by the clustering of Mac-1-FP. After 8 h, the adhesion rate declined and fluorescence also decreased simultaneously. The pattern of change in fluorescence in CHO-Mac-1-FP cells elicited by ICAM-1 beads was similar to that elicited by PMA, suggesting that endocytosis and degradation of Mac-1 occurred after the interaction with ICAM-1. Thus, we conclude that the intracellular trafficking of Mac-1 after activation is associated with membrane translocation, endocytosis, degradation and recycling. These changes are in parallel with the adhesion of CHO-Mac-1-FP cells with ICAM-1, and may be involved in the adhesion and detachment of leukocytes. The detachment of leukocytes may be caused by endocytosis of Mac-1.
The Gefitinib-Sensitizing Mutant Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Enables Transformation of a Mouse Fibroblast Cell Line (2006)

A specific inhibitor of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Gefitinib, displays significant antitumor effects against non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) that express EGFR with mutations in their tyrosine kinase domain. Although previous reports have already demonstrated that oncogenic transformation can be induced by some mutant EGFR forms, the precise differences between mutant and wild-type EGFR in terms of mechanisms of transformation have not been fully elucidated. We show here that a murine fibroblast cell line, NR6 becomes transformed by an expression level of the mutant EGFR form lacking E746-A750 that is far less than that needed with transfected wild-type EGFR. However, the mutant EGFR was unable to transform NR6 in a ligand-independent manner, as was seen with the wild-type EGFR. The consequent biological features after transformation, including DNA synthesis or cell cycle progression and biochemical characteristics such as MAPK activation mediated by the mutant EGFR are comparable and equivalent to those mediated by wild-type EGFR. These data suggest that the mutant EGFR possesses greater ligand-dependent transformation when compared with wild-type EGFR, although the exact mechanisms to account for this characteristic remain to be defined.
Influence of apple polyphenols on inflammatory gene expression (2009)

Apples (Malus spp., Rosaceae) and products thereof contain high amounts of polyphenols which show diverse biological activities and may contribute to beneficial health effects, like protecting the intestine against inflammation initiated by chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). IBD are characterized by an excessive release of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by different cell types which results consequently in an increased inflammatory response. In the present study we investigated the preventive effectiveness of polyphenolic juice extracts and single major constituents on inflammatory gene expression in immunorelevant human cell lines (DLD-1, T84, MonoMac6, Jurkat) induced with specific stimuli. Besides the influence on proinflammatory gene expression, the effect on NF-kappaB-, IP-10-, IL-8-promoter-, STAT1-dependent signal transduction, and the relative protein levels of multiple released cytokines and chemokines were studied. DNA microarray analysis of several genes known to be strongly regulated during gastrointestinal inflammation, combined with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that the apple juice extract AE04 (100-200 microg/mL) significantly inhibited the expression of NF-kappaB regulated proinflammatory genes (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, CXCL9, CXCL10), inflammatory relevant enzymes (COX-2, CYP3A4), and transcription factors (STAT1, IRF1) in LPS/IFN-gamma stimulated MonoMac6 cells without significant effects on the expression of house-keeping genes. A screening of some major compounds of AE04 revealed that the flavan-3-ol dimer procyanidin B(2 )is mainly responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of AE04. Furthermore, the dihydrochalcone aglycone phloretin and the dimeric flavan-3-ol procyanidin B(1 )significantly inhibited proinflammatory gene expression and repressed NF-kappaB-, IP-10-, IL-8-promoter-, and STAT1-dependent signal transduction in a dose-dependent manner. The influence on proinflammatory gene expression by the applied polyphenols thereby strongly correlated with the increased protein levels investigated by human cytokine array studies. In summary, we evaluated selected compounds responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of AE04. In particular, procyanidin B(1), procyanidin B(2), and phloretin revealed anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and therefore may serve as transcription-based inhibitors of proinflammatory gene expression.
High-repetition-rate picosecond pump laser based on an Yb:YAG disk amplifier for optical parametric amplification (2008)

We report on an optical synchronized picosecond pump laser for optical parametric amplifiers based on a Yb:YAG thin-disk regenerative amplifier. At 10 kHz repetition rate pulse energies of 4.5 mJ with 6.8 ps pulse duration were achieved.
Deep Structural Exploration in Zagros, SW Iran, Using Oriented 3-component VSP and Resistivity Borehole Wall Imager (2017)

Summary A deep exploration well was drilled down to 5300 m on the top of a surface fold in the mountainous Zagros in order to encounter a deep anticline at the top of Permian reservoir formation expected in the area. Due to poor surface seismic, geological and practical considerations were used for locating the well. The structural interpretation was refined during the drilling operation, using: well logs, borehole resistivity imaging, geological data, a 2D surface seismic and an intermediate VSP recorded using a three component (3C) sensor tool implemented with a Relative Bearing / Roll angle sensor. The VSP data was processed before drilling the deep interval 5300m to 6130m Total Depth (TD), with the intention to predict any reflection below the intermediate 5300m drilled depth. Next, the whole borehole data was further analyzed after reaching TD. The main focus was on independent extraction of dip/azimuth information from oriented 3C VSP data and from borehole wall resistivity measurements. The highly folded structure encountered by the well and the absence of high energy seismic reflectors with substantial lateral extension detected by the VSP are coherent with the blurred results on the 2D surface seismic section in the well vicinity.
Informative Aspects of Molten KOH Etch Pits Formed at Basal Plane Dislocations on the Surface of 4H‐SiC (2020)

Despite being a destructive technique, molten KOH etch pits at basal plane dislocations are found to have informative aspects, as revealed by photoluminescence imaging and optical microscopy, on the 4° off‐cut (0001) surface of 4H‐SiC p–i–n diode chips, where single Shockley‐type stacking faults have expanded during electroluminescence experiments. Smaller etch pits are observed aligning on single lines along ±[100] that are the shallowest sides of stacking faults. Through closer observation of the pits, the facing directions are found to agree well with a model explaining the two types of partial dislocations constituting the line. Other basal plane dislocation pits are observed by scanning electron microscopy on the sublimation‐grown wafer surface before epitaxial growth. The distances between the partial dislocation cores are measured at each pit. No basal plane dislocation etch pit facing toward ±[100] is found, but a weak correlation is noted between the partial dislocation distance at the cores and the direction that the basal plane dislocations face. The corresponding results are discussed in terms of the image force and the force exerted on steps perpendicular to the (0001) plane, to understand the mechanisms of basal plane dislocation propagation and/or conversion to threading edge dislocations.
Prospective multicenter performance evaluation of the second-generation colon capsule compared with colonoscopy (2009)

The new second-generation colon capsule endoscopy is a safe and effective method for visualizing the colon and detecting colonic lesions. Sensitivity and specificity for detecting colorectal polyps appear to be very good, suggesting a potential for improved accuracy compared with the first-generation system. Further prospective and comparative studies are needed.
Guaranteeing packet order in Load Balanced distributed Schedulers for WASPENT optical packet switches (2008)

In [5] we proposed the load balanced WASPNET scheduler (LBWS), a novel scheduling approach for WASPNET optical packet switching (OPS) nodes. Unlike the original WASPNET description, LBWS is fully distributed and its computational cost is independent of switch size. Since it predicts packet delays at packet ingress based on a deterministic evolution of the switch configuration, it is not necessary to emulate RAM memories. However, LBWS does not maintain packet sequence. In this paper we present the LBWS algorithm with packet ordering (OLBWS), the first proposal to prevent mis-sequencing in a LBWS scheduler. We show that, despite the simplicity of the algorithm, a reasonable throughput can be achieved.
A concise total synthesis of (±)-acutifolone A (2009)

Starting from 4-methylcyclohexanone (7), a concise total synthesis of the pinguisane-type sesquiterpenoid acutifolone A, in racemic form, has been accomplished in 14 steps with an overall yield of 14.5%.
Optimization-based Phase-shift Codebook Design for Large IRSs (2022)

In this paper, we focus on large intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) and propose a new codebook construction method to obtain a set of pre-designed phase-shift configurations for the IRS unit cells. Since the complexity of online optimization and the overhead for channel estimation scale with the size of the phase-shift codebook, the design of small codebooks is of high importance. We consider both continuous and discrete phase-shift designs and formulate the codebook construction as optimization problems. To solve the optimization problems, we propose an optimal algorithm for the discrete phase-shift design and a low-complexity sub-optimal solution for the continuous design. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms facilitate the construction of codebooks of different sizes and with different beamwidths. Moreover, the performance of the discrete phaseshift design with 2-bit quantization is shown to approach that of the continuous phase-shift design. Finally, our simulation results show that the proposed designs enable large transmit power savings compared to the existing linear and quadratic codebook designs [1], [2].