gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in the polymerization of butadiene over the last decade (1999)

The stereospecific polymerization of conjugated dienes began in 1954 with the first catalysts obtained by combining TiCl4 or TiCl3 with aluminum-alkyls, i.e. the catalytic systems previously employed for ethylene and propylene polymerizations. Subsequently, many other catalytic systems were obtained and examined by a combination of transition metal or lanthanide compounds with appropriate alkylating agents. With the advent of MAO as alkylating agent, at the beginning of the 1980s, new catalytic systems were introduced, in some cases much more active and stereospecific than those based on common aluminum-alkyls. Starting from the 2000s, in the wake of what happened in the case of mono-olefins, a new generation of catalysts based on complexes of transition ,metals and lanthanides with various ligands containing donor atoms such as P, N, O (e.g., phosphines, imines imino-pyridines, cheto-imines) has been introduced. These systems have proved particularly active and able to (provide polymers with controlled microstructure (i.e., cis-1,4; 1,2; mixed cis-1,4/1,2 with a variable 1,2 content ,from several types of 1,3-dienes, permitting indeed to establish new correlations between the catalyst structure the monomer structure and the polymer microstructure, and to improve our knowledge on the polymerization mechanism of 1,3-dienes. This paper provides an exhaustive overview of the latest developments in the field of stereospecific polymerization of 1,3-butadiene.
Interaction of CD2 with its ligand lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3 induces adenosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate production in T lymphocytes (1991)

CD2 (T11, the T cell E receptor), a nonpolymorphic 47- to 55-kDa glycoprotein, is a T cell-specific surface protein that plays an important role in T lymphocyte adhesion, signal transduction, and differentiation. A natural ligand of CD2 is lymphocyte function associated Ag-3 (LFA-3 (CD58)), a widely expressed glycoprotein of 50 to 70 kDa. The physiologic interaction of CD2 with LFA-3 functions to increase intercellular adhesion and plays a role in T cell activation. This interaction, however, in the absence of other stimuli, has not previously been shown to induce intracellular signals such as Ca2+ mobilization or IL-2 production. To investigate whether cAMP may play a role in ligand-triggered CD2-mediated signal transduction, we have studied the ability of purified LFA-3 and anti-CD2 mAb to induce changes in intracellular cAMP content in murine Ag-specific T cell hybridomas that stably express wild-type and mutated human CD2 molecules. By using a RIA sensitive to the femtomolar range and specific for cAMP, we demonstrate that purified LFA-3, like anti-CD2 mAb, is capable of inducing marked, transient increases in the intracellular concentration of cAMP. Presentation of purified LFA-3, like anti-CD2 mAb, is capable of inducing marked, transient increases in the intracellular concentration of cAMP. Presentation of purified LFA-3 alone to CD2-expressing hybridoma cells, however, did not stimulate phosphatidylinositol turnover nor IL-2 production. The cytoplasmic domain of CD2 is necessary for these ligand-induced cAMP changes, demonstrating that LFA-3 binding to CD2 transduces a signal to the cell. Experiments using the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine showed that CD2-mediated regulation of cAMP levels occurs primarily by the stimulation of cAMP production rather than by the inhibition of cAMP degradation. These results demonstrate that the interaction of LFA-3 with CD2, in the absence of other stimuli, is capable of initiating intracellular biochemical changes and suggest that CD2/LFA-3 interactions may regulate T cell function at least in part through the generation of intracellular cAMP.
trans-2,5-Disubstituted pyrrolidines: rapid stereocontrolled access from sulfones (2006)

A direct and versatile route for the reliable synthesis of trans-2,5-disubstituted pyrrolidines from pyroglutamic acid is reported, which can be conducted at scale and without chromatographic purification of key intermediates.
Erratum: First‐order Raman scattering of the MAX phases: Ti2AlN, Ti2AlC0.5 N0.5, Ti2AlC, (Ti0.5 V0.5)2AlC, V2AlC, Ti3AlC2, and Ti3GeC2 (2013)

Following publication of the previous article (DOI: 10.1002/jrs.3036) in the 2012 January issue of Journal of Raman Spectroscopy (Volume 43, Issue 1, pages 168–172), the assignment of some of the atomic displacements to the different Raman active vibrational modes in Figure 1 were incorrect.
Vaccines for the 21st century (2014)

In the last century, vaccination has been the most effective medical intervention to reduce death and morbidity caused by infectious diseases. It is believed that vaccines save at least 2-3 million lives per year worldwide. Smallpox has been eradicated and polio has almost disappeared worldwide through global vaccine campaigns. Most of the viral and bacterial infections that traditionally affected children have been drastically reduced thanks to national immunization programs in developed countries. However, many diseases are not yet preventable by vaccination, and vaccines have not been fully exploited for target populations such as elderly and pregnant women. This review focuses on the state of the art of recent clinical trials of vaccines for major unmet medical needs such as HIV, malaria, TB, and cancer. In addition, we describe the innovative technologies currently used in vaccine research and development including adjuvants, vectors, nucleic acid vaccines, and structure-based antigen design. The hope is that thanks to these technologies, more diseases will be addressed in the 21st century by novel preventative and therapeutic vaccines.
Kinetic model of the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over Ru/TiO2 catalyst (2000)

Abstract The kinetic behavior of the Ru/TiO 2 catalyst in the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas was investigated as a function of temperature and partial pressures of CH 4 and O 2 . It was found that the catalyst promotes, to a large extent the direct formation of CO and H 2 from the reaction of methane and oxygen, while the reforming and water–gas shift reactions are negligible under these conditions. A kinetic model, based on formation of CO and H 2 as primary products and of CO 2 and H 2 O as secondary oxidation products, describes satisfactorily the observed kinetic behavior. Values of model parameters satisfy thermodynamic constraints and agree well with data derived from surface science techniques and kinetic studies of elementary surface processes that are in the literature.
Double-crystal x-ray topographic determination of local strain in metal-oxide-semiconductor device structures (1987)

A double-crystal x-ray topograph was used to determine local strain in metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor test chips. The double-crystal machine could sense strains as small as 10−6, with a spatial resolution of a few micrometers. Results indicate that two types of strain are present: local surface strain as well as the more familiar strain due to bulk deformation of the crystal. Both types of strain have been correlated with surface mobility changes in n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor (nMOS) transistors.
Modeling and hexahedral meshing of cerebral arterial networks from centerlines (2022)

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation provides valuable information on blood flow from the vascular geometry. However, it requires extracting precise models of arteries from low-resolution medical images, which remains challenging. Centerline-based representation is widely used to model large vascular networks with small vessels, as it encodes both the geometric and topological information and facilitates manual editing. In this work, we propose an automatic method to generate a structured hexahedral mesh suitable for CFD directly from centerlines. We addressed both the modeling and meshing tasks. We proposed a vessel model based on penalized splines to overcome the limitations inherent to the centerline representation, such as noise and sparsity. The bifurcations are reconstructed using a parametric model based on the anatomy that we extended to planar n-furcations. Finally, we developed a method to produce a volume mesh with structured, hexahedral, and flow-oriented cells from the proposed vascular network model. The proposed method offers better robustness to the common defects of centerlines and increases the mesh quality compared to state-of-the-art methods. As it relies on centerlines alone, it can be applied to edit the vascular model effortlessly to study the impact of vascular geometry and topology on hemodynamics. We demonstrate the efficiency of our method by entirely meshing a dataset of 60 cerebral vascular networks. 92% of the vessels and 83% of the bifurcations were meshed without defects needing manual intervention, despite the challenging aspect of the input data. The source code is released publicly.
Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy at the interface between ultrathin Fe film and MgO studied by angular-dependent x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (2014)

Interface perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) in ultrathin Fe/MgO (001) has been investigated using angular-dependent x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). We found that anisotropic orbital magnetic moments deduced from the analysis of XMCD contribute to the large PMA energies, whose values depend on the annealing temperature. The large PMA energies determined from magnetization measurements are related to those estimated from the XMCD and the anisotropic orbital magnetic moments through the spin-orbit interaction. The enhancement of anisotropic orbital magnetic moments can be explained mainly by the hybridization between the Fe 3dz2 and O 2pz states.
On the Gaussian MIMO Wiretap Channel (2007)

Wyner's wiretap channel is generalized to the case when the sender, the receiver and the eavesdropper have multiple antennas. We consider two cases: the deterministic case and the fading case. In the deterministic case, the channel matrices of the intended receiver and the eavesdropper are fixed and known to all the nodes. In the fading case, the channel matrices experience block fading and the sender has only the intended receiver's channel state information (CSI) and statistical knowledge of the eavesdropper's channel. For the deterministic case, a scheme based on the generalized-singular-value-decomposition (GSVD) of the channel matrices is proposed and shown to achieve the secrecy capacity in the high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) limit. When the intended receiver has only one antenna (MISO case) the secrecy-capacity is characterized for any SNR. Next, a suboptimal "artificial noise" based scheme is considered. Its performance is characterized and observed to be nearly optimal in the high SNR regime for the MISO case. This scheme extends naturally to the fading case and results are reported for the MISO case. For the independent Rayleigh fading distribution as we simultaneously increase the number of antennas at the sender and the eavesdropper, the secrecy capacity approaches zero if and only if the ratio of the number of eavesdropper antennas to transmitter antennas is at least two.
A Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Haplotype (TthIII1/ER22/23EK/9β) Is Associated with a More Aggressive Disease Course in Multiple Sclerosis (2009)

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a non-steroidal estrogen that induces developmental anomalies of the female reproductive tract. The homeobox gene HOXA10 controls uterine organogenesis, and its expression is altered after in utero DES exposure. We hypothesized that an epigenetic mechanism underlies DES-mediated alterations in HOXA10 expression. We analyzed the expression pattern and methylation profile of HOXA10 after DES exposure. Expression of HOXA10 is increased in human endometrial cells after DES exposure, whereas Hoxa10 expression is repressed and shifted caudally from its normal location in mice exposed in utero. CpG methylation frequency in the Hoxa10 intron was higher in DES-exposed offspring compared to controls (P 0.017). The methylation level of Hoxa10 was also higher in the caudal portion of the uterus after DES exposure at the promoter and intron (P 0.01). These changes were accompanied by increased expression of DNA methyltransferases 1 and 3b. No changes in methylation were observed after in vitro or adult DES exposure. DES has a dual mechanism of action as an endocrine disruptor; DES functions as a classic estrogen and directly stimulates HOXA10 expression with short-term exposure, however in utero exposure results in hypermethylation of the HOXA10 gene and long-term altered HOXA10 expression. We identify hypermethylation as a novel mechanism of DES induced altered developmental programming.
Oxide etch rate estimation using plasma impedance monitoring (2005)

The oxide etch rate of a single chamber of plasma etch tool is estimated from plasma impedance data collected during the etch process. The etch rate is estimated using a linear statistical model and etch rate measurements performed on special test wafers. Stepwise regression is used to select possible predictors from a large pool of summary statistics calculated from the plasma impedance waveforms. The relationship of the estimated mean etch rate to yield and potential yield optimization is explored. An example application of an advanced process controller to optimize the yield of the wafers processed by the etch tool in the presence of varying chamber conditions is also presented.
Biphenyl 2,3′,4,5′,6‐pentakisphosphate, a novel inositol polyphosphate surrogate, modulates Ca 2+ responses in rat hepatocytes (2007)

Benzene polyphosphates containing phosphate groups on one ring are Ins(1,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase inhibitors when evaluated against type-I Ins(1,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase. A novel biphenyl derivative, biphenyl 2,3',4,5',6-pentakisphosphate, with five phosphate groups on two rings was synthesized: It inhibited the activity of two inositol 5-phosphatases: type I and SHIP2 with Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 as substrate. The inhibition was competitive with respect to the substrate. IC50 value measured in rat hepatocytes, which contains the native Ins(1,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase, was in the micromolar range at 1.0 microM Ins(1,4,5)P3 as substrate. Biphenyl 2,3',4,5',6-pentakisphosphate did not affect the activity of Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase A in the 5-100 microM range. Surprisingly, experimental evidence supports an effect of biphenyl 2,3',4,5',6-pentakisphosphate at the level of the Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor. Finally, when injected into rat hepatocytes, the analog affected the frequency of Ca2+ oscillations in a positive or negative way depending on its concentration. At very high concentrations of the analog, Ca2+ oscillations were even suppressed. These data were interpreted as a dual effect of the biphenyl 2,3',4,5',6-pentakisphosphate on cytosolic [Ca2+] increases: an activation effect through an increase in Ins(1,4,5)P3 level via Ins(1,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase inhibition and an inhibitory effect, which was exerted directly on the Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor. Thus, our data show for the first time that the frequency of Ca2+ oscillations in response to a Ca2+-mobilizing agonist can be controlled by inhibitors of type-I Ins(1,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase.
Using the distiller to direct the development of self-configuration software (2004)

Many storage systems have become so complex that that the system administrator's salary represents almost half of the total cost of ownership. One approach to reducing this cost is to develop storage systems that can configure and manage themselves. Unfortunately, our ability to develop such software has been hindered by a limited understanding of how workloads and storage systems interact. In earlier work we presented the design of the Distiller - our tool that automates the process of finding a workload's key performance-affecting attributes. In this paper, we distill three production workloads and show that the values of the chosen attributes contain information that will help self-configuring disk array to choose a reasonable prefetch length and RAID stripe unit size. We also discuss how the chosen attributes may help direct the development of algorithms that compute near-optimal prefetch lengths and stripe unit sizes.
Bidirectional current source converter: Design, control and performance evaluation (2016)

This paper investigates feasibility of a current source converter (CSC) for battery energy storage applications. An inherent feature of the converter is boosting of the DC-link voltage. We discuss the converter operation principle and choice of circuit parameters with effects on system performance. A model that includes switching harmonics is derived to predict accurate behavior of various voltages and currents. Using the model, the performance of the CSC is investigated for a range of practical operating conditions. A control scheme for regulating load current and DC-link voltage is proposed. The validity of both the model and control scheme is shown using simulation results of a 1 kW system.
Blood cell numbers in inducible Sgpl1-deficient mice. (2015)

&lt;p&gt;Mice were treated on 5 consecutive days with 40 mg/kg tamoxifen p.o. &lt;i&gt;A, B,&lt;/i&gt; Two weeks after tamoxifen treatment of Sgpl1&lt;sup&gt;Flox/Flox&lt;/sup&gt; Cre&lt;sup&gt;+/−&lt;/sup&gt; mice (open bars) and of Sgpl1&lt;sup&gt;Flox/Flox&lt;/sup&gt; Cre&lt;sup&gt;−/−&lt;/sup&gt; controls (closed bars) (n = 5/group), differential blood cell counts were determined (&lt;i&gt;A&lt;/i&gt;) and FACS analysis of lymphocyte subsets was performed (&lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt;). &lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt;, Time course of blood T cell number reduction in induced Sgpl1&lt;sup&gt;Flox/Flox&lt;/sup&gt; Cre&lt;sup&gt;+/−&lt;/sup&gt; mice. (n = 5/group). Blood samples were analysed at the indicated time points by FACS with staining for CD3/CD4 (closed bars) and CD3/CD8-double positive T cells (open bars).&lt;/p&gt;
Detection of Carotid Artery Stenosis with Intraplaque Hemorrhage and Neovascularization Using a Scanning Interferometer (2021)

Carotid artery stenosis (CAS) is a major cause of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA, mini-stroke) in the United States. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA), a surgical procedure, is used to treat CAS. According to the American Heart Association, 1 out of 5 patients underwent CEA inappropriately, which was most commonly due to apparent overestimation of stenosis severity, and half had uncertain indicators. The current imaging modalities are limited in providing critical information on carotid arterial plaque content, extent, and biology. To circumvent these limitations, we developed a sensing interferometer (SI) imaging system to assess vulnerable carotid plaques noninvasively to detect stenosis, neovascularization, and intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH). We have custom-built a SI prototype and its peripheral systems with back-mode-projection capability. We detected stenosis, neo-vessels, and IPH through SI imaging system in in vivo mice carotid atherosclerotic plaques and further verified the same plaques ex vivo through a histology scope, CRi Maestro, and histological analysis.
Ordered Droplet Structures at the Liquid Crystal Surface and Elastic-Capillary Colloidal Interactions (2004)

We demonstrate a variety of ordered patterns, including hexagonal structures and chains, formed by colloidal particles (droplets) at the free surface of a nematic liquid crystal (LC). The surface placement introduces a new type of particle interaction as compared to particles entirely in the LC bulk. Namely, director deformations caused by the particles lead to distortions of the interface and thus to capillary attraction. The elastic-capillary coupling is strong enough to remain relevant even at the micron-scale when its buoyancy-capillary counterpart becomes irrelevant.
Plasmon Inducing Effects for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: X-ray Absorption Approach to Electronic Structures (2012)

Artificial photosynthesis using semiconductors has been investigated for more than three decades for the purpose of transferring solar energy into chemical fuels. Numerous studies have revealed that the introduction of plasmonic materials into photochemical reaction can substantially enhance the photo response to the solar splitting of water. Until recently, few systematic studies have provided clear evidence concerning how plasmon excitation and which factor dominates the solar splitting of water in photovoltaic devices. This work demonstrates the effects of plasmons upon an Au nanostructure-ZnO nanorods array as a photoanode. Several strategies have been successfully adopted to reveal the mutually independent contributions of various plasmonic effects under solar irradiation. These have clarified that the coupling of hot electrons that are formed by plasmons and the electromagnetic field can effectively increase the probability of a photochemical reaction in the splitting of water. These findings support a new approach to investigating localized plasmon-induced effects and charge separation in photoelectrochemical processes, and solar water splitting was used herein as platform to explore mechanisms of enhancement of surface plasmon resonance.
Anion conducting multiblock copolymers with different tethered cations (2018)

ABSTRACT A multiblock copoly(arylene ether) polymer was used to quantitatively compare the ion conducting channels formed by three different, tethered cation head‐groups. The synthesis allowed for the formation of an exact number of tethers on each repeat unit. Three head‐groups, quaternary trimethylammonium (TMA), quinuclidium (ABCO), and tris(2,4,6‐trimethoxyphenyl)phosphonium (TTMPP) cation head‐groups were compared in terms of size of the conducting channels, ionic conductivity of the mobile hydroxide ion, mechanical properties, quantity of productive and unproductive water, and chemical stability of the membrane in base. The interdomain spacing showed that multiblock copolymers with larger cations formed larger ion conduction channels in the membrane. Larger cations resulted lower ion exchange capacity (IEC) even though the polymer backbone and tether arrangements were identical. TMA was the most stable cation after exposure to 1 M NaOH at 60 °C for 20 days. ABCO had a lower number of bound water molecules and a 22% loss in ion conductivity after treatment in 1 M NaOH at 60 °C for 20 days due to the higher hydroxide ion concentration in the ion conductive blocks. Membranes with TMA head‐groups also had the best mechanical properties. Two membrane preparation methods were compared. The presence of the cation head‐groups assists in phase segregation. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018 , 56 , 1395–1403
A novel and rapid method for isolating sequences adjacent to rare cutting sites and their use in physical mapping (1991)

We describe a simple PCR based technique which can be used to isolate sequences adjacent to rare cutter sites and can subsequently be employed for the construction of long range physical maps. The method involves the ligation of an adaptor to rare cutter sequences and its use as a target for forward priming in PCR. Primers to Alu repeat elements initiate synthesis of the reverse strand. Using this technique any rare cutter site which has a repeat element within amplification range can be cloned. We have isolated six unique sequences around NotI sites from an irradiation reduced hybrid containing a fragment of human chromosome 22 and are using these for physical mapping around the Ewing's sarcoma translocation breakpoint on chromosome 22.