gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-Performance Video Codec for Super Hi-Vision (2012)

To help pave the way for Super Hi-Vision (SHV) broadcasting, we have developed a new codec system that can encode and decode SHV signals in real time. This is the third generation of SHV real-time hardware codec. This efficient compression system maintains high picture quality by using eight 1080/60p (60 frames/s) encoding units and a video format converter with signal compensation processing that takes the properties of the Dual Green format of SHV into account. The video format converter divides an SHV image spatially into eight 1920 × 1080 portions, each of which is fed to the encoding unit. In the previous SHV codec, the SHV image was divided into 16 portions (spatially eight and temporally two) and 16 1080/30p encoding units were used. Compared with the previous system, the new codec achieves a 50% bitrate saving and downsizes the codec by almost half. Furthermore, several new technologies were developed and installed in the codec. We conducted the world's first SHV international transmission over an advanced Internet connection using the codec at a TS rate of 260 Mb/s. The received picture quality was good enough to show any kind of SHV content on a large screen.
Introduction by Topic Editor, Maurice M. Smith, M.D. (1999)

Recent advances in optics and technology have revolutionized the field of endoscopic surgery.In general surgery, endoscopic approaches to a variety of procedures, such as cholecystectomy, have become the standard of care.In similar fashion, endoscopic approaches to meniscectomy have replaced older, "tried and true" orthopedic techniques.Endoscopy has clearly changed the field of surgery.An endoscopic approach allows for a less invasive exposure, while permitting the surgeon to achieve the same operative goals as the standard open procedure.Conventional microsurgical techniques, used in open surgery, are now being used endoscopically.Smaller incisions and less tissue trauma result in less pain, shorter hospitalization, and faster recovery for the patient.In spinal surgery, there is extensive morbidity associated with the soft-tissue dissection necessary to gain adequate exposure to the spine.Endoscopic approaches to the spine reduce this morbidity substantially.Minimally invasive techniques that can achieve the same operative goal as conventional open surgery will become the standard of care, just as they have in other fields of surgery.Although endoscopic developments in the field of spinal surgery have lagged behind those in other specialties, rapid progress is being made.The articles in this edition of Neurosurgical Focus highlight some of these developments.Of course, newer is not always better.Appropriate caution is in order while we await randomized, prospective studies to validate these new techniques.Nonetheless, advances in the field of minimally invasive spinal surgery are interesting and deserve careful inspection.
Time Dependence of Laser-Induced Surface Breakdown in Fused Silica at 355 nm in the Nanosecond Regime (1991)

Laser-induced surface breakdown in fused silica has been studied as a function of pulse width in the nanosecond regime. The third harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser was used to produce 7.5 ns duration pulses (FWHM) at 355 nm. A novel system using optical delay lines was used to extend these pulses to variable widths between 7.5 and 400 ns. At each pulse width, the beam was focused onto the surface of a commercially available fused silica flat and the breakdown fluence was determined. The breakdown fluence threshold was found to scale as the pulse width to the 0.8 power, significantly higher than the 0.5 power reported elsewhere for similar cases. Experiments were also performed on 200 μm core fused silica optical fibers and the results obtained were consistent with a 0.8 power scaling law. This strong scaling law led to a dramatic increase in the amount of 355 nm light that could be transmitted through 200 μm core fibers — from 1–2 mJ at 7.5 ns up to over 30 mJ at 400 ns. An experiment was also performed to probe the recovery time of fused silica (the time separation between pulses such that their effects are independent). This time was determined to be less than 25 ns.
Dynamic Wetting of Ni-Al Alloy Under MCFC Conditions (2020)

Ni-Al alloy is one of the most commonly used anode materials in the molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC). Wettability of the Ni-Al influences the active reaction area inside the porous anode and is therefore an important parameter in determining the performance of the cell. Moreover, the amount of carbonate in the electrode changes over the lifetime of a cell, and so does the extent of wetting. Therefore, the dynamic wetting of dense as well as porous substrates of Ni-Al alloy by molten carbonate was investigated. The effect of Al content on the dynamic wetting was investigated under both pure CO 2 and reducing (80%H 2 +20%CO 2 humidified at 45 °C) atmospheres. The contact angle on dense Ni-Al alloy decreased with increase of Al content under both atmospheres. It was higher under pure CO 2 atmosphere than under reducing atmosphere. The effects of porosity and of degree-of-filling (the amount of carbonate in relation to the empty pore volume available) on the time-dependent behavior of the contact angle were investigated, and the rate of absorption of molten carbonate into the substrate was measured. The absorption rate was significantly slowed down only when the molten carbonate added exceeded the volume of empty pores inside the substrate.
Nanometric AlGaN/GaN HEMT Performance with Implant or Mesa Isolation (2011)

AlGaN/GaN 70-nm-gate high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) fabricated using either ion implantation or conventional mesa isolation are compared. Although the resulting devices display comparable dc characteristics, the isolation process influences the RF and pulsed <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</i> - <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> characteristics. Although others have described implant-isolated GaN HEMTs, published reports focused on limited performance metrics, such as the gate leakage current. The present multiparametric study explicitly contrasts the performance of ion-implanted devices to otherwise identical mesa-isolated deep-submicrometer high-speed AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, in terms of transistor cutoff frequencies, small-signal model parameters, microwave noise performance, gate leakage currents, and large-signal pulsed <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</i> - <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> characteristics. We find that implant isolation can bring compelling advantages in terms of bandwidth, microwave noise performance, and tighter parametric distributions.
Astigmatic Gaussian Beams Produced Axially Asymmetric Laser Cavities (1969)

Gaussian beams generated within astigmatic reso- nators are themselves astigmatic, having wavefront curvatures and spot sizes that are different when measured in two orthogonal directions. Expressions are derived for the confocal parameters, spot sizes, waist positions, and stability conditions of beams formed within spherical mirror resonators that contain one or more inclined plates (or Brewster-ended laser rods). An expression is also derived for the resonant frequencies of the TEM,, mode in such a resonator. It is shown that the frequency degeneracy between modes of the same m + n is lifted and the frequency splittings are calculated. The astigmatism produced by prisms used for dispersion is also considered and precautions are described for avoiding serious astig- matism in resonators containing such prisms. s INTRODUCTIOK EVERAL papers have discussed the properties of HermiteGaussian modes produced by spherical mir- ror resonators and also the propagation character- istics of these beams after they emerge from the resonator. A review of the results of these analyses and an extensive bibliography is given by Kogelnik and Li (l). Although these papers have included a study of the effects of in- serting elements such as lenses or more general lens-like devices (e.g., gas lenses and thermally distorted laser rods) into the beam either inside or outside the resonator, the analysis has been mainly restricted to devices having axial symmetry with respect to the beam axis. As a result the beams considered have axial symmetry as far as beam spot size and wavefront curvature is concerned. In practice, however, many lasers are operated with resonators containing elements that lack axial symmetry, such as inclined plates (e.g., Brewster windows, Brewster- end laser rods) or dispersive prisms for wavelength selec- tion (2). Recently, a beam waveguide using Brewster- oriented lenses was reported (3). The effect of these asymmetric devices is to produce astigmatic Gaussian beams, that is, beams that have different spot sizes, wavefront curvatures, and beam-waist positions in two orthogonal directions. This paper investigates the magni- tude of some of these astigmatic effects. One effect of the astigmatism is to lift the frequency degeneracy between the TEM, and TEM,, modes and an expression is derived for the resonance frequencies of TEM,, modes in a spherical mirror resonator containing an inclined plate.
CT contrast predicts pancreatic cancer treatment response to verteporfin-based photodynamic therapy (2014)

The goal of this study was to determine dominant factors affecting treatment response in pancreatic cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT), based on clinically available information in the VERTPAC-01 trial. This trial investigated the safety and efficacy of verteporfin PDT in 15 patients with locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. CT scans before and after contrast enhancement from the 15 patients in the VERTPAC-01 trial were used to determine venous-phase blood contrast enhancement and this was correlated with necrotic volume determined from post-treatment CT scans, along with estimation of optical absorption in the pancreas for use in light modeling of the PDT treatment. Energy threshold contours yielded estimates for necrotic volume based on this light modeling. Both contrast-derived venous blood content and necrotic volume from light modeling yielded strong correlations with observed necrotic volume (R² = 0.85 and 0.91, respectively). These correlations were much stronger than those obtained by correlating energy delivered versus necrotic volume in the VERTPAC-01 study and in retrospective analysis from a prior clinical study. This demonstrates that contrast CT can provide key surrogate dosimetry information to assess treatment response. It also implies that light attenuation is likely the dominant factor in the VERTPAC treatment response, as opposed to other factors such as drug distribution. This study is the first to show that contrast CT provides needed surrogate dosimetry information to predict treatment response in a manner which uses standard-of-care clinical images, rather than invasive dosimetry methods.
Design of Non-slip Tripod Cane with Link Mechanism (2018)

Canes are used by many people. However, most of them are unstable on uneven ground. We have developed a tripod cane with link mechanism for the safe walk of cane users. In this paper, we improve the property characteristics of slipping in the cane.
Design Evaluation of High Reliability Lithium Batteries (1985)

Within one year, a lithium battery design can be qualified for device use through the application of accelerated discharge testing, calorimetry measurements, real time tests and other supplemental testing. Materials and corrosion testing verify that the battery components remain functional during expected battery life. By combining these various methods, a high reliability lithium battery can be manufactured for applications which require zero defect battery performance.
Deliberative Mini-Publics (2021)

Bringing together ten leading researchers in the field of deliberative democracy, this important book examines the features of a Deliberative Mini-Public (DMP) and considers how DMPs link into democratic systems. It examines the core design features of DMPs and their role in the broader policy process and takes stock of the characteristics that distinguish them from other forms of citizen participation. In doing so, the book offers valuable insights into the contributions that DMPs can make not only to the policy process, but also to the broader agenda of revitalising democracy in contemporary times.
Building towards Supercapacitors with Safer Electrolytes and Carbon Electrodes from Natural Resources (2023)

The growing interest in energy storage devices, both batteries and capacitors, could lead to the improvement of electrochemical properties such as extended charge/discharge cycles, high specific capacitance, and power density. Furthermore, the use of easily available raw materials for the production of carbon electrodes has attracted interest due to the criticality of the resources related to the current technologies of high-performance capacitors. The present article reviews carbon-based materials for supercapacitors derived from affordable coal deposits or crop waste with appropriate characteristics in terms of specific surface area, electrical conductivity, and charge/discharge stability. In addition, the substitution of organic liquids electrolytes with less dangerous solutions, such as aqueous electrolytes containing high concentrations of salt, is a valuable strategy for the design of green devices that is discussed in this review. Finally, the present article reviews the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors based on carbon electrodes obtained from various natural resources and their compatibility with safer and cheaper electrolytes.
Catamenial Pneumothorax in the Setting of a Recent Stroke (2022)

Catamenial pneumothorax is a unique condition associated with thoracic endometriosis. It often presents in females of reproductive age as a recurrent pneumothorax aligned with the menstrual cycle. We present a case of a young female diagnosed with catamenial pneumothorax within one year of experiencing a stroke. The clinical presentation related to the stroke allowed for a unique diagnostic process and management considerations. The patient was successfully treated with progesterone-based contraception in the setting of an estrogen contraindication.
Detecting hit shaving in click-through payment schemes (1998)

A web user clicks one web site, the referrer, to another web site, the target, if the user follows a hypertext link to the target's site contained in a web page served from the referrer's site. Numerous click-through payment programs have been established on the web, by which (the webmaster of) a target site pays a referrer site for each click through that referrer to the target. However, typically the referrer has no ability to verify that it is paid for every click-through to the target for which it is responsible. Thus, targets can undetectably omit to pay referrers for some number of click-throughs, a practice called hit shaving. In this paper, we explore simple and immediately useful approaches to enable referrers to monitor the number of click-throughs for which they should be paid.
SIMULTANEOUS IMAGING OF A lacZ-MARKED TUMOR AND MICROVASCULATURE MORPHOLOGY IN VIVO BY DUAL-WAVELENGTH PHOTOACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY (2008)

Photoacoustic molecular imaging, combined with the reporter-gene technique, can provide a valuable tool for cancer research. The expression of the lacZ reporter gene can be imaged using photoacoustic imaging following the injection of X-gal, a colorimetric assay for the lacZ-encoded enzyme β-galactosidase. Dual-wavelength photoacoustic microscopy was used to non-invasively image the detailed morphology of a lacZ-marked 9L gliosarcoma and its surrounding microvasculature simultaneously in vivo, with a superior resolution on the order of 10 μm. Tumor-feeding vessels were found, and the expression level of lacZ in tumor was estimated. With future development of new absorption-enhancing reporter-gene systems, we anticipate this strategy can lead to a better understanding of the role of tumor metabolism in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis, and in its response to therapy.
A parametrized branch-and-bound strategy for scheduling precedence-constrained tasks on a multiprocessor system (2002)

In this paper we experimentally evaluate the performance of a parametrized branch-and-bound (B&B) algorithm for scheduling real-time tasks an a multiprocessor system. The objective of the B&B algorithm is to minimize the maximum task lateness in the system. We show that a last-in-first-out (LIFO) vertex selection rule clearly outperforms the commonly used least-lower-bound (LLB) rule for the scheduling problem. We also present a new adaptive lower-bound cost function that greatly improves the performance of the B&B algorithm when parallelism in the application cannot be fully exploited on the multiprocessor architecture. Finally, we evaluate a set of heuristic strategies, one of which generates near-optimal results with performance guarantees and another of which generates approximate results without performance guarantees.
Design, Synthesis, and Properties of Branch-Chained Maltoside Detergents for Stabilization and Crystallization of Integral Membrane Proteins: Human Connexin 26 (2010)

A challenging requirement for structural studies of integral membrane proteins (IMPs) is the use of amphiphiles that replicate the hydrophobic environment of membranes. Progress has been impeded by the limited number of useful detergents and the need for a deeper understanding of their structure-activity relationships. To this end, we designed a family of detergents containing short, branched alkyl chains at the interface between the polar head and the apolar tail. This design mimics the second aliphatic chain of lipid molecules and reduces water penetration, thereby increasing the hydrophobicity within the interior of the micelle. To compare with the popular straight-chained maltoside detergents, the branch-chained beta-D-maltosides were synthesized efficiently in pure anomeric form. The branch-chained maltosides form smaller micelles by having shorter main chains, while having comparable hydrophobicity to the detergents with only straight chains. Selected branch-chained and straight-chained maltoside detergents were examined for their ability to solubilize, stabilize, and aid the crystallization of human connexin 26, an alpha-helical IMP that forms hexamers. We showed that the branch-chained maltosides with optimized micellar properties performed as well as or better than the straight-chained analogues and enabled crystallization in different space groups.
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF DEGENERATIVE DISC DISEASES: GENE THERAPY APPROACHES (2005)

AAP Annual Meeting Abstracts: Abstracts of the Scientific Papers and Posters Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association of Academic Physiatrists: Tucson, Arizona February 22–26, 2005: The Electrode Store Paper Presentations: Fellow Award
Achiral Co‐Catalyst Induced Switches in Catalytic Asymmetric Reactions on Racemic Mixtures (RRM): From Stereodivergent RRM to Stereoconvergent Deracemization by Combination of Hydrogen Bond Donating and Chiral Amine Catalysts (2012)

Abstract A stereochemical divergent approach for the highly enantioselective synthesis of distinct bicyclic products with multiple stereocenters from a racemate using a single chiral catalyst is disclosed. It is based on switches of the overall reaction pathways in the chiral amine‐catalyzed cascade reactions between racemic γ‐nitro ketones and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes using different achiral co‐catalysts. The utility of the method is exemplified by the highly diasteroselective switch and stereoconvergent deracemization process by combination of chiral amine and achiral hydrogen‐bond‐donating catalysts.
Stimulation in High Water-Cut Wells: Treatment Optimization Using a Fluid Placement Model (2016)

Abstract This work discusses application of an advanced placement model for optimizing stimulation treatments in high water-cut wells. Stimulation treatments in high water-cut wells are challenging because they can lead to an undesired increase in water production. Associative polymers have been successfully used as diverters for addressing this challenge, and effective treatments have been performed based on experience and guidelines. However, further optimization of such treatments can be achieved using fluid placement models. Model-based treatment design has been described previously but has not been comprehensively applied for diversion by associative polymers. In this work, a transport model was developed for relative water permeability reduction by associative polymers and diversion of stimulation fluids in the pay zone. The model accounted for the mass transport and adsorption of the polymer in the formation. The transport model was integrated into a near-wellbore (NWB) fluid placement model to simulate fluid distribution in a heterogeneous layered reservoir and the effect on total skin, production/injection profiles, and surface/bottomhole pressures (BHPs) during the treatment. The paper describes case studies based on actual field treatments to demonstrate the application of the integrated model for optimizing stimulation treatments. Acid-to-diverter stage volumes, number of diverter stages, polymer concentration, and injection rates are identified as important design parameters. Based on model results, it is observed that polymer placement results in increased total skin in water-bearing zones, leading to lower post-treatment water production. Further, the optimum number and volume of diverter stages for effective diversion vary with injection rate and are governed by the non-equilibrium polymer adsorption behavior and the self-diversion effect during placement. It is concluded a single treatment design might not be suitable across multiple wells, and well-specific optimization of the pumping schedule is necessary. Because multiple parameters affect the treatment, simultaneously leading to results that are not intuitive, the placement model should be used for the treatment design. This paper discusses application of an advanced fluid placement model, which provides insight into the diversion by associative polymers during stimulation treatments. The model is useful for optimizing stimulation treatments in wells with high water cut and reducing costs associated with undesired water production.
Recommendations for improving clinical trial design to facilitate the study of youth-onset type 2 diabetes (2019)

Improvements in trial design will enable better recruitment and retention and thereby more evidence for treatment outcomes for youth-onset type 2 diabetes.