gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A fuzzy C-means (FCM) based algorithm for intensity inhomogeneity correction and segmentation of MR images (2005)

Magnetic resonance images are often corrupted by intensity inhomogeneity, which manifests itself as slow intensity variations of the same tissue over the image domain. Such shading artifacts must be corrected before doing computerized analysis such as intensity-based segmentation and quantitative analysis. In this paper, we present a fuzzy c-means (FCM) based algorithm that simultaneously estimates the shading effect while segmenting the image. A multiplier field term that models the intensity variation is incorporated into the FCM objective function which is minimized iteratively. In each iteration, the bias field is estimated based on the current tissue class centroids and the membership values of the voxels and then smoothed by an iterative low-pass filter. The efficacy of the algorithm is demonstrated on clinical breast MR images.
Apoprotein-B binding sites in estrogen-treated rabbit liver: Quantitative immunoelectron microscopy (1985)

Normal and estrogen-treated rabbit livers were perfused with iodinated very low density lipoproteins (125I-VLDL) and binding and cellular distribution of apolipoprotein (Apo)-B rich lipoproteins in hepatocytes was analyzed using quantitative immunoelectron microscopic and autoradiographic techniques. Apo-B containing particles were bound to and internalized through the formation of endocytotic pits and vesicles with considerably more binding to estrogen-treated specimens (2-fold). Thus, estrogen treatment stimulates Apo-B binding and subsequent internalization of the Apo-B containing particles by increasing the number of endocytotic pits. In contrast to the estrogen induced liver distribution change of Apo-E reported previously, the Apo-B distribution was not changed due to estrogen treatment.
Novel holographic colour filters with double-transmission holograms (1998)

A novel transmission structure for holographic colour filters is proposed. The colour filters utilize two identical transmission photopolymer hologram structures, laminated on both sides of a transparent substrate. The incoming white light is normally incident onto the device. Three different R, G, B beams are separated normally and coupled out due to the optical reciprocity. The simulation shows that the three peak wavelengths are at 460, 550 and 630 nm, consistent with the experimental results. The colorimetric properties are compatible with efficient R, G, B separation of white light. Keywords: Holographic optical elements, diffraction optics, colour filters, holographic technology Resume. On propose une nouvelle structure pour des filtres holographiques colores operant par transmission. Les filtres utilisent deux structures identiques d'hologrammes par transmission de photopolymeres deposes sur les deux faces d'un substrat transparent. La direction de la lumiere blanche incidente est normale au dispositif. Trois differents faisceaux R, G, B sont separes et couples a cause de la reciprocite optique. La simulation montre que les trois longueurs d'onde des maximums sont 460, 550 et 630 nm en bon accord avec les resultats experimentaux. Les proprietes colorimetriques sont compatibles avec une separation efficace R, G, B de la lumiere blanche. Mots cles: Element optique holographique, optique diffractive, filtres colores, technologie holographique
Vasculopathy and Increased Vascular Congestion in Fatal COVID-19 and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (2022)

<b>Rationale:</b> The leading cause of death in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is severe pneumonia, with many patients developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). Whether DAD in fatal COVID-19 is distinct from other causes of DAD remains unknown. <b>Objective:</b> To compare lung parenchymal and vascular alterations between patients with fatal COVID-19 pneumonia and other DAD-causing etiologies using a multidimensional approach. <b>Methods:</b> This autopsy cohort consisted of consecutive patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (<i>n</i> = 20) and with respiratory failure and histologic DAD (<i>n</i> = 21; non-COVID-19 viral and nonviral etiologies). Premortem chest computed tomography (CT) scans were evaluated for vascular changes. Postmortem lung tissues were compared using histopathological and computational analyses. Machine-learning-derived morphometric analysis of the microvasculature was performed, with a random forest classifier quantifying vascular congestion (C<sub>Vasc</sub>) in different microscopic compartments. Respiratory mechanics and gas-exchange parameters were evaluated longitudinally in patients with ARDS. <b>Measurements and Main Results:</b> In premortem CT, patients with COVID-19 showed more dilated vasculature when all lung segments were evaluated (<i>P</i> = 0.001) compared with controls with DAD. Histopathology revealed vasculopathic changes, including hemangiomatosis-like changes (<i>P</i> = 0.043), thromboemboli (<i>P</i> = 0.0038), pulmonary infarcts (<i>P</i> = 0.047), and perivascular inflammation (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Generalized estimating equations revealed significant regional differences in the lung microarchitecture among all DAD-causing entities. COVID-19 showed a larger overall C<sub>Vasc</sub> range (<i>P</i> = 0.002). Alveolar-septal congestion was associated with a significantly shorter time to death from symptom onset (<i>P</i> = 0.03), length of hospital stay (<i>P</i> = 0.02), and increased ventilatory ratio [an estimate for pulmonary dead space fraction (<i>V<sub>d</sub></i>); <i>p </i>= 0.043] in all cases of ARDS. <b>Conclusions:</b> Severe COVID-19 pneumonia is characterized by significant vasculopathy and aberrant alveolar-septal congestion. Our findings also highlight the role that vascular alterations may play in <i>V<sub>d</sub></i> and clinical outcomes in ARDS in general.
Ion Mobility-Derived Collision Cross Section As an Additional Measure for Lipid Fingerprinting and Identification (2014)

Despite recent advances in analytical and computational chemistry, lipid identification remains a significant challenge in lipidomics. Ion-mobility spectrometry provides an accurate measure of the molecules' rotationally averaged collision cross-section (CCS) in the gas phase and is thus related to ionic shape. Here, we investigate the use of CCS as a highly specific molecular descriptor for identifying lipids in biological samples. Using traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry (MS), we measured the CCS values of over 200 lipids within multiple chemical classes. CCS values derived from ion mobility were not affected by instrument settings or chromatographic conditions, and they were highly reproducible on instruments located in independent laboratories (interlaboratory RSD < 3% for 98% of molecules). CCS values were used as additional molecular descriptors to identify brain lipids using a variety of traditional lipidomic approaches. The addition of CCS improved the reproducibility of analysis in a liquid chromatography-MS workflow and maximized the separation of isobaric species and the signal-to-noise ratio in direct-MS analyses (e.g., "shotgun" lipidomics and MS imaging). These results indicate that adding CCS to databases and lipidomics workflows increases the specificity and selectivity of analysis, thus improving the confidence in lipid identification compared to traditional analytical approaches. The CCS/accurate-mass database described here is made publicly available.
Field-Switching Repeller Flowing Atmospheric-Pressure Afterglow Drift Tube Ion Mobility Spectrometry (2022)

In this work, a field-switching (FS) technique is employed with a flowing atmospheric pressure afterglow (FAPA) source in drift tube ion mobility spectrometry (DTIMS). The premise is to incorporate a tip-repeller electrode as a substitute for the Bradbury-Nielsen gate (BNG) so as to overcome corresponding disadvantages of the BNG, including the gate depletion effect (GDE). The DTIMS spectra were optimized in terms of peak shape and full width by inserting an aperture at the DTIMS inlet that was used to control the neutral molecules' penetration into the separation region, thus preventing neutral-ion reactions inside. The FAPA and repeller's experimental operating conditions including drift and plasma gas flow rates, pulse injection times, repeller positioning and voltage, FAPA current, and effluent angle were optimized. Ion mobility spectra of selected compounds were captured, and the corresponding reduced mobility values were calculated and compared with the literature. The 6-fold improvements in limit of detection (LOD) compared with previous work were obtained for 2,6-DTBP and acetaminophen. The enhanced performance of the FS-FAPA-DTIMS was also investigated as a function of the GDE when compared with FAPA-DTIMS containing BNG.
Predicting the structure and energy of a grain boundary in germanium (1989)

An ab initio molecular dynamics simulated quenching approach is used to study the properties of a (001) twist grain boundary in the Sigma =5 system in germanium. Interfacial total energies are mapped out over the entire range of possible relative in-plane translation states of the boundary. The analysis leads to predictions of the equilibrium translation state, the geometric structure, effective local volume and formation energy associated with this internal interface.
Nanoelectromechanical (NEM) relays integrated with CMOS SRAM for improved stability and low leakage (2009)

We present a hybrid nanoelectromechanical (NEM)/CMOS static random access memory (SRAM) cell, in which the two pull-down transistors of a conventional CMOS six transistor (6T) SRAM cell are replaced with NEM relays. This SRAM cell utilizes the infinite subthreshold slope and hysteretic properties of NEM relays to dramatically increase the cell stability compared to the conventional CMOS 6T SRAM cells. It also utilizes the zero off-state leakage of NEM relays to significantly decrease static power dissipation. The structure is designed so that the relatively long mechanical delay of the NEM relays does not result in performance degradation. Circuit simulations are performed using a VerilogA model of a NEM relay. Compared to a 65nm CMOS 6T SRAM cell, when 10nm-gap NEM relays (pull-in voltage = 0.8V, pull-out voltage = 0.2V, on resistance = 1kΩ) are integrated, hold and read static noise margin (SNM) improve by ~110% and ~250%, respectively. In addition, static power dissipation decreases by ~85%. The write delay decreases by ~60%, while read delay decreases by ~10%. The advantages in SNM and static power dissipation are expected to increase with scaling.
Synthesis of gold–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell nanoparticles by surface‐confined atom transfer radical polymerization at elevated temperature (2005)

Abstract Surface‐confined atom transfer radical polymerization was used to prepare gold nanoparticle–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell particles at elevated temperature. First, gold nanoparticles were prepared by the one‐pot borohydride reduction of tetrachloroaurate in the presence of 11‐mercapto‐1‐undecanol (MUD). MUD‐capped gold nanoparticles were then exchanged with 3‐mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) to prepare a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) of MPS on the gold nanoparticle surfaces and subsequently hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid. The extent of exchange of MUD with MPS was determined by NMR. The resulting crosslinked silica‐primer layer stabilized the SAM of MPS and was allowed to react with the initiator [(chloromethyl)phenylethyl] trimethoxysilane. Atom transfer radical polymerization was conducted on the Cl‐terminated gold nanoparticles with the CuCl/2,2′‐bipyridyl catalyst system at elevated temperature. The rates of polymerization with the initiator‐modified gold nanoparticles exhibited first‐order kinetics with respect to the monomer, and the number‐average molecular weight of the cleaved graft polymer increased linearly with the monomer conversion. The presence of the polymer on the gold nanoparticle surface was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3631–3642, 2005
<title>Ferroelectric smectic liquid crystals in the bent-core family: alignment for V-shaped analog switching</title> (1999)

Possible applications of the novel antiferroelectric/ferroelectric phases exhibited by achiral bent-core mesogens (termed banana phases, B phases, or bow- phases in the literature) are considered. Specifically, in a ferroelectric bow-phase, alignment such that the molecular bow plane of the bent mesogens is parallel to the substrates, anchoring the polarization parallel to the substrates, should afford an ideal geometry for analog `V- shaped switching' devices.
Thin-film-type oxide semiconductor sensor for detecting acetone in human expiration aiming at diagnosis of diabetes (2000)

Thin-film-type oxide semiconductor gas sensors sensitive to acetone were explored for the diagnosis of diabetes. SnO2 and ZnO were tested as a base sensor material. When fabricated into a thick-film-type sensor, SnO2 was inferior to ZnO in the acetone sensitivity. However, on changing to a thin-film-type sensor, SnO2 proved to be more sensitive to acetone than ZnO. The acetone sensitivity of the SnO2-based thin film sensor could be improved by the addition (0.1wt%) of noble metals, such as Rh and Ru. The resulting sensor using Rh-SnO2 could detect as dilute as 0.2ppm acetone in human expiration at 300°C without being disturbed by changes in O2 and CO2 concentrations.
ChemInform Abstract: Model Systems for Studying Polyvalent Carbohydrate Binding Interactions. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ATM block transfer capability vs. available bit rate service (1997)

Abstract ATM Block Transfer is an ATM transfer capability, which has been standardized in the May 1996 version of ITU‐T Recommendation 1.371. Two transmission modes for ABT exist, namely the delayed and immediate transmission modes, giving rise to ABT/DT and ABT/IT, respectively, which can run in the elastic or rigid modes. The Available Bit Rate ( ABR ) service is an ATM layer service, which has been worked by the ATM Forum and specified in the UNI Spec. 4.0 voted in June 1996. The aim of this paper is to give the high level description of ABT and ABR and to draw attention to their common features and their differences. It turns out that the service offered by ABR is much more sophisticated but also more fragile than that offered by elastic ABT/DT. Since the implementation of ABR requires a deeper modification of the existing ATM switches and cross‐connects than elastic ABT/DT, an interworking scenario between these two capabilities, compatible with the cross‐connects used in the current ATM networks, is proposed.
Vacuum Packaging Requirements for MEMS and Characterization Techniques (2020)

Getter materials are technically proven and industrially well-implemented solutions for maintaining a vacuum inside electronic devices to assure long lifetimes and proper operating conditions. The pressure requirements of some hermetically packaged microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices, such as gyroscopes, accelerometers, infrared (IR) bolometers, and digital mirrors, are very stringent. The internal pressure can be as low as in the 10&minus;3 mbar range. Due to the desorption phenomena of gaseous species from the internal surfaces, the vacuum inside such hermetically sealed electronic devices tends to degrade over time and, in the worst case, can affect the proper operation of the device. The integration of a special nanostructured getter film is an effective way to preserve and guarantee the performance of such devices. In addition to the getter material, there is also the need to develop and customize analytical techniques for post-process vacuum quality control and reliability checks of hermetic bonding, which are extremely important for the assessment of a device&rsquo;s overall performance, lifetime, and manufacturing process yield.
Physics of Car Crashes: Design Concepts for Safer Cars (2014)

Abstract Motor vehicle crashes involve a rapid deceleration of the occupant compartment as kinetic energy is absorbed by crush of vehicle structures. In severe impacts with offset loading, intrusion of the occupant compartment can occur. This chapter summarizes injury risks in field accidents using NASS‐CDS for occupants with and without seat belt use by the vehicle and crash type. It also addresses ejection status (nonejected, partial, and complete ejection). The dynamics of a crash are explored assuming a Haversine acceleration to identify peak acceleration of the occupant compartment and stopping distance typical of government and consumer testing in front, side, and rear crashes. Injury criteria and human tolerances are provided for the family of Hybrid III adult, child, and infant dummies. The chapter includes a discussion of vehicle structures, stiffness, and compatibility. It concludes with an overview of occupant restraint systems and ride‐down benefits with belt pretensioners tightening the seat belts.
Supplementary Table S4 from A Human Genome-Wide RNAi Screen Reveals Diverse Modulators that Mediate IRE1α–XBP1 Activation (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Summary of Screening Validation.&lt;/p&gt;
ChemInform Abstract: Modern Strategies in Supramolecular Catalysis (2012)

Abstract Review: 143 refs.
Cochannel interference suppression with successive cancellation in narrow-band systems (2001)

Successive cancellation of cochannel signals is described in the context of TDMA mobile radio systems employing coherent receivers. Both symbol aligned and mis-aligned cochannel signals are studied. Signal separability, a major problem in successive cancellation of cochannel signals, is obtained using the relative timing delay between cochannel signals. Both hard and soft subtractions are examined. Soft subtraction, along with initial signal separation, leads to significant C/I gains.
Cyclooxygenase 2‐dependent prostaglandin E2 modulates cartilage proteoglycan degradation in human osteoarthritis explants (2002)

IL-1 beta-induced production of COX-2 protein and PGE(2) was low in OA articular cartilage compared with that in the other OA tissues examined. IL-1 beta-mediated degradation of cartilage proteoglycans in OA synovial membrane-cartilage cocultures was blocked by the selective COX-2 inhibitor, SC-236, and the effect of SC-236 was reversed by the addition of exogenous PGE(2). Our data suggest that induction of synovial COX-2-produced PGE(2) is one mechanism by which IL-1 beta modulates cartilage proteoglycan degradation in OA.
Artifact Correction in Temperature-Dependent Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared (ATR-IR) Spectra (2017)

A spectral processing method was developed and tested for analyzing temperature-dependent attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectra of aliphatic polyesters. Spectra of a bio-based, biodegradable polymer, 3.9 mol% 3HHx poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate- co-(R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate] (PHBHx), were analyzed and corrected prior to analysis using two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS). Removal of the temperature variation of diamond absorbance, correction of the baseline, ATR correction, and appropriate normalization were key to generating more reliable data. Both the processing steps and order were important. A comparison to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated that the normalization method should be chosen with caution to avoid unintentional trends and distortions of the crystalline sensitive bands.
Interactions of Phospholipid Bilayer with Chitosan:  Effect of Molecular Weight and pH (2001)

Chitosan has demonstrated its potentials as a gene carrier and a membrane perturbant for subsequent drug delivery to cells. However, there is currently a lack of experimental correlation between the physiochemical properties of chitosan and the resulting degree of lipid bilayer destabilization. In this study, the effect of pH and chitosan molecular weight on the interaction between chitosan and dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) bilayer was examined with cross-polarization microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform- (FT-) Raman spectroscopy. Cross-polarized images showed that the direct hydration of the DPPC/chitosan mixture led to the formation of larger DPPC multilamellar vesicles (MLV), and pure chitosan also induced fusions of individual MLV. Under the influence of chitosan, the calorimetric enthalpy of DPPC was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner, and a new phase appeared at 28 degrees C during sample cooling. Even the lowest chitosan mole fraction of 0.04% reduced the cooperative unit of the DPPC bilayer by more than 70%. In addition, the electrostatic effect between chitosan and DPPC tuned the degree of membrane bilayer perturbation. Reduction of pH increased the number of protonated amines on the chitosan backbone and caused further disruption on the membrane organization. Mixing DPPC with chitosan in an organic medium before hydration enhanced the hydrophobic interactions between the two molecules and greatly reduced the cooperative unit among individual lipids during the main phase transition. The increase of chitosan molecular weight also affected the cooperativity in the thermotropic transition of DPPC bilayer. FT-Raman spectroscopy provided additional evidence that chitosan directly perturbed the organizations of the hydrophobic inner core of the DPPC bilayer.
Multi-antenna Coded Caching at Finite-SNR: Breaking Down the Gain Structure (2022)

Multi-antenna coded caching (CC) techniques are considered viable options for achieving higher data rates in future networks, especially for the prominent use case of multimedia-driven applications. However, despite their information-theoretic analyses, which are thoroughly studied in the literature, the research on the finite-SNR performance of multi-antenna CC techniques is not yet mature. In this paper, we try bridging this gap by breaking down, categorizing, and studying the effect of six crucial parameters affecting the finite-SNR performance of multi-antenna CC schemes. We also investigate the interaction of different parameters and clarify how they could affect the implementation complexity in terms of the necessary computation and subpacketization. Theoretical discussions are followed and verified by numerical analysis.
The electroneutral sodium-(potassium)-chloride co-transporter family: a journey from fish to the renal co-transporters (1995)

Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension: September 1995 - Volume 4 - Issue 5 - p 389-391
Ultrastructural alterations in the stroma adjacent to non-inflammatory corneal perforations associated with long standing rheumatoid arthritis (1998)

Editor,—Patients with rheumatoid arthritis commonly have two types of corneal ulceration. One is a peripheral corneal ulceration thought to be caused by complex mediated hypersensitivity.1 The other is a paracentral corneal ulceration that tends to perforate the cornea rapidly. Its pathogenesis remains unknown, though a key feature is the lack of inflammation, leading to the suggestion that it is the result of surface disease (drying).

### CASE REPORTS

We examined two individuals, a 38 year old woman and a 76 year old woman, with unilateral corneal epithelial defects and aqueous tear deficiencies. Both patients had been treated for rheumatoid arthritis for several years; however, neither had been on systemic corticosteroids. The 76 year old had had successful cataract surgery 1 week previously and was using 0.1% betamethasone eye drops. At the time of presentation both women had severe dry eye (possibly secondary Sjogren’s syndrome, though no biopsies were taken to confirm this) …