gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Synthesis By Chemical Vapor Deposition Using Platinum-Group Metal Catalysts (2018)

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are generally synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using Fe, Co, and Ni as catalysts. However, due to the Ostwald ripening of metal catalysts, the diameter distribution of the grown SWCNTs is considerably wide (&gt;2 nm), which is not suitable for electronics applications. In addition, reduction in the growth temperature is desirable for fabricating SWCNT devices compatible with the LSI process. Herein, we performed SWCNT growth by alcohol catalytic CVD using platinum-group metal catalysts (Pt, Rh, and Pd) because these metals have high melting points, and the reduction in the Ostwald ripening of catalyst particles is expected. Our results revealed that web-like SWCNTs were obtained from Pt and Rh catalysts at growth temperature between 500 °C and 600 °C by optimizing the ethanol pressure. The SWCNT yield from Pd catalysts was considerably low. By decreasing the growth temperature, the diameter and chirality distribution of SWCNTs from Pt and Rh catalysts became small and narrow. In particular, the diameters of most SWCNTs grown using Pt catalysts were below 1 nm and their diameter distribution was considerably narrow. On the contrary, SWCNTs can grow from Rh catalysts even at 300 °C by optimizing the growth condition, which is the lowest temperature recorded for SWCNT growth. Our results demonstrated that platinum-group metals are useful for the growth of small-diameter SWCNTs and facilitate low-temperature growth.
Gastric Electrical Stimulation for the Treatment of Obesity: From Entrainment to Bezoars—A Functional Review (2013)

GROWING WORLDWIDE OBESITY EPIDEMIC HAS PROMPTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO MAIN TREATMENT STREAMS: (a) conservative approaches and (b) invasive techniques. However, only invasive surgical methods have delivered significant and sustainable benefits. Therefore, contemporary research exploration has focused on the development of minimally invasive gastric manipulation methods featuring a safe but reliable and long-term sustainable weight loss effect similar to the one delivered by bariatric surgeries. This antiobesity approach is based on placing external devices in the stomach ranging from electrodes for gastric electrical stimulation to temporary intraluminal bezoars for gastric volume displacement for a predetermined amount of time. The present paper examines the evolution of these techniques from invasively implantable units to completely noninvasive patient-controllable implements, from a functional, rather than from the traditional, parametric point of view. Comparative discussion over the available pilot and clinical studies related to gastric electrical stimulation outlines the promises and the fallacies of this concept as a reliable alternative anti-obesity strategy.
Methamphetamine-induced nitric oxide promotes vesicular transport in blood–brain barrier endothelial cells (2012)

Methamphetamine's (METH) neurotoxicity is thought to be in part due to its ability to induce blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Here, we investigated the effect of METH on barrier properties of cultured rat primary brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs). Transendothelial flux doubled in response to METH, irrespective of the size of tracer used. At the same time, transendothelial electrical resistance was unchanged as was the ultrastructural appearance of inter-endothelial junctions and the distribution of key junction proteins, suggesting that METH promoted vesicular but not junctional transport. Indeed, METH significantly increased uptake of horseradish peroxidase into vesicular structures. METH also enhanced transendothelial migration of lymphocytes indicating that the endothelial barrier against both molecules and cells was compromised. Barrier breakdown was only observed in response to METH at low micromolar concentrations, with enhanced vesicular uptake peaking at 1 μM METH. The BMVEC response to METH also involved rapid activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and its inhibition abrogated METH-induced permeability and lymphocyte migration, indicating that nitric oxide was a key mediator of BBB disruption in response to METH. This study underlines the key role of nitric oxide in BBB function and describes a novel mechanism of drug-induced fluid-phase transcytosis at the BBB.
Utilizing multiparametric flow cytometry in the diagnosis of patients with primary plasma cell leukemia (2020)

The diagnosis of primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) has been made by quantifying circulating plasma cells (cPCs) morphologically on a peripheral blood (PB) smear. However, this technique is not sufficiently sensitive. Multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC) provides a readily available and highly sensitive method to identify and quantify cPCs that could complement PB smear assessment. However, an optimal quantitative cutoff for cPCs by MFC to identify pPCL has not been established. Thus, a total of 591 patients newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients who had their PB samples evaluated morphologically by PB smear, and immunophenotypically by MFC prior to beginning therapy were evaluated. The presence of ≥200 cPCs/μL by MFC (N = 25 or 5% of the total population) was chosen to identify patients with ≥5% cPCs by PB smear with a specificity of 99% and a sensitivity of 77%. For patients with ≥200 cPCs/μL by MFC compared to the remainder of the cohort, the median Time to next therapy (TTNT) was 18 vs 30 months and the median OS was 38 vs 70 months respectively. Thus, MFC assessment of PB can be utilized in conjunction with the morphological assessment of a PB smear to aid in improving the identification of pPCL among NDMM patients.
Steroid Sulfatase: A New Target for the Endocrine Therapy of Breast Cancer (2007)

Inhibitors of steroid sulfatase are being developed as a novel therapy for hormone-dependent breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Data suggest that steroid sulfatase (STS) activity is much higher than aromatase activity in breast tumors and high levels of STS mRNA expression in tumors are associated with a poor prognosis. STS hydrolyzes steroid sulfates, such as estrone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), to estrone and DHEA, which can be converted to steroids with potent estrogenic properties, that is, estradiol and androstenediol, respectively. Several potent irreversible STS inhibitors have now been identified, including STX64 (BN83495), a tricyclic sulfamate ester. This drug recently completed the first-ever trial of this new type of therapy in postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer. STX64, tested at 5-mg and 20-mg doses, was able to almost completely block STS activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes and tumor tissues. Inhibition of STS activity was associated with significant reductions in serum concentrations of androstenediol and estrogens. Unexpectedly, serum androstenedione concentrations also decreased by up to 86%, showing that this steroid, which is the main substrate for the aromatase in postmenopausal women, is derived mainly from the peripheral conversion of DHEAS. Of eight patients who completed therapy, five showed evidence of stable disease for up to 7.0 months. This new endocrine therapy offers considerable potential for the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
Robust ASR front-end using spectral-based and discriminant features: experiments on the Aurora tasks (2001)

This paper describes an automatic speech recognition frontend that combines low-level robust ASR feature extraction techniques, and higher-level linear and non-linear feature transformations. The low-level algorithms use data-derived filters, mean and variance normalization of the feature vectors, and dropping of noise frames. The feature vectors are then linearly transformed using Principal Components Analysis (PCA). An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is also used to compute features that are useful for classification of speech sounds. It is trained for phoneme probability estimation on a large corpus of noisy speech. These transformations lead to two feature streams whose vectors are concatenated and then used for speech recognition. This method was tested on the set of speech corpora used for the “Aurora” evaluation. Using the feature stream generated without the ANN yields an overall 41% reduction of the error rate over Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) reference features. Adding the ANN stream further reduces the error rate yielding a 46% reduction over the reference features.
Electromagnetic simulation and measurement of a tuning stub in R-9 waveguide (2004)

The paper presents results of the electromagnetic field simulation and measurement of a tuning stub in R-9 waveguide. The stub is used as an element of an automatic impedance matching system for high-power industrial applications in 900-MHz ISM band.
Radial energy transport by magnetospheric ULF waves: Effects of magnetic curvature and plasma pressure (1995)

The “radial” transport of energy by internal ULF waves, stimulated by dayside magnetospheric boundary oscillations, is analyzed in the framework of one‐fluid magnetohydrodynamics. (The term radial is used here to denote the direction orthogonal to geomagnetic flux surfaces.) The model for the inhomogeneous magnetospheric plasma and background magnetic field is axisymmetric and includes radial and parallel variations in the magnetic field, magnetic curvature, plasma density, and low but finite plasma pressure. The radial mode structure of the coupled fast and intermediate MHD waves is determined by numerical solution of the inhomogeneous wave equation; the parallel mode structure is characterized by a WKB approximation. Ionospheric dissipation is modeled by allowing the parallel wave number to be complex. For boundary oscillations with frequencies in the range from 10 to 48 mHz, and using a dipole model for the background magnetic field, the combined effects of magnetic curvature and finite plasma pressure are shown to (1) enhance the amplitude of field line resonances by as much as a factor of 2 relative to values obtained in a cold plasma or box‐model approximation for the dayside magnetosphere; (2) increase the energy flux delivered to a given resonance by a factor of 2–4; and (3) broaden the spectral width of the resonance by a factor of 2–3. The effects are attributed to the existence of an “Alfvén buoyancy oscillation,” which approaches the usual shear mode Alfvén wave at resonance, but unlike the shear Alfvén mode, it is dispersive at short perpendicular wavelengths. The form of dispersion is analogous to that of an internal atmospheric gravity wave, with the magnetic tension of the curved background field providing the restoring force and allowing radial propagation of the mode. For nominal dayside parameters, the propagation band of the Alfvén buoyancy wave occurs between the location of its (field line) resonance and that of the fast mode cutoff that exists at larger radial distances.
Three-port E-plane bifurcated waveguide power divider at millimeter-wave frequencies (2012)

The function of power divider is to divide to power from one input port into the divided power at multiple output ports, or to combine the power from multiple ports into the combined power at one output port. The goal of this study is to design a millimeter-wave power divider operating at the range from 32 GHz to 34 GHz. The return loss at each port and the isolation between from output ports are required to be greater than 15 dB. The insertion loss need to be less than 3.1 dB. The concept of E-plane bifurcated waveguide is proposed to implement this millimeter-wave power divider because of the concerns about operation at high-frequencies and high-power handling, capacity. A resistive film is placed inside the bifurcated waveguide in order to meet the specifications of the proposed power divider. In addition, impedance transformation is employed at output ports to convert the output waveguide to standard waveguide.
IVMC 2001 : proceedings of the 14th International Vacuum Microelectronics Conference, August 12-16, 2001, University of California, Davis, California USA (2001)

The proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Vacuum Microelectronics, held in 2001. Topics include: theory, simulation and modelling of vacuum microelectronic devices and field emission electron sources; technologies for material and surface modifications; applications; and more.
Power Amplifier Effects on Frequency Localized 5G Candidate Waveforms (2016)

One important direction in advanced communication waveform studies for future wireless communications is improved spectrum localization, i.e., minimization of the power leakage outside very narrow guardbands around the useful signal band. This helps to improve the spectrum efficiency, especially in difficult radio access scenarios, like cognitive radio and dynamic spectrum access. In contrast to basic OFDM based waveforms, this allows dense frequency-division multiple access without need for precise synchronization of users. Various multicarrier and single-carrier waveforms with effective spectrum localization are available, but their spectral characteristics have so far been investigated mostly in the digital processing domain. For practical deployment, it is necessary to study the effects of practical transmitter power amplifiers (PAs) on the waveform characteristics, together with power amplifier linearization and peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction methods. This paper focuses on these issues, deriving PA backoff requirements using the soft envelope limiter model, corresponding to an ideally linearized PA, together with a generic PAPR reduction method based on windowed clipping. It is demonstrated that this method, when applied with well-linearized PA, helps to significantly reduce the required power amplifier backoff for both single-carrier and multicarrier waveforms, with the potential of reaching extremely low out-of-band radiation with realistic backoff values. The results are generally applicable to all spectrally localized waveforms.
Polyurethane elastomers based on amphiphilic poly(caprolactone)‐b‐poly(butadiene)‐b‐poly(caprolactone) triblockcopolyols (2018)

ABSTRACT Hydroxyl‐terminated poly(butadiene) (HTPB; M n = 2100 g mol −1 ) was capped with 30 and 60 wt % of ɛ‐caprolactone to reach amphiphilic triblock copolymers in form of capped poly(butadiene) CPB. The former (CPB30; M n = 3300 g/mol) is amorphous with a glass temperature of −56 °C. CPB60 ( M n = 4000 g mol −1 ) is semi‐crystalline with a melting point of 50 °C and a glass transition at −47 °C. The CPBs, HTPB and polycaprolactone diol ( M n = 2000 g mol −1 ) were used as soft segment components in the preparation of polyurethane elastomers (PUE), using a 1/1 mixture of an MDI prepolymer and uretonimine modified MDI, and hard phase components in form of 1,3‐propane diol, 1,4‐butane diol, and 1,5‐pentane diol. CPB‐based elastomers with 1,4 butane diol (8 wt %) show hard domains as fringed aggregates with a better connection to the continuous phase than the HTPB‐based PUE. The soft segment glass transition temperature ( T g ) is at −28 °C for HTPB‐based PUE and at −43 °C for those of CPB. The tensile strength of the CPB30&amp;60‐based PUE is found between 20 and 30 MPa at an elongation at break of 400% and 550%, respectively. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018 , 56 , 1162–1172
Fluorine gas for life science syntheses: green metrics to assess selective direct fluorination for the synthesis of 2-fluoromalonate esters (2015)

Green metric assessment of the one step synthesis of 2-fluoromalonate esters using fluorine gas compares favourably with established multistep processes.
The use of deep learning enables high diagnostic accuracy in detecting syndesmotic instability on weight-bearing CT scanning (2022)

Delayed diagnosis of syndesmosis instability can lead to significant morbidity and accelerated arthritic change in the ankle joint. Weight-bearing computed tomography (WBCT) has shown promising potential for early and reliable detection of isolated syndesmotic instability using 3D volumetric measurements. While these measurements have been reported to be highly accurate, they are also experience-dependent, time-consuming, and need a particular 3D measurement software tool that leads the clinicians to still show more interest in the conventional diagnostic methods for syndesmotic instability. The purpose of this study was to increase accuracy, accelerate analysis time, and reduce inter-observer bias by automating 3D volume assessment of syndesmosis anatomy using WBCT scans. We conducted a retrospective study using previously collected WBCT scans of patients with unilateral syndesmotic instability. 144 bilateral ankle WBCT scans were evaluated (48 unstable, 96 control). We developed three deep learning (DL) models for analyzing WBCT scans to recognize syndesmosis instability. These three models included two state-of-the-art models (Model 1 - 3D convolutional neural network [CNN], and Model 2 - CNN with long short-term memory [LSTM]), and a new model (Model 3 - differential CNN LSTM) that we introduced in this study. Model 1 failed to analyze the WBCT scans (F1-score = 0). Model 2 only misclassified two cases (F1-score = 0.80). Model 3 outperformed Model 2 and achieved a nearly perfect performance, misclassifying only one case (F1-score = 0.91) in the control group as unstable while being faster than Model 2.
Differential interactions of human kallikrein-binding protein and α1-antitrypsin with human tissue kallikrein (1990)

The characteristics of a new kallikrein-binding protein in human serum and its activities were studied. Both the kallikrein-binding protein and alpha 1-antitrypsin form 92 kDa SDS-stable and heat-stable complexes with human tissue kallikrein. In non-SDS/PAGE, the mobility of these complexes differ. Complex-formation between kallikrein and the binding protein is inhibited by heparin, whereas that between kallikrein and alpha 1-antitrypsin is heparin-resistant. In normal or alpha 1-antitrypsin-deficient-serum, the amount of 92 kDa SDS-stable complex formed upon addition of kallikrein is not related to serum alpha 1-antitrypsin levels. The rate of complex-formation between kallikrein and the binding protein is 12 times higher than that between kallikrein and alpha 1-antitrypsin. Purified alpha 1-antitrypsin, which exhibits normal elastase binding, has a kallikrein-binding activity less than 5% of that of serum. Binding of tissue kallikrein in serum is not inhibited by increasing elastase concentrations, and elastase binding in serum is not inhibited by excess tissue kallikrein. A specific monoclonal antibody to human alpha 1-antitrypsin does not bind to either 92 kDa endogenous or exogenous kallikrein complexes isolated from human serum. The studies demonstrate a new tissue kallikrein-binding protein, distinct from alpha 1-antitrypsin, is present in human serum.
Supplementary Table 1, Methods and Materials, Figure Legends 1-6 from Proteasome Inhibition Potentiates Antitumor Effects of Photodynamic Therapy in Mice through Induction of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response (2023)

Supplementary Table 1, Methods and Materials, Figure Legends 1-6 from Proteasome Inhibition Potentiates Antitumor Effects of Photodynamic Therapy in Mice through Induction of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response
Hardware requirements for neural network pattern classifiers: a case study and implementation (1992)

A special-purpose chip, optimized for computational needs of neural networks and performing over 2000 multiplications and additions simultaneously, is described. Its data path is particularly suitable for the convolutional architectures typical in pattern classification networks but can also be configured for fully connected or feedback topologies. A development system permits rapid prototyping of new applications and analysis of the impact of the specialized hardware on system performance. The power and flexibility of the processor are demonstrated with a neural network for handwritten character recognition containing over 133000 connections.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Genetic-based unit commitment algorithm (1996)

This paper presents a new unit commitment scheduling algorithm. The proposed algorithm consist of using a genetic algorithm with domain specific mutation operators. The proposed algorithm can easily accommodate any constraint that can be true costed. Robustness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by comparison to a Lagrangian relaxation unit commitment algorithm on three different electric utilities. Results show the proposed algorithm finds good unit commitment schedules in a reasonable amount of computation time. Included in the appendix is an explanation of the true costing approach.
Data from Clinical Significance of the Genetic Landscape of Pancreatic Cancer and Implications for Identification of Potential Long-term Survivors (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; Genetic alterations of &lt;i&gt;KRAS&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;CDKN2A&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;TP53&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;SMAD4&lt;/i&gt; are the most frequent events in pancreatic cancer. We determined the extent to which these 4 alterations are coexistent in the same carcinoma, and their impact on patient outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; Pancreatic cancer patients who underwent an autopsy were studied (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 79). Matched primary and metastasis tissues were evaluated for intragenic mutations in &lt;i&gt;KRAS&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;CDKN2A&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;TP53&lt;/i&gt; and immunolabeled for CDKN2A, TP53, and SMAD4 protein products. The number of altered driver genes in each carcinoma was correlated to clinicopathologic features. Kaplan–Meier estimates were used to determine median disease free and overall survival, and a Cox proportional hazards model used to compare risk factors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The number of genetically altered driver genes in a carcinoma was variable, with only 29 patients (37%) having an alteration in all 4 genes analyzed. The number of altered driver genes was significantly correlated with disease free survival (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.008), overall survival (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.041), and metastatic burden at autopsy (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.002). On multivariate analysis, the number of driver gene alterations in a pancreatic carcinoma remained independently associated with overall survival (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.046). Carcinomas with only 1 to 2 driver alterations were enriched for those patients with the longest survival (median 23 months, range 1 to 53).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; Determinations of the status of the 4 major driver genes in pancreatic cancer, and specifically the extent to which they are coexistent in an individual patients cancer, provides distinct information regarding disease progression and survival that is independent of clinical stage and treatment status. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 18(22); 6339–47. ©2012 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;