gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determination of the density of states at the Fermi level of hydrogenated amorphous silicon in thin-film transistor structure by space charge limited current measurement (1993)

We studied the space charge limited current effect in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin-film transistors (TFTs). We demonstrate that the drain current is space charge limited when the source-drain voltage is large and the gate voltage is small. Using this space charge limited current we determined the density of states in the gap of a-Si:H in a-Si:H TFT.
Oxygen-related donor states in silicon (1981)

Junction spectroscopy techniques have been applied to the study of defect states introduced by heat treatment of silicon containing ∼1018[O]/cm3. Two shallow electron traps are observed, whose concentrations increase with the electron concentration added during a 450 °C anneal. The zero field defect-state activation energies are E(0.07 eV) and E(0.15 eV). Both states display a Poole-Frenkel field emission process as expected for donors.
Automatic Detection and Measurement of Renal Cysts in Ultrasound Images: A Deep Learning Approach (2023)

Ultrasonography is widely used for diagnosis of diseases in internal organs because it is nonradioactive, noninvasive, real-time, and inexpensive. In ultrasonography, a set of measurement markers is placed at two points to measure organs and tumors, then the position and size of the target finding are measured on this basis. Among the measurement targets of abdominal ultrasonography, renal cysts occur in 20-50% of the population regardless of age. Therefore, the frequency of measurement of renal cysts in ultrasound images is high, and the effect of automating measurement would be high as well. The aim of this study was to develop a deep learning model that can automatically detect renal cysts in ultrasound images and predict the appropriate position of a pair of salient anatomical landmarks to measure their size. The deep learning model adopted fine-tuned YOLOv5 for detection of renal cysts and fine-tuned UNet++ for prediction of saliency maps, representing the position of salient landmarks. Ultrasound images were input to YOLOv5, and images cropped inside the bounding box and detected from the input image by YOLOv5 were input to UNet++. For comparison with human performance, three sonographers manually placed salient landmarks on 100 unseen items of the test data. These salient landmark positions annotated by a board-certified radiologist were used as the ground truth. We then evaluated and compared the accuracy of the sonographers and the deep learning model. Their performances were evaluated using precision-recall metrics and the measurement error. The evaluation results show that the precision and recall of our deep learning model for detection of renal cysts are comparable to standard radiologists; the positions of the salient landmarks were predicted with an accuracy close to that of the radiologists, and in a shorter time.
Advances in low temperature processing of silicon nitride based dielectrics and their applications in surface passivation and integrated optical devices (2000)

The passivation of silicon by low temperature processed dielectrics, particularly SiN, has recently received a great deal of attention for applications in photovoltaics technology. Low surface recombination velocity is a key issue for ongoing improvements of a large variety of silicon based microelectronic devices. This review discusses the various deposition techniques and also gives recent results of nitride passivation. Issues such as the impact of deposition parameters, thermal stability, interface traps and surface recombination velocity measurements are described. The benefits achieved by the passivation process on the photovoltaic device performance are also discussed.
Comparison of primers for the detection of pathogenic Escherichia coli using real-time PCR (2005)

The necessity of a dissociation analysis to distinguish positive samples from those with fluorescence of random dsDNA generation for real-time PCR in a complex background was established.
Abstract 5759: The landscape of copy-number changes across multiple human cancer types (2010)

Abstract Genomic regions undergoing frequent alteration in human cancers often point to genes that play causal roles in oncogenesis. We have performed high-resolution analyses of copy-number alterations from 3131 cancer specimens across multiple histological types. We identified 158 regions of that are significantly altered by focal copy-number changes. Among these, 122 regions cannot be explained by the presence of a known cancer gene. Several gene families are enriched among these regions, including the BCL2 family of apoptosis regulators and the NF-κB pathway. Cell lines with amplifications of the anti-apoptotic genes MCL1 and BCL2L1 depend upon these genes for survival. Finally, we find that the majority of copy-number changes identified in individual cancer types are present across multiple cancer types. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5759.
Plasmonic Nanosensors for Chemical Warfare Agents (2013)

Abstract : During the period of 12/19/12 02/02/13 of Contract # W911NF-13-C-0017 we performed the following. We developed a ROC (Receiver Operator Characteristic) curve for benzenethiol (BT) on a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) substrate coated with gold nanoparticles (iFyber substrate). The ROC curve indicates detection levels around 2 x 10-8 ppm of the CWA agent simulant. This is 200x above the target detection level in air. The difficulty and pathway to improved detection is discussed.
Built-in folded dipole antenna for handsets (2004)

One of the trends observed in mobile telephone technologies is the reduction in the size and weight of the handset. Accordingly, antennas used for such handsets must also follow the downsizing of the handset unit. Especially, built-in antennas are required for the latest handset antenna designs. A built-in folded dipole antenna (BFDA) for a handset is introduced and analyzed. The structure of the BFDA gives it a low profile. In the analysis, the electromagnetic simulator IE3D based on the method of moments (MoM) is applied to calculate antenna characteristics such as VSWR, current distribution and radiation patterns. The antenna has a self-balanced effect and a bandwidth of about 13%.
Lipoic Acid as a Novel Treatment for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Early-Stage Alzheimer’s Disease (2009)

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder that gradually destroys a patient’s memory and ability to learn, make judgments, communicate within the social environment, and carry out daily activities. In the course of the disease, short-term memory is affected first, caused by neuronal dysfunction and degeneration in the hippocampus and amygdala. As the disease progresses further, neurons also degenerate and die in other cortical regions of the brain. At this stage, sufferers often experience dramatic changes in personality and behavior, such as anxiety, suspiciousness and agitation, as well as delusions and hallucinations. AD prevalence rates are 1% for individuals between 65 and 69 years old, 3% for those between 70 and 74 years old, 6% for those between 75 and 79 years old, 12% for those between 80 and 84 years old, and 25% for those aged 85 years and older. AD is further characterized by two major neuropathological hallmarks: The deposition of neuritic, β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide-containing senile plaques in hippocampal and cerebral cortical regions of AD patients is accompanied by the presence of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles that occupy much of the cytoplasm of pyramidal neurons. Inflammation, as evidenced by the activation of microglia and astroglia, is another hallmark of AD. Inflammation, including superoxide production (“oxidative burst”), is an important source of oxidative stress in AD patients. The inflammatory process occurs mainly around the amyloid plaques and is characterized by proinflammatory substances released from activated microglia and astroglia. Glia-produced cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), are prominent molecules in the inflammatory process. Besides morphological alterations, AD is also associated with a markedly impaired cerebral glucose metabolism, as detected by reduced cortical F-labeled desoxyglucose utilization in positron emission tomography of AD patients..
Adaptive motion compensation in MRI: Accuracy of motion measurement (1991)

It has been shown that magnetic resonance image data can be corrected for the effects of motion by using retrospective adaptive techniques which employ navigator (NAV) echoes. We demonstrate the accuracy with which NAV echoes can measure motion, as well as the independent nature of the respective view-to-view and intraview corrections.
A new modified S-shaped compact antenna for RFID-UHF tag applications (2014)

In this paper, a new modified S-shaped antenna for RFID -UHF tag application is presented. To provide a good conjugate matching between the S-shaped tag antenna and the ship, the technique of adding asymmetrical triangular stubs on both side of the tag chip was applied. The proposed tag antenna operating in the 915MHz RFID band proposed here has dimensions of only 51×43 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and the operating bandwidth is from 909 to 920 MHz (to cover US Band) under -10dB reflection coefficient condition. Furthermore, the measured read range was found to be 0.56 m at 915 MHz. This small value makes the proposed antenna suitable for many RFID-UHF applications, especially those that may involve short reading distance.
Kernel weight contribution to yield genetic gain of maize: a global review and US case studies (2022)

Over the past century of maize (Zea mays L.) breeding, grain yield progress has been the result of improvements in several other intrinsic physiological and morphological traits. In this study, we describe (i) the contribution of kernel weight (KW) to yield genetic gain across multiple agronomic settings and breeding programs, and (ii) the physiological bases for improvements in KW for US hybrids. A global-scale literature review concludes that rates of KW improvement in US hybrids were similar to those of other commercial breeding programs but extended over a longer period of time. There is room for a continued increase of kernel size in maize for most of the genetic materials analysed, but the trade-off between kernel number and KW poses a challenge for future yield progress. Through phenotypic characterization of Pioneer Hi-Bred ERA hybrids in the USA, we determine that improvements in KW have been predominantly related to an extended kernel-filling duration. Likewise, crop improvement has conferred on modern hybrids greater KW plasticity, expressed as a better ability to respond to changes in assimilate availability. Our analysis of past trends and current state of development helps to identify candidate targets for future improvements in maize.
Pathway and Kinetics of Cylinder-to-Sphere Order−Order Transition in Block Copolymers (2000)

The pathway and kinetics for the cylinder-to-sphere order−order transition in a mixture of a matched diblock and triblock copolymer of styrene and ethylene−butene-1 is reported. The microstructure transformation was monitored by viscoelastic measurements, and the structural assignments of the intermediate states were performed by electron microscopy. The kinetics of transformation from macroscopically unaligned wormlike cylindrical microdomains to spherical microdomains arranged on a bcc lattice were extremely slow. The wormlike cylinder-to-sphere transition slowed with decreasing quench depth from the order−disorder transition. Additionally, these order−order kinetics were in quantitative agreement with those for the development of spherical microdomains from an initial disordered state. Further, during the initial induction time following a temperature jump from a wormlike cylindrical order to a spherical state, the sample exhibited liquidlike viscoelastic characteristics and structurally showed the absence of long-range order. In contrast, shear-aligned cylinders rapidly transformed to spheres, adopting a viscoelastic pathway distinct from that of the unaligned samples. The cylinder-to-sphere transition is thermotropically reversible, with the viscoelasticity-based kinetics of the sphere-to-cylinder transition being slower than the cylinder-to-sphere transition.
Software Defined Optical Networks (SDONs): A Comprehensive Survey (2016)

The emerging software defined networking (SDN) paradigm separates the data plane from the control plane and centralizes network control in an SDN controller. Applications interact with controllers to implement network services, such as network transport with quality of service. SDN facilitates the virtualization of network functions so that multiple virtual networks can operate over a given installed physical network infrastructure. Due to the specific characteristics of optical (photonic) communication components and the high optical transmission capacities, SDN-based optical networking poses particular challenges, but holds also great potential. In this article, we comprehensively survey studies that examine the SDN paradigm in optical networks; in brief, we survey the area of software defined optical networks (SDONs). We mainly organize the SDON studies into studies focused on the infrastructure layer, the control layer, and the application layer. Moreover, we cover SDON studies focused on network virtualization, as well as SDON studies focused on the orchestration of multilayer and multidomain networking. Based on the survey, we identify open challenges for SDONs and outline future directions.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Rapid Commun. 21/2004 (2004)

Cover: A transmission electron microscope image of microgel particles that consist of well‐defined temperature‐sensitive poly( N ‐isopropylacrylamide) cores with pH‐sensitive chitosan shells is shown. The microgels are obtained directly from aqueous graft copolymerization of N ‐isopropylacrylamide and N,N ‐methylenebisacrylamide from chitosan. The unique core‐shell nanostructure exhibits tuneable responses to pH and temperature. Further details can be found in the Communication by M. F. Leung, J. Zhu, F. W. Harris, and P. Li * on page 1819.
Cycloaddition Reactions of Allylpalladium and Related Derivatives (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Update to the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Applicability Statement for Application Bridging for Federated Access Beyond Web (ABFAB) (2013)

This document updates the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
applicability statement from RFC 3748 to reflect recent usage of the
EAP protocol in the Application Bridging for Federated Access Beyond
web (ABFAB) architecture.
Analysis of Traffic Problems of Integrated Networks (2008)

A new approach to the analysis of Markovian queueing networks is developed and applied to traffic problems of voice-data integration networks and trunked mobile radio networks. This approach is shown to be computationally much less complex for large systems compared to previous work. In the integrated networks we consider, two classes of users share the system facilities. If all the servers are busy, the first class of users are queued, but the second class of users are blocked and cleared from the system. The performance objective of such an integrated network is to trade the time delay performance of the first class of users against the blockage performance of the second class of users to keep the grade of service as high as possible for both classes of traffic. The key-state approach introduced in this thesis is what makes the analysis of the corresponding Markovian queueing network model of these integrated networks computationally less complex than that of previous work. The performance of integrated networks is investigated under several control strategies and new exact closed-form expressions are obtained for the equilibrium probabilities of the corresponding Markovian models. The results are extended to a more general Markovian process where a bulk of arrivals and departures are allowed. The key-state approach is expected to become a standard tool for analyzing large queueing networks such as will arise when Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN) become widely deployed in the next five years.
HuBERT: Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning by Masked\n Prediction of Hidden Units (2021)

Self-supervised approaches for speech representation learning are challenged\nby three unique problems: (1) there are multiple sound units in each input\nutterance, (2) there is no lexicon of input sound units during the pre-training\nphase, and (3) sound units have variable lengths with no explicit segmentation.\nTo deal with these three problems, we propose the Hidden-Unit BERT (HuBERT)\napproach for self-supervised speech representation learning, which utilizes an\noffline clustering step to provide aligned target labels for a BERT-like\nprediction loss. A key ingredient of our approach is applying the prediction\nloss over the masked regions only, which forces the model to learn a combined\nacoustic and language model over the continuous inputs. HuBERT relies primarily\non the consistency of the unsupervised clustering step rather than the\nintrinsic quality of the assigned cluster labels. Starting with a simple\nk-means teacher of 100 clusters, and using two iterations of clustering, the\nHuBERT model either matches or improves upon the state-of-the-art wav2vec 2.0\nperformance on the Librispeech (960h) and Libri-light (60,000h) benchmarks with\n10min, 1h, 10h, 100h, and 960h fine-tuning subsets. Using a 1B parameter model,\nHuBERT shows up to 19% and 13% relative WER reduction on the more challenging\ndev-other and test-other evaluation subsets.\n
Characterizing peak exposure of secondhand smoke using a real‐time PM 2.5 monitor (2019)

Although short-duration elevated exposures (peak exposures) to pollutants may trigger adverse acute effects, epidemiological studies to understand their influence on different health effects are hampered by lack of methods for objectively identifying peaks. Secondhand smoke from cigarettes (SHS) in the residential environment can lead to peak exposures. The aim of this study was to explore whether peaks in continuous PM<sub>2.5</sub> data can indicate SHS exposure. A total of 41 children (21 with and 20 without SHS exposure based on self-report) from 28 families in New York City (NY, USA) were recruited. Both personal and residential continuous PM<sub>2.5</sub> monitoring were performed for five consecutive days using MicroPEM sensors (RTI International, USA). A threshold detection method based on cumulative distribution function was developed to identify peaks. When children were home, the mean accumulated peak area (APA) for peak exposures was 297 ± 325 hour*µg/m<sup>3</sup> for children from smoking families and six times that of the APA from non-smoking families (~50 ± 54 hour*µg/m<sup>3</sup> ). Average PM<sub>2.5</sub> mass concentrations for SHS exposed and unexposed children were 24 ± 15 µg/m<sup>3</sup> and 15 ± 9 µg/m<sup>3</sup> , respectively. The average SHS exposure duration represents ~5% of total exposure time, but ~13% of children's total PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure dose, equivalent to an additional 2.6 µg/m<sup>3</sup> per day. This study demonstrated the feasibility of peak analysis for quantifying SHS exposure. The developed method can be adopted more widely to support epidemiology studies on impacts of short-term exposures.
Feline Coronavirus Infection of Domestic Cats Causes Development of Cross-Reactive Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain (2022)

Abstract The current study was initiated when our specific pathogen-free laboratory toms developed unexpectedly high levels of cross-reactive antibodies to human SARS-CoV-2 (SCoV2) receptor binding domain (RBD) upon mating with feline coronavirus (FCoV)-positive queens. Multi-sequence alignment analyses of SCoV2 Wuhan RBD and four strains each from FCoV serotypes 1 and 2 (FCoV1, FCoV2) demonstrated amino acid sequence identity of 11.5% and similarity of 31.8% with FCoV1 RBD, as well as 12.2% identity and 36.5% similarity for FCoV2 RBD. The sera from all three toms and three mated queens cross-reacted with SCoV2 RBD and reacted with FCoV1 RBD and FCoV2 spike-2, nucleocapsid, and membrane proteins of FCoV2 whole-virus, but not with FCoV2 RBD. Additionally, the plasma from all six FCoV2-inoculated laboratory cats reacted with FCoV2 and SCoV2 RBDs, but not with FCoV1 RBD. In another study, eight group-housed laboratory cats from a different lineage had a range of serum cross-reactivity to SCoV2 RBD even 15 months later. Such cross-reactivity was also observed in FCoV1-positive group-housed pet cats. The SCoV2 RBD at a high non-toxic dose and FCoV2 RBD at a 60-400-fold lower dose blocked the in vitro FCoV2 infection of the feline cells, demonstrating their close structural conformations essential as vaccine immunogens. Furthermore, such cross-reactivity to SCoV2 RBD was also detected by the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of both transient and chronically FCoV1-infected cats. Overall, the cross-reactivity with SCoV2 RBD by the sera from both serotypes of FCoV-infected cats also suggests that the cross-reactive epitope(s) on FCoV1 and FCoV2 RBDs may be similar to those of SCoV2 RBD and provides essential insights to developing a pan-CoV vaccine. Author Summary To date, there are no reports on the sera from feline coronavirus (FCoV)-infected cats cross-reacting with either SARS-CoV-1 or SARS-CoV2 (SCoV2) receptor binding domains (RBDs). This report describes the presence of cross-reactive antibodies to SCoV2 RBD in the sera of FCoV-infected laboratory cats, even though SCoV2 RBD and each FCoV serotype (FCoV1, FCoV2) RBD had minimal sequence similarity. However, this observation of serum cross-reactivity to SCoV2 RBD was confirmed by more stringent antibody-based assays and viral assays. Furthermore, both serotypes of FCoV-infected cats, including FCoV1-infected pet cats, produced the cross-reactive antibodies, and such cross-reactivity to SCoV2 RBD was also detected, most likely, by the T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of both transient and chronically FCoV1-infected cats. Since SCoV2 RBD is essential component for current vaccines against COVID-19 disease, our findings should provide essential insights to developing a pan-coronavirus vaccine that induces full-scale immunity to completely prevent SCoV2 infection in humans and pet animals.