gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rat Intestinal M Cells Contain Acidic Compartments and Express Class II Complex Determinants Endosomal-Lysosomal Major Histocompatibility (1993)

Back&ound: It is generally believed that M cells do not modify the antigens they transport from the intestinal lumen to underlying immunocompetent cells because it has been reported that M cells contain few elements of the lysosomal system. Methods: We used specific cytochemical and immunocytochemical probes to examine whether M cells in jejunal Peyer’s patches of adult rats contain the requisite intracellular components to process and potentially present endocytosed antigens. Results: M cells contained acid phosphatase-enriched prelysosomelike and lysosomelike structures. A basic congener of dinitrophenol, which concentrates in acidic cell compartments, is localized following its instillation into Peyer’s patch-containing ligated jejunal loops to the endosomal-lysosomal system of M cells. Prelysosomelike and lysosomelike structures in ultrathin cryosections of M cells reacted with polyclonal antibody to a membrane glycoprotein (lgp120) enriched in prelysosomes and lysosomes. Using monoclonal antibody OX6 as a probe, M cells expressed the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II determinant, la, on the basolateral plasma membrane and in organelles with structural features of endosomes, prelysosomes, and lysosomes. Expression was enhanced by pretreatment with interferon gamma. Conclusions: M cells possess acidic .endosomal and acid phosphatase-containing prelysosomal and lysosomal compartments and express MHC class II determinants. Hence, M cells may have the capacity to process and present endocytosed antigens to adjacent intraepithelial T lymphocytes.
Hollow Cathode Ignition and Life Model (2005)

The Hollow Cathode Assembly is a thermionic source of electrons critical to the operation of the L-3 ETI Xenon Ion Propulsion System (XIPS) thruster.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha induces proteins that bind specifically to kappa B-like enhancer elements and regulate interleukin 2 receptor alpha-chain gene expression in primary human T lymphocytes. (1989)

We have investigated the biochemical basis for the activation of interleukin 2 receptor alpha-subunit (IL-2R alpha) gene expression in primary human T lymphocytes by a cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha), a T-cell mitogen (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate), and the transactivator protein (Tax) from the type I human T-cell leukemia virus. Using in vivo transfection techniques specificially designed for these primary T cells in conjunction with in vitro gel retardation and DNA footprinting assays, we found that activation of the IL-2R alpha promoter by each of these agents involves the induction of nuclear proteins that specifically interact with a kappa B-like enhancer element (i.e., an element resembling the immunoglobulin kappa-chain enhancer sequence recognized by transcription factor NF-kappa B). DNA-protein crosslinking studies revealed that primary T cells express at least three different inducible DNA-binding proteins (50-55, 70-75, and 80-90 kDa) that specifically interact with this IL-2R alpha kappa B element.
Polymer based photonic sensors for physicochemical monitoring (2005)

The ability to engineer polymer materials that have special response to external factors as well as to incorporate nano- and/or micro- materials in these polymer matrices make these materials perfect candidates for physicochemical sensors. The incorporation of the nano-/micro-materials help the polymer materials become more sensitive to a variety of external factors. Different polymer designs for the detection of humidity, alcohols and hydrocarbons are described. Special diffractive photonics structures are implemented to offer increased sensitivity to physicochemical changes. The final photonic sensor design is based on an optimization of chemical as well as optical design. The chemical polymer designs are based on selecting and synthesizing the appropriate polymeric structure that will facilitate interaction with the analyte, through a number of physical and chemical processes (adsorption, solubilization, entrapment, coulombic interaction and hydrogen bonding). These functions are determined by the chemical and structural features of the polymer used i.e. functional groups, glass transition, porosity, etc. In the case of polymer/nano- and/or micro-inorganic hybrid materials, interactions of the polymer matrix with the inorganic component(s) and dispersion of the nanomaterials within the matrix have to be taken into account. Suitable photonic interfaces based on transmissive and/or diffractive techniques are designed to provide the medium with interface tailoring and interrogation methodologies. Novel photonic information processor prototype devices based on free space configurations are demonstrated to extract/recover the captured information from the sensing material. The advantageous characteristics of the presented integrated sensor are the fully reversible behavior, at ambient operating conditions, without the need for additional heating or light exposure.
Impact of Irradiation on the Safety and Quality of Poultry and Meat Products: A Review (2008)

For more than 100 years research on food irradiation has demonstrated that radiation will make food safer and improve the shelf life of irradiated foods. Using the current food safety technology, we may have reached the point of diminishing returns even though recent figures from the CDC show a significant drop in the number of foodborne illnesses. However, too many people continue to get sick and die from eating contaminated food. New and under utilized technologies such as food irradiation need to be re-examined to achieve new levels of safety for the food supply. Effects of irradiation on the safety and quality of meat and poultry are discussed. Irradiation control of the principle microbial pathogens including viruses, the differences among at-risk sub-populations, factors affecting the diminished rate of improvement in food safety and published D values for irradiating raw meat and poultry are presented. Currently permitted levels of irradiation are probably not sufficient to control pathogenic viruses. Typical gram-negative spoilage organisms are very sensitive to irradiation. Their destruction leads to a significant increase in the acceptable shelf life. In addition, the destruction of these normal spoilage organisms did not provide a competitive growth advantage for irradiation injured food pathogens. Another of the main focuses of this review is a detailed compilation of the effects of most of the food additives that have been proposed to minimize the negative quality effect of irradiation. Most of the antimicrobials and antioxidants used singly or in combination produced an increased lethality of irradiation and a decrease in oxidation by-products. Combinations of dosage, temperature, dietary and direct additives, storage temperature and packaging atmosphere can produce meats that the average consumer will find indistinguishable from non-irradiated meats. A discussion of the production of unique radiological by-products is also included.
Measurement of the fragmentation fraction ratio f s /f d and its dependence on B meson kinematics (2013)

A bstract The relative production rate of $ B_s^0 $ and B 0 mesons is determined with the hadronic decays $ B_s^0\to D_s^{-}{\pi^{+}} $ and B 0 → D − K + . The measurement uses data corresponding to 1.0 fb −1 of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of $ \sqrt{s}=7 $ TeV recorded in the forward region with the LHCb experiment. The ratio of production rates, f s /f d , is measured to be 0 . 238 ± 0 . 004 ± 0 . 015 ± 0 . 021, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic, and the third theoretical. This is combined with a previous LHCb measurement to obtain f s /f d = 0 . 256 ± 0 . 020. The dependence of f s /f d on the transverse momentum and pseudorapidity of the B meson is determined using the decays $ B_s^0\to D_s^{-}{\pi^{+}} $ and B 0 → D − π + . There is evidence for a decrease with increasing transverse momentum, whereas the ratio remains constant as a function of pseudorapidity. In addition, the ratio of branching fractions of the decays B 0 → D − K + and B 0 → D − π + is measured to be 0 . 0822 ± 0 . 0011 (stat) ± 0 . 0025 (syst).
Finding the Worst Voltage Violation in Multi-Domain Clock Gated Power Network (2008)

This paper proposes an efficient method to find the worst case of voltage violation by multi-domain clock gating in an on-chip power network. We first present a voltage response in an arbitrary multi-domain clock gating pattern, using a superposition technique. Then, an integer linear programming (ILP) formulation is proposed to identify the worst-case gating pattern and the maximum variation area. The ILP based method is significantly faster than a conventional method based on enumeration. The experimental results are also compared with a case where peak voltage variation is induced, which shows the latter technique largely underestimated the overall variation effect.
BMI1 as a novel target for drug discovery in cancer (2011)

Growing evidence has demonstrated that clonogenic cancer stem (initiating) cells are responsible for tumor regrowth and disease relapse. Bmi-1 plays a critical role in the self-renewal of adult stem cells. The Bmi-1 protein is elevated in many types of cancers, and experimental reduction of Bmi-1 protein levels by small interfering RNA (siRNA) causes apoptosis and/or senescence in tumor cells in vitro and increases susceptibility to cytotoxic agents. The Bmi-1 protein has no known enzymatic activity, but serves as the key regulatory component of the PRC1 complex (polycomb repressive complex-1). This complex influences chromatin structure and regulates transcriptional activity of a number of important loci including the Ink4a locus which encodes the tumor suppressor proteins p16(Ink4a) and p14(Arf) . In this prospective study, we will discuss the implication of BMI1 in cancers, the biology of BMI1, and the regulatory control of BMI1 expression. The target validation and the future prospects of targeting BMI1 in cancer therapy are also discussed.
Non‐Invasive Methods to Determine the Severity of NAFLD and NASH (2013)

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. Although some patients can progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer, the majority have simple steatosis and run a benign clinical course. Finding high-risk cases out of a large number of NAFLD patients is a clinical challenge. Traditionally, liver biopsy is required to assess the severity of NAFLD. However, the procedure is invasive and not welcomed by patients. This chapter introduces recent developments in non-invasive tests for hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and fibrosis. Potential clinical applications and limitations of the current tests are discussed.
A New Phase of the c(4 × 2) Superstructure of Alkanethiols Grown by Vapor Phase Deposition on Gold (2005)

A self-assembled monolayer of dodecanethiol is grown onto (111) oriented gold by vacuum phase deposition and studied by ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The films consist of domains that exhibit the c(4 x 2) over-structure of the hexagonal (square root of 3 x square root of 3)R30 of alkanethiols on gold. The domain size is only limited by the terrace size of the underlying gold. By higher resolution scans a new phase of the c(4 x 2) structure consisting of four inequivalent molecules that display different heights in the STM images is discovered.
Using EEG-Based BCI Devices to Subliminally Probe for Private Information (2017)

EEG-based Brain-Computer-Interfaces are becoming available as consumer-grade devices, used in applications from gaming to learning programs with neuro-feedback loops. While enabling attractive applications, their proliferation introduces novel privacy concerns and security threats. One such example are attacks in which adversaries compromise EEG-based BCI devices and analyze the user's brain activity in order to infer private information such as their bank or area-of-living.
Regime Change: Bit-Depth Versus Measurement-Rate in Compressive Sensing (2012)

The recently introduced compressive sensing (CS) framework enables digital signal acquisition systems to take advantage of signal structures beyond bandlimitedness. Indeed, the number of CS measurements required for stable reconstruction is closer to the order of the signal complexity than the Nyquist rate. To date, the CS theory has focused on real-valued measurements, but in practice measurements are mapped to bits from a finite alphabet. Moreover, in many potential applications the total number of measurement bits is constrained, which suggests a tradeoff between the number of measurements and the number of bits per measurement. We study this situation in this paper and show that there exist two distinct regimes of operation that correspond to high/low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In the measurement compression (MC) regime, a high SNR favors acquiring fewer measurements with more bits per measurement; in the quantization compression (QC) regime, a low SNR favors acquiring more measurements with fewer bits per measurement. A surprise from our analysis and experiments is that in many practical applications it is better to operate in the QC regime, even acquiring as few as 1 bit per measurement.
Anti‐HPA‐1a‐mediated platelet phagocytosis by monocytes in vitro and its inhibition by Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) reactive reagents (2003)

The study was undertaken to delineate mechanisms of platelet destruction by phagocytosis during fetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FAIT/NAIT) because of maternal antibodies against human platelet antigen 1a (HPA-1a). By employing a platelet phagocytosis assay based on the ORPEGEN flow cytometric bacterial phagocytosis test, we measured monocyte ingestion of platelets mediated by anti-HPA-1a antibodies. Moreover, we tested, as potential therapeutic agents, FcgammaR reactive reagents, for their inhibition of this process. Four of six anti-HPA-1a sera tested mediated phagocytosis of HPA-1a-positive platelets in a concentration-dependent manner. Monocyte ingestion of platelets was almost completely inhibited by cytochalasin D. No anti-HPA-1a-mediated phagocytosis was observed with anti-HPA-1a-negative platelets. The humanised anti-FcgammaRI monoclonal antibody H22 at concentrations 1-100 microg/ml, completely inhibited anti-HPA-1a-mediated phagocytosis as did similar concentrations of ivIg. By contrast, a mouse monoclonal anti-FcgammaRII (IV.3, Fab) at 10 microg/ml caused little or no suppression of platelet phagocytosis mediated by two anti-HPA-1 sera. Furthermore, the addition of anti-FcgammaRII (10 microg/ml) to sub-optimal concentrations of H22 did not significantly increase the inhibitory effect of the latter compound. Monomeric IgG (0.1-10 microg/ml) failed to suppress anti-HPA-1 mediated platelet ingestion by the phagocytes, as did anti-FcgammaRIII. To our knowledge this is a rare example of an assay that measures platelet phagocytosis in vitro. The results suggest that FcgammaRI plays a major role in anti-HPA-1a-mediated platelet phagocytosis by monocytes while FcgammaRIIa, is of little or minor importance only. Moreover, the findings indicate the use of H22 as an alternative to interavenous Ig (ivIg) in the management of FAIT/NAIT.
Identification and localization of myosin phosphatase in human platelets (1998)

Type 1 (PP1) and type 2A (PP2A) phosphatase activity was measured in three subcellular fractions of human platelets. About 80% of the activity was in the high-speed supernatant. Western blots showed that the catalytic subunit of PP1 (PP1c), including alpha- and delta-isoforms, was present in each fraction, but the level of the catalytic subunit of PP2A was very low in the low-speed pellet (cytoskeletal fraction). Various antibodies detected a subunit similar to the 130 kDa subunit (M130) of myosin phosphatase (MP) of smooth muscle in the low- and the high-speed pellets of human platelets. PP1c and associated proteins were isolated by microcystin-Sepharose. Many proteins were separated from each fraction, including myosin, actin and PP1c. M130 was separated only from the low-speed and the high-speed pellets. Kinase activities were detected in the unbound fractions, and fractions from the low- and high-speed pellets phosphorylated M130 and myosin respectively. Treatment of platelets with calyculin A increased the phosphorylation level of many proteins, including myosin heavy- and light-chains, and caused association of cytoskeletal proteins with the low-speed pellet. No marked change in the distribution of PP1c and M130 was detected. These results suggest that the MP in human platelets is composed of PP1c plus a subunit similar to M130 of the smooth muscle phosphatase.
Macromolecular gradients in corneal stroma (2003)

Recent studies have demonstrated an increased concentration of several macromolecules in the anterior corneal stroma as compared to the posterior stroma. Possible mechanisms generating these gradients include volume exclusion, preferential binding and/or convection. One of these potential causes, convective flow driven by a combination of evaporation from the tear film and intraocular pressure, is examined numerically. A one-dimensional, corneal transport model is used to estimate the average posterior-to-anterior (PA) flow rate. This fluid velocity is then applied to a simpler advection-diffusion model to estimate the magnitude of an albumin gradient in the PA direction. It was found that the influence of convection on the distribution of soluble albumin may contribute significantly to observed gradients in the corneal stroma. These results suggest that alteration of either the supply of a given protein to the cornea (e.g. granular corneal dystrophy (GCD)) or the convective flow rate (e.g. contact lens wear) may enhance the normal gradient of soluble macromolecules in the corneal tissue. The possibility that gradients in the local chemical composition of the stroma are driven ultimately by tear film evaporation has important clinical implications. It is concluded that a full understanding of the mechanisms behind some poorly understood corneal disorders (GCD) or responses to contact lens wear may require the consideration of the physiological phenomena that combine to establish the local stromal chemical milieu.
Cancer monitoring with nanoparticles and microfluidics (2008)

Monitoring cancer after the first treatment requires ultra-sensitive personalized biosensors with high specificity. We present here some of the nanoparticle based microfluidic techniques pursued at the Nano Tumor Center towards this goal.
The N Terminus of Mannose 6-Phosphate/Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 Receptor in Regulation of Fibrinolysis and Cell Migration (2002)

Leukocyte migration to sites of inflammation is a multistep process involving transient adhesion to the endothelium followed by cell surface-controlled proteolysis for transmigration through the vessel wall and chemotactic movement within tissues. One of the key players in this machinery appears to be the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)/uPA receptor system. The role of uPA and its receptor (CD87) in plasminogen (Plg) activation, cell adhesion, and chemotaxis is well established; however, less is known of how these activities are regulated. Here we provide evidence that the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (CD222) controls CD87-mediated functions. Expression of human CD222 in CD222-/- mouse fibroblasts down-regulated Plg activation, cell adhesion, and chemotaxis induced by the uPA/CD87 system. In addition, we demonstrate that the N-terminal region of CD222, which is similar to the Plg-binding site of streptokinase, plays a crucial role in binding of CD87 and Plg. A peptide derived from this region in CD222 is able to disrupt the physical interaction of CD222 with CD87 and, furthermore, mimics the inhibitory effects of CD222 on CD87 functions. Taken together, our results indicate a novel role for CD222 in regulation of fibrinolysis, cell adhesion, and migration.
On the pointwise threshold behavior of the binary erasure polarization subchannels (2017)

It is shown that when Ankan's n-level polarization transformation is applied to the binary erasure channel, each of the resulting individual 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sup> subchannels has a sharp threshold, for sufficiently large n.
Multisite Exchange-Enhanced Barocaloric Response in Mn3NiN (2018)

Experiments reveal that Mn${}_{3}$NiN has enormous ability to control heat flow when subjected to mechanical pressure, establishing the family of Mn-antiperovskite materials as promising tools for energy-efficient refrigeration.
Fronthaul Optical Links Implemented by Using Sub-Nyquist Sampling Rate ADC for B5G/6G Sub-THz Ma-MIMO Beamforming (2021)

We propose fronthaul link with 7-GHz IM-DD channels and 1/64 Nyquist-sampling-rate ADC to support 64 signals for 100-GHz Ma-MIMO beamforming. The corresponding CPRI-based capacity is 393.6374Gb/s. After fiber and wireless transmission, the EVMs are &lt;8%.
Hybrid slot-waveguide fed antenna using hexagonal boron nitride D’yakonov polaritons (2019)

Polaritonic slot waveguides have been explored as a means of manipulating nanoscale fields to compete in the race for the sub-diffractional confinement of light. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), when incorporated into hyperbolic-insulator-hyperbolic (HIH) configurations, is a strong contender, with its naturally occurring anisotropy allowing it to strongly confine and enhance local fields. However, while the volumetric phonon polaritons of h-BN have been widely used for these means, its hyperbolic surface phonon polaritons (HSPhPs) or D'yakonov polaritons contain untapped potential and are widely unused. In this paper, we qualitatively discuss the hybridization of fundamental hyperbolic surface phonon polariton modes in an HIH slot waveguide. The resulting symmetric dark, or lower mode, is then used to design a patch antenn, which shows possibilities for applying the familiar microstrip transmission-line approach of antenna design to this HSPhP antenna.
A novel hydrodynamic approach to the treatment of coronary artery disease (2006)

DRPs improve perfusion to myocardium subserved by a flow-limiting coronary stenosis by decreasing microvascular resistance through an increase in capillary volume. Primary modulation of blood hydrodynamics and rheology to reduce microvascular resistance offers a novel approach to the treatment of ischaemic coronary syndromes.
Spontaneous formation of \lbrace 1\,\bar{1}\,0\,1\rbrace InGaN quantum wells on a (1\,1\,\bar{2} \,2) GaN template and their electroluminescence characteristics (2009)

Discrete dies of the light-emitting diode (LED) fabricated on a (1 1 2)-oriented GaN template exhibited electroluminescence peaked at 467 nm and optical output power was greater than 200 µW at 20 mA. The LED was found to have quantum well structure grown on spontaneously formed {1 0 1} facets, confirmed via transmission electron microscopy. Polarization switching was observed in luminescence perpendicular to the device surface: the dominant polarization was parallel to [ 2 3]. The device structure was shown to be advantageous for photovoltaic cell applications by evaluating photo-induced current, although piezoelectric effects on photocurrent were not explicitly determined. The filling rate of band-edge states was estimated to be 0.025 eV per decade of current via low-temperature electroluminescence measurements.
Decreased Left Posterior Insular Activity during Auditory Language in Autism (2009)

Control subjects showed greater activation of the posterior insula during receptive language, which may correlate with impaired emotive processing of language in autism. Subjects with autism showed greater bilateral activation of receptive-language areas, which was out of proportion to the differences in hand preference in autism and control populations.