gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Low-Temperature Nucleation Rate Anomaly in Silicate Glasses is an Artifact (2020)

Over the past 40 years measurements of the nucleation rates in a large number of silicate glasses have indicated a breakdown in the widely used Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT) for temperatures below that of the peak nucleation rate. The data show that instead of steadily decreasing with decreasing temperature, the work of critical cluster formation enters a plateau, and even starts to increase. While many explanations have been offered to explain this anomaly, none have provided a satisfactory answer. We present the first experimental results that demonstrate that the anomaly is not real, but is instead an artifact arising from an insufficient annealing time at the low temperatures. The time-dependent nucleation rate was measured in a 5BaO.8SiO2 glass at a temperature 50 K below the peak nucleation rate temperature for a time many times longer than any previous measurement time for a silicate glass. The new data give results that are consistent with the predictions of the CNT. Since the artifact has been widely observed in many silicate glasses, these results indicate that much of the existing nucleation rate data at low temperatures are incorrect.
A trainable approach for multi-lingual speech-to-speech translation system (2002)

This paper presents a statistical speech-to-speech machine translation (MT) system for limited domain applications using a cascaded approach. This architecture allows for the creation of multilingual applications. In this paper, the system architecture and its components, including the speech recognition, parsing, information extraction, translation, natural language generation (NLG) and text-to-speech (TTS) components are described. We have implemented the described system for translating speech between Mandarin and English language pair in an air travel application domain. We are current porting the system to the military domain. Encouraging experimental results have been observed and are presented.
ChemInform Abstract: INTRAMOLECULAR DIELS‐ALDER AND ENE REACTIONS OF 2,6‐DIMETHYL‐2,7‐OCTADIENAL (1981)

Abstract 2,6‐Dimethyl‐2,7‐octadienal (I) reagiert mit Bortrifluorid zu einem Cyclisierungsprodukt (II), das sauer zum Aldehyd‐carbinol (III) gespalten wird.
Reactor Comparison for the Esterification of Fatty Acids from Waste Cooking Oil (2015)

Abstract Esterification of the fatty acids contained in waste cooking oil with glycerol, a reaction involving immiscible and viscous reactants, was achieved in two pilot‐scale continuous pulsed reactors: the oscillatory baffled reactor and the helix reactor. In both reactors, with or without baffles, the reaction reaches its thermodynamic equilibrium at lower temperatures, shorter residence times and with higher selectivities than those reported in the literature. This equilibrium is then shifted by an increase in the excess of glycerol, or by removing water from the reactive media by an intermediary decantation or by the use of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, a surfactant catalyst. Further investigations would be required to increase the conversions without decreasing the selectivities, by increasing the initial amount of free fatty acids.
Interactive Grid Architecture for Application Service Providers. (2003)

This paper presents our Interactive Grid architecture for Application Service Providers (I-GASP). We envision I-GASP as a solution for making computers available primarily for interactive use in a grid computing environment. A user might access such a computer for running diverse applications such as graphics rendering, scientific visualization or mechanical CAD. I-GASP consists of a grid middleware for provisioning these computers, remote display technology that goes across firewalls and several techniques for making the computers suitable for use in a grid environment, namely controlled shell and desktop, dynamic accounts, admission control, and monitoring and management agents. To minimize the amount of user data that needs to migrate to the assigned computer before an interactive session begins, we present our affinity scheduling algorithm that favors a computer where the user has previously had an interactive session. 1
Abstract 2678: A clonal expression biomarker improves prognostic accuracy: TRACERx lung (2019)

At the point of cancer diagnosis, molecular biomarkers aim to stratify patients into precise disease subtypes predictive of outcome independent of standard clinical parameters such as tumour stage. Although prognostic gene expression signatures have been derived for many cancer types, seldom have they been shown to improve therapeutic decision making, limiting their clinical use. While intra-tumour transcriptomic heterogeneity (RNA-ITH) has been shown to bias existing biomarkers, efforts to control for this biological parameter have not been considered in biomarker development. Here, we analyse multi-region RNA-seq and whole-exome data for 156 tumour regions from 48 TRACERx patients to explore RNA-ITH in NSCLC. We show that chromosomal instability is a major driver of RNA-ITH, through the generation of heterogeneous copy number events within tumours, and that existing prognostic gene expression signatures are vulnerable to sampling bias. To address this issue, we develop the Outcome Risk Associated Clonal Lung Expression (ORACLE) assay, comprised of genes expressed homogeneously within individual tumours but heterogeneously between patients. These genes are enriched in modules associated with cell proliferation, such as mitosis and nucleosome assembly, that are often selected for through copy number gain events occurring early in tumour evolution. Our approach to identify “clonal” transcriptomic biomarkers in NSCLC overcomes tumour sampling bias, improves survival risk forecasting over current clinicopathological risk factors, and may be generalised to other cancer types, whilst revealing the early evolutionary selection of high risk DNA copy number events driving poor clinical outcome.Citation Format: Dhruva Biswas, Nicolai J. Birkbak, Rachel Rosenthal, Crispin T. Hiley, Emilia L. Lim, Krisztian Papp, Marcin Krzystanek, Dijana Djureinovic, Yin Wu, David A. Moore, Marcin Skrypski, Christopher Abbosh, Maise Al Bakir, Thomas B. Watkins, Selvaraju Veeriah, Gareth A. Wilson, Mariam Jamal-Hanjani, Arul M. Chinnaiyan, Patrick Micke, Jiri Bartek, Istvan Csabai, Zoltan Szallasi, Javier Herrero, Nicholas McGranahan, Charles Swanton. A clonal expression biomarker improves prognostic accuracy: TRACERx lung [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2678.
Stabilization of high-temperature antimony oxide with molybdenum incorporation. Structure of molybdenum-doped antimony oxide (Sb2O4) by powder neutron diffraction and extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStabilization of high-temperature antimony oxide with molybdenum incorporation. Structure of molybdenum-doped antimony oxide (Sb2O4) by powder neutron diffraction and extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopyRaymond G. Teller, Mark R. Antonio, James F. Brazdil, M. Mehicic, and Robert K. GrasselliCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1985, 24, 21, 3370–3375Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00215a015https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00215a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views170Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Figure S2 from Gamma Secretase Inhibition by BMS-906024 Enhances Efficacy of Paclitaxel in Lung Adenocarcinoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Modulation of Notch1 activation by paclitaxel.&lt;/p&gt;
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Organocatalytic Domino Michael/α‐Alkylation Reactions: Direct Catalytic Enantioselective Cyclopropanation and Cyclopentanation Reactions. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
2013 R&D 100 Award: New tech could mean more power for fiber lasers (2017)

An LLNL team of six physicists has developed a new technology that is a stepping stone to enable some of the limitations on high-power fiber lasers to be overcome. Their technology, dubbed "Efficient Mode-Converters for High-Power Fiber Amplifiers," allows the power of fiber lasers to be increased while maintaining high beam quality. Currently, fiber lasers are used in machining, on factory floors and in a number of defense applications and can produce tens of kilowatts of power.The conventional fiber laser design features a circular core and has fundamental limitations that make it impractical to allow higher laser power unless the core area is increased. LLNL researchers have pioneered a design to increase the laser's core area along the axis of the ribbon fiber. Their design makes it difficult to use a conventional laser beam, so the LLNL team converted the beam into a profile that propagates into the ribbon fiber and is converted back once it is amplified. The use of this LLNL technology will permit the construction of higher power lasers for lower costs and increase the power of fiber lasers from tens of kilowatts of power to about 100 kilowatts and potentially even higher.
Discovery of small molecule guanylyl cyclase A receptor positive allosteric modulators (2021)

The particulate guanylyl cyclase A receptor (GC-A), via activation by its endogenous ligands atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), possesses beneficial biological properties such as blood pressure regulation, natriuresis, suppression of adverse remodeling, inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and favorable metabolic actions through the generation of its second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Thus, the GC-A represents an important molecular therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease and its associated risk factors. However, a small molecule that is orally bioavailable and directly targets the GC-A to potentiate cGMP has yet to be discovered. Here, we performed a cell-based high-throughput screening campaign of the NIH Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository, and we successfully identified small molecule GC-A positive allosteric modulator (PAM) scaffolds. Further medicinal chemistry structure-activity relationship efforts of the lead scaffold resulted in the development of a GC-A PAM, MCUF-651, which enhanced ANP-mediated cGMP generation in human cardiac, renal, and fat cells and inhibited cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro. Further, binding analysis confirmed MCUF-651 binds to GC-A and selectively enhances the binding of ANP to GC-A. Moreover, MCUF-651 is orally bioavailable in mice and enhances the ability of endogenous ANP and BNP, found in the plasma of normal subjects and patients with hypertension or heart failure, to generate GC-A-mediated cGMP ex vivo. In this work, we report the discovery and development of an oral, small molecule GC-A PAM that holds great potential as a therapeutic for cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic diseases.
Pharmacology and Emerging Clinical Application of RNA (2006)

In the living cell, the RNA is an important intermediate of genetic information transfer between DNA and protein. RNA is a single-stranded, flexible, and versatile biopolymer that incorporates many pharmacologically desirable traits of DNA and protein without some of their disadvantages. It is water soluble and nontoxic, produced by chemical synthesis as well as recombinant cloning, faithfully replicates the parental DNA sequence, can be converted to DNA or protein, possesses enzymatic self-cleaving activity, and makes specific RNA–RNA, RNA—DNA, and RNA–protein interactions. The biologically remarkable forms and functions of RNA, such as antisense RNA, ribozymes, RNA decoys, aptamers, and RNA interference, are rooted in this fundamentally unique combination of biochemical traits of the RNA. It is only recently that some of these properties of RNA have been exploited to interfere with or repair dysfunctional or harmful nucleic acids or proteins and to induce therapeutic gene products in a variety of pathological syndromes or infectious diseases. First and second generations of RNA drugs have indeed produced promising results, thus raising new hopes in bringing RNA therapeutics from the bench to the bedside. In this chapter, we first describe the basic features and discoveries of RNA that are relevant to its clinical usage, and then chronicle the emerging clinical applications of RNA.
Robust topology optimization accounting for geometric imperfections (2011)

Topology optimization is a powerful method to optimize the performance of macro, micro, or nano structures. However, the geometry of the actual structure may differ from the optimized design due to manufacturing errors. Such geometric imperfections can have a significant impact on the structural performance. As a consequence, the actual structure may be far from optimal. In this paper, a robust approach to topology optimization is presented, taking into account two types of geometric imperfections: variations of (1) the crosssections and (2) the locations of structural elements. The first type is modeled by means of a scalar non-Gaussian random field, which is represented as a translation process. The underlying Gaussian field is simulated by means of the EOLE method. The second type of imperfections is modeled as a Gaussian vector-valued random field, which is simulated directly by means of the EOLE method. In each iteration of the optimization process, the relevant statistics of the structural response are evaluated by means of a Monte Carlo simulation. The proposed methodology is successfully applied to a test problem involving the design of a compliant mechanism (for the first type of imperfections) and a vertical load carrying system (for the second type).
Efficacy of lanreotide depot (LAN) for symptomatic control of carcinoid syndrome (CS) in patients with neuroendocrine tumor (NET) previously responsive to octreotide (OCT): Subanalysis of patient-reported symptoms from the phase III ELECT study. (2017)

378 Background: In ELECT, LAN significantly reduced the need for short-acting OCT rescue medication for symptomatic control of CS in NET patients (pts) vs placebo (PBO) (primary result). Here we present flushing and diarrhea symptom data and biochemical response for pts with or without prior OCT use from the ELECT study. Methods: Adults with histopathologically confirmed NET and history of CS (diarrhea and/or flushing) who were OCT-naive or responsive to OCT long-acting release (LAR) (≤30 mg q4W) or short-acting OCT (≤600 μg daily) were randomized to LAN 120 mg (SC q4W) or PBO for 16 wks. Pts administered short-acting OCT if needed and recorded daily the frequency and severity of symptoms using Interactive Voice/Web Response System for 1 month pre-randomization and throughout the study. 24 hr urinary 5-hydroxindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) was assessed at baseline and wk 12. Results: Of 115 pts randomized, 51 (n=26 LAN; n=25 PBO) were OCT-naive and 64 (n=33 LAN; n=31 PBO) received prior OCT LAR (n=56) and/or short-acting OCT (n=24). The frequency of moderate or severe diarrhea and/or flushing decreased in both naive and prior OCT pts treated with LAN (Table). The least square mean percentage of days with moderate or severe diarrhea and/or flushing was significantly lower for pts treated with LAN (23.4%) vs PBO (35.8%) ( P=0.004, analysis of covariance adjusted for prior OCT use, region, and baseline values). By week 12, 5HIAA levels dropped by ≥30% to normal in 35% of OCT-naive pts and 29% of prior OCT pts treated with LAN. Among PBO pts, 5HIAA reductions were seen in 15% of OCT-naive pts and 7% of prior OCT pts. Conclusions: Pts showed improvement in CS symptoms of flushing and diarrhea and reduction in 5HIAA levels with LAN treatment, indicating efficacy of LAN in pts regardless of prior OCT use. Clinical trial information: NCT00774930; and EudraCT 2010-019066-92. [Table: see text]
ChemInform Abstract: A General and Diastereoselective Synthesis of 1,2‐cis‐Hexofuranosides from 1,2‐trans‐Thiofuranosyl Donors. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Leakage and breakdown mechanisms of GaN vertical power FinFETs (2019)

This work studies the leakage and breakdown mechanisms of 1.2 kV GaN vertical power FinFETs with edge termination. Two competing leakage and breakdown mechanisms have been identified. The first mechanism is dominated by the electric field, with the leakage current dominated by the electric field in the drift region and destructive breakdown voltage by the peak electric field at the edge termination. The second leakage and breakdown mechanism is controlled by an energy (or potential) barrier in the fin channel. This energy barrier suffers from the drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) effect and is highly dependent on gate/drain biases, fin geometries, and GaN/oxide interface charges. The electrons injected into the drift region due to the DIBL effect further lead to trap-assisted space-charge-limited conduction, which results in a nondestructive early breakdown. The barrier height in the fin channel determines which mechanism is dominant; the same device could show either destructive or nondestructive breakdown at different gate biases. To enable the normally off power switching, it is important to suppress the leakage from the second mechanism and maintain a sufficiently high energy barrier in the fin channel up to high drain voltages. Finally, the key device parameters determining the energy barrier in the fin channel have been identified. The findings in this work provide critical device understanding and design guidelines for GaN vertical power FinFETs and other “junctionless” vertical high-voltage power transistors.
Do Calcium Channel Blockers Protect against Renal Ischemia? (1987)

Data from several studies have indicated that calcium channel blockers may prevent acute renal damage caused by ischemia. If this is true, then the obvious clinical application of this premise would be in surgical cases requiring cross-clamping of the aorta, or in patients experiencing prolonged hypotension. Evidence for the mechanism by which calcium channel blockers mitigate injury include the prevention or amelioration of renal vasoconstriction and/or their ability to inhibit calcium entry into cells, thereby possibly preventing toxic calcium 'overload'. Studies of animal models examining ischemic acute renal failure produced either by infusion of vasoconstrictors or by interrupting renal artery blood flow have provided conflicting results. Certain calcium channel blockers afford some degree of protection only when administered prior to the ischemic episode, while others may protect even if given after the insult. Several investigations have been carried out to determine the mechanism(s) of this protective effect. The results indicate cellular calcium accumulation occurs in cells during the anoxic period; this is most pronounced during reflow. This accumulation of calcium appears to be temporally related to both mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. The ability of the calcium channel blockers to prevent calcium entry into cells may explain their role in protecting the cell and ameliorating ischemic injury.
Learning Semantic-Aware Dynamics for Video Prediction (2021)

We propose an architecture and training scheme to predict video frames by explicitly modeling dis-occlusions and capturing the evolution of semantically consistent regions in the video. The scene layout (semantic map) and motion (optical flow) are decomposed into layers, which are predicted and fused with their context to generate future layouts and motions. The appearance of the scene is warped from past frames using the predicted motion in co-visible regions; dis-occluded regions are synthesized with content-aware inpainting utilizing the predicted scene layout. The result is a predictive model that explicitly represents objects and learns their class-specific motion, which we evaluate on video prediction benchmarks.
Cancer vaccines: 21st century approaches to harnessing an ancient modality to fight cancer (2013)

Keywords:: beta-mannosylceramidecancer immunotherapycancer vaccinesepitope enhancementNK T cellsprostate cancerTARP antigentransforming growth factor-beta
Design of a novel free-form condenser overcoming rotational symmetry limitations (2008)

The importance of condenser optics is the fact that it is the bottleneck limiting efficiency in commercially available projection systems. Efficiency is a key parameter of projector performance, since it augments screen luminance, enabling the system to perform well under increasing levels of ambient light. Conventional condensers use rotational symmetric devices, most of them being elliptic or parabolic mirrors. They perform very far from the theoretical limits for sources such as arc lamps or halogen bulbs. Typical small displays in the 5-15 mm<sup>2</sup> etendue range have geometrical efficiencies about 40-50% for the best condensers; although theory allows about 100% (no reflection nor absorption losses are considered). Two basic facts are underlying this effect: The coma aberration of the reflectors and the rotational symmetric image of the source making the source projected image to unfit with the target. Thus, the only way to improve this performance is to generate a free form design that is able to control the shape and rotation of the source projected images. As yet, this can only be done with the SMS3D design method. We present here one of such designs achieving a geometrical efficiency that is 1.8 times that of an elliptical condenser for a 4:1 target aspect ratio and for the range of target etendue with practical interest and 1.5 for 16:9 target. This design uses only 1 additional reflection, i.e., uses a total of 2 reflections from the source to the target. A prototype of this free form condenser has already been built.