gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Less is Less: When Are Snippets Insufficient for Human vs Machine Relevance Estimation? (2022)

Traditional information retrieval (IR) ranking models process the full text of documents. Newer models based on Transformers, however, would incur a high computational cost when processing long texts, so typically use only snippets from the document instead. The model's input based on a document's URL, title, and snippet (UTS) is akin to the summaries that appear on a search engine results page (SERP) to help searchers decide which result to click. This raises questions about when such summaries are sufficient for relevance estimation by the ranking model or the human assessor, and whether humans and machines benefit from the document's full text in similar ways. To answer these questions, we study human and neural model based relevance assessments on 12k query-documents sampled from Bing's search logs. We compare changes in the relevance assessments when only the document summaries and when the full text is also exposed to assessors, studying a range of query and document properties, e.g., query type, snippet length. Our findings show that the full text is beneficial for humans and a BERT model for similar query and document types, e.g., tail, long queries. A closer look, however, reveals that humans and machines respond to the additional input in very different ways. Adding the full text can also hurt the ranker's performance, e.g., for navigational queries.
A mild method of hydrolysis of 2,4-dialkoxy-6-substituted pyrimidines to 6-substituted uracils (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA mild method of hydrolysis of 2,4-dialkoxy-6-substituted pyrimidines to 6-substituted uracilsRichard B. Silverman, Richard E. Radak, and Nigel P. HackerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 26, 4970–4971Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00394a049https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00394a049research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views371Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
PC-1D Version 3: Improved speed and convergence (2002)

PC-1D, a semiconductor-device modeling program for personal computers, now computes faster, converges to a solution for a wider range of problems, and offers several new features. An improved numerical algorithm for updating the carrier potentials after each iteration which improves the program's ability to converge to a solution is described. Additional features of the version are options to create a printable file which lists all parameters for a given problem, and the ability to generate an auxillary space-time graph. To demonstrate the capabilities of the new version, an example is presented which explores the effect of surface recombination on photoconductance-decay measurements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Suppression of mechanical instability in bioabsorbable ultrafine-grained Zn through in-situ stabilization by ZnO nanodispersoids (2023)

The issue of intrinsic microstructural and mechanical instability of Zn-based metals limits their expansion in potential applications of bioresorbable stents and orthopedic fixators. A new concept of stabilization of Zn microstructure by a small fraction of nontoxic nanometric ZnO dispersoids is proposed for the first time and demonstrated on the particular bioabsorbable model material. The effect of the ZnO dispersoids on post-processing microstructural stability, deformation and strengthening mechanisms, corrosion, and in-vitro biological behavior are pursued. The ZnO dispersoids arise in situ within deformed Zn structure during the consolidation of fine atomized Zn 99.99wt.% powder by hydro-extrusion. ZnO nanodispersoids (4.75 vol.%; ∼136 nm) form from passivating films present on Zn. They allow formation of ultrafine-grained Zn structure with an average grain size of ∼750 nm and its retention by Zener pinning action during annealing held at 100 °C. The model Zn+ZnO composite shows the superior mechanical properties than those reported for pure Zn materials. The utilized stabilization concept doesn`t compromise corrosion and biological responses. Immersion of the Zn+ZnO in DMEM results in a corrosion rate, which complies with the desirable standard rate for biodegradable materials. Electrochemical tests suggest that the Zn+ZnO reaches a similar degradation rate after the first week of immersion and a more uniform corrosion behavior compared to the cast Zn reference. In-vitro cyto/genotoxicity assays performed using DMEM diluted extracts of the Zn+ZnO and cast Zn incubated with L929 cells yield in comparable and non-toxic responses. The presence of ZnO dispersoids induces a small but still significant bacteriostatic activity.
The role of the 2H4 molecule in the generation of suppressor function in Con A-activated T cells. (1986)

The molecular basis for the suppression generated in a concanavalin A (Con A)-activated T cell culture remains unknown. In this study, we have attempted to determine whether the 2H4 and 4B4 molecules on Con A-activated T cells play some role in the generation of suppression by such cells. We have shown that Con A-activated suppressor cells belong to the 2H4+ subset of T cells but not the 4B4+ (2H4-) subset. Con A-activated T cells exerted their optimal suppressor function on day 2 in culture, a time at which the expression of 2H4 on such cells was maximal and 4B4 was minimal. Furthermore, the stimulation of T cells with the higher concentration of Con A generated the stronger suppressor function. At the same time, both 2H4 expression and density were increased and 4B4 expression and density were decreased on such Con A-activated T cells. More importantly, the treatment of Con A-activated T cells with anti-2H4 antibody but not with anti-4B4, anti-TQ1, or anti-T4 antibodies can block the suppressor function of such cells. Taken together, the above results strongly suggest that the 2H4 molecule itself may be involved in the generation of suppressor function in Con A-activated T cells. The 2H4 antigen on such cells was shown to be comprised of 220,000 and 200,000 m.w. glycoproteins. Thus this study indicates that the 220,000 and 200,000 m.w. structure of the 2H4 molecule may itself play a crucial role in the generation of suppressor signals of Con A-activated cells.
Automatic estimation of reverberation time with robot speech to improve ICA-based robot audition (2009)

This paper presents an ICA-based robot audition system which estimates the reverberation time of the environment automatically by using the robot's own speech. The system is based on multi-channel semi-blind independent component analysis (MCSB-ICA), a source separation method using a microphone array that can separate user and robot speech under reverberant environments. Perception of the reverberation time (RT) is critical, because an inappropriate RT degrades separation performance and increases processing time. Unlike most previous methods that assume the RT is given in advance, our method estimates an RT by using the echo's intensity of the robot's own speech. It has three steps: speaks a sentence in a new environment, calculates the relative powers of the echoes, and estimates the RT using linear regression of them. Experimental results show that this method sets an appropriate RT for MCSB-ICA for real-world environments and that word correctness is improved by up to 6 points and processing time is reduced by up to 60%.
Context-Aware Parse Trees (2020)

The simplified parse tree (SPT) presented in Aroma, a state-of-the-art code recommendation system, is a tree-structured representation used to infer code semantics by capturing program \emph{structure} rather than program \emph{syntax}. This is a departure from the classical abstract syntax tree, which is principally driven by programming language syntax. While we believe a semantics-driven representation is desirable, the specifics of an SPT's construction can impact its performance. We analyze these nuances and present a new tree structure, heavily influenced by Aroma's SPT, called a \emph{context-aware parse tree} (CAPT). CAPT enhances SPT by providing a richer level of semantic representation. Specifically, CAPT provides additional binding support for language-specific techniques for adding semantically-salient features, and language-agnostic techniques for removing syntactically-present but semantically-irrelevant features. Our research quantitatively demonstrates the value of our proposed semantically-salient features, enabling a specific CAPT configuration to be 39\% more accurate than SPT across the 48,610 programs we analyzed.
An In-Depth Comparison of Latent HIV-1 Reactivation in Multiple Cell Model Systems and Resting CD4+ T Cells from Aviremic Patients (2013)

The possibility of HIV-1 eradication has been limited by the existence of latently infected cellular reservoirs. Studies to examine control of HIV latency and potential reactivation have been hindered by the small numbers of latently infected cells found in vivo. Major conceptual leaps have been facilitated by the use of latently infected T cell lines and primary cells. However, notable differences exist among cell model systems. Furthermore, screening efforts in specific cell models have identified drug candidates for "anti-latency" therapy, which often fail to reactivate HIV uniformly across different models. Therefore, the activity of a given drug candidate, demonstrated in a particular cellular model, cannot reliably predict its activity in other cell model systems or in infected patient cells, tested ex vivo. This situation represents a critical knowledge gap that adversely affects our ability to identify promising treatment compounds and hinders the advancement of drug testing into relevant animal models and clinical trials. To begin to understand the biological characteristics that are inherent to each HIV-1 latency model, we compared the response properties of five primary T cell models, four J-Lat cell models and those obtained with a viral outgrowth assay using patient-derived infected cells. A panel of thirteen stimuli that are known to reactivate HIV by defined mechanisms of action was selected and tested in parallel in all models. Our results indicate that no single in vitro cell model alone is able to capture accurately the ex vivo response characteristics of latently infected T cells from patients. Most cell models demonstrated that sensitivity to HIV reactivation was skewed toward or against specific drug classes. Protein kinase C agonists and PHA reactivated latent HIV uniformly across models, although drugs in most other classes did not.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Pd‐Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of Anilides with Olefins Through C—H Bond Activation at Room Temperature. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Templating Organosilicate Vitrification Using Unimolecular Self‐Organizing Polymers: Evolution of Morphology and Nanoporosity Development with Network Formation (2005)

Nanoporous precursor structures (see Figure) created by unimicellular star polymers in organosilicate thermosets produce morphologically controlled porous materials for semiconductor chip applications.
P4–149: Shadoo is a novel mammalian protein exhibiting partial redundancy with PRPC (2006)

Prions are the causative agents of diseases including Creutzfeld–Jakob Disease in humans, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in cattle, and Chronic Wasting Disease in mule deer and elk. The infectious particle is thought to consist solely of PrPSc, an improperly folded version of a cellular protein termed PrPC. Despite the availability of PrP knockout mice, the function of PrPC has remained enigmatic. However, PrPC is known to possess anti–apoptotic properties in that it can prevent the cellular death caused by either Doppel or N–terminally truncated versions of PrP in transgenic mice. We have developed a cellular assay to probe these transgenetic interactions based upon abrogation of the pro–apoptotic action of Doppel using primary cultures of cerebellar granule cell neurons (CGNs). Our efforts have focused on the highly conserved central region of PrPC and we have deciphered activity determinants in this area which are either required for PrPC neuroprotection or activate PrPC to a pro–apoptotic state. Next, because the phenotypic consequences of genetic ablation of PrP in embryonic development or adulthood are subtle, we sought molecules with redundancy for this active region. A candidate exists in the form of SPRN, a conserved open reading frame predicted to encode the Shadoo (Sho) protein and with strong similarity to the central region of PrP. When expressed in N2a neuroblastoma cells, Sho is located at the cell surface, tethered to the membrane by a GPI anchor, and is N–glycosylated, mimicking the properties of PrPC. Furthermore, Sho is a developmentally–regulated protein in vivo, being present at ε16 and ε17 in mouse embryos. When subjected to the CGN assay, Sho exhibited redundancy with PrPC, blocking the pro–apoptotic action of Doppel. These results suggest that Sho and PrPC may exhibit partial functional overlap in vivo. Further studies to elucidate the mechanism for the activity engendered in the conserved region are in progress.
Interleukin-18 Binding Protein in Acute Graft versus Host Disease and Engraftment Following Allogeneic Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplants (2001)

Dysregulation of the cytokine network plays an important role in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is an obligatory cytokine for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production and IFN-gamma and sIFN-gammaR are elevated in patients with GVHD. Because IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) is an inhibitor of IL-18-mediated IFN-gamma production, we evaluated IL-18BP levels in patients undergoing allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT). IL-18BP levels were assessed in 14 patients on day -10 (before conditioning), on the day of transplant, on the day of engraftment, and during transplant-related complications. A comparison of the kinetics of IL-18BP and soluble(s) IL-6R, sIFN-gammaR, IL-18 serum levels was performed. IL-18BP levels were assessed by specific monoclonal antibodies in a double-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In all patients IL-18BP levels decreased during conditioning and increased in parallel with engraftment (p < 0.05). Accordingly, during rejection, IL-18BP serum levels remained low and similar to pretransplant levels. The mean elevation of IL-18BP detected in association to acute GVHD was significantly higher in comparison to normal engraftment (p < 0.05). A correlation between IL-18BP, sIFNgammaR, and sIL-6R serum levels was found in all patients. No correlation between IL-18 and IL-18BP serum levels was found in patients undergoing uneventful PBSCT and rejection, whereas a marked increase in both IL-18 and IL-18BP levels was detected during acute GVHD (p < 0.01). Our data suggest that the dysregulation of IL-18 and IL-18BP may be important in the pathophysiology of transplant-related complications. Furthermore, because preliminary data from our group show that IL-18 blockage ameliorates GVHD in murine models, it is inferred that these cytokines may represent potential targets in the development of new therapeutic strategies in acute GVHD.
Supplementary Methods, Tables 1-9, Figure Legends 1-3 from High-Throughput Detection of Actionable Genomic Alterations in Clinical Tumor Samples by Targeted, Massively Parallel Sequencing (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 141K&lt;/p&gt;
Peptide-based fibrin-targeting probes for thrombus imaging (2017)

The development of new methods to image the onset and progression of thrombosis is an unmet need. Non-invasive molecular imaging techniques targeting specific key structures involved in the formation of thrombosis have demonstrated the ability to detect thrombus in different disease state models and in patients. Due to its high concentration in the thrombus and its essential role in thrombus formation, the detection of fibrin is an attractive strategy for identification of thrombosis. Herein we provide an overview of recent and selected fibrin-targeted probes for molecular imaging of thrombosis by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and optical techniques. Emphasis is placed on work that our lab has explored over the last 15 years that has resulted in the progression of the fibrin-binding PET probe [<sup>64</sup>Cu]FBP8 from preclinical studies into human trials.
Can Private Equity Create Value (2013)

This thesis proposes an alternative way of comparing the performance of private equity funds and testing if they through active involvement can increase the value of their investments. Resent studies has shown that the true performance of Private Equity funds are about the same as the markets return so by measuring the performance of the companies that most resemble the private equity firms actual targets, we should be able to see if private equity funds actually create value, or, if they are simply picking targets from the right “pond”. The research resulted in two different portfolios containing the stocks of companies calculated to be the most likely takeover targets. The portfolios were created by matching observed takeover targets to all companies in the market that were not targeted. From parameters in a logistical regression we could see which variables included that did not fit the data and used these to restrict the model in order to test if our variables would lead to higher returns even though they did not statistically fit the data. The empirical findings showed that both portfolios had indeed outperformed the comparable market index. Returns in our portfolios under the holding period was 13,15% and 23,72% better than the index for the logistic and matched samples portfolios respectively. The findings also showed that the volatility in our portfolios where lower compared to the European markets. This study has also shown that the Private Equity industry as a whole are good at picking targets that will eventually increase in value without active involvement from the Private Equity fund managers. By comparing these results to studies that show how Private Equity returns are approximately the same as the market index we can deduce that Private Equity funds do not (on an aggregated level) create value in Public Buyouts. Parallel to this we have also found a rather interesting strategy for other investors in the public markets to invest.
Electromechanical Strain Responses of SEBS/CB and SEBS/SWCNT Composites (2012)

Electromechanical strain responses of poly (styrene-b-ethylbutylene-b-styrene) (SEBS) /carbon black (CB) composites and SEBS/single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) composites were investigated. The electric field induced thickness strains sz of the composites increased with the conductive filler content at the low filler concentration region and then showed the maximum. sz represents relative thickness change relative to the initial thickness of the composite film. A further increase of the filler concentration caused a decrease in the actuation strain. The SEBS/SWCNT showed a larger sz than SEBS/CB at the same filler content.
Three-Phase Opinion Analysis System at NTCIR-6 (2007)

We developed an opinion analysis system at NTCIR-6. Our system can detect opinion sentences and extract opinion holders by executing three phases: (1) opinion sentence classification by SVM that dis-tinguishes an opinionated sentence from others, (2) opinion-holder candidate extraction using named en-tity recognition, (3) opinion-holder detection by rules that find the correspondence between the sentence and the holder. Characteristics of the system are the fol-lowing two points: (a) in phase 1, the end of a sen-tence expression is added to the feature in SVM vector, and (b) phase 3 is separated into the author detection and the others. As a result of the evaluation, in opin-ion sentence judgment both precision and the recall ratio improved based on point (a). In opinion holder extraction, precision has improved greatly based on point (b).
Whole body and local hyperthermia enhances the photosensitizing efficacy of 3‐[(1′‐hexyloxy)ethyl]‐3‐Devinylpyropheophorbide‐a (HPPH) (2018)

Our study demonstrates that both, fever range whole body and local hyperthermia in combination with HPPH-PDT enhances the long-term tumor cure of BALB/c and nude mice implanted with Colon26 and U87 tumors respectively. Lasers Surg. Med. 50:506-512, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Proportionate algorithms for two-microphone active feedback cancellation (2015)

In this paper we propose the use of the proportionate principle in order to improve the convergence characteristics of the two microphone method for acoustic feedback cancellation in hearing aids. The reason of using proportionate algorithms is to exploit the sparseness of the adaptive filter coefficients in the transform domain. The convergence improvement can be achieved for both speech and music signals at a moderate increase of the numerical complexity over that of a previous solution in the transform domain.
Free‐Convective Mass Transfer to a Rod‐Shaped Vertical Electrode (1980)

The limiting‐current method is used to measure mass transfer rates by free convection to the faces of a rod‐shaped electrode as commonly used in molten salts. Mass transfer rates to the horizontal (disk) face and the vertical (curved) face are measured separately and in combination. The two rates are not additive; there is significant interaction caused by leading edge effects at the vertical face and by solution streaming from the horizontal to the vertical face. At the horizontal face a new and unusual but well‐characterized type of convective mass transfer, driven by buoyancy, is measured and correlated.
Progress of display performances: AR, VR, QLED, OLED, and TFT (2019)

In 2018, great progress in display performances was achieved in the field of virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), quantum dot light-emitting diode (QLED), and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays, in addition to the thin-film transistor (TFT) for displays. In this work, the recent progress of the device performances in each display field was summarized, and the future direction of each technology was proposed. © 2019, © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor &amp; Francis Group on behalf of the Korean Information Display Society.