gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative Efficacy Evaluation of Dicationic Carbazole Compounds, Nitazoxanide, and Paromomycin against Cryptosporidium parvum Infections in a Neonatal Mouse Model (2020)

The efficacies of dicationic carbazole compounds, nitazoxanide (NTZ), and paromomycin were evaluated against the AUCp1 isolate of Cryptosporidium parvum by using a neonatal mouse model. Compounds were solubilized or suspended in deionized water and administered orally by gavage to neonatal mice at a constant dose rate on days 0 to 5 (treatment started on day 0). Dose rates varied for individual carbazole compounds but ranged from 0.65 to 20 mg/kg of body weight. NTZ was tested at 100 and 150 mg/kg, and paromomycin was tested at 50 mg/kg. Efficacies were determined by comparing numbers of oocysts present in treated versus control mice at necropsy examination on day 6. Demonstrable efficacy was observed for several carbazole compounds, based on significant reductions in the numbers of oocysts recovered from treated mice versus control mice. Compounds 1, 7, and 10 (19.0 mg/kg) reduced oocyst passage in treated mice to less than 5% of that in control mice. Treatment with compounds 6, 8, and 9 (17.0 mg/kg) resulted in reductions of oocyst output to less than 10% of that in controls. Although they were not comparable in efficacy to compounds 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, treatment with other carbazole compounds resulted in statistically significant reductions in oocyst output in treated versus control mice. Compound 1 retained efficacy resulted in reduction of oocyst output to approximately 6% of that in controls when the dose was reduced to 5 mg/kg. Further reductions in the dose rate resulted in considerable reductions in anticryposporidial activity. Likewise, the efficacies of compounds 9 and 10 were reduced substantially when the doses were lowered to one-half the screening dose. Paromomycin yielded excellent activity (reduction of oocyst output to <2% of that in controls) at a dose of 50 mg/kg. NTZ yielded moderate efficacy as powder and injectable formulations administered at 100 mg/kg orally (reduction of oocyst output to 42 and 26% of that in controls, respectively). Oral administration of the injectable formulation of NTZ at a dose of 150 mg/kg resulted in improved efficacy (oocyst output, <5% of that in controls).
Dynamics of ball-like flames in extremely low-speed counterflow field in near-lean limit low-Lewis number mixture (2020)

For the understanding of ball-like flame behavior in counterflow field, transient three-dimensional computations with thermal-diffusion model were conducted for a low-Lewis number mixture near lean limit. Three types of flame behaviors were confirmed: stable spherical ball-like flame (spherical BLF) in A ≤ 0.010, stable non-spherical ball-like flame (non-spherical BLF) in 0.01 < A < 0.089 and splitting ball-like flame (splitting BLF) in A ≥ 0.089, where A is ordinary stretch rate normalized with laminar burning velocity SL and thermal diffusivity α. Analysis of flame structure for non-spherical BLF located its center at the stagnation point showed that the maximum temperature on the stagnation plane was higher than that on the counterflow axis because of the small difference between the flame curvatures on the stagnation plane and that on the counterflow axis. With the increase of stretch rate, the maximum temperature of the non-spherical BLF on the stagnation plane increased and the position of maximum temperature got away from the stagnation point. The maximum temperature on the counterflow axis decreased and the position of maximum temperature got closer to the stagnation point. Existence of unburned fuel was also confirmed near the stagnation point at A = 0.085. Thus, net fuel velocity was newly introduced to evaluate the effect of the unburned fuel diffusion. The profile of the net fuel velocity revealed two peaks in the case of A < 0.050 and four peaks in the case of A > 0.050. In the case A > 0.050, the inner two peaks were found to be due to the diffusion of unburned fuel to the outward direction. The analyses on the peak positions showed that the flame splitting occurs when the positions of the inner two peaks of the net fuel velocity are located outside of the reference flame ball radius.
An unusual case of myelodysplastic syndrome with prolonged clonal stability, indolent clinical course over a decade, and spontaneous regression of AML in the terminal phase (2005)

An unusual case of secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with indolent clinical course is described. The patient, a 67-yr-old female, had first been diagnosed to suffer from low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome, subtype refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts, in 1992. In 2001, transformation to secondary AML with an increase in bone marrow blasts (>20%) and thrombocytopenia, was found. The patient did not require cytoreductive drugs. Rather, during the following months, spontaneous improvement of peripheral blood cells with normalization of platelets and decrease in the red cell transfusion frequency, were noted. In October 2002, she even became transfusion independent. However, the bone marrow still showed AML with >20% blasts. These blast cells exhibited a monoclonal pattern in the human androgen receptor (HUMARA) assay. However, no chromosomal defects occurred during a total observation period of 14 yr. We hypothesize that clonal stability may have contributed to the indolent course of the disease in this patient. The exact mechanisms underlying clinical and genetic stability remain unknown, however.
SDN-based wireless access network with media independent management capabilities (2017)

This paper presents signaling architecture models and protocol procedures for SDN-based wireless access networks with Media Independent Management (MIM) capabilities. Three models are described for the framework of SDN and MIM controls, which are decoupled interworking, loosely-coupled integration, and tightly-coupled integration between SDN and MIM controls.
Tetramethylbithiophene in π-conjugated alternating copolymers as an effective structural component for the formation of spherical assemblies (2014)

π-Conjugated alternating copolymers containing a tetramethylbithiophene unit show a strong tendency to form well-defined, sub- to several-micrometer-sized spheres.
ECI: a Customizable Cache Coherency Stack for Hybrid FPGA-CPU Architectures (2022)

Unlike other accelerators, FPGAs are capable of supporting cache coherency, thereby turning them into a more powerful architectural option than just a peripheral accelerator. However, most existing deployments of FPGAs are either non-cache coherent or support only an asymmetric design where cache coherency is controlled from the CPU. Taking advantage of a recently released two socket CPU-FPGA architecture, in this paper we describe ECI, a flexible implementation of cache coherency on the FPGA capable of supporting both symmetric and asymmetric protocols. ECI is open and customizable, given applications the opportunity to fully interact with the cache coherency protocol, thereby opening up many interesting system design and research opportunities not available in existing designs. Through extensive microbenchmarks we show that ECI exhibits highly competitive performance and discuss in detail one use-case illustrating the benefits of having an open cache coherency stack on the FPGA.
Electron Beam Sterilization of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)—Physicochemical and Biological Aspects (2021)

Electron beam (E-beam) irradiation is an attractive and efficient method for sterilizing clinically implantable medical devices made of natural and/or synthetic materials such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). As ionizing irradiation can affect the physicochemical properties of PMMA, understanding the consequences of E-beam sterilization on the intrinsic properties of PMMA is vital for clinical implementation. A detailed assessment of the chemical, optical, mechanical, morphological, and biological properties of medical-grade PMMA after E-beam sterilization at 25 and 50 kiloGray (kGy) is reported. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry studies indicate that E-beam irradiation has minimal effect on the chemical properties of the PMMA at these doses. While 25 kGy irradiation does not alter the mechanical and optical properties of the PMMA, 50 kGy reduces the flexural strength and transparency by 10% and 2%, respectively. Atomic force microscopy demonstrates that E-beam irradiation reduces the surface roughness of PMMA in a dose dependent manner. Live-Dead, AlamarBlue, immunocytochemistry, and complement activation studies show that E-beam irradiation up to 50 kGy has no adverse effect on the biocompatibility of the PMMA. These findings suggest that E-beam irradiation at 25 kGy may be a safe and efficient alternative for PMMA sterilization.
HSPA+ Evolution to Release 12 (2014)

A comprehensive reference book codifying the various standards releases for High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) wireless technologyHSPA evolution has maintained its prominence through Releases 7-11 but the evolution is coming to an end with Release 12, with the focus moving to LTE. However, HSPA network and terminal sales will continue for many years: HSPA is expected to remain as the number one radio access technology from the sales point of view far beyond 2015. This timely book examines the complete HSPA evolution, and will be the ultimate long term reference for HSPA evolution.Headed by the successful editing team of Holma, Toskala and Tapia, industry experts look at HSPA evolution including complete Release 11 and the main additions in Release 12. They describe 3GPP definitions, field measurement, expected performance, practical optimization guidelines and the implications to the devices and to the networks. The book also covers MIMO antenna solutions and multicarrier evolution to provide higher data rates. Dedicated chapters include Continuous Packet Connectivity and High Speed Common Channels which provide major improvement to the smartphone capacity, end user performance and power consumption. The book assumes basic understanding of mobile communications yet the material is presented in an understandable way which can be enjoyed without any pre-information about MIMO or other technology solutions.A comprehensive reference book codifying the various standards releases for High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) wireless technologyLeading editor and contributor team focusing their expertise on 3GPP features and performance, including Self Organizing Networks, LTE Interworking, Smartphone Optimization and Voice EvolutionDedicated chapter covering VoIP over HSPA, recognizing that telephony will continue to bring most of the revenues to mobile operators in the near futureIncludes tables, figures and plots illustrating the concepts or simulation results, to aid readers understanding of the topicAn essential resource for R&D engineers by network, terminal and chip set vendors, network engineers with operators, application developers, regulators.
Results of atmospheric compensation using a wavefront curvature-based adaptive optics system (2003)

An adaptive optics system usually has three basic elements, a wavefront sensor, a deformable element, and a feedback scheme. Typically these components are a Shack-Hartmann sensor, a bimorph or segmented mirror, and a DSP solution for performing the necessary calculations. These components are expensive, and give rise to a complex optical and computational system. In this paper a novel implementation of an adaptive optics system will be discussed. The wavefront sensor is based on an IMP grating to measure the curvature of the incoming light. This sensor has been found to be robust to scintillation, so is applicable to horizontal propagation paths. An OKO technologies deformable mirror is used, and the feedback loop calculations run on a standard Pentium III computer using Windows 2000. Results from recent trials of the system correcting for errors over various horizontal propagation lengths will be shown. Additionally results using this system for laser beam propagation will also be discussed.
Present and future use ofBacillus thuringiensisin integrated pest management systems: An industrial perspective (1994)

In the past 20 years there has been a steady increase in the use of integrated pest management (IPM) in agriculture due to increased public emphasis on environmental safety, development of pest resistance to all the major classes of insecticides and a reduction in the number of new insecticides. Microbial pesticides, particularly Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), are becoming comerstones to IPM systems, particularly in some vegetables in California and Mexico. Due to an increased emphasis by industry, many new and improved Bts are under development. From an industrial viewpoint, the potential advantages that improved Bts and transgenic plants containing Bt genes will bring are improved efficacy, speed of kill, broader host range and increased residual activity. Because there are still numerous constraints to the use of IPMs, such as lack of infrastructure and education, growers may find it easier to abandon new IPM systems and to utilize the new products of biotechnology in the same way that chemical pesticides have been traditionally used. It is critical that improved microbial agents and pest‐resistant plants are introduced as options that can be integrated into pest management systems with other existing alternatives, rather than as a panacea to recurring pest problems.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Direct Metabolic Interrogation of Dihydrotestosterone Biosynthesis from Adrenal Precursors in Primary Prostatectomy Tissues (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Figure S2. Primary prostate tissue samples demonstrate no uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activity when cultured ex vivo in Tunl. A positive control consisting of grossly homogenized LNCaP xenograft tissues was included for comparison. Error bars represent the SD of biological triplicates.&lt;/p&gt;
ACTR-17. DIAGNOSTIC UTILITY OF SERUM microRNA CLASSIFICATION IN DIFFUSE GLIOMA (2019)

Abstract To improve clinical outcomes, a less invasive screening test for detection of diffuse glioma is needed. The purpose of this study is to establish models using serum microRNAs (miRNAs) to distinguish between diffuse glioma patients from non-cancer controls (Glioma Index) and between glioblastoma (GBM), primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), and metastatic brain tumors (Meta) (3-Tumor Index). A total of 580 patients, including 266 with brain or spinal tumors and 314 non-cancer controls, were analyzed. Non-cancer control samples were collected from the National Cancer Center Biobank and members of the general population undergoing routine health examinations. Expression of serum 2565 miRNAs was assessed in each sample, and the expression profiles were compared between diffuse glioma patients and non-cancer controls, and between GBM, PCNSL, and Meta. Diagnostic models were established using a training set, and diagnostic performance was confirmed in validation and exploratory sets and area under the receiver operating curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were used to evaluate their diagnostic performances. The Glioma Index was constructed using three miRNAs. The AUC was 99%, with sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 97% in the validation set. The Glioma Index classified 93% of PCNSL, 89% of Meta, 91% of benign brain tumors, and 0% of spinal tumors as positive in the exploratory set. The 3-Tumor Index was constructed using 48 miRNAs and had an accuracy of 0.80 in the validation set, positively detecting 94.1% of GBM, 80% of Meta, and 50% of PCNSL. In conclusion, we developed novel serum miRNA discriminant models to detect diffuse glioma from non-cancer control and to discriminate tumor histology. These models could serve as less invasive screening tools or complementary diagnostic tools, thereby decreasing neurosurgical risks.
On generalized adaptive neural filters (2003)

The generalized adaptive neural filter (GANF), a new class of nonlinear filters, is introduced. It is effective for non-Gaussian noise suppression. Some properties of GANF are derived, and an algorithm for finding the optimal GANF, based on the upper bound in the minimum absolute error, is proposed. The implementation of the optimal GANF by using the least mean square error and the least perceptron error is also discussed. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new filter.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Estimation of Saturation Height Function Using Capillary Pressure by Different Approaches (2007)

Abstract The saturation-height function greatly impacts reserve calculations and is used by geologists or reservoir engineers to predict the saturation in the reservoir for a given height above the free water level. If cores are preserved, the water saturation information can be obtained directly. However, cores are often subject to changes from their original state before brought to laboratories. Hence, capillary pressure (Pc) curves measured on different core samples of a heterogeneous formation are usually correlated to porosity, permeability, and/or rock type using various techniques to generate field wide saturation height function. This paper evaluates performance of six saturation-height methods (i.e., Leverret-J[1], Cap-Log[2], Johnson[3], Cuddy et al. [4], Skelt-Harrison[5] and Sodena[6] methods) employed in the oil industry. Measured capillary pressure data and core properties for a well in one of the North Sea reservoirs were used with rock permeability varying from less than 1 mD to over 1000 mD. We have reviewed advantages and disadvantages of each method while comparing the output of each method with saturation obtained from the log data. The results indicated that Skelt-Harson method with coefficient independent of core properties, a simple average Pc function, could be the best option and complicating the functional form by including the porosity and/or permeability data might inversely impact the predictions. Furthermore, modifying Cap-Log Cuddy et al. and kelt-Harison by including the core permeability data in the mutli-regressione exercise resulted in higher errors confirming that increasing the degree of freedom does not necessarily mean a better performance.
Transcriptomic analysis of salt stress responsive genes in Rhazya stricta (2017)

Rhazya stricta is an evergreen shrub that is widely distributed across Western and South Asia, and like many other members of the Apocynaceae produces monoterpene indole alkaloids that have anti-cancer properties. This species is adapted to very harsh desert conditions making it an excellent system for studying tolerance to high temperatures and salinity. RNA-Seq analysis was performed on R. stricta exposed to severe salt stress (500 mM NaCl) across four time intervals (0, 2, 12 and 24 h) to examine mechanisms of salt tolerance. A large number of transcripts including genes encoding tetrapyrroles and pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins were regulated only after 12 h of stress of seedlings grown in controlled greenhouse conditions. Mechanisms of salt tolerance in R. stricta may involve the upregulation of genes encoding chaperone protein Dnaj6, UDP-glucosyl transferase 85a2, protein transparent testa 12 and respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein b. Many of the highly-expressed genes act on protecting protein folding during salt stress and the production of flavonoids, key secondary metabolites in stress tolerance. Other regulated genes encode enzymes in the porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolic pathway with important roles during plant growth, photosynthesis, hormone signaling and abiotic responses. Heme biosynthesis in R. stricta leaves might add to the level of salt stress tolerance by maintaining appropriate levels of photosynthesis and normal plant growth as well as by the participation in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production under stress. We speculate that the high expression levels of PPR genes may be dependent on expression levels of their targeted editing genes. Although the results of PPR gene family indicated regulation of a large number of transcripts under salt stress, PPR actions were independent of the salt stress because their RNA editing patterns were unchanged.
Correlation between generalized and focal retinal arteriolar narrowing in an older population (2003)

This study aimed to assess the associations between generalized and focal retinal arteriolar narrowing in the Blue Mountains Eye Study population (n = 3654 persons aged 49+ years). Summarized estimates of the average retinal arteriolar diameter, the central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) and arteriole-to-venule ratio were obtained from right eye photographs of each participant using a computer-assisted method. Focal retinal arteriolar narrowing was graded from retinal photographs of both eyes using a 'light-box' method. The proportion of subjects with focal arteriolar narrowing increased as CRAE decreased from the widest (2.2%) to the narrowest (7.8%) quintile (P for trend = 0.001). A receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed using CRAE to detect focal arteriolar narrowing. With the diagnostic cut point set at the 4th decile of CRAE, the sensitivity and specificity in detecting focal arteriolar narrowing were 64% and 61%,respectively. These data suggest a moderate correlation between generalized (CRAE) and focal arteriolar narrowing. However, no significant association was found between arteriole-to-venule ratio and focal arteriolar narrowing.
Inferring Spatial Uncertainty in Object Detection (2020)

The availability of real-world datasets is the prerequisite for developing object detection methods for autonomous driving. While ambiguity exists in object labels due to error-prone annotation process or sensor observation noises, current object detection datasets only provide deterministic annotations without considering their uncertainty. This precludes an in-depth evaluation among different object detection methods, especially for those that explicitly model predictive probability. In this work, we propose a generative model to estimate bounding box label uncertainties from LiDAR point clouds, and define a new representation of the probabilistic bounding box through spatial distribution. Comprehensive experiments show that the proposed model represents uncertainties commonly seen in driving scenarios. Based on the spatial distribution, we further propose an extension of IoU, called the Jaccard IoU (JIoU), as a new evaluation metric that incorporates label uncertainty. Experiments on the KITTI and the Waymo Open Datasets show that JIoU is superior to IoU when evaluating probabilistic object detectors.