gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lithium Iron Aluminum Nickelate, LiNixFeyAlzO2—New Sustainable Cathodes for Next‐Generation Cobalt‐Free Li‐Ion Batteries (2020)

In recent years, cobalt has become a critical constraint on the supply chain of the Li-ion battery industry. With the ever-increasing projections for electric vehicles, the dependency of current Li-ion batteries on the ever-fluctuating cobalt prices poses serious environmental and sustainability issues. To address these challenges, a new class of cobalt-free materials with general formula of LiNi<sub>x</sub> Fe<sub>y</sub> Al<sub>z</sub> O<sub>2</sub> (x + y + z = 1), termed as the lithium iron aluminum nickelate (NFA) class of cathodes, is introduced. These cobalt-free materials are synthesized using the sol-gel process to explore their compositional landscape by varying aluminum and iron. These NFA variants are characterized using electron microscopy, neutron and X-ray diffraction, and Mössbauer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate their morphological, physical, and crystal-structure properties. Operando experiments by X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and galvanostatic intermittent titration have been also used to study the crystallographic transitions, electrochemical activity, and Li-ion diffusivity upon lithium removal and uptake in the NFA cathodes. NFA compositions yield specific capacities of ≈200 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> , demonstrating reasonable rate capability and cycling stability with ≈80% capacity retention after 100 charge/discharge cycles. While this is an early stage of research, the potential that these cathodes could have as viable candidates in next-generation cobalt-free lithium-ion batteries is highlighted here.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Radical Addition of CX4 Reagents to Olefins (2017)

We describe the synthetically useful enantioselective addition of Br-CX<sub>3</sub> (X=Cl or Br) to terminal olefins to introduce a trihalomethyl group and generate optically active secondary bromides. Computational and experimental evidence supports an asymmetric atom-transfer radical addition (ATRA) mechanism in which the stereodetermining step involves outer-sphere bromine abstraction from a [(bisphosphine)Rh<sup>II</sup> BrCl] complex by a benzylic radical intermediate. This mechanism appears unprecedented in asymmetric catalysis.
ReRAM: Role of the Electrode Material on the RESET Limitation in Oxide ReRAM Devices (Adv. Electron. Mater. 2/2018) (2018)

In article number 1700243, a concomitant resistive switching mode with opposite voltage polarity, in comparison to the standard switching in tantalum-oxide-based ReRAM devices, is identified by Alexander Schönhals, Dirk J. Wouters, and co-workers. A physical model based on oxygen exchange between the metal oxide and the active (Pt) electrode is proposed, schematically depicted in the inside cover picture.
Misfit dislocations in nanoscale ferroelectric heterostructures (2005)

We present a quantitative study of the thickness dependence of the polarization and piezoelectric properties in epitaxial (001) PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 films grown on (001) SrRuO3-buffered (001) SrTiO3 substrates. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals that even the thinnest films (∼8nm) are fully relaxed with a dislocation density close to 1012cm−2 and a spacing of approximately 12 nm. Quantitative piezoelectric and ferroelectric measurements show a drastic degradation in the out-of-plane piezoelectric constant (d33) and the switched polarization (ΔP) as a function of decreasing thickness. In contrast, lattice-matched ultrathin PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 films that have a very low dislocation density show superior ferroelectric properties. Supporting theoretical calculations show that the variations in the strain field around the core of the dislocation leads to highly localized polarization gradients and hence strong depolarizing fields, which result in suppression of ferroelectricity in the vicinity of a dislocation.
A perpendicular write head design for high-density recording (2002)

In this paper, we discuss a single-pole perpendicular head design and process that is suitable for densities of the order of 100 Gb/in/sup 2/. The single-pole write head was integrated with a narrow-track bottom spin valve reader. The design uses a single-turn coil to generate magnetomotive force in the head. Because of the very short yoke length that is achieved by using a single-coil turn, this writer design has a very low head inductance. Low magnetic impedance of the head makes it suitable for high data rate writing. Using the finite element model (FEM), the head geometry was optimized to write on media with coercivity (H/sub c/) of 5000 Oe. Because of the very efficient head structure, a write current below 100 mA was sufficient. As trackwidths are reduced, the field contours at the media show significant curvature, resulting in written-in transition curvature. Because of the very small yoke structure, no degradation of low-frequency amplitude up to /spl plusmn/90 Oe of external field is observed.
Platelet-derived Growth Factor: Impact on Physiological and Tumor Angiogenesis (2007)

The PDGF growth factors make up a family of five dimeric growth factors acting through the two dimeric tyrosine kinase PDGF α-and ß-receptors. This chapter summarizes the findings, predominantly from analyses of genetically modified mice, which have established important functions for PDGF receptor signaling in the recruitment and growth of vascular mural cells. The text also reviews studies which have confirmed important roles of PDGF receptor signaling in tumor angiogenesis, predominantly involving effects on the mural cells. Thereafter, preclinical studies demonstrating anti-angiogenic and anti-tumoral effects of PDGF inhibitors are reviewed. Finally, results from clinical studies using drugs that block PDGF-receptors are discussed.
Excess iron induces hepatic oxidative stress and transforming growth factor β1 in genetic hemochromatosis (1997)

Genetic hemochromatosis (GH) is associated with excess iron deposition in hepatocytes, which results in progressive hepatic injury. The pathogenesis of hepatic injury in GH is poorly understood. In this study, we found enhanced oxidative stress in patients with GH, as evidenced by hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA)-protein adducts and by increased oxidatively modified serum proteins. MDA-lysine epitopes and oxidatively modified serum proteins, as well as immunoglobulin G autoantibodies against MDA-lysine epitopes, were increased in untreated GH patients and to a lesser extent in GH heterozygotes compared with normal individuals. These markers of ongoing oxidative stress decreased with phlebotomy treatment in GH patients. In addition, TGF-beta1 colocalized with hepatic iron and MDA protein adducts in hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells of hepatic acinar zone 1 and normalized after iron removal. Our data suggest that iron overload increases both lipid peroxidation and TGF-beta1 expression, which together could promote hepatic injury and fibrogenesis.
Data from Targeting a Radiosensitizing Antibody–Drug Conjugate to a Radiation-Inducible Antigen (2023)

&lt;div&gt;AbstractPurpose:&lt;p&gt;We recently discovered that anti-TIP1 antibody activates endocytosis in cancer cells, which facilitates retention of antibody and dissociation of a conjugated drug. To improve the pharmacokinetics and cancer specificity of radiosensitizing drugs, we utilized antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) that bind specifically to radiation-inducible antigen, TIP1, on non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This approach exploits the long circulation time of antibodies to deliver a radiosensitizing drug to cancer each day during radiotherapy.&lt;/p&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;p&gt;Antibodies to TIP1 were prioritized based on affinity, cancer-specific binding, and internalization. The lead antibody, 7H5, was conjugated with a cytotoxic drug MMAE because of its ability to radiosensitize cancer. Cytotoxicity, colony formation, and tumor growth studies were performed with 7H5-VcMMAE in combination with radiation.&lt;/p&gt;Results:&lt;p&gt;7H5 showed a high affinity to recombinant TIP1 protein and radiation-inducible TIP1 on the cancer cell surface. 7H5 undergoes endocytosis in NSCLC cells &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;. We obtained an average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 4.25 for 7H5-VcMMAE. A 70% reduction in viable cells was observed following 7H5-VcMMAE treatment compared with 7H5 alone in both A549 and H1299 cells. 7H5-VcMMAE sensitized NSCLC cells to radiation, thereby significantly decreasing the surviving fraction. The ADC combined with radiation showed a prolonged delay in tumor growth and improved survival in A549 and H1299 tumor models.&lt;/p&gt;Conclusions:&lt;p&gt;Targeting radiation-inducible TIP1 with a radiosensitizing ADC is a promising strategy to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of NSCLC. This novel approach of targeting with ADCs to radiation-inducible antigens will lead to clinical trials in lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Relative effects of polymer composition and sample preparation on glass dynamics (2022)

Modern design of common adhesives, composites and polymeric parts makes use of polymer glasses that are stiff enough to maintain their shape under a high stress while still having a ductile behavior after the yield point. Typically, material compositions are tuned with co-monomers, polymer blends, plasticizers, or other additives to arrive at a tradeoff between the elastic modulus and toughness. In contrast, strong changes to the mechanics of a glass are possible by changing only the molecular packing during vitrification or even deep in the glassy state. For example, physical aging or processing techniques such as physical vapor deposition increase the density, embrittle the material, and increase elastic modulus. Here, we use molecular simulations, validated by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and quasi-elastic neutron scattering, to understand the free volume distribution and the resulting dynamics of glassy co-polymers where the composition is systemically varied between polar 5-norbornene-2-methanol (NBOH) and non-polar ethylidene norbornene (ENB) monomers. In these polymer glasses, we analyze the structural features of the unoccupied volume using clustering analysis, where the clustering is parameterized to reproduce experimental measurements of the same features from PALS. Further, we analyze the dynamics, quantified by the Debye-Waller factor, and compare the results with softer, lower density states. Our findings indicate that faster structural relaxations and potentially improved ductility are possible through changes to the geometric structure and fraction of the free volume, and that the resulting changes to the glass dynamics are comparable to large changes in the monomer composition.
Hardware-Validated CPU Performance and Energy Modelling (2018)

Full-system simulation frameworks such as gem5 are used extensively to evaluate research ideas and for design-space exploration. Moreover, energy-efficiency has become the key design constraint in recent years and many works use a separate power modelling framework to evaluate energy consumption. While such tools are convenient and flexible, they are known to contain sources of error which are often not fully understood and potentially impact the conclusions drawn from investigations. This work enables accurate, hardware-validated performance, power, and energy modelling of CPUs by first presenting a methodology to evaluate and identify sources of error in CPU performance models, and secondly developing empirical power models optimised for use with such performance models. Hierarchical clustering, correlation analysis, and regression techniques are used to identify sources of error without requiring detailed CPU specifications and enable existing models to be improved, new models to be developed, validation of simulator changes, and testing of model suitability for specific use-cases. Furthermore, the GemStone open-source software tool is presented, which automates the process of characterising hardware platforms, identifying sources of error in gem5 models, applying power analysis, and quantifying the effect of errors on the performance, power, and energy estimations. In addition, the mean percentage error in execution time was found to swing from -51% to +10% between two versions of the same gem5 model, underlining the need for an automated tool to validate models against reference hardware, ensuring accuracy and consistency.
Imaging system using an intensity triple correlator (1978)

A new imaging system for incoherent objects is constructed. In this system, the coherence function of the diffracted field is derived from the signals of three scanning intensity detectors by using computational manipulations. The concrete optical and electronic systems, the details of the signal processings for the derivation of the coherence function, and calculations for image reconstruction are shown. The reconstructed images of asymmetric objects show the usefulness of the system.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Toys for Glycobiology (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Hole-injection isomerization of photochromic diarylethene for organic molecular memory (2006)

Hole-injection recording of organic semiconductor memory with a photochromic diarylethene memory layer was investigated by using a device structure with an electron block layer (EBL). Devices with thicker EBL showed faster current decrease, that is, high isomerization efficiency. The high efficiency of isomerization originating from the long lifetime of a cationic state was achieved by hole injection with low voltage. Hole-isomerization recording has the potential for very low power consumption organic memory.
Outcomes of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Adolescents (2006)

Scifres, C.M.; Wright, J.D.; Powell, M.A.; Gibb, R.K.; Mutch, D.G.; Gao, F.; Rader, J.S. Author Information
A Household-Based Study of Contact Networks Relevant for the Spread of Infectious Diseases in the Highlands of Peru (2015)

This study of rural low-density communities in the highlands of Peru suggests contact patterns are highly assortative. Study findings support the use of within-household homogenous mixing assumptions for epidemic modeling in this setting.
Neutron Imaging of Lithium Concentration for Validation of Li-Ion Battery State of Charge Estimation (2010)

Abstract : This paper shows how the principle of neutron radiography can be used to indirectly quantify the critical physical state of lithium concentration across battery electrodes at steady-state conditions (after a long relaxation time or small load) as a first step in this important effort to measure in-situ battery physical states and validate electrochemical battery models. A model of the expected loss in beam intensity after passing through the different layers of a battery pouch cell is constructed based on the material densities and dimensions. This model is augmented with simulation of the neutron transmission behavior, including optical effects due to the geometric unsharpness and the detector response. The resulting model provides the basis for a comprehensive simulation of the in-situ metrology of lithium concentration in Li-ion batteries, and comparison with experimental results.
Fluorescence Recovery Assay for the Detection of Protein−DNA Binding (2008)

We report a novel and straightforward fluorescence recovery assay which enables the detection of protein−DNA interactions and simultaneously determines relative binding affinities of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins for a variety of DNA sequences in a multiplexed format. The detection of protein−DNA binding is accomplished by monitoring fluorescence recovery during exonuclease digestion of DNA sequences that are modified with fluorophore−quencher pairs. Retardation of fluorescence recovery occurs with binding of the protein to the putative DNA binding element, which arrests exonuclease digestion. The assay detects protein−DNA binding in a homogeneous solution simply, quickly, and reliably without using radioisotopes. Multiplexing is possible by labeling different DNA sequences with spectrally distinct dyes, allowing simultaneous analysis of experimental and control binding reactions in the same mixture.
OC108: Real‐time velocity profile during ovarian stimulation by a novel global acquisition and signal processing (GASP) software for multigate spectral Doppler analysis (MSDA) (2006)

To characterize the velocity profiles of the uterine and hypogastric vessels before and after ovarian stimulation in the setting of in-vitro fertilization (IVF), using MSDA and GASP software. The MSDA system consisted of commercial ultrasound machine (Aloka SSD1400), a personal computer and a proprietary electronic board. Interogated vessels consisted of the uterine and hypogastric arteries and veins in a total of 21 women (15 IVF recipients and 6 egg donors) during ovarian stimulation at different time points. Velocity profiles, relative wall distension rate [WDR (%)] and shear rate [WSR (1/s)] were calculated over multiple consecutives cardiac cycles. The designation of arterial laminar flow was applied if one peak occurred in systole, while if > 1 peak in systole was classified as turbulent. Statistical analysis consisted of Spearman correlation. All vessels displayed a laminar flow pattern, except in 4 cases (2 egg donors and 2 IVF patients), where the arterial flow was turbulent. Interestingly, there were qualitative differences in the velocity profiles in circumstances where conventional Doppler waveforms were identical. Hypogastric artery WDR (left, 2.5 ± 0.5; right, 1.9 ± 1) was highly correlated with the ipsilateral uterine WDR (left, 2.6 ± 0.5; right, 1.9 ± 1, rs = 1.00, p < 0.01). The hypogastric artery WSR (left, 455 ± 217; right, 389 ± 212) was highly correlated with the ipsilateral uterine WDR, (rs = 0.883, p < 0.01). Uterine wall shear rate (left, rs = 0.703; right, 0.805, p < 0.01) but not wall distension rate, was highly correlated to the cycle day. Real time velocity profiles are now possible using MSDA and GASP software. We found substantial differences between our new technology and conventional Doppler. These parameters are being evaluated in ongoing studies to determine their relationship to endometrial receptivity, ovarian function and success or failure of IVF attempts.
Porous spinel-type transition metal oxide nanostructures as emergent electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions (2022)

Porous spinel-type transition metal oxide (PS-TMO) nanocatalysts comprising two kinds of metal (denoted as A<sub><i>x</i></sub>B<sub>3-<i>x</i></sub>O<sub>4</sub>, where A, B = Co, Ni, Zn, Mn, Fe, V, Sm, Li, and Zn) have emerged as promising electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) in energy conversion and storage systems (ECSS). This is due to the unique catalytic merits of PS-TMOs (such as p-type conductivity, optical transparency, semiconductivity, multiple valence states of their oxides, and rich active sites) and porous morphologies with great surface area, low density, abundant transportation paths for intermediate species, maximized atom utilization and quick charge mobility. In addition, PS-TMOs nanocatalysts are easily prepared in high yield from Earth-abundant and inexpensive metal precursors that meet sustainability requirements and practical applications. Owing to the continued developments in the rational synthesis of PS-TMOs nanocatalysts for ORRs, it is utterly imperative to provide timely updates and highlight new advances in this research area. This review emphasizes recent research advances in engineering the morphologies and compositions of PS-TMOs nanocatalysts in addition to their mechanisms, to decipher their structure-activity relationships. Also, the ORR mechanisms and fundamentals are discussed, along with the current barriers and future outlook for developing the next generation of PS-TMOs nanocatalysts for large-scale ECSS.
Towards a General Attention Mechanism for Embedded Intelligent Systems (2014)

In the domain of intelligent systems the management of system resources is typically called attention. Attention mechanisms exist because even environments of moderate complexity are a source of vastly more information than available cognitive resources of any known intelligence can handle. Cognitive resource management has not been of much concern in artificial intelligence (AI) work that builds relatively simple systems for particular targeted problems. For systems capable of a wide range of actions in complex environments, explicit management of time and cognitive resources is not only useful, it is a necessity. We have designed a general attention mechanism for intelligent systems. While a full implementation remains to be realized, the architectural principles on which our work rests have already been implemented. Here we examine some prior work that we find relevant to engineered systems, describe our design, and how it derives from constructivist AI principles.
Phenomic and genomic approaches to studying the inhibition of multiresistant Salmonella enterica by microcin J25 (2020)

In livestock production, antibiotics are used to promote animal growth, control infections and thereby increase profitability. This practice has led to the emergence of multiresistant bacteria such as Salmonella, of which some serovars are disseminated in the environment. The objective of this study is to evaluate microcin J25 as an inhibitor of Salmonella enterica serovars of various origins including human, livestock and food. Among the 116 isolates tested, 37 (31.8%) were found resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 28 were multiresistant with 19 expressing the penta-resistant phenotype ACSSuT. Microcin J25 inhibited all isolates, with minimal inhibitory concentration values ranging from 0.06 μg/ml (28.4 nM) to 400 μg/ml (189 μM). Interestingly, no cross-resistance was found between microcin J25 and antibiotics. Multiple sequence alignments of genes encoding for the different proteins involved in the recognition and transport of microcin J25 showed that only ferric-hydroxamate uptake is an essential determinant for susceptibility of S. enterica to microcin J25. Examination of Salmonella strains exposed to microcin J25 by transmission electronic microscopy showed for the first-time involvement of a pore formation mechanism. Microcin J25 was a strong inhibitor of several multiresistant isolates of Salmonella and may have a great potential as an alternative to antibiotics.
Proton-Induced Dehydrogenation of Defects in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs (2013)

The responses to 1.8 MeV proton irradiation of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs grown under Ga-rich and ammonia-rich conditions are investigated in this work. Changes in defect energy distributions of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs during proton irradiation are characterized via temperature-dependent low-frequency noise measurements. Density functional theory calculations show these changes are consistent with the reconfiguration and/or dehydrogenation of oxygen-related defects in Ga-rich devices.