gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
FSMI: Fast Computation of Shannon Mutual Information for Information-Theoretic Mapping (2019)

Information-based mapping algorithms are critical to robot exploration tasks in several applications ranging from disaster response to space exploration. Unfortunately, most existing information-based mapping algorithms are plagued by the computational difficulty of evaluating the Shannon mutual information between potential future sensor measurements and the map. This has lead researchers to develop approximate methods, such as Cauchy-Schwarz Quadratic Mutual Information (CSQMI). In this paper, we propose a new algorithm, called Fast Shannon Mutual Information (FSMI), which is significantly faster than existing methods at computing the exact Shannon mutual information. The key insight behind FSMI is recognizing that the integral over the sensor beam can be evaluated analytically, removing an expensive numerical integration. In addition, we provide a number of approximation techniques for FSMI, which significantly improve computation time. Equipped with these approximation techniques, the FSMI algorithm is more than three orders of magnitude faster than the existing computation for Shannon mutual information; it also outperforms the CSQMI algorithm significantly, being roughly twice as fast, in our experiments.
Basal plane dislocation-free epitaxy of silicon carbide (2005)

Molten KOH etching was implemented on SiC substrates before growing epilayers on them. It was found that the creation of basal plane dislocation (BPD) etch pits on the substrates can greatly enhance the conversion of BPDs to threading edge dislocations during epitaxy, and thus low BPD density and BPD-free SiC epilayers are obtained by this method. The reason why BPD etch pits can promote the earlier conversion is discussed. The SiC epilayer growth by this method is very promising in overcoming forward voltage drop degradation of SiC PiN diodes.
Filtering techniques for urban traffic data (1976)

There is evidence that the algorithms for estimating traffic flows from sensor data need to be improved before computer controlled traffic responsive urban traffic control systems can reach their full potential effectiveness. A large part of the problem appears to be that the data from traffic sensors is, in the statistical jargon, a marked point process. It is only very recently that the theoretical techniques for estimation based on point process data have reached the sophistication needed for traffic problems. In this paper, these techtechniques are used to derive several recursive algorithms for filtering traffic sensor data and predicting urban traffic flows. These filters and predictors are then evaluated and compared using simulated traffic data.
Write noise from optical heads with non-achromatic beam expansion prisms (1991)

The purposes for achromatizing the optics in an optical recording head are: (a) to reduce focal shifts of the spot at the disk 1 and in the focus sensing system when the laser wavelength shifts and (b) to eliminate lateral shifts of the spot at the disk. Reference 1 discusses the use of a very low dispersion glass in the fabrication of molded singlet lenses for use in optical data storage. This paper discusses an effect of a lateral shift 2 of the focal spot that occurs due to the dispersion in the beam expansion prism when the laser mode hops.
Statistics of modal noise in fibers: a case of constrained speckle (1981)

Modal noise in multimode optical fibers is usually analyzed by using the conventional statistical theory developed for speckle. We show that when little light is lost from the fiber to radiative modes, a constraint of constant total power is introduced that is not present in conventional speckle theory. Experimental results show a marked departure in the behavior of speckle signal-to-noise ratio from the predictions of conventional speckle theory. A suitable modification of this theory is introduced, bringing the theoretical and experimental results into agreement.
Cryptanalysis of Semidirect Product Key Exchange Using Matrices Over Non-Commutative Rings (2021)

It was recently demonstrated that the Matrix Action Key Exchange (MAKE) algorithm, a new type of key exchange protocol using the semidirect product of matrix groups, is vulnerable to a linear algebraic attack if the matrices are over a commutative ring. In this note, we establish conditions under which protocols using matrices over a non-commutative ring are also vulnerable to this attack. We then demonstrate that group rings $R[G]$ are examples of non-commutative rings that satisfy these conditions.
Leukocyte adhesion in ischemia/reperfusion. (1993)

Reperfusion of ischemic tissues is associated with a sequence of events that closely resembles an acute inflammatory response. The increased leukocyte rolling, adherence and emigration in postcapillary venules elicited by ischemia/reperfusion appear to result from an accumulation of mediators such as platelet activating factor and leukotriene B4. These adhesive interactions between circulating leukocytes and venular endothelium are modulated by adhesion glycoproteins expressed on the surface of activated neutrophils and endothelial cells, reactive oxygen metabolites and granule-associated proteins produced by neutrophils, and by hydrodynamic forces generated within the microcirculation. Therapeutic interventions directed against either of these factors may prove to be effective in reducing ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Directional Bloch surface wave coupling enabled by magnetic spin-momentum locking of light (2023)

We study the magnetic spin-locking of optical surface waves. Through an angular spectrum approach and numerical simulations, we predict that a spinning magnetic dipole develops a directional coupling of light to transverse electric (TE) polarized Bloch surface waves (BSWs). A high-index nanoparticle as a magnetic dipole and nano-coupler is placed on top of a one-dimensional photonic crystal to couple light into BSWs. Upon circularly polarized illumination, it mimics the spinning magnetic dipole. We find that the helicity of the light impinging on the nano-coupler controls the directionality of emerging BSWs. Furthermore, identical silicon strip waveguides are configured on the two sides of the nano-coupler to confine and guide the BSWs. We achieve a directional nano-routing of BSWs with circularly polarized illumination. Such a directional coupling phenomenon is proved to be solely mediated by the optical magnetic field. This offers opportunities for directional switching and polarization sorting by controlling optical flows in ultra-compact architectures and enables the investigation of the magnetic polarization properties of light.
Towards a series elastic actuator with electrically modulated stiffness for Powered Ankle-Foot Orthoses (2016)

Series elastic actuators offer several benefits for powered ankle foot orthoses. One major benefit they offer for this application is the reduction of motor power requirements, which enables the reduction of motor weight. However, series elastic actuators commonly have a fixed stiffness value, which only yields optimal power reduction for one set of gait parameters such as gait type, user weight, and gait speed. These parameters vary during the normal use of orthotic devices. This paper presents a new variable stiffness series elastic actuator that can compensate for these variations. Our actuator uses a dielectric elastomer as the series elastic element so that the stiffness of the actuator can be electrically modulated, unlike current variable stiffness actuators that modulate their stiffness with a second motor. Experimental results indicate the viability of this approach for modulating stiffness and verify that the actuator generates forces meaningful for gait assistance.
Oxidative electrodimerization of 1,3-dithioles to tetrathiafulvalenes (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOxidative electrodimerization of 1,3-dithioles to tetrathiafulvalenesFranklin D. Saeva, Bradley P. Morgan, Michael W. Fichtner, and Neil F. HaleyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 2, 390–391Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00176a037https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00176a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views63Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
707 IL12 Fc-fusions engineered for reduced potency and extended half-life exhibit strong anti-tumor activity and improved therapeutic index compared to wild-type IL12 agents (2021)

<h3>Background</h3> Interleukin-12 (IL12) is a proinflammatory cytokine that induces differentiation of Th1 cells and increased cytotoxicity of T and NK cells. Stimulation by IL12 leads to production of IFNγ and an inflammatory tumor microenvironment critical for anti-tumor responses. Studies in mice revealed IL12 can dramatically shrink syngeneic tumors, however human clinical studies resulted in severe toxicity and a small therapeutic window, limiting response rates. Prior work at Xencor demonstrated that reduced-potency IL15/IL15Rα-Fc fusion proteins exhibited superior therapeutic index (TI) in non-human primates (NHP) by reducing receptor-mediated clearance. Applying similar principles to IL12, we created IL12 heterodimeric Fc-fusions (IL12-Fc) with reduced potency to improve TI. <h3>Methods</h3> IL12 is a heterodimer of two subunits, so we engineered IL12-Fc fusions by fusing the IL12p35 subunit to one side of a heterodimeric (and inactive) Fc domain, and IL12p40 to the other side. These Fc-fusions were tuned for optimal activity by introducing amino acid substitutions at putative receptor-interface positions and screening for reductions of in vitro potency. In vitro activity was assessed on human PBMCs by measuring signaling in a STAT4 phosphorylation assay and IFNγ production in a mixed-lymphocyte reaction (MLR). In vivo anti-tumor activity of human IL12-Fc was assessed in huPBMC-NSG-DKO and huCD34+ MCF7 xenograft models. Surrogate mouse potency-reduced IL12-Fc were evaluated in syngeneic tumor models. Tolerability and pharmacodynamic activity were assessed in NHP. <h3>Results</h3> An IL12-Fc potency series was created, and variants had up to a 10,000-fold reduction in STAT4 signaling and IFNγ production in an MLR assay compared to wild-type IL12-Fc. Anti-tumor activity was achieved with potency-reduced IL12-Fc as single-agents and in combination with anti-PD1, with weaker variants maintaining anti-tumor activity at higher dose levels. Analysis of peripheral lymphocytes indicated increased numbers of T and NK cells as well as activation of CD8+ T cells. Increased expression of immune checkpoints including PD1 was also observed. Analysis of serum indicated up to 200-fold increases in IFNγ levels. Surrogate potency-reduced IL12-Fc had improved tolerability and greater selectivity of IFNγ production in tumors compared to spleen and less production of IL10 compared to wild-type IL12-Fc. In NHP, potency-reduced IL12-Fc had superior exposure with slower, more sustained accumulation of IFNγ and IP10, and a more gradual dose-dependent peak response, as well as more sustained margination of T and NK cells compared to wild-type IL12-Fc. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Potency-reduced IL12-Fc retain strong anti-tumor activity, while potentially overcoming safety and tolerability issues related to narrow TI associated with wild-type IL12 or IL12-Fc agents.
Total degradation analysis of precoded signals onto non-linear satellite channels (2015)

peer reviewed
Abstract 4097: Sorafenib sensitizes solid tumors to TRAIL or TRAIL receptor agonist antibodies (2011)

Abstract Solid carcinomas display considerable resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and tumor cell apoptosis-inducing agents such as tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. A phase III clinical trial with the multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib (Nexavar) in Hepatoceullular carcinoma (HCC) was completed leading to the first FDA-approved drug therapy for liver cancer in 2007. Phase I/II trials have been completed with a fully-human anti-TRAIL death receptor 1 (DR4) agonist antibody (mapatumumab) in non small-cell lung carcinoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and phase I trials with an anti-TRAIL-R2 (DR5) monoclonal antibody (lexatumumab) in advanced cancers. We hypothesized that sorafenib and TRAIL or sorafenib and TRAIL receptor agonist antibodies (mapatumumab or lexatumumab) may overcome resistance to apoptosis in a panel of TRAIL-resistant solid carcinoma cell lines. We observed that sorafenib induces apoptosis of HepG2 and Hep3B cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, sorafenib is a potent sensitizer of HCC cell lines to TRAIL. We have also found that single agent lexatumumab causes cell death in HepG2, Hep3B and SNU449 cells whereas mapatumumab does not. The combination of sorafenib with TRAIL or either TRAIL receptor agonist antibody enhances apoptosis in HCC cell lines. We found that in other solid tumor types including prostate, breast and colon cancer there is a synergistic interaction between sorafenib and TRAIL or TRAIL receptor agonist antibodies. Furthermore, these combinations prevent the growth of tumors in vivo. Sorafenib downregulates the expression of Mcl-1 protein, a member of the Bcl-2 family that has been previously found to be overexpressed in about 50% of HCC patient samples. Sorafenib was also found to inhibit Stat3 activation by Jak2 kinases. These findings suggest a molecular rationale for combining these agents in therapy of solid tumors in clinical trials. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4097. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4097
Matching neural paths: transfer from recognition to correspondence search (2017)

Many machine learning tasks require finding per-part correspondences between objects. In this work we focus on low-level correspondences - a highly ambiguous matching problem. We propose to use a hierarchical semantic representation of the objects, coming from a convolutional neural network, to solve this ambiguity. Training it for low-level correspondence prediction directly might not be an option in some domains where the ground-truth correspondences are hard to obtain. We show how transfer from recognition can be used to avoid such training. Our idea is to mark parts as "matching" if their features are close to each other at all the levels of convolutional feature hierarchy (neural paths). Although the overall number of such paths is exponential in the number of layers, we propose a polynomial algorithm for aggregating all of them in a single backward pass. The empirical validation is done on the task of stereo correspondence and demonstrates that we achieve competitive results among the methods which do not use labeled target domain data.
Aircraft Communications and Networking (2010)

Abstract Aircraft communications have long relied on wireless radio communications to transmit air traffic control instructions and airline operational information between ground facilities and aircraft. As the number of aircraft and ground facilities increase, there is more demand for communication capacity in the frequency spectrum allocated for aeronautical communication. This increased demand has been satisfied so far by slicing the spectrum into smaller bandwidth channels. This issue of frequency congestion is particularly acute near large airports when many people are trying to speak at once on the same channel. Frequency congestion can make it difficult for a pilot to make a radio call in a timely manner. Digital datalinks were thus implemented to transfer non‐time‐critical information. The use of these datalinks reduces the need for voice communication, which then alleviates frequency congestion. The initial use of datalinks has been for airline operations and flight information such as local weather and airport status. As the United States transitions to the Next Generation Air Traffic System, digital data links are the enabling technology that will enhance aircraft communication and networking. Data links will also be used in navigation, surveillance, and flight information services. This chapter reviews aircraft communication basics, traditional types of aircraft communication, and current and future aircraft communication and networking plans.
Electrical Performance Limits of Fine Pitch Interconnects for Heterogeneous Integration (2019)

Heterogeneous integration facilitates faster design cycles with optimal functional IP module and silicon node combinations, but requires ultra-high bandwidth for the die-to-die communications. Fine pitch interconnects can meet such high bandwidth demands with simpler circuits, lower power and less latency. Hence, it is of utmost importance to understand the performance of these interconnects at different speeds and channel lengths. This paper focuses on a parametric study over the basic design parameters of a generic fine pitch interconnect, to explore the electrical performance limits. As a result of this study, practical guidelines are provided for the die-to-die channel design.
The role of metals in mammalian olfaction of low molecular weight organosulfur compounds (2017)

Covering: up to the end of 2017While suggestions concerning the possible role of metals in olfaction and taste date back 50 years, only recently has it been possible to confirm these proposals with experiments involving individual olfactory receptors (ORs). A detailed discussion of recent experimental results demonstrating the key role of metals in enhancing the response of human and other vertebrate ORs to specific odorants is presented against the backdrop of our knowledge of how the sense of smell functions both at the molecular and whole animal levels. This review emphasizes the role of metals in the detection of low molecular weight thiols, sulfides, and other organosulfur compounds, including those found in strong-smelling animal excretions and plant volatiles, and those used in gas odorization. Alternative theories of olfaction are described, with evidence favoring the modified "shape" theory. The use of quantum mechanical/molecular modeling (QM/MM), site-directed mutagenesis and saturation-transfer-difference (STD) NMR is discussed, providing support for biological studies of mouse and human receptors, MOR244-3 and OR OR2T11, respectively. Copper is bound at the active site of MOR244-3 by cysteine and histidine, while cysteine, histidine and methionine are involved with OR2T11. The binding pockets of these two receptors are found in different locations in the three-dimensional seven transmembrane models. Another recently deorphaned human olfactory receptor, OR2M3, highly selective for a thiol from onions, and a broadly-tuned thiol receptor, OR1A1, are also discussed. Other topics covered include the effects of nanoparticles and heavy metal toxicants on vertebrate and fish ORs, intranasal zinc products and the loss of smell (anosmia).
Effect of the islet isolation procedure on activation of MAPKs. (2015)

&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;(&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;a/b&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;)&lt;/i&gt; For measuring JNK activation by JNK assays, protein extracts (50 µg) were mixed with the GST-Jun fusion protein (GST-c-Jun) and used as described in &lt;i&gt;“&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0099796#s2" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Materials and Methods&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;”&lt;/i&gt; Photographs represent &lt;sup&gt;γ33&lt;/sup&gt;P-phosphorylation of the substrate (p-GST-c-Jun) following SDS-PAGE. The levels of &lt;i&gt;(&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;c/d&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;)&lt;/i&gt; p38 and &lt;i&gt;(&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;e/f&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;)&lt;/i&gt; ERK&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt; protein phosphorylation and expression were determined by Western blot using antibodies against: phospho (p)-p38, p38, p-ERK&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt; and ERK&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt;. The band density values were calculated as a ratio of &lt;i&gt;(&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;a/b&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;)&lt;/i&gt; p-GST-c-Jun normalized to GST-c-Jun, &lt;i&gt;(&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;c/d&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;)&lt;/i&gt; p-p38s normalized to p38s and &lt;i&gt;(&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;e/f&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;)&lt;/i&gt; p-ERK&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt; normalized to ERK&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt;. Results are means ± SEM of five to thirteen separate experiments (n = 5–13) and are presented as graphics: white bars; pancreas (&gt;98% exocrine tissue), black bars; purified &lt;i&gt;D&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; islets (90% endocrine tissue) and grey bars; cultured &lt;i&gt;D&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; islets (&gt;90% endocrine tissue). &lt;i&gt;(&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;a/b&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;)&lt;/i&gt; JNK activation: Statistically significant differences are assessed by ANOVA or Student's &lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt;-test with &lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;P&lt;0.05&lt;/i&gt; or &lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;**&lt;/sup&gt;P&lt;0.01&lt;/i&gt; for all groups prior &lt;i&gt;vs.&lt;/i&gt; after SW (n = 5) and for &lt;i&gt;D&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; vs. D&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; islets (n = 13). No significant differences are found among all groups from &lt;i&gt;T&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; to &lt;i&gt;T&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;(&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;c/d&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;)&lt;/i&gt; p38 activation: Differences are significant for groups &lt;i&gt;T&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;–&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; compared to &lt;i&gt;T&lt;sub&gt;sw&lt;/sub&gt;-&lt;sub&gt;40&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; during pancreas digestion (n = 5, &lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;P&lt;0.05&lt;/i&gt;) and for &lt;i&gt;D&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; vs. D&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; islets (n = 13, &lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;P&lt;0.05&lt;/i&gt;). &lt;i&gt;(&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;e/f&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;)&lt;/i&gt; No significant differences are found among all groups.&lt;/p&gt;