gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Visual determination of hue suprathreshold color‐difference tolerances (1998)

This research extends the previous RIT-DuPont research on suprathreshold color-difference tolerances in which CIELAB was sampled in a balanced factorial design to quantify global lack of visual uniformity. The current experiments sampled hue, specifically. Three complete hue circles at two lightnesses (L* = 40 and 60) and two chroma levels ( = 20 and 40) plus three of the five CIE recommended colors (red, green, blue) were scaled, visually, for hue discrimination, resulting in 39 color centers. Forty-five observers participated in a forced-choice perceptibility experiment, where the total color difference of 393 sample pairs were compared with a near-neutral anchor-pair stimulus of 1.03 A supplemental experiment was performed by 30 additional observers in order to validate four of the 39 color centers. A total of 34,626 visual observations were made under the recently established CIE recommended reference conditions defined for the CIE94 color-difference equation. The statistical method logit analysis with three-dimensional normit function was used to determine the hue discrimination for each color center. A three-dimensional analysis was required due to precision limitations of a digital printer used to produce the majority of colored samples. There was unwanted variance in lightness and chroma in addition to the required variance in hue. This statistical technique enabled estimates of only hue discrimination. The three-dimensional analysis was validated in the supplemental experiment, where automotive coatings produced with a minimum of unwanted variance yielded the same visual tolerances when analyzed using one-dimensional probit analysis. The results indicated that the hue discrimination suprathresholds of the pooled observers varied with CIELAB hue angle position. The suprathreshold also increased with the chroma position of a given color center, consistent with previous visual results. The results were compared with current color-difference formulas: CMC, BFD, and CIE94. All three formulas had statistically equivalent performance when used to predict the visual data. Given the lack of a hue-angle dependent function embedded in CIE94, it is clear from these results that neither CMC nor BFD adequately predict the visual data. Thus, these and other hue-suprathreshold data can be used to develop a new color-difference formula with superior performance to current equations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 23, 302–313, 1998
Antibody against megakaryocytes in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (1978)

Purified human IgG from both serum and the culture of human splenic cells was radiolabeled with 125I. Incubation of radiolabeled IgG from patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) with normal homologous platelets or bone marrow cells resulted in significant (P less than .001) binding when compared with control IgG. Radioautographs showed that the radioactivity was associated with the platelets or megakaryocytes. The antiplatelet antibody in ITP has specificity for antigens associated with both platelets and megakaryocytes and suggests that thrombopolesis may also be affected in this disease.
Can You Explain That? Lucid Explanations Help Human-AI Collaborative Image Retrieval (2019)

While there have been many proposals on making AI algorithms explainable, few have attempted to evaluate the impact of AI-generated explanations on human performance in conducting human-AI collaborative tasks. To bridge the gap, we propose a Twenty-Questions style collaborative image retrieval game, Explanation-assisted Guess Which (ExAG), as a method of evaluating the efficacy of explanations (visual evidence or textual justification) in the context of Visual Question Answering (VQA). In our proposed ExAG, a human user needs to guess a secret image picked by the VQA agent by asking natural language questions to it. We show that overall, when AI explains its answers, users succeed more often in guessing the secret image correctly. Notably, a few correct explanations can readily improve human performance when VQA answers are mostly incorrect as compared to no-explanation games. Furthermore, we also show that while explanations rated as “helpful” significantly improve human performance, “incorrect” and “unhelpful” explanations can degrade performance as compared to no-explanation games. Our experiments, therefore, demonstrate that ExAG is an effective means to evaluate the efficacy of AI-generated explanation on a human-AI collaborative task.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of Azulene‐Substituted Thiophenes, Terthiophenes and Dithienothiophenes. (2013)

Abstract Title compounds (III), (V), and (VII) are prepared using Sonogashira—Hagihara conditions and show the small HOMO‐LUMO energy gaps due to their effective π‐conjugation.
A Graph Model for the quantum mechanics of a moving cyclic disturbance interacting at a spatial position (2003)

An analysis is made of a moving disturbance using a directed cyclic graph. A statistical approach is used to calculate the alternative positions in space and state of the disturbance with a defined observed time. The probability for a freely moving entity interacting in a particular spatial position is calculated and a formulation is derived for the minimum locus of uncertainty in position and momentum. This is found to accord with calculations for quantum mechanics. The model has proven amenable to computer modelling; a copy of the "SimulTime" program is available on request.
Economics of Identity and Access Management: Providing decision support for investments (2010)

Identity and Access Management (IAM) is a key enabler of enterprise businesses: it supports automation, security enforcement, and compliance. However, most enterprises struggle with their Identity and Access Management strategy. Discussions on IAM primarily focus at the IT operational level, rather than targeting strategic decision-makers' issues, at the business level. Organizations are experiencing an increasing number of internal and external threats and risks: there is scarcity of resources and budget to address them all. Decision-makers (e.g., CIOs, CISOs) need to prioritize their choices and motivate their requests for investments. This applies for investments in IAM vs. other possible security or business investments that could be made by the organization. In this context, a range of possible IAM investment options has an effect on multiple strategic outcomes of interest, such as assurance, agility, security, compliance, productivity, and empowerment. We have developed a repeatable approach and methodology to help organizations work through this complex problem space and determine an appropriate strategy, by providing them with decision support capabilities. The proposed approach, validated in collaboration with security and IAM experts, couples economic modelling (which explores decision-makers' preferences between the different outcomes) with system modelling and simulations to predict the consequences (likely outcomes) associated with different investment choices and map them against decision-makers' preferences, in order to identify the most suitable investment options. We illustrate how this methodology has been applied in an IAM case study, in a business-driven context with core enterprise services. This work is in progress. We discuss current results and next steps.
PCB Effects on On-chip Capacitor Requirements and an Efficient Resonance-Prevention ASIC Methodology (2010)

A method for determining adequate quantities and locations of on-chip capacitors to maintain supply voltages at all locations on a chip within pre-specified limits given the switching activity of on-chip circuits was presented in [3]. In this paper, we extend the method to include current flow from the package and PCB. The effects of on-chip capacitance and other system parasitics on the time it takes for additional supply current to flow into a chip are discussed. The relationship between switching current, capacitance, system parasitic inductances, and on-chip noise is presented. These concepts are then applied to the subject of power delivery network (PDN) resonance. A 1-dimensional model for simulating PDN resonance is presented. The model includes chip, package, and PCB components, along with explicit networks for each chip power supply and their interactions. The topology of the model and the contributions of each model component are described. A design methodology for avoiding PDN resonance, presently in use on all IBM ASIC modules, is presented.
Combined Electrostatic and Covalent Polymer Networks for Cell Microencapsulation (2013)

Summary Two types of hydrogel microspheres have been developed. Fast ionotropic gelation of sodium alginate (Na‐alg) in the presence of calcium ions was combined with slow covalent cross‐linking of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives. For the first type, the fast obtainable Ca‐alg hydrogel served as spherical matrix for the simultaneously occurring covalent cross‐linking of multi‐arm PEG derivative. A two‐component interpenetrating network was formed in one step upon extruding the mixture of the two polymers into the gelation bath. For the second type, heterobifunctional PEG was grafted onto Na‐alg prior to gelation. Upon extrusion of the polymer solution into the gelation bath, fast Ca‐alg formation ensured the spherical shape and was accompanied by cross‐linker‐free covalent cross‐linking of the PEG side chains. Thus, one‐component hydrogel microspheres resulted. We present the physical properties of the hydrogel microspheres and demonstrate the feasibility of cell microencapsulation for both types of polymer networks.
Relaxation Dynamics in Stochastic Iterative Decoders (2010)

Stochastic decoding is a recently proposed approach for graph-based iterative error control decoding. We present and investigate three hysteresis methods for stochastic decoding on graphs with cycles and show their close relationship with the successive relaxation method. Implementation results demonstrate the tradeoff in bit error rate performance with circuit complexity.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Delivery using Nanoparticles with Intrinsic Passive Tumor Targeting Properties for Tumor Therapy (2016)

Fast clearance, metabolism and systemic toxicity are major limits for the clinical use of anti-cancer drugs. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) present these defects despite displaying promising anti-tumor properties on tumor cells in vitro and in in vivo model of cancers. Specific delivery of anti-cancer drugs into the tumor should improve their clinical benefit by limiting systemic toxicity and by increasing the anti-tumor effect. In this work, we describe a simple and flexible polymeric nanoparticle platform highly targeting the tumor in vivo and triggering impressive tumor weight reduction when functionalized with HDACi. Our nanoparticles were produced by Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of azido-polyethylene oxide-norbornene macromonomers and functionalized using click chemistry. Using an orthotopic model of peritoneal invasive cancer, a highly selective accumulation of the particles in the tumor was obtained. A combination of epigenetic drugs involving a pH-responsive histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) polymer conjugated to these particles gave 80% reduction of tumor weight without toxicity whereas the free HDACi has no effect. Our work demonstrates that the use of a nanovector with theranostic properties leads to an optimized delivery of potent HDACi in tumor and then, to an improvement of their anti-tumor properties in vivo.
Comparative Toxicology Studies in Sprague-Dawley Rats, Rhesus Monkeys, and New Zealand White Rabbits to Determine a No Observed Adverse Effect Level for 1,1′-Methylenebis[4-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]-pyridinium] Dimethanesulfonate (2013)

Studies were conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats, New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits, and rhesus monkeys to characterize the toxicity of 1,1'-methylenebis[4-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]-pyridinium] dimethanesulfonate (MMB4 DMS) following intramuscular administration. Rats received MMB4 DMS once daily for 7 days at 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg/d; rabbits received a range of dose levels in 3 separate 7-day studies from 3 to 800 mg/kg/d and in a single-dose study from 50 to 200 mg/kg; and monkeys received MMB4 DMS at 150 to 600 mg/kg/d. Mortality was noted in rats and rabbits administered ≥ 200 mg/kg. All monkeys survived until scheduled termination. Adverse clinical observations were noted in the rats at ≥ 400 mg/kg/d and in rabbits administered ≥ 200 mg/kg; no adverse findings were noted in the monkeys. Clinical pathology changes were noted in the rabbit related to cardiac and renal function. In the rabbit and monkey, elevations in myoglobin, alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase, platelets, creatine kinase, and coagulation factors were related to local inflammation at the intramuscular administration site. Light microscopic examination at the injection sites revealed acute skeletal muscle necrosis in vehicle control and treated groups. Target tissues in the rabbit studies were identified as kidney, heart, and lungs at ≥ 100 mg/kg/d. All changes noted in all the species demonstrated partial to complete recovery comparable to control values or to a clinically irrelevant level of effect. The NZW rabbit was the most sensitive species, and the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was determined as 50 mg/kg/d; the NOAEL in the rat was 100 mg/kg/d; and the NOAEL in rhesus monkeys was >600 mg/kg/d.
Influence of two guar preparations on glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol and triglycerides in patients with diabetes mellitus. (1992)

Guar smoothens postprandial glucose peaks and reduces serum cholesterol. Both properties are advantageous for diabetic patients and can be realized, in part, by adding fiber to the diet. Depending on the blood glucose concentration, a small portion is incorporated into hemoglobin (HbA1), building a largely irreversible complex, making it a long-term indicator of blood glucose status. HbA1 may increase from a normal value of about 5% to as much as 20% of total hemoglobin in diabetics. This study tested the efficacy of two guar preparations in diabetic patients over 3 months by measuring HbA1, cholesterol and triglycerides. Forty diabetic patients with HbA1 > 10% ingested either 3 x 4 g daily of a new guar preparation (GU-052, Steigerwald, Darmstadt, Germany) or 3 x 5 g daily of Glucotard (Boehringer, Mannheim, Germany) for 12 weeks. Before and after 30, 60 and 90 days of treatment, HbA1, cholesterol and triglycerides were determined. After 90 days of treatment, GU-052 caused a reduction in HbA1 from 12.6 +/- 2.6% to 10.5 +/- 1.5% (-15.6 +/- 9.0%) in the GU-052 group and from 12.0 +/- 2.6% to 10.9 +/- 1.82% (-8.6 +/- 7.2%) in the Glucotard group. Cholesterol was reduced from 269 +/- 28 mg/100 ml on day 0 to 227 +/- 18 mg/100 ml on day 90 in the GU-052 group and from 261 +/- 40 to 235 +/- 26 mg/100 ml in the Glucotard group. Both GU-052 and Glucotard had little effect on plasma triglycerides. Fewer unpleasant side effects were reported for the GU-052 preparation than for Glucotard.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Photoluminescent properties and optical absorption of AlAs/GaAs disordered superlattices (1990)

A disordered superlattice, a recently proposed artificially constructed material, is fabricated and photoluminescent properties and optical absorption are investigated. Disorder is intentionally introduced into the period of the superlattice in order to enhance its photoluminescence. The photoluminescent temperature dependences and the optical absorption spectra of Al0.5Ga0.5As bulk alloy, AlAs/GaAs ordered superlattice, and AlAs/GaAs disordered superlattice are studied and compared. The optical absorption spectra suggest that localized states are created in the band tail of the AlAs/GaAs disordered superlattice. The photoluminescence spectra of the disordered superlattice are strongly dependent on the localized states, and the temperature dependence of photoluminescence intensities obeys the same relation IPL∝[1+A exp(T/T0)]−1 as that reported for amorphous semiconductors.
Unified Reaction–Diffusion Model for Accurate Prediction of Negative Bias Temperature Instability Effect (2012)

In this study, we developed a unified reaction–diffusion (R–D) model for the negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) effect over a wide range of stress times. The newly developed model provides a physics-based uniform solution and overcomes the limitations of the classical R–D models that cannot describe both the short and the long term stress regions simultaneously. In our modeling framework, the chemical reaction between inversion channel carriers and Si–H bonds at the Si/SiO 2 interface dominates the short-term NBTI effects at the beginning of the stress application. Then the H 2 diffusion into the polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) gate becomes responsible for long term stress degradation. Finally, the developed R–D model is implemented into the advanced metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) model HiSIM to enable accurate circuit-aging simulation. Simulation results for the current degradation and their comparison with measurements verify the achieved high accuracy and the practical applicability of the developed NBTI model.
Structure of Nascent Chromatin Is Essential for Hematopoietic Lineage Specification (2017)

The role of chromatin structure in lineage commitment of multipotent hematopoietic progenitors (HPCs) is presently unclear. We show here that CD34<sup>+</sup> HPCs possess a post-replicative chromatin globally devoid of the repressive histone mark H3K27me3. This H3K27-unmodified chromatin is required for recruitment of lineage-determining transcription factors (TFs) C/EBPα, PU.1, and GATA-1 to DNA just after DNA replication upon cytokine-induced myeloid or erythroid commitment. Blocking DNA replication or increasing H3K27me3 levels prevents recruitment of these TFs to DNA and suppresses cytokine-induced erythroid or myeloid differentiation. However, H3K27me3 is rapidly associated with nascent DNA in more primitive human and murine HPCs. Treatment of these cells with instructive cytokines leads to a significant delay in accumulation of H3K27me3 in nascent chromatin due to activity of the H3K27me3 demethylase UTX. Thus, HPCs utilize special mechanisms of chromatin modification for recruitment of specific TFs to DNA during early stages of lineage specification.
Towards Location Management in SDN-based MCN (2017)

One of the key functionalities in EPC (Evolved packet Core) is Mobility Management (MM), which provides procedures for service continuity as the mobile devices (UE) move across the network. In a quest for more flexibility of MM, recent studies suggested to map MM procedures to SDN applications in an SDN controller. So far, these proposals investigated and showed how path switching during handover, one of the procedures of MM, is achieved in such an SDN-based Mobile Core Network (MCN). However, Location Management (LM) procedures, such as paging, are equally important. In this paper, we address this gap. We notably design and implement SDN-based UE state management and paging procedure for MCN. Our design only uses the data from the SDN controller, such as UE connectivity and flow information, and defines a new set of UE states: deregistered, idle, and active. We introduce new, dynamically configurable UE inactivity timers that regulate the transitions among these states. With this, we implement a purely SDN-based paging procedure capable of bringing a UE into a connected state on request, e.g. to deliver the downlink traffic. The experiments with our implementation on Floodlight SDN controller under different network loads and configuration settings for UE inactivity timers in Mininet demonstrate the practical feasibility of an SDN-based LM. Further, we show how different UE inactivity timer values can flexibly regulate the amount of paging. All in all, our results suggest that, leveraging the programmability provided by SDN, operators can flexibly install and use LM SDN apps with different settings to tailor the amount of paging according to the specific UE or user application activity patterns and its needs.
Shakespeare for Freedom: Why the Plays Matter (2020)

Shakespeare is political. For centuries, his works, and indeed the idea of the man himself, have been adopted by groups discussing and claiming their own freedoms. In his book Shakespeare for Freed...
Rectangular Microlens Array Having High Sag for Multi Chip LED Packaging (2006)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
The dose response relationship of a liquid-filled electronic portal imaging device (1996)

To use a liquid-filled portal imaging device (EPID) for transmission dosimetry, it is necessary to understand its dosimetric properties. Therefore, the relation between the pixel values (i.e., ionization currents) of an electronic portal imaging device and the dose rate measured with an ionization chamber in a mini-phantom was investigated. First, a model was introduced to describe the ionization current of the matrix of liquid-filled ionization chambers for pulsed radiation. With this model the relation between ionization current and dose rate is explained qualitatively. Next, buildup measurements were performed at different photon beam energies to assess the amount of buildup material required to obtain electronic equilibrium in the detector. This additional buildup material significantly decreased the image quality, which can hamper patient setup verification, at only the 25 MV beam. Pixel values were then compared with measurements made with a Farmer-type ionization chamber in a mini-phantom at various dose rates. In addition, the influence of a number of accelerator and EPID settings (photon beam energy, pulse rate frequency, gantry rotation angle, and image acquisition modes) on the pixel value was investigated. Subsequently, the dose response relationships of three commercially obtained EPIDs of the same type were compared. For all types of measurements the relation between ionization current and dose rate is described within 1% (1 SD) by an equation with two terms: one term proportional to the square root of the dose rate and another term linear to the dose rate. For images obtained under a typical clinical situation (applying the "normal" acquisition mode at an 8 MV beam with a pulse rate frequency of 400 Hz at a transmission dose rate of 100 cGy/min) the contribution of the square root and linear term to the EPID signal is 94% and 6%, respectively. The weight factors of both terms depend on the photon beam energy, pulse rate frequency, and image acquisition mode. It is concluded that the EPID is useful for dosimetry purposes with 1% (1 SD) accuracy, but that the dose response relationship has to be determined for each EPID and accelerator setting.