gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Generation and Measurement of Intense Phase-Controlled Few-Cycle Laser Pulses (2006)

Intense, ultrashort waveforms of light can be produced with a predetermined electromagnetic field. These waveforms are essential in many applications of extreme nonlinear optics, most prominently in laser-driven sources of high-energy attosecond radiation. Field reproducibility in each laser shot requires a stable carrier-envelope phase. We analyze different schemes of phase-stable amplification and identify constraints limiting the precision. We describe a phase-stabilized system based on a 20 fs multipass Ti:sapphire amplifier supplemented with a fiber compression stage for producing few-cycle pulses. The amplifier introduces only a slow phase drift and, therefore, can be seeded by a standard phase-stabilized oscillator. The phase stability of the 5 fs, 400 µJ pulses is verified by high harmonic generation, in which different carrier-envelope phases produce distinctly different XUV spectra. The carrier-envelope phase (with a±π ambiguity) is calibrated from a series of spectra. The calibration allows full characterization of the electric field. The estimated precision of the phase control is better than π/5, which reduces the timing jitter between the driving laser pulse and the XUV bursts to ∼250 as and enables the generation of stable, isolated attosecond pulses. We demonstrate a more robust phase measurement based on the detection of electron emission from photoionized atoms in opposite directions. This method determines the carrier-envelope phase with the π/10 accuracy and without inversion ambiguity. Using the photoionization technique, we demonstrate the Gouy effect for focused few-cycle pulses. This result is of critical importance for any phase-dependent strong-field applications of ultrashort laser pulses.
Localization System Architecture for Enhanced Positioning in Industry 4.0 Applications (2023)

Indoor localization gained popularity with increased demand for location-based services. There has been a wide range of indoor positioning algorithms across different wireless technologies, albeit with limited accuracy. This work proposes a localization system that enables positioning in a multi-technology environment, including emerging technologies like visible light communication and high-bandwidth technologies like millimeter wave (mmWave). This system provides a common framework for enhanced user positioning, regardless of the underlying technology. The localization system combines the data of different wireless technologies to estimate accurate position information. The localization system architecture is tested in a simulation environment to assess the performance of the individual technologies and a combination of positioning data from multiple technologies. The merging of the position estimates from different wireless access technologies showed a mean positioning error of 10 cm.
Resolution-equivalent D* for SPRITE detectors (1995)

It is desirable for design purposes to model a signal-processing-in-the-element (SPRITE) detector simply as a discrete-element detector with an integration-enhanced D*. We present a method for normalization of measured D* for SPRITE detectors to yield an equivalent-discrete D*. The multiplicative factor is the square root of the ratio of two noise-equivalent bandwidths: one is that of the SPRITE detector with no boost filter, and the other is that of the SPRITE detector with a boost filter that approximately compensates for carrier diffusion, yielding a spatial resolution that approaches that of a discrete detector the same size as the readout. This approach allows a resolution-equivalent D* comparison of SPRITE detectors with discrete-element detectors and facilitates such comparisons among SPRITE detectors. We find that, to obtain the D* of an equivalent-discrete detector, a measured SPRITE D* should typically be multiplied by a factor ranging from 0.85 to 0.57 for 8- to 12-µm SPRITE detectors and by a factor ranging from 0.50 to 0.23 for 3- to 5-µm SPRITE detectors.
Molecular basis of joint development (1999)

The introduction of the techniques of molecular biology has provided powerful tools in modern biomedical research including the field of developmental biology and new insights in the molecular pathways governing joint development. The critical signals involved in the joint formation process are also likely to be involved in the maintenance and repair of the joint structures following traumatic/degenerative or inflammatory injuries. Yet, the available data on the complex set of molecular players participating in joint specification and morphogenesis are often disconnected and sometimes controversial. In this review we try to depict a comprehensive state of the art in the field and to indicate connections that may link the different molecular pathways. The elucidation of these development cascades identifies new therapeutic targets and opportunities to enhance and control repair processes in joint disorders.
Depletion and exchange of cholesterol from the membrane of vesicular stomatitis virus by interaction with serum lipoproteins or poly(vinylpyrrolidone) complexed with bovine serum albumin (1981)

Cholesterol was depleted from the membrane of vesicular stomatitis virus by exposing virion suspensions to serum lipoproteins enriched with phospholipids. Unlike the reaction of virions with phospholipid vesicle, nonspecific adherence of lipoproteins and exogenous lipids to the envelope of the virus was found to be minimal. The extent of cholesterol depletion was dependent upon the type of phospholipid complexed with interacting lipoprotein; sphingomyelin and dipalmitoyllecithin were found to be highly effective depleters of cholesterol compared to egg phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, or phosphatidylserine. Similar depletion of cholesterol from the virion membrane was also observed when vesicular stomatitis virus was exposed to a complex of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and bovine serum albumin coated with egg phosphatidylcholine or dioleoylphosphatidylcholine. Cholesterol depletion was found to alter the morphology but not the membrane integrity of the virus. Directly correlated with depletion of cholesterol was a substantial loss in the anisotropy of the viral membrane as determined by fluorescence depolarization of the lipophilic probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. Interaction with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) complexed with albumin, phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol resulted in exchange of cholesterol from the virion membrane which following biphasic kinetics with a rapid and a slow phase; these data indicate that 75-85% of viral membrane cholesterol is present in the outer monolayer, and 15-25% is located in the inner monolayer. Depletion of cholesterol from the virion membrane resulted in a significant drop in the infectivity of the virus as measured by plating efficiency on L-cell monolayers. Such an effect was not observed when virion cholesterol was exchanged without net reduction in the concentration of viral membrane cholesterol. Part of the loss in infectivity following depletion of cholesterol could be restored by reincorporation of cholesterol in the membrane, thus demonstrating that membrane cholesterol partly contributes to the infectivity of vesicular stomatitis virus.
Sub-system Power Module for a 42V Motor Generator System (2004)

We haw developed an 8OV MOA SSF'M @ut&stem Power Module) for a 42V motor generator automotive system 'Ilx SSPM achieves high reliability and a low loss inverter using a low on-resisrance (1% P typ.) trench power MOSm, a low inductance (27nH) power mWe, and a mfl @te 3pb driver IC with a newly developed active clamp method
Magnetic resonance imaging of laser polarized liquid xenon (1999)

We demonstrate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of laser polarized liquid xenon, and image exchange between the liquid and vapor phases. The exceptionally large magnetization density of this liquid should allow MRI with micron-scale spatial resolution without signal averaging. Applications may include imaging of density equilibration and convective flow near xenon's liquid-vapor critical point, low-field imaging of porous media microstructure, and mapping of the dynamics of two-phase (liquid-gas) flows.
Architecture of human Rag GTPase heterodimers and their complex with mTORC1 (2019)

The Rag guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) recruit the master kinase mTORC1 to lysosomes to regulate cell growth and proliferation in response to amino acid availability. The nucleotide state of Rag heterodimers is critical for their association with mTORC1. Our cryo-electron microscopy structure of RagA/RagC in complex with mTORC1 shows the details of RagA/RagC binding to the RAPTOR subunit of mTORC1 and explains why only the RagA<sub>GTP</sub>/RagC<sub>GDP</sub> nucleotide state binds mTORC1. Previous kinetic studies suggested that GTP binding to one Rag locks the heterodimer to prevent GTP binding to the other. Our crystal structures and dynamics of RagA/RagC show the mechanism for this locking and explain how oncogenic hotspot mutations disrupt this process. In contrast to allosteric activation by RHEB, Rag heterodimer binding does not change mTORC1 conformation and activates mTORC1 by targeting it to lysosomes.
Preclinical Studies of the Potent and Selective Nicotinic α4β2 Receptor Ligand VMY-2-95 (2014)

The discovery and development of small molecules that antagonize neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors may provide new ligands for evaluation in models of depression or addiction. We discovered a small molecule, VMY-2-95, a nAChR ligand with picomolar affinity and high selectivity for α4β2 receptors. In this study, we investigated its preclinical profile in regards to solubility, lipophilicity, metabolic stability, intestinal permeability, bioavailability, and drug delivery to the rat brain. Metabolic stability of VMY-2-95·2HCl was monitored on human liver microsomes, and specific activity of VMY-2-95·2HCl on substrate metabolism by CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4 was tested in a high-throughput manner. The intestinal transport of VMY-2-95·2HCl was studied through Caco-2 cell monolayer permeability. VMY-2-95·2HCl was soluble in water and chemically stable, and the apparent partition coefficient was 0.682. VMY-2-95·2HCl showed significant inhibition of CYP2C9 and 2C19, but weak or no effect on 1A2, 2D6, and 3A4. The Caco-2 cell model studies revealed that VMY-2-95·2HCl was highly permeable with efflux ratio of 1.11. VMY-2-95·2HCl achieved a maximum serum concentration of 0.56 mg/mL at 0.9 h and was orally available with a half-life of ∼9 h. Furthermore, VMY-2-95·2HCl was detected in the rat brain after 3 mg/kg oral administration and achieved a maximal brain tissue concentration of 2.3 μg/g within 60 min. Overall, the results demonstrate that VMY-2-95·2HCl has good drug like properties and can penetrate the blood-brain barrier with oral administration.
5-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroyl oligo-γ-L-glutamates. Synthesis and kinetic studies with methionine synthetase from bovine brain (1975)

The synthesis of 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroly tri-, pena-, and heptaglutamate has been accomplished by reductive methylation of the tetrahydropteroyl oligoglutamate with formaldehyde, followed by purification on DEAE-Sephadex. The corresponding [5-14-C]methyltetrahydropteroyl oligoglutamates were prepared from 14-CH-2-0, and tested as substrates for methionine synthetase (EC 2.1.1.13) ISOLATED FROM BOVINE BRAIN. In all cases, the polyglutamate conjugates were better substrates (lower Km, higher Vmax) than the corresponding monoglutamate forms. In addition, the nonradioactive methyltetrahydropteroyl oligoglutamates inhibited the methylation of homocysteine by methyltetrahydrofolate. This indicates that the monoglutamate and polyglutamates compete for the same enzyme, and established a role for the ubiquitous methyltetrahydropteroyl oligoglutamates in mammalian methionine biosynthesis.
Viscoelastic Properties of a Class of Carboxylated Rubbers: The Carboxylato-Telechelic Polydienes (1985)

Abstract Halato telechelic polymers are well-characterized ion-containing polymers the investigation of which gives the scientist a clear insight into the role played by the ions in the modification of the base polymer properties. The end-neutralization of very short length, α,É-dicarboxylic acid polydienes by alkaline earth alcoholates triggers off the crosslinking of the rubber. In a nonpolar environment, the metal carboxylate bonds constitute ion pairs which associate into separate domains responsible for the vulcanization and the reinforcement of the rubber. For the very first time, the relaxation of these ionic domains has been observed and thoroughly investigated. Its mechanism obeys an Arrhenius-type of temperature dependence, whereas the activation energy strongly depends on the ion pair features. When entangled acid-ended polydienes are end-neutralized, an efficient crosslinking is again reported, whereas the relaxation of ionic domains is no longer observed. It means that the ion pair association is extended enough to stabilize a network of entangled chains, but that the size of the aggregates is too small to be accurately detected. In the series of alkaline earth metals, the higher the ionic radius, the less interacting the ion pairs. Nevertheless, the strength of the formed network increases with the ionic radius, which means that the functionality of the crosslinks, i.e. , the mean size of the ionic aggregates, increases too. The extent of the ion pair association is therefore largely independent of their anchoring at the ends of macromolecules and is mainly related to the geometry of the metal carboxylates and to their mutual interaction.
Production of Ethyl-agarobioside, a Novel Skin Moisturizer, by Mimicking the Alcoholysis from the Japanese Sake-Brewing Process (2023)

Agarobiose (AB; d-galactose-β-1,4-AHG), produced by one-step acid hydrolysis of agarose of red seaweed, is considered a promising cosmetic ingredient due to its skin-moisturizing activity. In this study, the use of AB as a cosmetic ingredient was found to be hampered due to its instability at high temperature and alkaline pH. Therefore, to increase the chemical stability of AB, we devised a novel process to synthesize ethyl-agarobioside (ethyl-AB) from the acid-catalyzed alcoholysis of agarose. This process mimics the generation of ethyl α-glucoside and glyceryl α-glucoside by alcoholysis in the presence of ethanol and glycerol during the traditional Japanese sake-brewing process. Ethyl-AB also showed in vitro skin-moisturizing activity similar to that of AB, but showed higher thermal and pH stability than AB. This is the first report of ethyl-AB, a novel compound produced from red seaweed, as a functional cosmetic ingredient with high chemical stability.
Frequency offsets in frequency-locked semiconductor lasers (1994)

Abstract A commonly used technique for frequency locking a laser is dithering the laser frequency and monitoring the first derivative of the laser transmission through an absolute reference. In semiconductor lasers, this frequency dithering can be obtained easily by dithering the injection current. However, this dithering also modulates the laser output power. Here we show that this modulation of the laser output power results in an offset of the locked laser frequency from the reference frequency. We derive analytical expressions for these frequency offsets for semiconductor lasers frequency-locked to a Fabry-Perot transmission peak, a Gaussian absorption line, and a Lorentzian absorption line.
From Macro to Mesoporous ZnO Inverse Opals: Synthesis, Characterization and Tracer Diffusion Properties (2021)

Oxide inverse opals (IOs) with their high surface area and open porosity are promising candidates for catalyst support applications. Supports with confined mesoporous domains are of added value to heterogeneous catalysis. However, the fabrication of IOs with mesoporous or sub-macroporous voids (<100 nm) continues to be a challenge, and the diffusion of tracers in quasi-mesoporous IOs is yet to be adequately studied. In order to address these two problems, we synthesized ZnO IOs films with tunable pore sizes using chemical bath deposition and template-based approach. By decreasing the size of polystyrene (PS) template particles towards the mesoporous range, ZnO IOs with 50 nm-sized pores and open porosity were synthesized. The effect of the template-removal method on the pore geometry (spherical vs. gyroidal) was studied. The infiltration depth in the template was determined, and the factors influencing infiltration were assessed. The crystallinity and photonic stop-band of the IOs were studied using X-Ray diffraction and UV-Vis, respectively. The infiltration of tracer molecules (Alexa Fluor 488) in multilayered quasi-mesoporous ZnO IOs was confirmed via confocal laser scanning microscopy, while fluorescence correlation spectroscopy analysis revealed two distinct diffusion times in IOs assigned to diffusion through the pores (fast) and adsorption on the pore walls (slow).
Continuous gas-phase desulfurisation using supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) materials (2010)

Supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) materials have been developed for a continuous gas cleaning process. The technology is exemplified for the desulfurisation of a model gas stream consisting of 500 ppmwt n-butyl mercaptan in n-heptane vapour to levels of mercaptan below 5 ppmwt. By varying the ionic liquid structure, acidity and loading, [C12MIM]Cl/SnCl2 (XSnCl2 = 0.50) on alumina in an ionic liquid loading of 20 vol% of the support's pore volume was identified as a particularly suitable gas sorption system. Breakthrough experiments demonstrate desulfurisation performance of up to 130 h time-on-stream, and the suitability of the system for loading/unloading cycles in a pressure and temperature swing operation mode.
Total synthesis of ent-dioxepandehydrothyrsiferol via a bromonium-initiated epoxide-opening cascade. (2009)

In the first total synthesis of ent-dioxepandehydrothyrsiferol, the signature trans-anti-trans 7,7,6-fused tricyclic polyether framework was constructed in a single bromonium-initiated epoxide-opening cascade that incorporates both endo- and exo-selective epoxide openings, each directed by the substitution pattern of the epoxide (methyl groups). This study thus demonstrates the feasibility of a possible biogenesis.
Personnel Training in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing (2010)

Abstract Competency and efficiency of pharmaceutical manufacturing personnel is critical to a safe and successful manufacturing process. The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) provides mandatory rules for personnel training, while Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drafts guidance documents and good training practices (GTPs). This article focuses on how to develop and implement a training strategy that is compliant to CFR and FDA guidance.
On the Equivalence between some Block Oriented Nonlinear Models and Nonlinear Polynomial State Space Models (2007)

In order to determine how rich the class of nonlinear polynomial state space models is, a comparison with some standard block-oriented nonlinear models is made. The pros and cons of both modelling approaches are discussed, and illustrated on two real measurement examples.
Amphipathic variable region heavy chain peptides derived from monoclonal human Wegener's anti-PR3 antibodies stimulate lymphocytes from patients with Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis (2001)

Amphipathic variable-region heavy chain 11-mer peptides from monoclonal human IgM antiproteinase-3 antibodies were studied for peripheral blood lymphocyte stimulation in 21 patients with Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) or microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), connective tissue disease controls and normal control subjects. Positive T-cell activation was observed in most experiments with WG patients' lymphocytes using amphipathic VH-region peptides from four different human monoclonal anti-PR3 antibodies. Control peptides of the same length but without amphipathic characteristics along with other amphipathic peptides not derived from monoclonal anti-PR3 sequence were employed as controls. No significant lymphocyte stimulation was observed with normal controls, but positive stimulation with amphipathic VH peptides was also recorded in other connective tissue disease controls mainly patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Amphipathic peptides not derived from anti-PR3 sequence did not stimulate WG lymphocytes. Our findings indicate that lymphocyte reactivity as an element of cell-mediated immunity may be activated by amphipathic VH-region amino acid sequences of autoantibodies which are themselves associated with diseases such as WG.
Integration of Polymer Waveguides with HOE On GaAs, LiNbO3, Glass And Aluminum Substrates to Provide massive Fan Out (104/node) Optical Interconnects for Computing (1989)

In this paper, we report good quality waveguides (loss&lt;ldb/cm) formed from pure gelatin, i.e., gelatin without ammonium dichromate. Pure gelatin solutions with various water to gelatin ratios were spun on top of soda-lime glass (N=1.512 at 632.8nm). When gelatin first goes into aqueous solution the molecules exist as single chains encircled by water molecules. Upon standing at temperatures below 30 °C, solutions containing more than 1% gelatin become rigid through cross linking and exhibit rubber-like mechanical properties. In this work optical waveguides were thus formed. The waveguiding properties were examined through the prism coupling method. The measured effective indices for TE and TM guided waves were the same for each sample. This implies that no birefringence exists in the gelatin layer. The guiding layer index profiles of multi-mode gelatin waveguides were determined by the inverse WKB method commonly used in integrated optics[l]. Graded index profile of a multi-mode waveguide can be accurately determined by IWKB method. Step indices can also be determined through this method with a small deviation at the turning point [2]. The calculated index profile of sample #D1, composed of 15 grams of gelatin, 100 CC water and spun at 100 rpm, is given in Fig.1, curve A. The measured surface index of various samples with different water-gelatin ratios is shown in Fig.2. Surface index variation from 1.522 to 1.543 was observed. Each data point of Fig.2 was determined by the 0 th order mode of the corresponding multimode waveguide (total number of modes &gt;10). Since the guiding layer has a step index, the 0 th order mode effective index is almost equal to the surface index. The plotted index profiles of the various gelatin waveguides before wet processing demonstrates that the gelatin layer forms a step index layer and the index refraction increases as the gelatin ratio increases.