gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chiral dopants and the twist-bend nematic phase – induction of novel mesomorphic behaviour in an apolar bimesogen (2015)

Herein we report studies on a bimesogen that exhibits a chiral twist bend nematic phase when doped with small weight percentages of a chiral material and a partial phase diagram constructed. At low concentrations a wide temperature range blue phase is observed, whereas at higher concentrations an additional 'nematic-like' mesophase was discovered at a lower temperature than the twist-bend nematic phase. In addition to an apparent isotropic-"isotropic" transition, the doped materials also exhibited a weakly birefringent phase upon annealing in the isotropic liquid phase, implying pretransitional behaviour in the same vein as that seen for TGB phases. When confined in a planar aligned cell, the NTB phase exhibited two domains that alternated between light and dark with rotation of the sample stage, as well as the application of an external electric field. Upon the addition of a chiral dopant one of these domains was eliminated, leading to their assignment as twist domains of opposite handedness.
Metasurface Micro/Nano-Optical Sensors: Principles and Applications (2022)

Metasurfaces are 2D artificial materials consisting of arrays of metamolecules, which are exquisitely designed to manipulate light in terms of amplitude, phase, and polarization state with spatial resolutions at the subwavelength scale. Traditional micro/nano-optical sensors (MNOSs) pursue high sensitivity through strongly localized optical fields based on diffractive and refractive optics, microcavities, and interferometers. Although detections of ultra-low concentrations of analytes have already been demonstrated, the label-free sensing and recognition of complex and unknown samples remain challenging, requiring multiple readouts from sensors, <i>e.g</i>., refractive index, absorption/emission spectrum, chirality, <i>etc</i>. Additionally, the reliability of detecting large, inhomogeneous biosamples may be compromised by the limited near-field sensing area from the localization of light. Here, we review recent advances in metasurface-based MNOSs and compare them with counterparts using micro-optics from aspects of physics, working principles, and applications. By virtue of underlying the physics and design flexibilities of metasurfaces, MNOSs have now been endowed with superb performances and advanced functionalities, leading toward highly integrated smart sensing platforms.
High Sensitivity in CID Mass Spectrometry, Structure Analysis of Pyrolysis Fragments (1980)

Abstract Collision Induced Dissociation (C ID),C ollisional Activation (CA), Pyrolysis, Mycobacterium, Mass Spectrometry An apparatus is described for Collision Induced Dissociation Mass Spectrometry, where es­ sential increase in sensitivity in the detection of the fragment spectrum is obtained by simultaneous detection. Decrease in resolution due to kinetic energy release on dissociation is prevented by post-acceleration of the fragment ions. The instrument was used to investigate the structure of the mass m/z= 59 com pound in the pyrolysis products of Mycobacterium cells. This mass is a key mass in the pyrolysis mass spectrometric identification of dangerous mycobacterial strains.
Fungal Protein Production: Design and Production of Chimeric Proteins (2010)

For more than a century, filamentous fungi have been used for the production of a wide variety of endogenous enzymes of industrial interest. More recently, with the use of genetic engineering tools developed for these organisms, this use has expanded for the production of nonnative heterologous proteins. In this review, an overview is given of examples describing the production of a special class of these proteins, namely chimeric proteins. The production of two types of chimeric proteins have been explored: (a) proteins grafted for a specific substrate-binding domain and (b) fusion proteins containing two separate enzymatic activities. Various application areas for the use of these chimeric proteins are described.
Engineering of a probiotic yeast for the production and secretion of medium-chain fatty acids antagonistic to an opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans (2023)

<i>Candida albicans</i> is an opportunistic pathogen, with its infection as one of the causes of morbidity or mortality. Notably, the probiotic yeast <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> var. boulardii has shown the potential to fight against <i>Candida</i> infections. In this study, we aimed to engineer a commercial boulardii strain to produce medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) with antagonistic effects against <i>C. albicans</i>. First, we identified and characterized a boulardii strain and created its auxotrophic strain <i>Δura3</i>. Next, we constructed and expressed a heterologous MCFA biosynthetic pathway under the control of inducible and constitutive promoters. Aside from examining MCFA production and secretion, we confirmed MCFAs' effects on <i>C. albicans'</i> anti-biofilm and anti-hyphal formations and the immunomodulatory effect of MCFA-containing supernatants on Caco-2 cells. We found that under constitutive promoters, the engineered boulardii strain constitutively produced and secreted a mixture of C6:0, C8:0, and C10:0. The secreted MCFAs then reduced biofilm and hyphal formations in <i>C. albicans</i> SC5314. We also confirmed that MCFAs upregulated the expression of virulence-related genes in SC5314. Furthermore, we found that the constitutively produced MCFAs in the supernatant induced the upregulation of immune response genes in Caco-2 cells co-cultured with SC5314, indicating MCFAs' roles in immunomodulation. Overall, the engineered boulardii strain produced and secreted MCFAs, as well as demonstrated antagonistic effects against <i>C. albicans</i> SC5314 and immune-modulatory effects in Caco-2. To our knowledge, this represents the first study tackling the metabolic engineering of a commercial probiotic yeast strain to constitutively produce and secrete MCFAs showing anti-<i>Candida</i> effects. Our study forms the basis of the potential development of a live biotherapeutics probiotic yeast against <i>Candida</i> infections through metabolic engineering strategies.
Lateral and Posterior Dynamic Bending of the Mid-Shaft Femur: Fracture Risk Curves for the Adult Population (2004)

The purpose of this study was to develop injury risk functions for dynamic bending of the human femur in the lateral-to-medial and posterior-to-anterior loading directions. A total of 45 experiments were performed on human cadaver femurs using a dynamic three-point drop test setup. An impactor of 9.8 kg was dropped from 2.2 m for an impact velocity of 5 m/s. Five-axis load cells measured the impactor and support loads, while an in situ strain gage measured the failure strain and subsequent strain rate. All 45 tests resulted in mid-shaft femur fractures with comminuted wedge and oblique fractures as the most common fracture patterns. In the lateral-to-medial bending tests the reaction loads were 4180 +/- 764 N, and the impactor loads were 4780 +/- 792 N. In the posterior-to-anterior bending tests the reaction loads were 3780 +/- 930 N, and the impactor loads were 4310 +/- 1040 N. The difference between the sum of the reaction forces and the applied load is due to inertial effects. The reaction loads were used to estimate the mid-shaft bending moments at failure since there was insufficient data to include the inertial effects in the calculations. The resulting moments are conservative estimates (lower bounds) of the mid-shaft bending moments at failure and are appropriate for use in the assessment of knee restraints and pedestrian impacts with ATD measurements. Regression analysis was used to identify significant parameters, and parametric survival analysis was used to estimate risk functions. Femur cross-sectional area, area moment of inertia (I), maximum distance to the neutral axis (c), I/c, occupant gender, and occupant mass are shown to be significant predictors of fracture tolerance, while no significant difference is shown for loading direction, bone mineral density, leg aspect and age. Risk functions are presented for femur cross-sectional area and I/c as they offer the highest correlation to peak bending moment. The risk function that utilizes the most highly correlated (R2 = 0.82) and significant (p = 0.0001) variable, cross-sectional area, predicts a 50 percent risk of femur fracture of 240 Nm, 395 Nm, and 562 Nm for equivalent cross-sectional area of the 5(th) percentile female, 50(th) percentile male, and 95(th) percentile male respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Unsymmetric Nonpeptidic HIV Protease Inhibitors Containing Anthranilamide as a P2′ Ligand. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Circuit model for the UNM educational Reltron cavity (2010)

A circuit model of the University of New Mexico (UNM) Reltron cavity is developed in order to model the eigenmodes in the cavity. The circuit model has three resonance modes. These three eigenmodes correspond to the 0, Π/2 and Π modes in the cavity. The particle-in-cell code MAGIC is used to simulate the field distribution inside the cavity when the cavity is resonating in an eigenmode.
Carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies on dichloropyridoquinolines (1982)

Abstract Carbon‐13 NMR chemical shifts are reported for six angular and one linear dichloropyridoquinolines in CDCl 3 . The chemical shift assignments have been made using model compounds, fully coupled spectra, selective proton decoupling and results from lanthanide shift studies. Chlorine substituent effects are compared to those reported for chloroquinolines. The effect of the heteroaromatic nitrogen atoms on 13 C 1 H coupling constants in these polycyclic systems are compared to those reported for pyridine systems.
Growth of Pt Nanowires by Atomic Layer Deposition on Highly Ordered Pyrolytic Graphite (2013)

The formation of Pt nanowires (NWs) by atomic layer deposition on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is investigated. Pt is deposited only at the step edges of HOPG and not on the basal planes, leading to the formation of laterally aligned Pt NWs. A growth model involving a morphological transition from 0-D to 1-D structures via coalescence is presented. The width of the NWs grows at a rate greater than twice the vertical growth rate. This asymmetry is ascribed to the wetting properties of Pt on HOPG as influenced by the formation of graphene oxide. A difference in Pt growth kinetics based on crystallographic orientation may also contribute.
AC actuation of fixed-fixed beam MEMS switches (2006)

In this paper, an actuation scheme of RF microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) switches based on a combined DC and AC actuation voltage (AC actuation) is proposed and numerically simulated. Compared to the conventional electrostatic actuation, AC actuation requires a much smaller actuation voltage, which is more suitable for low-voltage application, including wireless phones and sensors. The frequency of the AC component (actuation frequency) is very close to the mechanical resonant frequency of the MEMS structure beam. A parametric study on the effects of switch geometry, residual stress, and quality factor on the switch actuation voltage and switching time is performed in this work and specific design guidelines are provided for practical designs
Electrical Properties of the Ta‐RuO 2 Diffusion Barrier for High‐Density Memory Devices (2000)

The electrical properties of a Ta layer prepared with and without RuO 2 addition were investigated. The Ta + RuO 2 /TiSi 2 /poly‐Si/SiO 2 /Si contact system exhibited lower total resistance and ohmic characteristics up to 800°C. Meanwhile, the Ta/TiSi 2 /poly‐Si/SiO 2 /Si contact system showed higher total resistance and nonohmic behavior after annealing at 650°C, attributed to the oxidation of both Ta and TiSi 2 layers. In the former case, a Ta + RuO 2 diffusion barrier showed an amorphous Ta microstructure and embedded RuO x nanocrystals in the as‐deposited state. The conductive RuO 2 crystalline phase in the Ta + RuO 2 film was formed by reaction between the nanocrystalline RuO x and oxygen indiffused from air during annealing. When the Ta layer was deposited with RuO 2 addition, therefore, both the electrical properties and the oxidation resistance of the Ta + RuO 2 diffusion barrier were better than those of TiN, TaN, and Ta‐Si‐N barriers.
Applications of Plasmid Electrotransfer (2002)

The use of electric pulses to transfect cells has recently been extended to show the utility of this procedure in vivo. Electrotransfer has been performed in vivo on several tissue types including skin, blood vessels, liver, tumor, muscle, cornea, brain and spleen. The most widely targeted tissue has been skeletal muscle. In addition to its potential use in gene therapy, in vivo DNA electrotransfer is also, because of its simplicity, a powerful laboratory tool to study in vivo gene expression and function in a given tissue. Many published studies have now shown that plasmid electrotransfer can lead to a long-lasting therapeutic effect in various pathologies, such as cancer, blood disease, or muscle ischemia. The future potential for this gene therapy approach will include delivery for both local action or distal effect by secretion of the transgenic proteins in the circulation.
Future perspectives of venoms for drug discovery (2011)

Venoms have been regarded as an interesting source for screening difficult-to-address pharmaceutical targets like ion channels, transmembrane or circulating proteins for quite some time. Moreover, recent developments open up new opportunities to better exploit well-structured toxins - so called “mini-proteins” that we also like to refer to as “picologics” - in a more general way for lead discovery and drug development. In particular, progress in throughput and the first results from the next generation of genome/transcriptome analyses and systems biology investigations widen the scope of an integrated understanding of global transcriptional activity in venom glands. As a result, natural products from venoms are thought to represent a sustainable source of molecules for addressing a wider range of targets, and thus enable a more systematic approach to the identification of new peptide therapeutic candidates.
New Graft Insertion Device for Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty (2017)

Purpose: Corneal endothelial dysfunction is a major indication for corneal graft surgery worldwide, and although surgical intervention through a range of posterior lamellar surgeries has proven to be hugely beneficial, challenges remain. This is especially so where the anterior chamber is relatively shallow, as is often the case in the Asian population, though not exclusively so. In this study, we introduce a new insertion device to deliver endothelial graft tissue for Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK). Methods: A new surgical tool was designed and manufactured so as to enable a 1-step insertion of corneal graft tissue into the anterior chamber based on a pressure–flow concept, rather than the a pull-through one. This was tested ex vivo to assess endothelial cell damage, and then performed in 12 first-in-human surgeries. Results: Precut DSAEK lenticules implanted in donor corneas ex vivo through the new technique showed that less endothelial cell damage occurs compared with a pull-through technique. Grafts were successful in all patients receiving the new surgery, with no cases of primary graft failure. Conclusions: The newly developed DSAEK inserter is a simple and useful tool for endothelial graft delivery, lessening intraoperative mechanical stress on the graft tissue.
Synthesis of a Troger's base analogue via stereoselective reductive coupling of N-phenylpiperazine to norbornane-2,5-dione (1990)

The reaction of N-phenylpiperazines with norbornane-2,5-dione and NaCNBH3 gives the endo–endo dipiperazinyl norbornanes, which define a right triangular cavity potentially useful in host-guest chemistry as determined by X-ray crystallography and dipole moment measurements.
Abstract NG01: Accumulation of somatic mutations in normal and cancerous tissues with age (2016)

Abstract Fundamental theories in carcinogenesis and aging evoke the accumulation of rare somatic mutations in normal tissues over time. However, absence of a simple and systematic method to characterize somatic mutations in normal tissues precludes the understanding of their functional consequences. We present Bottleneck Sequencing System (BotSeqS), a next-generation sequencing method that quantitates rare somatic point mutations simultaneously across the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. BotSeqS combines molecular barcoding with a simple dilution step immediately before library amplification. Using BotSeqS, we determine the mutation frequencies and spectra in normal brain, kidney, and colon from a total of 34 individuals ranging from &amp;lt; 1 to 98 years old. We show an age and tissue-dependent accumulation of rare point mutations and demonstrate that the somatic mutational burden in normal tissues can vary by several orders of magnitude depending on biological and environmental factors. For example, individuals with defects in the mismatch repair machinery or exposure to environmental carcinogens (smoking, aristolochic acid) show significant increases in mutational frequencies and altered mutational spectra compared to controls. We further show major differences between the mutational patterns of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in normal tissues. Lastly, we find that the mutational spectra of normal tissues were different from each other but similar to cancers from the same tissue type, suggesting that the differential mutational spectra observed in cancers are tissue-specific rather than cancer-specific. This technology can provide insights into the number and nature of genetic alterations in normal tissues and can be used to address a variety of fundamental questions about the genomes of diseased tissues. Citation Format: Margaret L. Hoang, Isaac Kinde, Cristian Tomasetti, Thomas Rosenquist, Arthur P. Grollman, Kenneth W. Kinzler, Bert Vogelstein, Nickolas Papadopoulos. Accumulation of somatic mutations in normal and cancerous tissues with age. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr NG01.
Direct Patterning of Low-k Hydrogen Silsesquioxane Using X-Ray Exposure Technology [Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 6, G69 (2003)] (2003)

Direct Patterning of Low-k Hydrogen Silsesquioxane Using X-Ray Exposure Technology †Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 6, G69 „2003...‡ T. C. Chang, T. M. Tsai, P. T. Liu, Y. S. Mor, C. W. Chen, J. T. Sheu, and T. Y. Tseng Department of Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Institute of Electronics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan National Nano Device Laboratory, Hsin-Chu 300, Taiwan Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Puli-Nantou, Taiwan 545
Compact 160-Gb/s add-drop multiplexing with a 40-Gb/s base-rate (2004)

We report on the first 40 Gb/s-based OTDM add-drop multiplexing at 160 Gb/s using electrically driven electroabsorption modulators. Error-free operation for all channels is obtained with an average power penalty of 1 dB.
Figures S1 - S9 from BMX-Mediated Regulation of Multiple Tyrosine Kinases Contributes to Castration Resistance in Prostate Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Figure S1. Inducible BMX knockdown suppresses CWR22RV1 tumor growth in vitro and in vivo; Figure S2. Schematic picture of BMX signaling pathway; Figure S3. The effect of BMX SiRNA smart pool on CWR22RV1 cell response to serum stimulation; Figure S4. The specificity of BMX antibody; Figure S5. Affymetrix microarray expression of BMX in PCa patients; Figure S6. BMX mRNA expression is repressed by DHT; Figure S7. BMX knockdown in CWR22RV1 cells; Figure S8. AR binding site sequence in BMX loci; Figure S9. DHT effect on expression of AR and associated proteins.&lt;/p&gt;
XBP1 governs late events in plasma cell differentiation and is not required for antigen-specific memory B cell development (2009)

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a stress response pathway that is driven by the increased load of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum of highly secretory cells such as plasma cells (PCs).X box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is a transcription factor that mediates one branch of the UPR and is crucial for the development of antibody-secreting PCs.PCs represent only one class of terminally differentiated B cells, however, and little is known about the role for XBP1 in the other class: memory B cells.We have developed an XBP1 fl/fl CD19 +/cre conditional knockout (XBP1 CD19 ) mouse to build upon our current understanding of the function of XBP1 in PC differentiation as well as to explore the role of XBP1 in memory cell development.Using this model, we show that XBP1 CD19 mice are protected from disease in an autoantibody-mediated mouse lupus model.We also identify a novel developmental stage at which B cells express the traditional PC marker CD138 (syndecan-1) but have yet to undergo XBP1-dependent functional and morphological differentiation into antibody-secreting cells.Finally, we show that memory B cells develop normally in XBP1 CD19 mice, demonstrating that XBP1-mediated functions occur independently of any memory cell lineage commitment.
Cogsworth: Byzantine View Synchronization (2021)

Most methods for Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT) in the partial synchrony setting divide the local state of the nodes into views, and the transition from one view to the next dictates a leader change.In order to provide liveness, all honest nodes need to stay in the same view for a sufficiently long time.This requires view synchronization, a requisite of BFT that we extract and formally define here.Existing approaches for Byzantine view synchronization incur quadratic communication (in n, the number of parties).A cascade of O(n) view changes may thus result in O(n 3 ) communication complexity.This paper presents a new Byzantine view synchronization algorithm named Cogsworth, that has optimistically linear communication complexity and constant latency.Faced with benign failures, Cogsworth has expected linear communication and constant latency.The result here serves as an important step towards reaching solutions that have overall quadratic communication, the known lower bound on Byzantine fault tolerant consensus.Cogsworth is particularly useful for a family of BFT protocols that already exhibit linear communication under various circumstances, but suffer quadratic overhead due to view synchronization.
Randomized Clinical Trials of Machine Learning Interventions in Health Care (2022)

This systematic review found that despite the large number of medical machine learning-based algorithms in development, few RCTs for these technologies have been conducted. Among published RCTs, there was high variability in adherence to reporting standards and risk of bias and a lack of participants from underrepresented minority groups. These findings merit attention and should be considered in future RCT design and reporting.