gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Crystal Structure of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A in Complex with the Cell Surface Co-Receptor GT1b—Insight into the Toxin–Neuron Interaction (2008)

Botulinum neurotoxins have a very high affinity and specificity for their target cells requiring two different co-receptors located on the neuronal cell surface. Different toxin serotypes have different protein receptors; yet, most share a common ganglioside co-receptor, GT1b. We determined the crystal structure of the botulinum neurotoxin serotype A binding domain (residues 873-1297) alone and in complex with a GT1b analog at 1.7 A and 1.6 A, respectively. The ganglioside GT1b forms several key hydrogen bonds to conserved residues and binds in a shallow groove lined by Tryptophan 1266. GT1b binding does not induce any large structural changes in the toxin; therefore, it is unlikely that allosteric effects play a major role in the dual receptor recognition. Together with the previously published structures of botulinum neurotoxin serotype B in complex with its protein co-receptor, we can now generate a detailed model of botulinum neurotoxin's interaction with the neuronal cell surface. The two branches of the GT1b polysaccharide, together with the protein receptor site, impose strict geometric constraints on the mode of interaction with the membrane surface and strongly support a model where one end of the 100 A long translocation domain helix bundle swing into contact with the membrane, initiating the membrane anchoring event.
Doubling the number of active users in a 2-D t-&#x03BB; O-CDMA network using a hard limiting receiver (2005)

We analytically show that using a receiver in a 2-D time-wavelength asynchronous O-CDMA system, can double the numbers of active users by reducing multiple-access-interference. Utilizing our results we generate design rules for O-CDMA code-sets in hard-limiting-receiver.
Thermal Conductivity Measurement of Ge-Si<sub>x</sub>Ge<sub>1-x</sub> Core-Shell Nanowires Using Suspended Microdevices (2015)

나노선에서 코어-셸 헤테로 구조를 도입함으로써 열 전도율을 낮출 수 있으며, 이로 인해 열전 효율(ZT)을 향상시킬 수 있다는 것이 이론 연구를 통해 제안되었다. 본 논문에서는 코어-셸 나노선의 열전도율 감소를 실험적인 방법을 통해 확인하였다. 화학증기 증착법을 통해 만든 게르마늄-규소 SUBx/SUB 게르마늄 SUB1-x/SUB(Ge?SiSUBx/SUBGeSUB1-x/SUB) 코어-셸 나노선의 열전도율을 마이크로 크기의 뜬 디바이스를 이용하여 측정하였다. 셸에서 측정된 실리콘의 함유율(x)는 0.65 로 확인하였으며, 게르마늄은 코어와 셸 사이에서, 격자 불일치(lattice mismatch)에서 비롯된 결점(defect)와 같은 역할을 한다. 또한, 4-point I-V 측정실험에, 휘트스톤 브릿지 실험을 추가 진행함으로써 측정 민감도를 강화하였다. 측정된 열전도율은 상온에서 9~13 W/mK 으로써, 비슷한 지름을 가지는 게르마늄 나노선과 비교하였을 때, 열전도율이 약 30 % 낮아졌음을 확인하였다.
The Discussion on the Key Issues Affecting the Accuracy and the Application of PMU Technology (2011)

So far, over 1000 PMUs have been commissioned in Chinese power grids, which provide an excellent data platform for power system dynamic monitoring, analysis and control. However, working under dynamic conditions of power system, PMUs might experience the noise and interference. Besides, the dynamic behavior of PMUs might have impacts on the accuracy of system state measurements. Therefore, the dynamic behavior of PMUs is of great importance for the applications of PMU technology and the method for phasor trajectory estimator needs to be studied. In this paper, the implementation of PMUs and WAMS in China is reviewed. The problems in phasor quality assessment and phasor state trajectory estimator are discussed. A laboratory system to be used for evaluating the static and dynamic performance of PMUs is presented as well.
Measurement of the top quark pole mass using $$ \textrm{t}\overline{\textrm{t}} $$+jet events in the dilepton final state in proton-proton collisions at $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV (2023)

A bstract A measurement of the top quark pole mass $$ {m}_{\textrm{t}}^{\textrm{pole}} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>pole</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> in events where a top quark-antiquark pair ( $$ \textrm{t}\overline{\textrm{t}} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> ) is produced in association with at least one additional jet ( $$ \textrm{t}\overline{\textrm{t}} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> +jet) is presented. This analysis is performed using proton-proton collision data at $$ \sqrt{s} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> </mml:math> = 13 TeV collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 36.3 fb − 1 . Events with two opposite-sign leptons in the final state (e + e − , μ + μ − , e ± μ ∓ ) are analyzed. The reconstruction of the main observable and the event classification are optimized using multivariate analysis techniques based on machine learning. The production cross section is measured as a function of the inverse of the invariant mass of the $$ \textrm{t}\overline{\textrm{t}} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> +jet system at the parton level using a maximum likelihood unfolding. Given a reference parton distribution function (PDF), the top quark pole mass is extracted using the theoretical predictions at next-to-leading order. For the ABMP16NLO PDF, this results in $$ {m}_{\textrm{t}}^{\textrm{pole}} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>pole</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> = 172 . 93 ± 1 . 36 GeV.
DVAE#: Discrete Variational Autoencoders with Relaxed Boltzmann Priors (2018)

Boltzmann machines are powerful distributions that have been shown to be an effective prior over binary latent variables in variational autoencoders (VAEs). However, previous methods for training discrete VAEs have used the evidence lower bound and not the tighter importance-weighted bound. We propose two approaches for relaxing Boltzmann machines to continuous distributions that permit training with importance-weighted bounds. These relaxations are based on generalized overlapping transformations and the Gaussian integral trick. Experiments on the MNIST and OMNIGLOT datasets show that these relaxations outperform previous discrete VAEs with Boltzmann priors. An implementation which reproduces these results is available.
1,1,4,4-Tetracyanobutadiene-Functionalized Anthracenes: Regioselectivity of Cycloadditions in the Synthesis of Small Near-IR Dyes (2020)

Two small 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobutadiene-functionalized chromophores were obtained by careful leverage of the regioselectivity of the cycloaddition reaction of tetracyanoethylene with anthracene-ynamide derivatives, inducing either a [2+2] or a [4+2] Diels–Alder process. DFT calculations unraveled the mechanism of the [2+2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reaction sequence with ynamides and elucidated the differing mechanisms in the two substrates. The synthesized dyes presented panchromatic absorption extending into the near-IR, and far-red/near-IR photoluminescence in the solid-state up to 1550 nm.
Toxin Synthesis by Clostridium difficile Is Regulated through Quorum Signaling (2015)

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the most common definable cause of hospital-acquired and antibiotic-associated diarrhea in the United States, with the total cost of treatment estimated between 1 and 4.8 billion U.S. dollars annually. C. difficile, a Gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobe, flourishes in the colon after the gut microbiota has been altered by antibiotic therapy. As a result, there is an urgent need for non-antibiotic CDI treatments that preserve the colonic microbiota. C. difficile produces toxins A and B, which are directly responsible for disease. Here, we report that C. difficile regulates its toxin synthesis by quorum signaling, in which a novel signaling peptide activates transcription of the disease-causing toxin genes. This finding provides new therapeutic targets to be harnessed for novel nonantibiotic therapy for C. difficile infections.
Supplementary Tables 1-3 from R428, a Selective Small Molecule Inhibitor of Axl Kinase, Blocks Tumor Spread and Prolongs Survival in Models of Metastatic Breast Cancer (2023)

Supplementary Tables 1-3 from R428, a Selective Small Molecule Inhibitor of Axl Kinase, Blocks Tumor Spread and Prolongs Survival in Models of Metastatic Breast Cancer
Poly[(2‐chloroethyl)oxirane], poly[(3‐chloropropyl)‐oxirane] and poly[(4‐chlorobutyl)oxirane]: New polyether elastomers of improved chemical reactivity (1982)

Abstract (2‐Chloroethyl)oxirane, (3‐chloropropyl)oxirane, and (4‐chlorobutyl)oxirane were prepared from the corresponding alkenols and polymerized using a triethylaluminum‐water‐acetylacetone initiator system. Copolymerizations with propylene oxide and epichlorohydrin were also accomplished; the copolymerization activities of the (chloroalkyl)oxiranes were similar to the activity of epichlorohydrin. Poly[(2‐chloroethyl)oxirane], poly[(3‐chloropropyl)oxirane], and poly[(4‐chlorobutyl)oxirane] exhibit elastomeric properties and are highly reactive in nucleophilic substitution reactions.
Degrees of freedom of MIMO Y channel with multiple relays (2016)

We study the degrees of freedom (DoF) of a symmetric multi-relay multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Y channel, where three users, each equipped with M antennas, exchange messages via multiple geographically separated relay nodes, each with N antennas. We formulate a general DoF achievability problem assuming the use of linear precoding and post-processing. To solve this problem, we present a new uplink-downlink asymmetric strategy where the user precoders are designed for signal alignment and the user post-processors are used for interference neutralization. Based on that, we derive an achievable DoF of the considered model for an arbitrary antenna setup. The optimality of the derived DoF is established under certain antenna configurations. Also, we show that our design considerably outperforms the conventional uplink-downlink symmetric design.
Oz's Fitting Room (2018)

In this paper, we present the concepts, design guidelines, and implementation details of Oz's fitting room, a novel virtual fashion fitting system where a professional stylist proposes coordination and fitting garments virtually through a display, from behind a wall or remote location with a voice changer, so that the customer has the feeling of being advised by a virtual agent. We aim to remove the psychological barrier when the customer talks face-to-face with the store staff, while having the staff remain behind-the-scene to provide their expert knowledge.
Supplementary Table 1 from p21-Activated Kinase 1 Is Required for Efficient Tumor Formation and Progression in a Ras-Mediated Skin Cancer Model (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 99K, Immunostaining for Pak1 and Pak2 in mouse skin&lt;/p&gt;
From Conventional to Stealth Liposomes: a New Frontier in Cancer Chemotherapy (2004)

AbstractAbstractIn this review, the different types of liposome used in medicine, in particular in the field of antitumor therapy, are focalised, emphasizing their structures, pharmacological action, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, toxicity profiles and in the main clinical applications.The first-generation liposomes (conventional liposomes) comprised a liposomecontaining amphotericin B, Ambisome, and Myocet, doxorubicin-containing liposome used in clinical trials to treat metastatic breast cancer. The last generation liposomes were pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Caelix), called "stealth liposomes" because of their ability to evade interception by the immune system, characterized by very long-circulation half-life, favourable pharmacokinetic behaviour and specific accumulation in tumor tissues.Keywords: Liposomesantitumor liposomespegylated liposomal doxorubicin
Synthesis and Structural and Optical Properties of Ga(As1–xPx)Ge3 and (GaP)yGe5–2y Semiconductors Using Interface-Engineered Group IV Platforms (2017)

Epitaxial synthesis of Ga(As<sub>1-x</sub>P<sub>x</sub>)Ge<sub>3</sub> alloys on Si(100) substrates is demonstrated using chemical vapor deposition reactions of [D<sub>2</sub>GaN(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> with P(GeH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> and As(GeH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> precursors. These compounds are chosen to promote the formation of GaAsGe<sub>3</sub> and GaPGe<sub>3</sub> building blocks which interlink to produce the desired crystalline product. Ge-rich (GaP)<sub>y</sub>Ge<sub>5-2y</sub> analogues have also been grown with tunable Ge contents up to 90% by reactions of P(GeH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> with [D<sub>2</sub>GaN(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sub>2</sub> under similar deposition protocols. In both cases, the crystal growth utilized Ge<sub>1-x</sub>Si<sub>x</sub> buffer layers whose lattice constants were specifically tuned as a function of composition to allow perfect lattice matching with the target epilayers. This approach yielded single-phase materials with excellent crystallinity devoid of mismatch-induced dislocations. The lattice parameters of Ga(As<sub>1-x</sub>P<sub>x</sub>)Ge<sub>3</sub> interpolated among the Ge, GaAs, and GaP end members, corroborating the Rutherford backscattering measurements of the P/As ratio. A small deviation from the Vegard's law that depends on the As/P ratio was observed and corroborated by ab initio calculations. Raman scattering shows evidence for the existence of Ga-As and Ga-P bonds in the Ge matrix. The As-rich samples exhibited photoluminescence with wavelengths similar to those observed for pure GaAsGe<sub>3</sub>, indicating that the emission profile does not change in any measurable manner by replacing As by P over a broad range up to x = 0.2. Furthermore, the photoluminescence (PL) data suggested a large negative bowing of the band gap as expected on account of a strong valence band localization on the As atoms. Spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements of the dielectric function revealed a distinct direct gap transition that closely matches the PL emission energy. These measurements also showed that the absorption coefficients can be systematically tuned as a function of composition, indicating possible applications of the new materials in optoelectronics, including photovoltaics.
CCL21 Chemokine Therapy for Lung Cancer. (2013)

Lung cancer remains a challenging health problem with more than 1.1 million deaths worldwide annually. With current therapy, the long term survival for the majority of lung cancer patients remains low, thus new therapeutic strategies are needed. One such strategy would be to develop immune therapy for lung cancer. Immune approaches remain attractive because although surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy alone or in combination produce response rates in all histological types of lung cancer, relapse is frequent. Strategies that harness the immune system to react against tumors can be integrated with existing forms of therapy for optimal responses toward this devastating disease. Both antigen presenting cell (APC) and T cell activities are reduced in the lung tumor microenvironment. In this review we discuss our experience with efforts to restore host APC and T cell activities in the lung cancer microenvironment by intratumoral administration of dendritic cells (DC) expressing the CCR7 receptor ligand CCL21 (secondary lymphoid chemokine, SLC). Based on the results demonstrating that CCL21 is an effective anti cancer agent in the pre-clinical lung tumor model systems, a phase I clinical trial was initiated using intratumoral injection of CCL21 gene modified autologous DC in lung cancer. Results from the trial thus far indicate tolerability, immune enhancement and tumor shrinkage via this approach.
Performance analysis on wireless communication system with harmonic frequency channels concept (2013)

This paper presents a new concept of simultaneous data transfers with existence of multiple harmonic frequency channels. Contradictory to conventional approaches of multiband communication systems, which generate the desired operating frequencies with multiple local oscillators and communicate in time division basis, this proposed harmonic communication system reuse the intermodulation products generated by the intrinsic property of nonlinear devices, primarily the up-/down-converting mixers in the transceiver. In this case, duplicated data can be transferred through multiple frequency channels. Moreover, compact multiband components can be used to replace those single-band circuits in conventional multiband systems and therefore limiting the cost of such transceiver. In theoretical analysis, the optimal signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance can be enhanced by 3-dB whenever the number of frequency channels is doubled. As the consequence, the bit-error-rate (BER) performance can be improved, or in another point of view, the minimum required SNR for the receiver can be relaxed. The simulation results show good agreements with the theoretical ones and therefore demonstrate the usefulness of proposed harmonic frequency channels concept.
The use of pleurodesis for intractable pleural effusion due to congestive heart failure (1983)

Two patients in whom pleurodesis was used for intractable pleural effusion due to congestive heart failure are described. This procedure eliminated the pleural effusion but resulted in accumulation of fluid in other body compartments. Pleurodesis has a limited role in the treatment of intractable pleural transudates in congestive heart failure.
Heat Transfer in a Complex Trailing Edge Passage for a High Pressure Turbine Blade (2002)

A combined experimental and numerical study to investigate the heat transfer distribution in a complex blade trailing edge passage was conducted. The geometry consists of a two pass serpentine passage with taper toward the trailing edge, as well as from hub to tip. The upflow channel has an average aspect ratio of roughly 14:1, while the exit passage aspect ratio is about 5:1. The upflow channel is split in an interrupted way and is smooth on the trailing edge side of the split and turbulated on the other side. A turning vane is placed near the tip of the upflow channel. Reynolds numbers in the range of 31,000 to 61,000, based on inlet conditions, were simulated numerically. The simulation was performed using the Glenn-HT code, a full three-dimensional Navier-Stokes solver using the Wilcox k-omega turbulence model. A structured multi-block grid is used with approximately 4.5 million cells and average y+ values on the order of unity. Pressure and heat transfer distributions are presented with comparison to the experimental data. While there are some regions with discrepancies, in general the agreement is very good for both pressure and heat transfer.
Phylogeography of the fungal pathogenHistoplasma capsulatum (2003)

Until recently, Histoplasma capsulatum was believed to harbour three varieties, var. capsulatum (chiefly a New World human pathogen), var. duboisii (an African human pathogen) and var. farciminosum (an Old World horse pathogen), which varied in clinical manifestations and geographical distribution. We analysed the phylogenetic relationships of 137 individuals representing the three varieties from six continents using DNA sequence variation in four independent protein-coding genes. At least eight clades were idengified: (i) North American class 1 clade; (ii) North American class 2 clade; (iii) Latin American group A clade; (iv) Latin American group B clade; (v) Australian clade; (vi) Netherlands (Indonesian?) clade; (vii) Eurasian clade and (viii) African clade. Seven of eight clades represented genetically isolated groups that may be recognized as phylogenetic species. The sole exception was the Eurasian clade which originated from within the Latin American group A clade. The phylogenetic relationships among the clades made a star phylogeny. Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum individuals were found in all eight clades. The African clade included all of the H. capsulatum var. duboisii individuals as well as individuals of the other two varieties. The 13 individuals of var. farciminosum were distributed among three phylogenetic species. These findings suggest that the three varieties of Histoplasma are phylogenetically meaningless. Instead we have to recognize the existence of genetically distinct geographical populations or phylogenetic species. Combining DNA substitution rates of protein-coding genes with the phylogeny suggests that the radiation of Histoplasma started between 3 and 13 million years ago in Latin America.
An Algorithmic Approach to the Management of Recurrent Lateral Patellar Dislocation (2016)

High-level evidence supports nonoperative treatment for first-time lateral acute patellar dislocations. Surgical intervention is often indicated for recurrent dislocations. Recurrent instability is often multifactorial and can be the result of a combination of coronal limb malalignment, patella alta, malrotation secondary to internal femoral or external tibial torsion, a dysplastic trochlea, or disrupted and weakened medial soft tissue, including the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) and the vastus medialis obliquus. MPFL reconstruction requires precise graft placement for restoration of anatomy and minimal graft tension. MPFL reconstruction is safe to perform in skeletally immature patients and in revision surgical settings. Distal realignment procedures should be implemented in recurrent instability associated with patella alta, increased tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distances, and lateral and distal patellar chondrosis. Groove-deepening trochleoplasty for Dejour type-B and type-D dysplasia or a lateral elevation or proximal recession trochleoplasty for Dejour type-C dysplasia may be a component of the treatment algorithm; however, clinical outcome data are lacking. In addition, trochleoplasty is technically challenging and has a risk of substantial complications.
Transient emotional events and individual affective traits affect emotion recognition in a perceptual decision-making task (2017)

Both affective states and personality traits shape how we perceive the social world and interpret emotions. The literature on affective priming has mostly focused on brief influences of emotional stimuli and emotional states on perceptual and cognitive processes. Yet this approach does not fully capture more dynamic processes at the root of emotional states, with such states lingering beyond the duration of the inducing external stimuli. Our goal was to put in perspective three different types of affective states (induced affective states, more sustained mood states and affective traits such as depression and anxiety) and investigate how they may interact and influence emotion perception. Here, we hypothesized that absorption into positive and negative emotional episodes generate sustained affective states that outlast the episode period and bias the interpretation of facial expressions in a perceptual decision-making task. We also investigated how such effects are influenced by more sustained mood states and by individual affect traits (depression and anxiety) and whether they interact. Transient emotional states were induced using movie-clips, after which participants performed a forced-choice emotion classification task with morphed facial expressions ranging from fear to happiness. Using a psychometric approach, we show that negative (vs. neutral) clips increased participants' propensity to classify ambiguous faces as fearful during several minutes. In contrast, positive movies biased classification toward happiness only for those clips perceived as most absorbing. Negative mood, anxiety and depression had a stronger effect than transient states and increased the propensity to classify ambiguous faces as fearful. These results provide the first evidence that absorption and different temporal dimensions of emotions have a significant effect on how we perceive facial expressions.