gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of external mechanical stimuli on human bone: a narrative review (2021)

Bone is a living composite material that has the capacity to adapt and respond to both internal and external stimuli. This capacity allows bone to adapt its structure to habitual loads and repair microdamage. Although human bone evolved to adapt to normal physiologic loading (for example from gravitational and muscle forces), these same biological pathways can potentially be activated through other types of external stimuli such as pulsed electromagnetic fields, mechanical vibration, and others. This review summarizes what is currently known about how human bone adapts to various types of external stimuli. We highlight how studies on sports-specific athletes and other exercise interventions have clarified the role of mechanical loading on bone structure. We also discuss clinical scenarios, such as spinal cord injury, where mechanical loading is drastically reduced, leading to rapid bone loss and permanent alterations to bone structure. Finally, we highlight areas of emerging research and unmet clinical need.
Biofunctionalized Two-dimensional MoS 2 Receptors for Rapid Response Modular Electronic SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Antigen Sensors (2020)

Abstract Multiplex electronic antigen sensors for detection of SARS-Cov-2 spike glycoproteins or hemagglutinin from Influenza A in liquid samples with characteristics resembling extracted saliva were fabricated using scalable processes with potential for economical mass-production. The sensors utilize the sensitivity and surface chemistry of a two-dimensional MoS 2 transducer for attachment of antibody fragments in a conformation favorable for antigen binding. Ultra-thin layers (3 nm) of amorphous MoS 2 were directly sputtered over the entire sensor chip at room temperature and laser annealed to create an array of semiconducting 2H-MoS 2 active sensor regions between metal contacts. The semiconducting region was functionalized with monoclonal antibody Fab (fragment antigen binding) fragments derived from whole antibodies complementary to either SARS-CoV-2 S1 spike protein or Influenza A hemagglutinin using a papain digestion to cleave the antibodies at the disulfide hinges. The high affinity for the MoS 2 transducer surface with some density of sulfur vacancies for the antibody fragment base promoted chemisorption with antigen binding regions oriented for interaction with the sample. The angiostatin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor protein for the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, was tethered to a hexa-histidine (his 6 ) tag at its c-terminus both for purification purposes, as well as a motif for binding to MoS 2 . This modified protein was also investigated as a bio-recognition element. Electrical resistance measurements of sensors functionalized with antibody fragments and exposed to antigen concentrations ranging from 2-20,000 picograms per milliliter revealed selective responses in the presence of complementary antigens with sensitivity to SARS-CoV-2 or influenza A on the order of pg/mL and comparable to gold-standard diagnostics such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis. Lack of antigen sensitivity for the larger ACE2 BRE further demonstrates the utility of the engineered antibody fragment/transducer interface in bringing the target antigen closer to the transducer surface for sensitivity required for early detection viral diagnostics.
Spine 2.0JNISstyle (2021)

The AJNR published a game changing manuscript in 1997. A group composed mostly of neurointerventionalists described the use of polymethylmethacrylate in painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures.1 Soon thereafter, this then nascent technique began to flourish throughout many parts of the world. Since its inception, the JNIS has published content covering all aspects of neurointervention, including spine intervention; the first issue featured an article prospectively evaluating pain and functional outcomes after vertebroplasty.2 Over the years, JNIS has featured a variety of articles that advanced our knowledge and improved the capability of percutaneous approaches to treat spinal lesions, for example, in cancer patients.3 4 Moreover, the manuscripts have promoted understanding of the capabilities of percutaneous approaches to treating extra-spinal locations, for example, sacroplasty,5 6 acetabuloplasty,7 and even calcaneoplasty.8 

JNIS has been receiving an ever-increasing number of high-quality manuscript submissions. This was very apparent during the most acute period of the COVID-19 pandemic.9 Topics related to mechanical spine have been a critical part of that growth. This commentary will highlight that subject matter—important spine articles from the last few years.

Driven by clinical results, the number of patients treated with cement augmentation increased year over year from the time of the seminal Jensen AJNR paper. The simultaneous 2009 publication of two blinded studies in the NEJM raised some questions regarding the effectiveness of vertebroplasty over a sham procedure. Subsequent randomized control trials demonstrated vertebroplasty provided improved patient outcomes compared with sham procedures. These results have been extensively discussed in JNIS and other venues.10 The scientific discourse and conflicting results have impacted patient …
Respuesta inmunitaria en la diarrea virica bovina (2008)

El Virus de la diarrea vírica bovina (vDVB) es un virus ARN clasificado dentro de la familia Flaviviridae junto con otros pestivirus como el virus de la peste porcina clásica y el virus de la enfermedad de la frontera de la oveja. El vDVB se ha dividido tradicionalmente en base a sus diferencias genéticas en 2 genotipos o especies distintas, conocidas como genotipo 1 y 2 habiéndose podido tipificar genéticamente distintos aislados de ambos genotipos. Independientemente del genotipo al que pertenezcan, el virus se clasifica en función del efecto que produce sobre ciertos cultivos de células epiteliales bovinas en 2 biotipos: biotipos citopáticos (CP) y biotipos no citopáticos (NCP). Sin embargo, la importancia de las lesiones en el transcurso de procesos causados por cepas NCP no se correlaciona con su virulencia in vitro. Un aspecto poco estudiado en la DVB, fundamental para el desarrollo y mejora de vacunas, es el referente a la respuesta inmunitaria que se desarrolla tanto a nivel sistémico como local en el tejido linfoide de la mucosa intestinal. Trabajos recientes han puesto de manifiesto la existencia de una translocación de la respuesta inmunitaria Th1/Th2, lo que dará lugar a una respuesta inmune aberrante, en la que la respuesta Th1 protectora estaría inhibida por la Th2. Este hecho favorecería unainadecuada proliferación y transformación de los linfocitos B hacia células plasmática, comprometiendo la activación de una respuesta inmunitaria específica frente al vDVB y la producción de anticuerpos neutralizantes. Esta alteración de la respuesta Th1 protectora, junto a la intensa depleción debida a una masiva apoptosis de linfocitos ,que sufre tanto el tejido linfoide asociado a la mucosa intestinal (tonsilas y placas de Peyer) como distintos órganos linfoides, serían las responsables del estado de inmunosupresión que caracteriza a estos animales y predispone a la aparición de procesos bacterianos secundarios.
Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy of β-Peptides That Display Well-Defined Three-Dimensional Chemical Patterns (2011)

Oligomers of β-amino acids ("β-peptides") can be designed to fold into stable helices that display side chains with a diverse range of chemical functionality in precise arrangements. We sought to determine whether the predictable, three-dimensional side-chain patterns generated by β-peptides could be used in combination with single-molecule force spectroscopy to quantify how changes in nanometer-scale chemical patterns affect intermolecular interactions. To this end, we synthesized β-peptides that were designed to be either globally amphiphilic (GA), i.e., display a global segregation of side chains bearing hydrophobic and cationic functional groups, or non-globally amphiphilic (iso-GA), i.e., display a more uniform distribution of hydrophobic and cationic functional groups in three-dimensions. Single-molecule force measurements of β-peptide interactions with hydrophobic surfaces through aqueous solution (triethanolamine buffer, pH 7.2) reveal that the GA and iso-GA isomers give rise to qualitatively different adhesion force histograms. The data are consistent with the display of a substantial nonpolar domain by the GA oligomer, which leads to strong hydrophobic interactions, and the absence of a comparable domain on the iso-GA oligomer. This interpretation is supported by force measurements in the presence of methanol, which is known to disrupt hydrophobic interactions. Our ability to associate changes in measured forces with changes in three-dimensional chemical nanopatterns projected from conformationally stable β-peptide helices highlights a contrast between this system and conventional peptides (α-amino acid residues): conventional peptides are more conformationally flexible, which leads to uncertainty in the three-dimensional nanoscopic chemical patterns that underlie measured forces. Overall, we conclude that β-peptide oligomers provide a versatile platform for quantifying intermolecular interactions that arise from specific functional group nanopatterns.
Improving Chinese Word Segmentation and POS Tagging with Semi-supervised Methods Using Large Auto-Analyzed Data (2011)

This paper presents a simple yet effective semi-supervised method to improve Chinese word segmentation and POS tagging. We introduce novel features derived from large auto-analyzed data to enhance a simple pipelined system. The auto-analyzed data are generated from unlabeled data by using a baseline system. We evaluate the usefulness of our approach in a series of experiments on Penn Chinese Treebanks and show that the new features provide substantial performance gains in all experiments. Furthermore, the results of our proposed method are superior to the best reported results in the literature. 1
Synthesis and Characterization of a β-Hairpin Peptide That Represents a ‘Core Module' of Bovine Pancreatic Trypsin Inhibitor (BPTI), (2000)

A new strategy for the design and construction of peptide fragments that can achieve defined, nativelike secondary structure is presented. The strategy is based upon the hypothesis that 'core elements' of a protein, synthesized in a single polypeptide molecule, will favor nativelike structure, and that by incorporating a cross-link, nativelike core structure will dominate the ensemble as the more extended conformations are excluded. 'Core elements' are the elements of packed secondary structure that contain the slowest exchanging backbone amide protons in the native protein. The 'core elements' in bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) are the two long strands of antiparallel beta-sheet (residues 18-24 and 29-35) and the small beta-bridge (residues 43-44). To test the design strategy, we synthesized an 'oxidized core module', which contains the antiparallel strands connected by a modified reverse turn (A27 replaced by D), a natural disulfide cross-link at the open end of the hairpin, and N- and C-termini blocking groups. A peptide with identical sequence but lacking the disulfide cross-link at the open end was used as the 'reduced core module' control. The conformational behavior of both peptides was examined using (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Chemical shift dispersion, chemical shift deviation from random coil values, sequential and long-range NOEs, and H/D amide exchange rates were compared for the two peptides. We conclude that the ensemble of oxidized and reduced core module conformations samples both nativelike 4:4 and non-native 3:5 beta-hairpin structure, and that the oxidized module samples nativelike structure for a greater fraction of the time than the reduced module.
A broad and potent neutralization epitope in SARS-related coronaviruses (2022)

Many neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) elicited to ancestral severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) through natural infection and vaccination have reduced effectiveness to SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, we show that therapeutic antibody ADG20 is able to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) including Omicron (B.1.1.529) as well as other SARS-related coronaviruses. We delineate the structural basis of this relatively escape-resistant epitope that extends from one end of the receptor binding site (RBS) into the highly conserved CR3022 site. ADG20 can then benefit from high potency through direct competition with ACE2 in the more variable RBS and interaction with the more highly conserved CR3022 site. Importantly, antibodies that are able to target this site generally neutralize a broad range of VOCs, albeit with reduced potency against Omicron. Thus, this conserved and vulnerable site can be exploited for the design of universal vaccines and therapeutic antibodies.
Gasification of Guaiacol and Phenol in Supercritical Water (2007)

We report on the gasification of guaiacol and phenol in supercritical water at 400−700 °C. The reactions were conducted in sealed quartz tubes, at times with added Ni wires that ran the entire length of the reactor. These reactors allowed the homogeneous and heterogeneous SCWG rates to be quantified separately for the first time. Guaiacol is mainly gasified into hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane. The rest of the guaiacol decomposes to phenol and o-cresol or reacts to form char. Nickel does not affect the conversion of guaiacol to phenol and o-cresol, but it significantly changes the gas product compositions. Phenol is mainly gasified into hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane. Hydrogen was the most abundant product at high phenol conversions. The gas compositions measured experimentally were largely consistent with those anticipated from chemical equilibrium calculations. In the absence of nickel, phenol conversions up to 68% were reached after 1 h. In the presence of Ni wire, complete conversion was obtained within 10 min. These results show that homogeneous, uncatalyzed gasification in supercritical water is slow, but rates are greatly increased by added Ni. The pseudo-first-order rate constant at 600 °C for homogeneous gasification of phenol is 3.0 (± 0.4) × 10-4 s-1, and the rate constant for Ni-catalyzed gasification is 1.1 (± 0.1) × 10-3 cm/s.
The search for the age of ‘onset’ of physical aggression: Rousseau and Bandura revisited (1999)

Abstract Background Studies of aggression often confound physical aggression with verbal aggression, indirect aggression, relational aggression, opposition, competition and other externalizing behaviours. Developmental models of aggression have suggested that onset of physical aggression occurs after the onset of hyperactive, stubborn and oppositional behaviour. Yet little is known about the onset and development of physical aggression before school entry. Method The age of onset and frequency of physical aggression was studied in a population sample of 17‐month‐old children. Results The 511 maternal reports on 11 physically aggressive behaviours indicated that the rate of cumulative onset of physically aggressive behaviours increased substantially from 12 to 17 months after birth. By 17 months of age, onset of physical aggression was reported for close to 80% of the children. However, the sex of the child and the presence of a sibling appeared to influence age of onset. Conclusions These results, and those of other studies of preschool children, suggest that the notion of increased probability of ‘onset’ of physical aggression as children approach adolescence needs to be reconsidered. Most children have had their ‘onset’ of physical aggression by the end of their second year after birth, and most have learned to inhibit physical aggression by school entry. Thus, there may be two main developmental trajectories of physical aggression: childhood limited, and life‐course persistent. This may be an indication that there is a sensitive period for learning to inhibit physically aggressive behaviour. To understand and prevent cases of chronic physical aggression, which appear most at risk of violent criminal behaviour, we need to study the factors which help children learn to inhibit physical aggression during the preschool years. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Predicting neo-adjuvant chemotherapy response from pre-treatment breast MRI using machine learning and HER2 status. (2018)

582 Background: Many breast cancer patients receiving neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) will ultimately fail to achieve pathological complete response (pCR). A pre-treatment clinical marker of pCR could guide NAC without requiring potentially ineffective initial treatment periods. Advances in medical image analysis, such as deep learning (pattern recognition using neural networks) and radiomics (computer-extracted quantitative image features), demonstrate significant potential for non-invasive assessment of NAC outcome. We present a machine learning (ML) approach for pre-NAC response prediction fusing deep learning, radiomics, and clinical variables. Methods: 166 patients with pre-treatment contrast-enhanced MRI from the ISPY1-TRIAL and surgically-confirmed NAC response outcome (ypT0N0, 49 pCR, 117 non-pCR) following anthracycline-cyclophosphamide chemotherapy with or without taxane were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided randomly into training (n = 133) and testing (n = 33) cohorts, with proportionate distribution of pCR between cohorts. Multinomial logistic regression integrated DL, radiomics, and HER2 status was assessed by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity within the testing set. Deep learning: A six-layer convolutional neural network was trained to predict response using 65 pixel square patches centered within a tumor. Radiomics: From a pool of 215 radiomic intra-tumoral heterogeneity features, the 8 best-performing features were identified algorithmically and used to train a linear discriminant analysis classifier within the training set. Results: A ML only approach strongly predicted response (AUC = .84) in the testing set. Integrating clinical HER2 status into the combined imaging model yielded optimal pre-treatment response prediction (AUC = .93), with 75% sensitivity and 92% specificity. Conclusions: Further validation of an approach fusing deep learning, radiomic analysis, and clinical information could potentially provide a means of pre-NAC response prediction from MRI. AUC Sensitivity Specificity HER2 Status .69 63% 76% ML only .84 63% 84% ML+HER2 Status .93 75% 92%
Marquee (1994)

We describe Marquee, a pen-based video logging tool which enables users to correlate their personal notes and keywords with a videotape during recording. We present our observations about coordinating the task of logging in real time and describe the three phase, user-centered approach we took in designing the tool. Our early work explored the functionalities needed by users to successfully create a log. In the second phase we focused on testing our intuitions about logging by conducting user studies with paper mock-ups. In the final phase, we implemented a working prototype system and placed it in a setting to see if it supported people logging in real time.
Nucleation of Carbon Nanotubes without Pentagonal Rings (1999)

We describe a new mechanism for the nucleation of carbon nanotubes which does not require an abrupt transition from pentagonal ring formation to exclusively hexagon formation. This mechanism, the spontaneous opening of double-layered graphitic patches, is quantitatively consistent with the recently discovered temperature dependence of the nanotube diameter.
Dynamic Kinetic Resolution and Desymmetrization Processes: A Straightforward Methodology for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Piperidines (2006)

A straightforward procedure for the synthesis of enantiopure polysubstituted piperidines is reported. It involves the direct generation of chiral non-racemic oxazolo[3,2-a]piperidone lactams that already incorporate carbon substituents on the heterocyclic ring and the subsequent removal of the chiral auxiliary. The key step is a cyclocondensation reaction of (R)-phenylglycinol or other amino alcohols with racemic or prochiral delta-oxo (di)acid derivatives in highly stereoselective processes involving dynamic kinetic resolution and/or desymmetrization of diastereotopic or enantiotopic ester groups.
Measurement of substrate current in SOI MOSFETs (1994)

A new "Quasi-SOI" MOSFET structure is shown to allow direct measurement of substrate current in a fully-depleted SOI device. The holes generated by impact ionization near the drain are collected at the substrate terminal after they have traversed the source-body barrier and caused bipolar multiplication. By monitoring this hole current, direct characterization of the impact-ionization multiplication factor, M, and the parasitic bipolar gain, /spl beta/, was performed. It was found that M/spl minus/1 increases exponentially with V/sub DS/ and decreases with V/sub GS/, exhibiting a drain field dependence. The bipolar gain /spl beta/ was found to be as high as 1000 for V/sub GS//spl minus/V/sub T/=0 V and V/sub DS/=/spl minus/2.5 V, but decreases exponentially as V/sub DS/ increases. Finally, it was found that /spl beta/ also decreases as V/sub GS/ increases.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Ionic polymerizations. 6. Friedel-Crafts dehydrohalogenative polymerization of acetyl and enolizable-substituted acetyl halides to polyketenes (poly(oxyacetylenes)) (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIonic polymerizations. 6. Friedel-Crafts dehydrohalogenative polymerization of acetyl and enolizable-substituted acetyl halides to polyketenes (poly(oxyacetylenes))George A. Olah, Elazar Zadok, Ronald Edler, Douglas H. Adamson, Walter Kasha, and G. K. Surya PrakashCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 25, 9123–9124Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00207a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00207a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views246Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts