gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Barrier Polymers (2002)

Abstract Although broadly defined as a macromolecule having the ability to restrict the passage of gases, vapors, and liquids, the functional definition of a barrier polymer varies from application to application and a material that provides sufficient barrier for a particular end use can be considered to be a barrier polymer. They are widely used in food, beverage, and other packaging industries. Some of the advantages that they offer over traditional packaging materials such as glass, paper, and metals are flexibility, light weight, toughness, versatility, and printability. However, unlike glass and metals, no polymer offers an infinite gas barrier. Combinations of different polymers, or polymers with inorganic materials, in the form of multilayer structures or blends, can provide sufficient barrier for the intended shelf life of most products. Inorganic materials such as silicon and aluminum oxides and nanoclays can significantly enhance barrier and other mechanical properties of polymers. Other approaches for improving barrier properties such as oxygen‐scavenging systems have also received considerable attention in recent years. This article discusses various types of barrier polymers and structures, their permeability characteristics (including the underlying principles involved), measurement techniques, ways to predict and improve barrier properties, and current as well as potential future applications for barrier polymers.
Gross Findings of Widespread Visceral Metastasis of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma With Neuroendocrine Features: A Case Report (2016)

Although prostate cancer is common in the western world and is associated with favorable overall survival, neuroendocrine prostate cancer is difficult to detect and is known to aggressively metastasize throughout the body. This subset of disease thus has a poor prognosis, and early detection and treatment of neuroendocrine prostate cancer may increase overall survival. We present a case of a now deceased 63 year old male with extensive epicardial, respiratory, hepato-bilary, adrenal, genitourinary, and osseous tissue metastasis.
The Convex Feasible Set Algorithm for Real Time Optimization in Motion Planning (2017)

With the development of robotics, there are growing needs for real time motion planning. However, due to obstacles in the environment, the planning problem is highly non-convex, which makes it difficult to achieve real time computation using existing non-convex optimization algorithms. This paper introduces the convex feasible set algorithm (CFS) which is a fast algorithm for non-convex optimization problems that have convex costs and non-convex constraints. The idea is to find a convex feasible set for the original problem and iteratively solve a sequence of subproblems using the convex constraints. The feasibility and the convergence of the proposed algorithm are proved in the paper. The application of this method on motion planning for mobile robots is discussed. The simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Effects of the virus satellite gene βC1 on host plant defense signaling and volatile emission (2013)

Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl China virus spreads together with its invasive vector, the silverleaf whitefly B biotype, which exhibits higher growth rates on infected plants. Previous studies indicate that the virus satellite gene βC1 accounts for the visible symptoms of infection and inhibits the constitutive expression of jasmonic acid (JA)--a phytohormone involved in plant defense against whiteflies--and of some JA-regulated genes. Here we present new details of the effects of on plant signaling and defense, obtained with (non-host) transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. We found that JA induction in response to wounding was reduced in plants expressing βC1. This result implies that βC1 acts on conserved plant regulation mechanisms and might impair the entire JA defense pathway. Furthermore, transformed N. benthamiana plants exhibited elevated emissions of the volatile compound linalool, suggesting that βC1 also influences plant-derived olfactory cues available to vector and non-vector insects.
Informing Additive Manufacturing technology adoption: total cost and the impact of capacity utilisation (2017)

Informing Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology adoption decisions, this paper investigates the relationship between build volume capacity utilisation and efficient technology operation in an inter-process comparison of the costs of manufacturing a complex component used in the packaging industry. Confronting the reported costs of a conventional machining and welding pathway with an estimator of the costs incurred through an AM route utilising Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS), we weave together four aspects: optimised capacity utilisation, ancillary process steps, the effect of build failure, and design adaptation. Recognising that AM users can fill unused machine capacity with other, potentially unrelated, geometries, we posit a characteristic of 'fungible' build capacity. This aspect is integrated in the cost estimation framework through computational build volume packing, drawing on a basket of sample geometries. We show that the unit cost in mixed builds at full capacity is lower than in builds limited to a single type of geometry; in our study this results in a mean unit cost overstatement of 157%. The estimated manufacturing costs savings from AM adoption range from 36% to 46%. Additionally, we indicate that operating cost savings resulting from design adaptation are likely to far outweigh the manufacturing cost advantage.
Dietary animal proteins alter monoamine metabolism in the brain (2011)

Several amino acids have effects on mental function, including sedative, antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like effects. However, the influence of integrated amino acid nutrition as protein constituents on mental function remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to compare the influence of chicken, pork and beef protein extracts on brain monoamine metabolism in mice. Changes in monoamine levels and their turnover rates in the brain were induced by different protein sources. In particular, chicken protein group showed the highest norepinephrine levels in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, and beef protein extract caused an activation of the serotonergic system in the hypothalamus, although there were no significant differences in amino acid compositions of these protein extracts. Therefore, it was revealed that amino acid compositions in dietary protein did not induce alteration in monoamine metabolism. However, there were differences in small molecular peptides, such as creatine, carnosine and anserine levels in animal protein extracts. In conclusion, monoamine metabolism was altered by dietary protein sources. However, it was indicated that the alteration in monoamine metabolism may be independent from amino acid compositions in dietary protein. In addition, alteration in monoamine metabolism depending on the dietary protein sources may be induced by small molecular peptides.
New Tetracyclic Colchicinoids from the Reaction of N‐Deacetylthiocolchicine and N‐Deacetylcolchicine with Nitrous Acid and tert‐Butyl Nitrite (2003)

Abstract Reaction of N ‐deacetylthiocolchicine ( 3 ) and N ‐deacetylcolchicine ( 4 ) with nitrous acid (HONO) furnished the new tetracyclic colchicinoids 5 and 6 , as well as the Demyanov ‐rearrangement products 7 and 8 . Starting from 3 , the pyrazole‐containing tetracycle 9 was obtained. The novel compounds were characterized spectroscopically, and an X‐ray crystal‐structure analysis of 5 allowed us to establish the absolute configurations at the stereogenic centers.
Supplementary table 4 from Low Cancer Stem Cell Marker Expression and Low Hypoxia Identify Good Prognosis Subgroups in HPV(−) HNSCC after Postoperative Radiochemotherapy: A Multicenter Study of the DKTK-ROG (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Correlation of tumor hypoxia using nanoString vs PCR.&lt;/p&gt;
Feasibility of Endoscopic Assessment and Treating to Target to Achieve Mucosal Healing in Crohnʼs Disease (2013)

Purpose: Current evidence suggests that treatment strategies focused on controlling symptoms do not alter the course of Crohn's disease (CD). Mucosal healing (MH) as a treatment target is of growing interest because it is associated with improved outcomes. We therefore evaluated utility of “treating to target,” according to endoscopic findings to reach MH. Methods: The medical records of 199 patients with CD followed in a single inflammatory bowel disease unit from 2011 to 2012 were reviewed through April, 2013. After an initial assessment, endoscopic outcomes were reviewed in all patients with baseline endoscopic lesion. Cumulative incidence of MH (disappearance of all baseline ulcerations) and endoscopic improvement (disappearance of deep ulceration) from the first clinic were estimated using a Kaplan-Meier method. Independent predictors and factors associated with MH were identified using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results: At baseline, the median age was 38 (IQR75 25-52) and median disease duration was 6.8 years (IQR75 1.5-18.5). Previous treatment included immunosuppressives, TNF antagonists and surgery for 58 (52.7%), 58 (52.7%) and 42 (38.1%) of patients, respectively. A total of 68 patients (out of 174 patients) underwent repeat endoscopic assessment, representing a total of 163 procedures (including baseline assessments). The median time between two procedures was 26 weeks (IQR75 18.1-38). Second and subsequent assessments were a priori planned to assess response to adjusting therapy, and 56 patients were asymptomatic at the time of assessment. After a median follow up of 62 weeks, 34 patients (50%) achieved MH and 41 (60.3%) patients had endoscopic improvement. The cumulative probabilities of endoscopic improvement were 11%, 38% and 61% at 24, 52 and 76 weeks respectively, and cumulative probabilities of mucosal healing were 16%, 47%, and 70% at 24, 52 and 76 weeks, respectively. None of the baseline factors were independently predictive of mucosal healing, including prior or current use of immunosuppressives and TNF antagonists. Importantly, independent factors associated with mucosal healing were a median time between endoscopy under 26 weeks (HR=2.13;95%IC 1.04 to 4.47, p=0.038) and any therapeutic change in case of absence of MH (including biologics introduction, optimization, switch or immunosuppressive introduction or switch) (HR=3.2; 95%IC 1.46 to 8.04, p=0.003). Conclusion: We demonstrate that repeated objective measurement of disease activity and adjusting therapy to the target of MH is feasible and highly effective. Randomized trials that evaluate treat-to-target algorithms are needed to determine if this treatment strategy can change the course of the disease. Disclosure - G. Bouguen Lecture fee(s) from: AbbVie, Ferring and MSD Pharma, B. Levesque Consultancy for: Prometheus labs, Santarus Inc., S. Pola and E. Evans: None Declared, W. J. Sandborn received research support and is a consultant to Janssen, Abbvie (formerly Abbott Laboratories), and UCB Pharma.
Unwinding the structure and function of the archaeal MCM helicase (2009)

During chromosomal DNA replication, the replicative helicase unwinds the duplex DNA to provide the single-stranded DNA substrate for the polymerase. In archaea, the replicative helicase is the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complex. The enzyme utilizes the energy of ATP hydrolysis to translocate along one strand of the duplex and unwind the complementary strand. Much progress has been made in elucidating structure and function since the first report on the biochemical properties of an archaeal MCM protein in 1999. We now know the biochemical and structural properties of the enzyme from several archaeal species and some of the mechanisms by which the enzyme is regulated. This review summarizes recent studies on the archaeal MCM protein and discusses the implications for helicase function and DNA replication in archaea.
Tethering A BIER Router To A BIER incapable Router (2019)

This document specifies optional procedures to optimize the handling
of Bit Index Explicit Replication (BIER) incapable routers, by
attaching (tethering) a BIER router to a BIER incapable router.
Measurement of spectral response of ultrasonic probes. Effect of diffraction, lens, and transmitter/receiver circuit (2002)

Many phenomena may alter the measured spectral response of a probe. Obvious ones are transmitter pulse spectrum or hydrophone sensitivity. Less obvious is the diffraction effect due to finite aperture and lens. If measurements are not made at the geometrical focal point, but at the maximum pressure point, an alteration of the spectrum is observed. Spectrum is also altered by lens absorption, especially for high frequency probes. Finally, the electrical part of the system, including cable, matching circuit, transmitter and receiver, may greatly modify the measured spectrum. This paper shows how these phenomena can be taken into account and illustrates their importance in practical examples of 1D probes.
Controlled synthesis of polyenes by catalytic methods (1990)

The synthesis of the following polyenes, utilizing, a molybdenum catalyst, is described: vinyl alkylidene, and ortho-trimethylsilyl-phenylacetylene. (CBS).
Polymer Brushes: Polymer Brushes on Hexagonal Boron Nitride (Small 19/2019) (2019)

In article number 1805228, Ihsan Amin, Tao Zhang, Rainer Jordan, and co-workers present the direct covalent functionalization of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with polymer brushes under mild conditions. Photopolymerization results demonstrate the formation of thick and homogeneous (micropatterned, graded) polymer brushes covalently bound to hBN. The brush layer mechanically and chemically stabilizes the material and allows facile handling as well as long-term use in water splitting hydrogen evolution reactions.
The APETALA-2-Like Transcription Factor OsAP2-39 Controls Key Interactions between Abscisic Acid and Gibberellin in Rice (2010)

The interaction between phytohormones is an important mechanism which controls growth and developmental processes in plants. Deciphering these interactions is a crucial step in helping to develop crops with enhanced yield and resistance to environmental stresses. Controlling the expression level of OsAP2-39 which includes an APETALA 2 (AP2) domain leads to phenotypic changes in rice. Overexpression of OsAP2-39 leads to a reduction in yield by decreasing the biomass and the number of seeds in the transgenic rice lines. Global transcriptome analysis of the OsAP2-39 overexpression transgenic rice revealed the upregulation of a key abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthetic gene OsNCED-I which codes for 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase and leads to an increase in the endogenous ABA level. In addition to OsNCED-1, the gene expression analysis revealed the upregulation of a gene that codes for the Elongation of Upper most Internode (EUI) protein, an enzyme that catalyzes 16α, 17-epoxidation of non-13-hydroxylated GAs, which has been shown to deactivate gibberellins (GAs) in rice. The exogenous application of GA restores the wild-type phenotype in the transgenic line and ABA application induces the expression of EUI and suppresses the expression of OsAP2-39 in the wild-type line. These observations clarify the antagonistic relationship between ABA and GA and illustrate a mechanism that leads to homeostasis of these hormones. In vivo and in vitro analysis showed that the expression of both OsNCED-1 and EUI are directly controlled by OsAP2-39. Together, these results reveal a novel mechanism for the control of the ABA/GA balance in rice which is regulated by OsAP2-39 that in turn regulates plant growth and seed production.
734. The Influence of Vector Design on Integration Site Selection by gamma-Retroviral and Lentiviral Vectors (2006)

Integration of gamma-retroviral and lentiviral vectors follows non- random patterns in mammalian genomes, with a shared preference for active chromatin regions but a different propensity to integrate in the proximity of transcription start sites. Retroviral integration preferences increase the risk of activation and/or deregulation of genes surrounding the integration site, and account for a concrete risk of insertional mutagenesis/oncogenesis. The molecular basis of the preference of retroviral pre-integration complexes is poorly understood, particularly in the case of gamma-retroviruses. Here we investigate the effect of vector design on the integration pattern of MLV- and HIV-derived retroviral vectors in the context of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. In both vector frameworks, we have compared three different designs, sharing an identical vector backbone (a GFP gene under the control of viral LTRs and a ?LNGFR reporter gene under the control of an internal promoter) but differing in the LTR configurations. The first design maintains wild type LTRs, the second carries a deletion in the U3 region (SIN), while in the third the U3 enhancer is replaced by an erythroid-specific enhancer element of the GATA-1 gene. Finally, the MLV U3 enhancer was swapped into an HIV LTR in a lentiviral vector context. A linker-mediated PCR technique (LM-PCR) has been optimized to evaluate the integration patterns of the three different constructs in CD34+ cells. 200 to 400 integration events were collected for each vector and mapped onto the human genome. Integration sites were comparatively analyzed, and correlated with the activity of genes located within an interval of 30 kb upstream and downstream from the insertion sites, as estimated from microarray gene expression profiles of mock-transduced CD34+ cells. Genomic sequences flanking the integration sites (±500 bp) were analyzed by a series of parameters, including a principal-component analysis of the content and arrangement of putative transcription factor binding sites. Our data indicate that LTR modification affects the normal retroviral integration pattern, suggesting that vector design may have an impact on the safety characteristics of retroviral vectors in clinical applications.
Human ornithine decarboxylase sequences map to chromosome regions 2pter→p23 and 7cen→qter but are not coamplified with the NMYC oncogene (1986)

Using a mouse cDNA probe for ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), we have identified and isolated an ODC cDNA clone from a lambda gt11 recombinant library prepared from human liver cell mRNA. The 2.0-kb insert of this clone hybridizes with several mouse genomic ODC DNA restriction fragments under conditions of low stringency, but reacts with only few human DNA fragments and a polyA+ RNA species of 2.2 kb under both nonstringent and stringent hybridization conditions. This suggests that, unlike the mouse genome, there are only few ODC genes in the human genome. The human ODC DNA fragments segregate with chromosome regions 2pter----p23 and 7cen----qter in mouse X human somatic cell hybrid clones containing normal, translocated, and deleted human chromosomes. Sequences of the short arm of chromosome 2 containing the NMYC oncogene at 2p23----p24 are often involved in DNA amplification in neuroblastomas and small-cell lung cancers. However, in at least three cases--one neuroblastoma cell line, one neuroblastoma tumor, and one lung carcinoma--the ODC sequences are not coamplified with the NMYC oncogene.
Recent Advances in Inducible Cyclooxygenase (COX-2) Inhibition. (2000)

Cyclooxygenase is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of prostanoids, biologically active substances that are involved in several physiological processes but also in pathological conditions such as inflammation. Since ten years now, it is well known that this enzyme exists under two forms: a constitutive (COX-1) and an inducible form (COX-2). Both enzymes are sensitive to inhibition by conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Observations that COX-1, involved in several homeostatic processes, played a housekeeping role while COX-2 expression was associated with inflammation and other pathologies such as cancer proliferation have led to the development of COX-2 selective inhibitors in order to reduce the classical side-effects, of which gastric irritation is the most common, associated with the use of conventional NSAIDs.
Myocyte cellular hyperplasia and myocyte cellular hypertrophy contribute to chronic ventricular remodeling in coronary artery narrowing-induced cardiomyopathy in rats. (1994)

To determine whether cardiac failure produced by chronic coronary artery stenosis was associated with the activation of myocyte cellular hyperplasia in the myocardium, the changes in number and size of left ventricular myocytes were measured in rats 3 months after surgery. The hypertrophied left ventricle was found to possess 44%, 32%, 49%, and 48% fewer mononucleated, binucleated, trinucleated, and tetranucleated myocytes, respectively. In contrast, the hypertrophied right ventricle contained 1.49 x 10(6) more myocytes as a result of a 2.1-fold, 1.4-fold, and 1.4-fold increase in mononucleated, binucleated, and tetranucleated myocytes. Myocyte cell volume was seen to increase 49% and 21% in left and right ventricular myocytes, respectively. The process of myocyte cellular hyperplasia in the right ventricular myocardium was accompanied by capillary proliferation, and these events were responsible for the parallel addition of newly formed cells and capillaries within the wall and mural thickening. Moreover, the in-series insertion of new myocytes contributed to right ventricular dilatation after coronary artery stenosis. In view of the fact that extensive myocardial damage and cell loss may have masked the phenomenon of myocyte cellular hyperplasia in the left ventricle, the presence of DNA synthesis in myocyte nuclei was evaluated at 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months after coronary artery stenosis. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling markedly increased in myocyte nuclei of both ventricles, reaching its peak at 1 and 2 weeks. BrdU labeling of nonmyocyte nuclei also increased but mostly at 2 weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Persistence length of polyelectrolytes with precisely located charges (2012)

The conformation of polyelectrolytes in aqueous salt solutions is closely related to their self-assembly properties. In particular, the persistence length has a large impact on how the chain can arrange itself. In this work, biomimetic poly N-substituted glycines (polypeptoids) have been designed to position charged side chains at precise distances from each other to elucidate the relationship between the spacing of the charges along the backbone, the ionic strength, and the persistence length. Using small angle neutron scattering (SANS), it is shown that at low ionic strength, polypeptoids with charged groups located closer to each other along the polymer backbone are stiffer than those with the charged groups spaced further apart. At high ionic strength, the total persistence length decreases for both macromolecules because the electrostatic repulsions between ionized groups are screened. The measured persistence lengths were compared to those calculated using a discrete chain model with bending rigidity, and it is shown that the electrostatic persistence length scales quadratically with the Debye screening length. It is also shown that the bare persistence length of a molecule with alternating ionizable and hydrophilic groups is larger than that of a molecule containing 100% ionizable groups. This difference can be attributed to the longer hydrophilic side chains that may induce local chain stiffening.