gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 4GHz clock distribution architecture using subharmonically injection-locked coupled oscillators with clock skew calibration in 16nm CMOS (2017)

We propose a new approach to an on-chip clock distribution scheme. It is based on distributed multi-GHz LC-tank oscillators generating local clocks. The oscillators are mutually coupled to align their frequencies and are further subharmonically injection-locked to a much lower frequency reference to align their phases. The final phase calibration is via adjusting their self-resonant frequencies. We demonstrate the scheme with two 4GHz digitally controlled oscillators (DCO) separated by 650um on a 16nm CMOS die, mutually coupled via a differential transmission line and injection-locked to a 125MHz reference. The proposed architecture achieves a sub-ps calibrated skew with 87fs rms jitter while consuming 4.3mW, resulting in -258dB clock FOM (jitter <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> × power).
Targeted Disruption of Smad3 Reveals an Essential Role in Transforming Growth Factor β-Mediated Signal Transduction (1999)

The Smads are a family of nine related proteins which function as signaling intermediates for the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of ligands. To discern the in vivo functions of one of these Smads, Smad3, we generated mice harboring a targeted disruption of this gene. Smad3 null mice, although smaller than wild-type littermates, are viable, survive to adulthood, and exhibit an early phenotype of forelimb malformation. To study the cellular functions of Smad3, we generated Smad3 null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and dermal fibroblasts. We demonstrate that null MEFs have lost the ability to form Smad-containing DNA binding complexes and are unable to induce transcription from the TGF-beta-responsive promoter construct, p3TP-lux. Using the primary dermal fibroblasts, we also demonstrate that Smad3 is integral for induction of endogenous plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. We subsequently demonstrate that Smad3 null MEFs are partially resistant to TGF-beta's antiproliferative effect, thus firmly establishing a role for Smad3 in TGF-beta-mediated growth inhibition. We next examined cells in which Smad3 is most highly expressed, specifically cells of immune origin. Although no specific developmental defect was detected in the immune system of the Smad3 null mice, a functional defect was observed in the ability of TGF-beta to inhibit the proliferation of splenocytes activated by specific stimuli. In addition, primary splenocytes display defects in TGF-beta-mediated repression of cytokine production. These data, taken together, establish a role for Smad3 in mediating the antiproliferative effects of TGF-beta and implicate Smad3 as a potential effector for TGF-beta in modulating immune system function.
UDP-sulfoquinovose formation by Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (2015)

The UDP-sulfoquinovose synthase Agl3 from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius converts UDP-D-glucose and sulfite to UDP-sulfoquinovose, the activated form of sulfoquinovose required for its incorporation into glycoconjugates. Based on the amino acid sequence, Agl3 belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase enzyme superfamily, together with SQD1 from Arabidopsis thaliana, the only UDP-sulfoquinovose synthase with known crystal structure. By comparison of sequence and structure of Agl3 and SQD1, putative catalytic amino acids of Agl3 were selected for mutational analysis. The obtained data suggest for Agl3 a modified dehydratase reaction mechanism. We propose that in vitro biosynthesis of UDP-sulfoquinovose occurs through an NAD(+)-dependent oxidation/dehydration/enolization/sulfite addition process. In the absence of a sulfur donor, UDP-D-glucose is converted via UDP-4-keto-D-glucose to UDP-D-glucose-5,6-ene, the structure of which was determined by (1)H and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy. During the redox reaction the cofactor remains tightly bound to Agl3 and participates in the reaction in a concentration-dependent manner. For the first time, the rapid initial electron transfer between UDP-D-glucose and NAD(+) could be monitored in a UDP-sulfoquinovose synthase. Deuterium labeling confirmed that dehydration of UDP-D-glucose occurs only from the enol form of UDP-4-keto-glucose. The obtained functional data are compared with those from other UDP-sulfoquinovose synthases. A divergent evolution of Agl3 from S. acidocaldarius is suggested.
X-ray Imaging of Shock Waves Generated by High-Pressure Fuel Sprays (2002)

Synchrotron x-radiography and a fast x-ray detector were used to record the time evolution of the transient fuel sprays from a high-pressure injector. A succession of 5.1-microsecond radiographs captured the propagation of the spray-induced shock waves in a gaseous medium and revealed the complex nature of the spray hydrodynamics. The monochromatic x-radiographs also allow quantitative analysis of the shock waves that has been difficult if not impossible with optical imaging. Under injection conditions similar to those found in operating engines, the fuel jets can exceed supersonic speeds and result in gaseous shock waves.
Abstract 15822: Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy is More Precise at 7 Tesla Field Strength Than 3 Tesla in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy (2015)

Introduction: Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 31 P-MRS) allows insight into cardiac energetics in vivo , but is a technique with an intrinsically low signal to noise ratio (SNR). As ultra-high magnetic field MRI scanners become more widely available this limitation will lessen, allowing detection of smaller changes in metabolite concentrations or measurement of changes in smaller patient groups, which will further the understanding of cardiac energetics. Hypothesis: We hypothesised that the 2.4x increase in SNR, predicted by theory at 7T compared to 3T, will allow more precise metabolite concentration measurements in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients. Methods: 26 idiopathic DCM patients (69% male, mean age 55±2 yr, mean LVEF 35±2%) underwent 31 P-MRS at 3T and 7T field strengths. Patients were NYHA Class I (46%), II (50%) or III (4%). Results: The mean SNR increased from 6.5 ± 0.5 to 16.2 ± 1.5 for PCr (p &lt;0.0001, paired t-test) and from 3.4 ± 0.2 to 11.4 ± 0.8 for γATP (p &lt;0.0001) as the field strength increased from 3T to 7T. The PCr/ATP ratio was consistent between the 2 field strengths; at 3T PCr/ATP was 1.5 ± 0.1 and at 7T 1.5 ± 0.1; there was as expected no statistically significant difference (p=0.67) (fig a). The Cramér-Rao lower bounds (CRLB) quantify the minimum precision of fitted parameters. A desirable decrease in the PCr/ATP CRLB was seen from 3T to 7T (47 ± 3% vs 25 ± 2% p&lt;0.0001)(fig b), i.e.-metabolites are indeed quantified more precisely at 7T compared to 3T. Conclusion: This study represents the first cardiac 31 P-MRS patient data acquired at a 7T field strength. Compared to a 2.8x SNR increase from 3T to 7T previously reported in normal volunteers, we observed a 2.5x increase in this patient population. There is no significant bias at 7T as the PCr/ATP ratios are similar. In conclusion 7T 31 P-MRS is feasible in DCM patients and more accurate than at 3T, which in future should allow more accurate quantification and understanding of myocardial energetics.
Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles via Electroless Deposition in SBA-15 (2005)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUECommunicationNEXTSynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles via Electroless Deposition in SBA-15Tewodros Asefa and R. Bruce LennoxView Author Information Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6 Cite this: Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 10, 2481–2483Publication Date (Web):May 5, 2005Publication History Received16 December 2004Published online5 May 2005Published inissue 1 May 2005https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm047800jhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cm047800jrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2005 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1608Altmetric-Citations52LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Deposition,Gold,Metal nanoparticles,Nanoparticles,Porous materials Get e-Alerts
Tension Leg Platform Response to Earthquake In Gulf of Mexico (2007)

The objective of this paper is to present the response measurements of a deepwater Tension Leg Platform a significant earthquake which occurred approximately 9.4 miles away from this platform. The geological aspects are not discussed. The dynamic tension levels resulting from this quake are minor, they are far less than the extreme tensions under storm and hurricane conditions. There is a small increase in mean tendon tension which might be the result of some very minor subsidence. The accelerations are primarily in the vertical direction with maximum amplitude of about 0.005 G.
Effects of resin formulation and nanofiller surface treatment on in vitro wear of experimental hybrid resin composite (2005)

While adding nonbonded nanofillers and lowering the viscosity of the resin matrix have shown success in reducing deleterious polymerization stresses in dental composites, their effects on wear resistance is unknown. This study evaluated abrasion and attrition wear of experimental composites with varied resin viscosities [inherent to varied ratios of TEGDMA:UDMA:bis-GMA (47:33:16 wt%; 30:33:33 wt%; 12:33:51 wt%)] and nanofiller surface treatment (12.6 wt% silanated or unsilanated silica: OX-50; 0.04 microm). Specimens (n = 6) were light cured, aged in water at 37 degrees C for 7 days, and evaluated in the new OHSU oral wear simulator (100,000 cycles). Nonbonded nanofiller increased abrasion and attrition in the low and medium viscosity composites. Increase in resin viscosity increased abrasion and attrition in composites containing silanated nanofiller, with equivocal effects in composites containing unsilanated nanofiller. Nonbonded nanofiller can lower the overall wear resistance of some composite formulations. Increasing resin viscosity generally lowers the wear resistance, but had minimal effect on composites containing nonbonded nanofiller.
Arithmetic Optimization Techniques for Hardware and Software Design (2010)

Obtain better system performance, lower energy consumption, and avoid hand-coding arithmetic functions with this concise guide to automated optimization techniques for hardware and software design. High-level compiler optimizations and high-speed architectures for implementing FIR filters are covered, which can improve performance in communications, signal processing, computer graphics, and cryptography. Clearly explained algorithms and illustrative examples throughout make it easy to understand the techniques and write software for their implementation. Background information on the synthesis of arithmetic expressions and computer arithmetic is also included, making the book ideal for newcomers to the subject. This is an invaluable resource for researchers, professionals, and graduate students working in system level design and automation, compilers, and VLSI CAD.
Recapitulation of HIV-1 Env-antibody coevolution in macaques leading to neutralization breadth (2020)

Neutralizing antibodies elicited by HIV-1 coevolve with viral envelope proteins (Env) in distinctive patterns, in some cases acquiring substantial breadth. We report that primary HIV-1 envelope proteins-when expressed by simian-human immunodeficiency viruses in rhesus macaques-elicited patterns of Env-antibody coevolution very similar to those in humans, including conserved immunogenetic, structural, and chemical solutions to epitope recognition and precise Env-amino acid substitutions, insertions, and deletions leading to virus persistence. The structure of one rhesus antibody, capable of neutralizing 49% of a 208-strain panel, revealed a V2 apex mode of recognition like that of human broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) PGT145 and PCT64-35S. Another rhesus antibody bound the CD4 binding site by CD4 mimicry, mirroring human bNAbs 8ANC131, CH235, and VRC01. Virus-antibody coevolution in macaques can thus recapitulate developmental features of human bNAbs, thereby guiding HIV-1 immunogen design.
Risk of Cardiac Arrythmias and Death in Patients Recieving Oral Ondansetron: A Review of the Federal Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) (2015)

Introduction: Ondansetron is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist that is used to treat nausea and vomiting. Because ondansetron may cause prolongation of the QT interval, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning about its use in patients with long QT interval syndrome, patients with electrolyte abnormalities, congestive heart failure, brady arrhythmias, and those receiving medications that prolong the QT interval. Despite reports of cardiac toxicity from intravenous ondansetron, there are few safety-related studies of oral ondansetron. This study investigates reports to the FDA of cardiac arrhythmias and death in patients receiving ondansetron. Methods: All reports of adverse drug reactions for oral ondansetron and oral pantoprazole from January 2012 to March 2014 were downloaded from the FAERS. Reports for patients with cancer or gastrointestinal hemorrhage were removed. Cardiac adverse reactions (ADRs) were defined as cardiac arrest, ventricular flutter, fibrillation, or tachycardia, ventricular arrhythmia and death. Quarterly sales of “prescription units”, (representing 1 month supply of drug), for ondansetron and pantoprazole from January 2012-March 2014 were obtained using the IMS database (IMSHealth, Danbury, CT). The ADR reports for were adjusted for total prescription units using the formulas: Incident Rates (IR)= Incidence of Reports/100,000 prescription units and Incident Rate Ratios (IRR)= IR Ondansetron/IR Pantoprazole). 95% confidence interval and p values for IRR were calculated using Poisson regression. Statistical analysis was performed through PROC GENMOD on SAS 9.3 (Cary, NC) Windows platform. Results: There were a total number of 24,648,097 prescription units for ondansetron and 55,955,606 prescription units for pantoprazole from January 2012-March 2014. There were 114 reports of cardiac arrest in patients prescribed ondansetron and 4 reports for pantoprazole (IRR=64.7, p < .0001). There were 18 reports of ventricular fibrillation with ondansetron (IRR=40.9, p < .0005) and 40 vs. 15 cases of ventricular tachycardia (IRR=6.1, 0.001). 400 deaths were reported with ondansetron and none for pantoprazole (see table 1). Sales for both ondansetron and pantoprazole have increased during this time period (see figure 1).Figure 1Conclusion: Our study suggests that although rare, significant cardiac arrhythmias and deaths can occur with ondansetron. EKG monitoring for patients receiving oral ondansetron is advised.Figure 2
Deep scatter estimation for coarse anti-scatter grids as used in photon-counting CT (2022)

Due to the smaller detector pixels in photon-counting CT, coarse anti-scatter grids are used. This may lead to high frequencies in the scattered radiation and therefore moiré artifacts in the reconstructed images can occur. It has been shown that deep convolutional neural networks are very effective to correct scatter artifacts in clinical CT. In this work we present an adapted version of the deep scatter estimation (DSE) to correct for the high frequency artifacts effectively. With the use of DSE the mean absolute error of the scatter artifacts is reduced from about 8 HU to under 1 HU. At the same time the moiré artifacts can be prevented and additional post-processing in the image can be avoided.
On-Chip Photon-Pair Generation in the Near-Visible (2019)

We demonstrate a silicon-chip-based narrow-band photon-pair source in the near-visible regime that is compatible with Rb-based quantum memories. We also derive a model that describes the photon spectrum incorporating dispersion and pump detuning.
Demonstration of the in vitro Antiviral Properties of Bovine Lymphokine-Activated Killer (LAK) Cells (1991)

In cattle, cells with functional characteristics similar to those of natural killer (NK) cells are difficult to detect. However, lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells can be detected readily after in vitro activation of peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBML) with interleukin-2 (IL-2). In the present study, we demonstrated that IL-2-activated PBML preferentially lyse bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1)-infected cells and that the cell responsible for the lysis copurified with the cell responsible for lysis of K562. The IL-2-activated effector cells were capable of significant reducing virus production. The reduction in virus yield seemed to be by an interferon (IFN)-independent mechanism, as the amount of IFN induced in effector cells by BHV-1 was not altered by the addition of IL-2. Furthermore, enrichment of cytotoxic cells by passage through nylon wool columns removed the capability of PBML to produce IFN in response to the virus. These results suggest that activation of LAK mechanisms in cattle plays a role in controlling virus spread.
Duplication of the CD8 beta-chain gene as a marker of the man-gorilla-chimpanzee clade. (1993)

In earlier studies we have found that the gene encoding the CD8 beta chain is duplicated in man. We demonstrate here that the duplicated genes are both located on chromosome 2. We have also studied the moment of the duplication event relative to the evolution of higher primates by using genomic DNA of a panel of primates. Our data strongly suggest that duplication occurred after the orangutan lineage had split and before the chimpanzee, gorilla, and man clade diverged, some 8-9.5 million years ago. This result makes the CD8 beta-chain gene duplication a convenient marker for the study of the evolution of higher primates.
An Information-Theoretic View of Array Processing (2009)

The removal of noise and interference from an array of received signals is a most fundamental problem in signal processing research. To date, many well-known solutions based on second-order statistics (SOS) have been proposed. This paper views the signal enhancement problem as one of maximizing the mutual information between the source signal and array output. It is shown that if the signal and noise are Gaussian, the maximum mutual information estimation (MMIE) solution is not unique but consists of an infinite set of solutions which encompass the SOS-based optimal filters. The application of the MMIE principle to Laplacian signals is then examined by considering the important problem of estimating a speech signal from a set of noisy observations. It is revealed that while speech (well modeled by a Laplacian distribution) possesses higher order statistics (HOS), the well-known SOS-based optimal filters maximize the Laplacian mutual information as well; that is, the Laplacian mutual information differs from the Gaussian mutual information by a single term whose dependence on the beamforming weights is negligible. Simulation results verify these findings.
Neural network for blood cell classification in a holographic microscopy system (2015)

Modern clinical laboratories are equipped with high-throughput flow cytometers for fast and accurate cell sorting. Most cytometers use selective biomarkers which often induce significant changes in the cell morphology, sometimes leading to cell death. However, for purposes like cell imaging there exist label-free techniques, for example digital inline holographic microscopy. Yet the image reconstruction algorithms needed to analyze the images do not scale up easily to large numbers of cells. We suggest an integrated, optical neural network to deal with the high-speed image classification with the promise of dense integration for ultrafast, cell sorting. A ternary classification task, distinguishing between monocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes resulted in 89% accuracy.
Dynamic Selection of Application-Specific Garbage Collectors UCSB TR#2004-09 January, 2004 (2004)

In this paper, we describe a novel execution environment that can dynamically switch between garbage collection (GC) systems. As such, it enables application-specific GC selection. In addition, the system can switch between different GC systems while the program is executing. Our system is novel in that it is able to switch between a wide range of diverse collection systems. To empirically evaluate our system, we implemented annotation-guided GC selection and we show its efficacy for a wide range of benchmarks and heap sizes. In addition, we implemented a simple heuristic that automatically identifies when to switch collectors when program execution behavior warrants it. Our system introduces an average overhead of 4% for both annotation-guided and automatic switching. Perhaps more importantly however, we significantly improve performance over selecting the wrong collection system (by 19% using annotation-guided selection and by 16% using automatic switching, on average).
The balance between intramolecular hydrogen bonding, polymer solubility and rigidity in single-chain polymeric nanoparticles (2013)

A library of copolymers with pendant, protected ureido-pyrimidinone (UPy) groups was prepared applying controlled polymerization techniques. The polymer backbones were based on polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polystyrene and polynorbornene and differ in stiffness, molecular weight and the linking moiety between the backbone and the UPy group. In all cases, the percentage of protected UPy groups was kept constant. The effect of solvent on the behaviour of the polymers before and after removal of the protecting groups was evaluated in, among others, chloroform and tetrahydrofuran (THF). After deprotection of the UPy protecting group, the UPys dimerize via four-fold H-bonding in THF, inducing a collapse into single-chain polymeric nanoparticles (SCPNs), as evidenced by a combination of 1H-NMR spectroscopy, size-exclusion chromatography and dynamic light scattering. In chloroform, on the other hand, dimerization of the UPy groups is present but interchain interactions occur as well, resulting in less-defined SCPNs. Remarkably, the flexibility of the polymer backbone, the polymer molecular weight and the nature of the linker unit all do not affect SCPN formation. In contrast, the interaction between solvent and the UPy moiety is a critical parameter for SCPN formation. For example, strong intramolecular dimerization of the UPys is observed in THF while interparticle interactions are suppressed. From this investigation we conclude that a wide variety of polymer backbones are suitable for polymer collapse via supramolecular interactions and thus allow for the formation of SCPNs but that the solvent choice is crucial to enhance intramolecular H-bonding and, at the same time, to suppress interparticle interactions.