gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intradermal Delivery of Interleukin-12 Plasmid DNA by in vivo Electroporation (2001)

Gene therapy depends on safe and efficient gene delivery. The skin is an attractive target for gene delivery because of its accessibility. Recently, in vivo electroporation has been shown to enhance expression after injection of plasmid DNA. In this study, we examined the use of electroporation to deliver plasmid DNA to cells of the skin in order to demonstrate that localized delivery can result in increased serum concentrations of a specific protein. Intradermal injection of a plasmid encoding luciferase resulted in low levels of expression. However, when injection was combined with electroporation, expression was significantly increased. When performing this procedure with a plasmid encoding interleukin-12, the induced serum concentrations of gamma-interferon were as much as 10 fold higher when electroporation was used. The results presented here demonstrate that electroporation can be used to augment the efficiency of direct injection of plasmid DNA to skin.
Measurements of the electron energy spectrum by using small-angle Thomson scattering (2008)

A novel diagnostic method is developed for studying the high-energy plasma electron component in the GOL-3 facility by using small-angle Thomson scattering. The method is based on the enhancement of the spectral density of scattered radiation as compared to the conventional large-angle scattering technique.
Flexible modeling tools for pre-requirements analysis (2010)

A serious tool gap exists at the start of the software lifecy-cle, before requirements formulation. Pre-requirements analysts gather information, organize it to gain insight, en-vision possible futures, and present insights and recom-mendations to stakeholders. They typically use office tools, which give great freedom, but no help with consistency management, change propagation, or information migration to downstream tools. Despite these downsides, office tools are still favored over modeling tools, which are constrain-ing and difficult to use. We introduce the notion of flexible modeling tools, which blend the advantages of office and modeling tools. We propose a conceptual architecture for such tools, and outline research challenges to be met in realizing them. We briefly describe the Business Insight Toolkit, a prototype tool embodying this architecture.
Apodized Silicon-on-Insulator Bragg Gratings (2012)

An accurate control of the apodization profile is still an issue for integrated Bragg grating filters fabricated in silicon-on-insulator because of the high modal confinement of these waveguides. In this letter, we present two fabrication-friendly apodization techniques that are compatible with deep UV lithography and can be used in mass-production of photonic-integrated circuits. These techniques are reliable even for weak effective index modulation amplitude, thus opening the door to the fabrication of long and elaborate grating structures.
Structured covariance matrix estimation: a parametric approach (2002)

The problem of estimating a positive semi-definite Toeplitz covariance matrix consisting of a low rank matrix plus a scaled identity from noisy data arises in many applications. We propose a computationally attractive (noniterative) covariance matrix estimator with certain optimality properties. For example, under suitable assumptions the proposed estimator achieves the Cramer-Rao lower bound on the covariance matrix parameters. The resulting covariance matrix estimate is also guaranteed to possess all of the structural properties of the true covariance matrix. Previous approaches to this problem have either resulted in computationally unattractive iterative solutions or have provided estimates that only satisfy some of the structural relations.
Relationship of the Second Order Nonlinear Optical Coefficient to Bandgap in Inorganic Non-Centrosymmetric Crystals. (1995)

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information.
Intermolecular cleavage of hepatitis A virus (HAV) precursor protein P1-P2 by recombinant HAV proteinase 3C (1992)

Active proteinase 3C of hepatitis A virus (HAV) was expressed in bacteria either as a mature enzyme or as a protein fused to the entire polymerase 3D or to a part of it, and their identities were shown by immunoblot analysis. Intermolecular cleavage activity was demonstrated by incubating in vitro-translated and radiolabeled HAV precursor protein P1-P2 with extracts of bacteria transformed with plasmids containing recombinant HAV 3C. Identification of cleavage products P1, VP1, and VPO-VP3 by immunoprecipitation clearly demonstrates that HAV 3C can cleave between P1 and P2 as well as within P1 and thus shows an activity profile similar to that of cardiovirus 3C.
F-17 Development of a 3D Elemental Reference Material for Confocal Micro X-ray Fluorescence (2009)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
History of Innate Immunity in Neurodegenerative Disorders (2011)

The foundations of innate immunity in neurodegenerative disorders were first laid by Del Rio Hortega (1919). He identified and named microglia, recognizing them as cells of mesodermal origin. Van Furth in 1969 elaborated the monocyte phagocytic system with microglia as the brain representatives. Validation of these concepts did not occur until 1987 when HLA-DR was identified on activated microglia in a spectrum of neurological disorders. HLA-DR had already been established as a definitive marker of immunocompetent cells of mesodermal origin. It was soon determined that the observed inflammatory reaction was an innate immune response. A rapid expansion of the field took place as other markers of an innate immune response were found that were made by neurons, astrocytes, oligodendroglia, and endothelial cells. The molecules included complement proteins and their regulators, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, acute phase reactants, prostaglandins, proteases, protease inhibitors, coagulation factors, fibrinolytic factors, anaphylatoxins, integrins, free radical generators, and other unidentified neurotoxins. The Nimmerjahn movies demonstrated that resting microglia were constantly active, sampling the surround, and responding rapidly to brain damage. Ways of reducing the neurotoxic innate immune response and stimulating a healing response continue to be sought as a means for ameliorating the pathology in a spectrum of chronic degenerative disorders.
Feasibility of in vivo cardiac HIFU ablation (2004)

The potential for cardiac applications of HIFU remains unexamined. In order to create reproducible lesions in a beating heart, it is necessary to maintain focusing at a certain position within moving myocardial tissue. One technique is to use multiple short HIFU exposures (0.2 s) and synchronize them with an EKG signal and respiration. The left ventricular free wall (LVFW) of calf hearts were cut into 4-cm cubes, degassed in phosphate buffer saline (PBS), and heated to 37&amp;lt;th&amp;gt;°C. An 80-mm-diam spherical-cap transducer with a focus of 90 mm was operated at a frequency of 4.67 MHz and a nominal focal point intensity of 26.9 kW/cm2. The transducer was coupled to the LVFW using degassed PBS. First, the effect of pericardial fat, focal depth, and temperature on lesion size was individually evaluated. Then the 0.2-s HIFU exposure was applied 10 to 30 times at 4-s intervals. The same HIFU transducer was applied to an open-chest canine LVFW with the same triggering protocol. Dimensions of all lesions were measured by visual examination of the fresh, unstained tissue. A histopathological examination of the lesion was also performed. The in vivo lesions were created in similar size to those in vitro.
Math Word Problem Generation with Mathematical Consistency and Problem Context Constraints (2021)

We study the problem of generating arithmetic math word problems (MWPs) given a math equation that specifies the mathematical computation and a context that specifies the problem scenario. Existing approaches are prone to generating MWPs that are either mathematically invalid or have unsatisfactory language quality. They also either ignore the context or require manual specification of a problem template, which compromises the diversity of the generated MWPs. In this paper, we develop a novel MWP generation approach that leverages i) pre-trained language models and a context keyword selection model to improve the language quality of the generated MWPs and ii) an equation consistency constraint for math equations to improve the mathematical validity of the generated MWPs. Extensive quantitative and qualitative experiments on three real-world MWP datasets demonstrate the superior performance of our approach compared to various baselines.
Large-scale Crash Localization using Multi-Task Learning. (2021)

Crash localization, an important step in debugging crashes, is challenging when dealing with an extremely large number of diverse applications and platforms and underlying root causes. Large-scale error reporting systems, e.g., Windows Error Reporting (WER), commonly rely on manually developed rules and heuristics to localize blamed frames causing the crashes. As new applications and features are routinely introduced and existing applications are run under new environments, developing new rules and maintaining existing ones become extremely challenging. We propose a data-driven solution to address the problem. We start with the first large-scale empirical study of 362K crashes and their blamed methods reported to WER by tens of thousands of applications running in the field. The analysis provides valuable insights on where and how the crashes happen and what methods to blame for the crashes. These insights enable us to develop DeepAnalyze, a novel multi-task sequence labeling approach for identifying blamed frames in stack traces. We evaluate our model with over a million real-world crashes from four popular Microsoft applications and show that DeepAnalyze, trained with crashes from one set of applications, not only accurately localizes crashes of the same applications, but also bootstraps crash localization for other applications with zero to very little additional training data.
Ultrahigh Throughput Single Cell Imaging (2013)

We describe a new fluorescent and a new label-free cellular imaging technique for classification of cancer and stem cells with application in diagnostics and drug discovery. An order of magnitude higher throughput is achieved relative to the state-of-the-art technologies.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Substituted Cyclopropanes by Using α‐Iodo‐ and α‐Chloromethylzinc Carbenoids. (2013)

Abstract Trans‐iodocyclopropylmethanols obtained with excellent enantioselectivities by the presented new asymmetric iodocyclopropanation are further converted into 1,2,3‐substituted cyclopropanes either by reaction with electrophiles (X) or Negishi coupling with aryl iodides (XII).
Practical multi-antenna terminals in LTE system performance simulations (2011)

In cellular radio network simulations the modeling of terminal antennas is often extremely simplified. In this paper the results from a study on the impact of using realistic terminal antennas in LTE system simulations are presented. Results from downlink simulations using measured radiation patterns of a number of typical multi-antenna terminals have been compared with results using an ideal antenna model. The results showed that the impact was weak in a scenario with high intercell interference while a substantial performance degradation could be observed in a scenario with low interference. Cell-edge throughput was found to be the most sensitive performance metric which in the worst case suffered a 53% throughput reduction compared to the ideal model. An analysis of the relation between antenna properties and system performance is also presented. It was observed that the geometric mean of the eigenvalues of the pattern covariance matrix has a distinct connection to system performance. It was also found that efficiency is important for cell-edge throughput and that the pattern correlation has impact on peak throughput.
Research and TLE (2002)

In this the 20th year of TLE, the Editorial Board has decided to publish a series of 12 articles reviewing how TLE has reported specific areas of geophysics since its inception in 1982. This month's topic is research. In the last 20 years, there has been considerable change in how we define and conduct research in our industry. In the “old days,” budgets in major oil companies included a large allocation for conducting basic research—i.e., research groups (populated by highly sought PhDs from the world's major universities) investigating ideas with a long-term focus or conducting expensive, specialized field experiments, or even developing new hardware on their own. And it didn't end there. Research on fundamental geophysical topics was conducted by contractors, academia, and government labs. Industry support for university research was strong and, at that time, researchers had strong influence in determining the relevant topics of research to be investigated. We see the many visible fruits of such an approach to research: advances in 3D seismic acquisition and processing, AVO, crosswell and VSP technology to mention just a few.
Non-parametric estimation of Jensen-Shannon Divergence in Generative Adversarial Network training (2017)

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have become a widely popular framework for generative modelling of high-dimensional datasets. However their training is well-known to be difficult. This work presents a rigorous statistical analysis of GANs providing straight-forward explanations for common training pathologies such as vanishing gradients. Furthermore, it proposes a new training objective, Kernel GANs, and demonstrates its practical effectiveness on large-scale real-world data sets. A key element in the analysis is the distinction between training with respect to the (unknown) data distribution, and its empirical counterpart. To overcome issues in GAN training, we pursue the idea of smoothing the Jensen-Shannon Divergence (JSD) by incorporating noise in the input distributions of the discriminator. As we show, this effectively leads to an empirical version of the JSD in which the true and the generator densities are replaced by kernel density estimates, which leads to Kernel GANs.
Magneto-optical study ofn-type modulation-dopedZnO/MgxZn1−xOsingle quantum well structures (2009)

We report on the effect of electron injection on the magneto-optical properties of MgZnO/ZnO(5 nm)/MgZnO single quantum wells (SQWs) by embedding a Ga delta-doped layer in one of the MgZnO barriers. Approaching the delta-doped layer to the SQW resulted in a photoluminescence (PL) blueshift due to the screening of internal polarization field by the injected electrons. Circular polarization in PL was enhanced by a magnetic field up to 50 T with a Faraday configuration. The observed Zeeman splitting and the degree of circular polarization in the magnetic field revealed that the PL originates from the negatively charged excitons ${X}^{\ensuremath{-}}$.
Transition Metal Carbonyl Derivatives of Magnesium (1976)

This chapter contains sections titled: Bis(dicarbonyl-η-cyclopentadienyliron) bis (tetrahydrofuran) magnesium Tetrakis (pyridine) bis (tetracarbonylcobalt) magnesium Bis[dicarbonyl-η-cyclopentadienyl (tributylphosphine) molybdenum] tetrakis (tetrahydrofuran) magnesium
Status of Reclassifying DHCPv4 Options (RFC 3942) (2007)

This document provides a status report as of April 2007 for the effort
to reclassify Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol options 128 to 223
as managed by IANA in accordance with RFC 3942. This document further
recommends actions to be taken by IANA to update this reclassification
effort.
NIMG-01ADVANCED MR PERFUSION AND DIFFUSION MEASURES DISTINGUISH BETWEEN GLIOMA SUBTYPES (2015)

BACKGROUND: Advanced MR imaging provides invaluable information on brain tumor biology and behavior, making it an important complement to standard histopathology. In light of mounting molecular evidence against the existence of true mixed gliomas, we present the use of relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) to classify gliomas as a function of glioma tumor type and grade. METHODS: Histopathological findings of 145 tissue specimens from 42 consented adult patients were studied. Histopathological diagnosis for each tissue specimen was obtained from the neurosurgical pathology report and according to the WHO brain tumor grading system. Preoperative (≤ 3 months) DSC-MRI and T1 + C images were co-registered to MR Imaging uploaded for surgical navigation. Guided by intraoperative screenshots from a StealthStation® S7™ surgical navigation unit, a 6-mm spherical region of interest (ROI) was drawn manually for each distinct tissue sampling site. Median Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) and standardized leakage-corrected rCBV values (sRCBV) were determined using the same ROIs. Only positive non-zero values were included in the analysis. Statistical sample independence for both sRCBV and ADC was confirmed before conducting statistical analyses. RESULTS: The sRCBV measures for grade 2 gliomas were comparable across type, yet the ADC values demonstrate a significant distinction of astrocytomas from oligodendrogliomas (p < 0.01) and mixed oligoastrocytomas (p < 0.001). Grade 3 astrocytomas also exhibited significantly different sRCBV and ADC values from oligodendrogliomas (p < 0.05) and oligoastrocytomas (p < 0.001). Similarly, the sRCBV and ADC values were significantly different between pure grade 4 astrocytomas (GBM) and GBMs with oligodendroglial component (p < 0.001). No significant differences were noted between oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas. CONCLUSION: Significant differences in perfusion and diffusion measures highlight the biologically distinct character of astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. Mixed gliomas share more similarities with oligodendrogliomas than with astrocytomas on advanced MR imaging, supporting the hypothesis that mixed gliomas may not represent a separate glioma subtype.
Endocannabinoid‐dependent plasticity at spinal nociceptor synapses (2012)

Neuroplastic changes at the spinal synapses between primary nociceptors and second order dorsal horn neurons play key roles in pain and analgesia. NMDA receptor-dependent forms of long-term plasticity have been studied extensively at these synapses, but little is known about possible contributions of the endocannabinoid system. Here, we addressed the role of cannabinoid (CB)1 receptors in activity-dependent plasticity at these synapses. We report that conditional low-frequency stimulation of high-threshold primary sensory nerve fibres paired with depolarisation of the postsynaptic neuron evoked robust long-term depression (LTD)of excitatory synaptic transmission by about 40% in the vast majority (90%) of recordings made in wild-type mice. When recordings were made from global or nociceptor-specific CB(1) receptor-deficient mice (CB(1) (−/− ) mice and sns-CB(1)(−/−) mice), the portion of neurons exhibiting LTD was strongly reduced to about 25%. Accordingly, LTD was prevented to a similar extent by the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 and mimicked by pharmacological activation of CB1 receptors. In a subset of neurons with EPSCs of particularly high stimulation thresholds, we furthermore found that the absence of CB(1) receptors in CB(1)(−/−) and sns-CB(1)(−/−) mice converted the response to the paired conditioning stimulation protocol from LTD to long-term potentiation (LTP). Our results identify CB1 receptor-dependent LTD as a form of synaptic plasticity previously unknown in spinal nociceptors. They furthermore suggest that prevention of LTP may be a second hither to unknown function of CB1 receptors in primary nociceptors. Both findings may have important implications for our understanding of endogenous pain control mechanisms and of analgesia evoked by cannabinoid receptor agonists.
Quantitative estimation of nerve fiber engagement by vagus nerve stimulation using physiological markers (2020)

In bivariate analyses, we found that EMG correlates with A-fiber, ΔHR with B-fiber and ΔBI with C-fiber activation, in agreement with known physiological functions of the vagus. We compiled multivariate models for quantitative estimation of fiber engagement from these markers and stimulation parameters. Finally, we compiled frequency gain models that allow estimation of fiber engagement at a wide range of VNS frequencies. Our models, after calibration in humans, could provide noninvasive estimation of fiber engagement in current and future therapeutic applications of VNS.
Polymeric anodes for improved polymer light-emitting diode performance (1997)

We have studied polyaniline and polyethylenedioxythiophene transparent electrodes for use as hole-injecting anodes in polymer light emitting diodes. The anodes were doped with a variety of polymer and monomer-based acids and cast from either water or organic solvents to determine the effect of the dopant and solvent on the hole-injection properties. We find that the anodes with polymeric dopants have improved device quantum efficiency and brightness relative to those with small molecule dopants, independent of conductivity, solvent, or type of conducting polymer. For the most conducting polymer anodes [σ&amp;gt;2(Ωcm)−1], diodes could be made without an indium tin oxide underlayer. These diodes show substantially slower degradation.
Hydrophilic Micro- and Macroelectrodes with Antibiofouling Properties for Biomedical Applications (2022)

Implantable neural electrodes are generally used to record the electrical activity of neurons and to stimulate neurons in the nervous system. Biofouling triggered by inflammatory responses can dramatically affect the performance of neural electrodes, resulting in decreased signal sensitivity and consistency over time. Thus, long-term clinical applications require electrically conducting electrode materials with reduced dimensions, high flexibility, and antibiofouling properties that can reduce the degree of inflammatory reactions and increase the lifetime of neural electrodes. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are well known to form flexible assemblies such as CNT fibers. Herein, we report the covalent functionalization of predefined CNT fiber and film surfaces with hydrophilic, antibiofouling phosphorylcholine (PC) molecules. The electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics, impedance properties, hydrophilicity, and in vitro antifouling nature of the functionalized CNT surfaces were evaluated. The hydrophilicity of the functionalized CNT films was demonstrated by a decrease in the static contact angle from 134.4° ± 3.9° before to 15.7° ± 1.5° after one and fully wetting after three functionalization cycles, respectively. In addition, the extent of protein absorption on the functionalized CNT films was significantly lower than that on the nonfunctionalized CNT film. Surprisingly, the faradic charge-transfer properties and impedance of the CNT assemblies were preserved after functionalization with PC molecules. These functionalized CNT assemblies are promising for the development of low-impedance neural electrodes with higher hydrophilicity and protein-fouling resistance to inhibit inflammatory responses.