gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The crystal structure of polycaproamide: Nylon 6 (1955)

Abstract The crystal structure of nylon 6 (NH (CH 2 ) 5 CO) p has been determined by interpretation of the x‐ray diffraction patterns given by drawn, rolled fibers. The determination was part of a program to investigate the relation between structure and physical properties, in particular melting point. Nylon 6 melts 50°C. lower than its isomer nylon 66 (NH (CH 2 ) 6 NH·CO (CH 2 ) 4 CO) p ; it had been suggested that this was due to deficient hydrogen‐bond formation in nylon 6 crystallites. The unit cell contains eight chemical units (NH (CH 2 ) 5 CO) and is monoclinic with a = 9.56 A., b = 17.24 A., c = 8.01 A., and β = 67 1/2 °. Calculated density = 1.23. Observed density for a drawn monofilament = 1.16. The structure consists of planar chains of CH 2 groups and amide groups tilted 7° from the (001) plane. Alternate chains in this plane are oppositely directed, an arrangement which allows all hydrogen bonds to be made perfectly. The hydrogen‐bonded sheets of atoms are packed in an “up‐and‐down” staggered configuration along the c ‐axis. Distances between atoms in neighboring molecules are all normal van der Waals contact distances. It appears, from a general survey of polyamide melting points published elsewhere, that the determining factor is the number of CH 2 groups between the amide “anchor points”—polymers with odd numbers of CH 2 groups melt lower than those with even numbers. The present work shows that the odd number of CH 2 groups in this polymer does not lead to deficient hydrogenbond formation, and that the lower melting point of nylon 6 as compared with nylon 66 must be ascribed to some other cause, possibly connected with the propagation of vibrations along odd‐numbered chain segments.
Pathophysiology of Infertility in Endometriosis (2011)

Endometriosis is a disease affecting up to 10% of reproductive-aged women, but contributing to the majority of cases of pelvic pain and infertility. The association between infertility and mild endometriosis remains controversial, despite multiple lines of evidence. Treatment of endometriosis appears to be associated with improvement in cycle fecundity. The pathophysiology of endometriosis and infertility is not well understood, but is likely linked to the origins, maintenance and recurrence of the disease. Recognition of the biochemical alterations in eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis suggests an underlying resistance to the actions of progesterone and an exaggerated responsiveness to estrogen. While the theories regarding the mechanisms of infertility associated with endometriosis are protean, a defect in endometrial receptivity leading to delayed fertility or pregnancy loss is the one that is most accepted, supported by available evidence. Identification of the key factors in the serum, peritoneal fluid or endometrium that are linked to infertility may provide diagnostic biomarkers for future studies of this enigmatic disease.
Identification of Broadband Source-Array Responses from Sensor Second Order Statistics (2017)

This paper addresses the identification of source-sensor transfer functions from the measured space-time covariance matrix in the absence of any further side information about the source or the propagation environment. Using polynomial matrix decomposition techniques, the responses can be narrowed down to an indeterminacy of a common polynomial factor. If at least two different measurements for a source with constant power spectral density are available, this indeterminacy can be reduced to an ambiguity in the phase response of the source-sensor paths.
Ex vivo expanded human CD4+ regulatory NKT cells suppress expansion of tumor antigen-specific CTLs (2005)

NKT cells can produce large amounts of both Th1- and Th2-type cytokines and are an important regulatory cell type. To elucidate their role in acquired immunity, we examined the effect of human Valpha24+Vbeta11+ NKT cells or CD1d-specific ligand alpha-galactosylceramide (alphaGalCer) on the in vitro generation of antigen-specific CTLs from PBMCs using autologous MART-1(26-35) peptide-pulsed dendritic cells as stimulators. Flow cytometry using tetramer for MART-1(26-35) peptide revealed that NKT cells have inhibitory effects on CTL generation. Cytokine analysis using cytometric bead array assay and ELISA showed higher IL-4 and IL-10 secretion in the alphaGalCer(+) and/or NKT cell(+) culture setting, whereas IL-13 secretion in the culture was not affected by the presence of alphaGalCer. The CD4+ NKT cell subset seemed to play a major role in this inhibitory effect by secreting large amounts of Th2-type cytokines. Interestingly however, unlike recent reports utilizing mouse models, IL-13 was not a main effector molecule in our human system. Culture with alphaGalCer in the presence of cytokine-neutralizing antibodies for the Th2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10, resulted in enhanced CTL generation, suggesting the dominant role of Th2 cytokines over Th1 cytokines. Thus, CD4+ NKT cells can work as immunoregulatory T cells that suppress anti-tumor immune response and, therefore, NKT cells or alphaGalCer could be used as therapeutic modalities to modulate systemic immune responses, such as autoimmune diseases. Conversely, the use of NKT cells along with anti-Th2 cytokine-neutralizing antibodies or CD4-negative NKT cell subset could enhance the generation of antigen-specific CTLs for adoptive immunotherapy.
The IBM z13 processor cache subsystem (2015)

The IBM z13™ system introduces many new innovative concepts in building a high-performance modular and scalable symmetrical multiprocessing (SMP) system, comprising up to 192 multithreaded processors that span eight system processing nodes. The z13 uses new socket packaging technology, changing from multichip modules (MCMs) to single-chip modules (SCMs). This enables the modularity and scalability of a large distributed SMP system and led to the development of new techniques in several important performance areas. For the cache hierarchy, the inclusivity management policy is optimized between the third-level and the fourth-level shared caches to improve overall cache-bit efficiency, effectively making the fourth-level cache larger to reduce the impact of increased chip socket-to-socket access latencies. The system bus management is enhanced such that multiple data transfers can be simultaneously overlapped on an interface to reduce wait times on critical data when these buses are highly utilized. With the amount of caches on both the Central Processor (CP) and System Controller (SC) chips, several major improvements were made for array macro resiliency to improve overall system availability. These and other major design updates in the latest mainframe processor cache subsystem are described in this paper.
pH-Responsive Nanoparticle Superlattices with Tunable DNA Bonds* (2020)

Stimuli-responsive nanomaterials with reconfigurable structures and properties have garnered significant interest in the fields of optics, electronics, magnetics, and therapeutics. DNA is a powerful and versatile building material that provides programmable structural and dynamic properties, and indeed, sequence-dependent changes in DNA have already been exploited in creating switchable DNA-based architectures. As a highly programmable material, DNA has proven useful for chemically arranging nanoscale building blocks into complex and functional colloidal crystalline materials. The Programmable atom equivalent (PAE) superlattices with i-motif linkers were then studied to determine if they could be toggled between two different states (“contracted” and “expanded”) within an assembled lattice structure. Taking advantage of the ability to control the assembly of the PAEs through i-motifs, we designed a new class of PAEs consisting of a mixture of DNA strands with and without i-motifs.
Ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry examination of the structures, stabilities, and extents of hydration of dimethylamine–sulfuric acid clusters (2016)

We applied an atmospheric pressure differential mobility analyzer (DMA) coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer to examine the stability, mass-mobility relationship, and extent of hydration of dimethylamine-sulfuric acid cluster ions, which are of relevance to nucleation in ambient air. Cluster ions were generated by electrospray ionization and were of the form: [H((CH3)2NH)x(H2SO4)y](+) and [(HSO4)((CH3)2NH)x(H2SO4)y](-), where 4 ≤ x ≤ 8, and 5 ≤ y ≤ 12. Under dry conditions, we find that positively charged cluster ions dissociated via loss of both multiple dimethylamine and sulfuric acid molecules after mobility analysis but prior to mass analysis, and few parent ions were detected in the mass spectrometer. Dissociation also occurred for negative ions, but to a lesser extent than for positive ions for the same mass spectrometer inlet conditions. Under humidified conditions (relative humidities up to 30% in the DMA), positively charged cluster ion dissociation in the mass spectrometer inlet was mitigated and occurred primarily by H2SO4 loss from ions containing excess acid molecules. DMA measurements were used to infer collision cross sections (CCSs) for all identifiable cluster ions. Stokes-Millikan equation and diffuse/inelastic gas molecule scattering predicted CCSs overestimate measured CCSs by more than 15%, while elastic-specular collision model predictions are in good agreement with measurements. Finally, cluster ion hydration was examined by monitoring changes in CCSs with increasing relative humidity. All examined cluster ions showed a modest amount of water molecule adsorption, with percentage increases in CCS smaller than 10%. The extent of hydration correlates directly with cluster ion acidity for positive ions.
Stability and Dark Hysteresis Correlate in NiO‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells (2019)

Abstract In perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the interfaces are a weak link with respect to degradation. Electrochemical reactivity of the perovskite's halides has been reported for both molecular and polymeric hole selective layers (HSLs), and here it is shown that also NiO brings about this decomposition mechanism. Employing NiO as an HSL in p–i–n PSCs with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.8%, noncapacitive hysteresis is found in the dark, which is attributable to the bias‐induced degradation of perovskite/NiO interface. The possibility of electrochemically decoupling NiO from the perovskite via the introduction of a buffer layer is explored. Employing a hybrid magnesium‐organic interlayer, the noncapacitive hysteresis is entirely suppressed and the device's electrical stability is improved. At the same time, the PCE is improved up to 18% thanks to reduced interfacial charge recombination, which enables more efficient hole collection resulting in higher V oc and FF.
<title>Parallel three-dimensional free-space optical interconnection for an optoelectronic processor</title> (2001)

A hybrid scalable optoelectronic crossbar switching system that uses global parallel free-space optical interconnects and three-dimensional (3D) VLSI chip stacks is presented. The system includes three 3D chip stacks with each consisting of 16 VLSI chips. A single 16 X 16 VCSEL/MSM detector array is flip-chip bonded on top of the chip stack. Each chip supports 16 optical I/Os at 1 Gb/s. For the free-space optical interconnection between the chip stacks, a novel folded hybrid micro/macro optical system with a concave reflection mirror has been designed. The optics module can provide a high resolution, large field of view, high link efficiency, and low optical crosstalk. It is also symmetric and modular. Off-the- shelf macro-optical components are used. The concave reflection mirror can significantly improve the image quality and tolerate a large misalignment of the optical components. Scaling of the macrolens can be used to adjust the interconnection length between the chip stacks. The optical system is analyzed based on ray-tracing and scalar diffraction theory. The impact of Ghost talk on high-speed optical interconnection is studied. For system packaging, only passive alignment is required. Optics and electronics are separated until final assembly step, and the optomechanic module can be removed and replaced. By using 3D chip stacks, commercially available optical components and simple passive packaging techniques, it is possible to achieve a high-performance optoelectronic switching system.
Numb Independently Antagonizes Sanpodo Membrane Targeting and Notch Signaling in Drosophila Sensory Organ Precursor Cells (2010)

In Drosophila, mitotic neural progenitor cells asymmetrically segregate the cell fate determinant Numb in order to block Notch signaling in only one of the two daughter cells. Sanpodo, a membrane protein required for Notch signaling in asymmetrically dividing cells, is sequestered from the plasma membrane to intracellular vesicles in a Numb-dependent way after neural progenitor cell mitosis. However, the significance of Numb-dependent Sanpodo regulation is unclear. In this study, we conducted a structure-function analysis to identify the determinants of Sanpodo targeting in vivo. We identified an NPAF motif in the amino-terminal cytoplasmic tail of Sanpodo, which is conserved among insect Sanpodo homologues. The Sanpodo NPAF motif is predicted to bind directly to the Numb phosphotyrosine-binding domain and is critical for Numb binding in vitro. Deletion or mutation of the NPAF motif results in accumulation of Sanpodo at the plasma membrane in Numb-positive cells in vivo. Genetic analysis of Sanpodo NPAF mutants shows that Numb-dependent Sanpodo endocytic targeting can be uncoupled from Notch signaling regulation. Our findings demonstrate that Sanpodo contains an evolutionarily conserved motif that has been linked to Numb-dependent regulation in vertebrates and further support the model that Numb regulates Notch signaling independently of Sanpodo membrane trafficking in neural progenitor cells.
Sperm chemotaxis promotes individual fertilization success in sea urchins (2016)

Reproductive success fundamentally shapes an organism's ecology and evolution, and gamete traits mediate fertilization, which is a critical juncture in reproduction. Individual male fertilization success is dependent on the ability of sperm from one male to outcompete the sperm of other males when searching for a conspecific egg. Sperm chemotaxis, the ability of sperm to navigate towards eggs using chemical signals, has been studied for over a century, but such studies have long assumed that this phenomenon improves individual male fitness without explicit evidence to support this claim. Here, we assessed fertilization changes in the presence of a chemoattractant-digesting peptidase and used a microfluidic device coupled with a fertilization assay to determine the effect of sperm chemotaxis on individual male fertilization success in the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus We show that removing chemoattractant from the gametic environment decreases fertilization success. We further found that individual male differences in chemotaxis to a well-defined gradient of attractant correlate with individual male differences in fertilization success. These results demonstrate that sperm chemotaxis is an important contributor to individual reproductive success.
Combination of Peri- and Intratumoral Radiomic Features on Baseline CT Scans Predicts Response to Chemotherapy in Lung Adenocarcinoma (2019)

This study suggests that radiomic texture features extracted from within and around the nodule on baseline CT scans are <i>(a)</i> predictive of response to chemotherapy and <i>(b)</i> associated with TTP and OS for patients with NSCLC.© RSNA, 2019<i>Supplemental material is available for this article.</i>
Rapid beamforming of ultrasound chirp signals in frequency domain using the chirp scaling algorithm (2023)

Linear frequency-modulated (chirp) transmits have been used successfully in the past to increase penetration depth of ultrasound signals in tissue and to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the resulting ultrasound images. However, beamforming chirp signals using delay-and-sum (DAS) can be slow on systems without a GPU. We propose using the chirp scaling algorithm (CSA), originally developed for synthetic aperture radar, as a faster alternative to DAS on CPU that results in similar image quality, especially at larger depths. To perform preliminary comparisons of the beamforming methods, we simulated in FIELD II monostatic synthetic aperture data containing point targets up to 300 mm in depth. The simulation accounted for average signal attenuation in soft tissue of 0.5 dB per MHz per cm. We analyzed the point spread functions and the runtimes of the methods in MATLAB with a single CPU. Beamformed point targets above 80 mm depth had almost identical sidelobe levels and full-width-at-half-maximum between the two methods, while the median runtime for CSA was 9.3 times faster than for DAS. We further extend CSA to multistatic acquisitions with chirp transmits and with curvilinear arrays for more clinical applicability and improved image quality.
FPGA-Based Memristor Emulator Circuit for Binary Convolutional Neural Networks (2020)

Binary convolutional neural networks (BCNN) have been proposed in the literature for resource-constrained IoTs nodes and mobile computing devices. Such computing platforms have strict constraints on the power budget, system performance, processing and memory capabilities. Nonetheless, the platforms are still required to efficiently perform classification and matching tasks needed in various applications. The memristor device has shown promising results when utilized for in-memory computing architectures, due to its ability to perform storage and computation using the same physical element. This is in addition to their nonlinear dynamic characteristics that can be used for various applications. Emulating the memristor operation through FPGAs implementation provides flexibility for rapid prototyping and exploration of the design space. In this paper, a FPGA-based memristor emulator circuit is implemented using a multi-bit XNOR gate as the main block for binary convolution which is followed by a memristor-based pooling layer. The BCNN layer is realized by bitwise XNOR-cell followed by wide NOR gate. The implementation has been successfully synthesized and verified using Xilinx Nexys4 FPGA with less than 1% utilization and 144.9 MHz frequency of operation. In order to test the functionality of the proposed cores, a digital implementation for the circuit was realized and verified experimentally. The experimental results show similar performance when compared to software simulation.
The coexistence of a pituitary adenoma and pheochromocytoma (a case report) (2012)

peer reviewed
Maximizing the Number of Served Users in a Smart City using Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (2022)

Among a plethora of new wireless communication technologies, reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) emerges as one of the revolutionary solutions to provide energy- and cost-efficient signal transmissions. RIS is capable of reflecting electromagnetic signals in a controlled manner. In this paper, we jointly design the active beamforming at the base station and passive beamforming at the RIS to maximize the number of served users in a practical Smart City street scenario, subject to quality of service (QoS) and power constraints. The formulated problem belongs to the difficult class of mixed-integer non-convex programming, which is NP-hard. To arrive at a low-complexity solution, we first decompose the original problem into two subproblems and then propose an alternating optimization algorithm based on successive convex approximation (SCA) to solve them in an iterative manner. Simulation results are provided to verify the performance improvement of the proposed algorithm as compared to baseline schemes.
Modeling and testing of a novel piezoelectric pump (2004)

While there is a wide range of actuation technologies, none currently rivals the overall performance (power density, bandwidth, stress, stroke) of conventional hydraulic actuation [1]. It is well known in the actuation community that the power-to-weight ratios and the power-to-volume ratios of hydraulic actuators are, respectively, around 5 times and 10 to 20 times larger than comparable electric motors. Due to fundamental limitations in the magnetic flux density in the supporting structures and limitations in the heat transfer out of electric actuators, significant changes in these ratios are not likely in the near future [2]. Thermal limitations associated with electric motors do not apply to hydraulic actuators since the hydraulic fluid cools and lubricates the system. However, with all of these virtues, hydraulic actuators have serious practical implementation problems. Typically, servo-based hydraulic actuators are leaky and have generally poor energy efficiencies. This work addresses a new type of electric actuator that combines the best of both the electric and hydraulic mediums.
Liquid crystal self-assembly of random-sequence DNA oligomers (2012)

In biological systems and nanoscale assemblies, the self-association of DNA is typically studied and applied in the context of the evolved or directed design of base sequences that give complementary pairing, duplex formation, and specific structural motifs. Here we consider the collective behavior of DNA solutions in the distinctly different regime where DNA base sequences are chosen at random or with varying degrees of randomness. We show that in solutions of completely random sequences, corresponding to a remarkably large number of different molecules, e.g., approximately 10(12) for random 20-mers, complementary still emerges and, for a narrow range of oligomer lengths, produces a subtle hierarchical sequence of structured self-assembly and organization into liquid crystal (LC) phases. This ordering follows from the kinetic arrest of oligomer association into long-lived partially paired double helices, followed by reversible association of these pairs into linear aggregates that in turn condense into LC domains.
Modelling NAFLD disease burden in four Asian regions—2019‐2030 (2020)

Preventing the growth of diabetic and obese populations will be a key factor in reducing ongoing increases in NAFLD-related disease burden in the Asia-Pacific region.
Evaluation of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist treatment for prevention of menstrual‐related attacks in acute porphyria (2009)

GnRH agonist treatment can ameliorate menstrual-cycle-related attacks of porphyria. Dose findings for GnRH agonists and add-back regimes especially for progesterone are intricate.
Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety of the Urotensin-II Receptor Antagonist Palosuran in Healthy Male Subjects (2018)

Palosuran after multiple-dosing is a well-tolerated drug in healthy subjects, but this finding warrants further investigation in patients.