Rubber, 3. Synthetic (2003)

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. Market and Areas of Application 1.2. Nomenclature and Classification 1.3. Properties 1.4. Production 1.5. Producers 2. Emulsion Rubbers 2.1. Emulsion Styrene - Butadiene Rubber (E-SBR) 2.1.1. Properties, Grades, and Application 2.1.2. Basic Chemistry and Production Processes 2.1.3. Producers and Production Capacities 2.2. Chloroprene Rubber (CR) 2.2.1. Properties, Grades, and Applications 2.2.2. Basic Chemistry and Production Processes 2.2.3. Producers and Production Capacities 2.3. Nitrile Rubber (NBR) 2.3.1. Properties, Grades, and Applications 2.3.2. Basic Chemistry and Production Processes 2.3.3. Producers and Production Capacities 2.4. Emulsion Polybutadiene (E-BR) 2.4.1. Properties and Applications 2.4.2. Basic Chemistry and Production Processes 2.4.3. Producers and Production Capacities 2.5. Acrylate Rubber (ACM) 2.5.1. Properties, Grades, and Applications 2.5.2. Basic Chemistry and Production Processes 2.5.3. Producers and Production Capacities 2.6. Fluororubbers 2.6.1. Chemical Composition and Properties 2.6.2. Vulcanization 2.6.3. Production Processes 2.6.4. Producers, Production, Capacities, and Markets 3. Solution Rubbers 3.1. Synthesis by Anionic Polymerization 3.1.1. Solution 1,3-Butadiene - Styrene Rubber (S-SBR) and Styrene - Isoprene - Butadiene Rubber (S-SIBR) 3.1.1.1. Properties, Grades, and Applications 3.1.1.2. Basic Chemistry and Production Processes 3.1.1.3. Producers and Production Capacities 3.1.2. Lithium - Butadiene (Li-BR) and Lithium - Isoprene (Li-IR) Rubber 3.1.2.1. Properties, Grades, and Applications 3.1.2.2. Basic Chemistry and Production Processes 3.1.2.3. Producers and Production Capacities 3.2. Synthesis by Ziegler - Natta Polymerization 3.2.1. Polybutadiene and Polyisoprene Rubber 3.2.1.1. Properties, Grades, and Applications 3.2.1.2. Basic Chemistry and Production Processes 3.2.1.3. Producers and Production Capacities 3.2.2. Ethylene - Propene Elastomers (EPM, EPDM) 3.2.2.1. Properties, Grades, and Applications 3.2.2.2. Basic Chemistry and Production Processes 3.2.2.3. Producers and Production Capacities 3.3. Synthesis of Butyl Rubber by Cationic Polymerization 3.3.1. Properties, Grades, and Applications 3.3.2. Basic Chemistry and Production Processes 3.3.2.1. Basic Chemistry 3.3.2.2. Industrial Production 3.3.3. Producers and Production Capacities 3.3.4. Storage and Transportation 3.3.5. Legal Aspects 3.3.6. Toxicology and Occupational Health 4. Synthesis by Radical and Other Mechanisms 4.1. EVM and Ethylene Copolymers 4.1.1. Properties, Grades, and Applications 4.1.2. Basic Chemistry and Production Processes 4.1.3. Producers and Production Capacities 4.1.4. Toxicology 4.2. Epoxide Rubbers (CO, ECO, GECO, GPO) 4.2.1. Properties, Grades, and Applications 4.2.2. Basic Chemistry and Production Processes 4.2.3. Producers and Production Capacities 4.3. Polynorbornene 4.3.1. Production of 2-Norbornene Monomer 4.3.2. Polymerization 4.3.3. Properties 4.3.3.1. Properties of Pure Polymer 4.3.3.2. Properties of Polynorbornene Rubbers (PNR) 4.3.4. Processing of PNR 4.3.5. Uses 4.3.6. Economic Aspects 4.3.7. Toxicology 4.4. Polyoctenamers 4.4.1. Production of Cyclooctene 4.4.2. Polymerization 4.4.3. Properties 4.4.4. Vulcanization, Processing, and Applications 4.4.5. Economic Aspects 4.4.6. Toxicology 5. Synthesis by Polyaddition, Polycondensation, and Other Mechanisms 5.1. Silicone Rubber 5.1.1. Properties, Grades, and Applications 5.1.2. Production Process and Basic Chemistry 5.1.3. Producers and Markets 5.2. Polyurethane Rubber 5.3. Thiokol Rubber 5.3.1. Properties, Grades, and Applications 5.3.1.1. History 5.3.1.2. Grades 5.3.1.3. Mechanical Properties, Cross-Linking, and Applications 5.3.2. Basic Chemistry and Production Processes 5.3.3. Producers and Production Capacities 6. Synthesis by Polymer Modification 6.1. Halobutyl Rubber 6.1.1. Introduction 6.1.2. Properties and Applications 6.1.3. Basic Chemistry and Production Process 6.1.3.1. Basic Chemistry 6.1.3.2. Production 6.1.4. Chemical Analysis 6.1.5. Storage and Transportation 6.1.6. Legal Aspects 6.1.7. Producers and Production Capacities 6.1.8. Toxicology and Occupational Health 6.1.9. New Commercial Development 6.2. Chloropolyethylene and Chlorosulfonyl Polyethylene 6.2.1. Chloropolyethylene 6.2.1.1. Properties, Grades, and Applications 6.2.1.2. Basic Chemistry and Production Processes 6.2.2. Chlorosulfonyl Polyethylene 6.2.2.1. Properties, Grades, and Applications 6.2.2.2. Basic Chemistry and Production Processes 6.2.3. Producers and Production Capacities 6.3. Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber 6.3.1. Properties, Grades, and Applications 6.3.2. Basic Chemistry and Production Processes 6.3.3. Producers and Production Capacities 6.4. Polyphosphazenes 6.4.1. Properties, Grades, and Applications 6.4.1.1. Properties 6.4.1.2. Commercial Grades and Applications 6.4.2. Basic Chemistry and Production Processes 6.4.3. Producers and Markets 7. Thermoplastic Elastomers 7.1. Introduction 7.1.1. Definition 7.1.2. Global Market 7.2. PVC Blends 7.3. Thermoplastic Polyurethanes 7.4. Styrene Block Copolymers 7.5. Thermoplastic Polyolefins 7.6. Copolyesters 7.7. Copolyether- and Copolyetheresteramides 8. Evaluation of the Present Situation and Remarks on Future Trends 8.1. Market, Producers, and Consumers 8.1.1. Market 8.1.2. Producers 8.1.3. Tire-Manufacturing Industry 8.1.4. Manufacturers of Technical Rubber Goods 8.1.5. Rubber Toughening of Thermoplastic and Thermoset Materials 8.2. Market Requirements and Impact on Development of Synthetic Rubber 8.2.1. Tires and Tire Rubber 8.2.2. Technical Rubber Goods and Synthetic Rubber Used for This Application 8.2.3. Rubber Toughening of Thermoplastic Materials 8.3. Production Processes 8.4. Ecological and Health Aspects