gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Policing aggregates of voice traffic with the token bucket algorithm (2003)

Estimating correct traffic descriptors is an important issue when deploying IP telephony with quality of service guarantees. Usually, a token bucket is used to police a traffic flow. Such a policer checks (and ensures) that the traffic flow fits inside a traffic envelope. For variable bit rate (VBR) sources normally two traffic envelopes are specified: one dealing with the peak rate and one dealing with the sustainable rate with an associated burst size. These parameters have to be specified when making a reservation with either the resource reservation protocol (RSVP) in case of IntServ or may be specified in a service level specification (SLS) when using DiffServ. This paper shows how to choose the traffic descriptors for aggregate voice traffic for both constant bit rate sources and sources that use voice activity detection. Also the influence of variable packet size on the packet discard ratio (PDR) is shown. A traditional policer discards large packets more frequent than smaller ones. To alleviate this, a modification to the token bucket algorithm is proposed.
HIV Vaccine Design to Target Germline Precursors of Glycan-Dependent Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies (2016)

Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against the N332 supersite of the HIV envelope (Env) trimer are the most common bnAbs induced during infection, making them promising leads for vaccine design. Wild-type Env glycoproteins lack detectable affinity for supersite-bnAb germline precursors and are therefore unsuitable immunogens to prime supersite-bnAb responses. We employed mammalian cell surface display to design stabilized Env trimers with affinity for germline-reverted precursors of PGT121-class supersite bnAbs. The trimers maintained native-like antigenicity and structure, activated PGT121 inferred-germline B cells ex vivo when multimerized on liposomes, and primed PGT121-like responses in PGT121 inferred-germline knockin mice. Design intermediates have levels of epitope modification between wild-type and germline-targeting trimers; their mutation gradient suggests sequential immunization to induce bnAbs, in which the germline-targeting prime is followed by progressively less-mutated design intermediates and, lastly, with native trimers. The vaccine design strategies described could be utilized to target other epitopes on HIV or other pathogens.
Noisy input/output system identification using cumulants and the Steiglitz-McBride algorithm (2002)

By transforming the input/output system identification problem into the high signal to noise ratio (SNR) cumulant domain, the Steiglitz-McBride algorithm is extended, yielding an autocumulant and cross-cumulant based approach for autoregressive moving average (ARMA) modeling. The autocumulant approach requires that the ARMA parameters be estimated by first estimating the cumulants of the ARMA parameters. The cross-cumulant formulation permits the ARMA parameters to be estimated directly. Possible convergence points and convergence issues are investigated. Simulations are presented to illustrate the performance of these algorithms.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Alterations of the RANKL pathway in blood and bone marrow samples of prostate cancer patients without bone metastases (2012)

The results of the study indicate that localized PC is associated with early specific changes of the RANKL pathway in serum and bone marrow (BM). These changes might be part of the pre-metastatic niche of PC and implicate a potential benefit of RANKL inhibition in patients with localized PC.
On Proximal Policy Optimization's Heavy-tailed Gradients (2021)

Modern policy gradient algorithms such as Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) rely on an arsenal of heuristics, including loss clipping and gradient clipping, to ensure successful learning. These heuristics are reminiscent of techniques from robust statistics, commonly used for estimation in outlier-rich (``heavy-tailed'') regimes. In this paper, we present a detailed empirical study to characterize the heavy-tailed nature of the gradients of the PPO surrogate reward function. We demonstrate that the gradients, especially for the actor network, exhibit pronounced heavy-tailedness and that it increases as the agent's policy diverges from the behavioral policy (i.e., as the agent goes further off policy). Further examination implicates the likelihood ratios and advantages in the surrogate reward as the main sources of the observed heavy-tailedness. We then highlight issues arising due to the heavy-tailed nature of the gradients. In this light, we study the effects of the standard PPO clipping heuristics, demonstrating that these tricks primarily serve to offset heavy-tailedness in gradients. Thus motivated, we propose incorporating GMOM, a high-dimensional robust estimator, into PPO as a substitute for three clipping tricks. Despite requiring less hyperparameter tuning, our method matches the performance of PPO (with all heuristics enabled) on a battery of MuJoCo continuous control tasks.
Low input intensity, high contrast optical AND gate based on Vertical-Cavity Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (VCSOAs) (2002)

We have demonstrated, the first time to our knowledge, a low input intensity high contrast (10:1) optical AND gate based on the differential gain observed in a 850 nm GaAs vertical-cavity semiconductor optical amplifier (VCSOA.) The input switching power is about 6µW, which equals to the intensity of 16nW/µm2. It is about 2 orders of magnitude lower than in in-plane semiconductor optical amplifiers. In the experiment the device also shows an optical gain of 10dB.
Shear Modulated Percolation in Carbon Nanotube Composites (2006)

A novel time-dependent percolation transition has been observed in sheared carbon nanotube (CNT) composites. At a fixed CNT filler loading, the electrical conductivities of CNT composites can change abruptly as much as 8 orders of magnitude as the shear processing time increases. Microstructure characterization shows that the CNTs have aligned along the shear flow direction, which leads to the dramatic increase of the percolation threshold and thereby the dramatic decreases of the electrical conductivities. Our results highlight the great importance of understanding the response of CNT dispersion states to the processing conditions.
Three-dimensional photoacoustic imaging using a two-dimensional CMUT array (2009)

In this paper, we describe using a 2-D array of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) to perform 3-D photoacoustic and acoustic imaging. A tunable optical parametric oscillator laser system that generates nanosecond laser pulses was used to induce the photoacoustic signals. To demonstrate the feasibility of the system, 2 different phantoms were imaged. The first phantom consisted of alternating black and transparent fishing lines of 180 mum and 150 mum diameter, respectively. The second phantom comprised polyethylene tubes, embedded in chicken breast tissue, filled with liquids such as the dye indocyanine green, pig blood, and a mixture of the 2. The tubes were embedded at a depth of 0.8 cm inside the tissue and were at an overall distance of 1.8 cm from the CMUT array. Two-dimensional cross-sectional slices and 3-D volume rendered images of pulse-echo data as well as photoacoustic data are presented. The profile and beamwidths of the fishing line are analyzed and compared with a numerical simulation carried out using the Field II ultrasound simulation software. We investigated using a large aperture (64 x 64 element array) to perform photoacoustic and acoustic imaging by mechanically scanning a smaller CMUT array (16 x 16 elements). Two-dimensional transducer arrays overcome many of the limitations of a mechanically scanned system and enable volumetric imaging. Advantages of CMUT technology for photoacoustic imaging include the ease of integration with electronics, ability to fabricate large, fully populated 2-D arrays with arbitrary geometries, wide-bandwidth arrays and high-frequency arrays. A CMUT based photoacoustic system is proposed as a viable alternative to a piezoelectric transducer based photoacoustic systems.
Immunomodulatory Functions of Low-Molecular Weight Hyaluronate in an Acute Rat Renal Allograft Rejection Model (1999)

Low molecular weight hyaluronate (LMW-HA) blocks interactions between T lymphocyte CD44 and hyaluronate (HA), a heteropolysaccharide that is expressed on the surface of endothelial cells and ubiquitously in the extracellular matrix. This study was undertaken to assess the ability of LMW-HA to modify the course of experimental acute renal allograft rejection. Lewis (LEW) rats were bilaterally nephrectomized and received an orthotopic, fully MHC-mismatched, Wistar-Furth (WF) kidney transplant. Animals received either no treatment, low doses of cyclosporin A (CsA) on days 0 to 5, LMW-HA on days 0 to 5, or CsA plus LMW-HA on days 0 to 5 after transplantation. With no treatment, CsA monotherapy, or HA monotherapy, animals rejected their allografts at a median of 15, 13, and 7.5 d, respectively (P = NS). In contrast, combined CsA plus LMW-HA therapy prevented acute rejection and significantly prolonged graft survival (P = 0.008) to a median of 49.0 d. CsA/LMW-HA-treated grafts also demonstrated better preservation of renal function at day 30 (serum creatinine level, 1.38+/-0.8 mg/dl), compared with surviving animals treated with CsA alone (2.9+/-0.55 mg/dl, P<0.05). Histologic graft analysis of CsA/LMW-HA-treated animals at day 7 after transplantation showed minimal rejection and leukocyte infiltration, compared with all other groups. Intragraft gene expression analysis, using semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR, at the same time point showed reductions of CD4, CD8, and interferon-gamma transcript levels in the combined-treatment group. This is the first study demonstrating the immunomodulatory functions of LMW-HA in vivo in the setting of organ transplantation. Defining the exact mechanisms that underlie this immunomodulation may provide the rationale to develop novel strategies for use in clinical transplantation.
Human T cell lines with antigen specificity and helper activity (1982)

Human T blasts, obtained by stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) with tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid or Candida albicans, were expanded in long-term culture using alternate periods of antigen restimulation and growth in media containing interleukin 2. The cells gave a proliferative response only to the antigen originally used for stimulation. Such as response was strictly dependent upon the presence of autologous but not of allogeneic mitomycin C-treated mononuclear cells. When added to autologous PBM depleted of E-rosetting cells together with the specific antigen, the T blasts induced a polyclonal proliferation and differentiation of B cells. Allogeneic B cells were activated by antigen-stimulated T blasts only in the presence of irradiated mononuclear cells autologous to the responding T blasts. The above responses seemed not to be regulated solely by the release of soluble factors; apparently cell to cell interactions had to take place to obtain an efficient B cell activation.
Formation of Nanoscopic Foam in Instantaneously Heated Sol−Gel Derived Silica (2004)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTFormation of Nanoscopic Foam in Instantaneously Heated Sol−Gel Derived SilicaKen-ichi Kurumada, Noriyuki Kitao, Masataka Tanigaki, Kenzo Susa, and Masahiko HiroView Author Information School of Environment and Information Science, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwa-dai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan International Innovation Center, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Hitachi Chemical Company Ltd., 48 Wadai, Tsukuba 300-4247, Japan Cite this: Langmuir 2004, 20, 11, 4771–4773Publication Date (Web):April 24, 2004Publication History Received1 December 2003Revised1 March 2004Published online24 April 2004Published inissue 1 May 2004https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la030427uhttps://doi.org/10.1021/la030427ubrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 2004 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views173Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Chemical structure,Foaming,Foams,Porosity,Silica Get e-Alerts
Behaviors of Flame and Flow of Swirling Wake During Fuel Jet Oscillation Due to Acoustic Excitations (2010)

Abstract The flame and flow behaviors along with the fuel jet oscillations of non-premixed and axisymmetric swirling wake during acoustic excitations are studied experimentally. Visual observations on the reaction zones are carried out to identify the flame behaviors. Close-up images at the flame base as well as the whole flame images are captured and discussed. Traditional photography techniques are adopted to illustrate the dimensional characteristics of every flame mode. The central jet oscillations are diagnosed by a two component laser Doppler anemometer. Combined images of the flame and flow are gathered using the laser-light sheet assisted Mie scattering method. Results showed that the short and wide flame which was induced during acoustic forcing is principally because of the severe premixing at the tip of the burner tube. Wake recirculation bubble enhanced premixing at low swirl number while it damped the jet oscillation at higher swirl number. Mechanics of mixing at every flame mode during acoustic excitation are reported and discussed.
Portable all-fiber dual-output widely tunable light source for coherent Raman imaging (2019)

We present a rapidly tunable dual-output all-fiber light source for coherent Raman imaging, based on a dispersively matched mode-locked laser pumping a parametric oscillator. Output pump and Stokes pulses with a maximal power of 170 and 400 mW, respectively, and equal durations of 7 ps could be generated. The tuning mechanism required no mechanical delay line, enabling all-electronic arbitrary wavelength switching across more than 2700 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>cm</mml:mtext></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> in less than 5 ms. The compact setup showed a reliable operation despite mechanical shocks of more than 25 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>m</mml:mtext></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow> <mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>s</mml:mtext></mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> </mml:math> and is, thus, well suited for operation in a mobile cart. Imaging mouse and human skin tissue with both the portable light source and a commercial laboratory-bound reference system yielded qualitatively equal results and verified the portable light source being well suited for coherent Raman microscopy.
Broadband packet switches based on dilated interconnection networks (1994)

A theoretical foundation for the evaluation and comparison of a very broad spectrum of fast packet-switching techniques is developed. Based on this framework, the authors investigate the complexity of various packet switch designs, and demonstrate the advantage of dilation as a switch-design technique. Packet switches are classified either as loss systems or waiting systems, according to whether packets losing contention are dropped or queued. In a loss system, the packet loss probability can be made arbitrary small by providing enough paths between inputs and outputs. The authors focus on the question: how does the switch complexity grow as a function of switch size for a given loss probability requirement? A uniform approach to this problem is developed. It is shown that for an N/spl times/N switch, the required number of switch elements for both the parallel-banyan network and the tandem-banyan network is of order N(log N)/sup 2/, whereas the complexity of a dilated-banyan network is of order N log N(log log N). Within the class of waiting systems, it is shown that the parallel banyan networks in a Batcher-parallel-banyan network can be replaced by a dilated-banyan network without sacrificing the nonblocking property. Thus, as with parallelization, dilation can also be used to increase the throughput of a waiting system. In addition, the authors also explore the application of dilation in a large modular switch design which is realized by an interconnection structure consisting of Batcher-dilated-banyan networks and statistical multiplexers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Split Ratio Optimization for High-Torque PM Motors Considering Global and Local Thermal Limitations (2013)

The split ratio of an interior rotor permanent-magnet machine, which relates the rotor diameter to the total motor diameter, can be optimized with the goal of generating maximum torque for a given motor volume. For that purpose, thermal constraints have to be considered that limit the producible magnetomotive force and, consequently, the torque output. Both a maximum local current density in the coils and a maximum global copper loss density related to the motor surface are respected. In this paper, the analytical calculations for torque and split ratio are derived and the influence of these thermal constraints is elaborated.
High Switches Utilization Single-Phase PWM Boost-Type PFC Rectifier Topologies Multiplying the Switching Frequency (2014)

Decades of research have seen single-phase boost-type pulse-width modulation converters be employed as front-end power factor correction (PFC) rectifiers in commercial power supplies. The benefits of employing this technology to comply with power quality standards while assuring high efficiency, low volume, and weight have been observed. However, this paper shows that further efforts can be driven toward new topologies. In this context, novel single-phase rectifier circuits are introduced. These are able to double or triple the ripple frequency present at the input components. Furthermore, a high utilization of the switches is observed during both positive and negative grid half-cycles. The theoretical analysis of the proposed topologies as well as their operation in PFC applications are presented and different operation modes are proposed and a comparison with a state-of-the-art PFC rectifier is presented. Finally, experimental verification of a PFC rectifier doubling the switching frequency is presented in a 1-kW prototype employing a current self-control strategy.
Reducing transitions on memory buses using sector-based encoding technique (2002)

In this paper, we introduce a class of irredundant low power encoding techniques for memory address buses. The basic idea is to partition the memory space into a number of sectors. These sectors can, for example, represent address spaces for the code, heap, and stack segments of one or more application programs. Each address is first dynamically mapped to the appropriate sector and then is encoded with respect to the sector head. Each sector head is updated based on the last accessed address in that sector. The result of this sector-based encoding technique is a reduction in the number of bus transitions when encoding consecutive addresses that access different sectors. Our proposed techniques have small power and delay overhead when compared with many of the existing methods in the literature. One of our proposed techniques is very suitable for encoding addresses that are sent from an on-chip cache to the main memory when multiple application programs are executing on the processor in a time-sharing basis. For a computer system without an on-chip cache, the proposed techniques decrease the switching activity of data address and multiplexed address buses by an average of 55% and 67%, respectively. For a system with on-chip cache, up to 55% transition reduction is achieved on a multiplexed address bus between the internal cache and the external memory. Assuming a 10pF per line bus capacitance, we show that power reduction of up to 52% for an external data address bus and 42% for the multiplexed bus between cache and main memory is achieved using our methods.
A Dual-Gate Memory Cell with Two Inter-poly Oxides (2008)

A new dual-gate memory cell with two different inter-poly oxides is presented in this paper. This cell allows high density memory application and a cell programming only with the dual-gate without high bias on drain or source compared to standard electrical erasable and programmable read-only memory (EEPROM). Concept has been validated in an EEPROM standard technology from STMicroelectronics and allows a cell area reduction of above 48%. The specificity is to use a dual-gate to program the cell with two different ways of charge injection and perform the memory operations without high bias on drain and also without select transistor. Thus this cell can be shrunk more easily and its lifetime can be improved because the band to band tunneling stress due to high drain potential is eliminated. Moreover, this dual-gate cell can become an adjustable threshold voltage transistor.
Kali: Scalable encryption fingerprinting in dynamic malware traces (2017)

Binary analysis of malware to determine uses of encryption is an important primitive with many critical applications, such as reverse-engineering of malware network communications and decryption of files encrypted by ransomware. The state of the art for encryption fingerprinting in dynamic execution traces, the ALIGOT algorithm — while effective in identifying a range of known ciphers — suffers from significant scalability limitations: in certain cases, even analyzing traces of a few thousands of machine instructions may require prohibitive time/space. In this work, we propose KALI, an enhanced algorithm based on ALIGOT which significantly reduces time/space complexity and increases scalability. Moreover, we propose a technique to focalize the analysis on encryption used for specific purposes, further improving efficiency. Results show that KALI achieves orders of magnitude reduction in execution time and memory utilization compared to ALIGOT, and processes real-world program traces in minutes to hours.