gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fulcrum's FocalPoint FM4000: A Scalable, Low-Latency 10GigE Switch for High-Performance Data Centers (2009)

The convergence of different types of networks into a common data center infrastructure poses a superset challenge on the part of the underlying component technology. IP networks are feature-rich, storage networks are lossless with controlled topologies, and transaction networks are low-latency with low jitter, parallel multicast. A successful converged enhanced Ethernet (CEE) switch should pass the domain specific network tests, and demonstrate these disparate capabilities at the same time, while maintaining traffic separation. The FocalPoint FM4000 Ethernet switch chip was designed and architected both to provide a rich Ethernet feature set and maintain the highest performance around corner cases. It achieves this through the use of a full-rate shared memory, parallel multicasting, switch architecture along with deeply pipelined frame processing. It implements traditional Ethernet, layer-3/4, and the new CEE features. In this, paper we provide an extensive performance evaluation of the FocalPoint FM4000 chip with a number of individual performance tests including, port-to-port line rate and latency, fairness of flow control under N-to-1 hot-spot, and multicast line rate and latency tests. Finally, we explore the convergence by measuring the simultaneous performance of prioritized, flow-controlled unicast traffic and provisioned multicast traffic against the backdrop of full-rate best effort stressing traffic. The experimental results show that the FocalPoint FM4000 switch provides an impressive flow-through latency of only 300 nanoseconds, which is insensitive to the packet size. The FM4000 delivers optimal performance under hot-spot communication with a degree of fairness above 98%, and provides an upper bound for latency in prioritized multicast, ranging from 1.2 to 4.3 microseconds, depending on the average size of the background best-effort traffic. A direct comparison with non-prioritized multicasts, shows a performance speedup ranging from 29 to 38 times.
Clinical outcomes among unresectable, locally advanced, and metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with systemic therapy (2020)

Prior studies of conventional chemotherapy or epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors for advanced (ie, locally advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma [laCSCC] or metastatic [mCSCC]) cutaneous squamous cell cancer enrolled ≤ 40 patients. This retrospective, observational study assessed real-world treatment patterns and clinical outcomes in patients with unresectable laCSCC or mCSCC using electronic health records of patients who initiated first-line (1L) systemic treatment from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2015, with follow-up to 30 September 2017. The median duration of follow-up from 1L treatment was 10.1 months (range 0.03-67.6 months). Duration of therapy (DOT) and overall survival (OS) were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Response rate was calculated as the proportion of patients who achieved physician-assessed-response. Eighty-two patients were identified (17 laCSCC and 65 mCSCC). Median age at 1L treatment initiation was 75 years; 85% were male, 88% had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 1, and 84% had received radiotherapy. The most common 1L regimens were carboplatin + paclitaxel (27%) and cetuximab monotherapy (24%). The median 1L DOT was 4.1 months for laCSCC and 2.3 months for mCSCC. The physician-assessed response rate for 1L therapy was 17.6% for laCSCC, and 18.5% for mCSCC. The median OS from 1L treatment initiation was 16.2 months for laCSCC, and 15.3 months for mCSCC. Only 24 patients (29%) received second-line therapy. This is the largest retrospective data set regarding patients with advanced CSCC treated with anticancer systemic therapy prior to approval of the anti-programmed cell death-1 antibody, cemiplimab. Efficacy was low in both laCSCC and mCSCC. These data provide historic benchmarks for outcomes in patients with advanced CSCC prior to Food and Drug Administration approval of cemiplimab-rwlc.
Plasticity of Animal Genome Architecture Unmasked by Rapid Evolution of a Pelagic Tunicate (2010)

Genomes of animals as different as sponges and humans show conservation of global architecture. Here we show that multiple genomic features including transposon diversity, developmental gene repertoire, physical gene order, and intron-exon organization are shattered in the tunicate Oikopleura, belonging to the sister group of vertebrates and retaining chordate morphology. Ancestral architecture of animal genomes can be deeply modified and may therefore be largely nonadaptive. This rapidly evolving animal lineage thus offers unique perspectives on the level of genome plasticity. It also illuminates issues as fundamental as the mechanisms of intron gain.
Applications of diode laser spectroscopy to environmental and industrial process monitoring (1996)

Visible/near-infrared diode lasers are well-suited for use as spectroscopic light sources in detection of a wide variety of gases by optical absorption. The high spectral resolution of these devices permits the selective detection of targeted species, while their characteristics of low cost, room temperature operation, and compatibility with fiber optics make them attractive for instrument development. A partial list of industrially or environmentally significant gases that may be measured by near-IR diode laser spectroscopy includes oxygen, water vapor, methane, acetylene, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen halides, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen oxides. This paper describes recent work at Southwest Sciences in development of diode laser-based instrumentation for industrial or environmental monitoring applications. Instrumentation utilizing a 1.393 micrometers DFB diode laser for measurement of trace moisture contamination in high purity process gases is described. In addition, recent laboratory studies to characterize the performance of new types of diode lasers in gas sensing applications are discussed, including vertical cavity surface emitting lasers in the 650 to 960 nm region and antimonide-based lasers in the 2.6 micrometers region.
<title>Efficient implementation of a video transcoder</title> (2000)

Given a video stream encoded with a particular bit rate and compression scheme (C<SUB>1</SUB>), transcoding the video stream refers to the process of re-encoding the input compressed stream at a different bit rate and possibly with different spatial resolution, temporal resolution and compression scheme (C<SUB>2</SUB>). In this paper the special case of a transcoder which has a 4:2:2 format video stream as it's input and produces a 4:2:0 output stream at a lower bit rate is considered. Further more, it is assumed that both C<SUB>1</SUB> and C<SUB>2</SUB>, like nearly all standard video compression algorithms, use 8 x 8 block DCT based compression. In this context, it will be shown how standard implementations of transcoders, as proposed by Ghanbari and others may be simplified to obtain a reduction in the transcoder implementation complexity. In particular the problem of simplifying the process of down conversion from 4:2:2 to 4:2:0, so that this process can take place directly in the DCT domain, will be addressed. The MPEG-2 video standard treats interlaced and progressive video differently for compression purposes; the proposed scheme is shown to be applicable to both cases. Simulation results show that this simplification does not result in performance degradation when compared with standard, high complexity implementations.
A micomachined platform for localized index modulation in chirped fiber bragg gratings and its application to ultrafast optical pulse shaping (2005)

This paper reports the development of a micromachined platform that locally modifies the refractive index of a chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG). This platform, composed of an array of electrothermal actuators, has been used to make an ultrashort optical pulse shaper. The micromachined array, with a footprint of 5 mm /spl times/ 1 mm, has 75 actuators spaced 60 /spl mu/m apart, and has been used to demonstrate pulse shaping both in the time and frequency domain. A normalized intensity peak of 1.5 at 1550 nm is obtained by applying about 2 mN of force using a single actuator. The intensity peak can be shifted by over 3 nm to the edge of the CFBG spectrum by using different actuators. The pulse width is modulated from 1.5 ps to 4 ps by application of 500 mW of power. System simulations track experimental data that show the individual actuators addressing distinct frequency components. Thermal experiments verify that heat generated by the electrothermal actuators has no measurable effect on the optical pulse spectrum obtained.
Shape and reflectance from an image sequence generated using extended sources (2003)

The authors present a method for determining the shapes of surfaces whose reflectance properties may vary from Lambertian to specular, without prior knowledge of the relative strengths of the Lambertian and specular components of reflection. The object surface is illuminated using extended light sources and is viewed from a single direction. Surface illumination using extended sources makes it possible to ensure the detection of both Lambertian and specular reflections. Multiple source directions are used to obtain an image sequence of the object. An extraction algorithm uses the set of image intensity values measured at each surface point to compute orientation as well as relative strengths of the Lambertian and specular reflection components. The proposed method is called photometric sampling, as it uses samples of photometric function that relates image intensity to surface orientation, reflectance, and light source characteristics. Experiments were conducted on Lambertian surfaces, specular surfaces, and hybrid surfaces, whose reflectance models are composed of both Lambertian and specular components. The results show high accuracy in measured orientations and estimated reflectance parameters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A 16-level-cell memory with c-axis-aligned a–b-plane-anchored crystal In–Ga–Zn oxide FET using threshold voltage cancel write method (2016)

Abstract We demonstrate a 16-level cell using a nonvolatile oxide semiconductor random access memory test chip based on c -axis-aligned a – b -plane-anchored crystal In–Ga–Zn oxide (CAAC-IGZO) FETs. The memory cell consists of a CAAC-IGZO FET, a p-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor Si FET, and a cell capacitor. Data are written using a threshold voltage cancel write method, and a read circuit composed of voltage followers outputs a read voltage. Using a 200 ns write time of the test chip, the obtained maximum read voltage distribution width is 37 mV in the case of 32768 memory cells. The distributions of 16 read voltages are separated from each other without overlapping, with a single voltage follower exhibiting a maximum read voltage distribution width of 25.3 mV. In the −40 to 85 °C temperature range, the voltage distribution range is 0.13 V, and the variation due to varying temperatures is 0.24 mV/°C.
The preparation of InAsSb/InSb SLS (strained-layer superlattice) and InSb photodiodes by MOCVD (1990)

Infrared absorption and photoluminescence have been demonstrated for InAs{sub 1-x}Sb{sub x}/InSb strained-layer superlattices (SLS's) in the 8--15 {eta}m region for As content less than 20%. This extended infrared activity is due to the type II heterojunction band offset in these SLS's. The preparation of the first MOCVD grown p-n junction diode was achieved by using dimethyltellurium as an in-type dopant. Several factors, such as background doping and dopant profiles affect the performance of this device. InSb diodes have been prepared using tetraethyltin. The resulting current-voltage characteristics are improved over those of diodes grown previously using dimethyltellurium. Doping levels of 8 {times} 10{sup 15} to 5 {times} 10{sup 18} cm{sup {minus}3} and mobilities of 6.7 {times} 10{sup 4} to 1.1 {times} 10{sup 4} cm{sup 2}/Vs have been measured for Sn doped InSb. SLS diode structures have been prepared using Sn and Cd as the dopants. Structures prepared with p-type buffer layers are more reproducible. 5 refs., 4 figs.
Confirmation of the regional localization of the genes for human acid alpha‐glucosidase (GAA) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) by somatic cell hybridization (1984)

We have confirmed the localization of human acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) to 17q21----q25 and of adenosine deaminase (ADA) to 20q13----20qter by examination of hybrid clones derived from a fusion between a human cell line carrying a 17/20 balanced translocation (17pter----17q25::20q13----20qter;20pter-- --20q13::17q25----17qter) and a mouse line deficient in thymidine kinase. These hybrids were constantly maintained in HAT selective media in order to select for the presence of the human thymidine kinase gene on the intact chromosome 17 (17q21----22) or the 17/20 (17pter----17q25::20q13----20qter) translocation chromosome. We detected human GAA by rocket immunoelectrophoresis, using a heterologous antibody raised against human acid alpha-glucosidase. A clone which contained the 17/20 translocation and no intact chromosome 17 was still positive for GAA. This finding confirms the exclusion of GAA from 17q25----17qter reported by Nickel et al. (1982). Combined with earlier results (Weil et al. 1979), GAA can be assigned to 17q21----17q25. A clone which contained only the 17/20 translocation chromosome and no intact chromosome 20 contained ADA. This confirms the previous localization of ADA to 20q13.2----qter by gene dosage studies (Philip et al. 1980).
Formation of Alternating trans-A-alt-B Copolymers through Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization Initiated by Molybdenum Imido Alkylidene Complexes (2015)

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) is used to prepare trans-poly(A-alt-B) polymers from a 1:1 mixture of A and B where A is a cyclic olefin such as cyclooctene (A1) or cycloheptene (A2) and B is a large norbornadiene or norbornene derivative such as 2,3-dicarbomethoxy-7-isopropylidenenorbornadiene (B1) or dimethylspirobicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene-2,3-dicarboxylate-7,1′-cyclopropane (B2). The most successful initiators that were examined are of the type Mo(NR)(CHCMe2Ph)[OCMe(CF3)2]2 (R = 2,6-Me2C6H3 (1) or 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3 (2)). The trans configuration of the AB linkages is proposed to result from the steric demand of B. Both anti-MB and syn-MB alkylidenes are observed during the copolymerization, where B was last inserted into a Mo═C bond, although anti-MB dominates as the reaction proceeds. anti-MB is lower in energy than syn-MB, does not react readily with either A or B, and interconverts slowly with syn-MB through rotation about the Mo═C bond. Syn-MB does not readily react with B, but it does react slowly with A (rate constant ∼1 M–1 s–1) to give anti-MA and one trans-AB linkage. anti-MA then reacts with B (rate constant ∼300 M–1 s–1 or larger) to give syn-MB and the second trans-AB linkage. The reaction has been modeled using experimental data in order to obtain the estimated rate constants above. The reaction between anti-MA and A is proposed to give rise to AA linkages, but AA dyads can amount to <5%. Several other A and B monomers, initiators, and conditions were explored.
Pectenotoxin-2 induces G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells via ATM and Chk1/2-mediated phosphorylation of cdc25C (2010)

Although pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) is known to regulate the actin depolymerization and to induce apoptosis through downregulation of telomerase activity, little is known on its effect on the cell cycle regulation. Therefore, we investigated the effects of PTX-2 on G2/M arrest in human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7). Treatment with PTX-2 significantly suppressed cell proliferation and induced G2/M phase arrest through down-regulation of cyclin B1 and cdc2 expression, but also through phosphorylation of cdc25C. We found increased phosphorylation of ATM and Chk1/2 in a PTX-2 dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, treatment with PTX-2 increased H2O2 generation with correlated G2/M arrest. Our results showed that ATM- and Chk1/2-mediated phosphorylation of cdc25C plays a major role in G2/M arrest, but not in H2O2 generation induced by PTX-2 treatment. We also observed that PTX-2-induced cell cycle arrest was not restricted to p53 status in human breast cancer cells.
Arthroscopic Plafond Access for Osteochondral Lesions- The Effect of Limited Ankle Range of Motion on Anterior and Posterior Arthroscopic Accessibility (2016)

Category: Arthroscopy. Introduction/Purpose: Osteochondral lesions of the tibial plafond (OLTPs) can lead to chronic ankle pain and disability. Arthroscopic treatment has been described after failure of initial nonoperative treatment. However, the ideal appropriate approach for OLTPs is controversial, and it is not known if ankle positioning or joint distraction affects the accessibility of these lesions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of predetermined ankle flexion angles on arthroscopic accessibility of the distal tibial articular surface through either the anterior or posterior approach. The effects of non- invasive joint distraction were also analyzed. Methods: Fourteen below-knee cadaver specimens were subjected to pre-operative range of motion measurements. Joint distraction was measured using sizing rods with the precision of 1 mm. The accessible areas at the tibial plafond were marked using a curette at predetermined ankle positions. Arthroscopy was performed using a 30-degree 2.7 mm camera via standard anterior and posterior approaches in randomized fashion in all specimens. Following arthroscopic accessibility, each cadaveric ankle was disarticulated and arthroscopic accessibility was quantified using a surface laser scan. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the correlation between pre-operative ankle range of motion and amount of distraction on arthroscopic accessibility of the tibial plafond. Results: The average accessibility of the tibial plafond was 56 percent and 68 percent for the anterior and posterior approaches, respectively (p = 0.056). There was no difference in accessibility from the anterior approach with increasing level of plantarflexion (p &gt;0.05). Increasing dorsiflexion during the posterior approach significantly reduced ankle accessibility (p = 0.028). There was a significant increase in accessibility through either anterior or posterior approach with increasing level of ankle distraction; (parameter estimates ±SE): anterior= 14.2±3.34, p &lt; 0.01 and posterior= 10.6±3.7, p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Arthroscopic accessibility for the treatment of OLTPs was vastly dependent on the amount of intra-operative joint distraction achieved. Posterior approach had more joint distraction and wider plafond accessibility. Increasing ankle distraction significantly improved arthroscopic plafond accessibility for both anterior and posterior approaches while ankle joint position did not influence accessibility from either approach.
Is lithography ready for 300 mm? (2000)

SEMICONDUCTOR300 was the first pilot production facility for 300mm wafers in the world. This company, a joint venture between Infineon Technologies Motorola, started in early 1998 to develop processes and manufacture products using 300mm wafer tool set. The lithography tools include I-line steppers, as I-line scanner, a DUV stepper, and DUV scanners. All of these exposure tools are running in-line with a photoresist coat and develop track. The lithography tools are used to build 64Mb DRAM devices and aggressive test vehicles with design rules of 0.25 micrometers and below, in sufficient quantity to be able to assess the tool readiness. This paper present the history of technical improvements and roadblocks that have occurred on the 300mm lithography tool set since the start-up, and describe a methodology used to assess the tool performance.
Comparison of saliency-based sensorless control techniques for AC machines (2004)

This paper analyzes saliency-based sensorless control methods for AC machines. The paper focuses on three different methods, which utilize the following signals: negative sequence carrier signal current, zero sequence carrier signal voltage, and PWM-switching zero sequence voltage. Applicability of these methods for both rotor position estimation (tracking of rotor-position-dependent saliencies) and flux position estimation (tracking of flux-dependent saliencies) is studied for each method, as well as aspects of their implementation.
760 MHz G6 S/390 microprocessor exploiting multiple Vt and copper interconnects (2002)

The G6 system is a sixth generation CMOS server for the S/390 line of products featuring a 12+2 SMP size and significant frequency improvements obtained through the use of low-Vt devices and copper interconnects. The microprocessor operates at 760 MHz at the fast end of the process distribution. The system ships at 637 MHz in a 12+2 chilled SMP configuration. Measured system performance on the 12 way is 1600 S/390 MIPs, providing over 50% more performance than the G5. This microprocessor uses CMOS7S technology, which has a 0.2 /spl mu/m process. The chip uses 6 levels of copper metal plus an additional layer of local interconnect on a 14.6/spl times/14.7 mm/sup 2/ die with 25M transistors (7M logic/18M array). The power supply is 1.9 V and the chip power is 33 W at 637 MHz.
A low-power digitally controlled wideband FM transceiver (2014)

A frequency-agile, low-power 3-5 GHz FM transceiver with on-chip calibration, and digital control of Rx gain, Tx power, and carrier frequency is described. The FCC-compliant transmitter incorporates a 3-phase CCO and frequency-tripling PA. A tunable LNA, envelope detector, limiter, and FSK demodulator comprise the receiver. Measured Rx sensitivity is -80.5 dBm (10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> BER) at 100 kb/s. The 0.9 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> IC fabricated in 90 nm RF-CMOS dissipates 630 μW in Tx and 580 μW in Rx mode from a 1 V supply.
Process induced stress for CMOS performance improvement (2006)

The integration of 3 major techniques of process induced stress, stress memory technique (SMT), dual stress liners (DSL), and stress proximity technique (SPT), has been demonstrate for advanced CMOS technology. The device performance improvement from each technique and their addability are discussed
Analysis of frequency-selective impedance loading of transmission lines for dual-band couplers (2011)

This article proposes an analytical design methodology for dual-band hybrid couplers and baluns structures for any arbitrary frequency ratio using a stub-loaded transmission line. An analysis of changing the impedance behavior of the stub, is carried out for the two bands of operation, which along with a dispersive analysis, emphasizes certain conditions where the existing methodology is not applicable. In addition, an extra degree of freedom has been included to increase the solutions for a given frequency ratio, thus providing greater flexibility and feasibility of the proposed structure. The design methodology is experimentally validated with the design and fabrication of dual-band branch-line and rat-race couplers for various commercial frequency bands. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE , 2011.