gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Interrupt Controller for FPGA-based Multiprocessors (2007)

Interrupt-based programming is widely used for interfacing a processor with peripherals and allowing software threads to interact. Many hardware/software architectures have been proposed in the past to support this kind of programming practice. In the context of FPGA-based multiprocessors this topic has not been thoroughly faced yet. This paper presents the architecture of an interrupt controller for a FPGA-based multiprocessor composed of standard off-of-the-shelf softcores. The main feature of this device is to distribute multiple interrupts across the cores of a multiprocessor. In addition, our architecture supports several advanced features like booking, broadcasting and inter-processor interrupt. On the top of this hardware layer, we provide a software library to effectively exploit this mechanism. We realized a prototype of this system. Our experiments show that our interrupt controller efficiently distributes multiple interrupts on the system.
A Framework to Explore Workload-Specific Performance and Lifetime\n Trade-offs in Neuromorphic Computing (2019)

Neuromorphic hardware with non-volatile memory (NVM) can implement machine\nlearning workload in an energy-efficient manner. Unfortunately, certain NVMs\nsuch as phase change memory (PCM) require high voltages for correct operation.\nThese voltages are supplied from an on-chip charge pump. If the charge pump is\nactivated too frequently, its internal CMOS devices do not recover from stress,\naccelerating their aging and leading to negative bias temperature instability\n(NBTI) generated defects. Forcefully discharging the stressed charge pump can\nlower the aging rate of its CMOS devices, but makes the neuromorphic hardware\nunavailable to perform computations while its charge pump is being discharged.\nThis negatively impacts performance such as latency and accuracy of the machine\nlearning workload being executed. In this paper, we propose a novel framework\nto exploit workload-specific performance and lifetime trade-offs in\nneuromorphic computing. Our framework first extracts the precise times at which\na charge pump in the hardware is activated to support neural computations\nwithin a workload. This timing information is then used with a characterized\nNBTI reliability model to estimate the charge pump's aging during the workload\nexecution. We use our framework to evaluate workload-specific performance and\nreliability impacts of using 1) different SNN mapping strategies and 2)\ndifferent charge pump discharge strategies. We show that our framework can be\nused by system designers to explore performance and reliability trade-offs\nearly in the design of neuromorphic hardware such that appropriate\nreliability-oriented design margins can be set.\n
Cytochrome expression shifts in Geobacter sulfurreducens to maximize energy conservation in response to changes in redox conditions (2022)

Abstract Previous studies have identified that Geobacter sulfurreducens has three different electron transfer pathways for respiration, and it switches between these pathways to adapt to the redox potential of its electron acceptor. However, only a small fraction of the electron carriers from each pathway have been identified. In this study, we combined electrochemical and gene expression data to identify electron carriers associated with each of the three pathways in the inner membrane, periplasm, outer membrane, and exterior of the cell. We demonstrate that it is not just the electron acceptor redox potential that controls pathway expression in G. sulfurreducens . Our method combining electrochemical modeling and transcriptomics could be adapted to better understand electron transport in other electroactive organisms with complex metabolisms. Graphical Abstract Graphical abstract was created with Biorender.com
ChemInform Abstract: Nonpolyglutamatable Antifolates as Inhibitors of Thymidylate Synthase (TS) and Potential Antitumor Agents (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Constructionist steps towards an autonomously empathetic system (2018)

Prior efforts to create an autonomous computer system capable of predicting what a human being is thinking or feeling from facial expression data have been largely based on outdated, inaccurate models of how emotions work that rely on many scientifically questionable assumptions. In our research, we are creating an empathetic system that incorporates the latest provable scientific understanding of emotions: that they are constructs of the human mind, rather than universal expressions of distinct internal states. Thus, our system uses a user-dependent method of analysis and relies heavily on contextual information to make predictions about what subjects are experiencing. Our system's accuracy and therefore usefulness are built on provable ground truths that prohibit the drawing of inaccurate conclusions that other systems could too easily make.
Complete Stereochemistry of Neamphamide A and Absolute Configuration of the β-Methoxytyrosine Residue in Papuamide B (2005)

The absolute stereochemistry of the three unresolved structural components in neamphamide A (1) was determined to be (R)-beta-methoxy-L-tyrosine, (2R,3R,4S)-4-amino-7-guanidino-2,3-dihydroxyheptanoic acid, and (2R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-2,4,6-trimethylheptanoic acid. Stereochemical assignments were made by chemical degradation of 1, derivatization of the resulting products, and then spectroscopic and chromatographic comparison of the derivatives with synthetically prepared standards. Using the same analytical protocol developed for 1, the beta-methoxytyrosine residue in papuamide B (2) was found to be (R)-beta-methoxy-D-tyrosine. This represents a rare example of divergent stereochemistry in an unusual amino acid residue that is present in two closely related classes of peptides.
Benefit of ArF immersion lithography in 55 nm logic device manufacturing (2007)

In this paper we demonstrate the many benefits of using immersion lithography that go beyond depth of focus (DOF) improvement by comparing several key features of dry and immersion lithography. Immersion lithography improves critical dimension uniformity (CDU) as well as avoiding the necessity for strong resolution enhancement techniques (RET) as compared with dry lithography. Thus it is possible to significantly reduce the burden of optical proximity correction (OPC) work with immersion lithography. With respect to imaging, we studied the sensitivity of the lithographic performances to aberrations and light source spectral bandwidth E95 fluctuations to highlight the benefits of immersion lithography. The significant improvements that have been seen in the last year in overlay accuracy, defect control and focus & leveling accuracy have been considered to be challenges to the realization of immersion lithography in mass production. Now these challenges have been met for the manufacturing requirements of 55 nm logic devices. The achievements of immersion lithography include overlay accuracy within 10 nm on resist-to-resist wafers and within 20 nm on production wafers, fewer than 10 defects per wafer, and errors of less than 40 nm in focus & leveling on full wafers. We have established a top-coat resist process. In conclusion, immersion lithography is the most promising manufacturing solution for 55 nm node logic devices, providing advantages in CDU control, and equivalent overlay performance and focus & leveling accuracy to dry ArF, without an increased level of defects. NEC Electronics has completed development and preproduction of the 55 nm logic device "UX7LS" using immersion lithography and has established the lithography technology for mass production of the UX7LS this year.
RF MEMS and their applications in NASA's space communication systems (2002)

Radio frequency (RF) and microwave communication systems rely on frequency, amplitude, and phase control circuits to efficiently use the available spectrum. Phase control circuits are required for electronically scanning phase array antennas that enable radiation pattern shaping, scanning, and hopping. Two types of phase shifters, which are the phase control circuits, are most often used. The first is comprised of two circuits with different phase characteristics such as two transmission lines of different lengths or a high pass and low pass filter and a switch that directs the RF power through one of the two circuits. Alternatively, a variable capacitor, or varactor, is used to change the effective electrical path length of a transmission line, which changes the phase characteristics. Filter banks are required for the diplexer at the front end of wide band communication satellites. These filters greatly increase the size and mass of the RF/microwave systems, but smaller diplexers may be made with a low loss varactor or a group of capacitors, a switch and an inductor.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Plasma Fibronectin Promotes Lung Metastasis by Contributions to Fibrin Clots and Tumor Cell Invasion (2023)

Supplementary Figure 2 from Plasma Fibronectin Promotes Lung Metastasis by Contributions to Fibrin Clots and Tumor Cell Invasion
Cautionary Notes on the Use of C-Terminal BAK1 Fusion Proteins for Functional Studies (2011)

Detailed phenotypic characterization reveals that several BAK1 fusion proteins with C-terminal tags strongly impair complementation of bak1 null mutants with respect to responsiveness to the bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns flagellin and EF-Tu. This raises concerns about the widespread use of such protein variants of this important regulatory Leu-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (RLK) for functional analyses of RLK-based signaling.
What happens to the unfused upper thoracic curve after posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? (2021)

Spontaneous UT curve correction occurred in the majority (86%) of unfused UT curves after MT curve correction in Lenke 1-4 curve types. The magnitude of preoperative MT curve size and postoperative MT curve correction were independent predictors of spontaneous UT curve correction.
Molecular basis of the membrane-anchored and two soluble isoforms of the human interleukin 5 receptor alpha subunit. (1992)

By use of a 3' extension PCR strategy, cDNA clones were isolated spanning the transmembrane region and a complete cytoplasmic domain of the human interleukin 5 receptor alpha subunit (hIL5R alpha). These cDNAs differ from previously isolated clones encoding a soluble hIL5R alpha form by a sequence switch at position 1243. When expressed in COS-1 cells, only low-affinity binding of 125I-labeled human interleukin 5 was observed. Coexpression of the hIL5R beta chain led to a 2-fold increase in binding affinity. In addition, this same cloning strategy allowed us to identify a putative second soluble isoform of hIL5R alpha. Genomic data revealed that the two soluble variants arise from either a "normal" splicing event or from the absence of splicing, whereas synthesis of the membrane-anchored form requires alternative splicing.
Relation of Age-related Cataract With Obesity and Obesity Genes in an Asian Population (2009)

Obesity shows an inconsistent association with cataract. Causality has not been established. Polymorphisms at the fat mass- and obesity-associated (FTO) locus are associated with obesity and offer an opportunity to examine the obesity-cataract association using a mendelian randomization approach. The authors conducted a population-based study among Singaporean Malay adults (2004-2006) in which nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular (PSC) cataracts were assessed and defined by slit-lamp examination using Lens Opacity Classification System III. Obesity was defined as body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) > or =30. The study included 3,000 subjects, of whom 1,339 (44.6%) had cataract (848 (28.3%) nuclear, 939 (31.3%) cortical, and 285 (9.5%) PSC). After multivariable adjustment for age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and education, obesity was significantly associated with cortical (odds ratio (OR) = 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 1.71) and PSC (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.10, 2.32) cataracts but not nuclear cataract. FTO single nucleotide polymorphisms known to be associated with obesity in this study population were not associated with cortical or PSC cataract but were associated with nuclear cataract (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.58), even in multivariate analyses controlling additionally for body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.55). These results do not support a causal association between obesity and cortical or PSC cataract. The FTO gene may be involved in the pathogenesis of nuclear cataract.
Genes for Cognitive Function: Developments on the X (2000)

Developments in human genome research enabled the first steps toward a molecular understanding of cognitive function. That there are numerous genes on the X chromosome affecting intelligence at the lower end of the cognitive range is no longer in doubt. Naturally occurring mutations have so far led to the identification of seven genes accounting for a small proportion of familial nonspecific X-linked mental retardation. These new data indicate that normal expression of many more X-linked and autosomal genes contribute to cognitive function. The emerging knowledge implicating genes in intracellular signaling pathways provides the insight to identify as candidates other X-linked and autosomal genes regulating the normal development of cognitive function. Recent advances in unravelling the underlying molecular complexity have been spectacular but represent only the beginning, and new technologies will need to be introduced to complete the picture.
CHARACTERIZATION OF SEGREGATING POTATO PROGENIES FOR TUBERIZATION RESPONSE TO PHOTOPERIOD IN CONNECTION WITH GENETIC MAPPING. (1992)

Tuberization and stolonization of cuttings were used as a model system to assess response to photoperiod in segregating potato progenies. The progenies were from backcrosses of a diploid hybrid between Solanum tuberosum and the short day requiring S. berthaultii to both parent species. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analyses had been performed on these progenies as a part of other investigations. The RFLP maps were used to identify the loci controlling the photoperiod responses characterized by the cuttings. In the S. berthaultii backcross population, one locus appeared to control the response of cuttings only under long photoperiods, and coincided with a locus detected for stolonization on whole plants; a second locus was effective for tuberization under short photoperiods but was not detected with certainty under long photoperiods. Data analysis for the second backcross population is currently underway.
<title>Current and future trends in solid free-form fabrication</title> (1997)

Solid freeform fabrication (SFF) technologies have exploded exponentially since the early 1980s. One manifestation of this growth is a proliferation of new SFF processes and variations. A review of currently developed SFF processes is presented, and future trends are discussed.
Nitrogen absorption into weld metal under welding atmosphere of high pressure (Part 1) - Nitrogen absorption into pure iron weld metal under welding atmosphere of high pressure. (1985)

Pure iron was welded in N2 and N2-Ar atmospheres at 1-30 atm pressures. Effects of welding conditions and the nitrogen partial pressure on the nitrogen content of pure iron weld metal were systematically studied. The results are summarized as follows:(1) In the nitrogen welding atmosphere, the nitrogen content of weld metal decreased with increasing the welding current, with decreasing the arc voltage and with decreasing the travel speed.(2) In the nitrogen welding atmosphere, the nitrogen content of weld metal increased with the nitrogen pressure, but the degree of the increase became slight with increasing the nitrogen pressure. The nitrogen absorption of weld metal does not obey the Sieverts'law.(3) In N2-Ar welding atmosphere, the nitrogen content of weld metal was lower in high atmospheric pressure than in low atmospheric pressure at the same nitrogen partial pressure.(4) Using thermodynamic data obtained by equilibrium study, the nitrogen absorption into the weld metal in the nitrogen atmosphere of high pressure was discussed. The reaction time in welding process is so short that the nitrogen content of weld metal can not reach the equilibrium value in higher atmospheric pressure.(5) All iron weld metals had porosity.
Evaluation of natural products as potential angiogenesis modulators (2012)

Small molecules derived from species of the Greek flora were evaluated as lead preclinical candidates. The aim was to identify potential innovative compounds and molecular targets in the rapidly growing therapeutic field of angiogenesis-related diseases (solid tumors and ischemic heart disease). Specifically, 170 compounds with structurally diverse scaffolds and decoration patterns were screened for their anti- or pro-angiogenetic properties by endothelial cell-based functional assays. The initial screening in an immortalized HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) cell line (EA.hy926) at 10µM and 100µM, showed that flavonoids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds exhibited both pro- and anti-angiogenic activity, while terpenes, coumarins, xanthones and anthraquinones provoked inhibition of angiogenesis. The most active inducer was the alkaloid 4-{(E)-2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-1-ethenyl}-1-ethylpyridinium chloride, while the phenylpropanes, bisphenol and 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propane, and the isoflavon 5,4'-dihydroxy-7-methoxyisoflavon showed strong inhibition. Based on these data, a collection of 200 plant extracts obtained from Greek flora was compiled and evaluated in order to discover new natural compounds as promising angiogenetic modulators.
FlexWatts: A Power- and Workload-Aware Hybrid Power Delivery Network for Energy-Efficient Microprocessors (2020)

Modern client processors typically use one of three commonly-used power delivery network (PDN) architectures: 1) motherboard voltage regulators (MBVR), 2) integrated voltage regulators (IVR), and 3) low dropout voltage regulators (LDO). We observe that the energy-efficiency of each of these PDNs varies with the processor power (e.g, thermal design power (TDP) and dynamic power-state) and workload characteristics (e.g., work-load type and computational intensity). This leads to energy-inefficiency and performance loss, as modern client processors operate across a wide spectrum of power consumption and execute a wide variety of workloads. To address this inefficiency, we propose FlexWatts, a hybrid adaptive PDN for modern client processors whose goal is to provide high energy-efficiency across the processor's wide range of power consumption and workloads. FlexWatts provides high energy-efficiency by intelligently and dynamically allocating PDNs to processor domains depending on the processor's power consumption and workload. FlexWatts is based on three key ideas. First, FlexWatts combines IVRs and LDOs in a novel way to share multiple on-chip and off-chip resources and thus reduce cost, as well as board and die area overheads. This hybrid PDN is allocated for processor domains with a wide power consumption range (e.g., CPU cores and graphics engines) and it dynamically switches between two modes: IVR-Mode and LDO-Mode, depending on the power consumption. Second, for all other processor domains (that have a low and narrow power range, e.g., the IO domain), FlexWatts statically allocates off-chip VRs, which have high energy-efficiency for low and narrow power ranges. Third, FlexWatts introduces a novel prediction algorithm that automatically switches the hybrid PDN to the mode (IVR-Mode or LDO-Mode) that is the most beneficial based on processor power consumption and workload characteristics. To evaluate the tradeoffs of PDNs, we develop and open-source PDNspot, the first validated architectural PDN model that enables quantitative analysis of PDN metrics. Using PDNspot, we evaluate FlexWatts on a wide variety of SPEC CPU2006, graphics (3DMark06), and battery life (e.g., video playback) workloads against IVR, the state-of-the-art PDN in modern client processors. For a 4 W thermal design power (TDP) processor, FlexWatts improves the average performance of the SPEC CPU2006 and 3DMark06 workloads by 22% and 25%, respectively. For battery life workloads, FlexWatts reduces the average power consumption of video playback by 11% across all tested TDPs (4W-50W). FlexWatts has comparable cost and area overhead to IVR. We conclude that FlexWatts provides high energy-efficiency across a modern client processor's wide range of power consumption and wide variety of workloads, with minimal overhead.
Conversion of Fly Ash into Mesoporous Aluminosilicate (1999)

Mesoporous aluminosilicate in the hexagonal phase (MCM-41) has been synthesized from fused fly ash solutions and cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactants. We provide direct evidence that an MCM-41 aluminosilicate with a homogeneous chemical composition of Si/Al = 13.4 can be prepared with cationic surfactant. Our results indicate that coal combustion byproducts can be utilized for producing mesoporous molecular sieves even though they contain significant amounts of impurities.
Detailed characterization of slow and dispersive propagation near a mini-stop-band of an InP photonic crystal waveguide (2005)

An experimental study of light propagation near a small band gap for a lattice-of-holes InP photonic crystal waveguide is reported. Polarization-resolved measurements of power transmission, reflection and group delay clearly reveal the PC waveguide filtering properties. Group delay enhancement was observed close to the band-edges together with very large dispersion. The test devices were fabricated with a novel technique that allows incorporation of deeply-etched photonic crystals within an InP photonic integrated circuit.