gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic Characteristics of Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching in GaAs (2014)

Because of the unique physical properties, various GaAs micro- and nanostructures have attracted increasing research attention for many technical applications such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and field-effect transistors. In this regard, numerous fabrication techniques have been explored, and among all, metal-assisted chemical etching is successfully applied to GaAs in order to achieve cost-effective, large-scale, and complex structures. However, the detailed explanations as well as the corresponding etching mechanism have not been reported until now or simply relied on the hole injection model of Si in order to explain the phenomenon. In this work, we perform a more systematic study to further explore and assess the etching phenomenon of GaAs employing the Au catalyst and the [KMnO4/H2SO4] etch system. It is revealed that the anisotropic etching behavior of GaAs is predominantly due to the Au-induced surface defects at the Au/GaAs interface, which makes the particular area more prone to oxidation and thus results in the simple directional wet etching; for that reason, more anisotropic etch is obtained for the Au pattern with higher edge-to-surface-area ratio. All these findings not only offer additional insight into the MacEtch process of GaAs but also provide essential information on different etching parameters in manipulating this anisotropic wet etching to achieve the fabrication of complex GaAs structures for technological applications.
PAPER 159: INSTABILITY AFTER REVERSE SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY (2010)

Purpose: Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) is becoming increasingly common for a variety of indications. The most common postoperative complication is instability. The objectives of this study are to describe causes of RSA instability and preventive and treatment recommendations.

Method: All members of the American Shoulder and Elbow Society were asked for cases of RSA instability. We retrospectively reviewed 52 cases in 52 patients, performed by 13 surgeons. The mean age was 67.5 years (range, 36–83). The mean follow-up was 32.7 months (range, 3–43).

Results: The etiology included: cuff tear arthropathy (14 patients); revision arthroplasty (13 patients); fracture sequelae (6 patients); and other (6 patients). Twenty-four patients had previous shoulder surgery. All patients had a deltopectoral approach. Anterior deltoid deficiency was noted in 3 cases. Subscapularis insufficiency was noted in 27 cases. Humeral component dissociation occurred in 2 patients. The instability was: anterior (27 patients); posterior (5 patients); or inferior (3 patients). Instability occurred: in the first 48 hours (10 cases); between 2 to 30 days (13 cases); or after one month (12 cases). Causes of instability included: inadequate soft-tissue tension (23 patients); a large antero-inferior release (22 patients); subscapularis insufficiency (7 patients); hematoma (2 patients); trauma (2 patients), deltoid insufficiency (2 patients); glenosphere malposition (2 patients); acromion fracture (2 patients); and other (4 patients). Initial treatment included: non-operative (6 patients); closed reduction (23 patients); open reduction (3 patients); and revision arthroplasty (11 patients). Final outcomes included: persistent instability (7 patients); humeral revision (19 patients); glenoid revision (one patient); hemiarthroplasty (3 patients); and resection arthroplasty (2 patients).

Conclusion: Main causes of RSA instability include inadequate soft tissue tension, large anteroinferior release and subscapularis insufficiency. Preventive measures include careful patient selection, restoration of humeral length, minimizing anteroinferior releases, maximizing soft-tissue tension, maintaining or restoring subscapularis integrity, immobilization in the case of subscapularis insufficiency and use of a postoperative drain. Treatment recommendations include restoration of humeral length, soft-tissue retensioning and prolonged immobilization.
Histamine‐binding suppressor T cells in rabbit peripheral blood (1980)

Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from primed rabbits were able to suppress the in vitro anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) plaque-forming cell (PFC) response of autologous spleen cells. A population containing the suppressor cells could be isolated from PBL by cell fractionation on columns of insolubilized histamine. In contrast to spleen cells, PBL generatd a weak secondary anti-SRBC response in vitro. A strong response was obtained with PBL freed from histamine-binding (H+) cells. The addition of these H+ cells to cultures of H-PBL caused strong suppression. The H+ suppressor cell was further characterized as a radioresistant T cell. Low-dose irradiation of H- cells resulted in a supplementary enhanced PFC response suggesting that PBL also contain a radiosensitive regulator cell which is not histamine binding.
Distributed Early Worm Detection Based on Payload Histograms (2007)

Epidemic worms has become a social problem owing to their potency in paralyzing the Internet, thus affecting our way of life. Recent researches have pointed out that epidemic worms can propagate similar payloads rapidly. It was shown that it is possible to evaluate similarities between these payloads in terms of a 256-dimensional vector based on histograms of the appearance frequencies of 256 character codes. This observation has also been confirmed by our earlier works. However, this method, if applied to flows from only one network, which means a network managed by an independent organization, is prone to a high rate of false positives in cases such as when normal emails are sent through a mailing list. To overcome this problem, we propose a new scheme which checks for any similarity between flows detected at several IDSs in a distributed environment. The proposed scheme is based on the fact that normal payloads propagating from different networks are different, whereas in the case of epidemic worms payloads even propagated through different networks but generated by the same worm exhibit similarity. We have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed scheme through extensive experiments using real network traffic that contains worms."
Predicted Heat Flux Performance of Actively Cooled Tungsten-Armored Graphitic Foam Monoblocks (2021)

Tungsten (W)–armored graphitic foam monoblocks were developed for applications requiring high-Z plasma-facing material in long-pulse fusion experiments and ultimately deuterium-tritium fusion reactors. The monoblocks are an integrated material system combining the advantages of a chemical vapor deposited (CVD) W coating with a high-conductivity graphitic foam. The W is a high-melting-point, high-Z material with low tritium retention. The graphitic foam coupled to a swirl tube serves as a high-thermal-conductivity heat sink that cannot melt, although it can sublime at much higher temperatures than copper melts. Together, they comprise a robust plasma-facing component (PFC) weighing roughly 5% of an all-W component or 17% of a traditional W-coated copper heat sink.A single-channel mock-up consisting of four graphitic foam monoblocks equipped with a water-cooled swirl tube was fabricated for eventual testing in the 60-kW, EB-60, rastered electron beam at the Applied Research Laboratory of The Pennsylvania State University. Two monoblocks have a thin 50-μm-thick coating of pure W chemically vapor deposited over NbC and pure Nb interlayers. Two others have a 2-mm-thick pure W coating CVD on graphitic monoblocks using the same interlayers. The mock-up will be cooled with available 10 m/s, 0.7 MPa water with a 22°C inlet temperature and subjected to varying uniform heat loads up to 20 MW/m2. It is equipped with type-K thermocouples at various depths, and calibrated infrared thermography and spot pyrometry will be used to characterize the heated surface. Real-time water calorimetry will be used to ascertain the absorbed steady-state power and infer the heat flux during testing.Since testing cannot be done under prototypic divertor flow conditions, it is necessary to predict the thermal response of this novel PFC system and investigate the power sharing between radiation and convection at divertor heat flux levels and its inherent ability to avoid critical heat flux. Results are reported for predictions obtained from computational fluid dynamics models up to 30 MW/m2 of steady-state uniform heat flux. Leading-edge heat loads of 30 MW/m2 on a 2-mm-wide side strip were also investigated to ascertain if coating delamination is likely.
Search for supersymmetry with jets, missing transverse momentum and at least one hadronically decaying τ lepton in proton–proton collisions at s=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector (2012)

A search for production of supersymmetric particles in final states containing jets, missing transverse momentum, and at least one hadronically decaying lepton is presented. The data were recorded by the ATLAS experiment in s = 7 TeV proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. No excess above the Standard Model background expectation was observed in 2.05 fb -1 of data. The results are interpreted in the context of gauge mediated supersymmetry breaking models with M mess = 250 TeV, N 5 = 3, > 0, and C grav = 1. The production of supersymmetric particles is excluded at 95% C.L. up to a supersymmetry breaking scale = 30 TeV, independent of tan , and up to = 43 TeV for large tan .
alkaline phosphatase in mammalian cells. Influence of cell line and culture system upon production kinetics (1994)

The growth and productivity of an Sp2/0 cell line, F3bl0, expressing a recombinant antibody (rAb) and BHK21 cells expressing either the same rAb f rom the same plasmids (BHK.IgG) or secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) (BHK.SEAP) were investigated. The F3bl0 line was grown as a single cell suspension. The BHK lines were grown either as suspended natu- ral aggregates or on Cytodex 3 microcarriers. The data for F3bl0 showed that the cell-specific rAb production rate (QSrAb) increased in parallel with increases in the specific growth rate (IX). A similar result was obtained for suspended aggregate cultures of both recombinant BHK cell lines. In contrast, for microcarrier cultures of both BHK cell lines, Qsproduct increased as ~ de- creased. This report shows that the relationship be- tween cell growth and Qspro~uct for the cell lines and products studied is dependent upon the culture proc- ess. In systems where recombinant ceils are growing as a single cell suspension or within a natural suspension aggregrate, Qsproam increased with increases in ~. In such systems, the cells have a rounded morphology. When cells were grown on microcarriers, QSproduct de- creased as Ix increased. Cells growing attached to a sur- face are flat and elongated. The observed differences in the relationship of QSproduc t to Ix are correlated with changes in cell morphology. The relationship between QSproduct and Ix is also affected by the choice of cell line.
Ultraviolet Radiation in Wound Care: Sterilization and Stimulation (2013)

New high-technology UV sources, such as light-emitting diodes, lasers, and microwave-generated UV plasma are becoming available for biomedical applications. Further study of cellular signaling that occurs after UV exposure of tissue will allow the benefits in wound healing to be better defined.
<title>Determination of localization of carriers in disordered semiconductors by femtosecond spectroscopy</title> (2002)

A new method for determination of the mobility edge in disordered semiconductors by femtosecond pump-supercontinuum probe spectroscopy is presented. The method is based on the determination of the spectral dependence of a stretched exponential relaxation in a wide spectral range of probing, h(omega) <SUB>probe</SUB> equals 1.6 - 3.2 eV. The method is demonstrated for porous silicon. It is shown that the relaxation parameters for porous silicon have essential spectral dependence. The spectral dependence of stretched exponential index (beta) ((omega) ) give unique information about existence and position of the mobility edge in disordered materials, and thus may be used as effective tool in manifestation of the transition from localized to delocalized relaxation regime on the femtosecond time scale.
High Aspect Ratio Vertical Cantilever RF-MEMS Variable Capacitor (2007)

An electrostatically actuated, microwave microelectromechanical system variable capacitor fabricated using deep X-ray lithography is presented. A single exposure has been used to produce the novel high aspect ratio microstructure, which includes a thin, vertically oriented, movable nickel cantilever beam and a 40:1 vertical aspect ratio capacitance gap. The 0.8-pF capacitor operates in the 1-5GHz region and has Q-factors of 36 at 4GHz and 133 at 2 GHz. The variable capacitance ratio is 1.24:1 over a 20-V tuning range at 4GHz
Evolution of the low-energy excitations and dielectric function ofBa1−xKxBiO3(0≤x≤0.50) (1993)

Evolution of the low-energy excitations and dielectric function of ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{BiO}}_{3}$ (BKBO) single crystals in the doping range 0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.50, i.e., spanning the semiconductor to superconductor regimes, is investigated by electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) with a cold-field-emission-gun transmission-electron microscope (cFEG TEM). A free-carrier plasmon in BKBO is observed by transmission EELS for x\ensuremath{\ge}0.40 (superconductor phase), and a local excitation for x\ensuremath{\le}0.3 (insulator-semiconductor phase). The oscillator strength of the excitation in the low-loss region increases substantially and abruptly between x=0.30 and x=0.40, signaling the semiconductor-metal transition. Subtle but important changes are observed in the higher-loss regions (bulk plasma) with K doping. The evolution of the low-energy excitations and dielectric function of BKBO is compared to that of cuprate superconductors.
Generating Diverse Programs with Instruction Conditioned Reinforced Adversarial Learning (2018)

Advances in Deep Reinforcement Learning have led to agents that perform well across a variety of sensory-motor domains. In this work, we study the setting in which an agent must learn to generate programs for diverse scenes conditioned on a given symbolic instruction. Final goals are specified to our agent via images of the scenes. A symbolic instruction consistent with the goal images is used as the conditioning input for our policies. Since a single instruction corresponds to a diverse set of different but still consistent end-goal images, the agent needs to learn to generate a distribution over programs given an instruction. We demonstrate that with simple changes to the reinforced adversarial learning objective, we can learn instruction conditioned policies to achieve the corresponding diverse set of goals. Most importantly, our agent's stochastic policy is shown to more accurately capture the diversity in the goal distribution than a fixed pixel-based reward function baseline. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach on two domains: (1) drawing MNIST digits with a paint software conditioned on instructions and (2) constructing scenes in a 3D editor that satisfies a certain instruction.
Materials Innovation for Next-Generation T&D Grid Components. Workshop Summary Report (2015)

The Materials Innovations for Next-Generation T&D Grid Components Workshop was co-sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and held on August 26 27, 2015, at the ORNL campus in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The workshop was planned and executed under the direction of workshop co-chair Dr. Kerry Cheung (DOE) and co-chair Dr. Dominic Lee (ORNL). The information contained herein is based on the results of the workshop, which was attended by nearly 50 experts from government, industry, and academia. The research needs and pathways described in this report reflect the expert opinions of workshop participants, but they are not intended to represent the views of the entire electric power community.
An Improvement of the Guideline of Secure Software Development for Korea E-Government (2012)

We propose an improvement on the Guideline of Secure Software Development for Korea e-Government that is under revision by the Ministry of Public Administration and Security in 2012. We adopted a rule-oriented organization instead shifting from the current weakness-oriented one. The correspondence between the weakness and coding rules is identified. Also, added is the coverage of diagnostic tools over the rules to facilitate the usage by programmers during coding period When the proposed guideline is applied to secure software development, the weakness would be controlled indirectly by enforcing coding rules. Programmers responsibility would be limited to the compliance of the rules, while the current version implies that it is programmers responsibility to guarantee being free from the weakness, which is hard to achieve at reasonable cost.
A Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled, Multiple‐Ascending‐Dose Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of the Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Stimulator Praliciguat in Healthy Subjects (2018)

Nitric oxide (NO)-soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling is central to the regulation of several physiological processes, including blood flow and inflammation. Deficient NO signaling is implicated in multiple diseases. sGC stimulators are small molecules that enhance sGC activity, particularly in combination with NO. In a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 1 study, the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of multiple ascending doses of the sGC stimulator praliciguat were assessed in 44 healthy adults. Four cohorts of 11 subjects (8 praliciguat, 3 placebo) received once-daily praliciguat for 14 days before up-titrating for 7 days (treatment sequences: 15/30 mg, 20/40 mg, 30/40 mg, and weight-based). All doses were tolerated. No serious or severe adverse events (AEs) were reported. The most common AEs in praliciguat recipients were headache and symptoms consistent with blood pressure (BP) lowering/vasodilation. There were no laboratory, vital sign, electrocardiographic, or platelet function findings indicative of a safety concern. Pharmacokinetics were dose proportional, with an effective half-life of 24-37 hours, supporting once-daily dosing. Praliciguat produced dose-related increases in plasma cGMP consistent with stimulation of sGC. Repeated once-daily dosing showed sustained decreases in BP. Results support evaluation of praliciguat for the treatment of conditions associated with deficient NO signaling.
Processing uncertain spatial data resulting from differentially-private sanitization (2016)

The unprecedented revolution in mobile computing provides users with the ability to participate in applications that are customized to their spatial coordinates. Location-based social media and location-based recommendations are only two examples of popular scenarios where the use of geographical location can significantly improve user experience. However, serious privacy concerns arise when sharing users' locations, as an adversary may be able to derive sensitive personal details from one's whereabouts, such as health status, political or religious orientation, alternative lifestyles, etc. Privacy models such as differential privacy (DP) are commonly employed to protect individuals' whereabouts before sharing. Typically, privacy is achieved by introducing uncertainty with respect to a user's location. In this setting, uncertain data processing techniques become a natural choice for processing user location data that have been previously sanitized to protect privacy. In this article, we discuss some prominent scenarios where it is important to protect location data, and we explain how the de-facto standard of differentially-private location protection can be used in conjunction with uncertain data processing. We also look at a highly promising use case scenario of interest, namely privacy-preserving spatial crowd-sourcing, and provide an overview of how DP and uncertain data processing are combined to address this problem.
A Molecular Basis of Cryopreservation Failure and its Modulation to Improve Cell Survival (2001)

The requirement for more effective cryopreservation (CP) methodologies in support of the emerging fields of cell bioprocessing and cell therapy is now critical. Current CP strategies appropriately focus on minimizing the damaging actions of physicochemical stressors and membrane disruption associated with extra- and intracellular ice formation that occurs during the freeze–thaw process. CP protocols derived from this conceptual paradigm, however, yield suboptimal survival rates. We now provide the first report on the identification of delayed-onset cell death following CP and the significance of modulating molecular biological aspects of the cellular responses (apoptosis) to low temperature as an essential component to improve postthaw outcome. In this study we quantitatively examined the molecular basis of cell death associated with CP failure in a canine renal cell model. In addition, we report on the significant improvement in CP outcome through the modulation of these molecular mechanisms by the utilization of an organ preservation solution, HypoThermosol®. Further, the utilization of HypoThermosol® as the preservation medium and the modulation of molecular-based cell death have led to a paradigm shift in biologic preservation methodologies. The recognition of molecular mechanisms associated with CP-induced cell death offers the promise of improved CP of more complex and/or fragile biological systems such as stem cells, engineered tissues, and human organs.
Identifying rale sounds in chickens using audio signals for early disease detection in poultry (2016)

Extreme learning machine (ELM) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers are developed to detect rales (a gurgling sound that is a symptom of respiratory diseases in poultry). These classifiers operate on Mel-scaled spectral features calculated from recordings of healthy and sick chickens during a vaccine trial. Twenty minutes of labeled data were used to train and test the classifiers, then they were run on the full 25 days of continuous recordings from the healthy and sick chickens. The resulting detection rate follows the course of the disease and clearly distinguishes between the healthy and sick chickens. These results improve on our previous findings from the same data, and demonstrate the potential for automated acoustic monitoring of the health of commercial flocks.
ChemInform Abstract: 7‐Carbon Mimics of D‐Glucose and L‐Fucose: Activation by 6R‐, and Inactivation by 6S, ‐6C‐Methylglucose of Glycogen Synthase: Inhibition of Glucokinase and/or Glucose‐6‐phosphatase. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Postmyocarditis Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients with Epicardial‐Only Scar: A Specific Entity Requiring a Specific Approach (2014)

In postmyocarditis patients with epicardial-only scar, automatic voltage mapping may miss or minimize the electrical VT substrate. DE-MRI and manual LAVA-based voltage mapping are necessary to optimize scar delineation. Epicardial access is critical for mapping and ablation in this condition.