gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Validation of the Presto Blue™ Metabolic Assay for Online Monitoring of Cell Proliferation in a 3D Perfusion Bioreactor System (2014)

As the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine mature toward clinical applications, the need for online monitoring both for quantitative and qualitative use becomes essential. Resazurin-based metabolic assays are frequently applied for determining cytotoxicity and have shown great potential for monitoring 3D bioreactor-facilitated cell culture. However, no quantitative correlation between the metabolic conversion rate of resazurin and cell number has been defined yet. In this work, we determined conversion rates of Presto Blue, a resazurin-based metabolic assay, for human periosteal cells during 2D and 3D static and 3D perfusion cultures. Our results showed that for the evaluated culture systems there is a quantitative correlation between the Presto Blue conversion rate and the cell number during the expansion phase with no influence of the perfusion-related parameters, that is, flow rate and shear stress. The correlation between the cell number and Presto Blue conversion subsequently enabled the definition of operating windows for optimal signal readouts. In conclusion, our data showed that the conversion of the resazurin-based Presto Blue metabolic assay can be used as a quantitative readout for online monitoring of cell proliferation in a 3D perfusion bioreactor system, although a system-specific validation is required.
An investigation of some depth of focus issues in high numerical aperture projection lithography system by experiment and simulation (1990)

We have examined the imaging of 0.3 μm equal line/space patterns, in 1 μm of Shipley SN248 resist (referred to as XP8843, in this paper) using projection lithography with deep-UV exposure (248 nm). Experimentally, we have observed some interesting development effects for these small features with high aspect ratios, which highlight the role of developer agitation when using this resist. Our simulations, using a vector model to simulate the exposure, show that because of the high contrast of this resist, there is a greater depth of focus for printing 0.3 μm line space patterns when using a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.42 than 0.6. Interestingly, we see that the process window, when using a NA of 0.6 is only slightly greater when using a thin (0.3 μm) resist than when using a thick (1 μm) resist. This is due to the low absorption of the resist at 248 nm. Unfortunately the low absorption of the resist makes it extremely sensitive to thickness changes when printing on highly reflective substrates, e.g., bare silicon.
Organic light-emitting devices using a low refractive index dielectric (2023)

A device including an organic light emitting diode and a dielectric layer is provided. The dielectric layer provides additional distance between a reflector and the organic emission region, leading to improved reduction in non-emissive modes and enhanced efficiency.
Single‐walled carbon nanotube charging during bundling process in the gas phase (2006)

Abstract Spontaneous gas‐phase charging phenomenon of single‐walled carbon nanotube (CNT) bundles synthesized with an aerosol (floating catalyst) method was discovered. The charging phenomenon was surprisingly correlated to the process of the CNT bundle formation in the gas phase, while individual tubes remained electrically neutral. On the basis of the observed self‐charging of the CNTs, a novel method for the separation of individual CNTs and bundles at ambient temperature using an electric field is presented. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cross-Layer Security of Embedded and Cyber-Physical Systems (2022)

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are engineered systems that are built from, and depend upon, the seamless integration of computation and physical components [NSF]. Embedded systems comprising of hardware and software systems are the major enabling technology for these cyber-physical systems. Today, CPSs can be found in security-sensitive areas such as aerospace, automotive, energy, healthcare, manufacturing transportation, entertainment, and consumer appliances. Compared to the traditional information processing systems, due to the tight interactions between cyber and physical components in CPSs and closed-loop control from sensing to actuation, new vulnerabilities are emerging from the boundaries between various layers and domains. In this keynote talk, Prof. Al Faruque will discuss how new vulnerabilities are emerging at the intersection of various components and subsystems and their various hardware, software, and physical layers. Several recent examples from various cyber-physical systems will be presented in this talk. To understand these new vulnerabilities, a very different set of methodologies and tools are needed. Defenses against these vulnerabilities demand also new hardware/software co-design approaches. The talk will highlight recent developments in this regard. The major goal of this talk will be to highlight various research challenges and the need for novel scientific solutions from the larger research community.
Blood amyloid β oligomerization as a biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease: a blinded validation study (2020)

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Oligomeric amyloid ß (Aß) is one of the major contributors to the pathomechanism of AD; Aß oligomerization in plasma can be measured using a Multimer Detection System-Oligomeric Aß (MDS-OAß) after incubation with spiked synthetic Aß. METHODS: We evaluated the clinical sensitivity and specificity of the MDS-OAß values by inBlood TM OAß test using heparin-treated plasma samples from 52 AD patients in comparison with 52 community-based subjects with normal cognition (NC). The inclusion criterion was proposed by the NINCDS-ADRDA and additionally required for the least 6 months of follow-up from the initial clinical diagnosis in the course of AD. RESULTS: The MDS-OAβ values were 1.43 ± 0.30 ng/ml in AD and 0.45 ± 0.19 ( p &lt;0.001) in NC, respectively. Using a cut-off value of 0.78 ng/ml, the results revealed that 100% sensitivity 92.31% specificity. DISCUSSION: MDS-OAß to measure plasma Aβ oligomerization is a valuable blood-based biomarker for clinical diagnosis of AD, with high sensitivity and specificity.
P-glycoprotein plays an insignificant role in the presentation of antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells. (1998)

Most antigenic peptides presented to CD8+ T cells are generated from cytosolic precursors and are translocated by TAP into the endoplasmic reticulum, where they associate with MHC class I molecules. TAP-deficient cells exhibit a limited capacity to deliver peptides from cytosolic proteins to class I molecules. One candidate for an alternative peptide transporter is P-glycoprotein, which transports numerous substances, including peptides, across membranes. Elevation of P-glycoprotein expression is partially responsible for the resistance developed by neoplasias to chemotherapeutic drugs. Overexpression of P-glycoprotein has been reported to enhance the expression of class I molecules. Here, we investigated the role of P-glycoprotein in the generation of peptide-MHC complexes. We were unable to detect P-glycoprotein-mediated transport of synthetic peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum of either T2 cells (TAP-deficient) infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) expressing P-glycoprotein or drug-resistant cells in which TAP is inactivated by a peptide from the herpes simplex virus ICP47 protein. Expression of rVV-encoded P-glycoprotein in T2 cells was unable to enhance cell surface expression of any of three MHC class I allomorphs tested. rVV-mediated expression of P-glycoprotein enabled T2 cells to produce limited amounts of class I-peptide complexes from cytosolic antigens, but this was not blocked by a drug that inhibits its transporter function, and a similar degree of presentation was mediated by functionally inactive mutated forms of P-glycoprotein. Thus, this was a nonspecific effect that we attributed to diminished membrane integrity resulting from P-glycoprotein overexpression. Taken together, our findings cast serious doubts that P-glycoprotein is a biologically significant transporter of cytosolic peptides.
A comparison of the validity of two psychiatric screening questionnaires: the Arabic General Health Questionnaire (AGHQ) and Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) in UAE, using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis (2001)

Sexual function following 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or 'Ecstasy') consumption was subjectively evaluated in 35 healthy recreational users (20 men and 15 women, aged 21-48 years) with regard to four major domains of sexual activity: desire, erection (lubrication in women), orgasm and satisfaction. Desire and satisfaction were moderately to profoundly increased by MDMA in more than 90% of subjects. Orgasm was delayed but perceived as more intense. Erection was impaired in 40% of the men. It seems that MDMA impairs sexual performance, in spite of enhancement of sexual desire and the perception of greater satisfaction.
Polymerization of isobutene by the inifer technique, 1. Low molecular weight products using 1,4‐bis(1‐chloro‐1‐methylethyl)benzene/BCl3 as initiator (1983)

Abstract The cationic polymerization of isobutene by the “inifer”‐technique was studied. Preliminary experiments are described which suggest that useful polymer can be prepared only when BCl 3 is rapidly added to the premixed monomer/inifer mixture and that such polymerizations do not go to completion. Some questions regarding the mechanism are discussed and remain open.
Ultrapermeable, Reverse-Selective Nanocomposite Membranes (2002)

Polymer nanocomposites continue to receive tremendous attention for application in areas such as microelectronics, organic batteries, optics, and catalysis. We have discovered that physical dispersion of nonporous, nanoscale, fumed silica particles in glassy amorphous poly(4-methyl-2-pentyne) simultaneously and surprisingly enhances both membrane permeability and selectivity for large organic molecules over small permanent gases. These highly unusual property enhancements, in contrast to results obtained in conventional filled polymer systems, reflect fumed silica-induced disruption of polymer chain packing and an accompanying subtle increase in the size of free volume elements through which molecular transport occurs, as discerned by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. Such nanoscale hybridization represents an innovative means to tune the separation properties of glassy polymeric media through systematic manipulation of molecular packing.
Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers for Therapeutic Ultrasound Applications (2009)

Therapeutic ultrasound guided by MRI is a noninvasive treatment that potentially reduces mortality, lowers medical costs, and widens accessibility of treatments for patients. Recent developments in the design and fabrication of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) have made them competitive with piezoelectric transducers for use in therapeutic ultrasound applications. In this paper, we present the first designs and prototypes of an eight-element, concentric-ring, CMUT array to treat upper abdominal cancers. This array was simulated and designed to focus 30-50 mm into tissue, and ablate a 2- to 3-cm-diameter tumor within 1 h. Assuming a surface acoustic output pressure of 1 MPa peak-to-peak (8.5 W/cm (2)) at 2.5 MHz, we simulated an array that produced a focal intensity of 680 W/cm (2) when focusing to 35 mm. CMUT cells were then designed to meet these frequency and surface acoustic intensity specifications. These cell designs were fabricated as 2.5 mm x 2.5 mm test transducers and used to verify our models. The test transducers were shown to operate at 2.5 MHz with an output pressure of 1.4 MPa peak-to-peak (16.3 W/cm (2)). With this CMUT cell design, we fabricated a full eight-element array. Due to yield issues, we only developed electronics to focus the four center elements of the array. The beam profile of the measured array deviated from the simulated one because of the crosstalk effects; the beamwidth matched within 10% and sidelobes increased by two times, which caused the measured gain to be 16.6 compared to 27.4.
Facile Analytical Methods to Determine the Purity of Titanium Tetrachloride (2018)

We propose a simple method to investigate both the qualitative and quantitative properties of titanium tetrachloride. The selection and concentration of the employed solvent were found to be very important in the analysis of highly reactive titanium tetrachloride (TiCl<sub>4</sub>). Herein, we employed various concentrations of an acid solution to serve as a stabilizing medium. Qualitative analysis was performed via Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Additionally, the quantitative analysis was performed via inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). We concluded that both the qualitative and quantitative properties of titanium tetrachloride could be easily measured using a specific acidic solvent as a medium.
Antitumor activity of Notch‑1 inhibition in human colorectal carcinoma cells (2017)

This study investigated the roles of Notch‑1 in colorectal carcinoma, to assess the mechanisms. The expression of Notch‑1 and its ligand-Jagged1 was detected in human colorectal carcinoma, colorectal adenoma, paracancerous tissue and normal colorectal tissue by immunohistochemistry. Colorectal carcinoma cell lines were utilized to confirm the expression of Notch‑1 in colorectal carcinoma cells. Lentiviral- encoding Notch‑1‑siRNA, as well as Notch‑1 inhibitor was employed to silence Notch‑1 expression and to inhibit Notch‑1 activity in HT29 cells, respectively. As evidenced, Notch‑1 and Jagged1 were highly expressed in colorectal carcinoma and colorectal adenoma tissues, compared with those in paracancerous tissue and normal colorectal tissue. However, the expression of Notch‑1 and Jagged1 was comparable in colorectal carcinoma and colorectal adenoma tissues, and in paracancerous and normal colorectal tissues. After screening colorectal carcinoma cell lines, Notch‑1 was extensively expressed in COLO 205, HT29, SW480 and SW1116 cells, but slightly expressed in LoVo cells. Subsequently, HT29 cell line was selected to investigate the roles of Notch‑1 in tumor cell growth and apoptosis. Lenti-viral encoding Notch‑1 siRNA significantly decreased Notch‑1 expression, inhibited cell growth, arrested the cell cycle at G1 phase and promoted apoptosis. These effects were further confirmed by the Notch‑1 inhibitor DAPT. Additionally, we evidenced that Notch‑1 silence promoted P21 and PUMA expression in HT29 cells. Taken together, Notch‑1 is an oncogene in colorectal carcinoma and the inhibition of Notch‑1 could delay the cell growth and promote apoptosis in colorectal cancer.
Fungal Fragments as Indoor Air Biocontaminants (2002)

The aerosolization process of fungal propagules of three species (Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium melinii, and Cladosporium cladosporioides) was studied by using a newly designed and constructed aerosolization chamber. We discovered that fungal fragments are aerosolized simultaneously with spores from contaminated agar and ceiling tile surfaces. Concentration measurements with an optical particle counter showed that the fragments are released in higher numbers (up to 320 times) than the spores. The release of fungal propagules varied depending on the fungal species, the air velocity above the contaminated surface, and the texture and vibration of the contaminated material. In contrast to spores, the release of fragments from smooth surfaces was not affected by air velocity, indicating a different release mechanism. Correlation analysis showed that the number of released fragments cannot be predicted on the basis of the number of spores. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with monoclonal antibodies produced against Aspergillus and Penicillium fungal species showed that fragments and spores share common antigens, which not only confirmed the fungal origin of the fragments but also established their potential biological relevance. The considerable immunological reactivity, the high number, and the small particle size of the fungal fragments may contribute to human health effects that have been detected in buildings with mold problems but had no scientific explanation until now. This study suggests that future fungal spore investigations in buildings with mold problems should include the quantitation of fungal fragments.
Photoluminescence observations in band-gap tailored InGaAlAs epilayers lattice matched to InP substrate (1996)

Epitaxial layers of In1−x−yGaxAlyAs with band-gap energies varying in the range 0.78 to 1.42 eV and Al mole fraction varying from 0.05 to 0.43, are grown lattice matched to InP substrate by molecular-beam epitaxy. The lattice mismatch of the independently grown epilayers is less than 0.03%. Photoluminescence in the temperature range of 4–90 K showed a characteristic ‘‘dip behavior’’ in the plot of emission energy versus temperature, which is observed for the first time to disappear in layers with Al mole fraction less than 0.22. This anomaly is postulated to originate from the onset of multiple competing transitions and exciton localization.
A Tunnel FET for $V_{DD}$ Scaling Below 0.6 V With a CMOS-Comparable Performance (2011)

We propose a modified structure of tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET), called the sandwich tunnel barrier FET (STBFET). STBFET has a large tunneling cross-sectional area with a tunneling distance of ~2 nm. An orientation-dependent nonlocal band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) model was employed to investigate the device characteristics. The feasibility of the STBFET realization using a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible process flow has been shown using advanced process calibration with Monte Carlo implantation. STBFET gives a high <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> , exceeding 1 mA/μm at <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OFF</sub> of 0.1 pA/μm with a subthreshold swing below 40 mV/dec. The device also shows better static and dynamic performances for sub-1-V operations. STBFET shows a very good drain current saturation, which is investigated using an ab initio physics-based BTBT model. Furthermore, the simulated <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> improvement is validated through analytical calculations. We have also investigated the physical root cause of the large voltage overshoot of TFET inverters. The previously reported impact of Miller capacitance is shown to be of lower importance; the space-charge buildup and its relaxation at the channel drain junction are shown to be the dominant effect of large voltage overshoot of TFETs. The STBFET are shown to have negligible voltage overshoots compared with conventional TFETs.
Quantitative 1H‐MRS of healthy human cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus: Metabolite concentrations, quantification precision, and reproducibility (2004)

The reliability of quantitative MRS depends on the metabolite concerned, its concentration, and on the brain area studied. Moreover, the quantification precision of a metabolite in a single spectrum appears to be a reliable measure for its reproducibility in a longitudinal study.
Estimating Vaccine Coverage from Serial Trivariate Serologic Data in the Presence of Waning Immunity (2015)

We show that previous methods of estimating coverage from serological data can be improved by fitting a cohort model with waning and boosting processes to serial serosurvey data, furthermore yielding estimates of more parameters of interest such as rates of waning. In settings where serial serosurvey data is available, our method could be duplicated or applied to related questions such as coverage in routine two-dose schedules or from other combination vaccines.
A massively parallel road follower (2002)

Significant progress has been made towards achieving autonomous roadway navigation using video images. However, none of the systems developed take full advantage of all the information in the 512 /spl times/ 512 pixel, 30 frame/second color image sequence. This can be attributed to the large amount of data which is present in the color video image stream (22.5 Mbytes/sec) as well as the limited amount of computing resources available to the systems. The authors have increased the available computing power to the system by using a data parallel computer. The system presented here uses substantially larger frames and processes them at faster rates than other color road following systems. This is achievable through the use of algorithms specifically designed for a fine-grained parallel machine as opposed to ones ported from existing systems to parallel architectures. The algorithms presented here were tested on 4K and 16K processor MasPar MP-1 and on 4K, 8K, and 16K processor MasPar MP-2 parallel machines and were used to drive Carnegie Mellon's testbed vehicle, the Navlab I, on paved roads near campus.
On-axis far-field emission from two-dimensional phase-locked vertical cavity surface-emitting laser arrays with an integrated phase-corrector (1992)

We have fabricated large, two-dimensional (2D) arrays of optically pumped, phase-locked vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers that emit more than 50% of their light in a central on-axis lobe. The emission of the arrays was modified from the usual four-lobed far-field of 2D coupled arrays by incorporation of a binary phase-shift mask on the surface of the array. The array consists of Fabry–Perot resonators comprising GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells surrounded by AlAs/AlGaAs quarterwave mirrors with a multiple order AlGaAs phase-delay layer on the top mirror stack. The phase-shift layer was etched away on alternating elements of the array. The resulting on-axis emission had an angular width of 2° for an array of approximately 100 elements.
Preparation of the Chiral Diol (2R,3R)-2-Hydroxymethyl-3-hydroxy-tetrahydropyran from D-Glucose via Reductive Rearrangement of Pseudo-D-glucal Triacetate (1985)

Hydrogenation of n-glutal triacetate (1) and pseudo-n-glucal triacetate (2) into (2R,3R)-2-acetoxymethyl-3-acetoxy-tetrahydropyran (4) and the rearrangement of 1 into 2 were investigated.On. hydrogenation, at high catalyst-to-substrate ratio and in the presence of a great excess of diethylamine, compound 1 afforded diacetate 4 in a mixture with triacetate 6, while 2 was quantitatively converted into 4 under standard catalyst-to-substrate (-1 : 80) ratio.It was established that hydrogenation of both isomers proceeds through the same intermediate 4,6-di-O-acetyl-l,2,3-trideoxy-n-erythro-hex-J-enitol (3) which was fully characterised from its lH_ and 13C-NMRspectra.When hydrogenation of 2 was performed with platinum on carbon in acetonitrile, compound 3 was isolated in 83010 yield.The thermal and Lewis acid catalysed rearrangement of 1 into 2 was examined; only zinc(II) chloride in acetic anhydride gave preparatively acceptable yields (60--70010) of 2. It was demonstrated that with Zn(II) or Mo(VI) ions in AC20 an 1 =:; 2 equilibrium in favour of 2 was attained.
On-chip ultra-broad frequency conversion via simultaneous second and third-order optical nonlinearity (2014)

We demonstrate ultra-broad frequency conversion through simultaneous second and third-order nonlinearities. Using a high-Q resonator, we generate multiple frequency lines in both the near-IR and in the visible range using a single near-IR CW pump.