gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Time-Dependent Utility and Action Under Uncertainty (2013)

We discuss representing and reasoning with knowledge about the time-dependent utility of an agent's actions. Time-dependent utility plays a crucial role in the interaction between computation and action under bounded resources. We present a semantics for time-dependent utility and describe the use of time-dependent information in decision contexts. We illustrate our discussion with examples of time-pressured reasoning in Protos, a system constructed to explore the ideal control of inference by reasoners with limit abilities.
A label-free electrical detection of exosomal microRNAs using microelectrode array (2012)

We report a method for detecting microRNAs encapsulated in exosomes using a microelectrode array in semiconductor-based potentiometry after RT-PCR. The inherent miniaturization of the electrical biosensor meets requirements for massively parallel analysis of circulating microRNA as a noninvasive biomarker.
Appearance Energy (AE) (2016)

This document contains recommendations for terminology in mass spectrometry. Development of standard terms dates back to 1974 when the IUPAC Commission on Analytical Nomenclature issued recommendations on mass spectrometry terms and definitions. In 1978, the IUPAC Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy updated and extended the recommendations and made further recommendations regarding symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations. The IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy’s Subcommittee on Mass Spectroscopy revised the recommended terms in 1991 and appended terms relating to vacuum technology. Some additional terms related to tandem mass spectrometry were added in 1993 and accelerator mass spectrometry in 1994. Owing to the rapid expansion of the field in the intervening years, particularly in mass spectrometry of biomolecules, a further revision of the recommendations has become necessary. This document contains a comprehensive revision of mass spectrometry terminology that represents the current consensus of the mass spectrometry community.
A multi-modal approach for determining speaker location and focus (2003)

This paper presents a multi-modal approach to locate a speaker in a scene and determine to whom he or she is speaking. We present a simple probabilistic framework that combines multiple cues derived from both audio and video information. A purely visual cue is obtained using a head tracker to identify possible speakers in a scene and provide both their 3-D positions and orientation. In addition, estimates of the audio signal's direction of arrival are obtained with the help of a two-element microphone array. A third cue measures the association between the audio and the tracked regions in the video. Integrating these cues provides a more robust solution than using any single cue alone. The usefulness of our approach is shown in our results for video sequences with two or more people in a prototype interactive kiosk environment.
Fast z-pinches as dense plasma, intense x-ray sources for plasma physics and fusion applications (1999)

As a result of advances in fast pulsed-power technology and cylindrical load fabrication, the Z pulsed-power accelerator at Sandia National Laboratories drives currents approaching 20 MA with a rise time of approximately 100 ns through cylindrically-symmetric loads (typically a cylindrical array consisting of a few hundred wires) to produce plasma densities in excess of , x-ray output energies approaching 2 MJ, radiation pulses as short as 4 ns and peak x-ray powers as high as . More than 15% of the stored electrical energy in the Z pulsed-power accelerator is converted into x-rays. The plasma pressures at peak compression are several TPa with electron temperatures that can exceed 3 keV at containment magnetic fields exceeding 1000 T. Depending on the atomic number and composition of the imploding plasma, these z-pinches can be tailored to produce intense sources of thermal x-rays, keV x-rays or neutrons. Although applications of these x-ray sources have included research in radiation material interaction, equations of state, opacity, astrophysics and x-ray lasers, the principal focus of the present research is to use them for indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF).
An Analytical Capacitance Model of Temperature-Sensitive, Large-Displacement Multimorph Cantilevers: Numerical and Experimental Validation (2011)

This paper presents a new experimentally validated analytical capacitance macromodel for microelectromechanical systems large-displacement cantilever beams. The presented model successfully captures 1) the deformed cantilever shape under large-displacement conditions and when the beam is subjected to simultaneous thermal and residual stresses; 2) the electric field and capacitance between the curled beam and an electrode underneath it from room temperature to over 200 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C. All analytical models are verified through finite-element analysis and, for the first time, experimentally validated for deflections over 120 μm and temperatures above 200 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C. We start by extending a multimorph model originally proposed to analyze piezoelectric actuators, to also consider thermal and residual (postfabrication) strains under large-displacement conditions. The model is experimentally validated through measurements conducted on SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /Ti/Au cantilevers fabricated on silicon wafers. The average error between the measured and simulated displacements is less than 4% and 3% at the beam midpoints and tips, respectively, for the entire range of 20-250 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C . Capacitance measurements conducted to over 200 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C show an average deviation from the macromodel of 6.4% over the range of 20-213 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C. The standard deviation for capacitance error is 5.4%, and the maximum error is 15.3%.
Autoignition flames transfer matrix modeling (2019)

Modern gas turbines need to fulfill increasingly stringent pollutants emission targets. Ansaldo Energia GT26 and GT36 respond to this by means of the lean-premixed combustion technology and a sequential combustion system. In particular, the second combustion chamber relies on the autoignition principle for flame stabilization. To guarantee high efficiency and, at the same time, ensure operational flexibility it is necessary to study the thermoacoustics of these flames. In this paper, we make use of the linearized Rankine-Hugoniot conditions, a commonly used theoretical approach for propagation flames, to predict an autoignition flame transfer matrix. In particular, we derive the linearized Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions taking into account the presence of a moving discontinuity and upstream entropy inhomogeneities. The obtained analytical expression is compared with large eddy simulations with good agreement. Physical differences with propagation flames are pointed out.
Drowsy caches (2002)

On-chip caches represent a sizable fraction of the total power consumption of microprocessors. Although large caches can significantly improve performance, they have the potential to increase power consumption. As feature sizes shrink, the dominant component of this power loss will be leakage. However, during a fixed period of time the activity in a cache is only centered on a small subset of the lines. This behavior can be exploited to cut the leakage power of large caches by putting the cold cache lines into a state preserving, low-power drowsy mode. Moving lines into and out of drowsy state incurs a slight performance loss. In this paper we investigate policies and circuit techniques for implementing drowsy caches. We show that with simple architectural techniques, about 80%-90% of the cache lines can be maintained in a drowsy state without affecting performance by more than 1%. According to our projections, in a 0.07um CMOS process, drowsy caches will be able to reduce the total energy (static and dynamic) consumed in the caches by 50%-75%. We also argue that the use of drowsy caches can simplify the design and control of low-leakage caches, and avoid the need to completely turn off selected cache lines and lose their state.
Design of Roadside Barrier Systems Placed on MSE Retaining Walls (2010)

This report presents a design procedure for roadside barrier systems mounted on the edge of a mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) wall. The procedures were developed following AASHTO Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) practices. The report will be of particular interest to personnel responsible for the structural design of MSE walls.
Thioether-Functionalized Ferrocenyl-bis(phosphonite), Fe{(C5H4)P(−OC10H6(μ-S)C10H6O−)}2:  Synthesis, Coordination Behavior, and Application in Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions (2007)

The thioether-functionalized metalloligand ferrocenyl-bis(phosphonite), Fe(C5H4PR)2 (4, R=-OC10H6(micro-S)C10H6O-) is synthesized in three steps starting from ferrocene, and its coordination behavior toward various transition-metal derivatives is described. The reactions of 4 with [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 or M(COD)Cl2 afforded the chelate complexes, cis-[Rh(CO)Cl{Fe(C5H4PR)2-kappaP,kappaP}] (5) or cis-[MCl2{Fe(C5H4PR)2-kappaP,kappaP}] (6, M=PdII; 7, M=PtII), respectively. However, treatment of 4 with CuX (X=Cl, Br, and I) produces binuclear complexes, [Cu2(micro-X)2(MeCN){Fe(C5H4PR)2-kappaP,kappaP}] (8, X=Cl; 9, X=Br; 10, X=I) where the sulfur atom on one side of the ligand is involved in a weak interaction with the copper center. Reaction of 4 with 1 equiv of Ag(PPh3)OTf gives the mononuclear chelate complex [Ag(OTf)PPh3{Fe(C5H4PR)2-kappaP,kappaP}] (11), whereas treatment with 2 equiv of AuCl(SMe2) produces the dinuclear gold complex [Au(Cl){Fe(C5H4PR)2-kappaP,kappaP}Au(Cl)] (12). The crystal structures of 10 and 12 are reported, where a strong metallophilic interaction is observed between the closed-shell metal centers. The palladium complex 6 catalyzes the Suzuki cross-coupling reactions of aryl bromides with phenylboronic acid with excellent turnover numbers (TON up to 1.36x10(5)).
Special Synchronous Linear Actuators. Structures and Performances (1998)

International audience
Lithium Conversion in Metal-Metal Oxide Multilayer Nano-Architectures (2016)

Lithium-ion batteries have advanced enough to be a widespread technology, but future applications will demand higher-performing materials. Electrode materials that undergo conversion reactions are a class of high-performance materials that could meet this challenge, as they have the capability of storing larger amounts of energy compared to intercalation-based materials. However, conversion materials suffer from energy inefficiencies during electrochemical cycling due to issues with first-cycle reversibility and charge overpotentials. 1 These inefficiencies are especially hindering in conversion reaction anodes made from 3 d transition metal oxides, because the anodes undergo significant structural changes during cycling. 2 Further structural characterization is necessary to understand the link between cycling behavior and the energy inefficiencies of the active material. In this work, we study structure and composition changes in conversion anodes with the goal of understanding the lithiation kinetics, ionic diffusion, and nucleation and growth phenomena of such materials. Anodes with architectures of alternating Ni and NiO layers are used, as multilayer structures have been shown to control volume expansion and improve cycling lifetimes in related Li-alloy materials. 3 However, the Ni/NiO multilayer architecture also enables more direct control over initial anode microstructure by tuning structural parameters, e.g. layer thickness and organization. Analysis of the layers and their interfaces with Scanning Transmission and Transmission Electron Microscopy (S/TEM) techniques and X-Ray reflectivity (XR) measurements help reveal structure-property relationships in the multilayer electrode. In particular, we elucidate the lithiation mechanism in the multilayer system in addition to changes in the layer nanostructure that have implications for understanding the effects of structural transformations on kinetics and overpotentials in the system. Complementary in-situ S/TEM lithiation experiments of model bilayer systems also present further insight into the reaction dynamics of this fascinating system. (1) Poizot, P.; Laruelle, S.; Grugeon, S.; Dupont, L.; Tarascon, J. M. Nature 2000 , 407 , 496. (2) Luo, L.; Wu, J.; Luo, J.; Huang, J.; Dravid, V. P. Sci. Rep. 2014 , 4 . (3) Fister, T. T.; Esbenshade, J.; Chen, X.; Long, B. R.; Shi, B.; Schlepütz, C. M.; Gewirth, A. A.; Bedzyk, M. J.; Fenter, P. Advanced Energy Materials 2014 , 4 . Acknowledgment: This work was supported as part of the Center for Electrochemical Energy Science (CEES), an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences. This work was also supported by the NU ANCE Center new initiatives, and made use of the EPIC facility (NU ANCE Center-Northwestern University), which has received support from the NSF MRSEC program (NSF DMR-1121262) at the Materials Research Center, The International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN); the State of Illinois; and Northwestern University.
<title>Some gamut-mapping issues and solutions</title> (2000)

Gamut mapping is a very actual problem in today's color reproduction. For a target device, a gamut mapping algorithm establishes a correspondence between the out of gamut color and the color within the gamut, trying to preserve same color appearance with the original color when that color is rendered on the target device. This problem becomes more important with the increasing number of color reproduction devices and cross media image representation. This paper focuses on some issues related to gamut mapping. First, the optimization of the target gamut is discussed because it may reduce many of the gamut mapping problems by reducing the volume of the out of gamut colors. Second, the influence of the color space in which the gamut mapping performs is discussed and a linearization procedure for CIELAB space is proposed. Third, a short overview of the existing gamut mapping procedure is given.
Real-Time Multichannel Imaging Framework for Endoscopy, Catheters, and Fixed Geometry Intraoperative Systems (2007)

To address the need for a clinically applicable intravital optical imaging system, we developed a new hardware and software framework. We demonstrate its utility by applying it to an endoscope-based white light and fluorescent imaging system. The capabilities include acquisition and visualization algorithms that perform registration, segmentation, and histogram-based autoexposure of two imaging channels (full-spectrum white light and near-infrared fluorescence), all in real time. Data are processed and saved as 12-bit files, matching the standards of clinical imaging. Dynamic range is further improved by the evaluation of flux as a quantitative parameter. The above features are demonstrated in a series of in vitro experiments, and the in vivo application is shown with the visualization of fluorescent-labeled vasculature of a mouse peritoneum. The approach may be applied to diverse systems, including handheld devices, fixed geometry intraoperative devices, catheter-based imaging, and multimodal systems.
Pre-concentration by liquid intake by paper (P-CLIP): a new technique for large volumes and digital microfluidics (2017)

Microfluidic platforms are an attractive option for incorporating complex fluid handling into low-cost and rapid diagnostic tests. A persistent challenge for microfluidics, however, is the mismatch in the "world-to-chip" interface - it is challenging to detect analytes present at low concentrations in systems that can only handle small volumes of sample. Here we describe a new technique termed pre-concentration by liquid intake by paper (P-CLIP) that addresses this mismatch, allowing digital microfluidics to interface with volumes on the order of hundreds of microliters. In P-CLIP, a virtual microchannel is generated to pass a large volume through the device; analytes captured on magnetic particles can be isolated and then resuspended into smaller volumes for further processing and analysis. We characterize this method and demonstrate its utility with an immunoassay for Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase, a malaria biomarker, and propose that the P-CLIP strategy may be useful for a wide range of applications that are currently limited by low-abundance analytes.
Do You Like Sclera? Sclera-region Detection and Colorization for Anime Character Line Drawings (2019)

Many studies have been conducted on automated line drawing colorization.
Structure, substrate binding and activity of a unique AAA+ protein: the BrxL phage restriction factor (2023)

Bacteriophage exclusion ('BREX') systems are multi-protein complexes encoded by a variety of bacteria and archaea that restrict phage by an unknown mechanism. One BREX factor, termed BrxL, has been noted to display sequence similarity to various AAA+ protein factors including Lon protease. In this study we describe multiple CryoEM structures of BrxL that demonstrate it to be a chambered, ATP-dependent DNA binding protein. The largest BrxL assemblage corresponds to a dimer of heptamers in the absence of bound DNA, versus a dimer of hexamers when DNA is bound in its central pore. The protein displays DNA-dependent ATPase activity, and ATP binding promotes assembly of the complex on DNA. Point mutations within several regions of the protein-DNA complex alter one or more in vitro behaviors and activities, including ATPase activity and ATP-dependent association with DNA. However, only the disruption of the ATPase active site fully eliminates phage restriction, indicating that other mutations can still complement BrxL function within the context of an otherwise intact BREX system. BrxL displays significant structural homology to MCM subunits (the replicative helicase in archaea and eukaryotes), implying that it and other BREX factors may collaborate to disrupt initiation of phage DNA replication.
Higher Yield and Polyphenol Content in Olive Pomace Extracts Using 2-Methyloxolane as Bio-Based Solvent (2022)

Despite its severe toxicity and negative environmental impact, hexane remain the solvent of choice for the extraction of vegetable oils. This is in contrast with the constantly growing demand for sustainable and green extraction processes. In recent years a variety of alternatives to hexane have been reported, among them 2-methyloxolane (2-MeOx), which has emerged as a promising bio-based alternative. This study evaluates the possibility of replacing hexane, in the extraction of olive pomace (OP), with 2-MeOx, both dry and saturated with water (4.5%), the latter of which is called 2-MeOx 95.5%. The three solvents have been compared in terms of extraction yield and quality, as well as the lipid and polyphenol profiles of the extracts. The work concluded that both dry 2-MeOx and 2-MeOx 95.5% can replace hexane in OP extraction, resulting in higher yields and extracts richer in phenolic compounds. This study should open the road to further semi-industrial scale investigations toward more sustainable production processes.
Ultrastructural immunolocalization of noncollagenous (osteopontin and osteocalcin) and plasma (albumin and α2HS-glycoprotein) proteins in rat bone (1993)

The high-resolution, postembedding protein A-gold immunocytochemical technique was used to visualize the distribution of two noncollagenous bone proteins, osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OC), and two plasma proteins, alpha 2HS-glycoprotein (alpha 2HS-GP) and albumin (ALB), in sections of Lowicryl K4M-embedded rat tibial and alveolar bone. In the primary spongiosa of the metaphysis, a seam of organic material (lamina limitans) that labeled intensely with OPN and OC antibodies was observed at the bone/calcified cartilage interface just below the zone of vascular invasion of the growth plate. With deposition of bone matrix proper by osteoblasts in this region and its subsequent mineralization, extensive areas of bone were heavily labeled with anti-OPN, anti-OC, and anti-alpha 2HS-GP antibodies, where the majority of gold particles were associated with amorphous, electron-dense patches of organic material throughout the mineralized bone. In the unmineralized osteoid, substantially less labeling was observed, and where occasional mineralization loci were dispersed throughout the osteoid layer, these sometimes showed a concentration of gold particles. ALB labeling, on the other hand, was moderate and generally diffuse throughout the mineralized bone matrix and the osteoid. In alveolar bone, labeling patterns were generally similar to those found in tibial bone. Particularly striking in alveolar bone, however, was an intense anti-OPN labeling of (1) the lamina limitans at cell-lined bone surfaces, including that surrounding cell processes and osteocytes, (2) cement (reversal, resting) lines, and (3) the perilacumar matrix of some osteocytes. In summary, these data suggest that certain plasma proteins, such as alpha 2HS-GP, interact with bone matrix proteins, such as OPN and OC, at sites of tissue mineralization and that the presence of OPN in mineralized bone and at bone surfaces (lamina limitans) and cement lines has a multifunctional role, including regulation of mineralization and mediation of cell dynamics during endochondral and intramembranous bone modeling and remodeling.
Short-term poor glycemic control and retinal microvascular changes in pediatric Type 1 Diabetes patients in Singapore: a pilot study (2017)

Our findings showed that abnormal retinal microvascular morphology was evident in pediatric patients with T1D after one-year's poor glycemic control. Such morphological abnormalities may lead to future development of microvascular complications among T1D pediatric patients with poor glycemic control.
Engineering evaluation of the Hunter rotary gasifier/combustor: Final report (1987)

This report is the result of an evaluation of an invention by John Hunter of Edinburgh, Scotland, which was submitted to the Department of Energy for evaluation under Section 14 of the Federal Nonnuclear Energy Research and Development Act of 1974. The invention is based on the use of a rotating fluidized bed for coal conversion. No working models of the invention have been built to date. As part of the evaluation process, Lehigh University's Energy Research Center was asked by DOE to conduct an engineering analysis of the invention and make comparisons with alternative power generation systems. Power generation cycle efficiencies were computed, component sizes were specified, cost data were gathered and relative cost comparisons were made between the Hunter power generation systems and some alternatives. Finally a review of the operational characteristics of the Hunter concepts was carried out. The major unknown quantities were identified and a list of future development needs was specified.