gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Training the feedforward neural network using unconscious search (2013)

One of the most widely used neural networks (NN) is the feedforward neural network (FNN). The most frequent application of FNN is in recognizing nonlinear patterns and, as a nonparametric method, in the estimation of functions especially in forecasting. In this study we will attempt to illustrate how a new metaheuristic algorithm known as Unconscious Search (US) may be utilized to train any feedforward neural network. US operates via a multi-start, memory-based, structured search algorithm that simulates the psychoanalytic psychotherapy process. The Theory of Psychoanalysis, propounded by Sigmund Freud is generally recognized as a descriptive and highly objective account of the mechanisms involved in psychological processes. This paper describes an analogy between the practice of psychoanalysis and the treatment of optimization problems, and it is the task of the present paper to apply US to the problem of training neural network. For this purpose we will first introduce US briefly then an application of US in training FNN is proposed and two benchmark problems are solved and the results of US are compared with the results of other metaheuristic algorithms.
An analytic expression for the field dependence of Zernike polynomials in rotationally symmetric optical systems (2012)

Zernike polynomials have emerged as the preferred method of characterizing as-fabricated optical surfaces with circular apertures. Over time, they have come to be used as a sparsely sampled in field representation of the state of alignment of assembled optical systems both during and at the conclusion of the alignment process using interferometry. We show that the field dependence of the Zernike polynomial coefficients, which has to-date been characterized essentially by aperture dependence, can be introduced by association to the field dependent wave aberration function of H.H. Hopkins.
ChemInform Abstract: Conformationally Restricted Peptide Mimetics by Ring‐Closing Olefin Metathesis. (2012)

Abstract The RCM‐based synthetic strategy to access cyclic peptide mimetics is extended to 10‐membered lactams of type (II).
Genetic dissection of the common epilepsies (2006)

We conclude by emphasizing the importance of deeper endophenotyping using electroclinical, imaging, and molecular approaches to dissect the common epilepsies.
Antenna Diversity on a UMTS HandHeld Phone (1999)

Abstract- This work investigates the possible return of an-tenna diversity on the handheld phone in a bandwidth cor-responding to UMTS. The findings are that the diversity gain will change significantly dependent on the person us-ing the phone. The diversity gain is found to be between 2 and 7 dB. This is primaryly caused by different slow fading from the two different types of antennas. The investigations are based on measurements where 200 test persons have been measured. I.
Is Anyone Out There? Unpacking Q&A Hashtags on Twitter (2015)

In addition to posting news and status updates, many Twitter users post questions that seek various types of subjective and objective information. These questions are often labeled with 'Q&A' hashtags, such as #lazyweb or #twoogle. We surveyed Twitter users and found they employ these Q&A hashtags both as a topical signifier (this tweet needs an answer!) and to reach out to those beyond their immediate followers (a community of helpful tweeters who monitor the hashtag). However, our log analysis of thousands of hashtagged Q&A exchanges reveals that nearly all replies to hashtagged questions come from a user's immediate follower network, contradicting users' beliefs that they are tapping into a larger community by tagging their question tweets. This finding has implications for designing next-generation social search systems that reach and engage a wide audience of answerers.
Calculation of Chloroform/Water Partition Coefficients for the N-Methylated Nucleic Acid Bases (1997)

The chloroform/water partition coefficients have been determined for five N-methylated nucleic acid bases (9-methyladenine, 9-methylguanine, 1-methylcytosine, 1-methythymine, and 1-methyluracil) by calculating the absolute solvation free energies of the bases in chloroform and using the data for water calculated previously by Miller and Kollman (J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 8587). Thermodynamic perturbation calculations with explicit solvent were used to determine the absolute solvation free energies. Two separate sets of chloroform simulations were performed differing only in the choice of atomic charges for chloroform and the bases. In the first simulations, labeled as charge set 1 (CS1), RESP was used with the RHF/6-31G(3df,2p) basis set to determine the chloroform charges and the RHF/6-31G* basis set to determine the charges for the nucleic acid bases. For the second simulations, labeled as charge set 2 (CS2), the CS1 chloroform charges were scaled down to reproduce the experimental dipole moment in solution, and the CS1 bases charges were reduced by 10%. The reduction of the atomic charges in the second model was done to account for the less polarizing environment of chloroform (as compared to water) and yielded a significant improvement in the calculated results. The partition coefficients calculated from CS1 yielded an average absolute error of 1.5 log units compared to experiment, where in contrast, CS2 shows good agreement, with an average absolute error of only 0.5 log units.
Efficient Preparation of Imidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazines under Swern Oxidative Conditions. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Spectrally shaped filter bank multicarrier systems for L-band aeronautical communication systems (2017)

Aeronautical communication systems will play an increasingly important role in the future. Due to increasing flight traffic, which is estimated to double by 2025, and the inadequacy of current aeronautical communication systems to support such an increase, the demand for new and state of the art communication systems is increasing. In this paper we investigate a new spectrally shaped Filter Bank Multicarrier (SS-FBMC) based communication system for air to ground communication. We study a 0.5 MHz spectrally shaped communication system as an inlay system between the 1 MHz separated distance measurement equipment (DME) channels in the L-band. The idea of using the gap in the spectrum that exists between DME channels was first proposed by EUROCONTROL in their L-DACS1 communication system. In the L-DACS1 communication system, which is based on CP-OFDM, the transmitting power is equally distributed among all subcarriers. In this paper we deviate from this convention by using FBMC and assigning different power levels to the subcarriers to mitigate DME interference. We propose a method to find the required guard subcarriers and optimize the amount of allocated power for each remaining subcarrier in order to obtain the best bit error ratio (BER) performance, without any error floor, for different QAM modulation orders and communication links. In so doing we increase the communication system's efficiency and performance. In prior work we have shown that our original FBMC system has higher spectral efficiency and better resilience to DME interference than L-DACS1, but in some cases still incurs a BER floor (as does L-DACS1). Via our spectral shaping approach we remove these BER floors.
High-performance imprint lithography and novel metrology methods using multifunctional perfluoropolyethers (2006)

We describe the use of multifunctional perfluoropolyethers as enabling materials in imprint lithography and metrology. Perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs) are a unique class of fluoropolymers that are liquids at room temperature that can be functionalized and cured to form transparent "PTFE-like" elastomers. These materials posses many favorable attributes relative to imprint lithography and other soft lithographic techniques including: chemical resistance, flexibility, incredibly low surface energies, high gas permeability, and UV transparency. Molds made from PFPE materials exhibit the favorable properties of both rigid and soft materials in that they are rapidly made and disposable, yet maintain the chemical resistance and performance of rigid materials such as quartz. We have previously demonstrated the use of such materials in patterning 70nm features with a precision of +/-1 nm. Herein, we further demonstrate the capability of these materials in the rapid patterning of dual damascene structures and other patterns. The chemical resistance of PFPE-based materials allows for the patterning of a variety of organic resins including etch resists, low-k dielectrics, and conducting polymers. Additionally, we demonstrate the utility of functional PFPEs in a novel metrology method. In this simple technique, the liquid PFPE precursor is poured onto a wafer with a given pattern and cured. When released from the wafer, the cured film possesses an exact negative replica of the original pattern. A variety of metrology and inspection methods can then be performed on the patterned, transparent film including microscopy and through-film optics which can reveal defects in the original pattern. Furthermore, the method is shown to be completely non-destructive to the original patterned wafer. We describe the use of this method in the metrology and inspection of a dual damascene pattern containing features which are difficult to characterize by other techniques.
Nitrendipine in Experimental Hypertension (1987)

In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), chronic treatment with nitrendipine provided normotension for nearly the entire life span and prevented cardiac hypertrophy. In 60-week-old control SHR, heart failure developed, as documented by a progressive decrease of systolic blood pressure and a drastic increase in plasma concentration of atrial natriuretie peptides (ANP)(470 ± 38 vs. 80 ± 23 pg/ml in age-matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto control rats) measured by radioimmunoassay. In SHR chronically treated with nitrendipine, the increase in plasma ANP was not observed (155 ± 36 pg/ml). Plasma levels of ANP were also elevated in young SHR with established hypertension, suggesting an early impairment of cardiac function by volume load in SHR. Therapeutic treatment of these 5-month-old SHR with nitrendipine for 11 weeks resulted in a decrease of systolic blood pressure, a regression of cardiac hypertrophy, and a reduction of the elevated plasma ANP levels (287 ± 31 vs. 226 ± 15 pg/ml). These effects could not be achieved by a simple peripheral vasodilation since the decrease of blood pressure induced by minoxidil treatment resulted in an aggravation of cardiac hypertrophy. In addition to the decreased afterload, nitrendipine obviously normalized the impaired volume homeostasis by improving renal function in hypertension. and thus reduced the need for activation of the ANP system. This complex effect is further evidence for a pathogenetically oriented mode of antihypertensive action of nitrendipine.
High resolution lithography using a multi-trigger resist (Conference Presentation) (2017)

As the minimum lithographic feature size continues to shrink, the development of techniques and resist materials capable of high resolution (R), high sensitivity (S) and low line edge roughness (L) has become increasingly important for next generation lithography. However, the issue represents a fundamental trade-off in lithography (the RLS triangle) and it is difficult to overcome. Addition of quenchers in chemically amplified resists reduces the acid diffusion length and improves the line edge roughness and increases the resolution of the patterned features, but decreases the sensitivity, and impacts on material stochastics increasing the line edge roughness. One current approach to boost the sensitivity in organic resists has been the addition of metals by incorporating organometallic complexes or metallic clusters in the resist, but again this can impact the line edge roughness. In this study we will introduce and explain the multi-trigger mechanism concept employed in our system. This enables high sensitivity without the need for additional metallic components in the resist, but also incorporates a quenching behaviour in to the chemistry to improve resolution. The standard material consists of a proprietary molecule – xMT, together with a crosslinker and a PAG. EUV light generates photoacids, as with a traditional chemically amplified resist, but the response of the resist matrix implements a logic-type function. Where two resist molecules are activated by two acids, in close proximity to each other, then the resist molecules will react catalytically and subsequently release both acids. When a resist molecule encounters a single acid in isolation then it will hold on to the acid, without itself reacting, thus removing the acid from the reaction. This behaviour allows a high sensitivity response at a certain dose threshold, but turns the resist response off much more quickly (as a second order reaction) as the dose decreases, leading to sharper lines and lower line width roughness. We present results where the xMT molecular structure was modified to create enhanced versions of the standard resin that will offer higher cross-linking capability, better mechanical strength to reduce the LER and ultimately higher resolution. The impact of high Z additives was also evaluated. The materials were patterned in electron beam lithography at 100 kV and also using EUV lithography at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland, and their lithographic properties were analyzed in comparison with our standard resist. Dense line and spaces at 14nm and 16nm half pitches were patterned, and results show with a dose to size of 25mJ/cm2 with LER of 3.3nm at 16nm half pitch with an enhanced version. The same half pitch is patterned at a dose of 17mJ/cm2 when a high Z additive is introduced, but with a higher LER value. Results from the MET are also presented. Isolated pillars and holes with a diameter of 25nm, and line and space patterns at 11 nm half pitch have been patterned using ebeam lithography in the enhanced xMT resist.
Harnessing glycomics technologies: Integrating structure with function for glycan characterization (2012)

Glycans, or complex carbohydrates, are a ubiquitous class of biological molecules which impinge on a variety of physiological processes ranging from signal transduction to tissue development and microbial pathogenesis. In comparison to DNA and proteins, glycans present unique challenges to the study of their structure and function owing to their complex and heterogeneous structures and the dominant role played by multivalency in their sequence-specific biological interactions. Arising from these challenges, there is a need to integrate information from multiple complementary methods to decode structure-function relationships. Focusing on acidic glycans, we describe here key glycomics technologies for characterizing their structural attributes, including linkage, modifications, and topology, as well as for elucidating their role in biological processes. Two cases studies, one involving sialylated branched glycans and the other sulfated glycosaminoglycans, are used to highlight how integration of orthogonal information from diverse datasets enables rapid convergence of glycan characterization for development of robust structure-function relationships.
Energy-resolved hot carrier relaxation dynamics in monocrystalline\n plasmonic nanoantennas (2016)

Hot carriers are energetic photo-excited carriers driving a large range of\nchemico-physical mechanisms. At the nanoscale, an efficient generation of these\ncarriers is facilitated by illuminating plasmonic antennas. However, the\nultrafast relaxation rate severally impedes their deployment in future\nhot-carrier based devices. In this paper, we report on the picosecond\nrelaxation dynamics of hot carriers in plasmonic monocrystalline gold\nnanoantennas. The temporal dynamics of the hot carriers is experimentally\ninvestigated by interrogating the nonlinear photoluminescence response of the\nantenna with a spectrally-resolved two-pulse correlation configuration. We\nmeasure time-dependent nonlinearity orders varying from 1 to 8, which challenge\nthe common interpretation of multi-photon gold luminescence. We demonstrate\nthat the relaxation of the photo-excited carriers depends of their energies\nrelative to the Fermi level. We find a 60 % variation in the relaxation rate\nfor electron-hole pair energies ranging from c.a. 0.2 to 1.8 eV. The\nquantitative relationship between hot carrier energy and relaxation dynamics is\nan important finding for optimizing hot carriers-assisted processes and shed\nnew light in the intricacy of nonlinear photoluminescence in plasmonic\nstructures.\n
Abstract 4504: PF-04449913, a small molecule inhibitor of Hedgehog signaling, is effective in inhibiting tumor growth in preclinical models (2011)

Abstract Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has been implicated in several human cancers. Mutations in the Patched (PTCH1) gene are responsible for basal cell nevus syndrome, and are commonly found in sporadic basal cell carcinoma and in medulloblastoma. In this study we evaluated PF-04449913, an inhibitor of the Hh signaling pathway, in a Ptch1+/-p53 mouse model of medulloblastoma and in human patient derived xenograft models. Treatment of Ptch1+/-p53+/- or Ptch1+/-p53-/- medulloblastoma allografts with PF-04449913 produced potent dose-dependent inhibition of Hh pathway activity resulting in stable tumor regression. Using Gli1 transcript levels as a surrogate for Hh pathway activity, the pharmacodynamic effects of PF-04449913 were evaluated in medulloblastoma allografts following single dose and multi dose administrations of compound. PF-04449913 treated medulloblastoma allografts had reduced levels of Gli1 gene expression and down regulation of genes linked to the Hh signaling pathway. PF-04449913 was also effective when combined with a chemotherapeutic agent in a colon patient derived xenograft model and a pancreatic patient derived xenograft model, resulting in 63% and 73% tumor growth inhibition respectively. Collectively, our study demonstrates the therapeutic efficacy of a small molecule inhibitor of Hh pathway in preclinical models of multiple cancer types in either single or combination treatments. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4504. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4504
Reconstruction of high-resolution fluorescence microscopy images based on axial tomography (2011)

For a reliable understanding of cellular processes, high resolution 3D images of the investigated cells are necessary. Unfortunately, the ability of fluorescence microscopes to image a cell in 3D is limited since the resolution along the optical axis is by a factor of two to three worse than the transversal resolution. Standard microscopy image deblurring algorithms like the Total Variation regularized Richardson Lucy algorithm are able to improve the resolution but the problem of a lower resolution in direction along the optical axis remains. However, it is possible to overcome this problem using Axial Tomography providing tilted views of the object by rotating it under the microscope. The rotated images contain additional information about the objects and an advanced method to reconstruct a 3D image with an isotropic resolution is presented here. First, bleaching has to be corrected in order to allow a valid registration correcting translational and rotational shifts. Hereby, a multi-resolution rigid registration method is used in our method. A single high-resolution image can be reconstructed on basis of all aligned images using an extended Richardson Lucy method. In addition, a Total Variation regularization is applied in order to guarantee a stable reconstruction result. The results for both simulated and real data show a considerable improvement of the resolution in direction of the optical axis.
Keto-enol tautomerism of gas-phase ions. Structure of reactive 1,3-cyclohexadien-5-one radical cations (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKeto-enol tautomerism of gas-phase ions. Structure of reactive 1,3-cyclohexadien-5-one radical cationsD. H. Russell, M. L. Gross, and N. M. M. NibberingCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 19, 6133–6137Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00487a028https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00487a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views180Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Influence of thermal contact on heat transfer from glowing firebrands (2018)

The influence of thermal contact between a glowing firebrand and the target fuel bed on the resultant heat transfer into the fuel bed was investigated in this study. A zero dimensional (0-D) model for the firebrand coupled to a transient two dimensional (2-D) explicit finite difference model for the fuel bed were used simulate transient heat transfer from a firebrand deposited on a fuel bed. Two firebrand shapes, a disk shaped firebrand in contact with the fuel bed and a cylinder shaped firebrand with a protruding node in contact with fuel bed, were considered. A model was proposed to estimate the thermal contact resistance between the firebrand and the target fuel bed. Heat transfer from a cylinder shaped firebrand with two contact points was also investigated. The model developed in this study provided detailed information on the temperature distribution and thermal penetration depth in the target fuel bed. Predictions made by the model were in qualitative agreement with experimental data reported in the literature. The firebrand thermal contact resistance model presented in this study can be a useful tool to account for variations in firebrand shape and surface irregularities in both the firebrand and the target fuel bed.
Bottom-up assembly of photonic crystals (2012)

In this tutorial review we highlight fundamental aspects of the physics underpinning the science of photonic crystals, provide insight into building-block assembly routes to the fabrication of different photonic crystal structures and compositions, discuss their properties and describe how these relate to function, and finally take a glimpse into future applications.