gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heparin protects human neural progenitor cells from Zika Virus-induced cell death and preserves their differentiation into mature neural-glia cells (2021)

Abstract Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus member of the Flaviviridae family that causes severe congenital brain anomalies in infected fetuses. Human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) are highly permissive to ZIKV infection, causing inhibition of cell proliferation concomitant with an induction of cell death. We previously demonstrated that pharmaceutical-grade heparin inhibited virus-induced cell death with minor effects on in vitro virus replication in ZIKV-infected hNPCs. Here we show that heparin prevented ZIKV-induced intracellular vacuoles, a signature characteristic of paraptosis, but also inhibited necrosis and apoptosis of hNPCs when grown as neurospheres (NS). Furthermore, heparin preserved the differentiation of both ZIKV-infected human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) derived-NPCs and fetus-derived NPCs into neural-glial cells. Collectively, these results highlight the potential neuroprotective effect of heparin that could be re-purposed and exploited to drive the development of novel agents for preventing ZIKV damage.
Difference (2004)

Difference is one of the most influential critical concepts of recent decades. Mark Currie offers a comprehensive account of the history of the term and its place in some of the most influential schools of theory of the past four decades, including post-structuralism, deconstruction, new historicism, psychoanalysis, French feminism and postcolonialism. Employing literary case studies throughout, Difference provides an accessible introduction to a term at the heart of today's critical idiom.
Unsupervised Disaggregation of Water Heater Load from Smart Meter Data\n Processing (2021)

In the residential sector, electric water heaters are appliances with a\nrelatively high power consumption and a significant thermal inertia, which is\nparticularly suitable for Demand Response schemes. The success of efficient DR\nschemes via the control of water heaters presupposes an accurate estimate of\ntheir power demand at each instant. Although the load of water heaters is\nrarely directly measured, a large penetration of Smart Meters (SMs) in\ndistribution grids enables to indirectly infer this information on a large\nscale via load disaggregation. For that purpose, a considerable number of\nNon-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) approaches are suggested in the\nliterature. However, they require data streams at a time resolution in the\nrange of one second or higher, which is not realistic for standard SMs. Hence,\nthis paper proposes an unsupervised approach to detect and disaggregate the\nload profile of water heaters from standard SM data with a time resolution in\nthe minute range. Evaluated on multiple real loads with sub-metering, the\nproposed approach achieves a Normalized Mean Absolute Error (NMAE) lower than\n2% and a precision generally higher than 92% with time resolutions between 5\nand 15 minutes.\n
Comparison of detection platforms and post-polymerase chain reaction DNA purification methods for use in conjunction with Cleavase fragment length polymorphism analysis (1999)

The removal of impurities and contaminants from PCR-amplified fragments is important for mutation detection methods which identify mutations based on shifts in electrophoretic mobility. This is particularly critical for assays and detection methods which use target DNA that is labeled prior to analysis and electrophoretic detection. We examined several procedures for purifying DNA amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and their use in conjunction with a novel DNA scanning method, the Cleavase fragment length polymorphism (CFLP)* assay. In this study, a 480 bp DNA fragment, fluorescently labeled on the 5'-end of one strand, was amplified and subjected to various widely used purification procedures, including several commercially available clean-up kits. We demonstrate that visualization of the fluorescent label, as opposed to simple ethidium bromide staining, reveals the presence of considerable levels of labeled, truncated, amplification products. The various procedures were evaluated on the basis of their ability to remove these unwanted DNA fragments as well as on the degree to which they inhibited or promoted the CFLP reaction. Several procedures are recommended for use with CFLP analysis, including isopropanol precipitation, gel excision, and several commercially available spin columns. Concurrently, we evaluated (compared) a number of commonly used visualization platforms, including fluorescence imaging, chemiluminescence, and post-electrophoretic staining, for the ability to detect CFLP pattern changes. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods are discussed and amounts of DNA to be used for CFLP analysis on different detection platforms are recommended.
Optimal operating conditions and congurations for humidication-deh umidication desalination cycles (2010)

This article applies nonlinear programming techniques to optimize humidication-deh umidication (HD) desalination cycles for operating conditions that result in maximum gained output ratio (GOR). Closed air open water as well as open air open water cycles, each with either an air or a water heater, were considered in this analysis. Numerical optimization resulted in a substantial increase in GOR for all four cycle types compared to previous best-case conditions found using heuristic studies. The GOR of the cycles was found to decrease with increasing component terminal temperature dierence
Low-Cost Compressive Sensing for Color Video and Depth (2014)

A simple and inexpensive (low-power and low-bandwidth) modification is made to a conventional off-the-shelf color video camera, from which we recover {multiple} color frames for each of the original measured frames, and each of the recovered frames can be focused at a different depth. The recovery of multiple frames for each measured frame is made possible via high-speed coding, manifested via translation of a single coded aperture; the inexpensive translation is constituted by mounting the binary code on a piezoelectric device. To simultaneously recover depth information, a {liquid} lens is modulated at high speed, via a variable voltage. Consequently, during the aforementioned coding process, the liquid lens allows the camera to sweep the focus through multiple depths. In addition to designing and implementing the camera, fast recovery is achieved by an anytime algorithm exploiting the group-sparsity of wavelet/DCT coefficients.
Novel features of the x-ray scatter profile that are not modeled by convolution of the primary (2006)

A convolution model of scatter that is adaptable to rapid simulation and correction algorithms is tested against the measured scatter profiles. In the simple case of a uniform acrylic sheet, the convolution approach yields about 10% absolute agreement with the measured scatter profile. However, significant qualitative differences are demonstrated for phantoms with non-uniform thickness or composition. For example, the scatter profile is dependent on a bone's vertical position in the phantom whereas the primary is unchanged. Similarly, a cusp shape in the scatter profile observed near the abrupt edge of an acrylic sheet is not produced in the convolution model. An alternate approach that calculates the scatter as a 3D integral over the object volume can reproduce this behavior.
Sodium channels and pain: from toxins to therapies (2017)

This article is part of a themed section on Recent Advances in Targeting Ion Channels to Treat Chronic Pain. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.12/issuetoc.
Viscoelastic Properties of Hyaluronan in Physiological Conditions (2015)

Hyaluronan (HA) is a high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is particularly abundant in soft connective tissues. Solutions of HA can be highly viscous with non-Newtonian flow properties. These properties affect the movement of HA-containing fluid layers within and underlying the deep fascia. Changes in the concentration, molecular weight, or even covalent modification of HA in inflammatory conditions, as well as changes in binding interactions with other macromolecules, can have dramatic effects on the sliding movement of fascia. The high molecular weight and the semi-flexible chain of HA are key factors leading to the high viscosity of dilute solutions, and real HA solutions show additional nonideality and greatly increased viscosity due to mutual macromolecular crowding. The shear rate dependence of the viscosity, and the viscoelasticity of HA solutions, depend on the relaxation time of the molecule, which in turn depends on the HA concentration and molecular weight. Temperature can also have an effect on these properties. High viscosity can additionally affect the lubricating function of HA solutions. Immobility can increase the concentration of HA, increase the viscosity, and reduce lubrication and gliding of the layers of connective tissue and muscle. Over time, these changes can alter both muscle structure and function. Inflammation can further increase the viscosity of HA-containing fluids if the HA is modified via covalent attachment of heavy chains derived from Inter-α-Inhibitor. Hyaluronidase hydrolyzes HA, thus reducing its molecular weight, lowering the viscosity of the extracellular matrix fluid and making outflow easier. It can also disrupt any aggregates or gel-like structures that result from HA being modified. Hyaluronidase is used medically primarily as a dispersion agent, but may also be useful in conditions where altered viscosity of the fascia is desired, such as in the treatment of muscle stiffness.
Frequency Dependence and Cooperation: Theory and a Test with Bacteria (2007)

Hamilton’s inclusive fitness theory provides a leading explanation for the problem of cooperation. A general result from inclusive fitness theory is that, except under restrictive conditions, cooperation should not be subject to frequency‐dependent selection. However, several recent studies in microbial systems have demonstrated that the relative fitness of cheaters, which do not cooperate, is greater when cheaters are rarer. Here we demonstrate theoretically that such frequency‐dependent selection can occur in microbes when there is (1) sufficient population structuring or (2) an association between the level of cooperation and total population growth. We test prediction (2) and its underlying assumption, using the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, by competing strains that produce iron‐scavenging siderophore molecules (cooperators) with nonproducers (cheaters) at various ratios, under conditions that minimize population structuring. We found that both the relative fitness of cheaters and the productivity of the mixed culture were significantly negatively related to initial cheater frequency. Furthermore, when the period of population growth was experimentally shortened, the strength of frequency dependence was reduced. More generally, we argue that frequency‐dependent selection on cooperative traits may be more common in microbes than in metazoans because strong selection, structuring, and cooperation‐dependent growth will be more common in microbial populations.
Genomic analysis of Mycobacterium bovis and other members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by isoenzyme analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (1996)

Initially, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was used to examine genetic relationships among 63 isolates of Mycobacterium bovis and 13 other members of the M. tuberculosis complex. The isolates were divided into five electrophoretic types, with a mean genetic diversity of 0.1. The strains were genetically homogenous, indicating that members of the complex were closely related. This supported the suggestion that they should be considered as subspecies of a single species. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was then used to differentiate these isolates, as well as 59 additional isolates of M. bovis from different parts of the world. PFGE differentiated these strains into 63 patterns (53 patterns for M. bovis). Isolates of M. bovis from Western Australia (n = 46) were more homogenous than isolates from other regions. Eight strains were identified in that state, and one predominantly bovine strain was isolated from two human beings and a feral pig. Although M. bovis isolates from different parts of the world had distinct DNA patterns, some were very similar. PFGE is a highly discriminatory technique for epidemiological studies of bovine tuberculosis. For example, it allowed differentiation between isolates of M. bovis cultured from animals in separate outbreaks of tuberculosis, it suggested the transmission of infection between certain properties, and it demonstrated the existence of multiple infections with different strains at certain farms.
On the identification of parametric underspread linear systems (2011)

Identification of time-varying linear systems, which introduce both time-shifts (delays) and frequency-shifts (Doppler-shifts), is a central task in many engineering applications. This paper studies the problem of identification of underspread linear systems (ULSs), de fined as time-varying linear systems whose responses lie within a unit-area region in the delay-Doppler space, by probing them with a known input signal. The main contribution of the paper is that it characterizes conditions on the bandwidth and temporal support of the input signal that ensure identification of ULSs described by a finite set of delays and Doppler-shifts, and referred to as parametric ULSs, from single observations. In particular, the paper establishes that sufficiently-underspread parametric linear systems are identifiable as long as the time-bandwidth product of the input signal is proportional to the square of the total number of delay-Doppler pairs in the system. In addition, the paper describes a procedure that enables identification of parametric ULSs from an input train of pulses in polynomial time by exploiting recent results on sub-Nyquist sampling for time delay estimation and classical results on recovery of frequencies from a sum of complex exponentials.
Concentration Polarization in Electroosmotic Pumps (2009)

Electroosmotic (EO) pumps can generate relatively high pressure and flow rate using no moving parts and small package volumes. Pumps with one micron (and smaller) pore diameters are promising for applications requiring high flow rate per power, such as drug delivery systems. We here show that such EO pumps exhibit significant concentration polarization (CP). CP occurs in electrokinetic devices when ionic current carried by electric double layers is significant compared to overall ionic current in the system. In the CP regime, EO pump models likely fail as these models do not account for the strong spatiotemporal variations in ionic strength. We present visualizations of CP in EO pumps, and confirm that enrichment and depletion propagation front dynamics correspond with CP theory. Additionally, we show that enrichment and depletion regions are generated at and propagate from electrodes of our system, and such regions appear to interact with CP effects.
In situ mechanical testing of templated carbon nanotubes (2006)

A new microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based tensile testing stage (with integrated actuator, direct load sensing beam, and electrodes for controlled assembly of an individual nanostructure) was developed and used for in situ tensile loading of a templated carbon nanotube (T-CNT) inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Specifically, an increasing tensile load was applied to the T-CNT by actuating the device and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy images were acquired at different loads. The load (from the bending of the direct force-sensing beam), the elongation of the specimen during loading, and the specimen geometry were all obtained from analysis of SEM images. The stress versus strain curve and Young’s modulus were thus obtained. A model is presented for the tensile loading experiment, and the fit value of Young’s modulus from this model is compared to values obtained by an independent method. The results of this experiment on a T-CNT suggest the use of this device for loading other nanostructures and also for designing other MEMS-based systems, such as a compressive testing stage.
Evaluating Patch Safety: Configuration Sharing for Problem Avoidance (2011)

Today’s complex computing systems with their ever-changing software are very difficult to maintain in proper working order. Flaws and vulnerabilities in released software result in a flood of possibly-buggy patches. Keeping systems patched safely is a major challenge faced by system administrators today. Computing power and Internet connectivity are now being applied to automating problem diagnosis, and we argue that a similar strategy should be used for problem avoidance. We propose a system for global-scale sharing of experience with patches to help users avoid those patches likely to cause problems for them. 1.
Paired-phase bus bars for large polyphase currents (1943)

THE design of efficient conductor systems for large alternating currents has always been a problem, and the problem is especially difficult with large low-voltage polyphase currents, such as are found in feeder distribution systems for industrial plants. Special conductor shapes and arrangements have been proposed in the past and have proved satisfactory for some applications, but all have had their limitations. A new method of arranging bus bars, named paired phasing, has now been developed and has been found to be superior to conventional arrangements for transmitting polyphase currents in the range of 1,000 amperes and above, at 600 volts and less.
Photoacoustic measurement of the Grüneisen parameter of tissue (2014)

The Grüneisen parameter, a constitutive parameter in photoacoustics, is usually measured from isobaric thermal expansion, which may not be valid for a biological medium due to its heterogeneity. Here, we directly measured the Grüneisen parameter by applying photoacoustic spectroscopy. Laser pulses at wavelengths between 460 and 1800 nm were delivered to tissue samples, and photoacoustic signals were detected by flat water-immersion ultrasonic transducers. Least-squares fitting photoacoustic spectra to molar optical absorption spectra showed that the Grüneisen parameter was 0.81±0.05 (mean±SD) for porcine subcutaneous fat tissue and 0.69±0.02 for porcine lipid at room temperature (22°C). The Grüneisen parameter of a red blood cell suspension was linearly related to hemoglobin concentration, and the parameter of bovine serum was 9% greater than that of water at room temperature.
Silicon nanowire hybrid photovoltaics (2010)

Silicon nanowire Schottky junction solar cells have been fabricated using n-type silicon nanowire arrays and a spin-coated conductive polymer (PEDOT). The polymer Schottky junction cells show superior surface passivation and open-circuit voltages compared to standard diffused junction cells with native oxide surfaces. External quantum efficiencies up to 88% were measured for these silicon nanowire/PEDOT solar cells further demonstrating excellent surface passivation. This process avoids high temperature processes which allows for low-cost substrates to be used.
A reproducible and scalable procedure for preparing bacterial extracts for cell-free protein synthesis (2017)

Cell-free protein synthesis is a useful method for preparing proteins for functional or structural analyses. However, batch-to-batch variability with regard to protein synthesis activity remains a problem for large-scale production of cell extract in the laboratory. To address this issue, we have developed a novel procedure for large-scale preparation of bacterial cell extract with high protein synthesis activity. The developed procedure comprises cell cultivation using a fermentor, harvesting and washing of cells by tangential flow filtration, cell disruption with high-pressure homogenizer and continuous diafiltration. By optimizing and combining these methods, ∼100 ml of the cell extract was prepared from 150 g of Escherichia coli cells. The protein synthesis activities, defined as the yield of protein per unit of absorbance at 260 nm of the cell extract, were shown to be reproducible, and the average activity of several batches was twice that obtained using a previously reported method. In addition, combinatorial use of the high-pressure homogenizer and diafiltration increased the scalability, indicating that the cell concentration at disruption varies from 0.04 to 1 g/ml. Furthermore, addition of Gam protein and examinations of the N-terminal sequence rendered the extract prepared here useful for rapid screening with linear DNA templates.
A novel series of milbemycin antibiotics from Streptomyces strain E225. I. Discovery, fermentation and anthelmintic activity. (1989)

A novel series of milbemycin antibiotics were produced by soil isolate, strain E225 which was shown to be a Streptomyces species. The antibiotics displayed anthelmintic activity against Trichostrongylus colubriformis in the gerbil. Two of the compounds, VM 44857 and VM 44866 were shown to be potent anthelmintics against mixed nematode infections in sheep.
Evaluation of the recombinant proteins RlpB and VacJ as a vaccine for protection against Glaesserella parasuis in pigs (2020)

It appears there may be insufficient RlpB and VacJ exposed on the bacterial surface for antibody to bind, preventing high RlpB and VacJ specific antibody titers from protecting animals from G. parasuis. Additionally, this work confirms the importance of utilizing the natural host species when assessing the efficacy of vaccine candidates.
A fast ultra performance supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for profiling of targeted phytosterols (2023)

Phytosterols are essential structural components of plant cell membranes and possess health-related benefits, including lowering blood cholesterol levels in humans. Numerous analytical methods are being used to profile plant and animal sterols. Chromatography hyphenated to tandem mass spectrometry, is a better option due to its specificity, selectivity, and sensitivity. An ultra-performance supercritical fluid chromatography hyphenated with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) tandem mass spectrometric method was developed and evaluated for fingerprint analysis of seven phytosterols. Mass spectrometry fragmentation behavior was used for phytosterol identification, and multiple reaction monitoring scanning was utilized for phytosterol confirmation, where APCI outperformed superiority in terms of ion intensity, particularly in the production of [M + H-H<sub>2</sub>O]<sup>+</sup> ions rather than [M + H]<sup>+</sup> ions. The chromatographic conditions were thoroughly evaluated, and the ionization parameters were optimized as well. In a 3 min. run, the seven phytosterols were separated concurrently. The calibration and repeatability tests were conducted to check the instrument's performance, and the results indicated that all of the phytosterols tested had correlation coefficients (r<sup>2</sup>) greater than 0.9911 over the concentration range of 5-5000 ng/mL. The limit of quantification was below 20 ng/mL for all the tested analytes except for stigmasterol and campesterol. The partially validated method was applied for the evaluation of phytosterols in pure coconut oil and palm oil in order to demonstrate its applicability. Total sterols in coconut and palm oils were 126.77 ng/mL and 101.73 ng/mL, respectively. In comparison to earlier methods of phytosterol analysis, the novel method offers a far faster, more sensitive, and more selective analytical process.