gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Refrigerant Blends for the Automotive Air Conditioning Aftermarket (1990)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Impending reductions in chlorofluorocarbon production, with a complete phaseout likely by the year 2000, make it necessary to develop CFC-12 replacement refrigerants suitable for automotive air conditioning systems originally designed for CFC-12. Azeotrope-like ternary blends have been developed for this application, providing dramatic reductions in ozone depletion and global warming potentials, plus cooling performance and compressor discharge conditions essentially the same as CFC-12. Materials compatibility data are presented to aid in developing retrofit requirements.&lt;/div&gt;
Effects of Musical Training on Key and Harmony Perception (2009)

Even adults with no formal music lessons have implicit musical knowledge acquired through exposure to the music of their culture. Two of these abilities are knowledge of key membership (which notes belong in a key) and harmony (chord progressions). Studies to date suggest that perception of harmony emerges around 5-6 years of age. Using simple tasks, we found that formal music training influences key and harmony perception in 3- to 6-year-olds, and that even nonmusicians as young as 3 years have some knowledge of key membership and harmony.
Salivary Excretion of Lithium: I. Human Parotid and Submaxillary Secretions (1969)

The concentration of lithium after oral administration in human parotid saliva, submaxillary saliva, and serum was determined; salivary concentrations were several times that of serum. Lithium in unstimulated saliva was directly proportional to serum concentration; lithium in stimulated parotid saliva tended to be a negative function of flow rate.
Leber Congenital Amaurosis gene therapy clinical trial (2009)

The preclinical efficacy and safety basis for a recently initiated AAV vector clinical trial for LCA2 (Leber Congenital Amaurosis due to recessive RPE65 mutations) will be outlined and followed by a summary of our 12-month safety and visual function studies of the initial three clinical trial patients. LCA2 causes childhood blindness and has been considered incurable. Each LCA2 patient received 150ul (5.9 exp10 vector genomes) of GMP grade AAV2-CBA-hRPE65 vector subretinally at a single site and their visual function then followed periodically over the next year. No adverse events were noted for any patient and all patients tolerated the procedure without incident. All three patients also exhibited substantial and significant improvement in light sensitivity, but only in the area of retina that received vector, as documented by high density threshold perimetry. Surprisingly, within the treated area of retina, each patient also demonstrated very slow dark adaptation kinetics. When re-examined after full dark adaption, each patient now exhibited even more recovered sensitivity to light, up to 63,000 times better that their pretreatment baselines. After correcting for the fraction of photoreceptors lost in each patient before treatment, we conclude that two of the three patients experienced full recovery of retinal function within the vector treated area. At one year post-treatment, but not before, one patient reported new visual perceptions that mapped to the treatment area. When the patient was asked to detect a very bright colored target that she could see before treatment she continued to use her fovea, her only area of useable, although poor, vision at baseline. If, however, she was asked to detect a dimmer target that she could not detect at pretreatment baseline, she could not see it at any time up to 9 months post-treatment. However, at 12 months the patient reported seeing the dim object for the first time. When detecting this target the patient now shifted her center of visual perception away from her fovea to the treated retinal area. In effect, the patient had developed a second fovea or “pseudo-fovea” that was used only when the target was too dim to be perceived by her anatomical fovea. Determination of the 3-dimensional retinal topography of cone sensitivity confirmed that the patient had not lost her area of foveal sensitivity but had gained an extra-foveal area of chromatic sensitivity corresponding to the vector treated area. This slow emergence of a pseudo-fovea suggests that cortical “learning” is possible but slow in a young adult.
A Y161F Hemagglutinin Substitution Increases Thermostability and Improves Yields of 2009 H1N1 Influenza A Virus in Cells (2017)

Vaccination is the primary strategy for influenza prevention and control. However, egg-based vaccines, the predominant production platform, have several disadvantages, including the emergence of viral antigenic variants that can be induced during egg passage. These limitations have prompted the development of cell-based vaccines, which themselves are not without issue. Most importantly, vaccine seed viruses often do not grow efficiently in mammalian cell lines. Here we aimed to identify novel high-yield signatures for influenza viruses in continuous Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and Vero cells. Using influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus as the testing platform and an integrating error-prone PCR-based mutagenesis strategy, we identified a Y161F mutation in hemagglutinin (HA) that not only enhanced the infectivity of the resultant virus by more than 300-fold but also increased its thermostability without changing its original antigenic properties. The vaccine produced from the Y161F mutant fully protected mice against lethal challenge with wild-type A(H1N1)pdm09. Compared with A(H1N1)pdm09, the Y161F mutant had significantly higher avidity for avian-like and human-like receptor analogs. Of note, the introduction of the Y161F mutation into HA of seasonal H3N2 influenza A virus (IAV) and canine H3N8 IAV also increased yields and thermostability in MDCK cells and chicken embryotic eggs. Thus, residue F161 plays an important role in determining viral growth and thermostability, which could be harnessed to optimize IAV vaccine seed viruses.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Although a promising complement to current egg-based influenza vaccines, cell-based vaccines have one large challenge: high-yield vaccine seeds for production. In this study, we identified a molecular signature, Y161F, in hemagglutinin (HA) that resulted in increased virus growth in Madin-Darby canine kidney and Vero cells, two cell lines commonly used for influenza vaccine manufacturing. This Y161F mutation not only increased HA thermostability but also enhanced its binding affinity for α2,6- and α2,3-linked Neu5Ac. These results suggest that a vaccine strain bearing the Y161F mutation in HA could potentially increase vaccine yields in mammalian cell culture systems.
Improving thermomechanical properties of PLA (2018)

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a renewable, biodegradable thermoplastic polyester that can be found either as an amorphous or a semi-crystalline polymer, with a glass transition temperature (Tg) of ca. ...
The End of an Era and New Beginnings for the Editorial Leadership of ACS Chemical Neuroscience (2013)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEEditorialNEXTThe End of an Era and New Beginnings for the Editorial Leadership of ACS Chemical NeuroscienceCraig W. LindsleyCite this: ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2013, 4, 11, 1415Publication Date (Web):November 20, 2013Publication History Published online20 November 2013Published inissue 20 November 2013https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cn400198chttps://doi.org/10.1021/cn400198ceditorialACS PublicationsCopyright © 2013 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views453Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (121 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Central nervous system,Chemical neuroscience,Circuits,Neuroscience,Receptors Get e-Alerts
Evaluation of an atlas-based PET head attenuation correction using PET/CT &amp; MR patient data (2012)

The goal of this study was to compare MR-based PET patient attenuation correction (AC) to CT-based AC in the head using clinical whole-body FDG-PET patient data obtained from a tri-modality PET/CT & MR setup. The MR-based AC utilizes an atlas-based approach, registering the patient's MR images to a CT-based atlas, producing 'pseudoCT' images. Thirteen clinical whole-body FDG patients were included in this study. PET mean activity concentration values were measured and compared in six ~15ml volumes-of-interest throughout the brain tissue. The AC methods compared to CT-based AC were segmentation of the CT (air, fat, soft tissue) and atlas-based MRAC. Results: PET activity concentration was systematically under-estimated on average by 1.32 kBq/ml (4.9%) when using the segmented CT-based AC, mainly due to lack of attenuation correction for skull bone. Using the atlas-based method, the error was reduced to 0.03 kBq/ml (0.2%) on average. Examination of the resulting PET images shows the spatial variation induced by these methods based upon the approximations made. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that the atlas-based AC in the head provides adequate PET quantitation and image quality as compared to methods which did not include bone.
A 42 GHz wideband slot antenna (2004)

The characteristics of a wideband and high gain slot antenna are investigated in terms of the reflection coefficients, radiation patterns, and gain. The slot antenna structure includes baffles, reflectors, and thick ground plane. Baffles and reflectors are used to increase antenna gain, thus reducing the coupling among slots on a thick ground plane. This antenna structure has obtained more wideband characteristics than a conventional aperture coupled antenna and its improved antenna gain therefore reduces side lobes and back lobe.
Spin-dependent tunneling effect and GMR in metal–nonmetal granular systems (invited) (abstract) (1996)

Giant magnetoresistance (GMR, large negative and isotropic magnetoresistance) arising from a spin-dependent tunneling effect has been found in metal–nonmetal granular systems exhibiting extremely high electrical resistivities. These granular materials are reactively sputtered Co–(Al, Si)–O and Fe–Mg–O thin films, having a two phase nanostructure consisting of the Co (or Fe) rich metallic and magnetic grains and the Al (or Si,Mg) oxide narrow intergrains. These films possess large specific electrical resistivities(ρ0) of 104–106 μΩ cm at room temperature, and show remarkable magnetoresistance (Δρ/ρ0) whose values are about 8% in maximum at room temperature and at about 10 kOe of applied magnetic field. With decreasing temperature, Δρ/ρ0 and ρ0 increase. The temperature dependence of ρ0 can be expressed in terms of log ρ0∝T−1.2, and the electrical current versus applied electrical voltage does not follow the ohmic low. We consider that a spin- dependent tunneling conductance in the path of magnetic grains–nonmetallic intergrains–magnetic grains is responsible for the observed GMRs accompanying high electrical resistivities. The details of these transport properties and the related magnetization and structural properties will be presented.
A Single Fluorophore-labeled Aptamer Sensor for the Detection of Interferon Gamma (2015)

Abstract Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a cytokine that is mainly secreted from immune cells. It plays an important role in regulating neighboring cellular activities through interactions with cell membrane proteins. Because of its biological importance, there has been increasing demand for a biosensor that can respond to IFN-γ. Here, we report a fluorescent aptamer sensor that targets IFN-γ. The 25-nt IFN-γ aptamer was converted into a turn-on fluorescent sensor by labeling the 3′-end with fluorescein. The designed sensor achieved fluorescence sensing of IFN-γ with nanomolar affinity.
Optimized Surface Ship Manning (2000)

Abstract : The panel was chartered to review and assess efforts to optimize manning on surface ships. This included the review of previous studies of the subject, current programs within the U.S. and foreign navies, and relevant technology efforts. The panel was also asked to identify technology opportunities and to recommend changes in procedures and policy that would hasten and improve efforts to optimize ship manning in the Navy.
Dynamic Measurement of Transducer Effective Radiation Area (2011)

The effective radiation area S D is one of the most important loudspeaker parameters because it determines the acoustic output (sound power) and efficiency of the transducer. This parameter is usually derived from the geometrical size of the radiator considering the diameter of one-half the surround area. This conventional technique fails for microspeakers and headphone transducers where the surround geometry is more complicated and the excursion does not vary linearly with the radius. New methods for measuring S D more precisely are discussed. The first method uses a laser sensor and a microphone to measure the voice-coil displacement and the sound pressure generated by the transducer while mounted in a sealed enclosure. The second method uses only the mechanical vibration and the geometry of the radiator as measured using a laser triangulation scanner. The reliability and reproducibility of the conventional and the new methods are verified and the propagation of the measurement error on the T/S parameters using the test-box perturbation technique and other derived parameters (sensitivity) is discussed.
Neural networks with categorical valued inputs and applications to intrusion detection (2004)

Neural networks, a powerful machine learning paradigm, have been successfully applied to a wide spectrum of practical problems. Being universal approximators, the neural networks work best with quantitative inputs, when different values of an input indicate different magnitudes (e.g., intensity). For ordinal inputs, when different values of an input signify order relation (e.g., position in a sequence), the neural networks are still able to do a decent job, but for categorical inputs, when different values of an input correspond to different qualities (e.g., shape), performance on real-life problems often suffers. 
To feed categorical values to a neural network, they are enumerated either as real values or binary vectors. However, this encoding introduces false magnitude and order relationships to input data. To handle vectors of the categorical valued inputs, one can use a metric that discards the magnitude/order noise introduced by numerical encoding of the categorical values. One such metric is Hamming distance. The applicability of Hamming distance for neural networks has not adequately been studied. This work fills the gap and shows that probabilistic neural networks using Hamming distance with categorical inputs retain their asymptotic Bayes optimal properties. 
Further, ensembles of probabilistic neural networks with Hamming distance kernels are used to classify sequences of system calls in a host-based intrusion detector. The networks are trained to detect rare occurrences of malicious program behavior among a dominant amount of normal data, while minimizing the false positive alarm rate. The performance is significantly better than other published neural network IDS results.
Targeted Ablation of the WW Domain-Containing Oxidoreductase Tumor Suppressor Leads to Impaired Steroidogenesis (2008)

The WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) gene encodes a 46-kDa tumor suppressor. The Wwox protein contains two N-terminal WW domains that interact with several transcriptional activators containing proline-tyrosine motifs and a central short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase domain that has been suggested to play a role in steroid metabolism. Recently, we have shown that targeted deletion of the Wwox gene in mice leads to postnatal lethality and defects in bone growth. Here, we report that Wwox-deficient mice display impaired steroidogenesis. Mutant homozygous mice are born with gonadal abnormalities, including failure of Leydig cell development in testis and reduced theca cell proliferation in ovary. Furthermore, Wwox(-/-) mice displayed impaired gene expression of key steroidogenesis enzymes. Affymetrix microarray gene analysis revealed differentially expressed related genes in steroidogenesis in knockout mice testis and ovary as compared with control mice. These results demonstrate the essential requirement for the Wwox tumor suppressor in proper steroidogenesis.
Experimental infection of chimpanzees with the Norwalk agent of epidemic viral gastroenteritis (1978)

A fecal filtrate of human origin containing the Norwalk agent of epidemic viral gastroenteritis was administered by stomach tube to chimpanzees in an attempt to induce diarrheal disease. Significant postchallenge serum antibody rises against Norwalk viral antigens were demonstrated in all animals using the techniques of immune electron microscopy and radioimmunoassay. In addition, viral antigens were detected in feces from five of nine animals using radioimmunoassay. Clinical illness characterized by diarrhea and/or vomiting did not occur. Infection was transmitted subsequently by feeding four additional chimpanzees a fecal filtrate prepared from one of the previously infected animals. Development of an antibody response in four animals and detection of viral antigen in two animals that received this passage filtrate indicated that viral replication had occurred in the absence of clinical illness. The availability of the chimpanzee as an experimental animal host susceptible to infection with the Norwalk agent should facilitate the study of epidemic viral gastroenteritis.
bcl-2 and bak may play a pivotal role in sodium butyrate-induced apoptosis in colonic epithelial cells; however overexpression of bcl-2 does not protect against bak-mediated apoptosis (1997)

Butyrate, a short chain fatty acid produced in the colon as a result of fermentation of dietary fibre by symbiotic bacteria, induces apoptosis in colonic tumour cell lines. Three human colonic adenoma cell lines (AA/C1, RG/C2 and BH/C1) and one carcinoma cell line (S/KS/FI) were used to determine the effects of butyrate on the expression of bcl-2, bax and bak to examine the possible role of these proteins in the induction of apoptosis. RG/C2 and BH/C1 cells express p-26-bcl-2 and butyrate treatment decreased p26-bcl-2 levels in association with apoptosis, whereas bax and bak levels remained constant. AA/C1 and S/KS/FI cells have no detectable p26-bcl-2. In S/KS/FI cells, bax or bak levels did not change in response to butyrate. However, in AA/C1 cells, butyrate-induced apoptosis was associated with increased bak levels. Therefore, in AA/C1 cells butyrate-induced apoptosis appears to be mediated through bak. Furthermore, butyrate also induced apoptosis and increased bak levels in AA/C1 cells transfected with a bcl-2 expression vector which expressed high levels of p26-bcl-2. For S/KS/FI cells, two bcl-2 transfectants gave different results. bcl-2 protected against apoptosis in one transfectant in which bak levels were not elevated in response to butyrate, whereas it did not protect in the other transfectant in which bak levels were increased after butyrate treatment. The results suggest that expression of constitutively high levels of p26-bcl-2 only conferred protection against apoptosis when bak levels were not elevated in response to butyrate and that expression of constitutively high levels of p26-bcl-2 does not counter the effects of bak. Different mechanisms appear to be involved in cell death signalling in different tumours since butyrate may induce apoptosis via elevated levels of bak or reduced levels of p26-bcl-2.
Die-counting algorithm for yield modeling and die-per-wafer optimization (1997)

This paper presents a computer algorithm for accurately counting the total number of possible yielding die sites on a wafer. This algorithm takes into account such variables as the X and Y die dimensions, the size and orientation of the wafer flat(s), the size of the non-yielding periphery zone, and the position of the die array relative to the center of the wafer. This algorithm can be used in conjunction with a variety of different yield models to increase each model's ability to predict accurate die per wafer yields. In addition to applications in yield modeling, this die counting algorithm may also be used as a tool for increasing yields or decreasing circuit layout cycle time. Several examples of these alternate applications are presented.
A subjective evaluation of high-chroma color with wide color-gamut display (2009)

Displays tends to expand its color gamut, such as multi-primary color display, Adobe RGB and so on. Therefore displays got possible to display high chroma colors. However sometimes, we feel unnatural some for the image which only expanded chroma. Appropriate gamut mapping method to expand color gamut is not proposed very much. We are attempting preferred expanded color reproduction on wide color gamut display utilizing high chroma colors effectively. As a first step, we have conducted an experiment to investigate the psychological effect of color schemes including highly saturated colors. We used the six-primary-color projector that we have developed for the presentation of test colors. The six-primary-color projector's gamut volume in CIELAB space is about 1.8 times larger than the normal RGB projector. We conducted a subjective evaluation experiment using the SD (Semantic Differential) technique to find the quantitative psychological effect of high chroma colors.
Asymmetric tungsten oxide nanobrushes via oriented attachment and Ostwald ripening (2011)

Tungsten oxide nanobrushes were synthesized using a solvothermal approach that lead to self-branching in the presence of citric acid and hexadecylamine as surfactants. Our synthetic approach yielded branched nanorods of tungsten oxide in a single synthetic step. Based on our results, we propose a phenomenological pathway for the formation, branching, and assembly of these tungsten oxide brushes. The formation of tungsten oxide brushes proceeds by thermal decomposition of ammonium tungstate in the presence of citric acid and hexadecylamine. The pale blue powder obtained after solvothermal reaction was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The field emission (FE) properties of the tungsten oxide nanostructures which can be tailored by their aspect ratio and the hierarchical nanostructures follow a Fowler–Nordheim behavior.