gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advanced Technology To Reduce Water Cut: Case Studies From the Pemex Southern Region (2010)

Summary This paper presents the results of a successful application of a new-generation polymeric relative permeability modifier (RPM) that enables treatments to reduce water cut without workover equipment. The new RPM can be bullheaded into open intervals without the need for isolating water zones from hydrocarbon zones. This treatment was applied to several wells in the Pemex southern region. As a result of the treatment, the productive life of the wells has been extended, with a gradual decrease in water cut. These results indicate high potential profitability values for mature fields with high water cut requiring a simple, low-cost treatment without the need for workover equipment or shut-in times. The new treatment can increase the hydrocarbon recovery percentage in sands that in all probability would be destined for abandonment otherwise. This paper describes the treatment methodology, which begins with problem identification and an understanding of the origin of the water breakthrough. Next, the paper describes the new technology, which uses hydrophobically modified water-soluble polymers, and explains how applying such polymers can control water selectively. In addition, the detailed execution of the treatment is described, followed by the very positive production results of the treatment. The results of this low-investment, high-profit technology are very promising for other wells under similar conditions in which workovers with conventional technologies would be cost prohibitive.
Nonendocytic Delivery of Lipoplex Nanoparticles into Living Cells Using Nanochannel Electroporation (2013)

The delivery of biomolecules, including siRNAs (≈21 bp) and large plasmids (≈10 kbp), into living cells holds a great promise for therapeutic and research applications. Lipoplex nanoparticles are popular nanocarriers for gene delivery. In conventional transfection methods, the cellular uptake of lipoplex nanoparticels occurs through the endocytosis process. The entrapment of lipoplex nanoparticles into endocytic vesicle is a major barrier in achieving efficient gene silencing and expression. Here, a novel nanochannel electroporation (NEP) method is employed to facilitate the cellular uptake and release of siRNAs/DNAs from lipoplexes. First, it is demonstrated that in a NEP device, lipoplex nanoparticles can be injected directly into the cell cytoplasm within several seconds. Specifically, it is found that lipoplexes containing MCL-1 siRNA delivered by NEP can more efficiently down-regulate the expression of MCL-1 mRNA in A549 cancer cells than conventional transfection. Quantum dot-mediated Förster resonance energy transfer (QD-FRET) reveals that lipoplexes delivered via NEP can directly release siRNA in the cytoplasm without going through the endocytosis route, which unravels the responsible mechanism for efficient gene delivery. Furthermore, the advantage of combining NEP with lipoplex nanoparticles by the successful delivery of large plasmids (pCAG2LMKOSimO, 13 kbp) into CHO cells is demonstrated.
Axial Chirality around N–P Bonds Induced by Complexation between E(C6F5)3 (E = B, Al) and an N-Phosphine Oxide-Substituted Imidazolinylidene: A Key Intermediate in the Catalytic Phosphinoylation of CO2 (2020)

Complexation-induced axial chirality around an N-P bond occurs upon the predominant coordination of the <i>N</i>-phosphinoyl group in the <i>N</i>-phosphine oxide-substituted imidazolinylidene (SPoxIm) to B(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub>. (<i>R</i><sub>a</sub>) and (<i>S</i><sub>a</sub>) atropisomers of (<i>κ-O</i>-SPoxIm)B(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub> were observed independently in the single-crystal lattice and the optimized gas-phase structure. Experimental and theoretical studies confirmed that this axial chirality arises from the restricted rotation around the N-P bond, caused by the steric repulsion between the C5-H atoms of the imidazolinylidene ring and the C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub> rings on the B(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub> unit. Conversely, this axial chirality was not certainly observed via the complexation between SPoxIm and Al(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub>. The carbene carbon atoms in (<i>κ-O</i>-SPoxIm)E(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub> (E = B, Al) remain sufficiently nucleophilic to react with CO<sub>2</sub>, and the phosphinoylation of CO<sub>2</sub> with SPoxIm proceeds far more rapidly in the presence of a catalytic amount of Al(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub> than in the absence of Al(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub>.
Detention D′arabinofuranncwuclbdsides Par Transpdrmation Chemique De Certains Xylofurannonuclesosides (1984)

Abstract βD-arabinofuranonucleosides have been surprisingly obtained from (3, 5-di-O-benzoyl-β-D-xylofuranosyl) nucleosides through an oxidation, followed by reduction and deacylation procedure.
Temporal Kinetics and Quantitative Analysis of Cryptococcus neoformans Nonlytic Exocytosis (2014)

Cryptococcus neoformans is a facultative intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of cryptococcosis, a disease that is often fatal to those with compromised immune systems. C. neoformans has the capacity to escape phagocytic cells through a process known as nonlytic exocytosis whereby the cryptococcal cell is released from the macrophage into the extracellular environment, leaving both the host and pathogen alive. Little is known about the mechanism behind nonlytic exocytosis, but there is evidence that both the fungal and host cells contribute to the process. In this study, we used time-lapse movies of C. neoformans-infected macrophages to delineate the kinetics and quantitative aspects of nonlytic exocytosis. We analyzed approximately 800 macrophages containing intracellular C. neoformans and identified 163 nonlytic exocytosis events that were further characterized into three subcategories: type I (complete emptying of macrophage), type II (partial emptying of macrophage), and type III (cell-to-cell transfer). The majority of type I and II events occurred after several hours of intracellular residence, whereas type III events occurred significantly (P < 0.001) earlier in the course of macrophage infection. Our results show that nonlytic exocytosis is a morphologically and temporally diverse process that occurs relatively rapidly in the course of macrophage infection.
Process-induced changes on bioactive compounds in whole grain rye (2003)

Manufacturing of healthy wholegrain foods demands knowledge of process-induced changes in macro-, micro- and non-nutrients. The high content of dietary fibre is a challenge in relation to good product texture and sensory quality. The stability and bioavailability of bioactive compounds have a marked influence on the health effects of cereal foods. It was confirmed that sterols, folates, tocopherols and tocotrienols, alkylresorcinols, lignans, phenolic acids and total phenolics are concentrated in the bran layers of the rye grain, and are only present at low levels in the flour endosperm. The levels of folate and easily-extractable phenolic compounds increase in germination and sourdough baking, but there are negligible changes in the levels of sterols, lignans and alk(en)ylresorcinols. The levels of tocopherols and tocotrienols are reduced during the sourdough fermentation. In conclusion, many of the bioactive compounds in wholegrain rye are stable during food processing, and their levels can even be increased with suitable processing.
Search for long-lived scalar particles in B[superscript +] → K[superscript +] χ (μ[superscript +] μ[superscript −]) decays (2017)

A search for a long-lived scalar particle χ is performed, looking for the decay B[superscript +]→K[superscript +]χ with χ→μ[superscript +]μ[superscript -] in pp collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb[superscript -1], collected by the LHCb experiment at center-of-mass energies of √s =7 and 8 TeV. This new scalar particle, predicted by hidden sector models, is assumed to have a narrow width. The signal would manifest itself as an excess in the dimuon invariant mass distribution over the Standard Model background. No significant excess is observed in the accessible ranges of mass 250&lt;m(χ)&lt;4700 MeV/c[superscript 2] and lifetime 0.1&lt;τ(χ)&lt;1000 ps. Upper limits on the branching fraction B(B[superscript +]→K[superscript +]χ(μ[superscript +]μ[superscript -])) at 95% confidence level are set as a function of m(χ) and τ(χ), varying between 2×10[superscript -10] and 10[superscript -7]. These are the most stringent limits to date. The limits are interpreted in the context of a model with a light inflaton particle.
Best's vitelliform dystrophy. (1990)

Best's vitelliform dystrophy is an autosomal dominant disease that pathologically affects the retinal pigment epithelium and symmetrically affects the macula of patients at a very young age. Visual acuity tends to remain quite good for long periods of time. In the later stages of the disease, atrophic changes of the retinal pigment epithelium or scarring secondary to subretinal neovascular membranes with hemorrhage may cause a loss of central visual acuity. An abnormal diminished light to dark ratio of the electrooculogram is the hallmark of the disease. No other significant ocular abnormalities or systemic problems have been associated with this genetic disorder. No therapy exists for halting the progression of the disease with the possible exception of laser photocoagulation treatment used to ablate subretinal neovascular membranes in an attempt to avoid complications of subretinal hemorrhages. However, an accurate diagnosis and pedigree analysis is important for allowing the physician to perform adequate family and genetic counseling to affected patients.
Synthesis of 14C‐labelled EM‐800 (SCH 57050) and EM‐652·HCl (SCH 57068·HCl, acolbifene), pure selective estrogen receptor modulators (2004)

Abstract EM‐800 (SCH 57050) and EM‐652·HCl (SCH 57068·HCl, acolbifene) are orally active pure selective estrogen receptor modulators. The corresponding 14 C 2 ‐radiolabelled compounds 1 and 2 were synthesized for metabolic studies with uniform labelling of two carbons within the benzene ring of the 2H‐1‐benzopyran moiety by optical resolution of racemic (±)‐[ 14 C 2 ]EM‐343 4 . This pivotal intermediate amine was prepared in 6 steps with 38% yield from commercially available [U‐ 14 C 2 ]resorcinol ( 3 ). Resolution by selective crystallization of the diastereomeric mixture of ( S )‐(+)‐camphorsulfonates salts gave the desired (+)‐[ 14 C 2 ]EM‐652·(+)‐CSA 13 . Moreover, the racemic amine 4 was recovered from mother liquors by basic treatment, and resolved again. We obtained salt 13 , at a 52% yield with 97% diastereomeric excess by repeating the resolution–racemization process. Finally, the corresponding dipivaloate (+)‐[ 14 C 2 ]EM‐800 1 and hydrochloride salt (+)‐[ 14 C 2 ]EM‐652·HCl 2 were prepared at respective specific activities of 19.7 and 24.5 µCi/mg with 96.3% radiochemical purity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
An Efficient Regiospecific Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Novel Dihydropyrimido[4,5‐d]pyrimidine Derivatives by a Three‐Component One‐Pot Condensation under Solvent‐Free Conditions. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Analog dynamic random-access memory (ADRAM) unit cell implemented using a CCD with feedback (1991)

A novel unit cell for analog, dynamic, random-access memory is described. The unit cell is implemented using a charge-coupled device (CCD) and features voltage-in/voltage-out operation with low power. The unit cell is essentially an algorithmic voltage sample-and-hold (S/H) circuit. It is sufficiently compact for imager frame memory application and may also find application in analog neural network circuits.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Design Methodology (2005)

This chapter contains sections titled: Methodology CAD Tools for MEMS
Polyfunctional response by ImmTAC (IMCgp100) redirected CD8+ and CD4+ T cells (2017)

The success of immune system-based cancer therapies depends on a broad immune response engaging a range of effector cells and mechanisms. Immune mobilizing monoclonal T cell receptors (TCRs) against cancer (ImmTAC™ molecules: fusion proteins consisting of a soluble, affinity enhanced TCR and an anti-CD3 scFv antibody) were previously shown to redirect CD8<sup>+</sup> and CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells against tumours. Here we present evidence that IMCgp100 (ImmTAC recognizing a peptide derived from the melanoma-specific protein, gp100, presented by HLA-A*0201) efficiently redirects and activates effector and memory cells from both CD8<sup>+</sup> and CD4<sup>+</sup> repertoires. Using isolated subpopulations of T cells, we find that both terminally differentiated and effector memory CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells redirected by IMCgp100 are potent killers of melanoma cells. Furthermore, CD4<sup>+</sup> effector memory T cells elicit potent cytotoxic activity leading to melanoma cell killing upon redirection by IMCgp100. The majority of T cell subsets belonging to both the CD8<sup>+</sup> and CD4<sup>+</sup> repertoires secrete key pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin-6) and chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein-1α-β, interferon-γ-inducible protein-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1). At an individual cell level, IMCgp100-redirected T cells display a polyfunctional phenotype, which is a hallmark of a potent anti-cancer response. This study demonstrates that IMCgp100 induces broad immune responses that extend beyond the induction of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. These findings are of particular importance because IMCgp100 is currently undergoing clinical trials as a single agent or in combination with check point inhibitors for patients with malignant melanoma.
Sensitive Immunosensor for Cancer Biomarker Based on Dual Signal Amplification Strategy of Graphene Sheets and Multienzyme Functionalized Carbon Nanospheres (2010)

A novel electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive detection of cancer biomarker alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is described that uses a graphene sheet sensor platform and functionalized carbon nanospheres (CNSs) labeled with horseradish peroxidase-secondary antibodies (HRP-Ab2). Greatly enhanced sensitivity for the cancer biomarker is based on a dual signal amplification strategy: first, the synthesized CNSs yielded a homogeneous and narrow size distribution, which allowed several binding events of HRP-Ab2 on each nanosphere. Enhanced sensitivity was achieved by introducing the multibioconjugates of HRP-Ab2-CNSs onto the electrode surface through "sandwich" immunoreactions. Second, functionalized graphene sheets used for the biosensor platform increased the surface area to capture a large amount of primary antibodies (Ab1), thus amplifying the detection response. On the basis of the dual signal amplification strategy of graphene sheets and the multienzyme labeling, the developed immunosensor showed a 7-fold increase in detection signal compared to the immunosensor without graphene modification and CNSs labeling. The proposed method could respond to 0.02 ng mL(-1) AFP with a linear calibration range from 0.05 to 6 ng mL(-1). This amplification strategy is a promising platform for clinical screening of cancer biomarkers and point-of-care diagnostics.
Wave front sensorless adaptive optics, modal wave front sensing, and sphere packings (2004)

We investigate the properties of a class of adaptive optics systems that do not employ a wave front sensor but rather optimise a photodetector signal by appropriate control of an adaptive element. Such wave front control methods have already been implemented in various applications. It is often convenient to represent a wave front aberration by the superposition of several aberration modes, for example, using the set of Zernike polynomials. In many practical situations the total aberration can be accurately represented by a small number of such modes. It is shown that the design of wave front sensor-less adaptive optics systems based upon Zernike modes is related to the mathematical problem of sphere packing. This involves the arrangement of spheres in multiple dimensions, where the coordinate for each dimension corresponds to a Zernike mode amplitude. This observation permits optimisation of the systems providing considerable increases in efficiency over schemes that take no account of the geometries involved. We combine this approach with modal wave front sensing to provide efficient, direct measurement of Zernike aberration modes.
Direct Observation of Enzymes Replicating DNA Using a Single-molecule DNA Stretching Assay (2010)

We describe a method for observing real time replication of individual DNA molecules mediated by proteins of the bacteriophage replication system. Linearized lambda DNA is modified to have a biotin on the end of one strand, and a digoxigenin moiety on the other end of the same strand. The biotinylated end is attached to a functionalized glass coverslip and the digoxigeninated end to a small bead. The assembly of these DNA-bead tethers on the surface of a flow cell allows a laminar flow to be applied to exert a drag force on the bead. As a result, the DNA is stretched close to and parallel to the surface of the coverslip at a force that is determined by the flow rate (Figure 1). The length of the DNA is measured by monitoring the position of the bead. Length differences between single- and double-stranded DNA are utilized to obtain real-time information on the activity of the replication proteins at the fork. Measuring the position of the bead allows precise determination of the rates and processivities of DNA unwinding and polymerization (Figure 2).
Molecular network-based analysis of Guizhi-Shaoyao-Zhimu decoction, a TCM herbal formula, for treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (2015)

Although each single herb can affect some DPN-related functions and pathways, GSZ exerts more effects on DPN-related functions and pathways. The effects of GSZ on aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling and apoptosis signaling pathways may be the key components of its total molecular mechanisms.
A Nonallergenic Birch Pollen Allergy Vaccine Consisting of Hepatitis PreS–Fused Bet v 1 Peptides Focuses Blocking IgG toward IgE Epitopes and Shifts Immune Responses to a Tolerogenic and Th1 Phenotype (2013)

Allergen-specific immunotherapy is the only allergen-specific and disease-modifying treatment for allergy. The construction and characterization of a vaccine for birch pollen allergy is reported. Two nonallergenic peptides, PA and PB, derived from the IgE-reactive areas of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 were fused to the hepatitis B surface protein, PreS, in four recombinant fusion proteins containing different numbers and combinations of the peptides. Fusion proteins expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity showed a lack of IgE reactivity and allergenic activity when tested with sera and basophils from patients allergic to birch pollen. Compared to Bet v 1 allergen, peptides PA and PB showed reduced T cell activation in PBMCs from allergic patients, whereas PreS fusion proteins induced less IL-5 and more IL-10 and IFN-γ. Immunization of rabbits with the fusion proteins, in particular with a PreS fusion protein 2PAPB-PreS, containing two copies of each peptide, induced high levels of IgG Abs against the major IgE-reactive site on Bet v 1 and related allergens. These IgG Abs inhibited allergic patients' IgE binding to Bet v 1 better than did IgG induced by immunization with complete Bet v 1. Furthermore, 2PAPB-PreS-induced IgG inhibited Bet v 1-induced basophil activation in allergic patients and CD23-facilitated allergen presentation. Our study exemplifies novel beneficial features for a PreS carrier-based peptide vaccine for birch pollen, which, in addition to the established reduction in allergenic activity, include the enhanced focusing of blocking Ab responses toward IgE epitopes, immunomodulatory activity, and reduction of CD23-facilitated allergen presentation.
ALT Levels for Asians With Metabolic Diseases: A Meta‐analysis of 86 Studies With Individual Patient Data Validation (2020)

The current alanine aminotransferase (ALT) upper limit of normal was defined using selected healthy Caucasian blood donors. Given the global rise in obesity and different body habitus in Asians, we aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis combined with bootstrap modeling and individual patient data validation to estimate the ALT upper threshold for Asians, including the overweight and diabetics. We included studies from PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane database searches that identified individuals without known liver diseases (i.e., viral hepatitis, alcohol, and ultrasound-detected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease). The mean ALT (U/L) was estimated using a random-effects mixed model and upper threshold (95th-percentile value, U/L) via a bootstrap model with 10,000 resamples. We screened 4,995 studies and identified 86 studies that reported ALT values for 526,641 individuals without excessive alcohol intake or known liver diseases, yielding a mean ALT of 19 and ALT upper threshold of 32. The ALT upper threshold was 37 in males versus 31 in females, 39 in overweight versus 28 in normal-weight individuals, and 36 for diabetics versus 33 for nondiabetics. We validated our study level data with individual patient level data in 6,058 individuals from five study centers in Japan. Consistent with our study-level data, we found that the ALT upper threshold in our individual patient data analysis was indeed higher in overweight versus normal-weight individuals (39 vs. 32) and in diabetics versus nondiabetics (42 vs. 33). <i>Conclusion:</i> We provide validated reference ranges for ALT upper threshold derived from Asians without known liver disease, including individuals with ultrasound-detected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease who are normal weight, overweight, nondiabetic, and diabetic, to inform practice.