gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Controlling the COD removal of an A-stage pilot study with instrumentation and automatic process control (2017)

The pursuit of fully autotrophic nitrogen removal via the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) pathway has led to an increased interest in carbon removal technologies, particularly the A-stage of the adsorption/bio-oxidation (A/B) process. The high-rate operation of the A-stage and lack of automatic process control often results in wide variations of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal that can ultimately impact nitrogen removal in the downstream B-stage process. This study evaluated the use dissolved oxygen (DO) and mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) based automatic control strategies through the use of in situ on-line sensors in the A-stage of an A/B pilot study. The objective of using these control strategies was to reduce the variability of COD removal by the A-stage and thus the variability of the effluent C/N. The use of cascade DO control in the A-stage did not impact COD removal at the conditions tested in this study, likely because the bulk DO concentration (&amp;gt;0.5 mg/L) was maintained above the half saturation coefficient of heterotrophic organisms for DO. MLSS-based solids retention time (SRT) control, where MLSS was used as a surrogate for SRT, did not significantly reduce the effluent C/N variability but it was able to reduce COD removal variation in the A-stage by 90%.
Highly non‐linear and wide‐band mmWave active array OTA linearisation using neural network (2021)

Abstract This paper proposes a neural network (NN)‐based over‐the‐air (OTA) linearisation technique for a highly non‐linear and wide‐band mmWave active phased array (APA) transmitter and compares it with the conventional memory polynomial model (MPM)‐based technique. The proposed NN effectively learns the distinctive non‐linear distortions, which may not easily fit to existing MPM solutions, and can, therefore, successfully cope with the challenges introduced by the high non‐linearity and wide bandwidth. The proposed technique has been evaluated using a state‐of‐the‐art 4 × 4 APA operating in highly non‐linear regions at 28 GHz with a 100‐MHz‐wide 3GPP base‐station signal as input. Experimental results show the pre‐distortion signal generated by the NN exhibits the peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) much lower than the one generated by MPM and consequently superior linearisation performance in terms of adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) and error vector magnitude (EVM) for high non‐linearity cases. Using the proposed NN‐based linearisation technique, an improvement of 5‐dB ACLR and 7% points in EVM are achieved, which demonstrates the promising potential of this technique for emerging broadband communication systems such as 5G/6G and low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks.
Size-independent low voltage of InGaN micro-light-emitting diodes with epitaxial tunnel junctions using selective area growth by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (2020)

High performance InGaN micro-size light-emitting diodes (µLEDs) with epitaxial tunnel junctions (TJs) were successfully demonstrated using selective area growth (SAG) by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Patterned n + GaN/n-GaN layers with small holes were grown on top of standard InGaN blue LEDs to form TJs using SAG. TJ µLEDs with squared mesa ranging from 10×10 to 100×100 µm<sup>2</sup> were fabricated. The forward voltage (V<sub>f</sub>) in the reference TJ µLEDs without SAG is very high and decreases linearly from 4.6 to 3.7 V at 20 A/cm<sup>2</sup> with reduction in area from 10000 to 100 µm<sup>2</sup>, which is caused by the lateral out diffusion of hydrogen through sidewall. By contrast, the V<sub>f</sub> at 20 A/cm<sup>2</sup> in the TJ µLEDs utilizing SAG is significantly reduced to be 3.24 to 3.31 V. Moreover, the V<sub>f</sub> in the SAG TJ µLEDs is independent on sizes, suggesting that the hydrogen is effectively removed through the holes on top of the p-GaN surface by SAG. The output power of SAG TJ µLEDs is ∼10% higher than the common µLEDs with indium tin oxide (ITO) contact.
Effect of Pulsed Electric Fields on the Growth and Acidification Kinetics of Lactobacillus delbrueckii Subsp. bulgaricus (2020)

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on the growth and acidification kinetics of <i>Lactobacillus delbrueckii</i> subsp. <i>bulgaricus</i> CFL1 during fermentation. The PEF treatments were applied during the fermentation process using a recirculation pump and a PEF treatment chamber coupled with a PEF generator. The medium flow rate through the chamber was first optimized to obtain the same growth and acidification kinetics than the control fermentation without medium recirculation. Different PEF intensities (60-428 V cm<sup>-1</sup>) were then applied to the culture medium to study the impact of PEF on the cells' behavior. The growth and acidification kinetics were recorded during the fermentation and the specific growth rates µ, pH, and acidification rate (dpH/dt) were assessed. The results obtained showed a biphasic growth by applying high PEF intensities (beyond 285 V cm<sup>-1</sup>) with the presence of two maximal specific growth rates and a decrease in the acidification activities. It was demonstrated that the cells were stressed during the PEF treatment, but presented an accelerated growth after stopping it, leading thereby to similar absorbance and pH at the end of the fermentation. These results show the great potential of PEF technology to be applied to generate low acidified products by performing PEF-assisted fermentations.
Infrared laser-assisted desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (2007)

We have used an infrared laser for desorption of material and ionization by interaction with electrosprayed solvent. Infrared laser-assisted desorption electrospray ionization (IR LADESI) mass spectrometry was used for the direct analysis of water-containing samples under ambient conditions. An ion trap mass spectrometer was modified to include a pulsed Er:YAG laser at 2.94 microm wavelength coupled into a germanium oxide optical fiber for desorption at atmospheric pressure and a nanoelectrospray source for ionization. Analytes in aqueous solution were placed on a stainless steel target and irradiated with the pulsed IR laser. Material desorbed and ablated from the target was ionized by a continuous stream of charged droplets from the electrosprayed solvent. Peptide and protein samples analyzed using this method yield mass spectra similar to those obtained by conventional electrospray. Blood and urine were analyzed without sample pretreatment to demonstrate the capability of IR LADESI for direct analysis of biological fluids. Pharmaceutical products were also directly analyzed. Finally, the role of water as a matrix in the IR LADESI process is discussed.
Detecting GNSS Jamming and Spoofing on Android Devices (2022)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) location engines on Android devices provide location and navigation utility to billions of people worldwide. However, these location engines currently have very limited protection from threats to their position, navigation, and time (PNT) solutions. External sources of radio frequency interference (RFI) can render PNT information unusable. Even worse, false signals or spoofing can provide a false PNT solution to Android devices. To mitigate this, four detection methods were developed and evaluated using native location parameters within Android: Comparing the GNSS and network locations, checking the Android mock location flag, comparing the GNSS and Android system times, and observing the automatic gain control (AGC) and carrier-to-noise density (C/N<sub>0</sub>) signal metrics. These methods provide a powerful means to significantly increase the robustness of the Android GNSS-based PNT solution and are implemented in the GNSSAlarm Android application to demonstrate real-time jamming and spoofing detection.
Tunable Columnar Mesophases Utilizing C2 Symmetric Aromatic Donor−Acceptor Complexes (2006)

Derivatives of relatively electron rich 1,5-dialkoxynaphthalene (Dan) donors and relatively electron deficient 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide (Ndi) acceptors have been exploited in the folding and self-assembly of a variety of complex molecular systems in solution. Here, we report the use of Dan and Ndi derivatives to direct assembly of extended columns with alternating face-centered stacked structure in the solid state. A variety of 1:1 Dan:Ndi mixtures produced mesophases that were found to be stable over temperature ranges extending up to 110 degrees C. Analysis of these mesophases indicates mixtures with soft/plastic crystal phases and a few mixtures with the thermodynamic properties of true liquid crystals, all composed of alternating donor-acceptor columns within. Importantly, a correspondence was found between the clearing and crystallization points of the mesophase mixtures and the melting/clearing points of the component Ndi and Dan units, respectively. This correspondence enables the predictable tuning of mesophase phase transition temperatures. The study of sterically hindered derivatives led to a set of mixtures in which a dramatic and sudden color change (deep red to yellow) was observed upon crystallization of the mesophase due to a phase separation of the component donor and acceptor units.
Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Racivir®, (±)-β-2′,3′-Dideoxy-5-Fluoro-3′-Thiacytidine in Rats, Rabbits, Dogs, Monkeys and HIV-Infected Humans (2005)

Racivir is a 50:50 racemic mixture of the (-)- and (+)-beta-enantiomers of 2'-deoxy-3'-thia-5-fluorocytosine (FTC), which is being developed for the treatment of HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV). The (+)-enantiomer of FTC is approximately 10-20-fold less potent than (-)-FTC, but it selects for a different HIV mutation in human lymphocytes. Plasma concentrations from a group of 54 rats, 12 pregnant rabbits and 60 dogs enrolled in large toxicity studies using a wide variety of oral doses, were compared using non-compartment pharmacokinetic modelling versus dose, treatment duration, species and gender. The pharmacokinetics of Racivir were also compared with those of a previously published pharmacokinetic study in rhesus monkeys and with data from HIV-infected human male volunteers. The (+)-FTC, but not the (-)-enantiomer, can be deaminated to the non-toxic inactive metabolite (+)-FTU. Therefore, the plasma exposure to (+)-FTU was also determined. The order of relative plasma exposure to (+)-FTU was rhesus monkeys > humans > pregnant rabbits > dogs > rats. Allometric scaling was performed to relate systemic clearance/fraction of drug absorbed (Cl/F) and terminal phase volume of distribution (Vbeta/F) versus species body weights. No individual animal species mimicked the Cl/F values in humans. However, allometric scaling using a combination of rats, pregnant rabbits and monkeys predicted the mean human Cl/F value better than a combination of rats and rabbits only (within 0.24 and SD of mean vs 0.81 SD of the observed mean value). Similarly, human Vbeta/F values were best predicted using a combination of rat and monkey data (within 0.64 SD of mean value). Species demonstrating greater deamination to (+)-FTU tended to have greater than predicted Cl/F values. The Cmax values of dogs were the closest to humans, but were statistically different. This study highlights the importance of selecting animal species that demonstrate similar cytidine deaminase activity to humans when performing preclinical dosing studies on Racivir and other antiviral agents that are substrates for mammalian cytidine deaminases.
The Era of Cancer Discovery (2011)

Realization of the need for a forum that would bring basic and translational scientists and clinical trials specialists together inspired the launch of Cancer Discovery .

A growing optimism that cancer research and treatment are entering a new era is taking hold. Since the late 1950s, when the first real cancer cures were achieved with combination therapies, progress in treating cancers has been painfully slow, and with a few notable exceptions, breakthroughs came from empirical observations in the clinic rather than from detailed understanding of the disease. We did not understand why certain therapies were successful in some subsets of cancers and failures in others. Most cancer drugs were being developed on the basis of their ability to kill cancer cells grown on plastic or in nude mice, with no real understanding of the mechanism of drug action. It is therefore not surprising that the majority of these investigational drugs ultimately failed when tested in large and expensive randomized trials, and those that did succeed typically extended lives by only a few months. In 1996, the 25th anniversary of the declaration of war on cancer, it was difficult to point to a single breakthrough in treatment that emerged from the tens of billions of dollars that had been spent on basic and clinical research.

Nevertheless, we learned a lot during those first 25 years. We discovered that cancer was, for the most part, caused by mutations in genes (oncogenes) that control cell proliferation, cell growth, cell survival, and cell differentiation. Importantly, we discovered that the types of cancers that had been historically defined based on tissue of origin and classical techniques of pathology could be further divided into dozens of subtypes when analyzed at the molecular level. This knowledge began to explain why 2 patients with the same disease diagnosis …
Thrombospondin stimulates motility of human neutrophils. (1990)

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) migrate to sites of inflammation or injury in response to chemoattractants released at those sites. The presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins at these sites may influence PMN accumulation at blood vessel walls and enhance their ability to move through tissue. Thrombospondin (TSP), a 450-kD ECM protein whose major proteolytic fragments are a COOH-terminal 140-kD fragment and an NH2-terminal heparin-binding domain (HBD), is secreted by platelets, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. TSP binds specifically to PMN surface receptors and has been shown, in other cell types, to promote directed movement. TSP in solution at low concentrations (30-50 nM) "primed" PMNs for f-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)-mediated chemotaxis, increasing the response two- to fourfold. A monoclonal antibody against the HBD of TSP totally abolished this priming effect suggesting that the priming activity resides in the HBD of TSP. Purified HBD retains the priming activity of TSP thereby corroborating the antibody data. TSP alone, in solution at high concentrations (0.5-3.0 microM), stimulated chemotaxis of PMNs and required both the HBD and the 140-kD fragment of TSP. In contrast to TSP in solution, TSP bound to nitrocellulose filters in the range of 20-70 pmol stimulated random locomotion of PMNs. The number of PMNs migrating in response to bound TSP was approximately two orders of magnitude greater than the number of cells that exhibited chemotaxis in response to soluble TSP or fMLP. Monoclonal antibody C6.7, which recognizes an epitope near the carboxyl terminus of TSP, blocked migration stimulated by bound TSP, suggesting that the activity resides in this domain. Using proteolytic fragments, we demonstrated that bound 140-kD fragment, but not HBD, promoted migration of PMNs. Therefore, TSP released at injury sites, alone or in synergy with chemotactic peptides like fMLP, could play a role in directing PMN movement.
Performance and Stability of Doubled Haploid Lines of Upland Cotton Derived via Semigamy1 (1984)

Doubled haploid lines of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) derived via semigamy and colchicine doubling from diverse parental strains were evaluated for yield in several year‐location environments in Mississippi in 1980 and 1981. Experiments were conducted to determine agronomic performance and fiber properties of 15 doubled haploid lines. Selected doubled haploids, their parental strains, and commercial cultivars were evaluated in 1980 for allelochemic compounds alleged to confer resistance to the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.). Stability parameters were determined for seed cotton yield and allelochemics using linear regression analyses to estimate regression coefficients (b values) and coefficients of determination (r 2 values). A genotype was considered environmentally stable when a unit change in genotype performance corresponded to a unit change in environmental index. The hypothesis, H o : β = 1.0, or no significant difference between the performance of a cotton line and the mean performance of all lines over environments was tested for each strain. Agronomic and fiber traits were improved for some doubled haploids but were inferior for other traits compared with their respective parental strains. Generally, doubled haploid lines were as environmentally stable for yield performance as parental strains. This was also true for within‐season variability of allelochemic compounds. Heterogeneity of a strain or cultivar was not an apparent prerequisite for environmental buffering effects. Cumulative expression of genetic traits may play a more important role in maintaining environmental stability than relative heterozygosity.
Topology formulation algorithms for wireless networks with reconfigurable directional links (2005)

In future airborne networks, high rate connectivity between platforms will be heterogeneous and provided over directional free space optical (FSO) or RF wireless links. It is essential for large scale high performance networks that the creation and maintenance of link adjacencies between airborne nodes proceed in an automated manner. Precisely which steerable transmit beams should form connections with available receivers within the transmitter's field of view, range, and type must be determined-quickly. To accomplish this aim we seek an algorithm to create a robust network that balances stability and performance goals given connectivity and resource constraints. Due to the unstable nature of links and data traffic patterns, the primary objective is to maximize the number of connected nodes, an NP-hard problem. In this paper, we describe an integer linear programming (ILP) formulation that discovers a degree constrained spanning tree (dST) if one exists. If no dST exists, i.e., if no degree constrained connected graph is feasible, the algorithm produces a degree constrained forest with the maximum number of edges feasible, subject to the requirement that each tree contains at least one edge. Performance and scalability results are shown for the ILP variant described, in different scenarios and for different network sizes.
C/EBPA methylation is common in T-ALL but not in M0 AML (2009)

To the editor:

The CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPA) is a stage-specific transcription factor that controls proliferation and differentiation toward a myeloid and against a T-lymphoid fate.[1][1] Nonconditional targeted disruption of C/EBPA leads to a selective early block to granulocyte
Electrochemical Reduction of Oxygen at “Electrocoated” Nafion‐Modified Metal‐Carbon Composite and Platinum Electrodes (1993)

The use of a newly developed stainless steel‐carbon composite electrode designed for energy storage device applications is introduced. An experimental comparison of the electrochemical properties of "electrocoated" (EC) and solution cast (SC) Nafion film modified electrodes is described. Specifically, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has been studied at bare and Nafion‐modified stainless steel‐carbon composite electrodes in 0.1M and at bare and Nafion‐modified platinum disk electrodes in 0.7M using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and ac impedance analysis. The reduction currents, reduction current enhancement factors, Tafel slopes, and exchange current densities observed at the Nafion‐modified electrodes are compared with the values observed at the bare electrodes in the same solution. The EC film electrodes show improved electrode kinetics compared with the SC film electrodes based on the anodic shift of the reduction current values. In addition, the EC film electrodes exhibit larger peak of limiting current densities per unit weight of Nafion. The increased kinetics and larger reduction currents result from a higher concentration of oxygen available at the electrode surface due to an increased interfacial contact area between the polymer and the electrode surface provided by the electrocoating method. Contact resistance between the polymer and the electrode surface may be reduced at EC film electrodes leading to less ohmic loss.
Temperature controlled laser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) using thermal imaging (2005)

Purpose To describe the thermal imaging control system used to deposit lines of graphite in a laser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) system. Design/methodology/approach A thermal imaging‐based control system is applied to the LCVD process to deposit layered carbon lines of uniform height and width. A 100 W CO 2 laser focused to a 200 μ m diameter spot size is used to provide the heat source for the carbon deposition. A high resolution thermal imaging camera is used to monitor and control the average deposition temperature. Findings Carbon lines are grown with heights of 250 μ m and widths of 170 μ m consisting of 20 layers. Laser spot temperatures are in excess of 2,170°C, and the total pressure used is 1 atm with a 75 percent methane concentration and the remainder hydrogen. The length of the lines is 3.3 mm, and the scan speed is 5 mm/min. The volumetric deposition rate is 0.648 mm 3 /h. Research limitations/implications The temperature process control resulted in uniform geometry at the center of the lines, but it was not as effective at the ends of the lines where the geometry was more complex. Originality/value Introduces a control technique for uniform line deposition for the LCVD process, which represents a core building block for complex geometries. The establishment of basic control algorithms will enable LCVD to realize the potential for rapid prototyping of metals and ceramics with sub‐millimeter feature sizes.
Predicting seizure-free status for temporal lobe epilepsy patients undergoing surgery: prognostic value of quantifying maximal metabolic asymmetry extending over a specified proportion of the temporal lobe. (2007)

A quantifying approach to assessing maximal temporal asymmetry over a specified proportion of the temporal lobe may help to predict whether patients will likely be free of seizures during the years after neurosurgical resection of epileptogenic tissue.
Advancements in technology and the challenges posed to electrical testing of protective relays and controls (2016)

As newer microprocessor based protective relays eliminate wiring controls and replace them with digital logic and test equipment automation is refined and becomes more user friendly the conclusion would be that it is becoming easier to electrically test and commission protective relays and controls. This is accurate if all of the following conditions are true; the relay settings and logic are flawless, the relay testing software is perfect, and everything works as expected. Of course if this was the case then we would not need to test protective relays or controls.