gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extracellular field required for excitation in three-dimensional anisotropic canine myocardium. (1988)

It is not known how well potential gradient, current density, and energy correlate with excitation by extracellular stimulation in the in situ heart. Additionally, the influence of fiber orientation and stimulus polarity on the extracellular thresholds for stimulation expressed in terms of these factors has not been assessed. To answer these questions for myocardium in electrical diastole, extracellular excitation thresholds were determined from measurements of stimulus potentials and activation patterns recorded from 120 transmural electrodes in a 35 X 20 X 5-mm region of the right ventricular outflow tract in six open-chest dogs. Extracellular potential gradients, current densities, energies, and their components longitudinal and transverse to the local fiber orientation at each recording site were calculated from the stimulus potentials produced by 3-msec constant-current stimuli. The resulting values in regions directly excited by the stimulus field were compared with the values in regions not directly excited but activated by the spread of wavefronts conducting away from the directly excited region. Magnitudes of 3.66 mA/cm2 for current density, 9.7 microJ/cm3 for energy, and 804 mV/cm for potential gradient yielded minimum misclassifications of 8%, 13%, and 17%, respectively, of sites directly and not directly excited. A linear bivariate combination of the longitudinal (l) and transverse (t) components of the potential gradient yielded 7% misclassification (threshold ratio t/l of 2.88), and linear combination of corresponding current density components yielded 8% misclassification (threshold ratio t/l of 1.04). Anodal and cathodal thresholds were not significantly different (p = 0.39). Potential gradient, current density, and energy strength-duration curves were constructed for pulse durations (D) of 0.2-20 msec. The best fit hyperbolic curve for current density magnitude (Jm) was Jm = 3.97/D + 3.15, where Jm is in mA/cm2, and D is in msec. Thus, for stimulation during electrical diastole 1) both current density magnitude and longitudinal and transverse components of the potential gradient are closely correlated with excitation, 2) the extracellular potential gradient along cardiac cells has a lower threshold than across cells, while current density thresholds along and across cells are similar, 3) anodal and cathodal thresholds are approximately equal for stimuli greater than or equal to 5 mA, and 4) the extracellular potential gradient, current density, and energy excitation thresholds can be expressed by strength-duration equations.
Conjugates of neuroprotective chaperone L-PGDS provide MRI contrast for detection of amyloid β-rich regions in live Alzheimer’s Disease mouse model brain (2020)

Abstract Endogenous brain proteins can recognize the toxic oligomers of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and interact with them to prevent their aggregation. Lipocalin-type Prostaglandin D Synthase (L-PGDS) is a major Aβ-chaperone protein in the human cerebrospinal fluid. Here we demonstrate that L-PGDS detects amyloids in diseased mouse brain. Conjugation of L-PGDS with magnetic nanoparticles enhanced the contrast for magnetic resonance imaging. We conjugated the L-PGDS protein with ferritin nanocages to detect amyloids in the AD mouse model brain. We show here that the conjugates administered through intraventricular injections co-localize with amyloids in the mouse brain. These conjugates can target the brain regions through non-invasive intranasal administration, as shown in healthy mice. These conjugates can inhibit the aggregation of amyloids in vitro and show potential neuroprotective function by breaking down the mature amyloid fibrils.
Analog Image Denoising with an Adaptive Memristive Crossbar Network (2022)

Noise in image sensors led to the development of a whole range of denoising filters. A noisy image can become hard to recognize and often require several types of post-processing compensation circuits. This paper proposes an adaptive denoising system implemented using analog in-memory neural computing network. The proposed method can learn new noises and can be integrated into or alone with CMOS image sensors. Three denoising network configurations are implemented, namely, (1) single layer network, (2) convolution network, and (3) fusion network. The single layer network shows the processing time, energy consumption and on-chip area of 3.2$\mu$s, 21n J per image and 0.3mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> respectively, meanwhile, convolution denoising network correspondingly shows 72m s, 236$\mu$J and 0.48mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Among all the implemented networks, it is observed that performance metrics SSIM, MSE and PSNR show a maximum improvement of 3.61, 21.7 and 7.7 times respectively.
Imidazolium Dialkylphosphates — A Class of Versatile, Halogen‐Free and Hydrolytically Stable Ionic Liquids. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Influence of dynamic factors on the lumbar spine moment in lifting (1988)

Flexion-extension moments occurring at the L5-S1 level of the spine were calculated when subjects lifted a 150N box at slow, normal and fast speeds. Three methods of lifting were used: leg-lifting, back-lifting and free-style lifting. The peak moment increased linearly with increasing lifting speed. The increase was greatest for back lifts, but occurred with the other two lifting techniques as well. Inertial forces should be considered when analysing lifting tasks biomechanically. Excessive speed of lifting, including jerking, should be avoided.
Minimal Residual Disease Detection Identifies Differences between the Risk Groups Defined by the ALL IC-BFM 2002 and the ALL-BFM 2000 Protocols. (2004)

Abstract Minimal residual disease (MRD) testing based on a unique Ig/TCR gene rearrangement pattern of each patient’s leukaemia turned out to be an independent tool to determine treatment response and the risk of relapse in paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Since 07/2000, MRD information at week 5 and 12 of therapy has been used for stratification in ALL-BFM 2000 trial. In parallel, ALL IC-BFM 2002 has been designed by the International-BFM Group to test the morphological assessment of the early treatment response. Patients are stratified according to the blast proportion in peripheral blood (PB) at day 8 and in bone marrow (BM) at day 15 and 33 of therapy, age, initial WBC and the presence of BCR/ABL and MLL/AF4 fusion. One of the goals of the study is the comparison of this risk group assessment to the MRD-based criteria used in ALL-BFM 2000. In the Czech Republic, 73 patients were treated according to ALL IC-BFM 2002 protocol from 11/2002 to 12/2003, 29 in the standard-risk (SR), 35 in the intermediate-risk (IR) and 9 in the high-risk (HR) group. The SR, HR and all T-cell ALL patients were examined for clonal Ig/TCR rearrangements. RQ-PCR patient-specific systems were designed for each of these patients according to the ESG-MRD-ALL criteria. For 39 of the 40 patients tested (97.5%) at least one target with minimal sensitivity of 10(−4) was identified. MRD was evaluated in BM samples from 34 patients at several time points inclusive of the mandatory 5 and 12 week ones. Simultaneously the PB specimens of the T-ALL patients were tested. In total, 205 BM and 64 PB specimens were included. In 7 patients of 24 in the SR group, MRD positivity at week 5 and/or at week 12 was observed (ranging between 9.7x10(−4) and 1.5x10(−2)), thus identifying patients who would not qualify to the MRD-based SR group in ALL-BFM 2000 despite the identical induction regimen. In T-ALL patients, PB-MRD levels paralleled those in BM. MRD results showed no separation of MRD levels between IR- and HR-stratified T-ALL patients. These preliminary findings reveal a significant difference between the stratification results of ALL IC-BFM 2002 and ALL-BFM 2000. A fast response as measured by the morphology criterion (M1 or M2 bone marrow at day 15) together with other low-risk features does not necessarily correspond with rapid MRD clearance. The complete analysis of MRD is planned for the international consortium participating in the ALL IC-BFM 2002 protocol.
Poly(glycoamidoamine) brush nanomaterials for systemic siRNA delivery in vivo (2016)

Delivery is the key challenge for siRNA based therapeutics. Here, we report the development of new poly(glycoamidoamine) brush nanomaterials for efficient siRNA delivery. GluN4C10 polymer brush nanoparticles, a lead material, demonstrated significantly improved delivery efficiency for siRNA against factor VII (FVII) in mice compared to poly(glycoamidoamine) brush nanomaterials reported previously.
Irregularity in inflectional morphology – where language deficits strike (2012)

Regular and irregular inflectional morphology are often selectively affected in acquired or developmental language disorders. An account of this observation is given by the Procedural/Declarative Model (Ullman 2001, 2004) according to which regular and irregular inflectional morphology are subserved by different brain systems which are differentially affected in different neurological disorders. This model predicts that neurological disorders such as Broca's aphasia and Parkinson's disease should lead to deficits with regular inflection, whereas syndromes such as Wernicke's aphasia should selectively affect irregular inflection. We report data on the production of regular and irregular inflected past participles and noun plurals from four groups of German speakers (Broca's aphasics, Wernicke's aphasics, subjects with Parkinson's disease and healthy subjects). Contrary to the assumptions of the Procedural/Declarative Model, our data indicate that independent of neurological syndrome and lesion localisation it is infrequent irregular forms that are prone to error.
ChIATAC is an efficient strategy for multi-omics mapping of 3D epigenomes from low-cell inputs (2023)

Connecting genes to their cis-regulatory elements has been enabled by genome-wide mapping of chromatin interactions using proximity ligation in ChIA-PET, Hi-C, and their derivatives. However, these methods require millions of input cells for high-quality data and thus are unsuitable for many studies when only limited cells are available. Conversely, epigenomic profiling via transposase digestion in ATAC-seq requires only hundreds to thousands of cells to robustly map open chromatin associated with transcription activity, but it cannot directly connect active genes to their distal enhancers. Here, we combine proximity ligation in ChIA-PET and transposase accessibility in ATAC-seq into ChIATAC to efficiently map interactions between open chromatin loci in low numbers of input cells. We validate ChIATAC in Drosophila cells and optimize it for mapping 3D epigenomes in human cells robustly. Applying ChIATAC to primary human T cells, we reveal mechanisms that topologically regulate transcriptional programs during T cell activation.
Ultrastrong Mode Confinement in ZnO Surface Plasmon Nanolasers (2015)

Nanolasers with an ultracompact footprint can provide high-intensity coherent light, which can be potentially applied to high-capacity signal processing, biosensing, and subwavelength imaging. Among various nanolasers, those with cavities surrounded by metals have been shown to have superior light emission properties because of the surface plasmon effect that provides enhanced field confinement capability and enables exotic light-matter interaction. In this study, we demonstrated a robust ultraviolet ZnO nanolaser that can operate at room temperature by using silver to dramatically shrink the mode volume. The nanolaser shows several distinct features including an extremely small mode volume, a large Purcell factor, and a slow group velocity, which ensures strong interaction with the exciton in the nanowire.
Effects of Dietary .ALPHA.-Linolenic Acid-rich Diacylglycerol on Body Fat in Man (1) : Lowering Effect on Body Fat. (2001)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary diacylglycerol rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA-DAG) on body fat in human. The ALA-DAG contained 49% α-linolenic acid and was prepared from linseed oil using immobilized lipase. This study consisted of two types of dietary restriction and two types of diet. In test 1, 2.5-3.7g ALA-DAG was ingested as an edible oil under restriction of the amount of oil intake (50±5 g/d) for 12w (66 subjects). In tests 2 and 3, 2.5g ALA-DAG was ingested as a drink for 16w under calorie intake restriction determined based on subject’s calorie requirements (48 and 30 subjects, respectively). In all tests, after a 4 week control-diet period, the subjects started the diet and every 4 weeks during the test period, blood tests for fat metabolism were carried out and body indices (weight, waist, skinfold thickness, body fat computed with tomography) were measured. In subjects ingesting diets containing 2.5 g of ALA-DAG (test 1, 2 and 3), a significant decrease (-6.3∼-13.4%) of body fat area was observed. It was suggested that ALA-DAG had two characters of diacylglycerol and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid because of the high effectiveness of a small dose. These results showed that ALA-DAG improved fat metabolism and reduced body fat, and we speculate that ALA-DAG may be useful to reduce the risk of diseases associated with obesity.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analyses of two neuraminidases from influenza B virus strains B/Hong Kong/8/73 and B/Lee/40. (1988)

Crystals of neuraminidase heads from two different influenza B virus strains have been grown. Neuraminidase crystals of influenza B/Hong Kong/8/73 were grown from solutions of potassium phosphate. The crystals are tetragonal prisms, space group I422; the axes are a = 123 A and c = 165 A. Influenza B/Lee/40 neuraminidase crystals were grown from solutions of polyethylene glycol 4000. The crystals are tetragonal pyramids, space group P4(1)2(1)2 or its enantiomorph P4(3)2(1)2; the axes are a = 125 A and c = 282 A.
Improving the visualization of 3D ultrasound data with 3D filtering (2005)

3D ultrasound imaging is quickly gaining widespread clinical acceptance as a visualization tool that allows clinicians to obtain unique views not available with traditional 2D ultrasound imaging and an accurate understanding of patient anatomy. The ability to acquire, manipulate and interact with the 3D data in real time is an important feature of 3D ultrasound imaging. Volume rendering is often used to transform the 3D volume into 2D images for visualization. Unlike computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), volume rendering of 3D ultrasound data creates noisy images in which surfaces cannot be readily discerned due to speckles and low signal-to-noise ratio. The degrading effect of speckles is especially severe when gradient shading is performed to add depth cues to the image. Several researchers have reported that smoothing the pre-rendered volume with a 3D convolution kernel, such as 5x5x5, can significantly improve the image quality, but at the cost of decreased resolution. In this paper, we have analyzed the reasons for the improvement in image quality with 3D filtering and determined that the improvement is due to two effects. The filtering reduces speckles in the volume data, which leads to (1) more accurate gradient computation and better shading and (2) decreased noise during compositing. We have found that applying a moderate-size smoothing kernel (e.g., 7x7x7) to the volume data before gradient computation combined with some smoothing of the volume data (e.g., with a 3x3x3 lowpass filter) before compositing yielded images with good depth perception and no appreciable loss in resolution. Providing the clinician with the flexibility to control both of these effects (i.e., shading and compositing) independently could improve the visualization of the 3D ultrasound data. Introducing this flexibility into the ultrasound machine requires 3D filtering to be performed twice on the volume data, once before gradient computation and again before compositing. 3D filtering of an ultrasound volume containing millions of voxels requires a large amount of computation, and doing it twice decreases the number of frames that can be visualized per second. To address this, we have developed several techniques to make computation efficient. For example, we have used the moving average method to filter a 128x128x128 volume with a 3x3x3 boxcar kernel in 17 ms on a single MAP processor running at 400 MHz. The same methods reduced the computing time on a Pentium 4 running at 3 GHz from 110 ms to 62 ms. We believe that our proposed method can improve 3D ultrasound visualization without sacrificing resolution and incurring an excessive computing time.
Orientation dependent oxygen exchange kinetics on single crystal SrTiO3 surfaces (2012)

The perovskite SrTiO(3) is arguably one of the most important oxide systems in condensed matter research. In this study, we report measurement of the orientation dependence of oxygen exchange on SrTiO(3) single crystal surfaces by dynamic conductivity measurements under electrochemical perturbations. Activation energy for electrical conduction in the 923-1223 K range at an oxygen partial pressure of ∼10(-11) Pa of (100), (111), and (110) single crystals was found to be 2.6 eV, 2.7 eV, and 3.1 eV, respectively. The equilibration kinetics show profound dependence on the surface orientation and are modelled using a heterogeneous relaxation process. All surfaces show similar cationic sub-lattice limited rate behavior with (111), (100), and (110) having the fastest, intermediate, and slowest rates, respectively. We discuss the orientation dependence and its relation to local atomic structure in light of previous experimental and theoretical studies.
Mechanochemical Synthesis of Chemically Stable Isoreticular Covalent Organic Frameworks (2013)

Three thermally and chemically stable isoreticular covalent organic frameworks (COFs) were synthesized via room-temperature solvent-free mechanochemical grinding. These COFs were successfully compared with their solvothermally synthesized counterparts in all aspects. These solvent-free mechanochemically synthesized COFs have moderate crystallinity with remarkable stability in boiling water, acid (9 N HCl), and base [TpBD (MC) in 3 N NaOH and TpPa-2 (MC) in 9 N NaOH]. Exfoliation of COF layers was simultaneously observed with COF formation during mechanochemical synthesis. The structures thus obtained seemed to have a graphene-like layered morphology (exfoliated layers), unlike the parent COFs synthesized solvothermally.
No association of vitamin D receptor gene start codon fok 1 polymorphisms in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. (2002)

Our results suggest that the vitamin D receptor Fok I start codon polymorphism is not related to patients with SLE in Taiwan.
Lens-free computational imaging of capillary morphogenesis within three-dimensional substrates (2012)

Endothelial cells cultured in three-dimensional (3-D) extracellular matrices spontaneously form microvessels in response to soluble and matrix-bound factors. Such cultures are common for the study of angiogenesis and may find widespread use in drug discovery. Vascular networks are imaged over weeks to measure the distribution of vessel morphogenic parameters. Measurements require micron-scale spatial resolution, which for light microscopy comes at the cost of limited field-of-view (FOV) and shallow depth-of-focus (DOF). Small FOVs and DOFs necessitate lateral and axial mechanical scanning, thus limiting imaging throughput. We present a lens-free holographic on-chip microscopy technique to rapidly image microvessels within a Petri dish over a large volume without any mechanical scanning. This on-chip method uses partially coherent illumination and a CMOS sensor to record in-line holographic images of the sample. For digital reconstruction of the measured holograms, we implement a multiheight phase recovery method to obtain phase images of capillary morphogenesis over a large FOV (24 mm2) with ≈ 1.5 μm spatial resolution. On average, measured capillary length in our method was within approximately 2% of lengths measured using a 10 × microscope objective. These results suggest lens-free on-chip imaging is a useful toolset for high-throughput monitoring and quantitative analysis of microvascular 3-D networks.
Improvement in performance of solution processed indium-zinc-tin oxide thin film transistors by using UV Ozone treatment on zirconium oxide gate insulator (2015)

We studied solution processed amorphous indium-zinc-tin oxide (a-IZTO) TFTs, with spin coated ZrO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> as the gate insulator. The ZrO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> gate insulator was used without and with UV ozone treatment. The TFT without UV ozone treated ZrO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> showed saturation mobility (μsat) of 0.89 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /V, turn-on voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> ) of -0.45V, subthreshold swing (S.S) of 234mV/dec., and a current ratio I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> /I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OFF</sub> of ~10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sup> . The TFT with UV ozone treated ZrO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> gate insulator exhibits μsat of 2.60 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /V, V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> of -0.6V, S.S. of 133 mV/dec., and an I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> /I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OFF</sub> of ~10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sup> . Also, as can be observed, the leakage current decreases, when the TFT was prepared with UV ozone treatment on ZrO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> gate insulator.
An intronic deletion in the PROM1 gene leads to autosomal recessive cone-rod dystrophy. (2015)

A novel and unique intronic mutation of PROM1, underlying autosomal recessive CRD in a consanguineous Israeli family, was found. This report expands the spectrum of pathogenic mutations of PROM1 and further demonstrates the importance of intronic mutations.