gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Conidia of the tomato powdery mildew Oidium neolycopersici initiate germ tubes at a predetermined site (2010)

The emergence of germ tubes from the conidia of powdery mildew fungi is the first morphological event of the infection process, preceding appressoria formation, peg penetration and primary haustoria formation. Germination patterns of the conidia are specific in powdery mildew fungi and therefore considered useful for identification. In the present study, we examined conidial germination of the tomato powdery mildew Oidium neolycopersici KTP-01 in order to clarify whether germ tube emergence site in KTP-01 conidia is determined by the first contact of the conidia to leaves (as found for the conidia of barley powdery mildew), or alternatively is predetermined and is unrelated to contact stimulus. Highly germinative conidia of KTP-01 were collected from conidial pseudochains on conidiophores in colonies on tomato leaves using two methods involving an electrostatic spore attractor and a blower. In the electrostatic spore attraction method, the conidia were attracted to the electrified insulator probe of the spore collector—this being the first contact stimulus for the conidia. In addition, the blowing method was used as a model of natural infection; pseudochain conidia were transferred to detached leaves by air (1 m/s) from a blower. Thus, landing on the leaves was the first contact for the conidia. Furthermore, conidia were also blown onto an artificial membrane (Parafilm-coated glass slides forming a hydrophobic surface) or solidified agar plates in Petri dishes (hydrophilic surface). Eventually, almost all conidia on the probe and on tomato leaves or artificial hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces synchronously germinated within 6 h of incubation, indicating that the first contact of the conidia with any of the aforementioned substrata was an effective germination induction signal. Germ tube emergence sites were exclusively subterminal on the conidia. Moreover, the germ tubes emerged without any relation to the sites touched first on the conidia. Thus, the present study strongly indicates that conidia of O. neolycopersici produce germ tubes at a predetermined site.
Prefrontal D1 dopamine signaling is required for temporal control (2012)

Temporal control, or how organisms guide movements in time to achieve behavioral goals, depends on dopamine signaling. The medial prefrontal cortex controls many goal-directed behaviors and receives dopaminergic input primarily from the midbrain ventral tegmental area. However, this system has never been linked with temporal control. Here, we test the hypothesis that dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area to the prefrontal cortex influence temporal control. Rodents were trained to perform a fixed-interval timing task with an interval of 20 s. We report several results: first, that decreasing dopaminergic neurotransmission using virally mediated RNA interference of tyrosine hydroxylase impaired temporal control, and second that pharmacological disruption of prefrontal D1 dopamine receptors, but not D2 dopamine receptors, impaired temporal control. We then used optogenetics to specifically and selectively manipulate prefrontal neurons expressing D1 dopamine receptors during fixed-interval timing performance. Selective inhibition of D1-expressing prefrontal neurons impaired fixed-interval timing, whereas stimulation made animals more efficient during task performance. These data provide evidence that ventral tegmental dopaminergic projections to the prefrontal cortex influence temporal control via D1 receptors. The results identify a critical circuit for temporal control of behavior that could serve as a target for the treatment of dopaminergic diseases.
[P4–118]: HIGH‐DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS SUPPRESS Aβ‐INDUCED BRAIN MICROVASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL ACTIVATION (2017)

Epidemiological studies suggest a link between plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk through mechanisms that are not understood. We hypothesize that HDL protects against AD through actions at the blood-brain-barrier. HDL has vasoprotective functions in large peripheral arteries, however, it is unknown if these functions extend to cerebral vessels to reduce the contribution of cerebrovascular dysfunction in AD pathogenesis. We investigated in vitro interactions between HDL and amyloid beta (Aβ), the toxic peptide known to accumulate in AD, in peripheral and brain-derived endothelial cells (EC). HDL was isolated by density gradient ultracentrifugation and added to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) or human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). Cell activation was measured by counting adhered labelled peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after stimulation with tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) or Aβ. Aβ binding and uptake into cells was measured using ELISA and immunofluorescence. All experiments included at least 4 independent replicates. We demonstrate that HDL attenuates Ab-induced EC activation independent of nitric oxide production, miR-233 and changes in adhesion molecule expression. Rather, HDL acts through scavenger receptor BI to block Ab uptake into ECs and, in vitro, can maintain Ab in a soluble state. We validated our results using three dimensional engineered vessels composed of primary human endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Following Ab addition to the abluminal (brain) side, we demonstrated that HDL circulated within the lumen attenuates EC activation, again independent of intracellular adhesion molecule changes. We show that the anti-inflammatory activities of HDL extend to cerebrovascular endothelial cells and work to suppress Aβ-induced activation through a novel mechanism involving the inhibition of Aβ binding and uptake into cells through SR-BI. The protective role for HDL against Aβ may explain the epidemiological evidence supporting a protective effect of high plasma HDL cholesterol levels against dementia.
Exercise Hemodynamics Enhance Diagnosis of Early Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (2010)

Euvolemic patients with exertional dyspnea, normal brain natriuretic peptide, and normal cardiac filling pressures at rest may have markedly abnormal hemodynamic responses during exercise, suggesting that chronic symptoms are related to heart failure. Earlier and more accurate diagnosis using exercise hemodynamics may allow better targeting of interventions to treat and prevent HFpEF progression.
Divergent Synthesis of Pyrone Diterpenes via Radical Cross Coupling (2018)

A divergent strategy for assembling pyrone diterpenes is presented. Capitalizing on the unique stereo- and chemoselectivity features of radical-based chemistry, the core decalin of these structures is efficiently forged using an electrochemically assisted oxidative radical polycyclization while key peripheral substituents are appended using decarboxylative radical cross couplings. In this way, access to four natural products (subglutinols A/B, higginsianin A, and sesquicillin A) is achieved in a concise and stereocontrolled fashion that is modular and amenable to future medicinal chemistry explorations.
Polyamines drive myeloid cell survival by buffering intracellular pH to promote immunosuppression in glioblastoma (2021)

Glioblastoma is characterized by the robust infiltration of immunosuppressive tumor-associated myeloid cells (TAMCs). It is not fully understood how TAMCs survive in the acidic tumor microenvironment to cause immunosuppression in glioblastoma. Metabolic and RNA-seq analysis of TAMCs revealed that the arginine-ornithine-polyamine axis is up-regulated in glioblastoma TAMCs but not in tumor-infiltrating CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells. Active de novo synthesis of highly basic polyamines within TAMCs efficiently buffered low intracellular pH to support the survival of these immunosuppressive cells in the harsh acidic environment of solid tumors. Administration of difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a clinically approved inhibitor of polyamine generation, enhanced animal survival in immunocompetent mice by causing a tumor-specific reduction of polyamines and decreased intracellular pH in TAMCs. DFMO combination with immunotherapy or radiotherapy further enhanced animal survival. These findings indicate that polyamines are used by glioblastoma TAMCs to maintain normal intracellular pH and cell survival and thus promote immunosuppression during tumor evolution.
Energy dependent z-scores improve parallel imaging motion correction using trimmed autocalibrating k-space estimation (TAKE) (2023)

MRI motion corruption prevents clinical interpretation and image analysis for research purposes. The trimmed autocalibrating k-space estimation based on parallel imaging and structured matrix completion (TAKE) algorithm was previously proposed to retrospectively correct motion corrupted raw k-space data. This study proposes specific modifications of the TAKE algorithm to decrease its computation time and improve the detection of motion-corrupted k-space data. The proposed changes significantly improve the TAKE motion detection sensitivity and specificity along with its motion correction performance, while sufficiently decreasing its computation time to allow for its use in a standard clinical routine workflow.
Control of Electron Localization in Deuterium Molecular Ions using an Attosecond Pulse Train and a Many-Cycle Infrared Pulse (2010)

We demonstrate an experimental control of electron localization in deuterium molecular ions created and dissociated by the combined action of an attosecond pulse train and a many-cycle infrared (IR) pulse. The attosecond pulse train is synthesized using both even and odd high order harmonics of the driving IR frequency so that it can strobe the IR field once per IR cycle. An asymmetric ejection of the deuterium ions oscillates with the full IR period when the APT-IR time-delay is scanned. The observed control is due to the creation of a coherent superposition of 1s sigma{g} and 2p sigma{u} states via interference between one-photon and two-photon dissociation channels.
Natural killer cell–mediated inflammation resolution is disabled in severe asthma (2017)

Severe asthma is typically characterized by chronic airway inflammation that is refractory to corticosteroids and associated with excess morbidity. Patients were recruited into the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored Severe Asthma Research Program and comprehensively phenotyped by bronchoscopy. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Compared with healthy individuals (<i>n</i> = 21), patients with asthma (<i>n</i> = 53) had fewer BAL natural killer (NK) cells. Patients with severe asthma (<i>n</i> = 29) had a marked increase in the ratios of CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells to NK cells and neutrophils to NK cells. BAL NK cells in severe asthma were skewed toward the cytotoxic CD56<sup>dim</sup> subset, with significantly increased BAL fluid levels of the cytotoxic mediator granzyme A. The numbers of BAL CD56<sup>dim</sup> NK cells and CCR6<sup>-</sup>CCR4<sup>-</sup> T helper 1-enriched CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells correlated inversely with lung function [forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV<sub>1</sub>) % predicted] in asthma. Relative to cells from healthy controls, peripheral blood NK cells from asthmatic patients had impaired killing of K562 myeloid target cells despite releasing more cytotoxic mediators. Ex vivo exposure to dexamethasone markedly decreased blood NK cell lysis of target cells and cytotoxic mediator release. NK cells expressed airway lipoxin A<sub>4</sub>/formyl peptide receptor 2 receptors, and in contrast to dexamethasone, lipoxin A<sub>4</sub>-exposed NK cells had preserved functional responses. Together, our findings indicate that the immunology of the severe asthma airway is characterized by decreased NK cell cytotoxicity with increased numbers of target leukocytes, which is exacerbated by corticosteroids that further disable NK cell function. These failed resolution mechanisms likely contribute to persistent airway inflammation in severe asthma.
FT Pulsed ESR/Electron Spin Transient Nutation Spectroscopy in the Study of Molecular Based Magnetism: Applications to High-Spin Polymers and Ferromagnetic Materials (1995)

Abstract Recently, organic high-spin polymers and clusters have been emerging. With the increasing effective molecular spin quantum number S and molecular weight of the polymers, however, cw ESR spectroscopy manifests its inherent disadvantages in discriminating high spins from S=½ and in determining the S's for the complex mixture of various spin assemblages. An electron spin transient nutation method based on pulsed ESR spectroscopy has been for the first time applied to a quasi 1D high-spin polymer as one of the most complex amorphous spin assemblages, identifying that the polymer is comprised of high-spin assemblages with the S's greater than two. It can be concluded that electron spin transient nutation spectroscopy is a facile and useful method for the exclusive identification of S and ESR transitions even for the cases of apparently vanishing fine-structure splittings and for spin systems with residual fine-structure terms in the spin Hamiltonian. Fundamental bases for the transient nutation method are described, emphasizing inherent advantages in the nutation spectroscopy from the methodological viewpoint. The salient features of multiple-quantum nutations have been disclosed in this work.
Centrifugal fluidized combustion of coal. Final report (1979)

A laboratory test unit was built; and batch experiments on bed startup, minimum fluidization, and pressure drop were performed using room temperature air at atmospheric pressure. Particular attention was given to the effects of grid pressure drop, grid taper angle, mass of bed material, speed of rotation, and particle size and density on fluidization. The batch experiments demonstrated that, over the range of conditions studied, it is possible to start up a centrifugal fluidized bed (CFB) from rest, that the system fluidizes in a predictable fashion, and that the minimum fluidization velocities and bed pressure drops are in good agreement with the theoretical models developed for the CFB. Test sections based on two different techniques for operating a CFB with continuous feed and removal were designed and fabricated. The experimental data indicate that with these techniques, it is possible to feed and remove solids continuously and achieve a stable bed thickness in a rotating fluidized bed. Experiments performed on particle elutriation show that the air flow rate at which particle loss is initiated is a strong function of the angular velocity of the bed and the bed thickness. At higher flow rates, the rate of particle loss depends on air flow rate, angular velocity and bed thickness.
A SimSET-STIR hybrid Monte Carlo model for the Philips Vereos Digital PET (2019)

The aim of this study was to develop an accurate simulation and reconstruction model for the Philips Vereos digital whole-body PET/CT scanner. The model was developed using the SimSET Monte Carlo (MC) simulation code, storing all detected photons in SimSET list-mode (LM) format (history files). LM processing, binning and image reconstruction were performed using STIR recently added LM capabilities. In order to accurately process the listmode files generated by SimSET, a new interface between SimSET and STIR was developed. The performance of our MC model was evaluated using the NEMA NU2-2012 standard. Spatial resolution was in good agreement with published results(±12%). Count-rate performance was accurate overall, with NEC rates accurate for both low (32.5% vs. 31.7% at ≈ 5 KBq/mL), and high counts (146.2 kcps vs 153.4 at ≈ 55 KBq/mL), and consistent prompts for all the activity concentrations. LM-MLEM reconstruction including scatter and attenuation correction was performed to validate the SimSET-STIR developed interface.
Renal Stone Disease, Elevated iPTH Level and Normocalcemia (2004)

No AccessJournal of UrologyUrological Survey: ABSTRACTS: UROLITHIASIS, ENDOUROLOGY AND LAPAROSCOPY1 Aug 2004Renal Stone Disease, Elevated iPTH Level and Normocalcemia Ralph V. ClaymanM.D. Ralph V. ClaymanRalph V. Clayman More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)61782-XAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Renal Stone Disease, Elevated iPTH Level and Normocalcemia." The Journal of Urology, 172(2), p. 801 © 2004 by American Urological Association, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 172Issue 2August 2004Page: 801 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2004 by American Urological Association, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Ralph V. Clayman More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Abstract 4706: ABBV-075 exhibits robust in vitro and in vivo activities against the ABC and GCB subtypes of DLBCL (2016)

Abstract Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) consists of activated B-cell-like (ABC), germinal center B cell-like (GCB), and primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma (PMBL) subtypes. Among these, the ABC subtype of DLBCL often harbors mutations that cause abnormal NF-κB activation, which subsequently activates genes important for cell survival and disease progression in ABC DLBCL. The bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) protein BRD4 binds acetylated NF-κB and regulates NF-κB dependent transcription. Accordingly, targeting BET family proteins using small molecule inhibitors such as ABBV-075 might provide therapeutic benefit in ABC DLBCL by blocking the NF-κB pathway. In this study, we examined the activity of ABBV-075 in both the ABC and GCB subtypes of DLBCL. As expected, ABBV-075 diminished NF-κB reporter activity, down-regulated NF-κB target genes, inhibited proliferation and survival of ABC DLBCL cells in vitro, and delayed the growth of ABC DLBCL tumors in vivo. Interestingly, ABBV-075 also exhibited robust anti-proliferative activities in GCB DLBCL cells in vitro and inhibited the growth of GCB DLBCL tumors in vivo. Further characterization of the responses of GCB DLBCL cells to ABBV-075 indicated that ABBV-075 induced strong apoptosis in GCB DLBCL cells that are resistant to the Bcl-2 inhibitor venetoclax (ABT-199), but rarely in venetoclax-sensitive GCB DLBCL cell lines. Our results indicate that ABBV-075 could be active against both the ABC and GCB subtypes of DLBCL. The complementary activity of ABBV-075 and ABT-199 further suggests that ABBV-075 maybe an interesting option for ABT-199 resistant/refractory DLBCL patients. Citation Format: Xiaoyu Lin, Xiaoli Huang, Aparna Sarthy, Terry Magoc, Daniel Albert, Lloyd Lam, Tamar Uziel, Xin Lu, Mai-Ha Bui, Emily Faivre, Denise Wilcox, Steven Elmore, Keith McDaniel, Warren Kati, Yu Shen. ABBV-075 exhibits robust in vitro and in vivo activities against the ABC and GCB subtypes of DLBCL. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4706.
Are We There Yet? Learning to Localize in Embodied Instruction Following (2021)

Embodied instruction following is a challenging problem requiring an agent to infer a sequence of primitive actions to achieve a goal environment state from complex language and visual inputs. Action Learning From Realistic Environments and Directives (ALFRED) is a recently proposed benchmark for this problem consisting of step-by-step natural language instructions to achieve subgoals which compose to an ultimate high-level goal. Key challenges for this task include localizing target locations and navigating to them through visual inputs, and grounding language instructions to visual appearance of objects. To address these challenges, in this study, we augment the agent's field of view during navigation subgoals with multiple viewing angles, and train the agent to predict its relative spatial relation to the target location at each timestep. We also improve language grounding by introducing a pre-trained object detection module to the model pipeline. Empirical studies show that our approach exceeds the baseline model performance.
Training Set Compression by Incremental Clustering (2011)

The Journal of Pattern Recognition Research (JPRR) provides an open access forum for the publication of research articles in areas of pattern recognition, machine learning, artificial intelligence, computational algorithms, and fuzzy learning
Biopharmaceutics (2016)

This Glossary of Terms Related to Pharmaceutics is needed by practitioners in the field of pharmaceutics as this field fulfills an important and crucial role, different from the roles of other scientific disciplines involved in the drugmaking process. The glossary contains 168 definitions used in pharmaceutics. These are related to various aspects of this discipline, such as: (1) physicochemical characterization of pharmaceutical preparations and the active ingredients they contain; (2) unit operations used in the practice of pharmaceutics; (3) terms related to the various dosage forms; (4) terms related to the various modes and routes of drug delivery; (5) terms used in pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics in general; and additional miscellaneous terms. The field of pharmaceutics itself is of a multidisciplinary nature as its practitioners come from a variety of disciplines, such as chemistry or various biological sciences, thus a glossary containing authoritative definitions would be useful for them. The terms used in pharmaceutics are rarely covered by existing glossaries, and in the cases they are, their definitions are often inappropriate for the field of pharmaceutics and require new or modified definitions to better fit the new context.
Oligomerization of Alkenes (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introductions Reaction mechanisms Acid zeolites as catalysts for oligomerization of alkenes Mesoporous aluminosilicates as oligomerization catalysts Nickel supported aluminosilicates as catalysts References
Figure S7 from AZD4320, A Dual Inhibitor of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x<sub>L</sub>, Induces Tumor Regression in Hematologic Cancer Models without Dose-limiting Thrombocytopenia (2023)

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