gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Analysis of exposure to tobacco advertisement and promotion among Chinese adults aged 15 years and above, 2010 and 2018]. (2022)

<b>Objective:</b> To investigate the exposure to tobacco advertisements and promotions among Chinese adults aged 15 and above, identify the publicity channels and forms of tobacco advertising and promotion in 2010 and 2018, and implicate further tobacco control measures in China. <b>Methods:</b> A multistage, stratified, randomized cluster sampling design was used in 2010 and 2018 China Adult Tobacco Survey, with national representativeness. 13 354 and 19 376 permanent residents were selected in the 2010 and 2018 surveys. SAS 9.4 software was applied for data analysis, and all the data were weighted based on a complex sampling design. Rao Scott <i>χ</i><sup>2</sup> test was used for group comparison of a single factor. <b>Results:</b> In 2010 and 2018, 19.61% and 18.14% of the survey respondents did see tobacco advertising and promotion. From 2010 to 2018, there was no significant change in the situation of tobacco advertisements and promotions. Among those who had gone to a cigarette shop, the proportion of seeing tobacco advertisements increased from 29.28% in 2010 to 43.28% in 2018. Among those who had seen tobacco advertisements on TV, the rate fell from 50.93% in 2010 to 28.58% in 2018. Among those who had gone to movie theaters, the proportion of seeing tobacco advertisements increased from 2.17% in 2010 to 9.89% in 2018. Among those who had used the Internet, the proportion of seeing tobacco advertisements online rose from 19.20% in 2010 to 42.30% in 2018. In terms of tobacco promotion, the percentages of people who had seen tobacco promotions, cigarette price discounts, cigarette discount coupons, gifts, and other preferential activities in various places in the past 30 days were 4.99% <i>vs.</i> 9.30%, 0.78% <i>vs.</i> 4.09%, 0.04% <i>vs.</i> 0.33% and 0.98% <i>vs.</i> 3.33% in 2010 and 2018, respectively (<i>P</i><0.001). <b>Conclusions:</b> Tobacco advertising and promotion are still prevalent in China, with no significant change in 2010 and 2018. Tobacco advertising and promotion have been with the constant changes and development of media platforms. It is necessary to improve the implementation of relevant policies, comprehensively ban tobacco advertisements and promotions, and strengthen the supervision of ads and promotions.
Versatile Soft Robot Gripper Enabled by Stiffness and Adhesion Tuning via Thermoplastic Composite (2021)

Within the field of robotics, stiffness tuning technologies have potential for a variety of applications-perhaps most notably for robotic grasping. Many stiffness tuning grippers have been developed that can grasp fragile or irregularly shaped objects without causing damage and while still accommodating large loads. In addition to limiting gripper deformation when lifting an object, increasing gripper stiffness after contact formation improves load sharing at the interface and enhances adhesion. In this study, we present a novel stiffness and adhesion tuning gripper, enabled by the thermally induced phase change of a thermoplastic composite material embedded within a silicone contact pad. The gripper operates by bringing the pad into contact with an object while in its heated, soft state, and then allowing the pad to cool and stiffen to form a strong adhesive bond before lifting the object. Pull-off tests conducted using the gripper show that transitioning from a soft to stiff state during grasping enables up to 6 × increase in adhesion strength. Additionally, a finite element model is developed to simulate the behavior of the gripper. Finally, pick-and-place demonstrations are performed, which highlight the gripper's ability to delicately grasp objects of various shapes, sizes, and weights.
Modulation and Power Losses of a Stacked Polyphase Bridge Converter (2016)

This paper presents and analyzes the modulation and power losses of a stacked polyphase bridge (SPB) converter-a modular topology potentially allowing increased compactness and fault tolerance for automotive drive systems. In particular, an analysis of the impact of modulation on the harmonic content of the dc link current of the converter is made. Due to the possibility of using higher switching frequency devices, the current ripple of the SPB converter can be smaller than that of the two-level three-phase converter with the same dc link capacitor. However, higher switching frequency will result in higher switching losses per fundamental period. Therefore, this paper also investigates the reduction in the dc link ripple current achieved by interleaving the modulation among the different converter submodules. The amount of reduction can be predicted using an analytical model whose results are demonstrated to be in good agreement with the results from the corresponding simulations and an experimental setup. Furthermore, based on the experimentally verified analysis, the SPB converter in a typical automotive drive system is discussed and compared with a conventional two-level three-phase converter.
Abstract C171: On- and off-target effects of telomere uncapping G-quadruplex ligands based on pentacyclic acridinium salts (2009)

Abstract Antitumor properties of the potent G-quadruplex ligand 3,11-difluoro-6,8, 13-trimethyl-8H-quino[4,3,2-kl]acridinium methosulfate (RHPS4) are driven by telomere uncapping events. RHPS4 has good selectivity for quadruplex DNA over duplex DNA as measured by surface plasmon resonance (Kquad 1.1 × 107 M−1); Kdup 3.4 × 105 M−1). In preclinical models of solid tumor xenografts RHPS4 potentiates the activity of camptothecins but good response is dependent on the timing of the drug sequence employed. These experiments teach how an agent of this novel class might be used clinically in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. Although RHPS4 has several ‘drug-like’ qualities (synthetic accessibility, water solubility, cellular uptake), a preliminary toxicological study revealed that the compound is a potent hERG inhibitor (IC50 0.2 M) and has additional receptor interactions, notably with muscarinic M1, M2 and M3 receptors. In an anaesthetized guinea pig cardiac model RHPS4 increased QTcB interval at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg. Modifications to the peripheral substituents around the pentacyclic core have identified agents with differing on- and off-target effects. Removal of the N(13)-methyl group of RHPS4 to generate an uncharged molecule drastically reduced affinity for the target quadruplex DNA coupled with reduced pharmacological liabilities; increasing the size of the onium group at N(13) from Me to Et reduced affinity for quadruplex DNA (Kquad 0.6 × 106 M−1) and increased hERG inhibition (IC50 0.04 M). After a significant redesign program two isomeric compounds have been identified, 2- and 3-acetylamino-8,13-dimethyl-8H-quino[4,3,2-kl]acridinium iodides with ‘win-win’ profiles - better selectivity for quadruplex DNA and markedly reduced hERG liability (for the 2-acetylamino compound Kquad 2.4 × 107 M−1; Kdup 3.8 × 105 M−1; hERG IC50 3.7 M): for the 3-acetylamino isomer Kquad 2.5 × 107 M−1; Kdup 4.4 × 105 M−1; hERG IC50 18 M). Molecular modeling studies on the favored 3-acetylamino derivative indicate that the pentacyclic core acts as a surrogate K+ stabilizing the G-quadruplex structure with the acetylamino side-chain projecting into a quadruplex groove. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):C171.
Nanocomposite processing via infiltration of mesoporous silica (1995)

Synthesis of materials with nanoscale (1~100 nm) organization is important in various applications. Recently, scientists at Mobil described a new family of mesoporous molecular sieves. These materials have regular arrays of uniform pore channels ranging from 1.6~10 nm in diameter in contrast to other mesoporous solids such as amorphous silicas and modified layered clays and silicates. A surfactantsilicate co-assembly model has been proposed to explain the formation of these materials. According to this pathway, the matching of the charge density at the organic-inorganic interface controls the assembly of the mesophases and four distinct silica mesophases have been observed, lamellae, hexagonally packed tubes, and two bicontinuous structures of cubic symmetry. Different phases are constructed by varying the synthesis parameters such as the surfactant/silicate ratio and the acidity. Here, we report the synthesis of a new amorphous mesoporous phase with short range order and with no long range crystallinity. Due to its interpenetrating network structure, this amorphous mesoporous silica can be used as a matrix for nanocomposite processing. Here, we use it as a host to process ruby glass.
Road Disturbance Estimation and Cloud-Aided Comfort-Based Route Planning (2016)

This paper investigates a comfort-based route planner that considers both travel time and ride comfort. We first present a framework of simultaneous road profile estimation and anomaly detection with commonly available vehicle sensors. A jump-diffusion process-based state estimator is developed and used along with a multi-input observer for road profile estimation. The estimation framework is evaluated in an experimental test vehicle and promising performance is demonstrated. Second, three objective comfort metrics are developed based on factors such as travel time, road roughness, road anomaly, and intersection. A comfort-based route planning problem is then formulated with these metrics and an extended Dijkstra's algorithm is exploited to solve the problem. A cloud-based implementation of our comfort-based route planning approach is proposed to facilitate information access and fast computation. Finally, a real-world case study, comfort-based route planning from Ford Research and Innovation Center, Michigan to Ford Rouge Factory Tour, Michigan, is presented to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed route planning framework.
Cloning and Expression of a Betaine/GABA Transporter from Human Brain (1995)

Abstract: A cDNA clone encoding a human γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter has been isolated from a brain cDNA library, and its functional properties have been examined in mammalian cells. The nucleotide sequence predicts a transporter with 614 amino acids and 12 putative transmembrane domains. The highest degree of amino acid identity is with a betaine/GABA transporter originally cloned from the dog termed BGT‐1 (91%) and a related transporter from mouse brain (87%). These identities are similar to those for species homologues of other neurotransmitter transporters and suggest that the new clone represents the human homologue of BGT‐1. The transporter displays high affinity for GABA (IC 50 of 30 µ M ) and is also sensitive to phloretin, l ‐2,4‐diaminobutyric acid, and hypotaurine (IC 50 values of ∼150–400 µ M ). The osmolyte betaine is ∼25‐fold weaker than GABA, displaying an IC 50 of ∼1 m M . The relative potencies of these inhibitors at human BGT‐1 differ from those of mouse and dog BGT‐1. Northern blot analysis reveals that BGT‐1 mRNA is widely distributed throughout the human brain. The cloning of the human homologue of BGT‐1 will further our understanding of the roles of GABA and betaine in neural function.
Radiosynthesis of 13N‐labeled thalidomide using no‐carrier‐added [13N]NH3 (2010)

Abstract Recent studies revealed that thalidomide (1) has unique and broad pharmacological effects on multi‐targets although the application of 1 in therapy is still controversial. In this study, we synthesized nitrogen‐13‐labeled thalidomide ([ 13 N]1) as a potential positron emission tomography (PET) probe using no‐carrier‐added [ 13 N]NH 3 as a labeling agent. By use of an automated system, [ 13 N]1 was prepared by reacting N ‐phthaloylglutamic anhydride (2) with [ 13 N]NH 3 , following by cyclization with carbonyldiimidazole in a radiochemical yield of 56±12% (based on [ 11 N]NH 3 , corrected for decay) and specific activity of 49±24 GBq/µmol at the end of synthesis (EOS). At EOS, 570–780 MBq ( n =7) of [ 13 N]1 was obtained at a beam current of 15 µA after 15 min proton bombardment with a synthesis time of 14 min from the end of bombardment. Using a small animal PET scanner, preliminary biodistribution of [ 13 N]1 in mice was examined. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Chromenes involving a two-photon absorbing moiety: photochromism via intramolecular resonance energy transfer (2015)

A general approach toward the synthesis of molecular dyads involving the photoactive moieties connected by a non-conjugative link is described.
Low Noise Ultrashort Pulse Generation by Direct RF Modulation at 22 GHz From an AlGaInAs Multiple Quantum-Well Laser at 1.55 $\mu{\rm m}$ (2012)

We report subpicosecond pulse generation at 22 GHz from a two-section passively mode-locked laser at 1.55 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu{\rm m}$</tex></formula> , using a novel AlGaInAs quantum-well wafer. By carefully designing the metal pad and the isolation layer, we are able to hybridly mode-lock the laser by modulating the saturable absorber at the fundamental repetition rate and thus achieve a low timing jitter of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\sim}{\rm 280}~{\rm fs}$</tex></formula> (1 Hz–100 MHz).
Feasibility Study of an Axially Extendable Multiplex Cylinder PET (2013)

Current clinical PET scanners have a 15-22 cm axial field-of-view (FOV). These scanners image the whole body using six or more bed positions. We designed an axially extendable multiplex cylinder (AEMC) PET scanner to provide high versatility for clinical and research studies using semiconductor photo-sensor based, depth-of-interaction (DOI) detectors. Since silicon-photomultipliers (Si-PMs) have high gain like conventional photomultiplier tubes and a compact design, the Si-PM-based detector is particularly expected to enable various new detector arrangements. The AEMC-PET scanner consists of multiple independent and laminated detector rings using the DOI detectors. The AEMC-PET scanner can extend the axial FOV as each stacked detector ring can be slid sideways. When this PET scanner is used for the four-layer DOI detector, its minimum axial FOV is 24 cm and its maximum crystal thickness is 3 cm. On the other hand, the axial FOV can be extended to 96 cm when laminated detector rings are slid sideways, but the crystal thickness must be 1/4 of 3 cm. In this work, we evaluated performance characteristics of the PET scanner with a variable axial FOV using Monte Carlo simulation. From the simulation of the 180-cm line source, the 96-cm axial FOV was found to have two-fold better sensitivity compared to the 24-cm axial FOV. For extension of the axial FOV, scatter and attenuation of oblique lines-of-response reduced the yield of true coincidences, but effects of scatter and attenuation were small. Conclusive results were obtained showing the 52.8-cm axial FOV yielded an increase in the noise equivalent count rate of approximately 30% relative to the 24-cm axial FOV. We expect the designed AEMC-PET scanner will provide high versatility in applications such as for measuring whole-body tracer uptakes while keeping the continuous axial FOV; as well, the scan time for static images will be reduced for a comparable number of detectors as conventional PET scanners.
Zirconium oxide particles, by near-ambient pressure XPS (2019)

Near-ambient pressure–x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at ca. 2500 Pa, or even higher in some cases. With NAP-XPS, XPS can probe particles, moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, we show survey, narrow (Zr 3p, Zr 3d, and O 1s), and Auger (O KLL) NAP-XPS scans of ZrO2 particles. Charge compensation for this insulating sample took place via the residual gas in the chamber. Zirconia is an important ceramic material. Accordingly, the XPS spectra of zirconia should be useful references.
New Light Modulator Using GaSe Layered Crystal (1991)

Layered crystals of GaSe are grown by the Bridgman method. Transmission spectra are measured for various sample configurations with respect to the c -axis, applied electric field, direction of incident light and polarization. Absorption edge shifts toward longer wavelength by 20 nm under an electric field of 1 kV/cm, the shift of which is two orders larger than estimated on the Franz-Keldysh mechanism. Switching time is measured to be 53 ns or less.
Ethanol production in a membrane recycle bioreactor. Conversion of glucose using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1984)

The productivity of the process of the fermentation of glucose to ethanol was greatly enhanced by using a membrane bioreactor. This was configured as a cell recycle system, where the fermentation vessel was coupled in a semi-closed-loop configuration to a hollow fibre module. Cell concentrations were varied from 14 to 100 g/l, which enabled the use of dilution rates as high as 0.5-2.0 h/sup -1/ to obtain complete utilization of a 10% glucose feed. Productivity of 100 g ethanol/1.h with complete glucose utilization could be maintained on a long-term basis, provided adequate provisions were made for the high cell density and fouling of the membrane module. 13 references.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Combining Oncolytic HSV-1 with Immunogenic Cell Death-Inducing Drug Mitoxantrone Breaks Cancer Immune Tolerance and Improves Therapeutic Efficacy (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 205K, Supplementary figure 1. Addition of MTX does not enhance KM100 virus replication&lt;/p&gt;
Assessing the Impacts of the Mercury Export Ban Act of 2008 on the U.S. Mercury Recycling Industry - 11163 (2011)

Because of a large surplus of commodity mercury and the health and environmental issues associated with it, the United States and other countries are engaged in a concerted effort to reduce its use and presence in the environment. The United States, the European Union, and the United Nations are taking measures to control the distribution and long-term management of mercury as it transitions from a commodity to a liability. In the United States, the Mercury Export Ban Act of 2008 (MEBA) is a part of this control process and prohibits exports of elemental mercury from the United States to foreign countries. When the prohibition on export of elemental mercury (enacted under MEBA) becomes effective on January 1, 2013, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is required to provide long-term management and storage capabilities for domestic sources of discarded elemental mercury. DOE is also required to determine the impact of the long-term mercury storage program on the domestic mercury recycling industry and to provide a report to the U.S. Congress by July 1, 2014. The recycling industry retorts and recovers mercury waste from chemical, medical, and other industries; imports; and gold-mining byproducts. Imports and byproducts are the main sources of domestic commodity mercury. The manufacture of chlorine and caustic soda (chlor-alkali) using the mercury cell process is the largest industrial use of mercury in the United States. As these chlor-alkali plants retrofit their manufacturing processes with non-mercury cells, excess mercury will need to be managed in an environmentally sound manner. There are four major mercury reprocessing companies that manage commodity mercury (defined as 99.99 percent pure by volume) in the United States. These companies have historically made recycling mercury a viable industry because of worldwide demand. Changing the supply and demand markets may influence the recyclers, especially if they can no longer sell the mercury and must pay for its long-term storage. This study discusses the domestic and international perspectives of the current supply and demand of elemental mercury, status of the mercury recycling industry, and potential impacts of long-term storage on mercury recycling.
<title>Stitching accuracy measurement system for EB direct writing and electron-beam projection lithography (EPL)</title> (2001)

We have developed a stitching accuracy measurement system for electron beam (EB) direct writing and electron beam projection lithography (EPL). This system calculates the amount of a stitching error between two EB shots from SEM images. It extracts a representative edge line of each pattern from the graphical format files (BMP, JPEG etc.) of SEM images and calculates a distance between each edge line as a stitching error. For obtaining a higher stitching accuracy of EB direct writing or EPL machines, it can analyze the relation of amounts and direction of a stitching error with a field size or a field position of these machines. We could successfully measure about 2.0 nm as a stitching error value in 0.1 micrometers L/S resist patterns on a bare-Si substrate and obtain 1.2 nm (3(sigma) ) as the measurement repeatability. It took 2.5 sec. for this system to measure one stitching region.
Chemical reactions (2012)

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Study and Practice on Information Technology in an Educational Field Using a Cloud Service and SNS (2013)

Currently, various approaches to trying the digitization of education is going on in the world. OECD has issued a report on an international comparison about the digitization progress. Accordingly in Japan, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology has promoted discussions on the digitization while many boards of education at each local government have been discussing it. Each of them has different circumstances and a great difference in realities in its educational field. In this paper, we describe practical examples for the digitization of education tried in Oita prefecture using a cloud service and SNS, considering information technology in the field of education.
Molecules polyeniques electroactives : modeles de fil moleculaire conducteur (1989)

Des molecules polyeniques conjuguees de differentes longueurs et comportant des groupes pyridinium aux deux extremites ont ete synthetisees. Ces composes qui reunissent les caracteristiques structurales des carotenoides et des viologenes ont ete designes sous le terme de caroviologenes. Des molecules de ce type, suffisamment longues pour traverser une membrane lipidique, sont susceptibles de presenter des proprietes de fil moleculaire conducteur, c'est-a-dire de pouvoir transferer des electrons a travers la membrane a l'aide des groupes electroactifs terminaux qui changent les electrons, et de la chaine conjuguee qui permet leur propagation. Leur incorporation dans les membranes bicouches phospholipidiques des vesicules a ete realisee. En utilisant un reducteur externe et un oxydant interne appropries, l'aptitude de caroviologenes zwitterioniques de longueur adequate a transferer des electrons du reducteur externe vers l'oxydant interne a pu etre etablie. Des molecules polyeniques donneur-accepteur de taille croissante et comportant differents groupes electrodonneurs et electroattracteurs a leurs extremites ont ete preparees. L'etude de leur solvatochromie permet de mettre en evidence l'existence de transition de transfert de charge intramoleculaire. Dans ces composes, le segment polyenique joue le role de fil conducteur moleculaire assurant le transfert de charge d'une extremite a l'autre de la molecule. Ces composes presentent des proprietes tres interessantes dans le domaine de l'optique non lineaire