gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Social and Political Bearing on Innovation (1996)

The prelims comprise: Background Constraining pressures Economic constraints The role of the industry
Relationship of electromagnetic reflection and refraction to quantum-mechanical transport in semiconductor heterostructures (1990)

Electromagnetic reflection and refraction at a boundary between lossless dielectrics is well known for commonly available materials with differing permittivity ( ε ) and the same permeability ( µ ). In this case, the expressions for the reflectivity of TE and TM polarizations have different functional forms with a Brewster angle for TM polarization but not for TE polarization. For an interface between generalized dielectrics (differing ε and µ) , the TE and TM reflectivities have the same form where one, both, or neither of the polarizations can have a Brewster angle. By defining separate phase and amplitude indices, common expressions can be used for the TE and TM reflectivities.
Novel Exons and Splice Variants in the Human Antibody Heavy Chain Identified by Single Cell and Single Molecule Sequencing (2015)

Antibody heavy chains contain a variable and a constant region. The constant region of the antibody heavy chain is encoded by multiple groups of exons which define the isotype and therefore many functional characteristics of the antibody. We performed both single B cell RNAseq and long read single molecule sequencing of antibody heavy chain transcripts and were able to identify novel exons for IGHA1 and IGHA2 as well as novel isoforms for IGHM antibody heavy chain.
Single-Frame Chemical Imaging: Dimension Reduction Fiber-Optic Array Improvements and Application to Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (1999)

A single-frame approach to chemical imaging with high spectroscopic resolution is described that makes use of a second-generation dimension-reduction fiber-optic array. Laser-induced plume images are focused onto a 17 × 32 rectangular array of square close-packed 25 μm cross-sectional f/2 optical fibers that are drawn into a 544 × 1 distal array with serpentine ordering. The 544 × 1 side of the array is imaged with an f/2 spectrograph equipped with a holographic grating and a gated intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera for spectral analysis. Software is used to extract the spatial/spectral information contained in the ICCD images and de-convolute them into wavelength-specific univariate reconstructed images or position-specific spectra that span an 86 nm wavelength space. Temporal resolution is provided by imaging sequential laser plumes with varying time delays after each laser pulse on the gated intensifier.
Supplementary Table 5 from <i>Intersex-like</i> (<i>IXL</i>) Is a Cell Survival Regulator in Pancreatic Cancer with 19q13 Amplification (2023)

Supplementary Table 5 from &lt;i&gt;Intersex-like&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;IXL&lt;/i&gt;) Is a Cell Survival Regulator in Pancreatic Cancer with 19q13 Amplification
Towards Autonomously Driving Trains on Tracks With Open Access (2012)

Compared to automobiles on roads, trains have less degrees of freedom as they are bound to railroads. Thus, it should be more straight-forward to let them drive autonomously compared to automobiles. Several autonomous trains and subways already exist; however they operate on closed tracks. Typical examples are airport trains, also known as people movers. This paper sketches the conceptual, technical and legal challenges towards autonomously driving trains on existing railroads that are freely accessible and thus require reliable obstacle recognition. The authors try to generalize the experiences made so far in several large-scale research projects that aim at automating small, secondary railways. The authors summarize the results of a prototypical autonomous train system that we called autoBAHN.
Effect of Xpcl1 Activation and p27Kip1 Loss on Gene Expression in Murine Lymphoma (2011)

Mice lacking the p27(Kip1) Cdk inhibitor (Cdkn1b) exhibit increased susceptibility to lymphomas from the Maloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV), and exhibit a high frequency of viral integrations at Xpcl1 (Kis2), a locus on the X-chromosome. Xpcl1 encodes miR-106a~363, a cluster of microRNAs that are expressed in response to adjacent retroviral integrations. We report the first large-scale profile of microRNA expression in MuLV-induced lymphomas, in combination with microarray gene expression analysis. The source material was T-cell lymphomas induced by M-MuLV in p27(Kip1) knockout mice and normal thymus. Surprisingly, the overall levels of miRNA expression were equivalent in lymphomas and normal thymus. Nonetheless, the expression of specific microRNAs was altered in tumors. The miR-106a~363 miRNA were over-expressed in lymphomas, particularly those with viral integrations at the Xpcl1 locus. In contrast, p27(Kip1) deletion itself was associated with a different pattern of microRNA expression. Gene expression was dramatically altered in lymphomas, yet paralleled data from T-cell lymphomas induced by other mechanisms. Genes with altered expression in association with the p27(Kip1) null genotype were of similar functional classes to those associated with Xpcl1 integration, but with the opposite pattern of expression. Thus, the effect of p27(Kip1) deletion may be to oppose an anti-oncogenic effect of Xpcl1 rather than enhancing its oncogenic functions. A subset of miR-106a~363 target genes was consistently reduced in lymphomas with Xpcl1 integrations, particularly genes with cell cycle and immune functions. We identify four predicted target genes of miR-106a~363 miRNA, including N-Myc (Mycn), and the TGF-beta receptor (Tgfbr2) using 3'UTR reporter assays. Still, bioinformatic miRNA target predictions were poor predictors of altered gene expression in lymphomas with Xpcl1 integration. Confirmation of miR-106a~363 gene targeting relevant to the tumor phenotype requires in vivo validation, because only a subset of predicted targets are consistently reduced in tumors that overexpress miR-106a~363.
New Serological Markers for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Are Associated With Earlier Age at Onset, Complicated Disease Behavior, Risk for Surgery, and NOD2/CARD15 Genotype in a Hungarian IBD Cohort (2008)

Antibody response to this new panel of serological markers was associated with complicated disease phenotype, NOD2/CARD15 genotype, and a need for surgery in this eastern European IBD cohort.
Control and Characterization of the Structural, Electrical, and Optical Properties of Amorphous Zinc−Indium−Tin Oxide Thin Films (2009)

Zinc-indium-tin oxide (ZITO) films are grown by pulsed-laser deposition in which 30% of the indium in the In(2)O(3) structure is replaced by substitution with zinc and tin in equal molar proportions: In(2-2x)Zn(x)Sn(x)O(3), where x = 0.3. Films grown at 25 and 100 degrees C exhibit electron diffraction patterns (EDPs) typical of amorphous materials. At a deposition temperature of 200 degrees C, evidence of crystallinity begins to appear in the EDP data and becomes more evident in films deposited at 400 degrees C. The advent of crystallinity affects the electrical properties of the ZITO film, and the effect is ascribed to the boundaries between phases in the films. The electrical and optical properties of the amorphous ZITO films grown at 25 degrees C are dependent on the oxygen partial pressure (P(O(2))) during film growth, transitioning from a high-mobility (36 cm(2)/V x s) conductor (sigma approximately 1700 S/cm) at P(O(2)) = 5 mTorr to a high-mobility semiconductor at P(O(2)) approximately 20 mTorr. Field-effect transistors (FETs) prepared with as-deposited amorphous ZITO channel layers on p(+)-Si/300 nm SiO(2) substrates yield FETs with on/off ratios of 10(6), off currents of 10(-8) A, and field-effect saturation mobilities of 10 cm(2)/V x s.
Sprites and State Channels: Payment Networks that Go Faster than Lightning (2019)

Bitcoin, Ethereum and other blockchain-based cryptocurrencies, as deployed today, cannot support more than several transactions per second. Off-chain payment channels, a “layer 2” solution, are a leading approach for cryptocurrency scaling. They enable two mutually distrustful parties to rapidly send payments between each other and can be linked together to form a payment network, such that payments between any two parties can be routed through the network along a path that connects them. We propose a novel payment channel protocol, called Sprites. The main advantage of Sprites compared with earlier protocols is a reduced “collateral cost,” meaning the amount of money time that must be locked up before disputes are settled. In the Lightning Network and Raiden, a payment across a path of channels requires locking up collateral for time, where is the time to commit an on-chain transaction; every additional node on the path forces an increase in lock time. The Sprites construction provides a constant lock time, reducing the overall collateral cost to Our presentation of the Sprites protocol is also modular, making use of a generic state channel abstraction. Finally, Sprites improves on prior payment channel constructions by supporting partial withdrawals and deposits without any on-chain transactions.
Breast cancer stem cell autoantibodies to identify women with advanced breast cancer. (2018)

1079 Background: Cancer stem cells have properties of self-renewal, inducing drug resistance, and metastases. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSC) are associated with epithelial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT), increased invasiveness, and metastases. We identified a panel of BCSC proteins involved in EMT that predicted aggressive disease and could be targets for breast cancer vaccines. A therapeutic vaccine of five of the BCSC antigens is currently in a phase 1 clinical trial (NCT02157051) in breast cancer patients. We now demonstrate that autoantibodies of eight BCSC proteins (CDC25b, YB1, CD105, SOX2, CDH3, HIF1alpha, Survivin, and MDM2) identify women with increasing disease in breast cancer and may be a marker of progression of disease. Methods: Autoantibodies were evaluated by ELISA from sera of 253 individuals, 100 individuals with no breast atypia, 124 individuals with stage I and II invasive breast cancer (IBC), and 29 individuals with stage III and IV IBC. A positive autoantibody response was greater than 2 standard deviations above the mean of individuals with no IBC (control). Results: The percentage of individuals with a positive autoantibody response increased between control and stage I/II IBC and/or stage III/IV in 6 of the 8 autoantibodies. For example with CDC25b, there was 2% positive autoantibody response in control individuals, 13.7% in individuals with stage I/II IBC (p = 0.0014), and 17.2% of individuals with stage III/IV breast cancer (p = 0.0064). There were no differences in mean autoantibodies between breast cancer subtypes except increased autoantibodies to HIF1 alpha in ER+ HER2- disease as compared to HER2+ disease (p = 0.01). The panel of 8 autoantibodies predicted patients with stage I/II IBC from control individuals with AUC of 0.66 (95% CI 0.589 to 0.732, p < 0.0001). The panel could predict patients with III/IV IBC from control individuals with AUC of 0.84 (95% CI 0.0.753 to 0.931, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: These data demonstrate an increasing humoral immune response against 8 BCSC proteins at higher stages of breast cancer and suggests that these autoantibodies indicate more aggressive disease. Future studies will prospectively evaluate the antibody panel as a biomarker for breast cancer progression.
A Convenient Regioselective Synthesis of 2,4-Diarylfurans (1999)

A facile three step process, under mild conditions, for the synthesis of 2,4-diarylfurans with the same or different substituents on the two aryl rings, starting from benzaldehydes and acetophenones, employing Haller-Bauer type cleavage of 2-aroyl-3,5-diarylfurans is described.
High-affinity imipramine binding and serotonin uptake in platelets of eight adolescent and ten adult obsessive-compulsive patients (1986)

The authors evaluated high-affinity [3H]imipramine binding and [3H]serotonin uptake to platelets in eight adolescent and 10 adult patients who met DSM-III criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder in comparison with those of normal control subjects of similar ages. The maximal binding of [3H]imipramine was significantly lower in adults and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder than in the control subjects. No differences between groups in the affinity of [3H]imipramine to its binding sites or in serotonin uptake kinetic measures were detected. The lower density of [3H]imipramine binding sites in platelet membrane in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder might implicate involvement of the serotonergic system or might represent an adaptive response to a chronic disease.
Observation of Microstructural Evolution of Aluminum Bonding Wires in Power Electronic Package (1999)

Abstract Power electronic circuits are used in electric vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle to drive the main electric motor. All the transistors and diodes in a sealed power electronic package will experience repeated high current cycling during their service life. The aluminum bonding wires which connect these devices to the rest of the circuit will experience repeated thermal strain cycling. When design a power electronic package, the thermal fatigue durability of these bonding wires would be a concern. A power electronic module with pure aluminum bonding wires of 0.5mm in diameter from a vendor was power cycled with the following schedule. Each transistor in the circuit was on for 10 seconds with the current at 400 Amperes followed by the transistor being off for 30 seconds. The wires from the diodes to the copper trace lines are about twice as long as those from the transistors to the copper trace lines.
Shoot formation of tobacco callus by various cytokinin-active ureas and pyrimidines. (1978)

N-(2-Chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea was found to have the strongest shoot forming activity so far known in tobacco callus. Some characteristics on the shoot-forming activity of several ureas and aminopyrimidines were described.
Abstract IA-23: TERT, senescence, and transformation (2009)

Abstract Constitutive expression of telomerase in human cells prevents the onset of senescence and crisis by maintaining telomere homeostasis. However, accumulating evidence suggests that the human telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) contributes to cell physiology independent of its ability to elongate telomeres. We have recently found that hTERT interacts with the RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease (RMRP), a gene that is mutated in the inherited pleiotropic syndrome Cartilage-Hair Hypoplasia (CHH). hTERT and RMRP form a distinct ribonucleoprotein complex that exhibits RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) activity and produces double-stranded RNAs that can be processed into small interfering RNA in a Dicer-dependent manner. These observations identify a mammalian RdRP composed of hTERT in complex with RMRP. Since mutations in RMRP are found in CHH, these findings suggest that perturbation of the hTERT-RMRP complex is involved in the pathogenesis of this disorder. The involvement of hTERT in two syndromes characterized by stem cell failure (CHH and dyskeratosis congenita) suggests that ribonucleoprotein complexes containing hTERT play a critical role in stem cell biology. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):IA-23.
Diamond Schottky diodes for power conversion (2007)

The replacement of silicon with wide bandgap materials for fabricating power devices rated at more than 200V is a topic of much ongoing interest. The use of Si p-i-n diodes as freewheeling diodes in circuits working at very high frequencies causes significant power losses due to their bipolar turn-off. Silicon carbide Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) rated up to 1.2kV are already commercially available. Given the superior electronic properties of single crystal diamond, SBDs in diamond could be the ideal solution in terms of increasing efficiency in power electronics.
Effects of heat treatment on the field emission property of amorphous carbon nitride (1998)

As a coating material for silicon field emitters, amorphous carbon nitride (a-C:N) by helical resonator plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition has been proposed. Thermal annealing in nitrogen ambient up to 600 °C was carried out to investigate the effects of heat treatment on the field emission. The structural and compositional modifications induced by the annealing were followed by several analytical techniques: Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. FTIR and ERDA analyses indicate that hydrogen loss occurs for annealing temperatures higher than 300 °C. Amorphous-C:N films significantly lowered the turn-on voltage and increased the emission current of the silicon emitters. After annealing at 600 °C, the field emission property was further enhanced presumably due to the efficient conduction through the a-C:N films induced by an increase of the number and/or the size of the graphitic domains.
Understanding the redox coupling between quantum dots and the neurotransmitter dopamine in hybrid self-assemblies (2015)

Interactions between luminescent fluorophores and redox active molecules often involve complex charge transfer processes, and have great ramifications in biology. Dopamine is a redox active neurotransmitter involved in a range of brain activities. We used steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence along with transient absorption bleach measurements, to probe the effects of changing the QD size and valence on the rate of photoluminescence quenching in QD-dopamine conjugates, when the pH of the medium was varied. In particular, we measured substantially larger quenching efficiencies, combined with more pronounced shortening in the PL lifetime decay when smaller size QDs and/or alkaline pH were used. Moreover, we found that changes in the nanocrystal size alter both the electron and hole relaxation of photoexcited QDs but with very different extents. For instance, a more pronounced change in the hole relaxation was recorded in alkaline buffers and for green-emitting QDs compared to their red-emitting counterparts. We attributed these results to the more favorable electron transfer pathway from the reduced form of the complex to the valence band of the QD. This process benefits from the combination of lower oxidation potential and larger energy mismatch in alkaline buffers and for green-emitting QDs. In comparison, the effects on the rate of electron transfer from excited QDs to dopamine are less affected by QD size. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms that drive charge transfer interactions and the ensuing quenching of QD emission in such assemblies.
Precision Navigation Using Pre-Georegistered Map Data (2009)

Abstract : Navigation performance in small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is adversely affected by limitations in current sensor technology for small, lightweight sensors. Because most UAVs are equipped with cameras for mission-related purposes, it is advantageous to utilize the camera to improve the navigation solution. This research improves navigation by matching camera images to a priori georegistered image data and combining this update with existing image-aided navigation technology. The georegistration matching is done by projecting the images into the same plane, extracting features using the techniques Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) and Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF). The features are matched using the Random Scale and Consensus (RANSAC) algorithm, which generates a model to transform feature locations from one image to another. In addition to matching the image taken by the UAV to the stored images, the effect of matching the images after transforming one to the perspective of the other is investigated. One of the chief advantages of this method is the ability to provide both an absolute position and attitude update.
Comparative study of lithium niobate crystal cuts for use as high-voltage acoustic wave sensors (2014)

A comparison study between Y+36° lithium niobate (LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ) and 0° X-cut LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> was performed to evaluate the influence of crystal cut on the performance of a piezoelectric high-voltage (HV) sensor. The acoustic wave propagation time was monitored prior to, during, and after applying three different HV source types to the crystal. Direct current (DC), alternating current (AC), and pulsed voltages were used. Data show that the voltage-induced shift in the acoustic wave propagation time scales quadratically for DC and AC voltage for the X-cut crystal. For the Y+36° LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> crystal, the acoustic wave arrival time scales linearly with DC voltage and quadratically with AC voltage. When applying 5 μs voltage pulses to the crystal, the voltage-induced shift scales linearly with voltage for both crystal cuts. Data suggest LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> has a frequency sensitive response to voltage and the influence from the crystal cut is significant when applying AC and pulsed voltage to the crystal.
A derivative of 2-aminothiazole inhibits melanogenesis in B16 mouse melanoma cells via glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylation (2011)

We propose that KHG25855 showed hypopigmentary activity through tyrosinase downregulation via GSK3β phosphorylation.
II-VI semiconductors on InP for green-yellow emitters (2002)

Novel II-VI compound materials such as MgZnCdSe, BeZnCdSe, BeZnTe, and related superlattices grown on InP substrates have been investigated for yellow-green emitters employing molecular beam epitaxy. MgZnCdSe was grown in the Mg composition range of 0/spl sim/0.6 to clarify the compositional dependency of the bandgap and refractive index. MgSe-ZnCdSe and MgSe-ZnSeTe short-period superlattices were investigated; the superlattices behaved as quasi-quaternaries (QQs), so that their bandgap energies were controlled by the layer thickness combination of superlattices. For realizing strong lattice hardness, Be-contained H-VI compounds, such as BeZnCdSe and BeZnTe bulk crystals, and MgSe-BeZnCdSe, ZnCdSe-BeZnTe, and MgSe-BeZnTe short-period superlattices were investigated. The superlattices also behaved with QQ properties, by use of which multilayered heterostructures could be grown without growth interruption. Applying the superlattices, visible LEDs were fabricated emitting at the wavelengths from 554 (yellow-green) to 644 nm (red) at room temperature. For yellow (575 nm) LEDs, a long lifetime more than 3500 h was demonstrated even for defect densities as high as 10/sup 5/ cm/sup -2/. The BeZnTe buffers were effective in suppressing the defect density to less than 7 /spl times/ 10/sup 3/ cm/sup -3/. Finally, MgZnCdSe-based II-VI LDs were successfully operated with yellow-green lasing emissions around 560 nm at 77 K.