gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DNA damage induced by 193-nm radiation in mammalian cells. (1991)

The contribution of DNA damage to the effects of 193-nm excimer laser radiation on mammalian cells in culture was studied in order to evaluate the mutagenic potential of this UV wavelength in vivo. Two approaches were taken: measurement of pyrimidine dimer-specific endonuclease-sensitive sites/megabase and comparison of the 193-nm radiation-induced cytotoxicity in normal versus DNA repair-deficient cells. The formation of pyrimidine dimer-specific endonuclease-sensitive sites/megabase was inversely related to the thickness of the cytoplasm overlying the nuclei of normal human fibroblasts (NHF) and Chinese hamster ovary cells. The results of these measurements and a calculation of the absorption coefficient of cytoplasm indicate that each 1 micron of cytoplasm attenuates the incident radiation by greater than 90% and, therefore, the nuclear DNA in tissue will be highly protected from 193-nm radiation by overlying cytoplasm. The reduction in colony-forming ability induced by 254-nm, 193-nm, and X-ray radiation was measured in NHF, xeroderma pigmentosum (group A) cells, and ataxia telangiectasia cells. Xeroderma pigmentosum (group A) cells were 16.5 times more sensitive to 254-nm radiation but only 3.5 times more sensitive to 193-nm radiation than NHF cells, indicating that cyclobutylpyrimidine dimers were not the major lethal lesion formed at 193 nm. AT cells were 3.4 times more sensitive to X-rays than NHF cells, but these cell types were almost equally sensitive to 193-nm radiation, indicating that 193 nm did not induce the same type of lethal lesions as X-rays.
The Multiple Unit Double Auction (2001)

This outstanding collection spanning three decades comprises a superb selection of Charles R. Plott’s work in experimental economics. Market Institutions and Price Discovery contains papers which define problems, create laboratory methodology and produce the first results in many areas of experimental economics.
Atomic scale analysis of phase formation and diffusion kinetics in Ag/Al multilayer thin films (2016)

Thin films generally exhibit unusual kinetics leading to chemical reactions far from equilibrium conditions. Binary metallic multilayer thin films with miscible elements show some similar behaviors with respect to interdiffusion and phase formation mechanisms. Interfacial density, lattice defects, internal stresses, layer morphologies and deposition conditions strongly control the mass transport between the individual layers. In the present work, Ag/Al multilayer thin films are used as a simple model system, in which the effects of the sputtering power and the bilayer period thickness on the interdiffusion and film reactions are investigated. Multilayers deposited by DC magnetron sputtering undergo calorimetric and microstructural analyses. In particular, atom probe tomography is extensively used to provide quantitative information on concentration gradients, grain boundary segregations, and reaction mechanisms. The magnitude of interdiffusion was found to be inversely proportional to the period thickness for the films deposited under the same conditions, and was reduced using low sputtering power. Both the local segregation at grain boundaries as well as pronounced non-equilibrium supersaturation effects play crucial roles during the early stages of the film reactions. For multilayers with small periods of 10 nm supersaturation of the Al layers with Ag precedes the polymorphic nucleation and growth of the hcp γ-Ag2Al phase. In larger periods the γ phase formation is triggered at junctions between grain boundaries and layers interfaces, where the pathway to heterogeneous nucleation is local supersaturation. Other Ag-rich phases also form as intermediate phases due to asymmetric diffusion rates of parent phases in the γ phase during annealing.
Impacts of Co doping on ZnO transparent switching memory device characteristics (2016)

The resistive switching characteristics of indium tin oxide (ITO)/Zn1−xCoxO/ITO transparent resistive memory devices were investigated. An appropriate amount of cobalt dopant in ZnO resistive layer demonstrated sufficient memory window and switching stability. In contrast, pure ZnO devices demonstrated a poor memory window, and using an excessive dopant concentration led to switching instability. To achieve suitable memory performance, relying only on controlling defect concentrations is insufficient; the grain growth orientation of the resistive layer must also be considered. Stable endurance with an ON/OFF ratio of more than one order of magnitude during 5000 cycles confirmed that the Co-doped ZnO device is a suitable candidate for resistive random access memory application. Additionally, fully transparent devices with a high transmittance of up to 90% at wavelength of 550 nm have been fabricated.
Cost-Effective and Fault Tolerant Vehicle Control Architecture for X-by-Wire Systems (Part 1: Architecture Design Based on the Concept of Autonomous Decentralized Systems) (2005)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The X-By-Wire (XBW) is one of the promising technologies for integrated vehicle dynamics control system for the next-generation. The system, in view of ECU architecture, combines multiple ECUs by a high-speed. In this, however, the failure of one ECU leads to system-wide failure. To avoid it, all the ECUs have to be fault tolerant, which is not a realistic solution in terms of cost.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;We propose a concept for a cost-effective and fault tolerant vehicle control architecture for real-time and scalable X-by-Wire systems. The concept is based on the Autonomous Decentralized Systems [&lt;span class="xref"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;][&lt;span class="xref"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;]. The features of the proposed concept are a shared data-field, self-operation, self-check, and self-backup. The proposed architecture will realize a fault-tolerant system without making all the subsystems fault-tolerant.&lt;/div&gt;
Nanoscale Photoluminescence Manipulation in Monolithic Porous Silicon Oxide Microcavity Coated with Rhodamine‐Labeled Polyelectrolyte via Electrostatic Nanoassembling (2021)

Abstract Porous silicon (PSi) is a promising material for future integrated nanophotonics when coupled with guest emitters, still facing challenges in terms of homogenous distribution and nanometric thickness of the emitter coating within the silicon nanostructure. Herein, it is shown that the nanopore surface of a porous silicon oxide (PSiO 2 ) microcavity (MC) can be conformally coated with a uniform nm‐thick layer of a cationic light‐emitting polyelectrolyte, e.g., poly(allylamine hydrochloride) labeled with Rhodamine B (PAH‐RhoB), leveraging the self‐tuned electrostatic interaction of the positively‐charged PAH‐RhoB polymer and negatively‐charged PSiO 2 surface. It is found that the emission of PAH‐RhoB in the PSiO 2 MC is enhanced ( ≈ 2.5 × ) and narrowed ( ≈ 30 × ) at the resonant wavelength, compared with that of PAH‐RhoB in a non‐resonant PSiO 2 reference structure. The time‐resolved photoluminescence analysis highlights a shortening ( ≈ 20%) of the PAH‐RhoB emission lifetime in the PSiO 2 MC at the resonance versus off‐resonance wavelengths, and with respect to the reference structure, thereby proving a significant variation of the radiative decay rate. Remarkably, an experimental Purcell factor F p = 2.82 is achieved. This is further confirmed by the enhancement of the photoluminescence quantum yield of the PAH‐RhoB in the PSiO 2 MC with respect to the reference structure. Application of the electrostatic nanoassembling approach to other emitting dyes, nanomaterials, and nanophotonic systems is envisaged.
Favipiravir strikes the SARS-CoV-2 at its Achilles heel, the RNA polymerase (2020)

The ongoing Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has emphasized the urgent need for antiviral therapeutics. The viral RNA-dependent-RNA-polymerase (RdRp) is a promising target with polymerase inhibitors successfully used for the treatment of several viral diseases. Here we show that Favipiravir exerts an antiviral effect as a nucleotide analogue through a combination of chain termination, slowed RNA synthesis and lethal mutagenesis. The SARS-CoV RdRp complex is at least 10-fold more active than any other viral RdRp known. It possesses both unusually high nucleotide incorporation rates and high-error rates allowing facile insertion of Favipiravir into viral RNA, provoking C-to-U and G-to-A transitions in the already low cytosine content SARS-CoV-2 genome. The coronavirus RdRp complex represents an Achilles heel for SARS-CoV, supporting nucleoside analogues as promising candidates for the treatment of COVID-19.
Costs and readmission rates for the resection of primary and metastatic spinal tumors: a comparative analysis of 181 patients (2016)

OBJECTIVE Because the surgical strategies for primary and metastatic spinal tumors are different, the respective associated costs and morbidities associated with those treatments likely vary. This study compares the direct costs and 90-day readmission rates between the resection of extradural metastatic and primary spinal tumors. The factors associated with cost and readmission are identified. METHODS Adults (age 18 years or older) who underwent the resection of spinal tumors between 2008 and 2013 were included in the study. Patients with intradural tumors were excluded. The direct costs of index hospitalization and 90-day readmission hospitalization were evaluated. The direct costs were compared between patients who were treated surgically for primary and metastatic spinal tumors. The independent factors associated with costs and readmissions were identified using multivariate analysis. RESULTS A total of 181 patients with spinal tumors were included (63 primary and 118 metastatic tumors). Overall, the mean index hospital admission cost for the surgical management of spinal tumors was $52,083. There was no significant difference in the cost of hospitalization between primary ($55,801) and metastatic ($50,098) tumors (p = 0.426). The independent factors associated with higher cost were male sex (p = 0.032), preoperative inability to ambulate (p = 0.002), having more than 3 comorbidities (p = 0.037), undergoing corpectomy (p = 0.021), instrumentation greater than 7 levels (p < 0.001), combined anterior-posterior approach (p < 0.001), presence of a perioperative complication (p < 0.001), and longer hospital stay (p < 0.001). The perioperative complication rate was 21.0%. Of this cohort, 11.6% of patients were readmitted within 90 days, and the mean hospitalization cost of that readmission was $20,078. Readmission rates after surgical treatment for primary and metastatic tumors were similar (11.1% vs 11.9%, respectively) (p = 0.880). Prior hospital stay greater than 15 days (OR 6.62, p = 0.016) and diagnosis of lung metastasis (OR 52.99, p = 0.007) were independent predictors of readmission. CONCLUSIONS Primary and metastatic spinal tumors are comparable with regard to the direct costs of the index surgical hospitalization and readmission rate within 90 days. The factors independently associated with costs are related to preoperative health status, type and complexity of surgery, and postoperative course.
Rapid Crystallization of Sol–Gel-Deposited Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin Films by 2.45 GHz Microwave Irradiation (2008)

Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) thin films were coated onto Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates by a sol–gel method and then crystallized by 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation in a magnetic field. The crystalline phases and microstructures as well as the electrical properties of the microwave-irradiated PZT films were investigated as a function of the elevated temperature generated by microwave irradiation. The perovskite PZT thin films with good electrical properties could be obtained by microwave irradiation at 650 °C for 60 s. The average values of the remanent polarization and the coercive field of the PZT films were approximately 27 µC/cm2 and 95 kV/cm, respectively, whereas the dielectric constant and loss value measured at 1 kHz were approximately 1100 and 0.18, respectively. It is clear that microwave irradiation is effective for obtaining well-crystallized PZT films with good properties in a short process time.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐Closing Alkyne Metathesis: Application to the Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Prostaglandin E2‐1,15‐Lactone. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Increasing AC-field frequency in microwave-assisted magnetic recording (2015)

Hard disk drives (HDDs) have been investigated to determine how to increase their areal recording density. Recently, however, HDDs have been having problems with noise, thermal fluctuations, and writability simultaneously, commonly known as a trilemma. Microwave-assisted magnetic recording (MAMR) is a promising recording method to solve this trilemma [1-4]. In MAMR, a spin torque oscillator (STO) is placed between a conventional write head and a trailing shield. Because the AC field from the STO decreases the switching magnetic fields of the medium, the writability can be improved. As a result, the trilemma can be solved. Therefore, a high frequency AC field with strong amplitude is needed. In this study, we examined methods to increase the AC-field frequency by using a micro-magnetic simulator that takes into account magnetic interactions between the write head, the medium, and the STO.
3D Wikipedia (2013)

We introduce an approach for analyzing Wikipedia and other text, together with online photos, to produce annotated 3D models of famous tourist sites. The approach is completely automated, and leverages online text and photo co-occurrences via Google Image Search. It enables a number of new interactions, which we demonstrate in a new 3D visualization tool. Text can be selected to move the camera to the corresponding objects, 3D bounding boxes provide anchors back to the text describing them, and the overall narrative of the text provides a temporal guide for automatically flying through the scene to visualize the world as you read about it. We show compelling results on several major tourist sites.
Hydrometallurgy : theory and practice (1992)

Preface. Leaching of Ores and Concentrates (11 papers). Hydrometallurgical Reactor Design, Simulation and Process Control (11 papers). Hydrometallurgical Process Innovation (8 Papers). Hydrometallurgy and the Environment (7 papers). Hydrometallurgy of Precious Metals Recovery (11 papers). Solution Purification (11 papers).
ChemInform Abstract: PHENYL GROUP MIGRATION DURING PYROLYTIC AND PHOTOLYTIC DEAZOTIZATIONS OF 1,2‐BIS(2‐(PHENYLATED 2,5‐DIHYDROFURANYL))HYDRAZINES TO BETA,GAMMA‐UNSATURATED KETONES (1975)

Abstract 2,3,5,5‐Tetraphenyl‐dihydro‐2‐furanol (Ia) liefert bei der Behandlung mit Hydrazinhydrat das Bis‐dihydrofuryl‐hydrazin (II), aus dem mit Alkoholen in Gegenwart von Säure die Äther (Ib) und (Ic) entstehemwährend mit Essigsäure und I‐ICl das Tetraphenyl‐furan (III) erhalten wird.
VisualHints: A Visual-Lingual Environment for Multimodal Reinforcement\n Learning (2020)

We present VisualHints, a novel environment for multimodal reinforcement\nlearning (RL) involving text-based interactions along with visual hints\n(obtained from the environment). Real-life problems often demand that agents\ninteract with the environment using both natural language information and\nvisual perception towards solving a goal. However, most traditional RL\nenvironments either solve pure vision-based tasks like Atari games or\nvideo-based robotic manipulation; or entirely use natural language as a mode of\ninteraction, like Text-based games and dialog systems. In this work, we aim to\nbridge this gap and unify these two approaches in a single environment for\nmultimodal RL. We introduce an extension of the TextWorld cooking environment\nwith the addition of visual clues interspersed throughout the environment. The\ngoal is to force an RL agent to use both text and visual features to predict\nnatural language action commands for solving the final task of cooking a meal.\nWe enable variations and difficulties in our environment to emulate various\ninteractive real-world scenarios. We present a baseline multimodal agent for\nsolving such problems using CNN-based feature extraction from visual hints and\nLSTMs for textual feature extraction. We believe that our proposed\nvisual-lingual environment will facilitate novel problem settings for the RL\ncommunity.\n
Highly hindered γ-PIII-functionalised alkoxo–lithium complexes: syntheses and structures of [Li(µ-OCBut2CH2PR2)]2(R = Me or Ph) and [Li(µ-OCBut2CH2PPh2)2Li(OCBut2)] (1986)

Reaction of Li(CH2PR2)(tmeda)(R = Me or Ph; tmeda =N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine) with di-t-butyl ketone yields [[graphic omitted]R2)]2[R = Me, (1)] or [[graphic omitted]i(OCBut2)], (3); compound (2), the diphenyl analogue of (1), is accessible either by reaction of (3) and further Li(CH2PPh2)(tmeda) or by lithiation of Ph2PCH2C(OH)But2: the γ-P-functionalised lithium alkoxides (1)–(3) are shown by X-ray crystallography to have Li–P bonds and very short Li–O and Li ⋯ Li contacts, and compound (3) is structurally similar to the adduct proposed as an intermediate in the important carbanionic alkylation of a ketone.
A Window-less Target for Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion Characterized using High-Speed Solid-State Framing Cameras. (2019)

Abstract not provided.
Antigenic analysis of H1N1 viruses isolated in the Houston metropolitan area during four successive seasons (1983)

We evaluated the antigenic stability of viruses within the H1N1 subtype, using 307 isolates spanning four winter seasons. The isolates from each seasonal period appeared relatively homogenous in hemagglutination inhibition tests employing ferret antisera. However, a panel of seven monoclonal antibodies to A/USSR/90/77 detected extensive micro-heterogeneity. Antigenic variation occurred in the hemagglutinin antigen within a few weeks after the initial appearance of A/USSR/90/77-like strains in 1977-78 season as evidenced by low reactivity to one or several of the monoclonal antibodies. By the end of the season, few of the isolates reacted with the complete panel. Antigenic heterogeneity of the hemagglutinin was detected among H1N1 viruses throughout each epidemic interval. Some of the antigenic changes detected by monoclonal antibodies appeared on isolates in succeeding years, but others were restricted to a few strains isolated during a given year. The cumulative nature of some of these antigenic changes was indicated by the observation that 20 (19%) of 107 isolates examined in the fourth season failed to react with five of the monoclonal antibodies. Strains similar to most reference variants from around the world circulated in the Houston community.
Long-term CEP-stable few-cycle pulses using the feed-forward method in an all-monolithic setup (2011)

The rapid progress in many areas of ultrafast science is steadily increasing the requirements on carrier-envelope phase (CEP) stabilization. While suitable sources for attosecond/high-field experiments remain limited to kHz repetition rates, two factors are of key importance to successful experiments: Tight CEP control and robustness over long timescales. Utilizing a phase-locked loop, the conventional CEP locking scheme inevitably implies a trade-off between these two. On the other hand, applications for few-cycle pulses directly from the oscillator greatly benefit from <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ce</sub> = 0, which comes at an expense of performance and increased complexity.
Nanostructures: New forms of luminescent silicon (1995)

The cover picture represents a 60‐atom silicon nanocluster with a diamond‐like structure, within the supercage of zeolite Y. In this article, recent developments in the chemical synthesis of novel and well‐defined nanoscale forms of luminescent silicon are reviewed and the methods used to “trick” silicon (an indirect bandgap semiconductor with electric dipole forbidden luminescence) into emitting light discussed. magnified image
Experimental Evaluation of Phase Noise Tolerance for Polarization-Insensitive Coherent Receiver (2016)

The phase noise tolerance of a polarization-insensitive coherent receiver was experimentally assessed using Alamouti-coded OFDM signals. For a LO laser linewidth of 1 MHz, a sensitivity penalty of just 0.6 dB was observed for 10.7 Gb/s OFDM-QPSK.
Discovery of a Novel Class of triazolones as Checkpoint Kinase Inhibitors - Hit to Lead Exploration (2010)

abstract Checkpoint Kinase-1 (Chk1, CHK1, CHEK1) is a Ser/Thr protein kinase that mediates cellular responses toDNA-damage. A novel class of Chk1 inhibitors, triazoloquinolones/triazolones (TZ’s) was identiﬁed byhigh throughput screening. The optimization of these hits to provide a lead series is described. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Checkpoint Kinase-1 (Chk1, CHK1, CHEK1) is a Ser/Thr proteinkinase that mediates the cellular response to DNA-damage. UponDNA-damage, Chk1 is activated by ATM and ATR kinases, whichphosphorylate residues Ser-317 and/or Ser-345. Chk1 mediatedsignaling ultimately leads to S-phase or G2/M cell cycle arrest pri-marily driven by Cdk inhibition. Consequently Chk1 inhibitionwouldabrogatethisarrest,andthereforepermitacellwithdamagedDNAtocontinuethroughthecellcycle,ultimatelyresultinginmito-tic catastrophe and/or apoptosis. 1,2 Therefore, Chk1 inhibitors havebeen highly sought after based on their potential to enhance theefﬁcacy of either chemo- or radio-therapeutic treatments.
Quantification And Comparison Of Telovelar And Transvermian Approaches To The Fourth Ventricle (2006)

Except for the vertical angle to the rostral aspect of the fourth ventricle, the telovelar approach provides greater angle of exposure in all planes than the transvermian approach. Removal of the C1 posterior arch obviates this sole advantage of the transvermian approach. The telovelar approach offers a corridor through noneloquent arachnoid planes and a safe and capacious working environment.
A new algorithm for PV firming using three-port micro-converter (2017)

With the demand increase for electricity, the ever-increasing awareness of environmental issues, coupled with rolling blackouts, the role of renewable energy generation will become even more significant. Instead of the traditional high-power energy storage and management system at the utility scale to implement PV firming, this paper proposes a new PV (panel-level) firming control algorithm using grid-tie three-port bidirectional converter. The topology with the control algorithm and PV intermittency data collected in real time are discussed and analyzed in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The experimental results verify the proposed PV firming algorithm.