gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Masked Aversive Odor Cannot Be Discriminated From the Masking Odor but Can Be Identified Through Odor Quality Ratings and Neural Activation Patterns (2019)

Odor masking is a very prominent problem in our daily routines, mainly concerning unpleasant sweat or toilet odors. In the current study we explored the effectiveness of odor masking both on a behavioral and neuronal level. By definition, participants cannot differentiate a fully masked unpleasant odor from the pleasant pure odor used as a masking agent on a behavioral level. We hypothesized, however, that one can still discriminate between a fully masked odor mixture and the pure masking odor on a neuronal level and that, using a reinforcing feedback paradigm, participants could be trained to perceive this difference. A pleasant, lemon-like odor (citral) and a mixture of citral and minor amounts of an unpleasant, goat-like odor (caproic acid) were presented to participants repeatedly using a computer-controlled olfactometer and participants had to decide whether two presented stimuli were the same or different. Accuracy of this task was incentivized with a possible monetary reward. Functional imaging was used throughout the task to investigate central processing of the two stimuli. The participants rated both stimuli as isopleasant and isointense, indicating that the unpleasant odor was fully masked by the pleasant odor. The isolated caproic acid component of the mixture was rated less pleasant than the pleasant odor in a prior experimental session. Although the masked and pure stimuli were not discriminated in the forced-choice task, quality ratings on a dimensional scale differed. Further, we observed an increased activation of the insula and ventral striatum/putamen for the pure in contrast to the fully masked odor, hence revealing a difference in neuronal processing. Our hypothesis that perceptual discrimination and neuronal processing can be enhanced using a reinforcing feedback paradigm is not supported by our data.
Plasmon-induced hyperthermia: hybrid upconversion NaYF4:Yb/Er and gold nanomaterials for oral cancer photothermal therapy (2015)

Nanocomposites consisting of upconversion nanoparticles (UCPs) and plasmonic materials have been widely explored for bio-imaging and cancer photothermal therapy (PTT). However, several challenges, including incomprehensible efficiency of energy transfer processes and optimization of the conditions for plasmon-induced photothermal effects, still exist. In this study, we fabricated NaYF<sub>4</sub>:Yb<sup>3+</sup>/Er<sup>3+</sup> nanoparticles (NPs) conjugated with gold nanomaterials (Au NMs), such as Au NPs and gold nanorods (Au NRs). NaYF<sub>4</sub>:Yb<sup>3+</sup>/Er<sup>3+</sup> NPs were used as photoconverters, which could emit green and red light under excitation of a 980 nm laser; Au NPs and Au NRs were also prepared and used as heat producers. The silica shell was further coated around UCPs to improve biocompatibility and as a bridge linking UCPs and the Au NMs. Most importantly, the thickness of the silica shell was tuned precisely to investigate the effective distance of the plasmonic field for heat induction. Energy transfer was confirmed by the declining UCL photoluminescence and emission decay time after connecting to the Au NMs. Moreover, a simulative model was built using the finite element method to assess the differences in heat generation between UCP@SiO<sub>2</sub>-NPs and UCP@SiO<sub>2</sub>-NRs. The surfaces of the hybrid nanocomposites were modified with folic acid to improve the specific targeting to cancer cells. The performance of the modified hybrid nanocomposites in PTT for OECM-1 oral cancer cells was evaluated.
Correlation of AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors electroluminescence characteristics with current collapse (2018)

We report on the correlation between the electroluminescence and current collapse of AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). Standard passivated devices suffering from severe current collapse exhibited high-intensity whitish electroluminescence confined near the drain contact. In contrast, devices with reduced current collapse resulting from oxygen plasma treatment or GaN capping showed low-intensity reddish emission across the entire gate–drain access region. A qualitative explanation of this observed correlation between the current collapse and electroluminescence is presented. Our results demonstrate that electroluminescence analysis is a powerful tool not only for identifying high-field regions but also for assessing the degree of current collapse in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs.
A luminescent oxygen-sensing hydrogel for mapping tissue oxygenation (Conference Presentation) (2020)

There is an unmet need for simple-to-use oximetry devices that can map tissue oxygenation over large areas while being easily integrated into clinical standard-of-care workflows. We present a phosphorescence-based approach which features red-emitting porphyrin molecule constructs, embedded within a paint-on hydrogel bandage for tissue oxygen concentration imaging. The bandage emission is visible by eye which enables oxygen imaging even in the presence of skin autofluorescence. Preclinical testing to validate correlations between bandage oxygenation maps and perfusion is ongoing, and by allowing gelation to occur on the skin the bandage can conform to odd topologies, such as ears.
Photophysics and photochemistry of NIR absorbers derived from cyanines: key to new technologies based on chemistry 4.0 (2020)

Cyanines derived from heptamethines were mainly discussed regarding their functionalization to broaden the solubility in different surroundings exhibiting either hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties and to tailor made the Δ<i>G</i> <sub>et</sub> photopysical properties with respect to absorption and fluorescence. Electrochemical properties were additionally considered for some selected examples. The cyanines chosen comprised as end groups either indolenine, benzo[<i>e</i>]- or benzo[<i>cd</i>]indolium pattern, which facilitated to shift the absorption between 750-1000 nm. This enabled their use in applications with light sources emitting in the near-infrared (NIR) region selected from high power LEDs or lasers with line-shaped focus. The absorbers considered were discussed regarding their function as sensitizer for applications related to Chemistry 4.0 standards. These were mainly photopolymer coatings, which can be found for applications in the graphic industry or to protect selected substrates. The huge release of heat on demand upon turning ON or OFF the NIR light source enables them for photothermal treatment in processes requesting heat to initiate either chemical (activated reactions) or physical (melting, evaporation) events.
Supramolecular Tetrahedra of Phosphines and Coinage Metals (2012)

Treasure chests: The Group 11 metals CuI, AgI, and AuI form tetrahedral supramolecular clusters with a rigid threefold-symmetric phosphine ligand. These supramolecular clusters, which assemble by metal–phosphine interactions, are the first to form across an entire group of the periodic table. Cu+ green, Ag+ pale blue, Au+ green, I− red, P purple. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Fluoroethylene Carbonate and Vinylene Carbonate Reduction: Understanding Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolyte Additives and Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation (2016)

We have synthesized the products of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and vinylene carbonate (VC) via lithium naphthalenide reduction. By analyzing the resulting solid precipitates and gas evolution, our results confirm that both FEC and VC decomposition products include HCO2Li, Li2C2O4, Li2CO3, and polymerized VC. For FEC, our experimental data supports a reduction mechanism where FEC reduces to form VC and LiF, followed by subsequent VC reduction. In the FEC reduction product, HCO2Li, Li2C2O4, and Li2CO3 were found in smaller quantities than in the VC reduction product, with no additional fluorine environments being detected by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance or X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. With these additives being practically used in higher (FEC) and lower (VC) concentrations in the base electrolytes of lithium-ion batteries, our results suggest that the different relative ratios of the inorganic and organic reduction products formed by their decomposition may be relevant to the chemical composition and morphology of the solid electrolyte interphase formed in their presence.
Design and implementation of a portable lightning current simulator (2002)

Summary form only given. A portable, three-stage, one-megajoule Marx bank generator has been developed that will produce a 200-kA lightning impulse. The design lightning impulse waveform is a category A waveform as defined by the Federal Aviation Administration. Waveform A is a double exponential with a peak amplitude of 200 kA, a time to peak of 6.4 /spl mu/s, a decay time to 50% of peak amplitude of 69 /spl mu/s, and an action integral of 2/spl times/10/sup 6/ A/sup 2/-s. The completed generator will have an inductance of approximately 1.9 /spl mu/H, which will allow up to 4.5 /spl mu/H of load inductance while maintaining the waveform A specification. This impulse generator is unique due to its relatively compact size and its transportability. The generator uses 24 high energy-density capacitors each rated at 44 kV and 50 kJ. Each 213 cm/spl times/229 cm (84"/spl times/90") stage holding eight of the capacitors is inserted into a frame of 213 cm (84") in height. The weight of each stage is 1270 kg (2800 lbs). Due to its modular construction, each stage can be removed and the generator can be reassembled on a truck allowing the generator to be transported to various test sites. The Marx bank is switched with a Maxwell Model 40200 triggered rail gap. Rod gaps with semispherical electrodes are used to switch the upper two stages.
User Impact on Phased and Switch Diversity Arrays in 5G Mobile Terminals (2017)

In this paper, a mobile terminal phased array at 28 GHz with different scan angles is compared with a switch diversity antenna array at 28 GHz in the case of antenna beams pointing at the user's body. In the switch diversity antenna array, there is only one element out of eight operating each time. The paper is carried out in data mode with a standing user, which includes both body blockage and user hand effects. The metrics of coverage efficiency, antenna shadowing power ratio, and isotropic antenna shadowing power ratio are utilized in the investigation. It is found that the scan angle of a phased array higher than 90° is not necessary for this scenario, because the user body will contribute to the total radiation at large angles by scattering the radiated energy around the body. For the linear phased antenna arrays on the edge of the mobile device ground plane, it can be concluded that in order to achieve the highest coverage efficiency and lowest user shadowing it is more beneficial to use a phased array instead of a switch diversity array. However, if the losses of the phase shifters and the feeding network from the phased array are higher than 5 dB, the switch array can be used, which will also decrease the complexity of a system.
VSP modeling and sensitivity analysis of travel times in layered orthorhombic media with general 3D horizons (2015)

Summary Vertical seismic profile (VSP) surveys are often conducted at locations where surface seismic data fails to achieve its objectives. These objectives include imaging with a greater resolution and obtaining additional information about the internal structure of local rock layers. A detailed study of the in situ rock layers requires assuming them to be anisotropic layers with orthorhombic symmetry at the minimum because they may be composed of thin layers and fractured at the same time. Extracting effective orthorhombic parameters of non-flat layers from VSP travel times requires a method for efficiently modeling the travel times in the media and the further development of a strategy for robust inversion of those media parameters. This paper describes a method for travel time calculations in layered orthorhombic media with general layer interfaces (interpreted horizons) and buried receivers as in a VSP survey. In addition, the effects of topography and anisotropy on travel times are explored with a focus on developing a strategy for robust inversion of effective orthorhombic parameters from VSP travel time data.
Measuring Thermal Gradient in HAMR Using Pseudorandom Bit Sequences (2018)

The downtrack thermal gradient (DTTG) is a key metric determining the performance of heat-assisted magnetic recording heads. It describes the change in temperature with respect to the position at the recording point, which determines the transition width and consequently the linear density capability. Here, we present a method for measuring the DTTG by stepping the laser power while writing a series of pseudorandom bit sequences (PRBSs). The sharp change in laser power changes the diameter of the thermal spot produced in the media by the laser and near-field transducer, which in turn produces a shift in the location of the written transitions. The magnitude of this shift is measured from the readback signal and may be used to calculate the thermal gradient. The PRBS-based technique described here has the additional advantage of enabling corrections for a number of errors in the calculation of the thermal gradient, including the nonlinear dependence of the transition shift on the magnitude of the laser power modulation and changes in the curvature due to the change in the size of the thermal spot.
Reliability odometer of power semiconductor device used for high performance high power amplifiers (2016)

This paper presents a real-time evaluation of power semiconductor devices in a high performance high power amplifier. The proposed method can represent the life status of the semiconductor modules in `odometer' format. A special challenging case are pulsating load applications like an MRI gradient driver system. The general concepts presented have been evaluated in detail for the MRI case. A detailed Cauer thermal network is proposed to estimate the temperature from junction to ambient with the combination of non-ideal heatsink. Rainflow counting method and Palmgren-Miner linear damage accumulation rule are introduced and designed for the on-line cycle counting and real-time lifetime consumption estimation. The paper explains the design of the method considerations to minimize the computing time and memory requirements different from standard off line or post analysis approaches. Simulation models and hardware prototype are built to validate the design and analysis.
Essential edge protection techniques for successful multi-wafer stacking (2015)

3D edge protection for wafer scale stacking using oxide bonding has been demonstrated with readily available CMOS compatible processes. Edge voiding has been shown to vastly reduce as well CMP edge removal. By utilizing edge protection schemes such as this, in combination with other approaches for bevel/edge protection for wafer thinning [4], wafer edges can be preserved with minimal additional processing complexity to enable multi-wafer 3D stacking and technologies such as Backside Illuminated Image Sensors (BSI) [9] and 3Dm, all of which can benefit from such an approach.
Low-cost intracortical spiking recordings compression with classification abilities for implanted BMI devices (2012)

Within Brain-Machine Interface systems, cortically implanted microelectrode arrays and associated hardware have a low power budget for data sampling, processing and transmission. It is already possible to reduce neural data rates by on-site spike detection; we propose a method to further compress spiking data at a low computational cost, with the objective of maintaining clustering and classification abilities. The method relies on random binary vector projections, and simulations show that it is possible to achieve a compression ratio of 5 at virtually no cost in terms of classification errors.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Biologics for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2011)

Further research to identify the most appropriate use of therapeutic drug monitoring is needed.
14‐4: Invited Paper : A Diffractive LCD Backlight Approach to Dynamic Lightfield Displays (2016)

We introduce a novel approach to LCD backlighting that allows for the generation of dynamic lightfields through a single LCD panel. The backlight is based on diffractive nanostructures that are 90% transparent. Full control over the spatio‐angular parameters of the lightfield is achieved, providing new opportunities for the design of naked‐eye 3D displays, heads‐up displays and near‐eye Virtual / Augmented Reality systems.
Process technologies for purity enhancement of large discovery libraries. (2004)

The design, synthesis and characterization of structurally diverse compound libraries are key first steps in drug discovery. High-throughput screening of these libraries against protein targets is a useful procedure for identifying hits, which can then be optimized to produce compound leads against these protein targets. For this process to be most successful the initial compounds screened must be of high quality, necessitating high-throughput characterization and purification. This review summarizes recent advances in purification processes for combinatorial chemistry.
The effects of single‐ and multiple‐dose administration of bococizumab (RN316/PF‐04950615), a humanized IgG2Δa monoclonal antibody binding proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, in hypercholesterolemic subjects treated with and without atorvastatin: Results from four phase I studies (2017)

Bococizumab was generally safe and well tolerated. Bococizumab lowered LDL-C levels substantially in all four studies.
High‐Shear‐Imparted Tunable Fluorescence in Polyethylenimines (2017)

Abstract In general, fluorescent polyethylenimine (PEI) nanoparticles absorb primarily UV light, with the fluorophores typically having extended conjugated structures. In this work, PEI nanoparticles of circa 10 nm in diameter, devoid of such structural features and with tunable fluorescence, were generated in a microfluidic platform. Tunability of the fluorescence was achieved by varying the flow rate of liquid entering the rapidly rotating tube in a vortex fluidic device (VFD), without the need for additional reagents. Chemical incorporation of amide functional groups triggered enhanced fluorescence intensity and auto‐fluorescence over a wide range, and the resulting nanoparticles showed significantly reduced cytotoxicity compared to as‐received polymers.
Modification of Abiotic–Biotic Interfaces with Small Molecules and Nanomaterials for Improved Bioelectronics (2013)

Low efficiency of charge extraction (and conversely charge injection) across biotic–abiotic interfaces constitutes an obstacle to the integration of biological and electronic systems in high-performance bioelectronic devices. Advances in the promotion of charge transport across these typically nonconductive interfaces will have far-reaching implications in important applications such as alternative energy generation, bioelectrosynthesis, diagnostics, and environmental monitoring. This review highlights the use of synthetic materials to improve electrical interfacing between biological systems and electrodes, focusing specifically on whole cell bioelectrochemical systems. By taking advantage of a rich variety of materials chemistry and synthetic methodologies, significant improvements to the facilitation of charge transport across abiotic–biotic interfaces have been realized. The modifications of the bioelectronic interfaces presented herein include the use of organic small molecules, semiconducting and redox active polymers, inorganic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphene, hybrid organic–inorganic systems, and micro-/nanoelectrodes. However, design rules to guide material selection and choices regarding device architecture remain ambiguous. Establishment of a clearer understanding of bioelectronic charge transfer phenomena, their constituent pathways, and means of stimulating or selecting for different pathways is still work in progress. As such, great opportunities exist for materials scientists to contribute to these topics through design and implementation.
Protective effect of FK506 in the reperfusion model after short-term occlusion of middle cerebral artery in the rat: Assessment by autoradiography using [125I]PK-11195 (2000)

The protective effect of the immunosuppressant agent FK506 in the reperfusion after short-term occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in the rat model was evaluated using [125I]PK-11195 autoradiography. FK506 0.5 mg kg-1 day-1 was administered intramurally to Wistar rats weighing 260-300 g from one day prior to ischemia to seven days after ischemia. Reperfusion was performed after 30 or 60 min occlusion. Infarct area was evaluated by [125I]PK-11195 autoradiography on the seventh day following occlusion. FK506 significantly reduced the infarct area in the caudate nucleus following 30 and 60 min occlusion, but significantly reduced the infarct area in the cortex only following 60 min occlusion. These results suggest that FK506 has a protective effect against reperfusion after short-term occlusion of the middle cerebral artery.
Effect of sodium nitroprusside on growth and terpenoid indole alkaloid production in Catharanthus roseus hairy root cultures (2011)

Nitric oxide (NO) is known as a signaling molecule involved in elicitor-induced defense responses of plants. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a donor of NO, stimulates catharanthine formation in Catharanthus roseus cells.1 Two important terpenoid indole alkaloids produced in small quantities within C. roseus are vinblastine and vincristine which are being used clinically as anticancer drugs. We are interested in engineering C. roseus hairy roots to increase the production of the TIAs. The present work investigates the effects of treating different concentrations of SNP to the hairy root cultures from line LBE-6-1. The alkaloid concentrations were analyzed 9, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, and 30 days after treatment of SNP on day 0. We also studied the transient effects of SNP treatment during the exponential phase in C. roseus hairy roots. Analysis of the results showed that treatment of 0.1-mM SNP did not affect the growth of hairy roots, whereas 1-mM SNP suppressed the growth significantly, and 10-mM SNP almost completely inhibited the growth of hairy roots. 0.1-mM SNP treatment on day 0 caused a significant increase in the concentration of serpentine, catharanthine, ajmalicine, lochnericine and tabersonine production. SNP treatment on day 12 stimulated the formation of serpentine, catharanthine, ajmalicine, hörhammericine, lochnericine and tabersonine by day 21. After the initial stimulation, serpentine, horhammericine and lochnericine concentrations returned to the basal level by day 28. Treatment of 0.1-mM SNP on day 0 caused significant decrease in the mRNA levels for TDC, ASA, STR, ORCA3, ZCT1, and Crgbf1 on day 23. Treating 0.1-mM SNP on day 12 caused decreases in the expression levels of STR, ORCA3, ZCT1, and Crgbf1 on day 21 and day 28. Compared with day 28, the mRNA transcript of ZCT1 on day 21 is about twofold higher. Expression levels of G10H increased significantly.