gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluating printability of buried native EUV mask phase defects through a modeling and simulation approach (2015)

The availability of defect-free masks is considered to be a critical issue for enabling extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) as the next generation technology. Since completely defect-free masks will be hard to achieve, it is essential to have a good understanding of the printability of the native EUV mask defects. In this work, we performed a systematic study of native mask defects to understand the defect printability caused by them. The multilayer growth over native substrate mask blank defects was correlated to the multilayer growth over regular-shaped defects having similar profiles in terms of their width and height. To model the multilayer growth over the defects, a novel level-set multilayer growth model was used that took into account the tool deposition conditions of the Veeco Nexus ion beam deposition tool. The same tool was used for performing the actual deposition of the multilayer stack over the characterized native defects, thus ensuring a fair comparison between the actual multilayer growth over native defects, and modeled multilayer growth over regular-shaped defects. Further, the printability of the characterized native defects was studied with the SEMATECH-Berkeley Actinic Inspection Tool (AIT), an EUV mask-imaging microscope at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). Printability of the modeled regular-shaped defects, which were propagated up the multilayer stack using level-set growth model was studied using defect printability simulations implementing the waveguide algorithm. Good comparison was observed between AIT and the simulation results, thus demonstrating that multilayer growth over a defect is primarily a function of a defect’s width and height, irrespective of its shape. This would allow us to predict printability of the arbitrarily-shaped native EUV mask defects in a systematic and robust manner.
Measurement of gap states in undoped a-SiGe: H alloys by modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (1989)

Abstract Modulated photocurrent spectroscopy has been used to investigate the energy location and nature of dangling bonds in undoped a-SiGe: H alloys, with particular emphasis on the doubly occupied dangling-bond (D−) centre. It is found that the Ge D− centre lies about 0·1 eV below the Si D− centre, while a sharp switch of the predominant deep centres occurs from Si dangling bonds to Ge dangling bonds as the Ge concentration approaches about 35 at.%, which corresponds to an optical bandgap energy of around 1·5 eV. The analysis for the pre-exponential factor of the thermal emission rate of electrons from the D− centre suggests that different electron transition processes are operative for Si and Ge dangling bonds.
Reliability of 4H-SiC (0001) MOS Gate Oxide by NO Post-Oxide-Annealing (2019)

In this work, we investigated the oxide reliability of 4H-SiC (0001) MOS capacitors, the oxide was fabricated about 60 nm by thermal oxidation temperature at 1350°C, the oxides than annealed at different temperatures and times in diluted NO (10% in N 2 ). The 4H-SiC MOS structure was analyzed by C-V and I-V measurement. Compared the J-E curves and Weibull distribution curves of charge-to-breakdown for fives samples under different annealing temperature and time, it shows that the high annealing temperature improves the electrical properties as the lifetime enhanced. The mode value of field-to-breakdown (E BD ) for thermal oxides by post-oxide-annealing in NO for 30 min at 1350°C was 10.09 MV/cm, the charge-to-breakdown (Q BD ) of this sample was the highest in all samples, and the Q BD value at 63.2% cumulative failure rate was 0.15 C/cm 2 . The Q BD of the sample annealing at 1200°C for 120 min was 0.06 C/ cm 2 . The effects of NO annealing in high temperature enhance the lifetime of electrical properties and field-to-breakdown obviously. It can be demonstrated that the annealing temperature as high as 1300°C for 30 min can be used to accelerate TDDB of SiC MOS gate oxide.
Visible Reflectance Spectroscopy on a Buoy-Mounted Aerosol Sampler: Development of a Sensor for Quantifying the Deposition of Mineral Dust to the Oceans (2006)

Iron deficiency has been shown to limit the growth of phytoplankton in the high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions of the Equatorial Pacific, Southern Ocean, and Subarctic North Pacific, and is a potentially limiting nutrient for nitrogen-fixing phytoplankton, which represent an important component of primary production in oceans. The major source of iron to the open ocean is the atmospheric transport and deposition of iron-bearing soil dust from the arid regions of North Africa, central Asia and Australia. A buoy-mounted aerosol sampler deployed on the Bermuda Testbed Mooring collected a time series of samples allowing quantification of the deposition of African aerosol iron to the Sargasso Sea. We are developing a sensor using visible reflectance spectroscopy (VRS) that can be integrated with this sampler to make real-time measurements of the concentration of iron in aerosol dust over the oceans. In VRS, a white light source illuminates the sample and the spectrum of the reflected light is recorded. Analyses of the spectra include calculating percent color and the first derivative of the spectrum. As the amount of iron in the sample increases, the percentage of red increases. The first derivatives of the spectra contain peaks which can identify iron minerals (e.g., hematite & goethite). The ability to couple aerosol dust analysis with in-water iron measurements will increase our understanding of how iron enters the oceans and what role it plays in the marine biosphere
Defining the Flexion-Extension Axis of the Ulna: Implications for Intra-Operative Elbow Alignment (2008)

The increased utilization of total elbow replacements has resulted in a correspondingly increased number of failed implants requiring revision. The most common reason for revision is aseptic loosening of the ulnar component due to polyethylene induced osteolysis. Implant malalignment is thought to be an important cause of bearing wear and implant failure. The ulnar flexion axis can be used to accurately align the ulnar component of the elbow implant; however, the optimal method of determining this axis intra-operatively is unknown. This in vitro study determined the relationship amongst kinematically and anatomically defined ulnar flexion axes in an effort to improve the accuracy of ulnar component positioning. Five different techniques were used to determine the ulnar flexion axis in 12 cadaveric specimens, 3 kinematic and 2 anatomic. The techniques were compared with the screw displacement axis from simulated elbow flexion. An anatomic measurement technique using the guiding ridge of the greater sigmoid notch of the ulna and the radial head was found to most accurately replicate the position and orientation of the screw displacement axis of the elbow (p<0.05). Because an anatomically derived flexion axis can be determined using both pre-operative imaging techniques, as well as with intra-operative guides, it is more practical than kinematically derived techniques requiring tracking systems for clinical application and should provide reliable and consistent results.
Effect of mAb B3 and paclitaxel doses on accumulation and penetration of B3 into tumor (2013)

1322 Objectives To investigate the effect of 1) the different doses and 2) serial fractional injections of paclitaxel (Taxol) and B3 on the accumulation and the microdistribution of B3. Methods Groups of nude mice (n=3 / group) were inoculated with Ley positive A431 tumor cells. When the tumor size reached ~200 mm3, the mice were divided into groups and were injected with 1) 150 μg or 300 μg Alexa B3 (IV) on D0, 2)serial single doses of 150 µg Alexa B3 on D0 and 40 mg/kg or 70 mg/kg Taxol (IP) on D1, and 3) serial fractional doses of 150 µg Alexa B3 on D0, 40 mg/kg Taxol on D1, 150 µg Alexa B3 on D3, and 30 mg/kg Taxol on D4 to compare with a serial single doses (300 µg Alexa B3 on D0 and 70 mg/kg on D1) . Tumors were flash frozen and sliced (8 µm) 2 days after Alexa B3 injection. Microscopic imaging was performed using a scanscope FL (pixel size;0.464 µm). B3 intensity in whole tumor and penetration (~1 mm) from the tumor edge were calculated. Results The analysis showed that 1) 2 times greater amount of B3 was accumulated in whole tumor with deeper penetration toward the tumor center when 300 µg B3 was injected compared to 150 µg B3, and 2) both 70 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg of single Taxol injection increased the total B3 accumulation in tumor by 90% compared to B3 without Taxol. The high Taxol dose produced deeper B3 penetration than low dose, and 3) there was no significant difference between the both serial doses in the total B3 accumulation in tumor, but the serial fractional injections produced deeper B3 penetration. Conclusions The serial fractional doses of B3 and Taxol produced a uniform distribution of B3 with deeper penetration than the serial single dose. This finding implies that serial fractional doses of Y-90 or Lu-177 labeled mAb and Taxol may be more efficacious regimens in producing synergistic effects in the shrinkage of solid tumors by both radio-sensitizing effect and enhanced tumor accumulation of B3.
Noise-induced phase transition in soft Ising spins with a fluctuating interaction (1997)

We investigate noise-induced phase transitions in soft Ising spins, which have continuous values, with a fluctuating interaction within the framework of the mean-field scheme. The fluctuating interaction provides an effective ferromagnetic coupling, leading to a ferromagnetic order. The interplay of the fluctuating interaction and an additive noise leads to a reentrant transition, triple transitions, and a softening of the order parameter, presenting a weak order in the ordered phase. In the limit of Ising spins the fluctuating interaction renormalizes the mean field, reducing the critical intensity of the additive noise.
Transposable elements and Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis (2022)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the pathological accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau. Microglia and astrocytes respond to the abnormal presence of tau protein with induced transposable element (TE) transcription. In this Forum, we discuss new data that link dysregulated TE expression to AD pathogenesis.
Cross-correlation based under-modelled multichannel blind acoustic system identification with sparsity regularization (2016)

In room acoustics, the under-modelled blind system identification (BSI) problem arises when the identified room impulse response (RIR) is shorter than the real one. Conventional BSI methods can perform poorly under these circumstances. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for multichannel BSI in under-modelled situations. Instead of minimizing the cross-relation error, a new optimization criterion is formulated, which is based on maximizing a cross-correlation criterion. We show that under the statistical model of reverberant signals, the cross-correlation based criterion helps to reduce the adverse effects of system under-modelling on BSI. Moreover, the optimization problem is regularized by including a sparsity term in the cost function. The optimization problem is finally solved based on the split Bregman method in the least-mean-square (LMS) framework. Experimental results show that the proposed method can perform effectively in the under-modelled situations in which conventional methods fail.
Battery energy storage systems for electric utility, industrial and commercial applications (2002)

Voltage depressions and power interruptions are rapidly becoming two of the hottest topics in the field of power quality. Of particular interest is the need to supply a dependable, efficient and controllable source of real and reactive power, which is available instantly to support a large (>0.5 MVA) load, even if the utility connection is lost. This paper describes a versatile solution to this problem for utility, industrial and commercial applications using battery energy storage systems (BESS). BESS have the potential to provide other substantial benefits in terms of improved voltage and energy management in conjunction with this protection from interruptions.
The Next Step from High-Flux Dialysis: Application of Sorbent Technology (2002)

The current foci of renal replacement therapy with dialysis are middle molecular weight toxins, consisting of small proteins, polypeptides and products of glycosylation and lipoxygenation. Conventional high-flux dialysis is not efficient at removing these molecules, explaining the increased interest in using sorbents to supplement dialysis techniques. Prototype biocompatible sorbents have been developed and investigated for middle molecule removal; these have been shown, in man, to remove beta(2)-microglobulin, angiogenin, leptin, cytokines and other molecules, without reducing platelets and leukocytes. Extensive clinical studies are underway to demonstrate the clinical utility and safety of adding routinely a sorbent hemoperfusion device to hemodialysis.
Oxidation Behavior of Spray Pyrolyzed Ag-Pd Alloy Particle. (2001)

Metallic alloy particles of silver (Ag) and palladium (Pd) in submicron size range were prepared using an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis of AgNO3 and Pd (NO3)2 solutions. The particles were prepared with two distinct heating pattterns. One is the heating of droplets at a constant temperature in a pyrolyzing furnace, where the temperature was kept at the same value from the entrance to the exit. The other is the heating of droplets with gradually-increasing temperature from entrance to exit. The exit temperature was set at the same temperature as that for the constant heating. TG mass change of particle during oxidization in air was examined. The mass change at stepwise heating was lower than that at constant heating for high Pd/Ag ratio. The oxidation mechanism was investigated by thermal analysis and compared with the thermal decomposition difference between AgNO3 and Pd (NO3)2 solutions.
ESD sources pinpointed by analysis of radio wave emissions (1997)

ESD events are a source of radio waves. Time delay information from a system of antennas detecting those radio waves can be used, much like a GPS system, to pinpoint the location of the discharge. Such a system is described and experimental results presented.
2466 MicroRNA-451: A potential key player in the development of diabetic nephropathy in an insulin resistant mouse model (2018)

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: MicroRNAs (miRNA) affect transcription of a number of genes involved in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN), and have become attractive therapeutic targets and biomarkers. Elevated renal gluconeogenesis, fibrosis, and albuminuria are early markers of incipient DN. Recent studies report that renal miRNA-451 may protect against DN and reduce renal gluconeogenesis in rodent models. MiRNA-451 is thought to act by targeting select factors resulting from disrupted insulin and growth factor signaling and the mechanistic-target of rapamycin (mTOR) in early DN. This study aimed to elucidate the role of miRNA-451 in the development and progression of DN. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: To further elucidate the role of miRNA-451 in DN, we placed male insulin-resistant, TALLYHO/Jng mice on a high-fat diet (60% kCal). The mice were divided into 2 treatment groups and received 8 consecutive weekly intraperitoneal injections of locked nucleic acid (LNA) miR-451-inhibitor or LNA-scrambled compound (2 mg/kg·bw; n=8/treatment). Mice were euthanized after 12 weeks (4 weeks sans injections) and kidneys, liver, pancreas and abdominal adipose tissue were harvested for analysis. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Renal homogenate expression of miRNA-451 was drastically reduced in inhibitor-treated mice (~6-fold) in comparison with scramble-treated mice. Western blotting of cortex homogenates for indicators of fibrosis and targets of miRNA-451 revealed a significant reduction in collagen IV (marker of epithelial integrity) in inhibitor-treated mice. In addition, metalloproteinase type 9 (MMP9, a known type IV collagenase), YWHAZ (a scaffolding protein and known target of miR-451), mTOR, and fructose bisphosphatase (FBP1, a rate-limiting gene in gluconeogenesis) were significantly increased in this group in comparison to scramble-treated mice. However, no differences were found in protein levels for glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) or phosphoenolpyruvate (PEPCK), 2 additional gluconeogenic rate-limiting genes. MiRNA-451 antagonist did not significantly affect final body weight or blood glucose; however, mean blood sodium concentrations were slightly, but significantly higher (2%) in the LNA-inhibitor treated group (when compared with the scramble-treated group). No differences in blood potassium or chloride were found. Anion gap was 90% higher in the LNA-inhibitor treated group when compared with scramble-treated mice. No differences in urinary albumin to creatinine ratio were found between the two treatment groups. However, Masson Trichrome scoring revealed a 59% increase in fibrosis in inhibitor-treated mice. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Collectively, these findings support a potentially protective role of miRNA-451 in attenuating signaling via mTOR that may alter both renal gluconeogenic potential (contributing to the diabetic phenotype) and activation and progression of renal fibrosis. Therapies to enhance miRNA-451 signaling may be beneficial to reduce renal pathology associated with DN.
Secure Mobile Edge Computing via a Drone-Enabled FSO-Based Heterogeneous Network (2022)

A secure mobile edge computing ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MEC</i> ) framework, which leverages free space optics ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FSO</i> ) to provision backhauling from drone-mounted base stations ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DBSs</i> ) to a macro base station ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MBS</i> ), is proposed. DBSs can work as computing nodes to provide computing services to user equipments ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">UEs</i> ) as well as relays to forward the tasks to the MBS at the same time. Both DBSs and MBS are provisioned with servers. UEs can offload their tasks to the MBS directly, DBSs directly, or the MBS via a DBS. The DBSs are to be placed at the optimal locations to provide computing services and uplink communications for the ground UEs. We then formulate the join <underline xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</u> bandwidth and computation r <underline xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">E</u> source assignment, DBS tra <underline xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</u> smis <underline xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</u> ion power contr <underline xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">O</u> l, UE power cont <underline xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</u> ol, UE association and DBS placement (TENSOR) problem to jointly maximize the average secrecy rate and minimize the task completion time. Since TENSOR is a mixed-integer nonlinear problem, we decompose it into four sub-problems: resource (bandwidth and computation) assignment and DBS transmission power control problem, UE power control problem, UE association problem, and DBS placement problem. Successive convex approximation and an iterative algorithm are leveraged to solve the four sub-problems separately. In each iteration, we use the output of the first three as the input for the fourth. The performance of our algorithm is superior to the greedy algorithm, block search placement algorithm, and equally shared resource allocation algorithm upon which the average secrecy rate is improved by at least 19%.
Er 3+ in strong light-confining microcavity (2000)

Er 3+ ions produce a sharp line emission that has small absorption cross section, long radiative lifetime, and is independent of external perturbations. These optical properties of the Er3+ ions limit the pumping efficiency and tunability of the emission line. In this work we present a study in which Er3+ emission was modified by coupling an ensemble of Er3+ ions to a microcavity resonance. The optical response of an optical cavity that consists of an Er2O3 layer confined between Si/SiO2 distributed Bragg reflectors is studied. When the cavity is in resonance with the optical transition of the Er3+ ions, the resonances in the reflectivity spectra split. The results are explained by a standard semiclassical model of atom–photon coupling.
In vitro susceptibility to infection with SIVcpz and HIV‐1 is lower in chimpanzee than in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells* (2002)

This study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the susceptibility of chimpanzee versus human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to infection with SIVcpz and HIV-1 non-syncitium inducing primary isolates. The results demonstrate clearly that chimpanzee PBMCs have a lower capacity to support viral replication as compared to human PBMCs. There was no experimental evidence that this difference was due to a lower availability of target cells for viral infection (PBMCs positive for CD4 and CCR5 molecules) or to a differential susceptibility to apoptosis (PBMCs positive for CD4 and CD95 molecules). A lower capacity of chimpanzee PBMCs to support SIVcpz and HIV-1 replication in vitro is related to a post-entry barrier to virus replication.
A depth-averaged electrokinetic flow model for shallow microchannels (2008)

Electrokinetic flows with heterogeneous conductivity configuration occur widely in microfluidic applications such as sample stacking and multidimensional assays. Electromechanical coupling in these flows may lead to complex flow phenomena, such as sample dispersion due to electro-osmotic velocity mismatch, and electrokinetic instability (EKI). In this work we develop a generalized electrokinetic model suitable for the study of microchannel flows with conductivity gradients and shallow-channel geometry. An asymptotic analysis is performed with the channel depth-to-width ratio as a smallness parameter, and the three-dimensional equations are reduced to a set of depth-averaged equations governing in-plane flow dynamics. The momentum equation uses a Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheimer-type formulation, and the convective–diffusive transport of the conductivity field in the depth direction manifests itself as a dispersion effect on the in-plane conductivity field. The validity of the model is assessed by comparing the numerical results with full three-dimensional direct numerical simulations, and experimental data. The depth-averaged equations provide the accuracy of three-dimensional modelling with a convenient two-dimensional equation set applicable to a wide class of microfluidic devices.