gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Convolutional networks for speech detection (2004)

In this paper, we introduce a new framework for speech detection using convolutional networks. We propose a network architecture that can incorporate long and short-term temporal and spectral correlations of speech in the detection process. The proposed design is able to address many shortcomings of existing speech detectors in a unified new framework: First, it improves the robustness of the system to environmental variability while still being fast to evaluate. Second, it allows for a framework that is extendable to work under different time-scales for different applications. Finally, it is discriminative and produces reliable estimates of the probability of presence of speech in each frame for a wide variety of noise conditions. We propose that the inputs to the system be features that are measures of the true signal-to-noise ratio of a set of frequency bands of the signal. These can be easily and automatically generated by tracking the noise spectrum online. We present preliminary results on the AURORA database to demonstrate the effectiveness of the detector over conventional Gaussian detectors.
Unveiling the OAM and Acceleration of Vortex and Airy Beams (2015)

The Astigmatic Airy beam is introduced, and accurate, closed-form expressions are derived using ray-tracing methods. These expressions are confirmed in experiment in an extraordinary optical system: the transmission electron microscope.
Leveraging Spatial and Photometric Context for Calibrated Non-Lambertian Photometric Stereo (2021)

The problem of estimating a surface shape from its observed reflectance properties still remains a challenging task in computer vision. The presence of global illumination effects such as inter-reflections or cast shadows makes the task particularly difficult for non-convex real-world surfaces. State-of-the-art methods for calibrated photometric stereo address these issues using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that primarily aim to capture either the spatial context among adjacent pixels or the photometric one formed by illuminating a sample from adjacent directions.In this paper, we bridge these two objectives and introduce an efficient fully-convolutional architecture that can leverage both spatial and photometric context simultaneously. In contrast to existing approaches that rely on standard 2D CNNs and regress directly to surface normals, we argue that using separable 4D convolutions and regressing to 2D Gaussian heat-maps severely reduces the size of the network and leads to more stable predictions.Our experimental results on a real-world photometric stereo benchmark show that the proposed approach outperforms the existing published methods in accuracy. The source code for our method is available at https://github.com/DawyD/UNet-PS-4D.
Thin Film Transistor Using Amorphous InGaZnO Films as Both Channel and Source/Drain Electrodes (2011)

For the fabrication of a low-cost and transparent amorphous InGaZnO (a-IGZO) thin film transistor (TFT), the possibility of using semiconducting and conducting, a-IGZO films as the channel and source/drain (S/D) electrode layers, respectively, was investigated, as was their effect on the device performance. Although the a-IGZO S/D electrodes' transistor performance was somewhat degraded, possibly due to the ex-situ integration process, acceptable TFT characteristics and transparency were obtained for the next-generation, transparent active matrix displays. The post-fabrication annealing ambient significantly affected the electrical properties of the a-IGZO S/D and channel layers, as the carrier concentration exhibited a close dependency on the amount of oxygen in the annealing ambient.
The Stratospheric THz Observatory (STO): Preparations for Science Flight (2011)

The Stratospheric TeraHertz Observatory (STO) is a NASA funded, Long Duration Balloon (LDB) experiment designed to address a key problem in modern astrophysics: understanding the Life Cycle of the Interstellar Medium (ISM). STO will survey a section of the Galactic plane in the dominant interstellar cooling line (C II) (1.9 THz) and the important star formation tracer (N II) (1.46 THz) at ~1 arc minute angular resolution, sufficient to spatially resolve atomic, ionic and molecular clouds at 10 kpc. The science flight instrument package hosts four (CII) and four (NII) HEB receivers. There is also one 492 GHz Schottky receiver for observing the (CI) line. In this paper we discuss preparations for the scheduled Antarctic science flight in December 2011.
Interleukin-1 as Innate Mediator of T Cell Immunity (2021)

The three-signal paradigm tries to capture how the innate immune system instructs adaptive immune responses in three well-defined actions: (1) presentation of antigenic peptides in the context of MHC molecules, which allows for a specific T cell response; (2) T cell co-stimulation, which breaks T cell tolerance; and (3) secretion of polarizing cytokines in the priming environment, thereby specializing T cell immunity. The three-signal model provides an empirical framework for innate instruction of adaptive immunity, but mainly discusses STAT-dependent cytokines in T cell activation and differentiation, while the multi-faceted roles of type I IFNs and IL-1 cytokine superfamily members are often neglected. IL-1α and IL-1β are pro-inflammatory cytokines, produced following damage to the host (release of DAMPs) or upon innate recognition of PAMPs. IL-1 activity on both DCs and T cells can further shape the adaptive immune response with variable outcomes. IL-1 signaling in DCs promotes their ability to induce T cell activation, but also direct action of IL-1 on both CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, either alone or in synergy with prototypical polarizing cytokines, influences T cell differentiation under different conditions. The activities of IL-1 form a direct bridge between innate and adaptive immunity and could therefore be clinically translatable in the context of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to empower the formation of T cell immunity. Understanding the modalities of IL-1 activity during T cell activation thus could hold major implications for rational development of the next generation of vaccine adjuvants.
The insect immune protein scolexin is a novel serine proteinase homolog (1999)

Scolexin is a coagulation-provoking plasma protein induced in response to bacterial or viral infection of larval Manduca sexta, a large lepidopterous insect. Here we report the isolation and sequencing of two cDNA clones that code for scolexin isoforms sharing 80% sequence identity. The scolexin sequences have low but recognizable sequence similarity to members of the chymotrypsin family and represent a new subfamily of chymotrypsin-like serine proteinases. Comparison with known structures reveals the conservation of key catalytic residues and a possible specificity for small nonpolar residues. Most remarkable is the absence of a canonical activation peptide cleavage site. This suggests that the regulation of scolexin activity will involve a novel activation mechanism.
Constrain static target kinetic iterative image reconstruction for 4D cardiac CT imaging (2011)

Iterative image reconstruction offers improved signal to noise properties for CT imaging. A primary challenge with iterative methods is the substantial computation time. This computation time is even more prohibitive in 4D imaging applications, such as cardiac gated or dynamic acquisition sequences. In this work, we propose only updating the time-varying elements of a 4D image sequence while constraining the static elements to be fixed or slowly varying in time. We test the method with simulations of 4D acquisitions based on measured cardiac patient data from a) a retrospective cardiac-gated CT acquisition and b) a dynamic perfusion CT acquisition. We target the kinetic elements with one of two methods: 1) position a circular ROI on the heart, assuming area outside ROI is essentially static throughout imaging time; and 2) select varying elements from the coefficient of variation image formed from fast analytic reconstruction of all time frames. Targeted kinetic elements are updated with each iteration, while static elements remain fixed at initial image values formed from the reconstruction of data from all time frames. Results confirm that the computation time is proportional to the number of targeted elements; our simulations suggest that &lt;30% of elements need to be updated in each frame leading to &gt;3 times reductions in reconstruction time. The images reconstructed with the proposed method have matched mean square error with full 4D reconstruction. The proposed method is amenable to most optimization algorithms and offers the potential for significant computation improvements, which could be traded off for more sophisticated system models or penalty terms.
Influenza vaccination and myocarditis among patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (2019)

The rate of FV among ICI-related myocarditis cases was lower than controls on ICIs who did not develop myocarditis. In those who developed myocarditis related to an ICI, there was less myocardial injury and a lower risk of MACE among those who were administered the FV.
Time-Delay Steered Parasitic Dipole Linear Array (2015)

This chapter contains sections titled: 8.1 Introduction, 8.2 Array Design and Fabrication, 8.3 Measured Results, 8.4 Summary, References
Pulsed Current Electrodeposition of Silicon Thin Films Anodes for Lithium Ion Battery Applications (2017)

Electrodeposition of amorphous silicon thin films on Cu substrate from organic ionic electrolyte using pulsed electrodeposition conditions has been studied. Scanning electron microscopy analysis shows a drastic change in the morphology of these electrodeposited silicon thin films at different frequencies of 0, 500, 1000, and 5000 Hz studied due to the change in nucleation and the growth mechanisms. These electrodeposited films, when tested in a lithium ion battery configuration, showed improvement in stability and performance with an increase in pulse current frequency during deposition. XPS analysis showed variation in the content of Si and oxygen with the change in frequency of deposition and with the change in depth of these thin films. The presence of oxygen largely due to electrolyte decomposition during Si electrodeposition and the structural instability of these films during the first discharge–charge cycle are the primary reasons contributing to the first cycle irreversible (FIR) loss observed in the pulse electrodeposited Si–O–C thin films. Nevertheless, the silicon thin films electrodeposited at a pulse current frequency of 5000 Hz show a stable capacity of ~805 mAh·g−1 with a fade in capacity of ~0.056% capacity loss per cycle (a total loss of capacity ~246 mAh·g−1) at the end of 500 cycles.
On the Reusability of Post-Experimental Field Data for Underwater Acoustic Communications R&D (2019)

Field data is often expensive to collect, time-consuming to prepare to collect, and even more time-consuming to process after the experiment has concluded. However, it is often the practice that such data are used for little after the funded research activity that was concomitant with the experiment is completed. Immutability of the original experimental configuration either results in re-gathering of expensive field-data, or in absence of such data, model-dependent analysis that partially captures the real-world dynamics. For underwater acoustic research and development, the standard communication pipeline might be modified to enable greater re-usability of experimental field data. This paper first characterizes the necessary modifications to the standard communication pipeline to prepare signals for transmission and subsequent recording such that research trades for different modulation and coding schemes may be undertaken post-experiment, without the need for re-transmission of additional waveforms. Then, using the modified mathematical framework, sufficient conditions for reliable post-experimental replay of the environment are recognized. Finally, techniques are discussed to collect sufficient environmental statistics such that subsequent research can be accomplished long after the experiment has been completed, and that results from a given experiment may be reasonably compared with those of another. Examples are provided using both synthetic and experimental data collected from at-sea field tests.
DRED: a random early detection algorithm for TCP/IP networks (2002)

Abstract It is now widely accepted that a RED [2] controlled queue certainly performs better than a drop‐tail queue. But an inherent weakness of RED is that its equilibrium queue length cannot be maintained at a preset value independent of the number of TCP active connections. In addition, RED's optimal parameter setting is largely correlated with the number of connections, the round‐trip time, the buffer space, etc. In light of these observations, we propose DRED, a novel algorithm which uses the basic ideas of feedback control to randomly discard packets with a load‐dependent probability when a buffer in a router gets congested. Over a wide range of load levels, DRED is able to stabilize a router queue occupancy at a level independent of the number of active TCP connections. The benefits of stabilized queues in a network are high resources utilization, predictable maximum delays, more certain buffer provisioning, and traffic‐load‐independent network performance in terms of traffic intensity and number of connections. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Auto-tuned minimum-deviation digital controller for LLC resonant converters (2015)

This paper presents a practical auto-tuned digital controller for LLC resonant dc/dc converters that results in virtually minimal possible output voltage deviation during transients. During transients the controller applies a two-step frequency change algorithm such that the minimum deviation and seamless transition to the new steady state is achieved. The fast voltage regulation is obtained through the output voltage measurements only and fairly simple calculations of the frequency-changing sequence eliminating fast current sensors and complex calculations usually existing in fast controllers for LLC converters. Based on the initial voltage deviation the first frequency step of the controller is determined and adjusted through an auto-tuning process. Smooth transition to the new steady state is achieved through the estimation of the new switching frequency from the ripple amplitude. Experimental results obtained with a 350 W, 400 V to 12 V, isolated LLC converter confirm recovery with practically smallest possible deviation and bump-less transitions to the new steady state.
Damping near Solid−Liquid Interfaces Measured with Atomic Force Microscopy (1999)

An atomic force microscope (AFM) is used to investigate changes in the effective viscosity of liquids which are confined between an AFM tip and a sample surface. In both cases studied, namely octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane near graphite and water near mica, it is found using two methods that the damping increases markedly at small tip−sample separations (<20 Å), even for sharp tips. The strong change in damping with tip−sample separation allows the AFM feedback to be controlled in noncontact mode (i.e., off the surface). Hence, the increase in damping can be directly associated with changes in the material properties of the confined liquid.
Magic angle spinning NMR investigations on amorphous aluminophosphate oxynitrides (1999)

Multinuclear magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy has been applied to characterise the nitrogen species present in aluminophosphate oxynitrides, i.e. AlPONs, prepared by ammonolysis of high surface area aluminophosphates. At room temperature, the NH3 enters the coordination sphere of some tetrahedral Al in the amorphous AlPO4 to increase its coordination to 5 and 6. The IR spectra show bands characteristic of NH3 and NH4+, while the 31P spectrum gives a new low field component that reflects the influence of adsorbed NH3 and/or NH4+. When the aluminophosphate precursor is treated with ammonia at temperatures within the interval 1073–1123 K, a deeper modification of the AlPO4 occurs giving rise to new nitrogen species, which remain after outgassing above room temperature, and are tentatively assigned to –P–NH2 terminal groups. When the ammonolysis is carried out at 1273 K an aluminophosphate trydimite phase appears, and nitrogen must be engaged in the formation of moieties of the type PO4-xNx, with x>1.
Environmental Applications of Nanoscale and Microscale Reactive Metal Particles (2009)

The problem of environmental contamination has seen increased interest in recent years as the full impact of various contaminants on flora, fauna, and human beings is being uncovered. In light of this, a great deal of research has been conducted to develop remediation technologies capable of combating this problem. A large variety of pollutants are currently found in the environment, including organic halides, energetic materials, and heavy metals. One of the most promising avenues of research involves the use of microscale and nanoscale metal particles in the remediation process, due to the vast array of useful properties possessed by these particles. Different metals have been tested for activity against several different classes of environmental pollutants, and a synopsis of the results for many of these tests will be provided in this chapter.
Control of the Potentials of Metal Ion Couples in Complexes of Macrocyclic Ligands by Ligand Structural Modifications (1977)

The functions of heme-proteins in their natural systems may all be regarded as related to oxidation reduction processes. It is a characteristic feature of these substances that the actual functions they serve vary broadly with the specific heme protein and the potentials for the Fe2+/Fe3+ couple vary correspondingly over a substantial range of values. Much of the interest in the metal complexes of synthetic macrocyclic ligands is understandably related to their structural similarity to the heme prosthetic group. Complexes with synthetic macrocyclic ligands have provided uniquely convenient systems for evaluation of the dependence of oxidation reduction properties of metal chelates on the detailed structure of the ligand while maintaining a given metal ion in an approximately constant coordination geometry. The complexes of tetraaza tetradentate macrocycles have figured most heavily in these studies and are the subject of this report. A variety of kinds of processes are possible, depending primarily on
Surgical skills assessment tools in gynecology (2018)

Surgical skills assessment tools may be a useful adjunct to gynecology training programs, with promising applications for practicing gynecologists.
The online Cough Clinic: developing guideline-based diagnosis and advice (2009)

The aim of the present study was make chronic cough guidelines more practical and user friendly by developing an internet-based interactive diagnostic questionnaire for chronic cough. A prospective cohort study of chronic cough sufferers was conducted in the UK, following European Respiratory Society guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic cough. Depending on the response to 16 specific questions, the medical condition responsible for the patient's chronic cough was ascertained according to a predetermined diagnostic algorithm designed to differentiate the three common causes of chronic cough. Appropriate advice and treatment recommendations were then provided. 8,546 adults with chronic cough completed the Cough Clinic diagnostic questionnaire. 46.1% were suggested to have reflux, 38.7% asthma and 15.2% rhinitis. Participants found the website easy to use (94%), the advice helpful (73%) and that it helped them to communicate with their general practitioner better (60%), and 62% reported taking the recommended treatment. The Cough Clinic, an internet-based diagnostic site for chronic cough, had a large uptake by chronic cough sufferers in the UK. Almost half were diagnosed as having reflux as the probable cause of their chronic cough. Internet diagnosis by expert algorithm provides a novel mechanism for patients to access guideline-recommended therapies and enhances dialogue between patients and physicians.
Single photon emission from gallium nitride quantum dots at a record-short wavelength of 357 nm (2005)

We present measurements of the second-order coherence function on emission from single GaN quantum dots. A large degree of photon antibunching is observed, demonstrating single-photon source operating at a record-short wavelength of 357 nm.
Nanocrystalline Precursors for the Co‐Assembly of Crack‐Free Metal Oxide Inverse Opals (2018)

Inorganic microstructured materials are ubiquitous in nature. However, their formation in artificial self-assembly systems is challenging as it involves a complex interplay of competing forces during and after assembly. For example, colloidal assembly requires fine-tuning of factors such as the size and surface charge of the particles and electrolyte strength of the solvent to enable successful self-assembly and minimize crack formation. Co-assembly of templating colloidal particles together with a sol-gel matrix precursor material helps to release stresses that accumulate during drying and solidification, as previously shown for the formation of high-quality inverse opal (IO) films out of amorphous silica. Expanding this methodology to crystalline materials would result in microscale architectures with enhanced photonic, electronic, and catalytic properties. This work describes tailoring the crystallinity of metal oxide precursors that enable the formation of highly ordered, large-area (mm<sup>2</sup> ) crack-free titania, zirconia, and alumina IO films. The same bioinspired approach can be applied to other crystalline materials as well as structures beyond IOs.
Structure‐Based Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of 2′‐(2‐Hydroxyethyl)‐2′‐deoxyadenosine and the 5′‐Diphosphate Derivative as Ribonucleotide Reductase Inhibitors (2009)

Analysis of the recently solved X-ray crystal structures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribonucleotide reductase I (ScRnr1) in complex with effectors and substrates led to the discovery of a conserved water molecule located at the active site that interacted with the 2'-hydroxy group of the nucleoside ribose. In this study 2'-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2'-deoxyadenosine 1 and the 5'-diphosphate derivative 2 were designed and synthesized to see if the conserved water molecule could be displaced by a hydroxymethylene group, to generate novel RNR inhibitors as potential antitumor agents. Herein we report the synthesis of analogues 1 and 2, and the co-crystal structure of adenosine diphosphate analogue 2 bound to ScRnr1, which shows the conserved water molecule is displaced as hypothesized.
Higher-order surface free energy in azimuthal nematic anchoring on nanopatterned grooves (2009)

The higher-order component in liquid crystal (LC) surface free energy beyond the Rapini–Papoular anchoring potential was examined for azimuthal anchoring by analyzing nematic LC alignment on nanogrooved surfaces treated by rubbing or photoalignment. We confirmed that the surface anchoring energy for large director deviations cannot be properly described with the Rapini–Papoular form and should include higher order contributions in a power series of sin2 ϕ, as ∑n=12Wn sin2n ϕ, with ϕ being the azimuthal angular deviation. Based on the corrected Berreman’s theory, we obtained the anchoring ratio between the first and second order terms, W2/W1≈−1/4, and the surface elastic constant, K24≈−0.846K22, for 4-n-pentyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl.
Nano Imaging Technologies: Polymer vesicles loaded with precipitated gadolinium nanoparticles: A novel target-specific contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (2009)

Article Nano Imaging Technologies: Polymer vesicles loaded with precipitated gadolinium nanoparticles: A novel target-specific contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging was published on October 1, 2009 in the journal European Journal of Nanomedicine (volume 2, issue 2).