gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electric Field Probe for Time-Domain Monitoring of Radio Frequency Exposure During Development and Evaluation of MRI-Conditional Medical Devices at 3 T (2018)

This paper presents the design and validation of a tuned time-domain electric field probe for mapping of radio frequency (RF) exposures used during testing of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) conditional medical devices. The probes were 5 and 10 mm short dipole antenna, developed as a tradeoff between spatial resolution, linearity, and sensitivity. The probes were tuned and matched at a center frequency of 127.6 MHz, which corresponds to the RF frequency for 3T MRI scanners. To improve the accuracy and sensitivity, an RF low noise amplifier with high gain and very low noise figure was developed, followed by distributed λ/4 baluns along a triaxial cable to reduce the electric field pickup in the MRI environment. The probe was fabricated on a double-sided printed circuit board, FR4 thickness of 1.57 mm and a copper thickness of 35 μm. Theoretical analysis was performed to calculate the exposed electric field from the real-time receive signals. To verify the probe performance finitedifference time-domain method simulations were compared to the actual measured electric fields. Developed probe was tested in a commercially available 3T RF exposure system to determine the probe dynamic range and linearity.
Modulation spectrogram features for improved speaker diarization (2008)

We propose the use of modulation spectrogram features in speaker diarization. These features carry longer term characteristics of the acoustic signals than the widely used MFCCs, thus providing potential improvement by using both features in combination. Using the state-of-the-art ICSI speaker diarization system, an improvement of 20.77% relative DER is obtained on the NIST Rich Transcription 2007 task with respect to the MFCC only system.
A method to characterize pattern density effects: chemical flare and develop loading (2010)

Many recent publications have highlighted pattern density effects as a problem in both electron-beam and optical lithography. These effects are manifested as a systematic variation in critical dimension as a function of position on the wafer. It is becoming an increasing problem as the pattern density and diminishing critical dimensions are needed for production nodes 32nm and beyond. One potential source of pattern density effects is acid volatility, where acid is presumed to redeposit during exposure or bake; here we refer to this effect as chemical flare. Another source of density effects is develop loading which refers to the impact of local depletion of developer in highly exposed regions. Both develop loading and chemical flare can cause deviations in feature size that may be difficult to correct for by adjustment of the exposure process. Here we describe a method that allows the detrimental effects of chemical flare and develop loading to be separately characterized. The method makes use of arrays of 248 nm exposure sites and a controlled develop process within a custom liquid flowcell; this combination enables a systematic study of these effects.
Potent Non-Benzoquinone Ansamycin Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitors from Genetic Engineering of Streptomyces hygroscopicus (2009)

Inhibition of the protein chaperone Hsp90 is a promising new approach to cancer therapy. We describe the preparation of potent non-benzoquinone ansamycins. One of these analogues, generated by feeding 3-amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid to a genetically engineered strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus, shows high accumulation and long residence time in tumor tissue, is well-tolerated upon intravenous dosing, and is highly efficacious in the COLO205 mouse tumor xenograft model.
Low temperature thermal and plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition of ruthenium using RuO<inf>4</inf> and H<inf>2</inf>/H<inf>2</inf>-plasma (2015)

A thermal (RuO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> /H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -gas) and a plasma enhanced (RuO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> /H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -plasma) atomic layer deposition (ALD) process for deposition of Ru are reported. The ALD characteristics and film properties of both processes are presented. The thermal process is compared to the plasma process in terms of film properties as a function of sample temperature. Finally, a discussion about the probable ALD reaction mechanisms is given.
Controller synthesis for infinite dimensional systems based on a passivity approach (2003)

The author discusses a generalization of hyperstability to systems in Hilbert space and its application to finite-dimensional stabilizing compensator design. The basic idea is to characterize tolerable perturbations in terms of the passivity of the nominal closed-loop system. Controllers achieving the required closed-loop passivity property can then be designed using H/sub infinity /-optimization. In particular, the author presents a design procedure for stabilizing a finite-dimensional compensator for a given infinite-dimensional system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
An experimental associative capacitive network based on complementary resistive switches for memory-intensive computing (2014)

Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM) is a promising candidate for future beyond Flash-technology memories. Beside memory applications RRAM provides opportunities for neural networks, e.g. assembled as a complementary resistive switch (CRS). CRS cells feature a nondestructive readout scheme which can be used as an associative capacitive network (ACN) for fully parallel pattern recognition. ACNs are versatilely usable for memory-intensive computing, network switches or for image recognition. Here the concept of those is experimentally proven on a passive capacitive network.
Multiplier-free polynomial-based FIR filters with an adjustable fractional delay (2003)

An efficient coefficient quantization scheme is described for minimizing the cost for implementing the fixed parallel linear-phase finite-impulse response (FIR) filters in the modified Farrow structure introduced by Vesma and Saramaki for generating FIR filters with an adjustable fractional delay. The implementation costs under consideration are the minimum number of adders and/or subtracters in two cases required in the overall implementation to meet the given overall criteria. In the first case, the coefficients are implemented independently of each others, whereas in the second case, the common subexpressions within the coefficients are shared in order to reduce the implementation cost even further. The optimum finite-precision solution is found in four steps. First, the number of filters and their lengths are determined such that the given criteria are sufficiently exceeded in order to allow some coefficient quantization errors. Second, those impulse-response values of the subfilters having a negligible effect on the overall system performance are fixed to be zero-valued. Third, constrained nonlinear optimization is applied to determining for the remaining infinite-precision coefficients a parameter space including the feasible space where the given criteria are met. The fourth step involves finding in this space the finite-precision coefficient values for minimizing the given implementation cost. Examples are included illustrating the efficiency of the proposed synthesis scheme.
The role of metal nanoparticles in the catalytic production of single-walled carbon nanotubes—a review (2003)

Recent progress in chemical vapour deposition and aerosol synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is reviewed with an emphasis on the role of metal nanoparticles in the processes. The effect of the various parameters on SWCNT formation is reported on the basis of published experiments. Evolution of the catalyst particle size distribution due to collision, sintering and evaporation of metal during SWCNT synthesis is discussed. The active catalyst has been demonstrated to be in a reduced metal form by comparison of the experimental data and calculations regarding the equilibrium concentration of carbon and oxygen in iron. Also the effect of the catalyst particle size on melting temperature and carbon solubility in metal is discussed. The stability of different carbon precursors (hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide) is considered thermodynamically. Furthermore, estimation of the maximum length of 1 and 2.5 nm diameter SWCNTs as a function of carbon solubility is conducted to determine whether carbon dissolution and precipitation are simultaneous or subsequent process steps.
Current status of water immersion lithography and prospect of higher index method (2007)

In this paper we will present the progress that has been made in the area of tool development for ArF Immersion. The local fill nozzle design adopted by Nikon has been implemented in the world's first production Immersion tools, the S609B and S610C, to produce bubble free and low defect imaging. Defect, imaging and overlay results from the S609B are presented showing manufacturing level results. First imaging results from the 1.30 NA S610C are also reported showing the tools capability to image at the 45nm node and beyond. Beyond 1.30 NA it is likely that high index materials will be required. We examine the prospects for taking immersion to lens NA's of around 1.55 with second generation fluids and even 1.70 NA with third generation fluids. However, it cannot be forgotten that this also requires new glass materials for lenses; the status of these will also be discussed. It is likely that high index immersion, if implemented, will not be in time for most customers' roadmaps, in the interim it is likely that Double Patterning (DP) will be used with potential cost penalites. The potential applications of this technique will be briefly discussed.
Kinetics of Insulin Action In Vivo: Identification of Rate-Limiting Steps (1995)

To examine the kinetic steps in insulin's in vivo action, we have assessed the temporal relationship between arterial insulin, interstitial insulin, glucose disposal rate (GDR), and insulin receptor kinase (IRK) activity in muscle and between portal insulin, hepatic glucose production (HGP), and IRK activity in liver. Interstitial insulin, as measured by lymph-insulin concentration (muscle only), and IRK activity were used as independent methods to determine the arrival of insulin at its tissue site of action. Euglycemic clamps were conducted in seven mongrel dogs and consisted of an activation phase with a venous insulin infusion (7.2 nmol.kg-1.min-1, 100 min) and a deactivation phase. Liver and muscle biopsies were taken to assess IRK activity. Arterial, portal, and lymph insulin rose to 636 +/- 12, 558 +/- 18, and 402 +/- 24 pmol/l, respectively. GDR increased from 13.9 +/- 0.6 to 41.7 +/- 2.8, and HGP declined from 14.4 +/- 0.6 to 1.1 +/- 0.6 mumol.kg-1.min-1. Muscle and liver IRK activity increased significantly from 5.9 +/- 0.9 to 14.6 +/- 0.6 and 5.5 +/- 0.7 to 23.7 +/- 1.9 fmol P/fmol insulin receptor (IR), respectively. The time to half-maximum response (t1/2a) for stimulation of GDR (19.8 +/- 4.8 min) and suppression of HGP (21.5 +/- 3.7 min) were similar. The t1/2a for stimulation of GDR, muscle IRK, and rise in lymph insulin were not significantly different from one another and were all markedly greater than that for the approach to steady state of arterial insulin (2.3 +/- 1.2 min, P < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Complex IgE sensitization patterns in ragweed allergic patients: Implications for diagnosis and specific immunotherapy (2022)

Ragweed pollen allergic patients exhibit complex IgE reactivity profiles to ragweed allergens including Amb a 1 isoforms and cross-reactive carbohydrates indicating the importance of Amb a 1 isoforms and additional allergens for diagnosis and allergen-specific immunotherapy of ragweed allergy.
On the Constituents of Aqueous Polyselenide Electrolytes: A Combined Theoretical and Raman Spectroscopic Study (1999)

The speciation of aqueous polyselenide solutions at high pH values has been investigated by Raman and UV/vis absorption spectroscopy. Complementary, ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the HF/6-31+G* level of theory have been carried out on the vibrational frequencies of polyselenide dianions Sex2- (x = 2−4), polyselenide radical anions Sex- (x = 2, 3), and protonated polyselenides HSex- (x = 1−3) in order to substantiate the assignment of the experimental Raman spectra. Although the optical spectra suggest the successive formation of Se22-, Se32-, and Se42- with progressive oxidation of the solutions, only two characteristic Raman bands are observed at 269 and 324 cm-1. A sequence of overtones of the 269 cm-1 band is observed after excitation with blue light. Likewise strong overtones of the 324 cm-1 band appear after excitation with green light. The 269 cm-1 feature is assigned to Se42- while the 324 cm-1 band is attributed to the radical anion Se2-. The occurrence of polyselenide radicals in aqueous solution is without precedent, and the formation of Se2- is ascribed to a photolytic process in the electrolyte. The only protonated species observed in this study is HSe-, which is characterized by a Raman band at 2303 cm-1.
Copper‐containing bimetallic complexes as efficient catalysts for aerobic oxidative coupling polymerization (2011)

The aerobic oxidative polymerization of 2,6‐difluorophenol (F 2 PhOH) catalyzed by copper(II) for assembling dendritic ligands was studied. Although the mono‐metallic complex of copper(II) chloride with a dendritic phenylazomethine (DPAG4) efficiently catalyzed this polymerization reaction without any additive bases, a significant increase in the molecular weight of the product polymer was observed when an iron(III) complex was added to the copper(II)–dendrimer system. The synergistic enhancement based on the copper–iron bimetallic system provided a higher molecular weight product polymer in addition to the high yield. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Silicon-containing resists for 157-nm applications (2001)

We have designed and developed an aqueous base soluble polymer system with a silsequioxane (SSQ) backbone for 157nm bilayer resist applications. These base resins have absorbances as low as 0.6micrometers <SUP>-1</SUP> at 157nm. The imagable polymers which contain acid-labile ester functionalities have absorbances between 2.0 and 3.0micrometers <SUP>-1</SUP>. The silicon content of these polymers is around 15% by weight. Therefore, our polymers can be utilized in 157nm positive bilayer resist applications with a film thickness of around 150nm. We have evaluated several resist formulations based on these polymers. These resist formulations have shown high contrast and excellent resolution.
Scintillation properties of Lu<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> co-doped with Nd and Ce (2016)

Lu 3 Al 5 O 12 (LuAG) single crystals co-doped with Nd and Ce were grown by the Floating Zone (FZ) method to evaluate their scintillation properties particularly in the near infrared (NIR) wavelength. When X-ray was irradiated, the scintillation due to Nd 3+4 F 3/2 4 I 11/2 transition was observed at 1064 nm. By changing the irradiation dose from 101000 mGy, we evaluated the relation between the scintillation intensity and the X-ray dose, and the relation was approximately linear. The scintillation decay time profiles were approximated by two or three exponential decay functions. The observed decay times were 100 ns due to Ce 3+ , 0.61.0 s due to the garnet host and few s due to Nd 3+ .
Immunization of pigs against chicken gonadotropin-releasing hormone-II and lamprey gonadotropin-releasing hormone-III: Effects on gonadotropin secretion and testicular function1 (2006)

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of active immunization against 2 GnRH isoforms on gonadotropin secretion and testicular function in pigs. Synthetic chicken (c) GnRH-II and lamprey (l) GnRH-III peptides, with the common pGlu-His-Trp-Ser sequence at the N-terminal omitted, were conjugated to BSA. Forty-eight male piglets were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments. Pigs on treatment 1 were actively immunized against cGnRH-II, whereas pigs on treatment 2 were actively immunized against lGnRH-III. Control pigs on treatment 3 were actively immunized against the carrier protein (BSA), and pigs on treatment 4 were castrated and actively immunized against BSA. The BSA conjugate was emulsified in Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant and diethylaminoethyldextran. Primary immunization was given at 13 wk of age (WOA) with booster immunizations given at 16 and 19 WOA. Body weight and plasma samples were collected weekly beginning at 11 WOA. Treatments did not affect BW during the experimental period. Antibody titers were increased in animals immunized against cGnRH-II and lGnRH-III (P < 0.001). Cross-reactivity of the antibodies to mammalian GnRH or between cGnRH-II and lGnRH-III was minimal. Concentrations of testosterone were maximal in control boars (treatment 3) and minimal in control barrows (treatment 4) and immunized pigs (treatment x week; P < 0.01). Immunized animals had concentrations of LH (P < 0.001) and FSH (treatment x week; P < 0.03) that were less than control barrows and similar to control boars. At the end of the experiment, intact (noncastrated) pigs were exsanguinated. Testes were removed immediately; Leydig cells were isolated and treated with 0, 1, or 10 ng/mL of LH. There was an LH x GnRH treatment effect on testosterone concentrations (P < 0.03), indicating that Leydig cells were sensitive to the immunization protocol and doses of LH. Taken together, these data suggest that immunization against GnRH isoforms decreased gonadotropin secretion compared with control barrows. Additionally, immunization against cGnRH-II and lGnRH-III reduced the ability of Leydig cells to respond to LH challenges.
Stereodivergent Complexity-to-Diversity Strategy en Route to the Synthesis of Nature-Inspired Skeleta (2022)

The complexity-to-diversity (CtD) strategy has become one of the most powerful tools used to transform complex natural products into diverse skeleta. However, the reactions utilized in this process are often limited by their compatibility with existing functional groups, which in turn restricts access to the desired skeletal diversity. In the course of employing a CtD strategy en route to the synthesis of natural product-inspired compounds, our group has developed several stereodivergent strategies employing indoloquinolizine natural product analogues as starting materials. These transformations led to the rapid and diastereoselective synthesis of diverse classes of natural product-like architectures, including camptothecin-inspired analogues, azecane medium-sized ring systems, arborescidine-inspired systems, etc. This manifestation required a drastic modification of the synthetic design that ultimately led to modular and diastereoselective access to a diverse collection of various classes of biologically significant natural product analogues. The reported strategies provide a unique platform that will be broadly applicable to other late-stage natural product transformation approaches.
Synthesis of the first closed cage ruthenium(II) complex with tris(di-imine) ligand sphere (1988)

P. Belser, L. De Cola and A. von Zelewsky, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1988, 1057 DOI: 10.1039/C39880001057
Meteorin-like/Meteorin-β Is a Novel Immunoregulatory Cytokine Associated with Inflammation (2018)

We have described a novel cytokine encoded by a gene called Meteorin-like (<i>Metrnl</i>). Metrnl is a small (∼28 kDa) secreted protein expressed by activated macrophages and barrier tissues (mucosa and skin). Metrnl production by bone marrow macrophages is induced by several cytokines including TNF-α, IL-17α, IL-12, and IL-4 and inhibited by IFN-γ and TGF-β. Metrnl expression in macrophages is also induced by LPS, and its levels in circulation are associated with inflammatory responses in vivo. Furthermore, Metrnl regulates the production of several cytokines and chemokines in macrophages. We have produced a <i>Metrnl<sup>-/-</sup></i> mouse, which is viable and shows normal development. However, it exhibits dysregulated cytokine production, alterations in IgG production, and is highly susceptible to LPS in a sepsis model. Furthermore, older <i>Metrnl<sup>-/-</sup></i> mice develop inflammatory lesions, suggesting that Metrnl participates in the control of inflammatory responses. Taken together, these observations indicate that <i>Metrnl</i> encodes a novel immunoregulatory cytokine associated with inflammatory responses that we have designated Meteorin-β.
Cover (2018)

Front cover: The cover image, by Andrea Raspa et al., is based on the Original Article Feasible stabilization of chondroitinase abc enables reduced astrogliosis in a chronic model of spinal cord injury. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.12984.
The EChO science case (2015)

The discovery of almost two thousand exoplanets has revealed an unexpectedly diverse planet population. We see gas giants in few-day orbits, whole multi-planet systems within the orbit of Mercury, and new populations of planets with masses between that of the Earth and Neptune-all unknown in the Solar System. Observations to date have shown that our Solar System is certainly not representative of the general population of planets in our Milky Way. The key science questions that urgently need addressing are therefore: What are exoplanets made of? Why are planets as they are? How do planetary systems work and what causes the exceptional diversity observed as compared to the Solar System? The EChO (Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory) space mission was conceived to take up the challenge to explain this diversity in terms of formation, evolution, internal structure and planet and atmospheric composition. This requires in-depth spectroscopic knowledge of the atmospheres of a large and well-defined planet sample for which precise physical, chemical and dynamical information can be obtained. In order to fulfil this ambitious scientific program, EChO was designed as a dedicated survey mission for transit and eclipse spectroscopy capable of observing a large, diverse and well-defined planet sample within its 4-year mission lifetime. The transit and eclipse spectroscopy method, whereby the signal from the star and planet are differentiated using knowledge of the planetary ephemerides, allows us to measure atmospheric signals from the planet at levels of at least 10 -4 relative to the star. This can only be achieved in conjunction with a carefully designed stable payload and satellite platform. It is also necessary to provide broad instantaneous wavelength coverage to detect as many molecular species as possible, to probe the thermal structure of the planetary atmospheres and to correct for the contaminating effects of the stellar photosphere. This requires wavelength coverage of at least 0.55 to 11 m with a goal of covering from 0.4 to 16 m. Only modest spectral resolving power is needed, with R~300 for wavelengths less than 5 m and R~30 for wavelengths greater than this. The transit