gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Formaldehyde in a Single Puff of Cigarette Smoke Using Tunable Diode Laser Infrared Spectroscopy (2000)

A method has been developed for measuring formaldehyde in single puffs of mainstream (MS) and per cigarette in sidestream (SS) smoke with the use of tunable diode laser (TDL) infrared spectroscopy. Thirty to fifty percent of the total MS formaldehyde delivery per cigarette is generated in the lighting puff. This phenomenon is unique to formaldehyde compared to most other gaseous smoke components. The effect of the lighting technique, packing density of the tobacco in the cigarette rod, flow rate of air (heating rate) through the cigarette coal (burning zone), and tobacco type on the formaldehyde levels were studied. Calibration was based on measuring the second-derivative spectral response of formaldehyde generated from certified paraformaldehyde permeation tubes. The accuracy of the measured value of this standard was determined to be within ±0.7% of the certified formaldehyde delivery by performing periodic gravimetric measurements. In addition, the formaldehyde standard was collected in a water trap and analyzed by using a colorimetric analytical technique, providing an agreement of ± 2% with the TDL measurement. The TDL method precision was ≤ 1% with the use of the permeation standard. The MS formaldehyde deliveries for a Philip Morris monitor and Kentucky Reference 1R4F cigarette were 37 ± 5 and 27 ± 5 μg/cigt., respectively. The 1R4F value was in close agreement with results found by using an HPLC method reported in the literature. The MS sampling system can be quickly modified to determine formaldehyde levels in sidestream smoke. The SS formaldehyde delivery for the Philip Morris monitor cigarette was 2.1 ± 0.1 mg/cigt. (i.e., 0.27 ± 0.01 mg/min). The range of SS deliveries for reference, experimental, and commercial brands was much less than that observed for the MS smoke deliveries of similar cigarettes.
[Percutaneous metallic biliary prosthesis]. (1993)

Two types of metallic endoprostheses may be placed via a transhepatic approach: 1) self expandable stents which open by themselves as soon as they are released from the carrier system, 2) balloon expandable stents which need to be dilated by a balloon catheter at the time of deployment. Gianturco and Wallstent endoprostheses belong to the first group and are most often used. The fenestrated wall of metallic endoprostheses preserves the patency of bile ducts joining the stented segment, which is a major advantage for hilar and intra-hepatic stenosis. Their design allows the endoprostheses to be incorporated into the bile duct wall, minimising biliary encrustation and leaving a wider internal lumen as compared to plastic stents. On the other hand, tumor ingrowth in the stented segment is possible and parietal incorporation makes the stent nonretrievable after a few weeks. A favorable indication is therefore extrinsic compression, especially in hilar and intra-hepatic segments. Whatever the indications, metallic stenting has an advantage in the treatment of biliary stenosis, either benign or malignant, owing to less traumatic positioning while their patency rate remains high.
Enabling stable and high-rate cycling of a Ni-rich layered oxide cathode for lithium-ion batteries by modification with an artificial Li+-conducting cathode-electrolyte interphase (2021)

An artificial Li<sup>+</sup>-conducting cathode-electrolyte interphase is successfully built on a NCM811 cathode surface through a nucleophilic reaction between polysulfides and vinylene carbonate.
Perilunate Dislocations and Perilunate Fracture Dislocations in the U.S. Military (2017)

<b>Background</b> Perilunate dislocations and perilunate fracture dislocations (PLDs/PLFDs) are rare and often associated with poor outcomes. Heretofore, these outcomes have not been evaluated in a high-demand military population. <b>Questions/Purpose</b> The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes in a young, active population after sustaining PLD/PLFD injuries. <b>Patients and Methods</b> We retrospectively reviewed the U.S. military service members who underwent surgical treatment for a PLD/PLFD (Current Procedural Terminology codes 25695 and 25685) between June 1, 2010, and June 1, 2014 through the Military Health System Management Analysis and Reporting Tool (M2) database, capturing patients with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Patient characteristics and outcomes were gathered; however, radiographic analysis was not possible. <b>Results</b> In this study, 40 patients (40 wrists) were included with an average follow-up of 47.8 months. The average age was 28.8 years. Twenty-two injuries (55%) were PLFD and 22 (55%) cases involved the nondominant extremity. On initial presentation, 11 (27.5%) were missed and 50% of patients were presented with acute carpal tunnel syndrome. Range of motion (ROM) was 74% and grip strength was 65% compared with the contralateral wrist; 78% reported pain with activity and only 55% remained on active duty status at final follow-up. Injuries to the nondominant extremity were significantly more likely to experience a good to excellent outcome and regained a more ROM. Patients with ligamentous PLD had less pain at rest and were more likely to return to sport. <b>Conclusion</b> Worse outcomes can be expected for PLD/PLFD of the dominant extremity, transscaphoid PLFD, greater arc injuries, and those undergoing pinning alone. A high-demand patient may expect worse functional results with a higher degree of limitation postoperatively. <b>Level of Evidence</b> The level of evidence is therapeutic IV.
Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of a layered cobalt phenylphosphonate, Co(PhPO3)(H2O) (2005)

We report the hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of a layered cobalt phenylphosphonate. Unlike most metal phosphonates reported to date, the structure was solved by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD). Co(ii) centres are hexa-coordinated by oxygen and the octahedra corner-share into a layer. The layers are capped by phenylphosphonate groups, where the phenyl groups define a hydrophobic bilayer region. The material was also characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) magnetometry. The material undergoes an antiferromagnetic transition at a relatively low Néel temperature of 4.0 K, while the Curie-Weiss temperature of -76.5 K reflects the low-dimensionality of the magnetic structure. The effective magnetic moment of 5.01 micro(B) per Co(2+) verifies a high-spin configuration and an octahedral coordination of the metal centres. This layered material was correctly predicted in the literature from powder data, adds to the structural diversity of the cobalt phosphonates, and may be useful as an intercalation or exfoliation compound.
A Direct Approach for Evaluating the Thermal Condition of a Silicon Substrate under Infrared Rays and Specular Reflectors (1999)

A direct approach model using the three‐dimensional ray‐tracing simulation is developed to evaluate the thermal condition in a rapid thermal processing system composed of tungsten/halogen filament lamps, specular reflectors, and the silicon substrate. The paths of the infrared rays emitted from the tungsten/halogen filament lamps are traced following reflections at the surface of the specular reflectors and the polished surface of the silicon substrate. The relationship between the absorbed ray intensities calculated at the silicon substrate and the measured temperatures of the silicon substrate is expressed by the Stefan‐Boltzmann law. The effect of a specular reflector tube installed in the rapid thermal processing system is evaluated based on the temperature profiles and the absorbed ray intensities calculated over the silicon substrate. It is concluded that the temperature profile over the silicon substrate can be predicted using the model developed in this study. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
An Assessment of Electromigration in 2.5D Packaging (2019)

In this study, an accelerated Electromigration (EM) test was performed. The test vehicle has four types of common interconnect structure. The first one is a classic Ball Grid Array (BGA), short for BGA; the second one is a solder ball with a copper via on top, short for BGA-Via; the third one is an individual copper via in the substrate, short for Via; the last one is an individual copper Plated Through Hole (PTH), short for PTH in the substrate. The built-in serpentine copper fine lines around each structure were designed to monitor the local temperature in-situ. All test vehicles were stressed at 150oC temperature with 12A current. The voltage of each test structure and the resistance of the serpentine line were recorded in-situ. The results show that different micro-electrical structures have great effects on EM behavior, especially the time to failure (TTF). In BGA test structure, the failure occurred on the substrate side of solder ball; in BGA-Via, the failure was the depletion of the copper via. No failure was observed in Via and PTH test structures, even after an extremely long testing, although they have higher package temperature. The TTF of BGA-Via is about 2 times shorter than BGA. A finite element simulation based on Atom Flux Divergence (AFD) was performed to understand the failure mechanism and predict the TTF. The results show that via on top of solder ball will cause 10% higher current density than solder ball only. When the void underneath of the via in solder ball was nucleated, the current density will start to redistribute and reduce. In short, Via is the riskiest point for EM when it located near the solder ball.
Commercial 4-dimensional echocardiography for murine heart volumetric evaluation after myocardial infarction (2020)

4D-US outperforms M-Mode and 2D-US for volumetric analysis 4 weeks after CAL and has higher inter-user reliability. 4D-US allows for rapid calculation of WMSI, which correlates well with histologic scar size.
Effect of Ground-Wall Structure in Capacitive Fingerprint Sensor on Electrostatic Discharge Tolerance (2005)

This paper describes the electrostatic discharge (ESD) tolerance of capacitive fingerprint sensor or sensor/identifier LSIs in which the sensor is stacked on a CMOS LSI. The ground-wall structure that we proposed as a capacitive sensor structure for ESD tolerance was investigated. The contact discharge method was used for the fingerprint sensor ESD test. The dependence of ESD failure voltage on the distance between the sensor surface and the ESD electrode was measured. In the planar-type structure, ESD failure voltage decreased as the electrode approached the sensor surface and reached its minimum when the electrode touched the surface. Results for the ground-wall type show a high ESD tolerance regardless of the distance. Moreover, in the test on the fingerprint sensor and sensor/identifier LSIs, the ground-wall effect was obtained with a high ESD tolerance. In conclusion, it was revealed that fingerprint sensor LSI or the fingerprint sensor/identifier LSI with a ground-wall structure has a high ESD tolerance of more than ±20.0 kV.
ADMOt: Compressive sensing techniques for channel monitoring in multiple access networks (2013)

This paper studies the overhead for channel gain monitoring in wireless networks with time division multiple access. We first investigate the scenario in which a receiver needs to track the channel gains with respect to multiple transmitters. Suppose that there are n transmitters, and no more than k channels suffer significant variations since the last round. We prove that “Θ(k log(n=k)) time slots” is the minimum overhead needed to catch up with the k varied channels. We propose a novel channel-gain monitoring scheme named ADMOT. ADMOT leverages recent advances in compressive sensing in signal processing and interference processing in wireless communication, to enable the receiver to estimate all n channels in a reliable and computationally efficient manner within O(k log(n=k)) time slots. To our best knowledge, all previous channel-tracking schemes require Θ(n) time slots regardless of k.
Uptake of 124I-huA33 in colorectal tumors in patients assessed by post-surgical digital autoradiography (2008)

1362 Objectives: Monoclonal antibody huA33 targets an antigen expressed on colorectal cancer and is under investigation as a vehicle for radioimmunotherapy. huA33 has been labeled with 124I, a 4.2 d half-life positron emitter. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of 124I-huA33 to penetrate into its tumor target by digital autoradiographic analysis of surgically excised tumor samples. Methods: 15 patients with primary ±metastatic colorectal cancer were administered 4-10mCi 124I-huA33 one week before surgery. Following surgery, resected tumor samples were frozen, embedded in cutting medium and contiguous 8μm-thick sections cut on a cryostat microtome. Sections were exposed to a phosphor storage plate for approximately 3 days and digital autoradiograms acquired at 50μm pixel resolution. Subsequently, sections were stained with H&E and contiguous sections immunohistochemically stained for A33 antigen. Results: Tumor sections typically contained a mixture of antigen-positive tumor and antigen-negative stroma. There was a close spatial correlation between activity and antigen-positivity. The counts in antigen-positive regions were typically ~3x higher than tumor section averages. Values of percent administered dose per gram for antigen positive regions ranged from 0.012 to 0.11 with a mean of 0.05. Conclusions: By 7 days after administration huA33 antibody had accumulated in high and relatively uniform concentration in all identifiable regions of antigen positivity in tumors. Activity concentrations in these regions were ~3x higher than would have been inferred from PET scans. Research Support: NIH grant CA33049
Virally Encoded Polymerases as Targets for Chemotherapy: Application to HIV and HBV (2002)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B virus (HBV) present extreme health threats worldwide. Although there are approved drugs for both infections, they have significant limitations including toxicities associated with chronic administration, complex dosing regimens, pharmacokinetic interactions and the development of resistance. These limitations are driving the continued search for new agents with improved clinical profiles. A key target for therapeutic intervention for both viruses are the virally encoded polymerases. The HIV RNA directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase, RT) has been extensively studied. The HBV polymerase has not been successfully cloned expressed and purified. Consequently detailed enzymatic / structural analysis has not been carried out. However, high primary sequence homology and functional similarity between HIV RT and HBV polymerase suggest that HIV RT can serve as a model for the study of the HBV encoded enzyme. HIV RT catalyzes the synthesis of double str anded viral DNA using genomic RNA as a template by a bireactant-biproduct mechanism. In this mechanism, the RT, the primed genomic RNA (template) and a natural 2-deoxynucleotide (dNTP) substrate form a ternary complex. The molecular forces that direct the affinity and specificity of the binding, and the reactivity of the nucleic acid templates and dNTP substrates were studied extensively using biophysical, kinetic, and solid state X-ray techniques. The results of these studies are reviewed here and discussed in the context of the opportunity they offer for establishing structure-activity relationships to direct the design of a new generation of antiviral agents with better clinical and resistance profiles.
Modeling of bimorph piezoelectric cantilever beam for voltage generation (2007)

Piezoelectric materials (PZT) have shown the ability to convert mechanical forces into an electric field in response to the application of mechanical stresses or vice versus. This property of the materials has found extensive applications in a vast array of areas including sensors and actuators. The study presented in this paper targets the modeling of PZT bender for voltage and power generation by transforming ambient vibrations into electrical energy. This device can potentially replace the battery that supplies the power in a micro watt range necessary for operating sensors and data transmission. One of advantages is the maintenance free over a long time span. This paper focuses on the analytical approach based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and Timoshenko beam equations for the voltage and power generation, which is then compared with two previously described models in literature; Electrical equivalent circuit and Energy method. The three models are then implemented in Matlab/Simulink/Simpower environment and simulated with an AC/DC power conversion circuit. The results of the simulation and the experiment have been compared and discussed.
2D Cantilever Array with Fixed Geometries and Varying Spring Constants for Life Science Applications (2011)

We present 2D cantilever arrays for parallel AFM and their fabrication process using a silicon nitride cantilever with molded tip as the base element of the array. They are designed either for (i) force indentation onto living cells and stiffness mapping, or (ii) cell-to-cell adhesion test applications. The former needs the cantilevers with 0.03 N/m and the tip radius 50 â 200 nm. The latter requires 3 N/m and 2500 nm, respectively. The technique to fabricate those cantilever arrays with different specifications, without significantly changing the fabrication process, is the core of this work. The parallel AFM system itself has been developed and presented elsewhere (M. Favre, et al., Journal of Molecular Recognition, vol. 24, pp. 446-452, 2011). To obtain cantilevers with different spring constants from a wafer, V-grooves structures along the cantilevers were introduced in the cantilever design. An analytical model and an FEA simulation confirmed that the spring constant can be varied up to two decades by changing the V-groove depth. To obtain a large tip radius required for cell handling, we developed a mold enlarging/rounding step and obtained a tip with a radius up to 4 Î¼m.
Wireless information and power transfer over an AWGN channel: Nonlinearity and asymmetric Gaussian signaling (2017)

Simultaneous transmission of information and power over a point-to-point flat-fading complex Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel is studied. In contrast with the literature that relies on an inaccurate linear model of the energy harvester, an experimentally-validated nonlinear model is considered. A general form of the delivered Direct Current (DC) power in terms of system baseband parameters is derived, which demonstrates the dependency of the delivered DC power on higher order statistics of the channel input distribution. The optimization problem of maximizing Rate-Power (R-P) region is studied. Assuming that the Channel gain is available at both the receiver and the transmitter, and constraining to independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) channel inputs determined only by their first and second moment statistics, an inner bound for the general problem is obtained. Notably, as a consequence of the harvester nonlinearity, the studied inner bound exhibits a tradeoff between the delivered power and the rate of received information. It is shown that the tradeoff-characterizing input distribution is with mean zero and with asymmetric power allocations to the real and imaginary dimensions.
New signal-space orthonormal bases via the metaplectic transform (2003)

The discretization of the metaplectic transform (MT) is considered, and it is shown that it can lead to completely new orthonormal bases (ONBs) for the signal space of square integrable functions. Two new classes of bases, the scale-and-shear bases and the translation-and-shear bases, are derived to demonstrate the discretization process. Besides generalizing the current methods of generating time-frequency-concentrated ONBs, MT bases possess extra degrees of freedom that can be used to match a wider variety of signals.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Patch antenna design for full-duplex transceivers (2017)

We present the design, implementation and validation (by measurements) of a two-element antenna array for inband full-duplex (FD) applications. The antenna array is designed to provide large isolation between its transmission and reception ports by changing the polarization of the channels and by designing a suitable radiation pattern for the transmission antennas. Especially, the design of the antenna array is developed by tuning the characteristic S-parameters of the antenna elements so that isolation levels larger than 55 dB are achieved without degrading the far-field transmission pattern. Simulation and measurement results show that the proposed antenna design could be a promising solution for full-duplex applications, i.e., FD access points and/or FD sensing nodes in cognitive radio systems.
Immunodominance of Antibody Recognition of the HIV Envelope V2 Region in Ig-Humanized Mice (2016)

In the RV144 gp120 HIV vaccine trial, decreased transmission risk was correlated with Abs that reacted with a linear epitope at a lysine residue at position 169 (K169) in the HIV-1 envelope (Env) V2 region. The K169 V2 response was restricted to Abs bearing Vλ rearrangements that expressed aspartic acid/glutamic acid in CDR L2. The AE.A244 gp120 in AIDSVAX B/E also bound to the unmutated ancestor of a V2-glycan broadly neutralizing Ab, but this Ab type was not induced in the RV144 trial. In this study, we sought to determine whether immunodominance of the V2 linear epitope could be overcome in the absence of human Vλ rearrangements. We immunized IgH- and Igκ-humanized mice with the AE.A244 gp120 Env. In these mice, the V2 Ab response was focused on a linear epitope that did not include K169. V2 Abs were isolated that used the same human VH gene segment as an RV144 V2 Ab but paired with a mouse λ L chain. Structural characterization of one of these V2 Abs revealed how the linear V2 epitope could be engaged, despite the lack of aspartic acid/glutamic acid encoded in the mouse repertoire. Thus, despite the absence of the human Vλ locus in these humanized mice, the dominance of Vλ pairing with human VH for HIV-1 Env V2 recognition resulted in human VH pairing with mouse λ L chains instead of allowing otherwise subdominant V2-glycan broadly neutralizing Abs to develop.