gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Fuel and Operating Variables on Hydrocarbon Species Distributions in the Exhaust from a Multicylinder Engine (1983)

Abstract Measurements of the concentrations of individual exhaust hydrocarbon species have been made as a function of engine operating variables (φ, rpm, EGR, spark timing, and coolant temperature) in a 2·3-liter four-cylinder engine. Three fuels were used in these experiments: propane, isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane), and an unleaded gasoline (indolene clear). The results show that a change in operating variable can change not only the total hydrocarbon concentration but also the distribution of species in the exhaust. All three fuels show similar trends when an operating variable is changed. Fuel-air equivalence ratio is a critical parameter in controlling exhaust hydrocarbon emissions. Beginning near stoichiometric, the total hydrocarbon concentration and the percentage contributions of methane and acetylene to the exhaust increase as the mixture becomes richer. These species contribute less than 2 percent to the total hydrocarbon emissions at <t><0.95. Their contribution rises to 15–25 percent at φ=1.2 depending on the fuel used. The likely cause for this increase is incomplete combustion in the bulk gas of the cylinder, These results highlight the importance of chemical as well as physical effects in the production of hydrocarbon emissions during combustion. The exhaust hydrocarbon species distribution is also very sensitive to the engine speed and spark timing in the absence of EGR. Increasing the engine speed or retarding the spark causes the hydrocarbon emissions to decrease. These parameters change principally the concentration of unburned fuel in the exhaust, while the concentrations of partial oxidation products remain approximately constant. Addition of EGR increases all hydrocarbon concentrations and changes the dependence of hydrocarbon emission on spark timing. With an EGR rate equal to 2/3 of the maximum tolerance of the engine, the hydrocarbon emissions increase as the spark is retarded. This increase consists of increased concentrations of partial oxidation products in the exhaust gases, while the concentration of fuel remains unchanged.
Interaction between NS1 and Cellular MAVS Contributes to NS1 Mitochondria Targeting (2021)

Influenza A virus nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) plays an important role in evading host innate immunity. NS1 inhibits interferon (IFN) responses via multiple mechanisms, including sequestering dsRNA and suppressing retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) signaling by interacting with RIG-I and tripartite motif-containing protein 25 (TRIM25). In the current study, we demonstrated the mitochondrial localization of NS1 at the early stage of influenza virus infection. Since NS1 does not contain mitochondria-targeting signals, we suspected that there is an association between the NS1 and mitochondrial proteins. This hypothesis was tested by demonstrating the interaction of NS1 with mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) in a RIG-I-independent manner. Importantly, the association with MAVS facilitated the mitochondrial localization of NS1 and thereby significantly impeded MAVS-mediated Type I IFN production.
Micelles and Polymersomes Obtained by Self-Assembly of Dextran and Polystyrene Based Block Copolymers (2008)

The self-assembly of dextran-block-polystyrene (dex-b-PS) block copolymers was investigated in solution. The hydrophobic PS weight fraction in these block copolymers ranges from 7 to 92% w/w, whereas the average number molar mass of dextran was kept constant at 6600 gmol(-1). Self-assembly by direct dissolution in water could be performed only for block copolymers with a low hydrophobic content (7% w/w), whereas mixtures of tetrahydrofuran and dimethylsulfoxide were required for higher PS content, before transferring the structures into water. Core-shell micelles, ovoïds, and vesicles could be identified upon characterization by light and neutrons scattering, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Most of the morphologies observed were not expected considering the chemical composition of the block copolymers. Finally, the size and shape of these nanoparticles were fixed upon cross-linking the dextran block through reaction of the hydroxyl groups with divinylsulfone. The role of the dextran conformation on the self-assembly process is discussed.
Flüssigkeitsmodulierte RF-Ablation: In-vitro-Experimente (2007)

The selection of an appropriate fluid allows an increase in the effect of radiofrequency ablation or the generation of a protective effect. Especially HAES, Magnevist and Telebrix Gastro are suitable for enhancing heating. Glucose solution or non-ionic contrast agents could be used to generate a protective effect during radiofrequency ablation. The heating of fluids by means of a bipolar radiofrequency ablation system is not only influenced by the electric properties but also by other parameters such as the specific heat capacity.
MK-801 Prevents Hippocampal Neurodegeneration in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Rats (1989)

In cerebral asphyxia, enhanced postsynaptic stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor by excessive glutamate may mediate neuronal injury and death. The neuroprotective potential of the novel, potent NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 was assessed by evaluating hippocampal behavioral and histologic outcomes in an experimental rat model of neonatal hypoxia/ischemia. Seven-day-old rats with and without MK-801 pretreatment were subjected to unilateral carotid ligation followed by 2 hours of hypoxia. At age 30 days, spontaneous alternation behavior was measured using a conventional wooden T maze. Hypoxic-ischemic animals pretreated with saline demonstrated a significant impairment in spontaneous alternation behavior compared with that of normal control rats and the hypoxic-ischemic rats pretreated with MK-801. Hippocampal neuronal damage in the CA1 and CA3 regions was prevented in animals pretreated with MK-801 vs saline-treated controls. Therefore, while saline-treated rats with hippocampal lesions showed defective memory and hippocampal neuronal destruction, pretreatment with MK-801 protected rats. Thus, MK-801 appears to protect hippocampal neurons from hypoxia/ischemia and may be potentially beneficial in preventing neonatal asphyxial brain damage.
A framework for MAC protocol misbehavior detection in wireless networks (2005)

The pervasiveness of wireless devices and the architectural organization of wireless networks in distributed communities, where no notion of trust can be assumed, are the main reasons for the growing interest in the issue of compliance to protocol rules. Reliable and timely detection of deviation from legitimate protocol operation is recognized as a prerequisite for ensuring efficient and fair use of network resources and minimizing performance losses. Nevertheless, the random nature of protocol operation together with the inherent difficulty of monitoring in the open and highly volatile wireless medium poses significant challenges. In this paper, we consider the fundamental problem of detection of node misbehavior at the MAC layer. Starting from a model where the behavior of a node is observable, we cast the problem within a minimax robust detection framework, with the objective to provide a detection rule of optimum performance for the worst-case attack. The performance is measured in terms of required number of observations in order to derive a decision. This framework is meaningful for studying misbehavior because it captures the presence of uncertainty of attacks and concentrates on the attacks that are most significant in terms of incurred performance losses. It also refers to the case of an intelligent attacker that can adapt its policy to avoid being detected. Although the basic model does not include interference, we show that our ideas can be extended to the case where observations are hindered by interference due to concurrent transmissions. We also present some hints for the problem of notifying the rest of the network about a misbehavior event. Our work provides interesting insights and performance bounds and serves as a prelude to a future study that would capture more composite instances of the problem.
Further studies on crystalline cationic poly(3‐methylbutene‐1) (1964)

Abstract Crystalline, cationically obtained poly(3‐methylbutene‐1) has been investigated. X‐ray and differential thermal analysis indicates the possible existence of three crystalline polymer modifications. The infrared spectra of crystalline and amorphous samples have been investigated.
Hierarchical Response ofLight Harvesting Chlorophyll-Prot eins inaLight-Sensitive Chlorophyll b-Deficient MutantofMaize1 (1988)

Thelight-sensitive chlorophyll b(Chlb)-deficient oil yellow-yellow green (OY-YG)mutantofmaize(Zeamays)grownunderconditions ofhigh light exhibits differential reductions intheaccumulation ofthethree major Chlb-containing antenna complexes andcharacteristic changes inthylakoid architecture. Whenobserved byfreeze-fracture electron microscopy, themostnotable changes intheOY-YGthylakoid structure are: (a)a majorreduction inthenumberof8nanometer particles ofthe protoplasmic fracture face ofstacked membrane regions (PFs) paralleled bya60%reduction inthechlorophyll-proteins (CP)associated withthe peripheral light harvesting complex (LHCII) forphotosystem II(PSII) andwhichgive rise totheLHCIIoligomer/monomer (CPH*/CPII) bands onmildly dissociated greengels; (b)asizable decrease intheproportion of11to13nanometer particles oftheprotoplasmic fracture faceofunstacked membraneregions (PFu) thatparallels theloss oflight harvesting complex I(LHCI) antennae fromphotosystem I(PSI) centers anda40% reduction ofthebandcontaining CP1andLHCI(CPI*) onmildly dissociating greengels; (c)anunchanged orslightly increased average size ofparticles oftheexoplasmic fracture faceofstacked (orappressed) membraneregions (EFs) along witharelative increase inCP29, thepostulated boundLHCofPSII, andofCP47andCP43,PSIIcoreantenna complexes. Thislatter result sets theOY-YGmutantapart fromallother Chlb-deficient mutants studied todate, allofwhichpossess EFsparticles that aresubstantially reduced insize. Based onthese findings, wepostulate thattheboundLHCIIassociated withEFsparticles consists mostly of CP29chlorophyll proteins andverylittle, ifany,CPII*/CPII chlorophyll proteins. Indeed, theCPII*/CPII chlorophyll proteins maybeexclusively associated withthe'peripheral' LHCIIunits that give rise to8nanometer PFparticles. Thedifferential effect oftheChlbdeficiency ontheaccumulation ofthethree mainantenna complexes (CPII*/CPII>CPI*>CP29) suggests, furthermore, thatthere isahierarchy amongChlb-binding proteins, andthatthis hierarchy might beanintegral partoflong-term photoregulation mediating Chlbpartitioning inthechloroplast.
ChemInform Abstract: SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRODES. XVII. ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF N‐ AND P‐TYPE INDIUM PHOSPHIDE ELECTRODES IN ACETONITRILE SOLUTIONS (1979)

Abstract Die Reduktionspotentiale ,und die Oxidationspotentiale der reduzierten Spezies an der n‐ und der p‐InP‐Elektrode in MeCN werden im Vergleich zu denjenigen an einer Pt‐Elektrode für Anthracen, Diphenylanthracen, Bipyridin, Benzochinon, Oxazin u.a. Verbindungen unter Belichtung mit rotem Licht und in der Dunkelheit bestimmt.
SEM technique for imaging and measuring electronic transport in nanocomposites based on electric field induced contrast (2023)

Methods and apparatus are described for SEM imaging and measuring electronic transport in nanocomposites based on electric field induced contrast. A method includes mounting a sample onto a sample holder, the sample including a sample material; wire bonding leads from the sample holder onto the sample; placing the sample holder in a vacuum chamber of a scanning electron microscope; connecting leads from the sample holder to a power source located outside the vacuum chamber; controlling secondary electron emission from the sample by applying a predetermined voltage to the sample through the leads; and generating an image of the secondary electron emission from the sample. An apparatus includes a sample holder for a scanning electron microscope having an electrical interconnect and leads on top of the sample holder electrically connected to the electrical interconnect; a power source and a controller connected to the electrical interconnect for applying voltage to the sample holder to control the secondary electron emission from a sample mounted on the sample holder; and a computer coupled to a secondary electron detector to generate images of the secondary electron emission from the sample.
Nonlinear modeling of waveguide photodetectors (2013)

A new method of simulating photodiode nonlinearities is proposed. This model includes the effects of non-uniform absorption in three dimensions, self-heating, and is compatible with circuit components defined in the frequency domain, such as transmission lines. The saturated output power and third order output intercept points of two different waveguide photodiodes are simulated, with excellent agreement between measurement and theory. The technique is then used to provide guidance for the future design of linear waveguide-based photodetectors.
Highly Selective Electrochemiluminescence Sensor for Hydrazine (2008)

An electrochemiluminescence(ECL)hydrazine sensor with higher selectivity,good reproducibility and fast response time was developed based on the immobilization of luminol into the anion-exchanger resin by the strong electrostatic interaction on a carbon paste electrode.Under the optimum experimental conditions developed,the sensor responds linear to hydrazine concentration in the range 4.0×10-7—4.0×10-6g/mL.The detection limit is 2.3×10-7g/mL,and the relative standard deviation of 1.4% for 8 measurements of 2.8×10-6g/mL hydrazine standard solution.
Supplementary Figure 6 from Combined EGFR/MEK Inhibition Prevents the Emergence of Resistance in <i>EGFR</i>-Mutant Lung Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure S6. Resistance to W+T combination treatment. (A) Individual tumor volume beyond 20 weeks of WZ4002 + trametinib co-treatment. (B) Representative MRI image of tumor rebound. (C) Immunohistochemical analysis of WZ4002 + trametinib combination resistant tumors demonstrating positive staining for phospho-EGFR, ERK1/2, S6 and 4EBP1 at 50 nM (left panel) and 100 nM (right panel). (D) Immunoblot analysis of EGFR pathway reactivation in WZ4002 + trametinib resistant LT GEMMs. Phospho-EGFR, AKT, ERK1/2, S6 and 4EBP1 were assessed. Lysates from LT GEMMs were treated with vehicle or with WZ4002 for 24 hours were included as positive and negative controls for EGFR pathway activation.&lt;/p&gt;
A Thermal Fatigue Model for Surface Mount Leadless Chip Resistor (LCR) Solder Joints (1996)

Abstract The reliability of surface mount leadless solder joints, e.g., LCCC (leadless ceramic chip carrier), LCR (leadless chip resistor), and LCC (leadless chip capacitor), has been a long-term research topic due to the concern of thermal fatigue failure resulting from significant stresses and strains induced in the joint. Numerous studies of failure analysis of leadless solder joints exist in the literature, and a number of life prediction models based on different failure characterizing parameters, e.g., total strain, plastic strain, strain energy density, etc., have been developed for particular loading conditions, such as isothermal or thermal cyclic fatigue tests. To name a few, e.g., one can refer to Engelmaier (1984), Cltterbaugh and Charles (1985), Hall and Sherry (1986), Clech and Augis (1987), Wong et al. (1988), Bae et al. (1989), Solomon (1990), Frear et al. (1991), Satoh et al. (1991), Lee and Stone 91991), Lau (1991), Govila et al. (1994), Schroeder and Mitchell (1994), JPL (1994), Syed (1995), Wen and Ross (1995), Jih and Pao (1995), Zhang et al. (1996), Kawai et al. (1996), Hu (1996), Guo and Conrad (1996), Lin et al. (1996), and Lau and Pao (1996).
VCSELs vs. MQW modulators for Smart Pixels from a link optimization perspective (1997)

Free-space optoelectronic systems continue to progress towards higher density interconnects (thousands of links) operating at high speeds (Gbit/sec) in small feature-size CMOS technology (0.5 μm and less). The interconnection density in a free-space system is limited by the power dissipation of the interconnects. This limit occurs when the system reaches the maximum power dissipation per unit area dictated by the cooling technology. Minimizing the power dissipation in the interconnects enables a system designer to maximize the interconnect density at a given bit-rate, or similarly, to maximize the bit-rate for a given interconnect density. Since the interconnect density is related to the system operating bit-rate through the power dissipation, a useful figure of merit is their product - the aggregate bandwidth (AGBW) per unit area. By minimizing the power per link over a range of bit-rates, the conditions which maximize the AGBW per unit area can be ascertained.
Biodegradation of Fuel Ethers (2014)

Fuel oxygenates, including ethers such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), and tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME), as well as alcohols such as tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), tert-amyl alcohol, and ethanol, have been added to gasoline since the mid 1970s, especially to improve air quality. The major part of the contamination appeared to be related to leaking underground storage tanks used for gasoline storage; the detection of MTBE in water occurred four to six times more frequently in areas using reformulated gasolines (RFGs) than in areas not using RFGs, with 20% of the samples containing MTBE. Fuel ethers are not easily biodegradable compared with less-water-soluble compounds in gasoline, such as monoaromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes). Although difficult to carry out, microbial degradation was found to be possible. Apart from the few microorganisms that are able to use fuel ethers as sole carbon and energy sources, other strains need a cosubstrate to degrade them by cometabolism. The possible pathways for the cometabolic biodegradation of MTBE are summarized in this chapter. Natural attenuation of MTBE in groundwater is mainly caused by dispersion, dissolution, and biodegradation. Fuel ethers constitute a good example of xenobiotics recently released in diverse environments: air, soils, surface waters, and groundwater. Their persistence in the environment deserves extensive microbiological investigation to better understand the reasons for their poor natural biodegradation. The results presented in the chapter suggest that the MTBE catabolic pathway would be the result of randomly associated enzymatic activities.
Can Knots Exhibit Both Chirality and Rotational Symmetry? (2021)

Knots have been put forward to explain various physical phenomena due to their topological stability. Nevertheless, very few published works have reported on their unique combination of strong chirality and rotational symmetry. While conventional optically active materials are composed of chiral molecules, which usually lack symmetry, a meta-molecule that is intrinsically isotropic and simultaneously exhibits strong optical activity has not yet been reported. Here, we introduce a knotted meta-molecule that possesses both rotational symmetry and strong chirality. The chirality of the meta-molecule exhibits optical activity corresponding to a 90° polarization rotation of the incident waves. More importantly, arising from the continuous multi-fold rotational symmetry of the chiral torus knot structure, the observed polarization rotation behavior is found to be independent of the incident wave’s polarization state. Knots that possess such a unique and fundamentally important property have the potential for a wide range of applications in optical physics, chemistry, material science, and engineering.
An efficient CMOS rectifier with low-voltage operation for RFID tags (2011)

A high-efficiency CMOS rectifier for radio-frequency identification (RFID) applications is presented. Using an on-chip generated clock signal, a new switching scheme is proposed to enhance the power efficiency of the conventional 4 transistor (4T)-cell rectifier. By switching the gate of charge-transfer transistors to the intermediate nodes of preceding and succeeding stages, low on-resistance and small leakage current are obtained simultaneously. To further improve the low-voltage operation capability, an external gate-boosting technique is also applied to the proposed design which enables an efficient operation for input voltage levels well below the nominal standard threshold voltage of MOS transistors. The two proposed rectifier architectures are designed and laid out in a standard 0.13μm CMOS technology. For a 950 MHz RF input and 10 kΩ output load, post-layout simulation results confirm a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 74% at -10 dBm and 57%at -26 dBm for switched 4T-cell and gate-boosted switched 4T-cell, respectively. While the PCE of the proposed switched 4T-cell rectifier compares favorably with that of the state-of-the-art rectifier designs, the gate-boosted version achieves a relatively high PCE while operating with a very low input power.
A High-Power, High-Efficiency Hybrid Silicon-Based Erbium Silicate-Silicon Nitride Waveguide Laser (2020)

Silicon-based lasers have played an important role in silicon-based optoelectronic integrated system. Recent studies demonstrated erbium silicate was an ideal candidate material for high performance silicon-based lasers in the telecom wavelength due to its high erbium concentrations. In previous works erbium silicate compounds led to high waveguide losses, the hybrid layers of erbium silicate and silicon nitride seem to be suitable to overcome high losses of previous designs with Er-based gain media waveguides. So a hybrid erbium silicate-silicon nitride waveguide laser has been proposed to make up for the loss problems of erbium silicate material, and to obtain high laser output power and high efficiency. Then, different cavity geometries, including ordinary strip-loaded DFB cavity with pump/signal resonant external cavity, have been discussed and optimized to further improve the laser performance. A 70 mW high-power laser with the maximum power conversion efficiency of 60% can be obtained in a 6.5 mm distributed feedback cavity length through developing the optimized signal external resonator cavity and grating reflector. Finally, the usability of this technology has been discussed as a potential input laser for silicon photonics. The results indicate the hybrid erbium silicate-silicon nitride waveguide lasers with high performance as potential candidates for future scale integrated silicon-based lasers application.
Structure, function and biosynthesis of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall: arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan assembly with a view to discovering new drug targets (2007)

In spite of effective antibiotics to treat TB (tuberculosis) since the early 1960s, we enter the new millennium with TB, currently the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, killing more than three million people worldwide each year. Thus an understanding of drug-resistance mechanisms, the immunobiology of cell wall components to elucidate host-pathogen interactions and the discovery of new drug targets are now required for the treatment of TB. Above the plasma membrane is a classical chemotype IV PG (peptidoglycan) to which is attached the macromolecular structure, mycolyl-arabinogalactan, via a unique diglycosylphosphoryl bridge. This review will discuss the assembly of the mAGP (mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan), its associated glycolipids and the site of action of EMB (ethambutol), bringing forward a new era in TB research and focus on new drugs to combat multidrug resistant TB.