gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low Loss Low Nonlinearity Multi-core Optical Fiber (2013)

Multi-core optical ﬁ bers are eagerly developed recently, because they are one of strong candidates to overcome transmission capacity limit of existing optical ﬁ bers. Number of cores and inter-core crosstalk are often highlighted in multi-core optical fiber development, because they are unique parameters of multi-core optical fibers. But, transmission loss and nonlinearity of each core are also important parameters especially for multi-core optical ﬁ bers for long-haul and large capacity transmission systems. In this paper, following brief description of issues and measures to realize a low loss low nonlinearity multi-core optical fiber, an example of design and characteristics of a fabricated multi-core fiber is described. Impacts and future challenges of low loss low nonlinearity multi-core optical ﬁ bers are also mentioned.
Functional conditioning of CD8 T cells by thymoproteasome-dependent positive selection (P1408) (2013)

Abstract Proteasomes play an important role in the production of peptides presented by MHC class I. The thymoproteasome, which contains β5t catalytic subunit, is expressed specifically in cortical thymic epithelial cells mediating the positive selection of DP thymocytes. In β5t-deficient mice, the cellularity of CD8SP thymocytes and peripheral CD8 T cells is significantly decreased and their TCR repertoire is altered as characterized by defective responses to alloantigens and viral infections. In the present study, we functionally characterized CD8 T cells generated in β5t-deficient mice. We found that CD8 T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs of β5t-deficient mice were enriched with CD44hiCD122hi memory-phenotype cells. This phenotypic alteration was marginal in the thymus but became apparent in the periphery of mice older than 1 week after birth, suggesting that CD8 T cells generated in the thymus of β5t-deficient mice are aberrantly maintained in the periphery. Surprisingly, the enrichment of memory-phenotype CD8 T cells was also seen in monoclonal β5t-/-Rag-/-OT-I mice. In addition, CD44loCD122lo cells obtained from β5t-/-Rag-/-OT-I mice showed enhanced proliferative responses to antigen stimulations. These results suggest that the thymoproteasome-dependent positive selection not only determines TCR recognition specificity but also preconditions T cell function.
Modeling of transport phenomena during the coaxial laser direct deposition process (2010)

Laser direct deposition is widely used for rapid freeform fabrication of fully dense components with good metallurgical properties directly from computer-aided design drawings. Because of complex physics involved such as laser powder interaction, laser substrate interaction, track interface evolution, and melt-solid interaction, it is important to develop simulation models to better understand the characteristics and mechanisms in the process so that optimization and control of a laser direct deposition process are possible. In this paper, a new comprehensive three-dimensional self-consistent transient model is presented for a coaxial laser direct deposition process, which considers physical behaviors such as laser particle interaction, mass addition, heat transfer, fluid flow, melting, and solidification. A continuum model is built to deal with different phases (gas, liquid, solid, and mushy zone) in the calculation domain. An improved level-set method, which takes the conservative form while being implicitly solved with other governing equations, is proposed to track the evolution of free liquid/gas interface during the deposition process. To make the model more physically complete than those in the literature, a newly derived mass source term, which considers the rate of the gas phase being replaced by the deposited material due to the moving interface in some control volumes, is incorporated into the continuity equation. Corresponding new source terms of enthalpy and momentum due to the moving interface are also derived and embedded in the energy and momentum equations. The governing equations are discretized using the finite volume approach to better predict the fluid motion mainly driven by capillary and thermocapillary forces. The simulated track heights, widths, molten pool depths, and track profiles agree well with the experimental results.
X-ray microtomography using correlation of near-field speckles for material characterization (2015)

Nondestructive microscale investigation of objects is an invaluable tool in life and materials sciences. Currently, such investigation is mainly performed with X-ray laboratory systems, which are based on absorption-contrast imaging and cannot access the information carried by the phase of the X-ray waves. The phase signal is, nevertheless, of great value in X-ray imaging as it is complementary to the absorption information and in general more sensitive to visualize features with small density differences. Synchrotron facilities, which deliver a beam of high brilliance and high coherence, provide the ideal condition to develop such advanced phase-sensitive methods, but their access is limited. Here we show how a small modification of a laboratory setup yields simultaneously quantitative and 3D absorption and phase images of the object. This single-shot method is based on correlation of X-ray near-field speckles and represents a significant broadening of the capabilities of laboratory-based X-ray tomography.
Aggregation Kinetics of Dendrimer-Stabilized CdS Nanoclusters (2000)

Precipitation of CdS in Starburst PAMAM dendrimer solutions offers a viable method of preparing CdS nanoclusters with long-term optical stability. Photoluminescence and UV−visible spectroscopy data show that the dendrimer stabilizes the precipitated CdS as nanoclusters with characteristic optoelectronic properties not seen in bulk CdS. However, photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) indicates power-law growth of aggregates composed of dendrimer-stabilized nanoclusters. Temperature and reactant concentration are dominant variables controlling the aggregation kinetics. Power-law growth of the aggregate diameter and the intensity count rate suggest that the aggregation kinetics are diffusion-limited, at least at higher temperatures and reactant concentrations. The termination of the aggregation process and the stability of the final aggregates are confirmed by the absence of bulk CdS precipitate several months after synthesis. Photoluminescence and UV−visible spectroscopy link the optical properties of the aggregates to those of the CdS nanoclusters formed immediately after the initiation of the synthesis process. This substantiates that the CdS nanoclusters remain as distinct entities within the dendrimer aggregates, presumably stabilized against further coalescence by the dendrimers.
Exploring Performance Characteristics of the Optane 3D Xpoint Storage Technology (2020)

Intel’s Optane solid-state nonvolatile storage device is constructed using their new 3D Xpoint technology. Although it is claimed that this technology can deliver substantial performance improvements compared to NAND-based storage systems, its performance characteristics have not been well studied. In this study, intensive experiments and measurements have been carried out to extract the intrinsic performance characteristics of the Optane SSD, including the basic I/O performance behavior, advanced interleaving technology, performance consistency under a highly intensive I/O workload, influence of unaligned request size, elimination of write-driven garbage collection, read disturb issues, and tail latency problem. The performance is compared to that of a conventional NAND SSD to indicate the performance difference of the Optane SSD in each scenario. In addition, by using TPC-H, a read-intensive benchmark, a database system’s performance has been studied on our target storage devices to quantify the potential benefits of the Optane SSD to a real application. Finally, the performance impact of hybrid Optane and NAND SSD storage systems on a database application has been investigated.
Commissioning of a High Brightness Photoinjector for Compton Scattering X Ray Sources (2007)

Compton scattering of intense laser pulses with ultrarelativistic electron beams has proven to be an attractive source of high-brightness x-rays with keV to MeV energies. This type of x-ray source requires the electron beam brightness to be comparable with that used in x-ray free-electron lasers and laser and plasma based advanced accelerators. We describe the development and commissioning of a 1.6 cell RF photoinjector for use in Compton scattering experiments at LLNL. Injector development issues such as RF cavity design, beam dynamics simulations, emittance diagnostic development, results of sputtered magnesium photo-cathode experiments, and UV laser pulse shaping are discussed. Initial operation of the photoinjector is described.
Discovery of novel orexin receptor antagonists using a 1,3,5-trioxazatriquinans bearing multiple effective residues (TriMER) library (2021)

Structurally diverse small compounds are utilized to obtain hit compounds that have suitable pharmacophores in appropriate three-dimensional conformations for the target drug receptors. We have focused on the 1,3,5-trioxazatriquinane skeleton, which has a high degree of three-dimensional properties, leading to a novel small-scale focused library based on 1,3,5- trioxazatriquinane. In the library screening for the orexin receptor, some of the compounds showed orexin receptor antagonistic activity with a high hit rate of 7%. By optimizing the hit compounds, we discovered a potent dual orexin receptor antagonist, 38b, and a selective orexin 1 receptor antagonist, 41b carrying the same plane structure. Both compounds showed reasonable brain permeability and beneficial effects when administered intraperitoneally to wild-type mice. Docking simulations of their eutomers, (–)-38b and (+)-41b, with orexin receptors suggested that the interaction between the 1,3,5-trioxazatriquinane core structure and the hydrophobic subpocket in orexin receptors enables a U-shape structure, which causes tight van der Waals interactions with the receptors similar to SB-334867, a selective orexin 1 receptor antagonist. These results indicate that the 1,3,5-trioxazatriquinanes bearing multiple effective residues (TriMERs) could serve as a privileged structure for G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and the TriMER library approach might be useful for the hit discovery process targeting other GPCRs not only opioid and orexin receptors.
A novel heterocyclic atom exchange reaction with Lawesson's reagent: a one-pot synthesis of dithiomaltol (2005)

A one-pot reaction of maltol with Lawesson's reagent generates dithiomaltol, a thiopyran-4-thione, via an unusual heterocyclic atom exchange (HCAE) reaction; only pyrones with proton or aliphatic substituents undergo the HCAE substitution.
Even Delta-Matroids and the Complexity of Planar Boolean CSPs (2016)

The main result of this paper is a generalization of the classical blossom algorithm for finding perfect matchings. Our algorithm can efficiently solve Boolean CSPs where each variable appears in exactly two constraints (we call it edge CSP) and all constraints are even $Δ$-matroid relations (represented by lists of tuples). As a consequence of this, we settle the complexity classification of planar Boolean CSPs started by Dvorak and Kupec. Using a reduction to even $Δ$-matroids, we then extend the tractability result to larger classes of $Δ$-matroids that we call efficiently coverable. It properly includes classes that were known to be tractable before, namely co-independent, compact, local, linear and binary, with the following caveat: we represent $Δ$-matroids by lists of tuples, while the last two use a representation by matrices. Since an $n\times n$ matrix can represent exponentially many tuples, our tractability result is not strictly stronger than the known algorithm for linear and binary $Δ$-matroids.
Designing small-molecule catalysts for CO2 capture (2011)

One method for CO2 capture is to dissolve CO2 in water to form carbonic acid. This reaction (CO2+H20→H2CO3(aq)) is remarkably slow but is catalyzed in biological systems by an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase (CA). The catalyzed reaction is diffusion limited and occurs at near neutral pH. The enzyme catalytic center is composed of a Zn(II) ion that is coordinated by 3 histidine residues and an axial water/hydroxyl group. A nucleophilic attack by the hydroxyl group on the CO2 molecule is the first step in the reaction mechanism. Cu(II), Hg(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Mn(II) can bind the CA binding site and substitute the zinc ion; however, only Co(II) yields rates comparable to Zn(II). Unfortunately, an enzyme, such as carbonic anhydrase, is not amenable for industrial applications where a wide range of physico-chemical conditions exist. Enzymes are vulnerable to large pressures, high temperature, and high ionic strength. Efforts to isolate the key structural features responsible for catalysis led to the development of small-molecule mimetics of the CA catalytic site. These mimetics can, in turn, be used as catalyst for CO2 sequestration. Two of the fastest catalyst are the cyclic molecules: 1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododedacane and 1, 5, 9-triazacyclododedacane (both complexed with a Zn(II) ion). Nitrogen atoms in these cyclic molecules mimic the imidazole nitrogens of the CA active site. It is possible to examine the energetics of these compounds using transition state theory for the purposes of designing more efficient catalysts. Transition state theory predicts that the reaction rate constant is proportional to exp(−Ea/kT), where Ea denotes the activation energy, k the Boltzmann constant, and T the temperature of the reaction. The activation energy is the energetic cost of forming the reaction transition state from the reactants. Ab initio calculations can yield the activation energy, which can, in principle, be used as a design metric for more efficient catalysts. Using this approach, the difference in kinetic rate constant between the tetra- and tri-aza dodecane catalysts can be determined. Furthermore, the rates of the corresponding Co(II) catalysts were explored. Our data suggests this is a viable method for the design of inorganic small-molecule catalysts.
(Almost) Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Spoken Language Understanding (2018)

Spoken language understanding (SLU) is a component of goal-oriented dialogue systems that aims to interpret user's natural language queries in system's semantic representation format. While current state-of-the-art SLU approaches achieve high performance for English domains, the same is not true for other languages. Approaches in the literature for extending SLU models and grammars to new languages rely primarily on machine translation. This poses a challenge in scaling to new languages, as machine translation systems may not be reliable for several (especially low resource) languages. In this work, we examine different approaches to train a SLU component with little supervision for two new languages - Hindi and Turkish, and show that with only a few hundred labeled examples we can surpass the approaches proposed in the literature. Our experiments show that training a model bilingually (i.e., jointly with English), enables faster learning, in that the model requires fewer labeled instances in the target language to generalize. Qualitative analysis shows that rare slot types benefit the most from the bilingual training.
The Duke Internet Programming Contest (1990)

Introduction Our contest was inspired by and modeled after the ACM scholastic programming contest. Regional ACM competitions take place every fall in most of the ACM regions around the world with finals held in the spring at the ACM Computer Science Conference. We decided that it would be fun to have a contest that did not involve any travel for the teams and would include people not usually allowed to compete in the ACM contest (e.g., faculty). We also wanted to allow an unlimited number of teams to participate. With these goals in mind we &amp;quot;advertised&amp;quot; the contest over one of the many electronic news groups distributed throughout the world (comp.edu). This notice was sent only one week before the contest was scheduled to take place, but local considerations precluded a longer interim. There was enthusiastic response from schools around the world: United States, Canada, Sweden (where the competition began at midnight!), Australia, and New Zealan
Introduction to the Special Issue on USENIX FAST 2017 (2017)

No abstract available.
Structural gene for beta-nerve growth factor not defective in familial dysautonomia. (1984)

The developmental loss of neurons in sympathetic, sensory, and some parasympathetic ganglia in familial dysautonomia suggests an inherited defect in the action of beta-nerve growth factor (beta-NGF). The role of this growth factor in dysautonomia has been difficult to resolve as there is no known source of authentic human beta-NGF. The availability of a cloned DNA probe for the human beta-NGF gene has allowed identification of some copies of the gene (alleles) in six affected families. Alleles differ in the length of restriction endonuclease fragments that hybridize to DNA probes for the gene. In two families, affected children did not inherit the same two alleles at the beta-NGF locus. Since this disease is transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner, affected children must share the same alleles at the locus causing the disease. This analysis excludes the beta-NGF gene region as the cause of this neurologic disease but does not eliminate other genes involved in beta-NGF action, such as those coding for processing enzymes, receptors, or other subunits of the NGF complex.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Mololipids: A New Series of Anti‐HIV Moloka′iamine Derivatives. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Expression of miR-188 and 362 Induced by Erythropoietin Stimulation in a Human Erythrocytic Leukemia Cell Line. (2007)

Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and participate in a lot of biological processes. Several studies indicated that miRNAs play an important role in hematopoietic system. It has not been elucidated well about miRNAs involved in cytokine-regulated molecular mechanisms in cellular proliferation and differentiation. We screened specific miRNAs expressed in human leukemia cell lines, UT-7 and its sublines UT-7/GM, UT-7/EPO and UT-7/TPO, which exhibit hematopoietic lineage properties depending on cytokine stimuli by GM-CSF, erythropoietin (EPO), or thrombopoietin (TPO), respectively. The expression profiles of 470 miRNAs in all were analyzed using LNA-based microarray between UT-7/GM, UT-7/EPO and UT-7/TPO cells. The initial microarray data were validated, and specific expressions of several miRNAs were confirmed using quantitative real-time PCR. Especially, the expression levels of miR-188 and 362 clustered on X chromosome were significantly higher in UT-7/EPO cells as compared with those in UT-7, UT-7/GM and UT-7/TPO cells. To assess the effect of EPO on the expression of miR-188 and 362, UT-7/EPO cells were cultured under various concentration of EPO (0 to 10 U/ml) after cytokine withdrawal for 24 hours. Quantification of miRNAs expression by real-time PCR showed that miR-188 and 362 were increased 2- to 20-fold by EPO stimuli, but both expressions were not in dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the addition of EPO (1 ng/ml) to growth factor-derived UT-7 cells which were cultured for 1 month caused a 4- to 50-fold increase of miR-362 expression; while miR-188 expression was not increased. Similarly, EPO induced the expression of miR-362 in erythroleukemic cell line TF-1. The expression levels of miR-188 and miR-362 were significantly higher in UT-7/EPO with erythrocytic features than UT-7/GM and UT-7/TPO cells, in addition, expressions of both miRNAs were induced by EPO stimuli in UT-7/EPO cells, suggesting that miR-188 and miR-362 are involved in lineage specific molecular mechanisms of erythropoiesis.
Zoledronic acid inhibits macrophage SOCS3 expression and enhances cytokine production (2011)

Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) has multiple functions including inhibition of Janus kinase (Jak) activity, regulation of protein degradation, and suppression of cytokine signaling. SOCS3 modulates macrophage response to cytokines such as IL-6 and leptin that are systemically induced in obesity. Obesity is a suspected risk factor for SOCS3-related pathology such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease as well as zoledronic acid (ZA)-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ). Thus, understanding the ability of bisphosphonates to modulate SOCS3 is necessary to qualify their contribution to these disorders. ONJ occurs in up to 10% of patients using intravenous bisphosphonates and has an unknown pathogenesis that may be linked to decreased bone turnover, altered vascularity, bacterial invasion, and compromised wound healing. Given the increased risk of ONJ with obesity and importance of macrophages in wound healing, we hypothesized that amino-bisphosphonates could contribute to the pathogenesis of ONJ by regulating macrophage responses to cytokines such as leptin and IL-6. We report that ZA is a novel inhibitor of SOCS3 in primary macrophages and human ONJ biopsy specimens. Inhibition of SOCS3 by ZA resulted in significant increases in IL-6 production. SOCS3 transcription is regulated by nuclear accumulation of phosphorylated-Stat3 (P-Stat3). We found that ZA decreased phosphorylation of Stat3 in a mevalonate-pathway dependent manner. However, restoration of P-Stat3 was not sufficient to correct SOCS3 inhibition. We propose that disruption of macrophage SOCS3 expression by amino-bisphosphonates such as ZA may be a novel contributor to inflammatory phenotypes in obesity and the pathogenesis of ONJ.
Faulty Gallager-B decoding with optimal message repetition (2012)

We consider the decoding of regular low density parity-check codes with a Gallager-B message-passing algorithm built exclusively from faulty computing devices. We propose an extension of the Gallager-B algorithm where messages can be repeated to provide increased fault tolerance, and use EXIT functions to derive its average performance. Thresholds are obtained both for the channel quality and the faultiness of the decoder. We argue that decoding complexity is central to the analysis of faulty decoding and compare the complexity of decoding with a faulty decoder instead of a reliable decoder, for a fixed channel condition and residual error rate. Finally, we show that when the message repetitions in the extended Gallager-B algorithm are scheduled optimally, a small complexity overhead with respect to a reliable decoder provides large gains in fault tolerance.
Lower urinary tract symptoms and the placebo effect. (2007)

The efficacy of the treatment of varicoceles in the infertile male patient still engenders controversy. In 2001, the American Urological Association published its Best Practice guidelines on varicocele and male infertility, and this set of recommendations was recently updated by the American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). Following are some of the highlights from that ASRM report, which should be a guide for the practicing urologist.