gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Quaternary All-Carbon Stereogenic Centers. Preparation of α,α‘-Disubstituted β,γ-Unsaturated Esters through Cu-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylations (2005)

[reaction: see text] Peptide-based chiral ligands, readily prepared from commercially available materials, are used to promote Cu-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylations of alpha,beta-unsaturated esters bearing a gamma-phosphate with various alkylzinc reagents. These transformations lead to the formation of alpha,alpha'-dialkyl-beta,gamma-unsaturated esters in high yields as well as high regio- (re) and enantioselectivities (ee).
Distance Protection in Distribution Systems: How It Assists With Integrating Distributed Resources (2014)

The integration of distributed generation (DG) or distributed resources in the distribution system poses technical constraints for the electrical power system owner or manager. The addition of relatively large amounts of generation to the distribution system can potentially challenge the historical setting principles and design assumptions made in developing protection and control strategies based on overcurrent protection. The necessity and complexity of additional protection and control measures increase as the aggregate DG capacity within a potential island approaches or offsets the load within that island. In addition, the varying nature of DG availability and fault current capability must also be considered. The key issues discussed and associated with DG on the distribution feeder include anti-islanding, temporary overvoltages during fault conditions, and loss of sensitivity of feeder overcurrent protection for long feeders. As the distribution system evolves to accommodate more DG, the design and implementation of the feeder protection must also evolve. This paper presents the use of distance relays for distribution protection to solve some of the DG integration problems. This paper provides real-world event report data to further demonstrate the performance of distance protection on the distribution system. A relative cost comparison between various feeder protection solutions is presented along with a discussion on options for education of distribution companies challenged with implementing distance protection for the first time.
Raman gain of SiC as a potential medium for Raman lasers (2015)

We have investigated stimulated Raman scattering in the 4H polytype of SiC, due to its excellent thermal conductivity which is of great importance for power scaling of Raman lasers. Spectroscopy verifies the sample’s polytype and precludes any significant admixture of other polytypes. Tests indicate the moderate optical quality of this commercially available sample. Using pump-probe measurements around 1030 nm, we find the Raman gain coefficient of the major peak at 777 cm<sup>-1</sup> to be 0.46 cm/GW. Although this value is only modest, calculations and experience with other Raman materials indicate that Raman lasing of 4H SiC should be possible with reasonable intensities of 1064-nm pulsed pumping.
CoFe alloy as middle layer for strong spin dependent quantum well resonant tunneling in MgO double barrier magnetic tunnel junctions (2013)

We report on spin dependent quantum well (QW) resonances in the CoFe alloy middle layer of CoFe/MgO/CoFe/MgO/CoFeB double barrier magnetic tunnel junctions. The $dI/dV$ spectra reveal clear resonant peaks for the parallel magnetization configurations, which can be related to the existence of QW resonances obtained from first-principles calculations. We observe that the differential tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) exhibits an oscillatory behavior as a function of voltage with a sign change as well as a pronounced TMR enhancement at resonant voltages at room temperature. The observation of strong QW resonances indicates that the CoFe film possesses a long majority spin mean-free path, and the substitutional disorder does not cause a significant increase of scattering. Both points are confirmed by first-principles electronic structure calculation.
Quantitative assessment of auditory cortex responses induced by imager acoustic noise (1999)

A clustered volume acquisition functional MRI pulse sequence was modified to assess the response to the acoustic noise of echo-planar imaging in the auditory cortex and to determine whether it is possible to obtain data which is relatively free of acoustic contamination. The spatial location and strength (percent signal change) of cortical responses to the imager noise were examined by introducing extra gradient readouts, without slice excitation, to provide acoustic stimulation immediately prior to acquisition of a cerebral volume. The duration of acoustic stimulation was controlled by varying the number of extra gradient readouts. Slice acquisitions were clustered at the end of the repetition time (TR) period to prevent a response from being induced by the volume acquisition itself (“Intra-Acquisition Response”). The cerebral volumes were acquired using a long TR in order to limit the integration of the cortical response across volume acquisitions (“Inter-Acquisition Response”). Cortical responses were observed to be largest and most significant on the medial two-thirds of Heschl's gyrus, the location of primary auditory cortex. Mean signal changes induced by the imager noise were observed to be as high as 0.95%. A 2 sec delay prior to onset of the BOLD response was empirically determined. These results demonstrate that clustered volume acquisitions may be utilized for up to 2 sec of volume acquisition without inducing an appreciable Intra-Acquisition Response and can be used, with a sufficiently long TR, to provide data which are similarly free of any Inter-Acquisition Response. Hum. Brain Mapping 7:79–88, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A novel 2-D programmable photonic time-delay device for millimeter-wave signal processing applications (1994)

We describe a novel programmable photonic true time-delay device that has the properties of low loss, inherent two dimensionality with a packing density exceeding 25 lines/cm/sup 2/, virtually infinite bandwidth, and is easy to manufacture. The delay resolution of the device is on the order of femtoseconds (microns in space) and the total delay exceeds one nanosecond (30 cm in space).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Single-crystal-to-single-crystal direct cross-linking and photopolymerisation of a discrete Ag(i) complex to give a 1D polycyclobutane coordination polymer (2012)

A discrete dinuclear Ag(I) complex undergoes a single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation to generate a 1D coordination polymer with a polycyclobutane backbone.
The effect of ingestion of an ethyl α-D-glucoside, a fermented product, on human skin (2021)

Measurements were taken at 30 places on the inner side of both upper arms each week as part of various drinking tests, using a device that quantifies the measurements as the collagen score. In the first experiment, an immediate increase in the collagen score by 8 points in the first week and a continuous increase of 20 points in the fourth week were observed. In the second experiment, immediate and continuous effects were observed, with increase of 6 and 10 points in the collagen score in the first and fourth weeks, respectively. The third experiment showed that the collagen score in the first and second weeks increased by 4 and 9 points, respectively, and the keratinous moisture content increased by 3 and 8 points, respectively. These findings indicate that ethyl α-D-glucoside intake improves both the resilience and glow of the skin.
Abrogation of antibody‐induced arthritis in mice by a self‐activating viridin prodrug and association with impaired neutrophil and endothelial cell function (2009)

A novel SAV prodrug proved strongly antiinflammatory in a murine model of antibody-induced inflammatory arthritis. Its activity could be attributed, at least in part, to the inhibition of neutrophil and endothelial cell functions.
Hiroshi Maeda—defining the pathway to targeted cancer therapy (2007)

"Hiroshi Maeda—defining the pathway to targeted cancer therapy." Journal of Drug Targeting, 15(7-8), p. 456
2-(aminoacylamino)benzophenones: farnesyltransferase inhibition and antimalarial activity. (2005)

The use of amino acids as acyl substitutents at the 2-amino group of our benzophenone core structure yielded compounds with mainly good to moderate farnesyltransferase inhibitory and moderate antimalarial activity. However, these farnesyltransferase inhibitors display some degree of selectivity towards malarial parasites since there was no cytotoxic activity observed at 70-80 microM.
Thermodynamic efficiency limit of excitonic solar cells (2011)

Excitonic solar cells, comprised of materials such as organic semiconductors, inorganic colloidal quantum dots, and carbon nanotubes, are fundamentally different than crystalline, inorganic solar cells in that photogeneration of free charge occurs through intermediate, bound exciton states. Here, we show that the Second Law of Thermodynamics limits the maximum efficiency of excitonic solar cells below the maximum of 31% established by Shockley and Queisser [J. Appl. Phys. 32, 510 (1961)] for inorganic solar cells (whose exciton-binding energy is small). In the case of ideal heterojunction excitonic cells, the free energy for charge transfer at the interface, \ensuremath{\Delta}$G$, places an additional constraint on the limiting efficiency due to a fundamental increase in the recombination rate, with typical \ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Delta}$G$ in the range 0.3 to 0.5 eV decreasing the maximum efficiency to 27% and 22%, respectively.
Direct Three-Dimensional Microfabrication of Hydrogels via Two-Photon Lithography in Aqueous Solution (2009)

Two-photon lithography was used to microfabricate hydrogels (see figure) directly in aqueous solution using non-ionic surfactant as a dispersant for large two-photon absorption cross-section hydrophobic chromophores.
3-Mode PLC-Based Mode Dependent Loss Equalizer in MDM Transmission (2019)

We propose 3-mode PLC-based MDL equalizer using WINC structure for MDM transmission. By properly using the coupling length difference of a directional coupler between different modes, the loss of the LP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01</sub> mode is freely adjusted.
Therapeutic Effects of Hepatocyte Transplantation on Hemophilia B (2008)

Hepatocyte transplantation offers an alternative therapeutic approach in the treatment of liver-related diseases. Hemophilia B is a bleeding disorder lacking factor IX (FIX) production in the liver, and achieving more than 1% coagulation activity results in significant improvement in the quality of life of the patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of hepatocyte transplantation in the mouse model of hemophilia B. We transplanted isolated normal mouse hepatocytes into the liver of FIX knock-out mice. In some recipient mice, additional hepatocyte transplantations were performed 15 days after the first transplant. The recipient plasma FIX activities increased at 1% to 2% and persisted throughout the experimental period. An additional increase was achieved by the repeated transplantation. Close correlation between FIX messenger RNA levels of the liver and plasma FIX activity levels was observed. These results demonstrate that hepatocyte transplantation can provide therapeutic benefits in the treatment of hemophilia B.
Pro-autoimmune allele of tyrosine phosphatase, PTPN22, enhances tumor immunity (2021)

Abstract The 1858C&gt;T allele of the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 ( causing amino acid substitution R620W in encoded protein Lyp) is present in 5-10% of the North American population and is strongly associated with numerous autoimmune diseases. Although much research has been done to define how this allele potentiates autoimmunity, the influence PTPN22 and its pro-autoimmune allele has in tumor immunity is poorly defined. To interrogate the role this allele may have in the anti-tumor immune response, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate mice in which the ortholog of Lyp, PEP, is mutated at position 619 to produce the relevant pro-autoimmune mutation (R619W). Results of this study show that mice homozygous for this alteration (PEP-619WW) resist tumor growth as compared with wildtype mice. Consistent with these results, tumors from PEP-619WW mice have more CD45 infiltrates containing more activated CD8 T cell and CD4 T cells. Additionally, there are more cDC1 cells and less MDSCs in tumors from PEP-619WW mice. Interestingly, the tumor infiltrating PEP-619WW cDC1s have decreased PD-L1 expression compared to cDC1s from PEP-WT mice. Taken together, our data show that the pro-autoimmune allele of Ptpn22 drives a strong anti-tumor response in innate and adaptive immune cells resulting in superior control of tumors.
GS-5806 Inhibits a Broad Range of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Clinical Isolates by Blocking the Virus-Cell Fusion Process (2015)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. In addition, RSV causes significant morbidity and mortality in hospitalized elderly and immunocompromised patients. Currently, only palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody against the RSV fusion (F) protein, and inhaled ribavirin are approved for the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of RSV, respectively. Therefore, there is a clinical need for safe and effective therapeutic agents for RSV infections. GS-5806, discovered via chemical optimization of a hit from a high-throughput antiviral-screening campaign, selectively inhibits a diverse set of 75 RSV subtype A and B clinical isolates (mean 50% effective concentration [EC50] = 0.43 nM). The compound maintained potency in primary human airway epithelial cells and exhibited low cytotoxicity in human cell lines and primary cell cultures (selectivity > 23,000-fold). Time-of-addition and temperature shift studies demonstrated that GS-5806 does not block RSV attachment to cells but interferes with virus entry. Follow-up experiments showed potent inhibition of RSV F-mediated cell-to-cell fusion. RSV A and B variants resistant to GS-5806, due to mutations in F protein (RSV A, L138F or F140L/N517I, and RSV B, F488L or F488S), were isolated and showed cross-resistance to other RSV fusion inhibitors, such as VP-14637, but remained fully sensitive to palivizumab and ribavirin. In summary, GS-5806 is a potent and selective RSV fusion inhibitor with antiviral activity against a diverse set of RSV clinical isolates. The compound is currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of RSV infection in pediatric, immunocompromised, and elderly patients.
Comparison of Symptomatic and Functional Responses to Vagus Nerve Stimulation in ANTHEM-HF, INOVATE-HF, and NECTAR-HF (2020)

In this post-hoc analysis, differences in patient demographics were seen and may have caused the differential responses in symptoms and function observed in association with VNS. Major differences in technology platforms, neural targets, VNS delivery, and HR and HR variability responses could have also potentially played a very important role. Further study is underway in a randomized controlled trial with these considerations in mind.
In Vitro Investigation of Renal Cell Carcinoma Response to Combination Sorafenib and Cryoablation Treatment (2022)

The 5-year survival rate for localized kidney cancer is 93%, but only 13% for those presenting with metastatic disease (2019 SEER data). Cryosurgery is an established treatment modality for renal cell cancer (RCC), with outcomes showing equipoise to radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and partial nephrectomy. Sorafenib is a targeted therapy for RCC utilized in more advanced stage diseases. Given the success of both cryoablation and sorafenib as monotherapies for RCC, in this study, we investigated the cellular response of RCC to combinatorial sorafenib pre-treatment and cryoablation in vitro using cell culture and tissue-engineered tumor models. In vitro samples were exposed to a single or repeat (double) 5-minute freeze at -10°C, -15°C, or -20°C representing temperatures within the periphery of a cryolesion. A repeat freeze to -20°C was necessary to fully ablate samples yielding day 1 viability of 2.9% (±0.2) with no recovery observed over the 7 days post-treatment culture. These findings were consistent with published data on the lethal temperature in RCC, suggesting that -25°C is necessary to destroy RCC following a single freeze event. Pre-treatment of samples with sorafenib at concentrations of 10.61 and 21.21 µM (½ clinical and clinical dose, respectively) was combined with a single or repeat 5-minute freeze to -10°C, -15°C, or -20°C. At the time of drug removal (day 0/pre-freeze), 10.61 µM sorafenib treated samples yielded 25.3% (±0.4) viability, yet samples regrew to control levels by day 7. Following combination freeze and sorafenib exposure, sample viability was found to be 27.5% (±0.7), 2.9% (±0.4), and 0.2% (±0.02) following a single freeze and 15.6% (±0.5), 0.7% (±0.1), and 0.1% (±0.01) following a repeat (double freeze), respectively. Regrowth was observed over the 7-day assessment period in samples exposed to a -10°C single or double freeze and a -15°C single freeze, but not in the -20°C single freeze or -15°C double freeze conditions. Thus, pre-treatment with 10.61 µM sorafenib was found to increase the minimum lethal temperature from the reported -25°C to -20°C following a single freeze event and from -20°C to -15°C following a double freeze. Results of the cell culture studies were confirmed in the 3D tissue-engineered tumor model, wherein the combination of 10.61 µM sorafenib and freezing was found to further increase the lethal temperature from &lt;-20°C to -15°C following a single freeze event. This increased freeze susceptibility yielded a 32% improvement in the overall ablative volume of the ice ball following combinatorial treatment versus freezing alone. These in vitro results suggest that the combination of sorafenib and cryoablation may provide a possible combinatorial treatment path for RCC.
Interface fluid syndrome after laser in situ keratomileusis following herpetic keratouveitis (2013)

We report an unusual case of a 28-year-old man who developed interface fluid with herpetic keratouveitis and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in the left eye. The IOP was unmeasurable with the Goldmann applanation tonometer; rebound tonometry showed an IOP of 30 mm Hg in the central cornea and 58 mm Hg in the superior cornea. Medical treatment of the elevated IOP resulted in resolution of the accumulated interface fluid. This case highlights the inaccuracy of IOP measurements in the central cornea with interface fluid or central corneal edema caused by elevated IOP after LASIK and shows the efficacy of IOP measurements at the peripheral cornea using rebound tonometry. It also shows that uveitis can be a risk factor for interface fluid syndrome after LASIK.
New insights on the structural formation of polyanionic phosphate compounds revealed by new Mossbauer and XRD measurements (2018)

The exploration of optional electrode materials for lithium and sodium ion batteries, still an active field with continuous research efforts. Based on several advantages, polyanionic phosphate compounds M0.5TiOPO4 (M= Fe, Ni, Co, Cu), as negative electrode materials of Lithium-ion batteries, were the subject of a limited number of experimental studies. Motivated by these studies, intensive efforts have been devoted by our group to understand crystal and electronic structure changes, upon lithium ions insertion/extraction. As a result, the Iron-57 Mössbauer measurements of Fe0.5TiOPO4 (pristine material) report new findings revealing the presence of two iron distinct environments, in contradiction with previously reported structural observations [1]. In addition, based on an XRD study with a Rietveld refinement, the newly found crystal structure of Fe0.5TiOPO4 shows that the Fe2+ cations are located in two different triangular based antiprism crystallographic sites. More importantly, this finding is further supported by DFT calculations that have showed the possibility of co-existence of several host sites for Fe2+.
Skeletal status and soft tissue composition in astronauts. Tissue and fluid changes by radionuclide absorptiometry in vivo (1974)

A device has been constructed and tested which provides immediate readout of bone mineral content and bone width from absorptiometric scans with low energy radionuclides. The basis of this analog system is a logarithmic converter-integrator coupled with a precision linear ratemeter. The system provided accurate and reliable results on standards and ashed bone sections. Clinical measurements were made on about 100 patients with the direct readout system, and these were highly correlated with the results from digital scan data on the same patients. The direct readout system has been used successfully in field studies and surveys as well as for clinical observations.
A piperidinium salt stabilizes efficient metal-halide perovskite solar cells (2020)

Longevity has been a long-standing concern for hybrid perovskite photovoltaics. We demonstrate high-resilience positive-intrinsic-negative perovskite solar cells by incorporating a piperidinium-based ionic compound into the formamidinium-cesium lead-trihalide perovskite absorber. With the bandgap tuned to be well suited for perovskite-on-silicon tandem cells, this piperidinium additive enhances the open-circuit voltage and cell efficiency. This additive also retards compositional segregation into impurity phases and pinhole formation in the perovskite absorber layer during aggressive aging. Under full-spectrum simulated sunlight in ambient atmosphere, our unencapsulated and encapsulated cells retain 80 and 95% of their peak and post-burn-in efficiencies for 1010 and 1200 hours at 60° and 85°C, respectively. Our analysis reveals detailed degradation routes that contribute to the failure of aged cells.
Transesterification Reactions Catalyzed by Subtilisins (1966)

Abstract The hydrolysis of l-tyrosine ethyl ester by Carlsberg subtilisin, subtilisin BPN', and Novo bacterial proteinase has been examined in mixtures of water with various alcohols. The presence of straight chain alcohols resulted in an apparent inhibition of acid release. It was shown that this inhibition could be accounted for by enzyme-catalyzed transesterification reactions between tyrosine ethyl ester and the various alcohols studied. The subtilisin-catalyzed transesterification reactions are very similar to those catalyzed by chymotrypsin, trypsin, and a Pseudomonas fluorescens cholinesterase.