gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear detection of land mines using wide bandwidth time-reversal techniques (2006)

Time reversal acoustic (TRA) focusing allows concentration of elastic energy at a location in the soil being investigated to detect landmines. The TRA process is conducted by broadcasting a wide bandwidth signal and recording the surface vibration by a Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV). The system impulse response from speaker to the LDV output can then be computed by cross correlating the original and recorded signals for each channel. Each transducer re-radiates the time reversal impulse response. This provides efficient focusing of the seismic wave in both space and time, thus enhancing the nonlinear effects associated with soil and landmine vibrations. Using orthogonal initial signals the suggested TRA procedure can be implemented simultaneously with multiple transmitters to increase the scanning speed. The nonlinear effects were investigated using a phase inversion method where the TRA signal is broadcast a second time with an opposite sign and the two received signals are added in post processing. The summed signal contains mainly the results of nonlinear wave interaction and tends to cancel the linear response. Small scale land mine detection experiments were conducted using a laser Doppler vibrometer and an array of speakers in the frequency band 50-500Hz. They demonstrate that the TRA system provides high concentration of elastic wave energy in the tested area. The measurements of spectral density of the TRA focused signal reveal increased spectral density in the vicinity of mine resonance frequencies. The nonlinear TRA phase inversion method shows higher contrast between mine and no mine than the linear TRA method.
Electromagnetic Pulse – Resilient Electric Grid for National Security: Research Program Executive Summary (2020)

Sandia National Laborator ies sponsored a three - year internally funded Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) effort to investigate the vulnerabilities and m itigations of a high - altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) on the electric power grid. The research was focused on understanding the vulnerabilities and potential mitigations for components and systems at the high voltage transmission level. Results from the research included a broad array of subtopics, covered in twenty - three reports and papers, and which are highlighted in this executive summary report. These subtopics include high altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) characterization, HEMP coupling an alysis, system - wide effects, and mitigating technologies. ACKNOWLEGMENTS The authors wish to thank the following people for their contributions: Dr. Olga Lavrova , who initiated this research effort prior to taking a faculty position at New Mexico State University, and to John Eddy, who led Task 3 work for the first half of this effort. Appreciation is also extended to the Grand Challenge external review board: Mi chael Mertz, Gordon Halt, Isik Kizilyalli, Joan Woodard, Asim Fazlagic, and Justin Kelly. Additional acknowledgements are offered to the U niversity of N ew M exico students, staff and faculty of the APERIODIC laboratory, Public Service Co. of NM (PNM) , ABB (Hitachi - ABB ), ITC Transmission , Schweitzer Engineering Laboratory, Electric Power Research Institute , Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laborator y, Department of Energy , and the Federal Energy Regulatory Agency .
Growth factors and gene therapy for erectile dysfunction. (2000)

Potential for the future? Investigators are looking at ways to regenerate the cavernous nerve and to affect the aging process in smooth muscle to help patients with erectile dysfunction.
Influence of Zeolite Protective Overlayer on the Performances of Pd Thin Film Membrane on Tubular Asymmetric Alumina Supports (2016)

The role of zeolite overlayer in the performance of Pd thin film membranes on asymmetric alumina tubular supports is analyzed. These novel multilayer membranes have a ceramic base support (asymmetric α-Al2O3 tubes) on which a crack-free Pd dense thin film was deposited by electroless plating deposition followed by creation of a further zeolite (titanium silicalite, TS-1) membrane compact layer on the top of the Pd thin film. The TS-1 layer was prepared by a two-step procedure: (i) the preseeding with TS-1 nanocrystals by dip-coating, eventually assisted by a polymer (PEI or PDADMAC), followed by (ii) a secondary growth. The composite membranes are crack-free and homogeneous, and show good mechanical properties, in terms of adhesion between metallic film and substrate, and between the zeolitic film and Pd thin film. The composite membranes were evaluated in terms of H2 permeance with respect to bare Pd membrane. The zeolite overlayer induces a change in the rate-limiting step in H2 transport, due to the partial coverage of Pd surface by zeolite, compensated by an increase in the sticking coefficient of H2 adsorption. These materials were tested to protect Pd from deactivation by propylene, for use in catalytic membrane reactors for propane dehydrogenation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Aryl Glycines by the α Arylation of Weinreb Amides. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Supplementary Figure 1 from A Human Breast Cell Model of Preinvasive to Invasive Transition (2023)

Supplementary Figure 1 from A Human Breast Cell Model of Preinvasive to Invasive Transition
Cover Picture: Platonic Gold Nanocrystals (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 28/2004) (2004)

Platonic shapes of gold nanocrystals are prepared by a modified polyol process in the presence of the surface‐regulating polymer poly(vinyl pyrrolidone). P. Yang and co‐workers describe in their Communication on page 3673 ff. how the careful regulation of the growth rate along different crystallographic directions allows exquisite shape control. The drawing in the center of the cover picture was proposed by the astronomer Johannes Kepler in the 17th century, in which one platonic solid fits between each pair of planetary spheres.
Adaptive Variable Block-Size Early Motion Estimation Termination Algorithm for H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> The variable block-size motion estimation (ME) process is the H.264/AVC encoder's most time-consuming function. This letter proposes to reduce the complexity of the ME process with an early termination algorithm that features an adaptive threshold based on the statistical characteristics of rate-distortion (RD) cost regarding current block and previously processed blocks and modes. In this method, most motion searches can be stopped early, with a large number of search points saved. A region-based search is also suggested to further reduce the computation required for full search ME. A search point reduction scheme for the fast motion estimation of H.264/AVC is also introduced, and the experimental results illustrate how the proposed method reduces ME times for full search and fast motion estimation by about 77 and 31%, respectively, despite the insignificant degradation of RD performance. </para>
Morphology Control of Lithium Deposited in Nonaqueous Media (1995)

Abstract An artificial control of the morphology of lithium deposited in nonaqueous media was successfully accomplished by using the surface modification of the as-received lithium metal foil with HF treatment, to suppress the dendrite formation of lithium during the electrochemical deposition.
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF MUSCLE REMOVAL ON ESTIMATED MUSCLE FORCES DURING WALKING IN PATIENTS AFTER RESECTION OF SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA IN THE THIGH (2020)

Patients with lower extremity soft tissue sarcoma (STS) need to recover their walking ability while coping with lower-limb muscle loss due to tumor removal. However, the lack of information on walking after tumor removal hinders the development of gait rehabilitation strategies for such patients. The present study explored how patients walked after STS resection from the viewpoint of muscle forces. The effect of muscle removal and muscle strength asymmetry on estimated muscle forces was also investigated by iterating gait simulations for each patient using three different musculoskeletal models. These models differed based on whether or not the resected muscles were reflected in the model and whether or not residual muscle strength was scaled according to muscle strength measurements. Muscle forces during walking were estimated in six patients after thigh STS removal. Our results suggested that patients could walk using not only residual muscles that function similar to the resected muscles but also those that function differently (e.g., ankle plantarflexors). Gait simulations of patients with considerable muscle loss and those without a rectus femoris muscle were relatively sensitive to muscle removal.
Combustion Assisted Belt-Cranking of a V-8 Engine at 12-Volts (2004)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Implementation of engine turnoff at idle is desirable to gain improvements in vehicle fuel economy. There are a number of alternatives for implementation of the restarting function, including the existing cranking motor, a 12V or 36V belt-starter, a crankshaft integrated-starter-generator (ISG), and other, more complex hybrid powertrain architectures. Of these options, the 12V belt-alternator-starter (BAS) offers strong potential for fast, quiet starting at a lower system cost and complexity than higher-power 36V alternatives. Two challenges are 1) the need to accelerate a large engine to idle speed quickly, and 2) dynamic torque control during the start for smoothness. In the absence of a higher power electrical machine to accomplish these tasks, combustion-assisted starting has been studied as a potential method of aiding a 12V accessory drive belt-alternator-starter in the starting process on larger engines.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The combustion-assisted cranking system has been implemented on a 5.3L V-8 engine with automatic transmission in a full-size truck. Integration of the BAS system controls with powertrain fuel and spark management shows the importance of combustion-assist within the first several compression events. The use of a cylinder-event-based (CEB) spark strategy was found to benefit the feel of auto-starts, as measured by passenger seat track vibrations. Introducing fuel into the cylinders during the shutdown showed up to 40% improvement in engine start times. Furthermore, this paper reports the feasibility of auto-starts from shutdown fuel in terms of start consistency and shows the need for a quick synchronization process of the powertrain control module if a 12-volt system is to be successfully used.&lt;/div&gt;
THERMAL TAYLOR DISPERSION PHENOMENA IN NONADIABATIC SYSTEMS (1994)

Abstract This paper outlines or general 'one-dimensional’ theory of convective-conductive internal energy transport phenomena in complex, multidimensional, nonadiabatic systems whose rate of heat loss to their surroundings is characterized by a 'Newton's law of cooling’ heat transfer coefficient h. Taylor dispersion theory is used to effect the coarse-graining ofthe microscale thermal problem, therby producing an effective-medium theory of the mean thermal transport process. Both ducts ('continuous’ systems) and model packed beds (spatially periodic systems) are analyzed. Expressions are derived for the macroscale thermal propagation velocity vector U¯∗ and effective thermal dispersivity dyadic α¯∗ in terms of the prescribed microscale data. Additionally, an expression is obtained for a third macrotransport coefficient, H¯∗, representing the effective or overall macroscale heat transfer coefficient, and distinct from the microscale heat transfer coefficient h. (This is the same type of quantity as arises in so-called 'fin’ problems.) Furthermore, it is shown that when solving the nonadiabatic macrotransport equation Jot the mean temperature T¯, parameterized by the effective-medium phenomenological coefficients H¯∗, U¯∗ and α¯∗, it becomes necessary to employ a fictitious mean initial temperature distribution in place ofthe true one. A paradigm is developed for calculating this fictitious mean initial temperature field from the prescribed initial microscale temperature field By way of example, calculations are presented for flow in a circular tube with heat loss to isothermal surroundings. In addition to providing numerical values for H¯∗ in terms of the pertinent microscale phenomenological data, these calculations show that U¯∗ and α¯∗ for nonadiabatic systems may differ sensibly from their adiabatic counterparts (calculated in two previous papers), as they now also depend funaionally upon the heat transfer coefficient h. Numerical results are also presented for the Darcy-scale thermophysical parameters H¯∗, U¯∗ and α¯∗ for two-dimensional pressure-driven flow through model packed beds composed of periodic arrays of circular cylinders. For both duct and porous media flow problems, the thermal propagation velocity vector U¯∗ is shown to differ from the mean fluid velocity vector V¯—that is, the mean velocity ofthe carrier fluid. Depending upon particular circumstances, | U¯∗ | may be larger or smaller than | V¯ |.
Thermal Reliability Prediction of Automotive Electronic Packaging (1995)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The paper briefly reviews the current and future needs for automotive electronic packaging technology and the related reliability issues. Reliability approaches based upon physics-of-failure are discussed, and an example is given to illustrate the importance of understanding the root cause of failure and the application of a state-of-the-art approach to life prediction of leadless solder joints under thermal cycling.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;An introduction is also given to the recent development of the CAIR (Computer Aided Interconnect Reliability) system developed at Ford for reliability prediction of solder interconnects in automotive electronic packaging. The system integrates a number of software modules using a user interface and allows for evaluation of critical design parameters within a short period of time. The system is intended to implement the “prevention mode” into the product design process to meet the increasing reliability demand and to reduce cost and cycle time.&lt;/div&gt;
Charge engineering of cellulases improves ionic liquid tolerance and reduces lignin inhibition (2014)

We report a novel approach to concurrently improve the tolerance to ionic liquids (ILs) as well as reduce lignin inhibition of Trichoderma reesei cellulase via engineering enzyme charge. Succinylation of the cellulase enzymes led to a nearly twofold enhancement in cellulose conversion in 15% (v/v) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM][Cl]). The improvement in activity upon succinylation correlated with the apparent preferential exclusion of the [Cl] anion in fluorescence quenching assays. Additionally, modeling analysis of progress curves of Avicel hydrolysis in buffer indicated that succinylation had a negligible impact on the apparent KM of cellulase. As evidence of reducing lignin inhibition of T. reesei cellulase, succinylation resulted in a greater than twofold increase in Avicel conversion after 170 h in buffer with 1 wt% lignin. The impact of succinylation on lignin inhibition of cellulase further led to the reduction in apparent KM of the enzyme cocktail for Avicel by 2.7-fold. These results provide evidence that naturally evolved cellulases with highly negative surface charge densities may similarly repel lignin, resulting in improved cellulase activity. Ultimately, these results underscore the potential of rational charge engineering as a means of enhancing cellulase function and thus conversion of whole biomass in ILs.
Spatial light modulators for photonic switching (1990)

The requirements for spatial light modulators to be used in photonic switching systems are described. Experimental switches based on PLZT, NCAP liquid crystals, and arrays of semiconductor laser amplifiers are described.
Retention of lead during oxidative ashing of selected naturally occurring carbonaceous substances (1957)

The amount of lead retained in the ash of lead-bearing carbonaceous material Is essentially independent of the method of ashing. Samples containing lead in the range of O.OOX to O.X percent were ashed by ignition in a high-oxygen atmosphere and were also wet ashed. The lead, in the ash was determined colorimetrically. Results were the same by both methods, but the time required is 3 to 10 times less for the dry.ashing method.
Development of an Indole-Amide-Based Photoswitchable Cannabinoid Receptor Subtype 1 (CB1R) “Cis-On” Agonist (2022)

Activation of the human cannabinoid receptor type 1 (<i>h</i>CB<sub>1</sub>R) with high spatiotemporal control is useful to study processes involved in different pathologies related to nociception, metabolic alterations, and neurological disorders. To synthesize new agonist ligands for <i>h</i>CB<sub>1</sub>R, we have designed different classes of photoswitchable molecules based on an indole core. The modifications made to the central core have allowed us to understand the molecular characteristics necessary to design an agonist with optimal pharmacological properties. Compound <b>27a</b> shows high affinity for CB<sub>1</sub>R (<i>K</i><sub>i</sub> (<i>cis-</i>form) = 0.18 μM), with a marked difference in affinity with respect to its inactive "<i>trans</i>-off" form (CB<sub>1</sub>R <i>K</i><sub>i</sub> <i>trans/cis</i> ratio = 5.4). The novel compounds were evaluated by radioligand binding studies, receptor internalization, sensor receptor activation (GRABeCB2.0), Western blots for analysis of ERK1/2 activation, NanoBiT βarr2 recruitment, and calcium mobilization assays, respectively. The data show that the novel agonist <b>27a</b> is a candidate for studying the optical modulation of cannabinoid receptors (CBRs), serving as a new molecular tool for investigating the involvement of <i>h</i>CB<sub>1</sub>R in disorders associated with the endocannabinoid system.
Identification of Sodium Channel Isoforms That Mediate Action Potential Firing in Lamina I/II Spinal Cord Neurons (2011)

Overall, lamina I/II neurons express a unique combination of functional sodium channels that are highly divergent from the sodium channel isoforms found within peripheral nociceptors, creating potentially complementary or distinct ion channel targets for future pain therapeutics.
Ex Situ Formation of Methanethiol: Application in the Gold(I)‐Promoted Anti‐Markovnikov Hydrothiolation of Olefins (2018)

A protocol for the Au-promoted anti-Markovnikov hydrothiolation of olefins using ex situ generated methanethiol is reported. The use of S-methylisothiourea hemisulfate salt as a solid precursor for methanethiol generation ensures a safe and reliable deliverance of a stoichiometric amount of this thiol. The procedure was shown to work for a broad range of olefins providing the corresponding hydrothiolated adduct in good to excellent yields. Mechanistic evaluations suggest that thiyl radicals are generated and that gold acts as an efficient but stable radical initiator.
Supplementary Table 7 from MicroRNA Alterations of Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasias (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 325K&lt;/p&gt;
1/f noise in silicon wafers (1982)

The magnitude of 1/ f noise in an ordinary wafer of lightly doped n-type silicon lacking impurity scattering is found to be three orders of magnitude less than the commonly accepted value. The conductivity fluctuations causing the noise are spatially uncorrelated and approximately scalar, as might be expected for a simple trapping model. Varying surface treatments were found to increase the noise, sometimes in clear association with slight I-V nonlinearities, but no sample had resistance fluctuations more than one tenth as large as predicted by the Hooge relation.
Low Intensity Ultrasoud Treatment Accelerates Bone Repair in a Rat Femur Fracture Model (1993)

Bilateral closed femoral shaft fractures were made in 22 male Long-Evans rats by a closed method. In 16 animals ultrasound was applied to one limb for 15 minutes daily 10 times within the first 14 postoperative days. The treated limbs received a 200 us burst of 1.5 MHz or 0.5 MHz sine waves repeated at 1.0 MHz at a spatial average temporal averaged intensity of 30 W/cm2. Contralateral limbs served as non-treated controls. Siz remaining animals with fractures and 6 additional aninals without fractures received sham ultrasound treatment to control for the effects of anasethesia and handling. Fracture repair was evaluated by radiography, mechanical testing in torsion, and histology on postoperative day 21. Five of 16 ultrasound-treated fractures and none of the 28 controls showed obliteration of the fracture gap on radiographs. The average maximum torque of fractures treated with either signal was 22% greater than contralateral controls (P＜0.05). The stiffness of treated fractures was greater than control fractures, but the difference was significant only in animals treated with the 1.5 MHz signal (P＜0.02). Histologic evaluation suggested more advanced endochondral ossification in 1- of the 16 ultrasound-treated fractures when compared to contralateral controls. Sham treatment did not affect repair in the control group. These results indicate that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound can accelerate early fracture repair in this highly controlled model.
Designing HVDC transmission schemes for defined availability (1998)

Over long distances bulk power transfer can be carried out by a high voltage direct current (HVDC) connection cheaper than by a long distance AC transmission line. HVDC transmission can also be used where an AC transmission scheme could not (e.g. through very long cables or across borders where the two AC systems are not synchronised or operating at the same frequency). However, in order to achieve these long distance transmission links, power convertor equipment is required, which is a possible point of failure and any interruption in delivered power can be costly. It is therefore of critical importance to design a HVDC scheme for a given availability. (11 pages)
Regulation of pulmonary fibrosis by chemokine receptor CXCR3 (2004)

CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) is the receptor for the IFN-γ–inducible C-X-C chemokines MIG/CXCL9, IP-10/CXCL10, and I-TAC/CXCL11. CXCR3 is expressed on activated immune cells and proliferating endothelial cells. The role of CXCR3 in fibroproliferation has not been investigated. We examined the role of CXCR3 in pulmonary injury and repair in vivo. CXCR3-deficient mice demonstrated increased mortality with progressive interstitial fibrosis relative to WT mice. Increased fibrosis occurred without increased inflammatory cell recruitment. CXCR3 deficiency resulted in both a reduced early burst of IFN-γ production and decreased expression of CXCL10 after lung injury. We identified a relative deficiency in lung NK cells in the unchallenged CXCR3-deficient lung and demonstrated production of IFN-γ by WT lung NK cells in vivo following lung injury. The fibrotic phenotype in the CXCR3-deficient mice was significantly reversed following administration of exogenous IFN-γ or restoration of endogenous IFN-γ production by adoptive transfer of WT lymph node and spleen cells. Finally, pretreatment of WT mice with IFN-γ–neutralizing Ab’s enhanced fibrosis following lung injury. These data demonstrate a nonredundant role for CXCR3 in limiting tissue fibroproliferation and suggest that this effect may be mediated, in part, by the innate production of IFN-γ following lung injury.