gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of LOXL1 gene polymorphisms in exfoliation syndrome and exfoliation glaucoma. (2008)

We confirmed a strong association with LOXL1 variants in our patients. For the LOXL1 gene, individual alleles of rs1048661 (G), rs3825942 (G), and rs2165241 (T) are highly associated with XFS and XFG in American and European populations. The GGT haplotype constitutes a major risk haplotype for exfoliation, and GAC may have a protective role. DNA sequencing of 95 affected patients did not show any mutations in this gene. The LOXL1 SNPs are located in the 15q24.1 band and within a genetic locus (GLC1N) that is associated with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). However, the LOXL1 genetic predisposition is only limited to exfoliation with or without glaucoma and does not include the POAG phenotype.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanism and Solvent Dependence for Photoionization of Promazine and Chlorpromazine. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure‐Based Design of Potent β‐Lactamase Inhibitors (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Sparse Bayesian Learning for Robust PCA: Algorithms and Analyses (2019)

In this paper, we propose a new Bayesian model to solve the Robust PCA problem - recovering the underlying low-rank matrix and sparse matrix from their noisy compositions. We first derive and analyze a new objective function, which is proven to be equivalent to the fundamental objective of minimizing the “rank+sparsity”. To solve this objective, we develop a concise Sparse Bayesian Learning (SBL) method that makes minimal assumptions and effectively deals with the requirements of the problem. The concise modeling allows simple and effective Empirical Bayesian inference via maximum a posteriori expectation-maximization (MAP-EM). We further propose a modified SBL method that additionally utilizes the sparsity pattern information of the outliers in the Robust PCA problem. Simulation studies demonstrate the superiority of the proposed methods over the existing state-of-the-art methods. The efficacy of the proposed methods is further verified through two image processing tasks.
Kerr Microscope Observation of Microfabricated NiFe Wires (2000)

Magnetization processes in microfabricated NiFe wires were observed by using a Kerr microscope equipped with an oil-immersion lens (NA = 1.3) and an Hg lamp. NiFe wires 20 nm in thickness were prepared by using lift-off techniques. The width (W) of the wires was designed as 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 μm and the length (L) as 50 μm. One end of the wire was connected to a square-shaped head with a side of 2 W, which was designed to act as a domain wall source. In each wire, necks of different widths were introduced as artificial pinning sites of a domain wall. Magnetization reversals in very narrow wires with 0.5 μm width were clearly observed. It was confirmed that domain wall penetration, pinning, depinning, and also the direction of wall motion can be controlled by using square-shaped head and necks with optimized width. The Kerr microscope image with the domain wall near the neck is almost consistent with the Kerr effect image obtained by micromagnetic calculation.
Regulation of renal 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in diabetes by angiotensin AT1and AT2receptors (2008)

Diabetes is associated with increased production of 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [12(S)-HETE]. The mechanisms involved in this process remain unclear. We hypothesized that hyperglycemia and angiotensin II (ANG II) regulate renal 12(S)-HETE production via a balance between angiotensin AT(1) and AT(2) receptors activities. Using a microdialysis technique, renal interstitial fluid (RIF) levels of ANG II and 12(S)-HETE were monitored in normal control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats at baseline and then weekly thereafter for 12 wk. In a second group of normal and diabetic rats, 3 wk after development of diabetes, we monitored RIF 12(S)-HETE levels in response to acute AT(1) receptor blockade with valsartan or AT(2) receptor blockade with PD123319 individually or combined. Two weeks after induction of diabetes there was a 404% increase in ANG II (P < 0.05), a 149% increase in 12S-HETE (P < 0.05), and a 649% increase in urinary albumin excretion (P < 0.05). These levels remained elevated throughout the study. PD123319 given alone had no effect on 12(S)-HETE. Valsartan decreased 12(S)-HETE by 61.6% (P < 0.0001), a response that was abrogated when PD123319 was given with valsartan. These data demonstrate that hyperglycemia increases renal ANG II and 12(S)-HETE levels. The increase in 12(S)-HETE is mediated via AT(1) receptor. The attenuation of the effects of AT(1) receptor blockade by PD123319 suggests that AT(2) receptor contributes to the downregulation of renal 12(S)-HETE production.
Experimental Demonstration of Variable Optical Hexadecimal Coding/Decoding of 10-Gbaud/s 16-QAM Using FWM in HNLFs (2011)

We propose and demonstrate optical hexadecimal coding/decoding of 16-QAM using degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) in highly nonlinear fibers (HNLFs). Constellation manipulation for variable coding/decoding of a 10-Gbaud/s 16-QAM signal is implemented with an OSNR penalty of &lt;1.1 dB with CW pump and &lt;1.2 dB with phase-modulated pump Key.
Experimental and Morphological Investigations of the Reduction from Coarse Hematite to Magnetite and Wüstite under Fluidized Bed Conditions (2010)

Abstract For optimization of iron ore fines reduction processes, fundamental knowledge of the reduction kinetics under industrial operating conditions is required. Reduction tests with coarse hematite iron ore were performed in H 2 ‐rich reduction gas atmospheres of H 2 , H 2 O, CO, CO 2 and CH 4 considering elevated pressures similar to industrial process conditions. The reaction kinetics of the reactions hematite to magnetite, magnetite to wüstite and hematite to wüstite were investigated in a laboratory‐scale pressurized fluidized bed reactor. To facilitate kinetic measurements, the laboratory‐scale fluidized bed reactor is equipped with a sampling system, which allows sampling of the bed material at operating conditions. Process conditions were chosen close to industrial plants in a temperature range from 400 to 700 °C. Significant influence of temperature on the rate of reduction was found in all tests. Variation of reduction gas composition showed no influence on the rate of reduction in the range of concentrations investigated. Results presented herein proved the feasibility of depicting industrial process conditions in laboratory scale. For the reduction of hematite to magnetite and magnetite to wüstite topochemical phase growth were observed. In the single step reduction of hematite to wüstite, magnetite appeared as intermediate product formed by topochemical reaction while progressive conversion of magnetite to wüstite was found.
A Fast $I{-}V$ Screening Measurement for TDDB Assessment of Ultra-Thick Inter-Metal Dielectrics (2014)

Semiconductor manufacturing economics necessitate the development of novel and innovative techniques that can replace the traditional time consuming reliability methods, i.e., the constant voltage stress time-dependent dielectric breakdown (CVS-TDDB) tests. We show that positive charge trapping is a dominant process when ultra-thick oxides are stressed through the ramped voltage test. Exploiting the physics behind positive charge generation/trapping at high electric fields, a fast I-V measurement technique is proposed that can be used to effectively distinguish the ultra-thick oxides' intrinsic quality at low electric fields. It will be demonstrated, based on experimental data, that our proposed technique can be a suitable replacement for the CVS-TDDB as a quality screening tool.
Thermally tuned resonances in chalcogenide glass dielectric metasurfaces (2020)

A common challenge in metastructure fabrication is precisely tuning of the frequency of a device’s resonance. Slight variations in device dimensions or material properties can lead to a deviation in resonance frequency in comparison to design. We present a method of tuning a dielectric metastructure’s resonance by thermally adjusting the refractive index of a chalcogenide glass (ChG) material. Several characteristics of ChGs make them good candidates for use in dielectric metastructures. They exhibit high linear refractive indices, enabling high index contrast devices; they have large optical nonlinearities, making them useful for tunable devices and nonlinear frequency conversion; and they have wide transmission windows extending from the visible through the long-wave infrared. Recently, we have carried out extensive characterization of the index tuning of arsenic selenide (As<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub>) ChG thin films and observed refractive index changes larger than 0.1 in some cases. We use this refractive index change to permanently shift the resonance of a Fabry-Perot filter and the cutoff wavelength for a Bragg reflector. We then demonstrate thermal tuning to shift resonance positions for a metasurface (MS). We compare finite element modeling results with measurement results and show good agreement. This tuning mechanism has potential for use in MS devices where a precise resonance frequency is required.
Broadband, High‐Speed, and Large‐Amplitude Dynamic Optical Switching with Yttrium‐Doped Cadmium Oxide (2019)

Abstract Transparent conducting oxides, such as doped indium oxide, zinc oxide, and cadmium oxide (CdO), have recently attracted attention as tailorable materials for applications in nanophotonic and plasmonic devices such as low‐loss modulators and all‐optical switches due to their tunable optical properties, fast optical response, and low losses. In this work, optically induced extraordinarily large reflection changes (up to 135%) are demonstrated in bulk CdO films in the mid‐infrared wavelength range close to the epsilon near zero (ENZ) point. To develop a better understanding of how doping level affects the static and dynamic optical properties of CdO, the evolution of the optical properties with yttrium (Y) doping is investigated. An increase in the metallicity and a blueshift of the ENZ point with increasing Y‐concentrations is observed. Broadband all‐optical switching from near‐infrared to mid‐infrared wavelengths is demonstrated. The major photoexcited carrier relaxation mechanisms in CdO are identified and it is shown that the relaxation times can be significantly reduced by increasing the dopant concentration in the film. This work could pave the way to practical dynamic and passive optical and plasmonic devices with doped CdO spanning wavelengths from the ultraviolet to the mid‐infrared region.
Innovative Non-PGM Catalysts for High-Temperature PEMFCs (2017)

The objective of this project was to revolutionize high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology based on polymer membranes imbibed with phosphoric acid through development of stable, high-performance non-precious cathode catalysts. High-temperature PEMFCs operate in a range of 150-220 degrees centigrade, making them ideal candidates for combined heat and power (CHP) applications. Successful catalyst development showed potential to be translated to other solid acid systems such as those based on the Cs2HPO4 (CDP) electrolyte. This incubator effort was however exclusively focused on catalyst development for H3PO4-imbibed PEMFCs.
ChemInform Abstract: AN IMPROVED SYNTHESIS OF FLUORENONE METHYLNITRONE (1979)

Abstract Die Umsetzung der Schiffsehen Base (I) mit Methylhydroxylamin‐O‐sulfonsäure (II) zum Nitron (III) verläuft rasch und in guter Ausbeute.
Pharmacological inhibition of Vanin-1 is not protective in models of acute and chronic kidney disease (2020)

Oxidative stress is a key concept in basic, translational, and clinical research to understand the pathophysiology of various disorders, including cardiovascular and renal diseases. Although attempts to directly reduce oxidative stress with redox-active substances have until now largely failed to prove clinical benefit, indirect approaches to combat oxidative stress enzymatically have gained further attention as potential therapeutic strategies. The pantetheinase Vanin-1 is expressed on kidney proximal tubular cells, and its reaction product cysteamine is described to negatively affect redox homeostasis by inhibiting the replenishment of cellular antioxidative glutathione stores. Vanin-1-deficient mice were shown to be protected against oxidative stress damage. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether pharmacological inhibition of Vanin-1 protects mice from oxidative stress-related acute or chronic kidney injury as well. By studying renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in Col4α3 −/− (Alport syndrome) mice and in vitro hypoxia-reoxygenation in human proximal tubular cells we found that treatment with a selective and potent Vanin-1 inhibitor resulted in ample inhibition of enzymatic activity in vitro and in vivo. However, surrogate parameters of metabolic and redox homeostasis were only partially and insufficiently affected. Consequently, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species level in tubular cells as well as overall kidney function and fibrotic processes were not improved by Vanin-1 inhibition. We thus conclude that Vanin-1 functionality in the context of cardiovascular diseases needs further investigation and the biological relevance of pharmacological Vanin-1 inhibition for the treatment of kidney diseases remains to be proven.
Discovery of Lipophilic Bisphosphonates That Target Bacterial Cell Wall and Quinone Biosynthesis (2019)

We report that alkyl-substituted bisphosphonates have activity against Bacillus anthracis Sterne (0.40 μg/mL), Mycobacterium smegmatis (1.4 μg/mL), Bacillus subtilis (1.0 μg/mL), and Staphylococcus aureus (13 μg/mL). In many cases, there is no effect of serum binding, as well as low activity against a human embryonic kidney cell line. Targeting of isoprenoid biosynthesis is involved with 74 having IC<sub>50</sub> values of ∼100 nM against heptaprenyl diphosphate synthase and 200 nM against farnesyl diphosphate synthase. B. subtilis growth inhibition was rescued by addition of farnesyl diphosphate, menaquinone-4 (MK-4), or undecaprenyl phosphate (UP), and the combination of MK-4 and UP resulted in a 25× increase in ED<sub>50</sub>, indicating targeting of both quinone and cell wall biosynthesis. Clostridioides difficile was inhibited by 74, and since this organism does not synthesize quinones, cell wall biosynthesis is the likely target. We also solved three X-ray structures of inhibitors bound to octaprenyl diphosphate and/or undecaprenyl diphosphate synthases.
A comprehensive and wide-ranging treatise (2011)

The title of this book, Design Law: European Union and United States of America, is somewhat of a misnomer. Despite being a relatively thin 278 page volume, it covers the protection of designs more widely than simply describing the sui generis design law in the two jurisdictions. The book also covers the protection of objects under copyright, trade mark law, unjust enrichment and unregistered design rights. This is, therefore, a useful reference work, as a practitioner would be likely to consider alternative forms of protection and causes of action, particularly if the relevant sui generis design law were inapplicable. For example, if the object to be protected was specifically excluded, or if no design application had been registered in a timely manner but the article was nevertheless being copied; or if a design had been registered for the object but the right had expired. The book opens with a...
Non-Fickian Diffusion of Water in Nafion (2010)

Understanding the dynamics of water in solid-state polymer electrolytes (e.g., Nafion) is important for a variety of applications ranging from membrane-based water purification to hydrogen fuel cells. In this study, the dynamics of water in Nafion was investigated at both low and high humidities with time-resolved Fourier transform infrared−attenuated total reflectance (FTIR−ATR) spectroscopy; a technique that provides a molecular fingerprint of both the diffusant and the polymer simultaneously in real time. At low humidities (0−22% RH), an extended initial time lag resulted in non-Fickian behavior, where dynamic infrared data provided evidence for a reaction between water and sulfonic acid. A diffusion−reaction model was developed and predicted this anomalous behavior, where the time lag was a function of water content. At high humidities (0−100% RH), a slow approach to steady state resulted in non-Fickian behavior, where dynamic infrared data provided evidence of water-induced relaxation in the polymer backbone. A diffusion−relaxation model was developed and regressed well to both the polymer relaxation and water diffusion data, where only one fitting parameter was used for each data set to determine both a relaxation time constant and diffusion coefficient. This approach differs significantly from previous work on non-Fickian behavior in glassy polymers, which, consisted of regressing gravimetric data to models with a minimum of six fitting parameters. Not only do the diffusion coefficients from these two models compare well with Fickian diffusion coefficients from experiments with small water concentration gradients, but also the results in this study provide physical insight into the transport mechanisms of water and relaxation phenomena in solid-state polymer electrolytes.
Melting Kinetics of Nascent Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Powder (2020)

The melting behavior of nascent poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) was investigated by way of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It is well known that the melting temperature of nascent PTFE is about 344 ∘ C, but reduces to 327 ∘ C for once molten material. In this study, the melting temperature of nascent PTFE crystals was found to strongly depend on heating rate, decreasing considerably for slow heating rates. In addition, during isothermal experiments in the temperature range of 327 ∘ C < T < 344 ∘ C, delayed melting of PTFE was observed, with complete melting only occurring after up to several hours. The melting kinetics of nascent PTFE were analyzed by means of the isoconversional methodology, and an apparent activation energy of melting, dependent on the conversion, was determined. The compensation effect was utilized in order to derive the pre-exponential factor of the kinetic model. The numerical reconstruction of the kinetic model was compared with literature models and an Avrami-Erofeev model was identified as best fit of the experimental data. The predictions of the kinetic model were in good agreement with the observed time-dependent melting of nascent PTFE during isothermal and constant heating-rate experiments.
Unsupervised Languagemodel Adaptation for Meeting Recognition (2007)

We present an application of unsupervised language model (ML) adaptation to meeting recognition, in a scenario where sequences of multiparty meetings on related topics are to be recognized, but no prior in-domain data for LM training is available. The recognizer LMs are adapted according to the recognition output on temporally preceding meetings, either in speaker-dependent or speaker-independent mode. Model adaptation is carried out by interpolating the n-gram probabilities of a large generic LM with those of a small LM estimated from adaptation data, and minimizing perplexity on the automatic transcripts of a separate meeting set, also previously recognized. The adapted LMs yield about 5.9% relative reduction in word error compared to the baseline. This improvement is about half of what can be achieved with supervised adaptation, i.e. using human-generated speech transcripts.
Exercise training prevents Ca2+ dysregulation in coronary smooth muscle from diabetic dyslipidemic yucatan swine (2006)

Aerobic exercise training is known to have profound cardioprotective effects in disease, yet cellular mechanisms remain largely undefined. We tested the hypothesis that increased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) buffering and increased voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel density underlie coronary smooth muscle intracellular Ca(2+) (Ca(2+)(i)) dysregulation in diabetic dyslipidemia and that exercise training would prevent these increases. Yucatan swine were maintained in 1) control, 2) alloxan-induced hyperglycemic, 3) high fat/cholesterol fed, 4) hyperglycemic plus high fat/cholesterol fed (diabetic dyslipidemic), and 5) diabetic dyslipidemic plus exercise-trained (treadmill running) conditions. After 20 wk, the heart was removed and smooth muscle cells isolated from the right coronary artery. We utilized fura-2 imaging of Ca(2+)(i) levels to separate the functional role of the sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) from the Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger and the plasmalemmal Ca(2+)-ATPase, and whole-cell patch clamp to examine voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel current density (i.e., Ca(2+) influx). Results indicated that diabetic dyslipidemia impaired plasmalemmal Ca(2+) efflux, increased basal Ca(2+)(i) levels, increased SERCA protein and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)(i) buffering, and elicited an approximately 50% decrease in voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel current density. Exercise training concurrent with the diabetic dyslipidemic state restored plasmalemmal Ca(2+) efflux, SERCA protein, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)(i) buffering, and voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel current density to control levels. Interestingly, basal Ca(2+)(i) levels were significantly lower in the exercise-trained group compared with control. Collectively, these results demonstrate a crucial role for exercise in the prevention of diabetic dyslipidemia-induced Ca(2+)(i) dysregulation.
Directed Evolution of Therapeutic Antibodies Targeting Glycosylation in Cancer (2020)

Glycosylation patterns commonly change in cancer, resulting in expression of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA). While promising, currently available anti-glycan antibodies are not useful for clinical cancer therapy. Here, we show that potent anti-glycan antibodies can be engineered to acquire cancer therapeutic efficacy. We designed yeast surface display to generate and select for therapeutic antibodies against the TACA SLe<sup>a</sup> (CA19-9) in colon and pancreatic cancers. Elite clones showed increased affinity, better specificity, improved binding of human pancreatic and colon cancer cell lines, and increased complement-dependent therapeutic efficacy. Molecular modeling explained the structural basis for improved antibody functionality at the molecular level. These new tools of directed molecular evolution and selection for effective anti-glycan antibodies, provide insights into the mechanisms of cancer therapy targeting glycosylation, and provide major methodological advances that are likely to open up innovative avenues of research in the field of cancer theranostics.