gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the experimental BOLD signal change in event‐related fMRI with the balloon model (2001)

Event-related functional MRI (ER-fMRI) based on both blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast and cerebral blood flow (CBF) contrast has been developed to study the human brain response to transient stimulation. A balloon model has been developed and used in understanding the relationship between changes in CBF and in the BOLD signal in block-designed fMRI. In this report, the balloon model was used to interpret experimental event-related fMRI. Using experimental data acquired from CBF-based ER-fMRI as an input function in the balloon model, simulated BOLD signal changes were obtained. The simulated time course of the BOLD signal changes was directly compared with the experimentally acquired data. A chi-square (chi(2)) test showed excellent correlation between the simulated and experimental data (alpha <or= 0.05). Our results have demonstrated that the balloon model is useful in interpreting the transient features of the experimental data from the ER-fMRI studies.
Structural sparsification for Far-field Speaker Recognition with GNA (2019)

Recently, deep neural networks (DNN) have been widely used in speaker recognition area. In order to achieve fast response time and high accuracy, the requirements for hardware resources increase rapidly. However, as the speaker recognition application is often implemented on mobile devices, it is necessary to maintain a low computational cost while keeping high accuracy in far-field condition. In this paper, we apply structural sparsification on time-delay neural networks (TDNN) to remove redundant structures and accelerate the execution. On our targeted hardware, our model can remove 60% of parameters and only slightly increasing equal error rate (EER) by 0.18% while our structural sparse model can achieve more than 1.5x speedup.
Theory of the thermal expansion of Si and diamond (1991)

Phonon-dispersion curves, lattice mode Gr\"uneisen parameters, and the coefficients of thermal expansion are calculated for Si and C within a tight-binding model. The results are in good agreement with experimental data. The origin of the negative thermal expansion in Si is examined, and we find that the different thermal-expansion behaviors between Si and C can be explained by the different relative strengths of bond-bending and bond-stretching forces.
Characterisation of a Reconstituted Mg‐ATP‐Dependent Protein Phosphatase (1983)

Homogenous preparations of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase-1 and inhibitor-2 can be combined to produce an inactive enzyme that consists of a 1:1 complex between these two proteins. This species is indistinguishable from the Mg-ATP-dependent protein phosphatase in that preincubation with glycogen synthase kinase-3 and Mg-ATP is required to generate activity. Activation results from the phosphorylation of inhibitor-2. The molar concentrations of protein phosphatase-1 and inhibitor-2 in rabbit skeletal muscle (0.25-0.5 microM) are similar. Incubation of the reconstituted Mg-ATP-dependent protein phosphatase with chymotrypsin is accompanied by limited proteolysis of inhibitor-2 and the loss of its phosphorylation site(s). This species can be activated by glycogen synthase kinase-3 and Mg-ATP provided that inhibitor-2 is added. This exogenous inhibitor-2 appears to displace the fragments of inhibitor-2 from the enzyme that were generated by chymotryptic digestion. These experiments may explain the report [Yang, S.D., Vandenheede, J.R. and Merlevede, W. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 10231-10234] that inhibitor-2 can function as an 'activator' as well as an inhibitor of the Mg-ATP-dependent protein phosphatase. Incubation of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase-1 with sodium fluoride or sodium pyrophosphate converted the enzyme to an inactive form that could be partially reactivated by manganese ions, but not by glycogen synthase kinase-3 and Mg-ATP. Conversely, the reconstituted Mg-ATP-dependent protein phosphatase could only be activated by glycogen synthase kinase-3 and Mg-ATP, and not by manganese ions. It is concluded that the conversion of protein phosphatase-1 to a manganese-ion dependent form is a quite separate phenomenon from the formation of the Mg-ATP-dependent protein phosphatase. Inhibitor-2 can inactivate protein phosphatase-1 by a second mechanism that is not reversed by preincubation with glycogen synthase kinase-3 and Mg-ATP. This occurs at higher concentrations of inhibitor-2 than those required to form the Mg-ATP-dependent protein phosphatase, and appears to result from the binding of inhibitor-2 to a distinct site on the enzyme.
Challenges for Further Power Scaling of Single-Mode Fiber Lasers (2015)

Further advances in mode control and mitigation of quantum defect heating are essential for further progress of single-mode fiber lasers. We will report on our recent works on advanced fibers, materials and fiber lasers.
Controlled Oxidative Cutting of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2005)

The oxidation reaction of piranha solutions with purified HiPco carbon nanotubes was measured as a function of temperature. At high temperatures, piranha is capable of attacking existing damage sites, generating vacancies in the graphene sidewall, and consuming the oxidized vacancies to yield short, cut nanotubes. Increased reaction time results in increasingly shorter nanotubes. However, significant sidewall damage occurs as well as selective etching of the smaller diameter nanotubes. On the other hand, room-temperature piranha treatments show the capability of cutting existing damage sites with minimal carbon loss, slow etch rates, and little sidewall damage. Combined with a method of introducing controlled amounts of damage sites, these room-temperature piranha solutions have the potential to yield an efficient means of creating short, cut nanotubes.
Short-Acting β-Adrenergic Antagonist Esmolol Given at Reperfusion Improves Survival After Prolonged Ventricular Fibrillation (2004)

Transcardiac and ISF norepinephrine and epinephrine levels are briefly massively elevated after 8 minutes of VF, defibrillation, and reperfusion. A short-acting beta-antagonist administered immediately after defibrillation improves return of spontaneous circulation and 4-hour survival after this prolonged VF.
In‐line optical fiber metallic mirror reflector for monolithic common path optical coherence tomography probes (2017)

We developed a miniaturized monolithic inline fiber mirror-based common path probe for optical coherence tomography. Owing to its simplicity, our design will be helpful in endoscopic applications that require high-resolution probes in a compact form factor while reducing system complexity. Lasers Surg. Med. 50:230-235, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Пептидная регуляция основных функций организма (2010)

It has been proved that problems with peptide biological regulation decreases the resistance of the body to destabilizing factors of the external and internal environment, which is the main reason for accelerated aging and pathological processes associated with aging. The tests done by St. Petersburg Institute of Biological Regulation and Gerontology showed that peptides are capable of inducing the cell differentiation depending on the structure of the additive. It has also been proved that a targeted induction of differentiated pluripotential cells and the use of the biological cell reserves of human organs and tissues can prolongate life. The article tells about the results of preclinical studies of peptide medicines at different stages.
Modeling-Enabled Systems Nutritional Immunology (2016)

This review highlights the fundamental role of nutrition in the maintenance of health, the immune response, and disease prevention. Emerging global mechanistic insights in the field of nutritional immunology cannot be gained through reductionist methods alone or by analyzing a single nutrient at a time. We propose to investigate nutritional immunology as a massively interacting system of interconnected multistage and multiscale networks that encompass hidden mechanisms by which nutrition, microbiome, metabolism, genetic predisposition, and the immune system interact to delineate health and disease. The review sets an unconventional path to apply complex science methodologies to nutritional immunology research, discovery, and development through "use cases" centered around the impact of nutrition on the gut microbiome and immune responses. Our systems nutritional immunology analyses, which include modeling and informatics methodologies in combination with pre-clinical and clinical studies, have the potential to discover emerging systems-wide properties at the interface of the immune system, nutrition, microbiome, and metabolism.
Optimal Regioselectivity Control in Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Terminal Olefins (2019)

Electrochemical Wacker oxidation of terminal olefins has been among the most interesting reactions from an industrial standpoint. However, the poor regioselectivity and contamination of products with palladium (Pd) catalysts have been the main drawbacks of its commercialization. Herein, rational preparation, as well as catalytic, structural, and electrochemical properties analysis of solid-supported Pd on graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) highly active catalysts for regioselective Wacker-type electrooxidation of terminal olefins is presented. The prepared catalysts improved by two orders of magnitude the electrocatalytic oxidation of 1-octene compared to the conventional homogeneously-catalyzed reactions. The control over oxidation regioselectivity via minimization of the cathodic reduction reaction was also confirmed.To be presented at: the 235th ECS Meeting, Dallas, TX. May 26-31, 2019. Symposium Selection:Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry General Session 2Slot:Monday, 27 May 2019: 14:00-16:00Scheduled Time:15:20Final #:L01-1899
Information-Theoretic Approximation to Causal Models (2020)

Inferring the causal direction and causal effect between two discrete random variables X and Y from a finite sample is often a crucial problem and a challenging task. However, if we have access to observational and interventional data, it is possible to solve that task. If X is causing Y, then it does not matter if we observe an effect in Y by observing changes in X or by intervening actively on X. This invariance principle creates a link between observational and interventional distributions in a higher dimensional probability space. We embed distributions that originate from samples of X and Y into that higher dimensional space such that the embedded distribution is closest to the distributions that follow the invariance principle, with respect to the relative entropy. This allows us to calculate the best information-theoretic approximation for a given empirical distribution, that follows an assumed underlying causal model. We show that this information-theoretic approximation to causal models (IACM) can be done by solving a linear optimization problem. In particular, by approximating the empirical distribution to a monotonic causal model, we can calculate probabilities of causation. We can also use IACM for causal discovery problems in the bivariate, discrete case. However, experimental results on labeled synthetic data from additive noise models show that our causal discovery approach is lagging behind state-of-the-art approaches because the invariance principle encodes only a necessary condition for causal relations. Nevertheless, for synthetic multiplicative noise data and real-world data, our approach can compete in some cases with alternative methods.
Nonlinear Fabry-Perot characteristics of a thin film near the TIR state (1983)

The electrodynamic and nonlinear optical properties of an interface between two media, one of which is nonlinear, have been studied in the context of optical switching and bistability. In this paper we consider the case in which a thin-film nonlinear material is sandwiched between two higher-index dielectric media; i.e., there are two interfaces. For an optical beam incident near the total internal re- flection state the large reflectivity of the two inter- faces gives rise to Fabry-Perot transmission/re- flection. This together with the nonlinear phase shift that can be induced in the thin film makes it possible for the system to perform switching and bistable operations.
Supplementary Data from Transcriptional Analysis of an E2F Gene Signature as a Biomarker of Activity of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor PHA-793887 in Tumor and Skin Biopsies from a Phase I Clinical Study (2023)

Supplementary Data from Transcriptional Analysis of an E2F Gene Signature as a Biomarker of Activity of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor PHA-793887 in Tumor and Skin Biopsies from a Phase I Clinical Study
The isolation and identification of a high-productive strain of dextranase and its optimum medium of flask fermentation (2003)

Screening by mutation and identifying by Bergey Methods, a highproductive strain producing a kind of enzyme to decompose dextran was obtained and proved to be B. substile, which its enzyme activity is 97#mu#/mL. And then a series of experiments were done to studied the optimum medium of flask fermentation. The results is glucose 4%, (NH_(4))_(2)HPO_(4) 0.03%,KH_(2)PO_(4) 0.15%,MgSO_(4) 0.1%,etc.
Hybrid Approach to Adaptive OCR for Historical Books (2011)

Optical character recognition (OCR) technology is widely used to convert scanned documents to text. However, historical books still remain a challenge for state-of-the-art OCR engines. This work proposes a new approach to the OCR of large bodies of text by creating an adaptive mechanism that adjusts itself to each text being processed. This approach provides significant improvements to the OCR results achieved. Our approach uses a modified hierarchical optical flow with a second-order regularization term to compare each new character with the set of super-symbols (character templates) by using its distance maps. The classification process is based on a hybrid approach combining measures of geometrical differences (spatial domain) and distortion gradients (feature domain).
ATP Synthesis by the F0F1 ATP Synthase from Thermophilic Bacillus PS3 Reconstituted into Liposomes with Bacteriorhodopsin (1996)

The correlation between the rate of ATP synthesis and light-induced proton flux was investigated in proteoliposomes reconstituted with bacteriorhodopsin and ATP synthase from thermophilic Bacillus PS3. By variation of the actinic light intensity it was found that ATP synthase activity depended in a sigmoidal manner on the amplitude of the transmembrane light-induced pH gradient. Maximal rates of ATP synthesis (up to to 200 nmol ATP x min(-1) x mg protein (-1) were obtained at saturating light intensities under a steady-state pH gradient of about pH 1.25. It was demonstrated that this was the maximal deltapH attainable at 40 degrees C in reconstituted proteoliposomes, due to the feedback inhibition of bacteriorhodopsin by the proton gradient it generates. In the absence of valinomycin, a small but significant transmembrane electrical potential could develop at 40 degrees C, contributing to an increase in the rate of ATP synthesis. The H+/ATP stoichiometry was measured at the static-head (equilibrium) conditions from the ratio of the phosphate potential to the size of the light-induced pH gradient and a value of about four was obtained under the maximal electrochemical proton gradient. Increasing the amount of bacteriorhodopsin in the proteoliposomes at a constant F0F1 concentration led to a large increase in the rate of ATP synthesis whereas the magnitude of delta pH remained the same or, at very high bacteriorhodopsin levels, decreased. Consequently the H+/ATP stoichiometry was found to increase significantly with increasing bacteriorhodopsin content. Reconstitutions with mixtures of native and impaired bacteriorhodopsin (Asp96-->Asn mutated bacteriorhodopsin) further demonstrated that this increase in the coupling efficiency could not be related to protein-protein interactions but rather to bacteriorhodopsin donating H+ to the ATP synthase. Increasing the amount of negatively charged phospholipids in the proteoliposomes also increased the coupling efficiency between bacteriorhodopsin and ATP synthase at a constant transmembrane pH gradient. Similar results were obtained with chloroplast ATP synthase. Furthermore, ATP synthase activities induced by delta pH/delta psi transitions were independent of bacteriorhodopsin or anionic lipid levels. These observations were interpreted as indicating that, in bacteriorhodopsin/ATP synthase, proteoliposomes, a localized pathway for coupling light-driven H+ transport by bacteriorhodopsin to ATP synthesis by F0F1 might exist under specific experimental conditions.
Evaluation of a new intelligent speed advisory system using hardware-in-the-loop simulation (2013)

In this paper we present a recently developed speed advisory system for ITS applications. A real vehicle embedded in a large scale SUMO simulation is used to demonstrate the efficacy of such a system.
A SPAD-Based Visible Light Communications Receiver Employing Higher Order Modulation (2014)

This paper studies complex modulation schemes, including orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), received by a single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array integrated circuit (IC). A SPAD operates in the Geiger mode, and is able to detect single photons. This feature enables order of magnitude receiver sensitivity in intensity modulation (IM) / direct detection (DD) Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems. The tradeoff between received power and bit error ratio (BER) using both pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) and OFDM is shown. A first order model of the noise in a digital SPAD receiver is derived. The noise in the experimental receiver chip approaches the predicted noise in our model, and we achieve receiver sensitivity of $-$64 dBm with a 100 kbit/s signal at a BER of 10^-5. It is concluded that future improvements in SPAD VLC receiver architecture will allow sensitivity to approach the quantum limit.
Improving Learning-from-Crowds through Expert Validation (2017)

Although several effective learning-from-crowd methods have been developed to infer correct labels from noisy crowdsourced labels, a method for post-processed expert validation is still needed. This paper introduces a semi-supervised learning algorithm that is capable of selecting the most informative instances and maximizing the influence of expert labels. Specifically, we have developed a complete uncertainty assessment to facilitate the selection of the most informative instances. The expert labels are then propagated to similar instances via regularized Bayesian inference. Experiments on both real-world and simulated datasets indicate that given a specific accuracy goal (e.g., 95%) our method reduces expert effort from 39% to 60% compared with the state-of-the-art method.
<title>Development of thin-film flat-panel arrays for diagnostic and radiotherapy imaging</title> (1992)

Since the design and fabrication of the first pixelated, two-dimensional, hydrogenated amorphous silicon image sensor arrays at Xerox, PARC, in 1988, a variety of milestones have been achieved including the first demonstration of high quality radiographic images of low- contrast, anatomical detail. Current array configurations and design rules offer the prospect of 100 micrometers pixel pitches over 30 by 30 cm2 areas in the next few years. Beyond this, present attempts to extend the size of the substrates to 100 cm on the diagonal by 1996 coupled with the possibility of three-dimensional thin-film electronics could eventually result in a revolution in many forms of x-ray imaging. Such arrays will present challenges in the design of the fast, analog, and digital electronic readout systems required to precisely match the characteristics of the arrays to those of the imaging needs. For such arrays, one of the most important parameters is the dynamic range. Early results are reported for the measured limits on this quantity as obtained through measurements from individual sensors and FETs as well as an improved lower limit as obtained by direct measurements of array pixels.
Operando Measurement of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation at Working Electrode of Li-Ion Battery by Time-Slicing Neutron Reflectometry (2016)

We report the first operando measurement of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation at an electrode using in situ neutron reflectometry. The results revealed the growth of the SEI and intercalation of ions during the charge reaction. Furthermore, we propose a way of evaluating the charge used for the SEI formation.
10 A, 2.4 kV Power DiMOSFETs in 4H-SiC (2002)

We report the characteristics of large area (3.3 /spl times/ 3.3 mm/sup 2/) high-voltage 4H-SiC DiMOSFETs. The MOSFETs show a peak MOS channel mobility of 22 cm/sup 2//V/spl middot/s and a threshold voltage of 8.5 V at room temperature. The DiMOSFETs exhibit an on-resistance of 4.2 m/spl Omega//spl middot/cm/sup 2/ at room temperature and 85 m/spl Omega//spl middot/cm/sup 2/ at 200/spl deg/C. Stable avalanche characteristics at approximately 2.4 kV are observed. An on-current of 10 A is measured on a 0.103 cm/sup 2/ device. High switching speed is also demonstrated. This suggests that the devices are capable of high-voltage, high-frequency, low-loss switching applications.
Higher Rank Interference Effect on Weak Beamforming or OSTBC Terminals (2015)

Spatial multiplexing is one of the multi-antenna techniques employed by current generation wireless systems. Based on existing research, spatial multiplexing is known to be susceptible to interference. However, it is not well known what the effect of spatial multiplexing on other transmissions is, i.e., how does user performance depend on whether a neighboring cochannel interferer applies a single (spatial) stream or a multi stream transmission. This work attempts to alleviate this shortcoming by analyzing the impact of interference rank (number of spatial streams) on a beamforming and orthogonal space-time block coded user transmission. We generalize existing analytical results on signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio distribution and outage probability under arbitrary number of unequal power interferers. Our results are in close form and include interference rank as a parameter, allowing for a thorough study of its impact. Analysis shows that higher rank interference causes lower outage probability, and can support higher outage threshold especially in the case of beamforming.
Prevalence and Pathology of West Nile Virus in Naturally Infected House Sparrows, Western Nebraska, 2008 (2010)

Nestling birds are rarely sampled in the field for most arboviruses, yet they may be important in arbovirus amplification cycles. We sampled both nestling and adult house sparrows ( Passer domesticus ) in western Nebraska for West Nile virus (WNV) or WNV-specific antibodies throughout the summer of 2008 and describe pathology in naturally infected nestlings. Across the summer, 4% of nestling house sparrows were WNV-positive; for the month of August alone, 12.3% were positive. Two WNV-positive nestlings exhibited encephalitis, splenomegaly, hepatic necrosis, nephrosis, and myocarditis. One nestling sparrow had large mural thrombi in the atria and ventricle and immunohistochemical staining of WNV antigen in multiple organs including the wall of the aorta and pulmonary artery; cardiac insufficiency thus may have been a cause of death. Adult house sparrows showed an overall seroprevalence of 13.8% that did not change significantly across the summer months. The WNV-positive nestlings and the majority of seropositive adults were detected within separate spatial clusters. Nestling birds, especially those reared late in the summer when WNV activity is typically greatest, may be important in virus amplification.