gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Angle-stable interlocking nailing in a canine critical-sized femoral defect model for bone regeneration studies: In pursuit of the principle of the 3R’s (2022)

<b>Introduction:</b> Critical-sized long bone defects represent a major therapeutic challenge and current treatment strategies are not without complication. Tissue engineering holds much promise for these debilitating injuries; however, these strategies often fail to successfully translate from rodent studies to the clinical setting. The dog represents a strong model for translational orthopedic studies, however such studies should be optimized in pursuit of the Principle of the 3R's of animal research (replace, reduce, refine). The objective of this study was to refine a canine critical-sized femoral defect model using an angle-stable interlocking nail (AS-ILN) and reduce total animal numbers by performing imaging, biomechanics, and histology on the same cohort of dogs. <b>Methods:</b> Six skeletally mature hounds underwent a 4 cm mid-diaphyseal femoral ostectomy followed by stabilization with an AS-ILN. Dogs were assigned to autograft (<i>n</i> = 3) or negative control (<i>n</i> = 3) treatment groups. At 6, 12, and 18 weeks, healing was quantified by ordinal radiographic scoring and quantified CT. After euthanasia, femurs from the autograft group were mechanically evaluated using an established torsional loading protocol. Femurs were subsequently assessed histologically. <b>Results:</b> Surgery was performed without complication and the AS-ILN provided appropriate fixation for the duration of the study. Dogs assigned to the autograft group achieved radiographic union by 12 weeks, whereas the negative control group experienced non-union. At 18 weeks, median bone and soft tissue callus volume were 9,001 mm<sup>3</sup> (range: 4,939-10,061) for the autograft group and 3,469 mm<sup>3</sup> (range: 3,085-3,854) for the negative control group. Median torsional stiffness for the operated, autograft treatment group was 0.19 Nm/° (range: 0.19-1.67) and torque at failure was 12.0 Nm (range: 1.7-14.0). Histologically, callus formation and associated endochondral ossification were identified in the autograft treatment group, whereas fibrovascular tissue occupied the critical-sized defect in negative controls. <b>Conclusion:</b> In a canine critical-sized defect model, the AS-ILN and described outcome measures allowed refinement and reduction consistent with the Principle of the 3R's of ethical animal research. This model is well-suited for future canine translational bone tissue engineering studies.
The structure of a glycogen phosphorylase glucopyranose spirohydantoin complex at 1.8 Å resolution and 100 K: The role of the water structure and its contribution to binding (1998)

A glucopyranose spirohydantoin (a pyranose analogue of the potent herbicide, hydantocidin) has been identified as the highest affinity glucose analogue inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase b (GPb). In order to elucidate the structural features that contribute to the binding, the structures of GPb in the native T state conformation and in complex with glucopyranose spirohydantoin have been determined at 100 K to 2.0 A and 1.8 A resolution, respectively, and refined to crystallographic R values of 0.197 (R[free] 0.248) and 0.182 (R[free] 0.229), respectively. The low temperature structure of GPb is almost identical to that of the previously determined room temperature structure, apart from a decrease in overall atomic temperature factors ((B) room temperature GPb = 34.9 A2; (B) 100 K GPb = 23.4 A2). The glucopyranose spirohydantoin inhibitor (Ki = 3.0 microM) binds at the catalytic site and induces small changes in two key regions of the protein: the 280s loop (residues 281-286) that results in a decrease in mobility of this region, and the 380s loop (residues 377-385) that undergoes more significant shifts in order to optimize contact to the ligand. The hydantoin group, that is responsible for increasing the affinity of the glucose compound by a factor of 10(3), makes only one hydrogen bond to the protein, from one of its NH groups to the main chain oxygen of His377. The other polar groups of the hydantoin group form hydrogen bonds to five water molecules. These waters are involved in extensive networks of hydrogen bonds and appear to be an integral part of the protein structure. Analysis of the water structure at the catalytic site of the native enzyme, shows that five waters are displaced by ligand binding and that there is a significant decrease in mobility of the remaining waters on formation of the GPb-hydantoin complex. The ability of the inhibitor to exploit existing waters, to displace waters and to recruit new waters appears to be important for the high affinity of the inhibitor.
Immunotherapeutic agents in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized trials (2008)

Long-term immunotherapy may preserve beta-cell function in newly diagnosed patients with type 1 diabetes. Patients and clinicians must await the conduct of rigorous trials reporting on diabetes resolution, adverse events, and other patient-important outcomes.
Metallocorroles as Non‐Precious Metal Electrocatalysts for Highly Efficient Oxygen Reduction in Alkaline Media (2016)

Abstract A series of non‐precious metal complexes, composed of five first‐row transition‐metal complexes with β‐pyrrole‐brominated 5,10,15‐tris(pentafluorophenyl)corroles [M(tpfcBr 8 ), M=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu], was investigated as catalysts for oxygen reduction in an alkaline solution (0.1 m KOH). The corroles were adsorbed on a high surface area carbon powder (BP2000) prior to electrochemical measurements to create a unique composite material. The comparison between the different metal complexes revealed a high oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalytic performance in the case of the Fe‐ and Co‐corroles. These complexes reduce oxygen at very low overpotentials (with E 1/2 =0.79 V and 0.77 V vs. RHE, respectively), which is better than other well‐defined molecular catalysts and comparable to that of Pt on carbon (XC‐72). The mechanism by which the most active complexes catalyze the ORR in alkaline solutions was also studied, disclosing that the dominant reaction path is a four‐electron reduction of molecular oxygen to hydroxide.
An approximate high gain observer for speed-sensorless estimation of induction motors (2018)

Rotor speed estimation for induction motors is a key problem in speed-sensorless motor drives. This paper performs nonlinear high gain observer design based on the full-order model of the induction motor. Such an effort appears nontrivial due to the fact that the full-model at best admits locally a non-triangular observable form (NTOF), and its analytical representation in the NTOF can not be obtained. This paper proposes an approximate high gain estimation algorithm, which enjoys a constructive design, ease of tuning, and improved speed estimation and tracking performance. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Femtosecond interferometry : absolute measurements of optical susceptibilities (1994)

An improved time resolved interferometric technique characterizes the optical nonlinear response of various liquids and solids. Absolute values of optical third order susceptibilities have been measured and molecular dynamics extracted from coherent signals. Subfemtosecond processes have been evidenced using this new analysis.
Enumeration as a Tool for Structure Solution: A Materials Genomic Approach to Solving the Cation-Ordered Structure of Na3V2(PO4)2F3 (2020)

While powder diffraction methods are routinely utilized to optimize structural models for compounds whose crystal structures are known, the determination of unknown structures is far more challenging. When the unknown structure is large, structure solution can become a virtually intractable problem using standard structure solution methodologies, especially when the space group cannot be unambiguously resolved. One such system is the promising Na-ion battery cathode material Na3V2(PO4)2F3, whose high-temperature and room-temperature structures were previously solved, but whose more complex low-temperature structure could not be determined. Here, a novel materials genomic approach is demonstrated for the solution of the unknown 100 K structure of Na3V2(PO4)2F3 in which enumeration methods are first used to generate a large number (∼3000) of trial structures based on plausible orderings of Na ions and then automated Rietveld refinements are carried out to optimize each of these trial structures. Based on both the analysis of the ensemble of optimized trial structures and the density functional theory energy minimization of selected trial structures, the 100 K structure of Na3V2(PO4)2F3 is best described as belonging to the space group A21am with unit cell dimensions of a = 9.01928(4), b = 27.1379(1), and c = 10.73307(5). The 100 K unit cell has a large volume of 2627.07(2) Å3 with Z = 12 and 33 independent crystallographic sites (9 Na, 3 V, 3 P, 12 O, and 6 F) that is 3× and 6× larger than the room- and high-temperature polymorphs of this phase, respectively. The novel methods described here will be generally applicable for the solution of the complex cation-ordered structures that commonly occur for battery materials.
Successful ray modeling of acoustic multipaths over a 3000-km section in the Pacific (1994)

A new ray model is compared with tomographic data from basin-scale transmissions in the northeast Pacific (250 Hz, 0.016-ms resolution, ∼3000 km). Model calculations resemble the arrival pattern of the acoustic multipaths quite well. To date, this is the longest distance in the ocean over which ray theory has been shown to accurately predict the acoustic impulse response of the ocean. The new ray model confirms previous analysis that basin-scale tomography is feasible and that the international algorithm for the speed of sound in seawater is too fast. However, the new ray model looks much more like the data than the previous ray model because the new model has a more realistic bottom and a more realistic sound-speed field. At 3000 km, there is no evidence that ray theory suffers from any lack of predictability due to chaotic behavior in this particular experiment. The new model is suitable for automating the identification of acoustic multipaths over basin scales.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry and Structure of Modified Uridine Dinucleosides Are Determined by Thiolation (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Antibacterial Properties of Dental Luting Agents: Potential to Hinder the Development of Secondary Caries (2012)

A modified direct contact test was used to evaluate the antibacterial properties of four commercially available dental luting agents (RelyX Unicem, Ketac Cem, Ceramir Crown & Bridge and Harvard Cement) and two reference materials (glass-ionomer cement and calcium aluminate cement) compared to a negative-control material (PMMA). Streptococcus mutans bacteria were placed in direct contact with specimens that had been aged for 10 min, 1 day, and 7 days, in order to test the antibacterial properties of the materials. A metabolic assay containing resazurin was used to quantify the amount of viable bacteria remaining after the direct contact tests. The effects of pH and fluoride on bacteria proliferation were also evaluated. Strongest antibacterial properties were found for calcium aluminate cement, followed by Ceramir Crown & Bridge and RelyX Unicem. Ketac Cem, Harvard Cement, and the reference glass-ionomer cement showed bacteria content either higher than or not significantly different from the PMMA control in all instances. pH levels below 6.3 and above 9.0 were found to have negative effects on bacterial proliferation. No correlation between either acidic materials or fluoride release and antibacterial properties could be seen; rather, basic materials showed stronger antibacterial properties.
Measurement of the ratio of branching fractions ℬ B c + → J / ψ K + / ℬ B c + → J / ψ π + $$ \mathrm{\mathcal{B}}\left({\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{c}}^{+}\to \mathrm{J}/{\uppsi \mathrm{K}}^{+}\right)/\mathrm{\mathcal{B}}\left({\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{c}}^{+}\to \mathrm{J}/{\uppsi \uppi}^{+}\right) $$ (2016)

The ratio of branching fractions R K/ B(B + c J/ K + )/B(B + c J/ + ) is measured with pp collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at centre-of-mass energies of 7 TeV and 8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb -1 . It is found to be R K/ = 0.079 0.007 0.003, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. This measurement is consistent with the previous LHCb result, while the uncertainties are significantly reduced.
ChemInform Abstract: AN ANODIC OXIDATION TECHNIQUE FOR THE GROWTH OF TRANSPARENT CONDUCTING LAYERS OF TIN DIOXIDE (1985)

Abstract Bis zu 1 um dicke, auf Glassubstrate aufgedampfte Sn‐Schichten werden in einem Bad aus l.5g NazEDTA, 100 ml MeOH und 100 ml H 2 O bei 30°C und 3 mA cm4 zu vollständig durchsichtigen (350‐70O nm) SnO 2 ‐Schichten oxidiert.
Measurement of small charge transfer optical absorption bands by modulation spectroscopy (1981)

An optical modulation apparatus is described for the measurements of very weak (ε&amp;lt;1 M−1 cm−1) charge transfer optical absorption bands between electron donor–acceptor complexes. Such small bands, which are of interest in understanding the mechanism of electron transfer in physical, chemical, and biological systems, are undetectable by more traditional methods of optical spectroscopy due to their small size and their superposition on much larger background sample absorptions. An additional feature of the method is that the kinetics of the electron returning to its equilibrium state following photo-induced charge transfer can be measured.
An Alternative Approach to Genetic Engineered Alfalfa (2007)

It may not be entirely surprising that the release of a glyphosate tolerant alfalfa crop has been received as highly controversial. Roundup Ready ® alfalfa is different from other GE crops in that its pollen is easily dispersed by honey bees over distances that can exceed three kilometers. Transgenic pollen is likely to fertilize flowers of untransformed alfalfa plants that grow on an estimated 20 million acres throughout the United States. The resulting contamination of seed with foreign DNA may compromise the perceived quality, sale, and export market of alfalfa. Furthermore, introduction of yet another Roundup Ready ® large-acreage crop results in an inevitable increase in glyphosate usage while encouraging the further establishment of glyphosate resistant weed populations. All these issues resulted in a recently imposed injunction, in effect revoking the 2005 approval of Roundup Ready® alfalfa.1 Although preparation of an environmental impact statement, to be released about a year from now, may convince the court to issue permanent injunctive relief, there will continue to be concerns about the production of Roundup Ready® alfalfa. It seems, therefore, imperative to develop alternative approaches to genetic engineering that make it possible to genetically modify crops while addressing most of the controversial issues associated with the original GE alfalfa crop. A recent study published in Transgenic Research demonstrates that the quality of alfalfa can be enhanced without incorporating marker genes or other types of foreign DNA into the crop.2 One aspect of this new approach is the employment of a new marker-free transformation procedure. This method was developed by first incubating two-day old
High internal efficiency designs (2006)

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Solution of the Holstein equation of radiation trapping by the geometric quantization technique. II. Two- and three-dimensional geometries (1999)

We solve the Holstein equation describing radiation trapping in an atomic vapor by the geometric quantization technique. The treatment is based on studying the integral trapping equation as a wave equation for an associated quasiparticle with a complicated form of its dispersion law. The latter is determined by the spectral properties of the vapor medium. Extending our previous work, which dealt with one-dimensional (1D) geometries, we consider here more realistic two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) vapor cell geometries. For this, an explicit representation of the phase factors is derived when the quasiparticle is reflected under arbitrary angles from the surface of the cell confining the vapor. We give closed-form equations to obtain analytically the complete 3D spectrum of escape factors in finite cylinder, sphere, parallelepiped, and finite prismlike geometries for all practically occurring line shapes and opacities. In addition, the relevant semiclassical variational method is applied to develop a perturbation theory for the evaluation of escape factors in more complicated geometries that are sometimes adopted in experiments, including infinite (or finite) elliptical cylinders, prolate and oblate ellipsoids. Comparisons with numerical calculations show that results are accurate within $5%$ for the ground modes and even better for higher-order modes.
Muticoloured electrochromic polymers derived from easily oxidized bis[2-(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thienyl]carbazoles (1996)

Two bis[2-(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thienyl]carbazole-based polymers are synthesized by the electropolymerization of highly conjugated, low-oxidation potential monomers; these polymers exhibit multicolour electrochromic behaviour, each possessing three separate accessible states.
Standard Guidelines for the Chromosome-Centric Human Proteome Project (2012)

The objective of the international Chromosome-Centric Human Proteome Project (C-HPP) is to map and annotate all proteins encoded by the genes on each human chromosome. The C-HPP consortium was established to organize a collaborative network among the research teams responsible for protein mapping of individual chromosomes and to identify compelling biological and genetic mechanisms influencing colocated genes and their protein products. The C-HPP aims to foster the development of proteome analysis and integration of the findings from related molecular -omics technology platforms through collaborations among universities, industries, and private research groups. The C-HPP consortium leadership has elicited broad input for standard guidelines to manage these international efforts more efficiently by mobilizing existing resources and collaborative networks. The C-HPP guidelines set out the collaborative consensus of the C-HPP teams, introduce topics associated with experimental approaches, data production, quality control, treatment, and transparency of data, governance of the consortium, and collaborative benefits. A companion approach for the Biology and Disease-Driven HPP (B/D-HPP) component of the Human Proteome Project is currently being organized, building upon the Human Proteome Organization's organ-based and biofluid-based initiatives (www.hupo.org/research). The common application of these guidelines in the participating laboratories is expected to facilitate the goal of a comprehensive analysis of the human proteome.
Human Detection and Segmentation via Multi-view Consensus (2021)

Self-supervised detection and segmentation of foreground objects aims for accuracy without annotated training data. However, existing approaches predominantly rely on restrictive assumptions on appearance and motion.For scenes with dynamic activities and camera motion, we propose a multi-camera framework in which geometric constraints are embedded in the form of multi-view consistency during training via coarse 3D localization in a voxel grid and fine-grained offset regression. In this manner, we learn a joint distribution of proposals over multiple views. At inference time, our method operates on single RGB images. We outperform state-of-the-art techniques both on images that visually depart from those of standard benchmarks and on those of the classical Human3.6M dataset.
Dendritic Inhibition Provided by Interneuron-Specific Cells Controls the Firing Rate and Timing of the Hippocampal Feedback Inhibitory Circuitry (2014)

In cortical networks, different types of inhibitory interneurons control the activity of glutamatergic principal cells and GABAergic interneurons. Principal neurons represent the major postsynaptic target of most interneurons; however, a population of interneurons that is dedicated to the selective innervation of GABAergic cells exists in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. The physiological properties of these cells and their functional relevance for network computations remain unknown. Here, we used a combination of dual simultaneous patch-clamp recordings and targeted optogenetic stimulation in acute mouse hippocampal slices to examine how one class of interneuron-specific (IS) cells controls the activity of its GABAergic targets. We found that type 3 IS (IS3) cells that coexpress the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and calretinin contact several distinct types of interneurons within the hippocampal CA1 stratum oriens/alveus (O/A), with preferential innervation of oriens-lacunosum moleculare cells (OLMs) through dendritic synapses. In contrast, VIP-positive basket cells provided perisomatic inhibition to CA1 pyramidal neurons with the asynchronous GABA release and were not connected with O/A interneurons. Furthermore, unitary IPSCs recorded at IS3-OLM synapses had a small amplitude and low release probability but summated efficiently during high-frequency firing of IS3 interneurons. Moreover, the synchronous generation of a single spike in several IS cells that converged onto a single OLM controlled the firing rate and timing of OLM interneurons. Therefore, dendritic inhibition originating from IS cells is needed for the flexible activity-dependent recruitment of OLM interneurons for feedback inhibition.
Intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells reduces Tau phosphorylation and inflammation in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (2021)

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) administration is a novel and promising therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Focusing on an intervention easily translatable into clinical practice, we administered allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs intravenously in a mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD). We systematically evaluated the effects of a single-dose and multiple-doses of MSCs in young and old mice (5 or 10 months old), comparing the short-term and long-term effects after 1, 2, or 7 months of treatment. A single dose of MSCs in young mice attenuated neuroinflammation 1 and 7 months after injection, whereas multiple-doses did not show any effect. Multiple-doses of MSCs (administered at 5 to 12 mo, or 10 to 12 mo) reduced the β-secretase cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein, although levels of Aβ-42 did not change. Most interestingly, multiple doses of MSCs affected tau hyperphosphorylation. MSCs administered in young mice for 7 months decreased the pathological tau phosphorylation at T205, S214, and T231. MSCs administered in old mice for 2 months decreased tau phosphorylation at S396. Our findings show how different timing and frequency of MSC injections can affect and modulate several aspects of the AD-like neuropathology in the 3xTg-AD mouse model, strengthening the concept of fine-tuning MSC therapy for Alzheimer's disease.