gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Visualizing electron rearrangement in space and time during the transition from a molecule to atoms (2010)

Imaging and controlling reactions in molecules and materials at the level of electrons is a grand challenge in science, relevant to our understanding of charge transfer processes in chemistry, physics, and biology, as well as material dynamics. Direct access to the dynamic electron density as electrons are shared or transferred between atoms in a chemical bond would greatly improve our understanding of molecular bonding and structure. Using reaction microscope techniques, we show that we can capture how the entire valence shell electron density in a molecule rearranges, from molecular-like to atomic-like, as a bond breaks. An intense ultrashort laser pulse is used to ionize a bromine molecule at different times during dissociation, and we measure the total ionization signal and the angular distribution of the ionization yield. Using this technique, we can observe density changes over a surprisingly long time and distance, allowing us to see that the electrons do not localize onto the individual Br atoms until the fragments are far apart (∼5.5 Å), in a region where the potential energy curves for the dissociation are nearly degenerate. Our observations agree well with calculations of the strong-field ionization rates of the bromine molecule.
Saturation Screening of the Druggable Mammalian Genome (2003)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Saturating the Druggable Genome Screening the Genome Effectively for Novel Drug Targets High-throughput Biology: Maximizing Return from Reverse Genetics Conclusions References
Crosslinked polymer materials for nonlinear optics. 1. UV-cured acrylic monomers bearing azobenzene dyes (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCrosslinked polymer materials for nonlinear optics. 1. UV-cured acrylic monomers bearing azobenzene dyesJ. A. F. Boogers, P. T. A. Klaase, J. J. de Vlieger, D. P. W. Alkema, and A. H. A. TinnemansCite this: Macromolecules 1994, 27, 1, 197–204Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00079a029https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00079a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views466Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Memory Effects in Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Capacitors Incorporating Dispensed Highly Mono-disperse One-Nanometer Silicon Nanoparticles (2007)

MOS capacitors incorporating ex-situ produced, colloidal, highly mono-disperse, spherical, 1 nm Si nanoparticles were fabricated and evaluated for potential use as charge storage elements in future non-volatile memory devices. The CV characteristics are well behaved and agree with similarly fabricated zero-nanoparticle control samples and with an ideal simulation. Unlike larger particle systems, the demonstrated memory effect exhibits effectively pure hole storage. The nature of charging i.e. hole-type vs. electron-type may be understood in terms of the novel characteristics of ultra-small Si particles: large energy gap, large charging energy, and consequently a small electron affinity.
The effect of polymers and surfactants on the pour point of palm oil methyl esters (2007)

Abstract The objective of this research was to find some additives suitable to reduce the pour point (PP) of palm oil methyl esters. The PP properties of palm oil methyl esters (biodiesel) were evaluated with commercially available polymeric and surfactant compounds with various polarities, molecular sizes and structures. The compounds under study were poly(ethylene glycol), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate), poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride), poly(ethylene glycol) distearate, poly‐(octadecyl methacrylate), poly(1‐decene), poly(maleic anhydride‐ alt ‐1‐octadecene), caprylic acid sodium salt, N ‐lauroylsarcosine sodium salt, polyoxyethylene(2) cetyl ether and polyoxyethylene(10) cetyl ether. Seven out of the twelve polymeric compounds tested were miscible in palm oil methyl esters due to similar polarities of the solute and biodiesel. The blends of the resultant seven polymeric compounds in palm oil methyl esters were evaluated respectively for their effect on the PP property. Poly‐(maleic anhydride‐ alt ‐1‐octadecene) was able to improve the PP of palm oil methyl esters from 12 to 6 °C when 2 wt‐% was added. The cloud point was reduced from 12.9 to 8.1 °C, and the cold filter plugging point was reduced from 12 to 7 °C, whilst the flash point value remained unchanged at 156 °C when 2 wt‐% of poly(maleic anhydride‐ alt ‐1‐octadecene) was added to the palm oil methyl esters.
Can Severe Plastic Deformation Tune Nanocrystallization in Fe-Based Metallic Glasses? (2023)

The effects of severe plastic deformation (SPD) by means of high-pressure torsion (HPT) on the structural properties of the two iron-based metallic glasses Fe<sub>73.9</sub>Cu<sub>1</sub>Nb<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>15.5</sub>B<sub>6.6</sub> and Fe<sub>81.2</sub>Co<sub>4</sub>Si<sub>0.5</sub>B<sub>9.5</sub>P<sub>4</sub>Cu<sub>0.8</sub> have been investigated and compared. While for Fe<sub>73.9</sub>Cu<sub>1</sub>Nb<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>15.5</sub>B<sub>6.6</sub>, HPT processing allows us to extend the known consolidation and deformation ranges, HPT processing of Fe<sub>81.2</sub>Co<sub>4</sub>Si<sub>0.5</sub>B<sub>9.5</sub>P<sub>4</sub>Cu<sub>0.8</sub> for the first time ever achieves consolidation and deformation with a minimum number of cracks. Using numerous analyses such as X-ray diffraction, dynamic mechanical analyses, and differential scanning calorimetry, as well as optical and transmission electron microscopy, clearly reveals that Fe<sub>81.2</sub>Co<sub>4</sub>Si<sub>0.5</sub>B<sub>9.5</sub>P<sub>4</sub>Cu<sub>0.8</sub> exhibits HPT-induced crystallization phenomena, while Fe<sub>73.9</sub>Cu<sub>1</sub>Nb<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>15.5</sub>B<sub>6.6</sub> does not crystallize even at the highest HPT-deformation degrees applied. The reasons for these findings are discussed in terms of differences in the deformation energies expended, and the number and composition of the individual crystalline phases formed. The results appear promising for obtaining improved magnetic properties of glassy alloys without additional thermal treatment.
Ultra-Wideband Amplification Strategies (2021)

Raman amplifiers and rare-earth doped fiber amplifiers are promising candidates for increasing the capacity of fiber optical links by opening up new wavelength ranges in the near future. These technologies are compared in different scenarios considering short-term and mid-term availability of qualified components.
Digital Circuit Design Trends (2008)

This paper has described the different trends in the digital circuit design and changes over the past two decades moving from chips that contained tens of thousands of devices to today' s chips that may contain over a billion transistors. The job of the digital circuit designer has grown with the chips, moving from optimizing and validating gates, to working on functional units, to now designing complete systems. While the progress in digital design has clearly been tremendous, power challenges are an important issue in future VLSI designing system. Designers used considerable ingenuity to make CMOS compatible with the older bipolar ECL/TTL families, concentrating on meeting all aspects of the without requiring external components.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Inhibitor of Differentiation-1 as a Novel Prognostic Factor in NSCLC Patients with Adenocarcinoma Histology and Its Potential Contribution to Therapy Resistance (2023)

Supplementary Figure 1 from Inhibitor of Differentiation-1 as a Novel Prognostic Factor in NSCLC Patients with Adenocarcinoma Histology and Its Potential Contribution to Therapy Resistance
Context Aware Education for Agriculture. (2009)

This paper reports results of an ethnographic study undertaken to support the development of an educational tool for a context-aware computing project. This research looked at how teachers use an agricultural context (i.e., school gardens) to teach and how farmers learn within the context of a farm. The goal of this research was to define a set of needs that we could address in developing an educational application that makes use of a mobile device that includes high-definition video, broadband connectivity, and various on-board sensors. More importantly, this mobile device will, on the basis of these data, generate inferences to be used in computer vision and other applications. Our immediate future work is to explore ways in which devices of this type can influence learning and teaching.
He + ion irradiation study of continuous and patterned Co∕Pd multilayers (2007)

Ion irradiation of continuous and patterned (Co∕Pd)n magnetic multilayer films has been studied as a mean to control magnetic anisotropy as well as to evaluate possible ion irradiation damage involved in ion-beam proximity lithography patterning. The coercivity of patterned medium was found to decrease from 11kOe for as patterned samples to 0.3kOe for samples with 800μC∕cm2 ion irradiation. Remnant squareness of the patterned samples remained essentially unchanged. As the number of bilayers increases in the sample, the effects vary, suggesting that several mechanisms of damage occur. Significantly, for typical irradiation doses used in ion-beam proximity lithography, no measurable alteration of magnetic properties was observed.
Siting and sizing distributed storage for microgrid applications (2017)

Energy storage systems have a key role to play in increasing the uptake of distributed renewable energy generation. In many places, reduced feed-in tariffs and declining solar incentives are making behind-the-meter energy storage a favourable option for many distributed generation owners. Parts of the grid that have sufficient local generation can be operated as microgrids. In most cases, the temporal profiles of demand and generation do not align well, making energy storage design a critical step in proper microgrid design. Moreover, significant economic and operational benefits can be achieved by appropriately sizing and operating energy storage systems in microgrids. In this work we provide a framework that can be used for the sizing, positioning and operation of batteries in ways that both reduce the cost of operating a master-slave microgrid while also maintaining a high quality of service for the network. We formulate a mixed integer linear program based optimization algorithm that considers various operational and capital costs, as well as relevant network-related constraints. The performance of our algorithm is validated using a case-study simulation.
Microfluidic visualization of encounter complex in enzymatic digestion of single DNA molecule by dual molecular tagging (2011)

We combined molecular tagging with microfluidics to study kinematics in a single DNA molecular digestion. Moving tags of both DNA ends revealed initial breakup of a single DNA molecule into fragments induced by limited enzymatic digestion and subsequent rapid formation of transient structure in encounter complex. The method enables us to analyze rapid dissociation of weakly bound complexes derived from intramolecular transfer.
Arachidonic acid‐ and docosahexaenoic acid‐enriched formulas modulate antigen‐specific T cell responses against influenza virus in neonatal piglets (2007)

While the immunomodulatory effects of feeding either arachidonic acid (AA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) separately have been previously investigated, little is known about their immunomodulatory efficacy when fed in combination as infant formula ingredients. This study investigates the ability of AA/DHA‐enriched infant formula to modulate immune responses in the neonate in response to an inactivated influenza virus vaccine. Neonatal piglets (n=48) were weaned on day 2 of age and distributed into 16 blocks of 3 littermate piglets each. Within each block, piglets were randomly assigned to a control formula, AA/DHA‐enriched formula (0.63% AA and 0.34% DHA) or sow's milk for 30 days. On d 9, 8 blocks of piglets were immunized with an inactivated influenza virus vaccine. On days 0, 9, 16, 23 and 30 post‐weaning we measured influenza virus‐specific proliferation. Dietary AA/DHA‐supplementation and sow's milk modulated influenza virus‐specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cell ex vivo lymphoproliferative responses on d 23 post‐immunization in comparison to the unsupplemented control formula. The immunomodulatory effects of AA/DHA‐enriched formulas were consistent with upregulation of interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) in PBMC. Overall, the AA/DHA‐enriched formula modulated antigen‐specific T cell responses through an IL‐10‐dependent mechanism.
SHARP 2020: The 1st Shape Recovery from Partial Textured 3D Scans\n Challenge Results (2020)

The SHApe Recovery from Partial textured 3D scans challenge, SHARP 2020, is\nthe first edition of a challenge fostering and benchmarking methods for\nrecovering complete textured 3D scans from raw incomplete data. SHARP 2020 is\norganised as a workshop in conjunction with ECCV 2020. There are two\ncomplementary challenges, the first one on 3D human scans, and the second one\non generic objects. Challenge 1 is further split into two tracks, focusing,\nfirst, on large body and clothing regions, and, second, on fine body details. A\nnovel evaluation metric is proposed to quantify jointly the shape\nreconstruction, the texture reconstruction and the amount of completed data.\nAdditionally, two unique datasets of 3D scans are proposed, to provide raw\nground-truth data for the benchmarks. The datasets are released to the\nscientific community. Moreover, an accompanying custom library of software\nroutines is also released to the scientific community. It allows for processing\n3D scans, generating partial data and performing the evaluation. Results of the\ncompetition, analysed in comparison to baselines, show the validity of the\nproposed evaluation metrics, and highlight the challenging aspects of the task\nand of the datasets. Details on the SHARP 2020 challenge can be found at\nhttps://cvi2.uni.lu/sharp2020/.\n
An Experimental Study of Flame Characteristics of Jet Diffusion Flames in Cylindrical Furnaces (1st Report, Effect of Inner Diameter of Furnace on NOx Emission Properties) (2007)

The combination of a burner and a combustion chamber is an important factor controlling flame characteristics. However, to our knowledge, this factor has yet to be investigated systematically. In the present study, coaxial jet diffusion flames in cylindrical combustion chambers have been studied in terms of inner diameters of the combustion chambers, global equivalence ratios, and turbulence in airflow. A fuel nozzle is composed of a stainless steel tube having an inner diameter (i.d.) of 2 mm with a coaxial pilot burner of 3.19 mm i.d., surrounded by two air coaxial tubes of 12 mm i.d. and 30 mm i.d., respectively. The inner and outer air tubes are for higher and lower airflows, respectively, and the turbulence in the airflow is changed by the velocity difference. The main fuel is propane. Hydrogen is used for the pilot flame, with a volumetric fuel ratio of 0.3. Each wall of the combustion chamber is made of a heat-resistant glass Pyrex tube so that each flame can be visualized. The inner diameter of the furnace is varied in order to investigate the effect of furnace size on the flame characteristics. The increase in the diameter of the combustion chamber has been found to enhance the exhaust gas self-recirculation, because the NOx emission decreases. The increase in turbulence in the airflow strengthens the entrainment of the exhaust gas transported upstream by the recirculation vortex. The increase in the global equivalence ratio from 0.2 to 0.8 in the present study decreases the oxygen concentration of the exhaust gas and leads to diluted combustion through the exhaust gas self-recirculation. A proper combination of these factors has been found to yield a low NOx combustion.
Structure and Property of PU/MMT Nanocomposites by In-Situ Polymerization (2008)

Abstract A montmorillonite modified by octadecylammonium salt (OMMT) was prepared. A polyurethane (PU)/montmorillonite nanocomposite was synthesized by in-situ polymerization using the OMMT, poly(propylene glycol), 4,4-diphenylmethylate diisocyanate, and 1,4-butanediol. The MMT platelets were dispersed in PU matrix on a 10 ∼ 50 nm scale. Compared to that of pure PU, the tensile strength and tear strength of the PU/OMMT nanocomposites increased, respectively, and the MMT platelets dispersed on a nanometer scale enhanced the PU. The temperature of initial weight loss of the PU/OMMT nanocomposites was lower than that of pure PU because of the acid catalytic action of protonated MMT platelets in the first thermodegradation step. But its temperature of initial weight loss was higher than that of pure PU because of the barrier effect of the MMT platelets in the second thermodegradation step. Keywords: In-situ polymerizationPU/MMT nanocompositesStructure and property
e-NeXSh: Achieving an Effectively Non-Executable Stack and Heap via System-Call Policing (2006)

We present e-NeXSh, a novel security approach that utilises kernel and LIBC support for efficiently defending systems against process-subversion attacks. Such attacks exploit vulnerabilities in software to override its program control-flow and consequently invoke system calls, causing out-of-process damage. Our technique defeats such attacks by monitoring all LIBC function and system-call invocations, and validating them against process-specific information that strictly prescribes the permissible behaviour for the program (unlike general sandboxing techniques that require manually maintained, explicit policies, we use the program code itself as a guideline for an implicit policy). Any deviation from this behaviour is considered malicious, and we halt the attack, limiting its damage to within the subverted process. We implemented e-NeXSh as a set of modifications to the Linux-2.4.18-3 kernel and a new user-space shared library (e-NeXSh.so). The technique is transparent, requiring no modifications to existing libraries or applications. e-NeXSh was able to successfully defeat both code-injection and LIBC-based attacks in our effectiveness tests. The technique is simple and lightweight, demonstrating no measurable overhead for select UNIX utilities, and a negligible 1.55% performance impact on the Apache Web server
Zero/low speed magnet magnetization state estimation using high frequency injection for a fractional slot variable flux-intensifying interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (2014)

This paper focuses on zero/low speed magnetization state (MS) estimation using high frequency injection for a fractional slot variable flux-intensifying interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (VFI-IPMSM). For VFI-IPMSMs, the knowledge of the MS is necessary to achieve loss minimizing control, since loss properties vary with MS. The MS can be estimated by measuring EMF, however, voltage sensors are not commonly used in standard drives. If a flux observer is used, accurate estimation is difficult at zero/low speed due to the diminishing EMF signal. To solve this issue, a superimposed high frequency (HF) injection method for MS estimation is proposed. Physically, higher MS implies a higher saturation condition which results in lower differential inductance. With a constant HF voltage injection, lower inductance (higher MS) results in a larger HF current response and vice versa. As a result, by imposing a HF voltage signal, the MS can be estimated through the HF current response. The proposed MS estimation methodology is evaluated experimentally with a fabricated fractional slot VFI-IPMSM and demonstrates effective MS estimation within 5 % error.
Campylobacter fetus ssp. jejuni : Recovery Methodology and Isolation from Lamb Carcasses (1981)

ABSTRACT Campylobacter fetus ssp. jejuni has increasingly been implicated as the causative agent in human cases of gastroenteritis. The first account of C. jejuni isolation from red meats—lamb carcasses—is reported. Recovery of Campylobacter from meat surfaces was tested as follows: selective agar plates consisted of tryptic soy agar, 5% lysed defibrinated horse blood, 10 mg/L vancomycin, 2500 units/L polymyxin B, 5 mg/L trimethoprim lactate, and 15 mg/L cephalothin (Keflin; VPTK: plates). These VPTK plates were incubated at 35°C for 72 hr in a gas atmosphere of 5% O 2 , 10% CO 2 , and 85% N 2 . With these selective elements, recovery from meat surfaces inoculated with a calculated 32 Campylobacter cells per cm 2 was accomplished in 5 of 5 replicate tests. At levels of 3.2 and 0.3 cells of Campylobacter per cm 2 , recoveries were accomplished in 2 of 5 replicate tests at each inoculum level.