gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Explaining Autonomous Drones: An XAI Journey (2021)

COGLE (COmmon Ground Learning and Explanation) is an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) system for autonomous drones that deliver supplies in mountainous areas to field units. The drone missions have risks that vary with topography, flight decisions, and mission goals in a simulated environment. Users must determine which AI-controlled drone is better for a mission. Narrative explanations identify the advantages of a drone’s plan (“What?”) and reasons that the better drone is able to do them (“Why?”). Visual explanations highlight risks from obstacles that users may have overlooked (“Where?”). A model induction user study showed that post-decision explanations produced a small effect on the participants’ abilities to identify the better of two imperfect drones and their plans for a mission, but they did not teach participants to judge the multiple success factors in complex missions as well as the AI pilots. In a decision support variation of the task, users would receive pre-decision explanations to help them to decide when to trust the XAI’s decision. In a fielded XAI application, every drone available for a mission may lack some competencies. We created a proof-of-concept demonstration of automatic ways to combine knowledge from multiple imperfect AIs to get better solutions that the individual AIs do not find on their own. This paper reports on the research challenges, technical approach, and findings of the project and also reflects on the multidisciplinary journey that we took.
Ionic liquids: polar, but weakly coordinating solvents for the first biphasic oligomerisation of ethene to higher α-olefins with cationic Ni complexes (2001)

Ethylene oligomerisation in ionic liquids gives predominately alk-1-ene products with better reactivity and selectivity than in conventional solvents; turnover frequencies are correlated with polarity data obtained using solvatochromic dyes.
High‐Harmonic Optical Vortex Generation from Photonic Bound States in the Continuum (2021)

Abstract Stemming from bound states in the continuum (BICs), momentum‐space polarization vortices observed in photonic structures provide an attractive approach to generating optical vortex (OV) beams. On the other hand, dominated by the selection rules, the harmonic generation from nanostructures exhibits a nonlinear geometric phase that depends on both the harmonic orders and the handedness of circularly polarized harmonic signals. Here, the third‐ and fifth‐harmonic optical vortex generation from an amorphous silicon photonic crystal slab, supporting the guided resonance associated with BICs at near infrared wavelengths, is numerically demonstrated. The results show that, determined by the nonlinearity phase, the topological charge ( l nω ) associated with the n th‐harmonic OV beams follows σ( n ∓1) q , where q is the polarization charge of the BIC and the ∓ sign represents the opposite or same polarization of the n th‐harmonic signal relative to the circular polarization state (σ) of the fundamental waves. Exploiting harmonic multiplexing, this approach can significantly improve the channel capacity of OV generators based on topologically protected optical BICs.
Computer-aided design of analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits (2000)

This survey presents an overview of recent advances in the state of the art for computer-aided design (CAD) tools for analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits (ICs). Analog blocks typically constitute only a small fraction of the components on mixed-signal ICs and emerging systems-on-a-chip (SoC) designs. But due to the increasing levels of integration available in silicon technology and the growing requirement for digital systems to communicate with the continuous-valued external world, there is a growing need for CAD tools that increase the design productivity and improve the quality of analog integrated circuits. This paper describes the motivation and evolution of these tools and outlines progress on the various design problems involved: simulation and modeling, symbolic analysis, synthesis and optimization, layout generation, yield analysis and design centering, and test. This paper summarizes the problems for which viable solutions are emerging and those which are still unsolved.
Dysregulated myosin in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome lung fibroblasts is associated with increased cell motility (2022)

Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by improper biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles (LROs). Lung fibrosis is the leading cause of death among adults with HPS-1 and HPS-4 genetic types, which are associated with defects in the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-3 (BLOC-3), a guanine exchange factor (GEF) for a small GTPase, Rab32. LROs are not ubiquitously present in all cell types, and specific cells utilize LROs to accomplish dedicated functions. Fibroblasts are not known to contain LROs, and the function of BLOC-3 in fibroblasts is unclear. Here, we report that lung fibroblasts isolated from patients with HPS-1 have increased migration capacity. Silencing HPS-1 in normal lung fibroblasts similarly leads to increased migration. We also show that the increased migration is driven by elevated levels of Myosin IIB. Silencing HPS1 or RAB32 in normal lung fibroblasts leads to increased MYOSIN IIB levels. MYOSIN IIB is downstream of p38-MAPK, which is a known target of angiotensin receptor signaling. Treatment with losartan, an angiotensin receptor inhibitor, decreases MYOSIN IIB levels and impedes HPS lung fibroblast migration in vitro. Furthermore, pharmacologic inhibition of angiotensin receptor with losartan seemed to decrease migration of HPS lung fibroblasts in vivo in a zebrafish xenotransplantation model. Taken together, we demonstrate that BLOC-3 plays an important role in MYOSIN IIB regulation within lung fibroblasts and contributes to fibroblast migration.
Hypothesis: apo‐lactoferrin–Galantamine Proteo‐alkaloid Conjugate for Alzheimer's disease Intervention (2018)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known to be caused by the accumulation of deformed beta amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins resulting into formation and aggregation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Additionally, AD is associated with the accumulation of iron or metal ions in the brain which causes oxidative stress. Galantamine (Gal) is one of the therapeutic agents that has been approved for the treatment of AD, but still saddled with numerous side effects and could not address the issue of iron accumulation in the brain. The use of metal chelators to address the iron accumulation has not been successful due to toxicity and inability to address the aggregation of the plaques. We therefore hypothesize a combinatorial antioxidant-metal-chelator approach by formulating a single dosage form that has the ability to prevent the formation of free radicals, plaques and accumulation of iron in the brain. This can be achieved by conjugating Gal with apo-lactoferrin (ApoLf), a natural compound that has high binding affinity for iron, to form an apo-lactoferrin-galantamine proteo-alkaloid conjugate (ApoLf-Gal) as a single dosage form for AD management. The conjugation is achieved through self-assembly of ApoLf which results in encapsulation of Gal. ApoLf changes its conformational structure in the presence of iron; therefore, ApoLf-Gal is proposed to deliver Gal and pick up excess iron when in contact with iron. This strategy has the potential to proffer a dual neuroprotection and neurotherapeutic interventions for the management of AD.
Hammett Acidity Scale in Ionic Liquids : An Indication of Their Weak Dissociating Character (2010)

Severe infection is often linked to prothrombotic events. Indeed, haemostatic abnormalities are encountered in most cases of infection, ranging from an increase in sensitive markers for coagulation activation or insignificant laboratory changes to gross activation of coagulation that may result in localised thrombotic complications or disseminated intravascular coagulation. Systemic inflammation as a consequence of infection results in activation of coagulation, due to tissue factor-mediated thrombin generation, down-regulation of physiological anticoagulant mechanisms, and inhibition of fibrinolysis. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, immune cells and the endothelium form the interface on which differential effects on the coagulation and fibrinolysis pathways may ensue. Conversely, activation of the coagulation system may importantly affect inflammatory responses by direct and indirect mechanisms. Apart from the general coagulation response to inflammation associated with severe infection, specific infections may cause distinct features, such as haemorrhagic fever or thrombotic microangiopathy.
Nutrients and Epigenetics in Bovine Cells (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Summary Introduction Short-chain fatty acids, histone acetylation, and cellular functions Histone acetylation and gene regulation underlying the mechanisms of short-chain fatty acid effects on cellular functions Short-chain fatty acids, histone acetylation, and microRNA expression Many other dietary histone deacetylase inhibitors exist and vitamin E (or its metabolites) may be one of them Conclusions References
Medial axis based statistical shape model (MASSM): Applications to 3D prostate segmentation on MRI (2011)

In this paper, we present a novel methodology for computing statistical shape models (SSM's) by leveraging the medial axis model to determine shape variations between objects. Landmark based SSM's (LSSM's) are a popular approach to describing valid shape variation in an object of interest by applying principal component analysis to a set of landmarks on the surface of the object. However, defining landmarks which capture important shape variations can be difficult. Additionally, establishing landmark correspondences across different shapes is a challenging problem. In this work we utilize the medial axis to define the shape of the object, thereby enabling superior characterization of the underlying shape variations compared to the landmark based approach. Locations on the medial axis (medial atoms) are utilized to generate a SSM, one that we refer to as a medial axis based SSM (MASSM). The aim of the MASSM is to capture variations in the local symmetry of an object across different studies. We show analytically that reconstructing a shape using medial atoms yields a lower average error compared to reconstructing a shape using triangulations of landmarks on the boundary of a 2D object. We experimentally validate the ability of the MASSM to better reconstruct a 3D prostate volume, and to better segment that prostate compared to an LSSM on 34 3D T2-weighted endorectal Magnetic Resonance images. The accuracy of the LSSM in reconstructing the prostate was highly dependent on the number of landmarks N, while the accuracy of the MASSM was quite robust to the number of medial atoms N. In addition, in a segmentation test, the results showed an average Dice overlap of 0.93 for the MASSM while the LSSM showed an average Dice overlap of 0.88.
Normal T lymphocytes can express two different T cell receptor beta chains: implications for the mechanism of allelic exclusion. (1995)

We have examined the extent of allelic exclusion at the T cell receptor (TCR) beta locus using monoclonal antibodies specific for V beta products. A small proportion (approximately 1%) of human peripheral blood T cells express two V beta as determined by flow cytometric analysis, isolation of representative clones, and sequencing of the corresponding V beta chains. Dual beta T cells are present in both the CD45R0+ and CD45R0- subset. These results indicate that dual beta expression is compatible with both central and peripheral selection. They also suggest that the substantial degree of TCR beta allelic exclusion is dependent only on asynchronous rearrangements at the beta locus, whereas the role of the pre-TCR is limited to signaling the presence of at least one functional beta protein.
Two-Dimensional vs. Three-Dimensional Clustering and Percolation in Fields of Overlapping Ellipsoids (2004)

Maximum depth-to-particle-dimension ratios in which systems can be treated as two-dimensional (2D) rather than three-dimensional (3D) systems in determining percolative properties have not been reported. This problem is of great technological significance. 3D solutions for percolation in even low-density systems pose much more intensive computational problems than their 2D analogs and also result in significantly different predictions for percolation onset. Moreover, many materials and sensing applications require analysis of domains of finite thickness. Adequate loading of particles is required, e.g., in electrodes in advanced batteries and fuel cells to ensure good conductivity. Adequate deployment of sensors into fields of finite thickness such as oblate, neuronal cells is required, e.g., to detect specific ions. A systematic determination of the effect of these arrangements on percolation properties is needed for both applications. Here, we provide comparisons of cluster sizes, densities, and percolation points among monodisperse, 2D and 3D systems of overlapping ellipsoids by systematically increasing the depth of the 3D system relative to particle dimensions. We investigate the effect of several boundary condition assumptions on the resulting particle orientations, emphasizing the probability of formation of large clusters. A method of experimental determination of percolation onset is also suggested, using the maximum change in cluster size. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Effect of increased axial field of view on the performance of a volume PET scanner (2002)

The performance of the PENN-PET (positron emission tomography) 240H scanner from UGM Medical Systems is tested and compared to the prototype PENN-PET scanner built at the University of Pennsylvania. The UGM PENN-PET scanner consists of six continuous position-sensitive NaI(Tl) detectors, which results in a 50-cm transverse field-of-view and a 12.8-cm axial field-of-view. The fine spatial sampling in the axial direction allows the data to be sorted into as many as 64 transverse planes, each 2-mm thick. A large axial acceptance angle, without interplane septa, results in a high sensitivity, with a low scatter and random fraction, due to the use of a narrow photopeak energy window. Emphasis is placed on those performance measurements that illustrate the special characteristics of a volume imaging scanner and how they change as the axial length is increased.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Multislice breath‐hold spiral magnetic resonance coronary angiography in patients with coronary artery disease: Effect of intravascular contrast medium (2002)

The presented multislice spiral approach allows display of coronary anatomy in MIP formats for convenient display of coronary stenoses. The pulse sequence did not benefit from an intravascular USPIO-based CM, since little improvement in SNR and CNR was achieved.
Calcium‐activated potassium channels in canine airway smooth muscle. (1986)

Airway smooth muscle cells from canine trachealis muscle were dispersed by treatment with collagenase and elastase. Cells were identified as smooth muscle by their binding of anti-smooth muscle gamma-isoactin monoclonal antibodies and by their contraction in response to acetylcholine. The patch-clamp technique was used to study single channel currents in cell-attached and isolated patches of membrane. The most common single channel currents had a conductance of 266 +/- 12 pS (mean +/- S.D., n = 7) in symmetrical 135 mM-K solutions. The reversal potential of the channel was unaltered by large chemical gradients for Cl, Na and Ca and was determined exclusively by the chemical K gradient. Thus, the channel is highly selective for K. In both cell-attached and isolated patches of membrane, depolarization increased the frequency of channel opening and the duration of the open state. In isolated patches of membrane, increasing [Ca] on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane from 10(-8) to 10(-6) M increased both the frequency of channel opening and the duration of the open state. Tetraethylammonium, tetramethylammonium, or Cs (10 mM) on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane caused a voltage-dependent decrease in conductance of the open channel while having no obvious effect on channel kinetics. These blocks were completely reversible. Ba (10 mM) on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane slightly decreased inward currents and completely blocked outward currents through the channel. External Ba (10 mM) caused a voltage-dependent decrease in inward current. External tetraethylammonium (10 mM) completely blocked single channel currents.
PD-1 blockade in tumors with mismatch repair deficiency. (2015)

LBA100 Background: Somatic mutations have the potential to be recognized as “non-self” immunogenic antigens. Tumors with genetic defects in mismatch repair (MMR) harbor many more mutations than tumors of the same type without such repair defects. We hypothesized that tumors with mismatch repair defects would therefore be particularly susceptible to immune checkpoint blockade. Methods: We conducted a phase II study to evaluate the clinical activity of anti-PD-1, pembrolizumab, in 41 patients with previously-treated, progressive metastatic disease with and without MMR-deficiency. Pembrolizumab was administered at 10 mg/kg intravenously every 14 days to three cohorts of patients: those with MMR-deficient colorectal cancers (CRCs) (N = 11); those with MMR-proficient CRCs (N = 21), and those with MMR-deficient cancers of types other than colorectal (N = 9). The co-primary endpoints were immune-related objective response rate (irORR) and immune-related progression-free survival (irPFS) at 20 weeks. Results: The study met its primary endpoints for both MMR-deficient cohorts. The irORR and irPFS at 20 weeks for MMR-deficient CRC were 40% and 78%, respectively, and for MMR-deficient other cancers were 71% and 67%, respectively. In MMR-proficient CRC, irORR and irPFS at 20 weeks were 0% and 11%, respectively. Response rates and Disease Control Rates (CR+PR+SD) by RECIST criteria were 40% and 90% in MMR-deficient CRC, 0% and 11% in MMR-proficient CRC, and 71% and 71% in MMR-deficient other cancers, respectively. Median PFS and overall survival (OS) were not reached in the MMR-deficient CRC group but was 2.2 and 5.0 months in the MMR-proficient CRC cohort (HR for PFS = 0.103; 95% CI, 0.029 to 0.373; p &lt; 0.001 and HR for OS = 0.216; 95% CI, 0.047 to 1.000; p = 0.05). Whole exome sequencing revealed an average of 1,782 somatic mutations per tumor in MMR-deficient compared to 73 in MMR-proficient tumors (p = 0.0015), and high total somatic mutation loads were associated with PFS (p = 0.02). Conclusions: MMR status predicts clinical benefit of immune checkpoint blockade with pembrolizumab. Clinical trial information: NCT01876511.
Near-Perfect CO2/CH4 Selectivity Achieved through Reversible Guest Templating in the Flexible Metal–Organic Framework Co(bdp) (2018)

Metal-organic frameworks are among the most promising materials for industrial gas separations, including the removal of carbon dioxide from natural gas, although substantial improvements in adsorption selectivity are still sought. Herein, we use equilibrium adsorption experiments to demonstrate that the flexible metal-organic framework Co(bdp) (bdp<sup>2-</sup> = 1,4-benzenedipyrazolate) exhibits a large CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption capacity and approaches complete exclusion of CH<sub>4</sub> under 50:50 mixtures of the two gases, leading to outstanding CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> selectivity under these conditions. In situ powder X-ray diffraction data indicate that this selectivity arises from reversible guest templating, in which the framework expands to form a CO<sub>2</sub> clathrate and then collapses to the nontemplated phase upon desorption. Under an atmosphere dominated by CH<sub>4</sub>, Co(bdp) adsorbs minor amounts of CH<sub>4</sub> along with CO<sub>2</sub>, highlighting the importance of studying all relevant pressure and composition ranges via multicomponent measurements when examining mixed-gas selectivity in structurally flexible materials. Altogether, these results show that Co(bdp) may be a promising CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> separation material and provide insights for the further study of flexible adsorbents for gas separations.
Narrowband Internet of Things 5G Performance (2019)

In Release 13 the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) developed the Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT). It is a cellular technology providing wireless connectivity to machine-type services and applications. In 3GPP Releases 14 and 15, NB-IoT evolved to meet the requirements defined for a fifth generation (5G) communications system in 3GPP and in the International Telecommunications Union Radiocommunication (ITU-R) sector. This paper introduces NB IoT in the context of 3GPP's recent work on 5G. It presents the ITU-R International Mobile Telecommunication 2020 (IMT 2020) and 3GPP 5G performance requirements. A complete evaluation of the NB IoT performance for each of these requirements is presented, and it is shown that NB IoT meets the 5G performance requirements for massive IoT (mIoT) services.
Fractional laser exposure induces neutrophil infiltration (N1 phenotype) into the tumor and stimulates systemic anti-tumor immune response (2017)

We have demonstrated that aFP is able to induce a systemic anti-tumor adaptive immunity preventing tumor recurrence in a murine colon carcinoma in a mouse model. This study demonstrates a potential role of aFP treatments in oncology and further studies should be performed.
An Integrated Ignition and Combustion System for Liquid Propellant Micro Propulsion (2008)

Abstract : Liquid monopropellant microthrusters utilizing electrolytic ignition were designed, fabricated, and analyzed. Low temperature co-fired ceramic tape technologies were used initially to fabricate microscale burners in order to evaluate the applicability of the technology to high temperature combustion systems. Microscale diffusion flames were stabilized in the burners, and optical spectroscopy measurements were performed to characterize the flame behavior. The low temperature co-fired ceramic tape technologies were then applied to the fabrication of microthrusters. The microthrusters had integrated silver electrodes to enable ignition of hydroxylammonium nitrate based liquid monopropellants by electrolytic decomposition. The volume of the thruster combustion chamber was 0.82 mm3. The microthruster was successfully ignited, and a thrust output of approximately 200 mN was measured with a voltage input of 45 V. Energy input as small as 1.9 J was achieved for ignition, and ignition delay as short as 224.5 ms was recorded.
Indium Phosphide-Based Electro-Optic Modulators (2012)

In the early 1990s, Rolland et al. [1-4] at Bell Northern Research developed a negative chirp MachZehnder modulator (MZM) for 10 Gb/s optical communication systems that utilized the quantum conned Stark eect (QCSE) [5,6] in the InGaAsP/InP material system. ey published early work on the means to generate the optimal negative chirp for maximum dispersion-limited reach over standard optical ber with these InP-based MZMs [7], demonstrating &gt;100 km of over-ber reach in 1993 [8]. In parallel, Sano et al. [9,10] at Hitachi published early work for an MZM design in the InGaAs/InAlAs material system.