gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound Imaging of Mechanical Properties of Cancers (2014)

The increased stiffness of cancers relative to normal tissues and benign tumors has long been important in physical diagnosis. Recently, it has become possible to image this characteristic using strain imaging in ultrasound (US) or shear wave imaging in both US and magnetic resonance scanning. US stiffness imaging has been applied to a number of tumors including breast cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer, and lymph node metastasis. By far, most research has been done on breast cancer diagnosis with reported ROC curve areas (AUC) of 0.89 to 0.95 for distinguishing benign from cancerous lesions for strain elastography when used with standard B-mode US. Widespread clinical adoption has been slow, however, due to difculties in training both operators and readers to properly acquire and interpret the elastograms. Shear wave elastography has shown promise, but the potential for falsely low shear wave speed estimates in cancers has recently been demonstrated. Lymph node strain elastography has given good results with AUC values of 0.87 to 0.91. Shear wave evaluation of lymph nodes, thyroid and prostate is still at an early stage with prostate results showing the most promise. Thyroid nodule evaluation using strain elastography has been challenging with lower sensitivity and specicity values than in breast or lymph nodes. Better results have been reported when strain ratios are calculated instead of using a visual scoring system.
ChemInform Abstract: REDOX REACTIONS OF VARIABLE‐SPIN SIX‐COORDINATE BIS(N‐R‐2,6‐PYRIDINEDICARBOXALDIMINE)COBALT(II) COMPLEXES (1983)

Abstract Der Einfluß des Spin‐Zustands auf die Elektronen‐ übertragungseigenschaften der Titelkomplexe (I) bei Oxidation zu entsprechenden Co(III)‐ bzw. Reduktion zu entsprechenden Co(I)‐Verbindungen wurde durch Bestimmung der reversiblen Halbstufenpotentiale in Aceton und für (Ib) in CH,CI2, Cl‐(CHZ), ‐Cl, Pyridin, Me,C0, PhCN, DMF, MeCN, Me‐CO‐NMe, und DMSO untersucht.
Stoßionisationsinduzierte Strukturbildung in Halbleitern mittels Mikrowellen (1999)

In gering dotierten Halbleiterschichten kann bei elektrischen Feldern von wenigen V/cm ein Nichtgleichgewichtsphasenübergang von einem niedrigleitenden in einen hochleitenden Zustand beobachtet werden. Bei Beschaltung mit elektrischen Gleichfeldern ist dieser Übergang mit der Ausbildung von Stromfilamenten verbunden. Erstmals wurde auch ohne elektrische Kontakte, im elektrischen Wechselfeld von Mikrowellen, die Ausbildung kreisförmiger räumlichen Strukturen in der Elektronendichte gefunden. In Abhängigkeit von der Mikrowellenleistung tritt eine deutliche Hysterese im Entstehungs- und Verlöschprozeß der mikrowelleninduzierten Strukturen auf. Die Abstände der Strukturen werden mit den Ergebnissen zweidimensionaler Berechnungen der Mikrowellenfeldverteilung verglichen.
A 1-Month Ketogenic Diet Increased Mitochondrial Mass in Red Gastrocnemius Muscle, but Not in the Brain or Liver of Middle-Aged Mice (2021)

Alterations in markers of mitochondrial content with ketogenic diets (KD) have been reported in tissues of rodents, but morphological quantification of mitochondrial mass using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the gold standard for mitochondrial quantification, is needed to further validate these findings and look at specific regions of interest within a tissue. In this study, red gastrocnemius muscle, the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, and the liver left lobe were used to investigate the impact of a 1-month KD on mitochondrial content in healthy middle-aged mice. The results showed that in red gastrocnemius muscle, the fractional area of both subsarcolemmal (SSM) and intermyofibrillar (IMM) mitochondria was increased, and this was driven by an increase in the number of mitochondria. Mitochondrial fractional area or number was not altered in the liver, prefrontal cortex, or hippocampus following 1 month of a KD. These results demonstrate tissue-specific changes in mitochondrial mass with a short-term KD and highlight the need to study different muscle groups or tissue regions with TEM to thoroughly determine the effects of a KD on mitochondrial mass.
The Differential Effects of Neonatal Androgen, Estrogen and Progesterone on Adult Rat Prostate Growth (1986)

Physiologic surges of serum androgen, estrogen and progesterone normally occur in both rat and human males during the neonatal periods. The effect of these hormone surges on the sex accessory tissues is not known. This study demonstrates that neonatal dihydrotestosterone, 17 beta-estradiol, or progesterone can permanently alter the androgen sensitivity of adult rat sex accessory tissues. Neonatal dihydrotestosterone or progesterone can permanently increase the androgen sensitivity of the adult prostate above normal while neonatal estradiol permanently decreases adult prostate androgen sensitivity below normal. The results of this preliminary study suggest that normally occurring neonatal hormone surges may permanently mark, or imprint, the prostate and determine its future growth in adulthood.
Identification and Characterization of Complex Glycosylated Peptides Presented by the MHC Class II Processing Pathway in Melanoma (2016)

The MHC class II (MHCII) processing pathway presents peptides derived from exogenous or membrane-bound proteins to CD4+ T cells. Several studies have shown that glycopeptides are necessary to modulate CD4+ T cell recognition, though glycopeptide structures in these cases are generally unknown. Here, we present a total of 93 glycopeptides from three melanoma cell lines and one matched EBV-transformed line with most found only in the melanoma cell lines. The glycosylation we detected was diverse and comprised 17 different glycoforms. We then used molecular modeling to demonstrate that complex glycopeptides are capable of binding the MHC and may interact with complementarity determining regions. Finally, we present the first evidence of disulfide-bonded peptides presented by MHCII. This is the first large scale study to sequence glyco- and disulfide bonded MHCII peptides from the surface of cancer cells and could represent a novel avenue of tumor activation and/or immunoevasion.
A YANG Data Model for Tunnel Interface Types (2019)

This document specifies the initial version of a YANG module
containing a collection of IANA maintained YANG identities, used as
interface types for tunnel interfaces. The module reflects the
tunnelType registry maintained by IANA. The latest revision of this
YANG module can be obtained from the IANA web site. Tunnel type
values are not directly added to the Tunnel Interface Types YANG
module; they must instead be added to the tunnelType IANA registry.
Once a new tunnel type registration is made by IANA for a new
tunneling scheme or even an existing one that is not already listed in
the current registry (e.g., LISP, NSH), IANA will update the Tunnel
Interface Types YANG module accordingly. Some of the IETF-defined
tunneling techniques are not listed in the current IANA registry. It
is not the intent of this document to update the existing IANA
registry with a comprehensive list of tunnel technologies. Registrants
must follow the IETF registration procedure for interface types
whenever a new tunnel type is needed.
Bluetooth™ Security White Paper Bluetooth SIG Security Expert Group, (2002)

This document describe the usage of the Bluetooth security as well as additional security mechanisms for selected Bluetooth wireless profiles
Study on stochastic phenomena induced in chemically amplified poly(4-hydroxystyrene-co-t-butyl methacrylate) resist (high performance model resist for extreme ultraviolet lithography) (2016)

Understanding of stochastic phenomena is essential to the development of highly sensitive resist for nanofabrication. In this study, we investigated the stochastic effects in a chemically amplified resist consisting of poly(4-hydroxystyrene-co-t-butyl methacrylate), triphenylsulfonium nonafluorobutanesulfonate (an acid generator), and tri-n-octylamine (a quencher). The SEM images of resist patterns were analyzed, using Monte Carlo simulation on the basis of the sensitization and reaction mechanisms of chemically amplified extreme ultraviolet resists. It was estimated that &plusmn;0.82σ fluctuation of the number of protected units per polymer molecule led to line edge roughness formation. Here, &sigma; is the standard deviation of the number of protected units per polymer molecule after postexposure baking.
Optical spectroscopic studies of the polymorphic forms of 1, 4‐dihydroxyanthraquinone (1988)

Abstract Electronic, infrared and resonance Raman spectra of the two crystalline polymorphic forms of 1, 4‐dihydroxyanthraquinone are reported. The differences in the spectral properties are explained on the basis of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds in one form compared with intramolecular hydrogen bonds in the other form. The intermolecular interaction leads to exciton splitting and strong hypochromic effects in the resonance Raman spectrum. The optical properties of the intramolecular hydrogen bonded form resemble that of the anthracycline drug adriamycin and serves as a useful model.
[Differential diagnosis of viral diarrheas in calves]. (1986)

There is a description of the enzymoimmunologic method (ELISA), which was used for demonstration of rotaviruses and coronaviruses in the samples of excrements of the calves suffering from diarrheas. It is shown by a comparison with the results obtained by electron microscopy that the ELISA method provides by up to 50% higher capture rate and the reaction is highly specific. The method can also be applied to a detection of human rotavirus in the children's stool.
Micropore Development and Structure Rearrangement of Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorn Assemblies by Compression (2002)

Mesopores become micropores under pressure (10–50 MPa), which is applied to dahlia-shaped arrays of single-wall carbon nanohorns (SWNHs, see Figure for a TEM image) in liquid media, such as ethanol or glycerol. While the morphology of the arrays does not substantially change, the apparent volume shrinks by a factor of 20 and micropores develop. An improved procedure may even provide a route to supercritical gas absorbers.
Production of β-ketoadipic acid from glucose in Pseudomonas putida KT2440 for use in performance-advantaged nylons (2022)

Biomass-derived chemicals can offer unique chemical functionality relative to petroleum-derived building blocks. To this end, here we report that β-ketoadipic acid (βKA), a C6 diacid with a β-ketone group, can be used as a performance-advantaged replacement for adipic acid in a nylon-6,6 analog. Building on our previous efforts to produce shikimate-derived products from carbohydrates, Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is engineered to produce βKA from glucose, achieving a 26 g/L titer. Following purification, βKA imparts an increase of 69°C above the nylon-6,6 glass transition temperature and 20% reduced water permeability, equivalent to nylon-6,10. Molecular simulations predict that the enhanced thermal properties result from rigidity introduced by the β-ketone. Process analysis predicts that βKA can be produced for US$1.94/kg from sugars, requiring 63% less energy and emitting 43% less greenhouse gases than fossil-based adipic acid. Overall, this study illustrates the potential for βKA to serve as a useful building block for bio-based polymers.
Effective third-order nonlinearities in metallic refractory titanium nitride thin films: publisher’s note (2015)

This publisher's note amends the Acknowledgments of [Opt. Mater. Express 5, 2395 (2015)].
Approaches on Improving Electroreduction of Carbon Monoxide to Acetate in Flow Electrolyzer (2022)

Acetic acid (CH 3 COOH) is an important industrial chemical that is widely used in the generation of various products including medicals, food, solvent, synthetic fibers and fabrics. Although most acetic acid production today relies on the carbonylation process of methanol 1 , electrochemical synthesis method is a promising direction owing to its uniqueness in ambient conditions, utilization of renewable energy, and compatibility with bioengineering 2 . Cupper has the capability to electrochemically reduce CO 2 to various C 2 products but with low selectivity. The critical steps for acetate molecule generation from CO 2 /CO are the CO-dimerization and the nucleophilic attack of hydroxide ion on a ketene intermediate 3 , in which acetate production could be enhanced by electroreducing CO in alkaline electrolyte as compared to CO 2 electroreduction in pH neutral solution. Meanwhile, the use of flow electrolyzer further improved the gas transport process by employing gas diffusion electrode, boosting the current and yield rate of products to industrial level. However, electrochemical reduction of CO to acetate on Cu-based electrocatalysts still suffers from low faradaic efficiency (&lt;50%). 4 In this talk, we will present our recent work on CO electroreduction to acetate by commercial Cu catalyst in flow electrolyzer. Parameters in terms of electrolyte molarity, catalyst loading, catalyst deposition method, and ionomer were manipulated to maximize the acetate production. Acetate was favored in high pH electrolyte by facilitating the nucleophilic attack of hydroxide ion process and suppressing competing proton transfer process towards ethylene and ethanol. Catalyst loading on gas diffusion electrode had great influence on the products selectivity, where low catalyst loading leans to ethylene generation, intermediate catalyst loading is selective to produce acetate, and high catalyst loading improves alcohol yield. A record 68% faradaic efficiency of acetate from CO with partial current density of 102 mA/cm 2 was reached. Reference A. Dimian and A. Kiss, Chem. Eng. Res. Des. , 159 (2020). S. Guo, T. Asset, and P. Atanassov, ACS Catal. , 5172–5188 (2021) https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acscatal.0c04862. M. Jouny et al., Nat. Chem. , 11 , 846–851 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-019-0312-z. W. Luc et al., Nat. Catal. , 2 , 423–430 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-019-0269-8. Figure 1
Long-Term Outcome of Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy for Localized Stage T 1 /T 2 Renal-Cell Carcinoma (2005)

Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgical management of T(1)/T(2) renal-cell carcinoma is feasible and safe. At our institution, HALRN confers long-term oncologic effectiveness equivalent to that of open radical nephrectomy.
Scaling in plasticity-induced cell-boundary microstructure: Fragmentation and rotational diffusion (2003)

We develop a simple computational model for cell-boundary evolution in plastic deformation. We study the cell-boundary size distribution and cell-boundary misorientation distribution that experimentally have been found to have scaling forms that are largely material independent. The cell division acts as a source term in the misorientation distribution which significantly alters the scaling form, giving it a linear slope at small misorientation angles as observed in the experiments. We compare the results of our simulation with two closely related exactly solvable models that exhibit scaling behavior at late times: (i) fragmentation theory and (ii) a random walk in rotation space with a source term. We find that the scaling exponents in our simulation agree with those of the theories, and that the scaling collapses obey the same equations, but that the shape of the scaling functions depends upon the methods used to measure sizes and to weight averages and histograms.
Genetics of Resistance in Soybean to “Race X” of Soybean Cyst Nematode1 (1987)

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), ( Heterodera glycines Ichinohe), is a major pest of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and new biotypes have been identified in recent years. A new biotype that reproduces on the ‘Bedford’ cultivar has been identified in Arkansas and is designated as “race X”. The objectives of this research were to study genetics of resistance to race X and measure heritability. Crosses and reciprocals were made between PI 90763, a genotype resistant to race X, and three susceptible genotypes, PI 88788, R74‐1001, and PI 209332. Data from F 1 , F 2 , and backcross populations indicate that a single recessive gene conditions resistance in these genotypes. There was no evidence of maternal or cytoplasmic inheritance in any of the crosses. Ninety‐four F 3 lines were evaluated for reaction to race X and race 4. Lines that are resistant to race X were susceptible to race 4, and the lines resistant to race 4 were susceptible to race X with correlation coefficients of −0.53 and −0.59, respectively. No F 3 lines from these crosses were identified as either highly resistant or susceptible to both race 4 and race X of SCN. Narrow sense heritability estimates based on regression of F 3 family means on parental plant values ranged from 61 to 64% for the three crosses. The data indicate that the screening techniques used to determine reaction of individual plants were relatively effective for determining resistance.
One-Dimensional Terahertz Imaging of Surfactant-Stabilized Dodecane-Brine Emulsions (2011)

Terahertz line-images of surfactant-stabilized dodecane(C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sub> H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">26</sub> )-brine emulsions are obtained by translating the emulsified region through the focus of a terahertz time-domain spectrometer. From these images, dodecane content, emulsion size, and stability can be extracted to evaluate the efficacy of the surfactant in solubilizing the dodecane. In addition, the images provide insight into the dynamics of concentrated emulsions after mixing.
Lithium-ion-conducting glass-ceramics of a boron-containing alkali sodalite Li<sub>8</sub>B<sub>6</sub>Si<sub>6</sub>O<sub>24</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> (2023)

Alkali sodalites containing boron (B) as the main framework cation are scarce. A cubic lithium sodalite containing B in the sodalite framework, Li8B6Si6O24Cl2, whose lattice parameter [7.8856(1) Å] is the smallest of the known alkali sodalites, has been discovered, and Li8B6Si6O24Cl2-based glass-ceramics have been prepared from the Li2O–B2O3–SiO2–LiCl quaternary system. The relative density of the resulting glass-ceramics and weight fraction of Li8B6Si6O24Cl2 in their crystalline part reached ∼0.98 and ≳0.9, respectively. The dc conductivity recorded at 60 °C with non-blocking Li–Au electrodes was ∼1.5 × 10−6 and ∼2.3 × 10−7 S cm−1 in partially and highly crystallized samples, respectively, and the activation energy of conductivity was ∼0.5–0.6 eV. The glass-ceramics were stable in contact with Li metal and the transport number of Li+ ion was ∼0.95.
General rate-allocation in free-viewpoint television (2014)

We propose a framework for optimal rate-allocation in free-viewpoint television (FVTV) for a general camera arrangement based on the attention the viewers are paying to each camera. In a recent letter [1], the authors proposed a FVTV broadcast architecture and an optimal bit-allocation approach, assuming a uniformly-spaced one-dimensional arrangement of cameras. Quality (or bit-rate) at each camera was determined by viewer attention in order to minimize total observed distortion. Here, we extend the optimized bit-allocation scheme to allow for a more generic camera arrangement in FVTV. We present results on data sets from 1D and 2D array camera setups which show significant overall PSNR gains and bit-rate savings with respect to equally-balanced rate-allocation across cameras.
Multi-spectral Reuse Distance: Divining Spatial Information from Temporal Data (2019)

The problem of efficiently feeding processing elements and finding ways to reduce data movement is pervasive in computing. Efficient modeling of both temporal and spatial locality of memory references is invaluable in identifying superfluous data movement in a given application. To this end, we present a new way to infer both spatial and temporal locality using reuse distance analysis. This is accomplished by performing reuse distance analysis at different data block granularities: specifically, 64B, 4KiB, and 2MiB sizes. This process of simultaneously observing reuse distance with multiple granularities is called multi-spectral reuse distance. This approach allows for a qualitative analysis of spatial locality, through observing the shifting of mass in an application's reuse signature at different granularities. Furthermore, the shift of mass is empirically measured by calculating the Earth Mover's Distance between reuse signatures of an application. From the characterization, it is possible to determine how spatially dense the memory references of an application are based on the degree to which the mass has shifted (or not shifted) and how close (or far) the Earth Mover's Distance is to zero as the data block granularity is increased. It is also possible to determine an appropriate page size from this information, and whether or not a given page is being fully utilized. From the applications profiled, it is observed that not all applications will benefit from having a larger page size. Additionally, larger data block granularities subsuming smaller ones suggest that larger pages will allow for more spatial locality exploitation, but examining the memory footprint will show whether those larger pages are fully utilized or not.
NF-κB is developmentally regulated during spermatogenesis in mice (2000)

To analyze NF-kappa B activity in the testis, we used murine transgenic lines carrying a LacZ reporter gene under the control of a NF-kappa B-responsive promoter (Schmidt-Ullrich et al. [1996] Dev 122:2117-2128). We constructed three independent lines containing the promoter of the gene encoding p105, the precursor of the p50 subunit. This promoter contains three NF-kappa B-binding sites in its proximal part. Our results show that in adult mice, the beta-galactosidase activity which reflects nuclear NF-kappa B activity, is first detected in spermatocytes at the pachytene stage and remains activated in the following steps of germ cell differentiation and maturation. Using transgenic mice carrying a p105nlslacZ construct with the 3 NF-kappa B sites mutated in the p105 promoter, we found a significant reduction in the transgene activity, confirming the important role of NF-kappa B in the activation of the transgene. To confirm the stage of induction during spermatogenesis, we analysed the beta-galactosidase activity in the testes from prepuberal mice in which cells synchrouneously enter meiosis. We detected the transgene activity at 18 days after birth, corresponding to the pachytene stage in spermatocytes. In nuclear extracts prepared from prepuberal mice, we found a peak of NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity made of p50 and p65 subunits at day 18 after birth, which remains high in the later stages. Further analysis showed that I kappa B alpha and beta, but not epsilon are expressed in the testes. Altogether, these data suggest that NF-kappa B factors are stage specifically controlled and may play a role during the development of sperm cells.