gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Olefin Metathesis in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (2001)

Liquid or supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)) is a versatile reaction medium for ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and ring-closing olefin metathesis (RCM) reactions using well-defined metal catalysts. The molybdenum alkylidene complex 1 and ruthenium carbenes 2 and 3 bearing PCy(3) or N-heterocyclic carbene ligands, respectively, can be used and are found to exhibit efficiency similar to that in chlorinated organic solvents. While compound 1 is readily soluble in scCO(2), complexes 2 and 3 behave like heterogeneous catalysts in this reaction medium. Importantly, however, the unique properties of scCO(2) provide significant advantages beyond simple solvent replacement. This pertains to highly convenient workup procedures both for polymeric and low molecular weight products, to catalyst immobilization, to reaction tuning by density control (RCM versus acyclic diene metathesis polymerization), and to applications of scCO(2) as a protective medium for basic amine functions. The latter phenomenon is explained by the reversible formation of the corresponding carbamic acid as evidenced by (1)H NMR data obtained in compressed CO(2). Together with its environmentally and toxicologically benign character, these unique physicochemical features sum up to a very attractive solvent profile of carbon dioxide for sustainable synthesis and production.
Book Reviews (1973)

S.B. Day and R.A. Good, eds, Academic Press, New York, 1972; 604 pages, $17.50.B. Vernon-Roberts, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1972; 242 pages, $21.00R.E. Ballioux, M. Gruber and H.F. Seijen, eds., North-Holland/American Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1972; 104 pages, $7.75
FAM13A as potential therapeutic target in modulating TGF-β-induced airway tissue remodeling in COPD (2021)

Genome-wide association studies have shown that a gene variant in the Family with sequence similarity 13, member A (FAM13A) is strongly associated with reduced lung function and the appearance of respiratory symptoms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A key player in smoking-induced tissue injury and airway remodeling is the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). To determine the role of FAM13A in TGF-β1 signaling, <i>FAM13A</i><sup>-/-</sup> airway epithelial cells were generated using CRISPR-Cas9, whereas overexpression of FAM13A was achieved using lipid nanoparticles. Wild-type (WT) and <i>FAM13A</i><sup>-/-</sup> cells were treated with TGF-β1, followed by gene and/or protein expression analyses. <i>FAM13A</i><sup>-/-</sup> cells augmented TGF-β1-induced increase in collagen type 1 (COL1A1), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), expression compared with WT cells. This effect was mediated by an increase in β-catenin (CTNNB1) expression in <i>FAM13A</i><sup>-/-</sup> cells compared with WT cells after TGF-β1 treatment. <i>FAM13A</i> overexpression was partially protective from TGF-β1-induced COL1A1 expression. Finally, we showed that airway epithelial-specific FAM13A protein expression is significantly increased in patients with severe COPD compared with control nonsmokers, and negatively correlated with lung function. In contrast, β-catenin (CTNNB1), which has previously been linked to be regulated by FAM13A, is decreased in the airway epithelium of smokers with COPD compared with non-COPD subjects. Together, our data showed that FAM13A may be protective from TGF-β1-induced fibrotic response in the airway epithelium via sequestering CTNNB1 from its regulation on downstream targets. Therapeutic increase in FAM13A expression in the airway epithelium of smokers at risk for COPD, and those with mild COPD, may reduce the extent of airway tissue remodeling.
Gain-Clamped Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers for Reach Extension of Coexisted GPON and XG-PON (2011)

Optical amplification of coexisted GPON and XG-PON upstreams is demonstrated using a gain-clamped semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). With gain clamping, performance degradation due to the cross-gain modulation between GPON and XG-PON signals is significantly reduced.
Dissection of the Process of Brain Metastasis Reveals Targets and Mechanisms for Molecular-based Intervention. (2017)

Brain metastases outnumber the incidence of brain tumors by a factor of ten. Patients with brain metastases have a dismal prognosis and current treatment modalities achieve only a modest clinical benefit. We discuss the process of brain metastasis with respect to mechanisms and involved targets to outline options for therapeutic intervention and focus on breast and lung cancer, as well as melanoma. We describe the process of penetration of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) by disseminated tumor cells, establishment of a metastatic niche, colonization and outgrowth in the brain parenchyma. Furthermore, the role of angiogenesis in colonization of the brain parenchyma, interactions of extravasated tumor cells with microglia and astrocytes, as well as their propensity for neuromimicry, is discussed. We outline targets suitable for prevention of metastasis and summarize targets suitable for treatment of established brain metastases. Finally, we highlight the implications of findings revealing druggable mutations in brain metastases that cannot be identified in matching primary tumors.
Features that best define the heterogeneity and homogeneity of autism in preschool‐age children: A multisite case–control analysis replicated across two independent samples (2021)

The heterogeneous nature of children with symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) makes it difficult to identify risk factors and effective treatment options. We sought to identify behavioral and developmental features that best define the heterogeneity and homogeneity in 2-5-year-old children classified with ASD and subthreshold ASD characteristics. Children were enrolled in a multisite case-control study of ASD. Detailed behavioral and developmental data were gathered by maternal telephone interview, parent-administered questionnaires, child cognitive evaluation, and ASD diagnostic measures. Participants with a positive ASD screen score or prior ASD diagnosis were referred for comprehensive evaluation. Children in the ASD group met study criteria based on this evaluation; children who did not meet study criteria were categorized as having subthreshold ASD characteristics. There were 1480 children classified as ASD (81.6% boys) and 594 children classified as having subthreshold ASD characteristics (70.2% boys) in the sample. Factors associated with dysregulation (e.g., aggression, anxiety/depression, sleep problems) followed by developmental abilities (e.g., expressive and receptive language skills) most contributed to heterogeneity in both groups of children. Atypical sensory response contributed to homogeneity in children classified as ASD but not those with subthreshold characteristics. These findings suggest that dysregulation and developmental abilities are clinical features that can impact functioning in children with ASD and other DD, and that documenting these features in pediatric records may help meet the needs of the individual child. Sensory dysfunction could be considered a core feature of ASD and thus used to inform more targeted screening, evaluation, treatment, and research efforts. LAY SUMMARY: The diverse nature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) makes it difficult to find risk factors and treatment options. We identified the most dissimilar and most similar symptom(s) in children classified as ASD and as having subthreshold ASD characteristics. Factors associated with dysregulation and developmental abilities contributed to diversity in both groups of children. Sensory dysfunction was the most common symptom in children with ASD but not those with subthreshold characteristics. Findings can inform clinical practice and research.
CD1d Mediates T-Cell-Dependent Resistance to Secondary Infection with Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EMCV) In Vitro and Immune Response to EMCV Infection In Vivo (2006)

ABSTRACT The innate and adaptive immune responses have evolved distinct strategies for controlling different viral pathogens. Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is a picornavirus that can cause paralysis, diabetes, and myocarditis within days of infection. The optimal innate immune response against EMCV in vivo requires CD1d. Interaction of antigen-presenting cell CD1d with distinct natural killer T-cell (“NKT”) populations can induce rapid gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production and NK-cell activation. The T-cell response of CD1d-deficient mice (lacking all NKT cells) against acute EMCV infection was further studied in vitro and in vivo. EMCV persisted at higher levels in CD1d-knockout (KO) splenocyte cultures infected in vitro. Furthermore, optimal resistance to repeat cycles of EMCV infection in vitro was also shown to depend on CD1d. However, this was not reflected in the relative levels of NK-cell activation but rather by the responses of both CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell populations. Repeated EMCV infection in vitro induced less IFN-γ and alpha interferon (IFN-α) from CD1d-deficient splenocytes than with the wild type. Furthermore, the level of EMCV replication in wild-type splenocytes was markedly and specifically increased by addition of blocking anti-CD1d antibody. Depletion experiments demonstrated that dendritic cells contributed less than the combination of NK and NKT cells to anti-EMCV responses and that none of these cell types was the main source of IFN-α. Finally, EMCV infection in vivo produced higher levels of viremia in CD1d-KO mice than in wild-type animals, coupled with significantly less lymphocyte activation and IFN-α production. These results point to the existence of a previously unrecognized mechanism of rapid CD1d-dependent stimulation of the antiviral adaptive cellular immune response.
Cognitive State Estimation Based on EEG for Augmented Cognition (2005)

Augmented cognition is an emerging concept that aims to enhance user performance and cognitive capabilities on the basis of adaptive assistance. An integral part of such systems is the automatic assessment of the instantaneous cognitive state of the user. This paper describes an automatic cognitive state estimation methodology based on the use of EEG measurements with ambulatory users. The required robustness in this context is achieved through the use of a mutual information based dimensionality reduction approach in conjunction with a committee of classifiers, and median filter outlier rejection element. We present classification results associated with cognitive tasks performed in mobile and stationary modalities
Coexistence of Digital Terrestrial Television and 4G LTE Mobile Network Utilizing Supplemental Downlink Concept: A Real Case Study (2016)

This paper contributes to the studies for long-term evolution (LTE) deployment into the ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) broadcasting spectrum (470-790 MHz) utilizing the supplemental downlink (SDL) concept and its coexistence with the digital terrestrial Television (DTT) service. The performed real and practical coexistence scenario studies were based on the modeling and simulation of the LTE and DTT systems in order to assess potential interference between systems and the availability of the spectrum for the LTE SDL services. Simulations were aligned with the scenarios and assumptions agreed to in the European regulation complemented with real case study parameters from Finland: the early adopter of the digital dividend II. The results lead to some conclusions about the LTE SDL-DTT coexistence and indicated availability of the complementary LTE SDL services on the lower UHF spectrum. Flexible use of the UHF band aims to increase the efficiency of spectrum use in delivering fast growing and converging mobile broadband, media, and TV content to meet the changing consumer needs. Simulated scenarios can be utilized by regulation and standardization forums for studying the future of UHF spectrum and LTE broadcasting evolution in mobile communications toward fifth-generation (5G).
Using Social Media to Gauge Iranian Public Opinion and Mood After the 2009 Election (2012)

In the months after the contested Iranian presidential election in June 2009, Iranians spoke out about the election using Twitter — a social media service that allows users to send short text messages, called tweets, with relative anonymity. This research analyzed more than 2.5 million tweets discussing the Iran election that were sent in the nine months following it, drawing insights into Iranian public and mood in the post-election period.
Structure of Hormaomycin, a Naturally Occurring Cyclic Octadepsipeptide, in the Crystal (2014)

Abstract The structure of hormaomycin has been determined in two crystals grown under different conditions, i. e. in the absence and in the presence of magnesium chloride. In both crystals, the macrocyclic hexadepsipeptide assumes a rather flat conformation, and the dipeptide side chain resides in the same equatorial plane. This is a significant difference in comparison with the compact bent conformation of hormaomycin in solution, as previously determined by an extensive NMR study
Scalp application of antioxidants improves scalp condition and reduces hair shedding in a 24‐week randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial (2021)

These results establish that the use of functional antioxidant and barrier-enhancing agents to further improve scalp condition can enable a reduction in hair shedding and thus an increase in perceived hair fullness. The underlying improvements in scalp condition suggest the hair benefits were achieved as a result of improved scalp skin barrier and scalp condition leading to a viable preventative approach for hair thinning.
Regiodivergent and Diastereoselective CuH‐Catalyzed Allylation of Imines with Terminal Allenes (2016)

A copper-catalyzed, chemoselective hydrometalation process enables the use of simple allenes as allylmetal nucleophile surrogates in imine allylation reactions. By modulating the nitrogen-protecting group, either highly branched- or linear-selective addition can be achieved from the same allene. Both reactions exhibit excellent diastereoselectivity and broad functional-group tolerance. Preliminary results indicate that good enantioselectivity can also be achieved in the linear-selective reaction. Finally, a mechanistic model for the regiodivergence is proposed on the basis of density functional theory calculations.
Characterization of the split hand/split foot malformation locus SHFM1 at 7q21.3-q22.1 and analysis of a candidate gene for its expression during limb development (1996)

Split hand/split foot malformation (SHFM) is a heterogeneous limb developmental disorder, characterized by missing digits and fusion of remaining digits. An autosomal dominant form of this disorder (SHFM1) has been mapped to 7q21.3-q22.1 on the basis of SHFM-associated chromosomal rearrangements. Utilizing a YAC contig across this region, we have defined a critical interval of 1.5 Mb by the analysis of six interstitial deletion patients and mapped the translocation breakpoints of seven ectrodactyly patients within the interval. To delineate the basic molecular defect underlying SHFM, we have searched for candidate genes in a 500 kb region containing five of the translocation breakpoints. Three genes were identified, two genes of the Distal-less (dll) homeobox gene family, DLX5 and DLX6 and a novel gene, which we named DSS1. DSS1 is predicted to encode a highly acidic polypeptide with no significant similarity to any known proteins but 100% amino acid sequence identity with its murine homolog (Dss1). Using RNA in situ hybridization analysis, we detected a tissue-specific expression profile for Dss1 in limb bud, craniofacial primordia and skin. A deficiency in expression of DSS1, DLX5 and/or DLX6 during development may explain the SHFM phenotypes.
A Study of Inlet System Detergency in a Gasoline Engine Using an Optical Method (1992)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A quick, convenient, objective and sensitive engine test to monitor the activity of a gasoline detergent additive package in the inlet system has been developed. The test is based on an optical technique which detects, by monitoring atomic emission, the increase in the movement, caused by the additive package, of an appropriate marker from the inlet manifold/port into the combustion chamber. The test is not sensitive to deposit formation tendencies of the fuel and additive package components and hence cannot be used to assess the cleanliness performance of unknown gasolines or of additive packages whose components themselves produce deposits. Since it is developed in a carburetter engine, the results are relevant to carburetter engines. The results from the test are repeatable and correlate very well with results from a variety of more expensive engine and road tests. They are also in line with existing knowledge about detergent packages reported in the literature. The study highlights the importance of the carrier fluid in the additive package for carburetter engines.&lt;/div&gt;
Stereoselective 1,4 bromination of semibullvalene and tri-n-butyltin hydride reduction of the dibromide (1973)

Bromination of semibullvalene proceeds with stereoselective cis,exo-1,4-addition in contrast to bullvalene where kinetically controlled trans-1,4-addition occurs.
Mechanisms of TIGIT-driven immune suppression in cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts TIGIT is a co-inhibitory molecule that limits T cell proliferation and activation. TIGIT expression has been recently shown to identify a subset of regulatory T cells (Treg) that specifically suppresses Th1 and Th17 responses; however its role in tumor immunity has not been
Genetic Network Programming with Automatically Generated Macro Nodes (2004)

Genetic Network Programming (GNP) extended from other evolutionary computations such as Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Genetic Programming (GP) has network structures as gene. Previously, the program size of conventional GNP was fixed and GNP programs have not introduced the concept of sub-routines, although GA and GP paid attention to sub-routines. In this paper, a new method where GNP with Automatically Generated Macro Nodes (GNP with AGMs) composed of a number of nodes is proposed for improving the performance of GNP. These AGMs also have network structures and are evolved like main GNP. In addition to that, AGMs have multiple inputs and outputs that have not been introduced in the past. In the simulations, comparisons between GNP program only and GNP with AGMs are carried out using the tile world. Simulation results shows that the proposed method brings better results compared with traditional GNP. And it is clarified from simulations that the node transition rules obtained by AGMs show the generalized rules able to deal with unknown environments.
Quantifying Anti-Gravity Torques for the Design of a Powered Exoskeleton (2012)

Designing an upper extremity exoskeleton for people with arm weakness requires knowledge of the joint torques due to gravity and joint stiffness, as well as, active residual force capabilities of users. The objective of this research paper is to describe the characteristics of the upper limb of children with upper limb impairment. This paper describes the experimental measurements of the torque on the upper limb due to gravity and joint stiffness of three groups of subjects: able-bodied adults, able-bodied children, and children with neuromuscular disabilities. The experiment involves moving the arm to various positions in the sagittal plane and measuring the resultant force at the forearm. This force is then converted to torques at the elbow and shoulder. These data are compared to a two-link lumped mass model based on anthropomorphic data. Results show that the torques based on anthropometry deviate from experimentally measured torques as the arm goes through the range. Subjects with disabilities also maximally pushed and pulled against the force sensor to measure maximum strength as a function of arm orientation. For all subjects, the maximum voluntary applied torque at the shoulder and elbow in the sagittal plane was found to be lower than gravity torques throughout the disabled subjects' range of motion. This experiment informs designers of upper limb orthoses on the contribution of passive human joint torques due to gravity and joint stiffness and the strength capability of targeted users.
CyberRank (2016)

Security systems for databases produce numerous alerts about anomalous activities and policy rule violations. Prioritizing these alerts will help security personnel focus their efforts on the most urgent alerts. Currently, this is done manually by security experts that rank the alerts or define static risk scoring rules. Existing solutions are expensive, consume valuable expert time, and do not dynamically adapt to changes in policy. Adopting a learning approach for ranking alerts is complex due to the efforts required by security experts to initially train such a model. The more features used, the more accurate the model is likely to be, but this will require the collection of a greater amount of user feedback and prolong the calibration process. In this paper, we propose CyberRank, a novel algorithm for automatic preference elicitation that is effective for situations with limited experts' time and outperforms other algorithms for initial training of the system. We generate synthetic examples and annotate them using a model produced by Analytic Hierarchical Processing (AHP) to bootstrap a preference learning algorithm. We evaluate different approaches with a new dataset of expert ranked pairs of database transactions, in terms of their risk to the organization. We evaluated using manual risk assessments of transaction pairs, CyberRank outperforms all other methods for cold start scenario with error reduction of 20%.
Driving Future Weather Warning (2012)

This article discusses how the United States Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Research & Innovative Technology Administration (RITA) have joined forces over the last few years to promote safety, mobility and the environment through a new connected vehicle initiative. The objective of this initiative is to enable wireless communication between vehicles, infrastructure and passengers’ personal communication devices. The utility of mobile vehicle data is especially valued for diagnosing road weather conditions. Some vehicle measurements, such as ambient air temperature and atmospheric pressure, have direct relevance for understanding weather conditions during the winter months. Additionally, other vehicle observations, including status of windshield wipers, antilock braking systems (ABS) and traction control, are indirectly informative of local road conditions. Working with the FHWA and RITA, the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is developing a vehicle data translator (VDT) to ingest and quality-check vehicle observations, and then combine them with more traditional weather data (eg, radar, satellite, etc.) to develop road condition and hazard information.
TSPO-targeted PET and Optical Probes for the Detection and Localization of Premalignant and Malignant Pancreatic Lesions (2020)

We anticipate that combined TSPO PET/IGS represents a translational approach for precision pancreatic cancer care through discrimination of high-risk indeterminate lesions and actionable surgery.