gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AJRCCM : 100-Y ear A nniversary . The Shifting Landscape for Lung Cancer: Past, Present, and Future (2017)

The past century has witnessed a transformative shift in lung cancer from a rare reportable disease to the leading cause of cancer death among men and women worldwide. This historic shift reflects the increase in tobacco consumption worldwide, spurring public health efforts over the past several decades directed at tobacco cessation and control. Although most lung cancers are still diagnosed at a late stage, there have been significant advances in screening high-risk smokers, diagnostic modalities, and chemopreventive approaches. Improvements in surgery and radiation are advancing our ability to manage early-stage disease, particularly among patients considered unfit for traditional open resection. Arguably, the most dramatic progress has occurred on the therapeutic side, with the development of targeted and immune-based therapy over the past decade. This article reviews the major shifts in the lung cancer landscape over the past 100 years. Although many ongoing clinical challenges remain, this review will also highlight emerging molecular and imaging-based approaches that represent opportunities to transform the prevention, early detection, and treatment of lung cancer in the years ahead.
The Role of Catalyst Adhesion in ALD-TiO2 Protection of Water Splitting Silicon Anodes (2018)

Atomic layer deposited titanium dioxide (ALD-TiO<sub>2</sub>) has emerged as an effective protection layer for highly efficient semiconductor anodes which are normally unstable under the potential and pH conditions used to oxidize water in a photoelectrochemical cell. The failure modes of silicon anodes coated with an Ir/IrO <sub>x</sub> oxygen evolution catalyst layer are investigated, and poor catalyst/substrate adhesion is found to be a key factor in failed anodes. Quantitative measurements of interfacial adhesion energy show that the addition of TiO<sub>2</sub> significantly improves reliability of anodes, yielding an adhesion energy of 6.02 ± 0.5 J/m<sup>2</sup>, more than double the adhesion energy measured in the absence of an ALD-TiO<sub>2</sub> protection layer. These results indicate the importance of catalyst adhesion to an interposed protection layer in promoting operational stability of high efficiency semiconducting anodes during solar-driven water splitting.
Free oscillations of near-surface bubbles as a source of the underwater noise of rain (1990)

A bubble that is oscillating with a small amplitude may be thought of as a damped, undriven harmonic oscillator. If the bubble is near a free surface, it may be considered as a simple acoustic source close to a pressure release boundary and will therefore radiate as a dipole. It has been shown in a previous paper [Pumphrey et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85, 1518–1526 (1989)] that this mechanism is the major cause of the sound produced by rain and probably makes a contribution to the Knudsen spectrum of ambient noise in the ocean. Experimental results are presented for such freely oscillating bubbles, mostly entrained by drop impacts, which show that they have the resonance frequencies and damping constants predicted by theory. The presence of the free surface affects these values to a certain extent. The radiation pattern was measured and was shown to be a dipole, as predicted. Calculations of the amplitude of the bubble oscillation indicate that it is small, confirming that the linear approximation is valid. The spectrum level caused by a rain shower was calculated and compared with field measurements.
Establishment of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-deficient mouse embryonic stem cell lines (1998)

Many studies revealed that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (Pare) is involved in DNA-damage recovery, cell-death induction and maintenance of genomic stability. We generated mouse Parp+/- embryonic stem (ES) cell lines by disrupting one allele of Parp exon 1 with a neomycin-resistance gene-cassette and subsequently produced Parp-/- ES cells by disrupting the remaining allele with a puromycin-resistance genecassette. Parp activity was decreased to half in Parp+/- ES cell clones and lost in Parp-/- ES cell clones. Growth rates of Parp+/- and Parp-/- ES cell clones were similar to that of parental J1 ES cells, indicating that Parp is not required for ES cell proliferation. These Parp-/- ES cells will be useful to study biological role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reaction.
Efficient plasmonic emission by the quantum Čerenkov effect from hot carriers in graphene (2016)

Abstract Graphene plasmons have been found to be an exciting plasmonic platform, thanks to their high field confinement and low phase velocity, motivating contemporary research to revisit established concepts in light–matter interaction. In a conceptual breakthrough over 80 years old, Čerenkov showed how charged particles emit shockwaves of light when moving faster than the phase velocity of light in a medium. To modern eyes, the Čerenkov effect offers a direct and ultrafast energy conversion scheme from charge particles to photons. The requirement for relativistic particles, however, makes Čerenkov emission inaccessible to most nanoscale electronic and photonic devices. Here we show that graphene plasmons provide the means to overcome this limitation through their low phase velocity and high field confinement. The interaction between the charge carriers flowing inside graphene and the plasmons enables a highly efficient two-dimensional Čerenkov emission, giving a versatile, tunable and ultrafast conversion mechanism from electrical signal to plasmonic excitation.
Prolonged survival of islet allografts in mice treated with rosmarinic acid and anti-CD154 antibody (2008)

Pancreatic islet transplantation can correct the abnormal glucose metabolism of Type 1 diabetes. Although immunosuppressants greatly reduce the acute rejection rate in transplant patients, the long-term side effects can be debilitating. Therefore, researchers are seeking to develop new immunosuppressive regimens that induce maximal levels of immunosuppression with minor side effects. Rosmarinic acid (Ros A) is a secondary metabolite of certain herbs and has multiple biological activities, including anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we have investigated whether treatment of mice with a combination of Ros A and anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody (MR1) improves islet allograft survival in a murine model. After transplantation, the mice were treated with either Ros A, MR1, or both (the "double" treatment). Allograft survival was prolonged in the double-treated animals compared to animals that received only Ros A or MR1. As is the case with the single-treated animals at 15 days after transplantation, the double-treated recipients did not display a significant decrease in the expression of cytokines or the population of activated T cells. Infiltrating CD3(+) T cells were reduced in the MR1- or double therapy relative to control or RosA group. However, at the same time point, double-treated graft showed fewer apoptotic cells and increased expression of insulin and glucagons, compared to the single-treatment groups. Furthermore, long-term (>150 days) allografts that were received with double therapy exhibited larger islet clusters and contained more insulin- and glucagon-positive cells, relative to the MR1-treated grafts. In conclusion, treatment with both Ros A and MR1 has a synergistic effect in murine islet allotransplantation.
Toward Libraries of Biotinylated Chondroitin Sulfate Analogues: From Synthesis to In Vivo Studies (2012)

Abstract Chondroitin sulfate‐E (CS‐E) oligosaccharidic analogues (di to hexa) were prepared from lactose. In these compounds, the 2‐acetamido group was replaced by a hydroxyl group. This modification speeded up the synthesis, and large oligosaccharides were constructed in a few steps from a lactose‐originated block. The protecting groups used were as follows; Fmoc for hydroxyl groups to be glycosylated, allyl group for anomeric position protection, and trichoroacetimidate leaving groups were used to prepare up to octasaccharides. We took advantage of the presence of allyl group to develop a click biotinylation, through its transformation into a 3‐azido‐2‐hydroxyl propyl group in two steps (epoxidation and sodium azide epoxide opening). The biotinylating agent was a water‐soluble propargylated and biotinylated triethylene glycol (PEG). By using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), it was shown that the di‐, tetra‐, and hexasaccharides display a binding affinity and selectivity toward HSF/GSF and CXCL12 similar to that of CS‐E. A parallel study confirmed their mimicry of natural compounds, based on the hexasaccharide interaction with Otx2, a homeodomain protein involved in brain maturation, thus validating our simplification approach to synthesize bioactive GAG.
Prevalence of Neuroendocrine Dysfunction in Patients Recovering from Traumatic Brain Injury1 (2001)

Although hypopituitarism is a known complication of head injury, it may be underrecognized due to its subtle clinical manifestations. The nonspecific symptoms may be masked by and may contribute to the physical and psychological sequelae of brain trauma. This study examines the prevalence of neuroendocrine abnormalities in patients rehabilitating from traumatic brain injury. Seventy adults (mean age, 31.5 +/- 1.1 yr; range, 18--58; 46 men and 24 women) with traumatic brain injury an average of 49 +/- 8 months before the study (median, 13 months) underwent a series of standard endocrine tests, including serum levels of TSH, free T(4), insulin-like growth factor I, PRL, testosterone (males), and cosyntropin stimulation. Abnormal results of these tests were followed by dynamic tests of gonadotropin, TSH, and GH secretion. Glucagon stimulation testing in 48 subjects revealed GH deficiency (peak, <3 microg/L) in 14.6%. Free T(4) (n = 6; 8.6%), TSH (n = 7; 10%), or both (n = 2; 2.9%) were low in 21.7%, whereas 87% had both TSH and free T(4) below the midnormal level. Basal morning cortisol was below normal in 45.7% of subjects, whereas cosyntropin-stimulated levels were insufficient (peak, <500 nmol/L) in 7.1%. Hypogonadism and hyperprolactinemia were uncommon. In summary, pituitary hormone deficiencies were identified in a substantial proportion of patients with previous brain injury. GH deficiency, found in 15% by glucagon stimulation testing, may compound the physical and psychological complications of traumatic brain injury and interfere with rehabilitation.
Dry heat sterilization as a method to recycle N95 respirator masks: The importance of fit (2022)

In times of crisis, including the current COVID-19 pandemic, the supply chain of filtering facepiece respirators, such as N95 respirators, are disrupted. To combat shortages of N95 respirators, many institutions were forced to decontaminate and reuse respirators. While several reports have evaluated the impact on filtration as a measurement of preservation of respirator function after decontamination, the equally important fact of maintaining proper fit to the users' face has been understudied. In the current study, we demonstrate the complete inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and preservation of fit test performance of N95 respirators following treatment with dry heat. We apply scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements to analyze filter material changes as a consequence of different decontamination treatments. We further compared the integrity of the respirator after autoclaving versus dry heat treatment via quantitative fit testing and found that autoclaving, but not dry heat, causes the fit of the respirator onto the users face to fail, thereby rendering the decontaminated respirator unusable. Our findings highlight the importance to account for both efficacy of disinfection and mask fit when reprocessing respirators to for clinical redeployment.
Towards Autonomic Infrastructures via Mobile Agents and Active Networks (2011)

As we move towards service-oriented complex infrastructures, what is needed, security, robustness, and intelligence distributed within the network. Modern systems are too complicated to be centrally administered; therefore, the need for approaches that provide autonomic characteristics and are able to be self sustained is evident. We present here one approach towards this goal, i.e., how we can build dynamic infrastructures based on mobile agents (MA) and active networks (AN). Both concepts share common ground at the architectural level, which makes it interesting to use a mix of them to provide a more sophisticated framework for building dynamic systems. We argue that by using this combination, more autonomous systems can be built that can effectively possess at least at some level of self-* features, such as self-management, self-healing, etc., which, in conjunction with cooperation capabilities, will lead to the deployment of dynamic infrastructures that autonomously identify and adapt to external/internal events. As an example, the implementation of an autonomous network-based security service is analyzed, which proves that denial of service attacks can be managed by the network itself intelligently and in an autonomic fashion.Request access from your librarian to read this chapter's full text.
Characterization of Plasma Polymerized Hydrocarbons Using CP-MAS Carbon- 13 NMR (1991)

Abstract : Plasma polymerized hydrocarbons made from ethane and methane were produced under different reactor conditions and probed by solid-state carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with cross-polarization and magic angle sample spinning. NMR experiments provided structural information about the plasma polymers. The conditions of low power, high hydrocarbon gas flow rate, and no added hydrogen gas appeared to give the highest amount of non-protonated sp3 hybridized carbons in the films for the reactor design used. The use of methane or ethane as reactor gas did not affect plasma polymer structure significantly.
NRG Oncology CC001 Neurocognitive Final Analysis: A Phase III Trial of Hippocampal Avoidance (HA) in Addition to Whole-Brain Radiotherapy (WBRT) Plus Memantine to Preserve Neurocognitive Function (NCF) in Patients With Brain Metastases (BM) (2019)

INTRODUCTION: NRG CC001, a phase III trial of whole-brain brain radiotherapy (WBRT) plus memantine (WBRT + M) with or without hippocampal avoidance (HA), sought to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of lowering hippocampal radiation dose. METHODS: Patients with brain metastases (BM) were stratified by RPA class and prior radiosurgery/surgery and randomized to WBRT + M or HA-WBRT + M (30 Gy/10 fractions). Neurocognitive function (NCF) testing was performed at baseline, 2, 4, 6, and 12 mo. The primary endpoint was NCF failure, defined as reliable change index determined decline on Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, Trail Making Test, or Controlled Oral Word Association. Cumulative incidence estimated NCF failure (death without NCF failure was competing risk); between-arms differences tested using Gray's test. Deterioration at each time point was tested using a chi-square test. Patient-reported symptoms were assessed using the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory with Brain Tumor module (MDASI-BT) and analyzed using mixed effects models and t-tests. RESULTS: From 7/2015 to 3/2018, 518 patients were randomized. Median follow-up was 7.9 mo. HA-WBRT + M was associated with lower NCF failure risk (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.74, P = .02) due to lower risk of deterioration in executive function at 4 mo (P = .01), and encoding (P = .049) and consolidation (P = .02) at 6 mo. Age = 61 predicted lower NCF failure risk (HR = 0.60, P = .0002); nonsignificant interaction test indicated independent effects of HA and age. On the patient-reported MDASI-BT, mixed effects models for Symptom Severity (P = .03) showed a time-by-treatment interaction favoring HA-WBRT. Changes in the MDASI-BT Cognitive Factor at 6 mo (P = .034) favored the HA-WBRT + M arm. The MDASI-BT items of problems remembering things (P = .013), difficulty speaking (P = .049), and fatigue (P = .036) at 6 mo also favored the HA-WBRT + M arm. Treatment arms did not differ in toxicity, overall survival, or intracranial progression. CONCLUSION: HA during WBRT for BM better preserves NCF and patient-reported symptoms, while achieving similar intracranial control and survival.
Fuel-cell research on second-generation molten-carbonate systems. Project 9105 quarterly technical progress report, October 1-December 31, 1977 (1978)

The objectives of the FY 1978 program are to: (a) improve the performance and endurance of the molten carbonate fuel cell; and (b) develop cost-effective cell components. The required effort is subdivided into three tasks: (1) Cell and component development: improved components and cost-effective fabrication processes will be developed. This will include developing stable anode structures and improved electrolyte structures that can be fabricated by cost-effective processes. (2) Fuel cell electrolyte optimization: new melt compositions will be tested in laboratory- and bench-scale cells. Supporting information necessary for electrolyte section and for understanding the processes occurring in these systems will be obtained by developing models to describe cell performance and by electrochemical measurements. (3) Cell operation at high pressure: molten carbonate fuel cells will be operated at high pressure to identify and provide solutions to cell decay mechanisms and to identify problems associated with operating these cells at high pressures. Progress is reported. (WHK)
Stabilization of 2-D recursive digital filters by the DHT method (1999)

In this paper, we discuss the discrete Hilbert transform (DHT) method of stabilizing unstable two-dimensional (2-D) recursive digital filters originally proposed by Read and Treitel (se IEEE Trans. Geo. Sci. Electron., vol. GE-II, p. 153-60, 207, July 1973). We show that even in the one-dimensional case, the DHT method may yield an unstable polynomial when the given unstable polynomial has zeros on the unit circle. This is the case in the example presented by Read and Treitel, where the given 2-D polynomial has zeros on the unit bicircle. We show that the DHT method cannot guarantee stability if the unstable 2-D polynomial has zeros on the unit bicircle.
Molecular mechanisms underlying IL-4-induced leukocyte recruitment in vivo: a critical role for the alpha 4 integrin. (1999)

IL-4 is known to induce recruitment of eosinophils and mononuclear leukocytes. In vitro this occurs in part by selective expression of VCAM-1, the ligand for the alpha 4 integrin. The objective of this study was to determine the molecular mechanisms that underlie IL-4-induced leukocyte recruitment in vivo. Mice received an intrascrotal injection of IL-4 (100 ng). Twenty-four hours later, leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and emigration in cremasteric postcapillary venules were examined via intravital microscopy, and expression of VCAM-1 and P- and E-selectin was quantitated using a radiolabeled mAb technique. IL-4 increased VCAM-1 expression, but P-selectin and E-selectin remained at constitutive levels. IL-4 induced significant increases in leukocyte adhesion and emigration, with 50% of the emigrated cells being eosinophils and the remainder being mononuclear leukocytes. Leukocyte rolling in IL-4-treated mice was >95% inhibitable using an anti-P-selectin Ab. However, IL-4-induced leukocyte recruitment was unaltered in mice treated chronically with P-selectin Ab or mice deficient in either P-selectin or P- and E-selectin, suggesting that the residual rolling supported all of the IL-4-induced recruitment. In IL-4-treated mice following P-selectin blockade, tethering and rolling were not dependent on L-selectin, but were abolished by alpha 4 integrin blockade. These findings show that the alpha 4 integrin can initiate leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in the absence of selectins under shear conditions in vivo, and that the absence of selectins does not affect recruitment of eosinophils and mononuclear cells to IL-4-treated tissue.
E-102 Advances in Prophylactic HIV Vaccine Development (2014)

The RV 144 HIV vaccine trial in Thailand demonstrated that a preventive HIV vaccine was possible with early efficacy estimated at 60% which waned over time coincident with non-durable vaccine evoked immune responses. New insights into correlates of risk of infection are focused on the C1 and V3 regions of Env as well as V2 with IgG subclass 3 and antibody dependent phagocytosis and other non-neutralizing antibody mechanisms of action. Late boosts of RV 144 vaccinees are demonstrating the evolution of neutralizing antibodies whose extent of somatic hypermutation and CDR3 length are promising for planned follow-on efficacy studies in Africa and Asia. Associations between host HLA class II genes and transcriptional profiling have yielded new insights into correlates of risk of infection. The rational for next generation rare serotype adenoviral vectored HIV vaccines with trimer Env boosting continues to be strengthened in data derived from coordinated non-human primate studies. New adjuvant systems are being explored to build on these insights and to extend the durability of evoked relevant immune responses.
Successful Repair of Left Ventricular Aneurysm Associated with Mitral Regurgitation Secondary to Spasm-Induced Myocardial Infarction—A Case Report (1990)

A sixty-four-year-old man was admitted with a severe feeling of chest oppres sion and loss of consciousness. An echocardiogram and a left ventriculogram revealed a left ventricular aneurysm with severe mitral regurgitation, and a selective coronary angiogram demonstrated normal coronary arteries. Spasm- induced posterior myocardial infarction was diagnosed, and the patient under went combined left ventricular aneurysmectomy and mitral valve replacement. Six years after the surgery the patient remains well, without angina or heart failure.
NAND Phase Change Memory with Block Erase Architecture and Pass-Transistor Design Requirements for Write and Disturbance (2014)

In this paper, we propose an optimum access method for a phase change memory (PCM) with NAND strings. A PCM with a block erase interface is proposed. The method, which has a SET block erase operation and fast RESET programming, is proposed since the SET operation causes a slow access time for conventional PCM;. From the results of measurement, the SET-ERASE operation is successfully completed while the RESET-ERASE operation is incomplete owing to serial connection. As a result, the block erase interface with the SET-ERASE and RESET program method realizes a 7.7 times faster write speed compared than a conventional RAM interface owing to the long SET time. We also give pass-transistor design guidelines for PCM with NAND strings. In addition, the write-capability and write-disturb problems are investigated. The ERASE operation for the proposed device structure can be realized with the same current as that for the SET operation of a single cell. For the pass transistor, about 4.4 times larger on-current is needed to carry out the RESET operation and to avoid the write-disturb problem than the minimum RESET current of a single cell. In this paper, the SET programming method is also verified for a conventional RAM interface. The experimental results show that the write-capability and write-disturb problems are negligible.
A case of SLE with calcinosis universalis and basal ganglia calcification. (1992)

全身性エリテマトーデス(SLE)に,軟部組織の石灰沈着を伴う症例はまれである. SLEに軟部組織のみならず広範な動脈および大脳基底核に石灰沈着をきたした1症例を経験した.症例は57歳女性.蝶形紅斑,関節炎,抗核抗体陽性,汎血球減少などによりSLEと診断され,以来20年間ステロイド投与を受けている.数年前前腸骨棘外側および尾骨付近に皮下腫瘤を触知し,組織診により石灰沈着と診断された. 1990年7月労作時呼吸困難のため入院.単純X線, CT検査により,骨盤,上下肢などの皮下組織,大動脈弓,大動脈,総腸骨動脈,内頸動脈,大脳基底核に石灰沈着を認めた.組織診では真皮下層から脂肪組織にかけて硝子化,一部石灰化が認められた.皮下腫瘤の赤外分光分析の結果,リン酸カルシウムが主成分であった,本症例の異所性石灰化症にはSLEによる全身性の血管炎およびステロイド内服の関与が示唆された.