gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Cost-effective segmented scintillating converters for hard x rays</title> (1996)

Thick segmented scintillating converters coupled to optical imaging detectors offer the advantage of large area, high stopping power sensors for high energy x-ray digital imaging. The recent advent of high resolution and solid state optical sensors such as amorphous silicon arrays and CCD optical imaging detectors makes it feasible to build large, cost effective imaging arrays. This technology, however, shifts the sensor cost burden to the segmented scintillators needed for imaging. The required labor intensive fabrication of high resolution, large area hard x- ray converters results in high cost and questionable manufacturability on a large scale. We report on recent research of a new segmented x-ray imaging converter. This converter is fabricated using vacuum injection and crystal growth methods to induce defect free, high density scintillating fibers into a collimator matrix. This method has the potential to fabricate large area, thick segmented scintillators. Spatial resolution calculations of these scintillator injected collimators show that the optical light spreading is significantly reduced compared to single crystalline scintillators and sub-millimeter resolution x- ray images acquired with the segmented converter coupled to a cooled CCD camera provided the resolution to characterize the converter efficiency and noise. The proposed concept overcomes the above mentioned limitations by producing a cost-effective technique of fabricating large area x-ray scintillator converters with high stopping power and high spatial resolution. This technology will readily benefit diverse fields such as particle physics, astronomy, medicine, as well as industrial nuclear and non-destructive testing.
The influence of field- and diffusion-current components on the charge-carrier plasma dynamics during turn-off process of p (2008)

Analysing the drift- and diffusion-current densities in the plasma-layer fronts, the influence of switching conditions and dynamic avalanche on the extraction of the charge-carrier plasma can be clearly understood. The parameters a = jn,diff,a/jn,drift,a and c = -jP,diff,c/jp,drift,c determine the plasma dynamics. They are extracted from simulated diode turn-off characteristics with different switching conditions. In the context of this analysis it gets understandable how the switching behaviour of high-voltage diodes can be improved: Effective measures for such an optimisation of the switching behaviour are based on a reduction of the dynamic avalanche generation rate and a cathode design that provides a sufficiently large hole current density from the cathode under certain switching conditions.
Surface-Confined Aqueous Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer (SCARAFT) Polymerization Method for Preparation of Coated Capillary Leads to over 10 000 Peptides Identified from 25 ng HeLa Digest by Using Capillary Zone Electrophoresis-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2017)

A surface-confined aqueous reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (SCARAFT) polymerization method was developed to coat capillaries for use in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). SCARAFT polymerization primarily takes place on the inner surface of the capillary instead of in solution, which greatly improves the homogeneity of the coating. Capillaries treated with this coating produced an electroosmotic mobility of 2.8 ± 0.2 × 10<sup>-6</sup> cm<sup>2</sup>·V<sup>-1</sup>·s<sup>-1</sup> (N = 3), which is roughly an order of magnitude lower than that of commercial linear polyacrylamide (LPA)-coated capillaries. Coated capillaries were evaluated for bottom-up proteomic analysis using CZE. The very low electroosmotic mobility results in a 200 min separation and improved single-shot analysis. An average of 977 protein groups and 5605 unique peptides were identified from 50 ng of an E. coli digest, and 2158 protein groups and 10 005 peptides were identified from 25 ng of a HeLa digest using single-shot analysis with a SCARAFT-acrylamide capillary coupled to a Q Exactive HF mass spectrometer. The coating is stable. A single capillary was used for over 200 h (8.4 days) of continuous operation. RSD in migration time was between 2 and 3% for selected ion electropherograms (SIEs) generated for six ions; median theoretical plate counts ranged from 240 000 to 600 000 for these SIEs. Various types of coatings could be prepared by simply changing the functional vinyl monomers in the polymerization mixture. Positively charged coatings using direct attachment and formation of a block copolymer were prepared and demonstrated for the separation of mixtures of intact proteins.
Low salinity water–Surfactant–CO 2 EOR (2017)

Coreflood, interfacial tension (IFT), contact angle, and phase behavior measurements were performed to investigate the viability of a hybrid of low-salinity water, surfactant, and CO2 flood enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process. Low-permeability carbonate reservoir cores were aged for eight weeks at reservoir temperature and pressure. Coreflood and contact angle between oil droplets and core surface measurements were performed. Additional contact angle measurements on sandstone and shale cores were also performed. The coreflood sequences were seawater flood, followed by low-salinity water flood, followed by surfactant floods until residual oil saturations to each flooding sequences and finally CO2 injection. Coreflood in low-permeability carbonate cores show that the hybrid EOR process produces incremental oil up to twenty-five percent beyond seawater flooding. Contact angle measurements on carbonate, sandstone and shale cores indicate that wettability alteration and IFT decrease are the main oil-mobilizing mechanisms in the hybrid EOR process. The hybrid EOR process mobilizes part of the residual oil because: (i) low-salinity brine improves wettability towards hydrophilic condition favorable for surfactant flooding; (ii) surfactant in low-salinity water solubilizes some of the remaining oil as Winsor type II− microemulsion and lowers IFT between oil and water; and (iii) CO2 will follow surfactant to mobilize more of the remaining oil in the wettability-improved condition.
Unwrapping phase images by propagating probabilities across graphs (2002)

Phase images are derived from source images by applying a modulus operation to each pixel value. Phase unwrapping is the problem of inferring the original, unwrapped values from the wrapped values, using prior knowledge about the smoothness of the image. One approach to solving this problem is to infer the gradient vector field of the unwrapped image and then integrate the gradient field. The gradient in a particular direction at a pixel is equal to the observed pixel difference plus an unknown integer number of shifts. We introduce a technique for inferring these shifts using the low-complexity probability propagation algorithm, applied in a graphical model that prefers shifts that match the phase image and that constrains the shifts to satisfy the properties of a gradient field. We present results for a phase image from the region of the Sandia National Laboratories.
Design and Synthesis of Selective, High‐Affinity Inhibitors of Human Cytochrome P450 2J2. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Multi-scale characterization of human internal organs (2009)

The purpose of this paper is to present a multi-scale approach for the biomechanical characterization of the human liver, spleen, lung and heart. A four step study is presented to quantify the injury mechanism, biomechanical response, and rate dependent constitutive model for each tissue. First, the CIREN and NASS databases were examined in order to determine crash characteristics for injuries for each of the four organs. From this step, the injury mechanism relative to loading directions and loading rates could be approximated. Second, whole fresh human organs were tested within 36 hours of death using multiple rates of indenter style tests up to 50% compression. Third, fresh human organs were processed into either dog-bone tension coupons or cylindrical compression coupons and tested at multiple strain rates to the point of failure within 48 hours of death. Fourth, each whole organ and tissue test was recreated using FEM with scanned geometry. An optimization routine was used to develop the best constitutive model for each organ tissue. The full test matrix consists of 860 individual experiments. The overall methodology and preliminary results of the whole body, organ, tissue and modeling are presented. It is anticipated these results will provide the foundation for human FEM tissue properties. INTRODUCTION In a study of the NASS data base from 1988 – 1994 performed by Elhagediab and Rouhanna it was determined the injuries to the chest and abdomen account for 37.6% and 8% of AIS 3+ injuries, 46.3% and 16.5% of AIS 4+ injuries, and 43.3% and 20.5% of AIS 5+ injuries respectively (Elhagediab and Rouhana 1998). Although it was demonstrated that these injuries account for a significant portion of injuries in automotive crashes, there is limited data post 1998 for the epidemiology of injuries in automotive crashes. Finite element models are becoming increasingly useful to understanding these injuries; however, material properties need to be obtained for the models to be accurate and effective. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to use a multi-scale approach to characterize injuries and material properties of the heart, lungs, liver and spleen. This approach consists of four parts: 1) Determine the incidence of injuries in automotive crashes, 2) Perform impacts to intact whole organs, 3) Perform tissue level tension and compression tests, and 4) Develop accurate computational models from the tissue level tests (Figure 1). Material Optimization Tissue Testing Organ Testing Whole Body Data Analysis Tension And Compression Tension And Compression Liver
Complexity Reduction Method with Joint Candidate Symbols and Layer Sorting for the Sphere Decoder (2007)

The sphere decoder finds the maximum-likelihood (ML) solution with moderate complexity. The computational complexity of the sphere decoder can be further reduced by conventional decoding order scheme sorting the candidate symbols, where the candidate symbols are sorted in ascending order of the distance from the soft-output signal points of a zero-forcing (ZF) receiver. The soft-output signal point of ZF, however, may not be a reliable reference of sorting for finding ML solutions. Moreover, conventional sorting scheme does not consider the searching of the following layer. In this paper, a new sorting scheme is proposed which gives more reliable sorting criteria. It is to sort candidate symbols by considering the number of candidate symbols of the following layer, which are called child symbols. The proposed sorting scheme is combined with layer sorting in order to allow for more reliability at the first detected layer. It is shown that the proposed candidate symbol sorting combined with layer sorting provides around 40% complexity reduction compared with the conventional sorting scheme.
The Role of Fullerene Hemispheres in Determining Structural Features of Finite-Length Carbon Nanotubes (2004)

Geometrical and electronic features of the armchair C40+20n and zigzag C42+18n nanotubes capped with fullerene hemispheres, in which n is the number of cyclic cis- and trans-polyene chains involved in the nanotubes, are analyzed from density functional theory (DFT) calculations. To illuminate the role of the fullerene hemispheres in their structures, the corresponding nanotubes terminated by H atoms, C20nH20, and C18nH18, are also studied in terms of orbital interactions. Although there are various bond-deformation patterns within the cis-polyene chains in the C20nH20 series, the C40+20n series always have similar bond-length alternate patterns, in which the C−C bonds along the tube axis are shortened, whereas the C−C bonds around the belts are lengthened. The bond-deformation patterns in the C42+18n series are also different from those in the C18nH18 series; the structures of the capped and uncapped zigzag nanotubesexhibit Kekulé- and Clar-networks, respectively. The geometrical change in the capped nanotubes is a consequence of orbital interactions in the cylindrical segments with the fullerene hemispheres. Accordingly, the fullerene hemispheres play a dominant role in determining the geometrical and electronic properties of the capped nanotubes. DFT calculations also demonstrate that the geometries of the armchair series exhibit an oscillatory behavior as the chain width with a periodicity of 3. The interesting nanometer size effect is reasonably understood from significant interchain interactions between the cyclic cis-polyene chains involved. In contrast, the geometrical features in the zigzag series are irrespective of the chain width, due to nodal properties of the single trans-polyene chains.
Classification and Size Estimation of Wafer Defects by Using Scattered Light Distribution (2015)

SUMMARY Usually, wafer inspection is a two‐step process. The first step, which is very important, consists of detection of defects on the wafer. The second step classification of the detected defects, which is done after defect detection as necessary. Recently, it has become necessary to perform simultaneous detection and classification of wafer defects in order to reduce the wafer inspection time while maintaining high resolution of inspection. Optical wafer inspection is the most effective method for detecting and classifying defects and estimating their size in a short time. In this method, the scattered light distribution is compared with a database of previous scattered light distributions and pattern matching is used to classify defects and estimate their size. Therefore, to achieve optical wafer inspection based on scattered light distribution, it is necessary to gather scattered light distribution data for many samples of various kinds. The first aim of this study is to develop a defect classification and size estimation method utilizing the scattered light distribution. We propose a method of classifying defects on wafers and estimating their size. The proposed method is based on pattern matching utilizing a parametric eigenspace. The second aim of the paper is to validate the proposed method by applying it to scattered light distribution samples. The light scattering distribution samples were generated by discrete dipole approximation (DDA) simulation. A database of the light scattering distribution is easily created using the simulation.
Table S2 from MCL1 and DEDD Promote Urothelial Carcinoma Progression (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Correlation of mRNA-seq and CNV&lt;/p&gt;
3′ terminal diversity of MRP RNA and other human noncoding RNAs revealed by deep sequencing (2013)

3' RACE coupled with deep sequencing provides a valuable framework for the functional characterization of 3' terminal sequences of noncoding RNAs.
End-to-end Document Recognition and Understanding with Dessurt (2022)

We introduce Dessurt, a relatively simple document understanding transformer capable of being fine-tuned on a greater variety of document tasks than prior methods. It receives a document image and task string as input and generates arbitrary text autoregressively as output. Because Dessurt is an end-to-end architecture that performs text recognition in addition to the document understanding, it does not require an external recognition model as prior methods do. Dessurt is a more flexible model than prior methods and is able to handle a variety of document domains and tasks. We show that this model is effective at 9 different dataset-task combinations.
Streptococcus pyogenes in Human Plasma (2011)

Streptococcus pyogenes is a major bacterial pathogen and a potent inducer of inflammation causing plasma leakage at the site of infection. A combination of label-free quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics strategies were used to measure how the intracellular proteome homeostasis of S. pyogenes is influenced by the presence of human plasma, identifying and quantifying 842 proteins. In plasma the bacterium modifies its production of 213 proteins, and the most pronounced change was the complete down-regulation of proteins required for fatty acid biosynthesis. Fatty acids are transported by albumin (HSA) in plasma. S. pyogenes expresses HSA-binding surface proteins, and HSA carrying fatty acids reduced the amount of fatty acid biosynthesis proteins to the same extent as plasma. The results clarify the function of HSA-binding proteins in S. pyogenes and underline the power of the quantitative mass spectrometry strategy used here to investigate bacterial adaptation to a given environment.
Accelerating Beam-Driven Generation of Isolated Few-cycle EUV and X-ray Pulses (2017)

We propose a scheme that leverages the spatial structure of accelerating beams to achieve isolated and highly-directional few-cycle EUV and X-ray pulses, circumventing the need for extremely short driver pulse durations.
Can Ceftazidime-Avibactam and Aztreonam Overcome β-Lactam Resistance Conferred by Metallo-β-Lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae? (2017)

Based upon knowledge of the hydrolytic profile of major β-lactamases found in Gram-negative bacteria, we tested the efficacy of the combination of ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI) with aztreonam (ATM) against carbapenem-resistant enteric bacteria possessing metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). Disk diffusion and agar-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing were initially performed to determine the <i>in vitro</i> efficacy of a unique combination of CAZ-AVI and ATM against 21 representative <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> isolates with a complex molecular background that included <i>bla</i><sub>IMP</sub>, <i>bla</i><sub>NDM</sub>, <i>bla</i><sub>OXA-48</sub>, <i>bla</i><sub>CTX-M</sub>, <i>bla</i><sub>AmpC</sub>, and combinations thereof. Time-kill assays were conducted, and the <i>in vivo</i> efficacy of this combination was assessed in a murine neutropenic thigh infection model. By disk diffusion assay, all 21 isolates were resistant to CAZ-AVI alone, and 19/21 were resistant to ATM. The <i>in vitro</i> activity of CAZ-AVI in combination with ATM against diverse <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> possessing MBLs was demonstrated in 17/21 isolates, where the zone of inhibition was ≥21 mm. All isolates demonstrated a reduction in CAZ-AVI agar dilution MICs with the addition of ATM. At 2 h, time-kill assays demonstrated a ≥4-log<sub>10</sub>-CFU decrease for all groups that had CAZ-AVI with ATM (8 μg/ml) added, compared to the group treated with CAZ-AVI alone. In the murine neutropenic thigh infection model, an almost 4-log<sub>10</sub>-CFU reduction was noted at 24 h for CAZ-AVI (32 mg/kg every 8 h [q8h]) plus ATM (32 mg/kg q8h) versus CAZ-AVI (32 mg/kg q8h) alone. The data presented herein require us to carefully consider this new therapeutic combination to treat infections caused by MBL-producing <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>.
Rapid growth of massive retinal gliosis in an infant (2015)

Massive retinal gliosis (MRG) is a rare, benign intraocular tumor that results from the proliferation of well-differentiated glial cells. We encountered a case of a two-year-old boy with loss of vision in the right eye. Enucleation was carried out due to an absolute glaucoma. Histologically, the vitreous body had been totally replaced by massively proliferated spindle cells, which had delicate fibrillary cytoplasm without nuclear atypia. Immunohistochemically, the cells were strongly positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein. These findings led to a diagnosis of massive gliosis. To our knowledge, this may be the first report of such an occurrence in a two-year-old boy.
Multiscale Matched Filter For Structured Light Decoding Using Sequential MAP Estimation (2018)

Structured light depth sensors work by projecting a codeword pattern, usually made up of NIR light, on a scene and measuring distortions in the light received on an NIR camera to get estimates of the camera-projector disparities. A well-known challenge associated with using structured light technology for depth estimation is its sensitivity to NIR components in the ambient illumination spectrum. While various methodologies are employed to increase the codeword-to-ambient-light ratio &#x2013; for instance, using narrow-band NIR filters and selecting a spectral band for the NIR laser where the interference from ambient light is expected to be low &#x2013; structured light setups usually do not work well outdoors under direct sunlight. The standard deviation of shot noise increases as the square root of the ambient-light intensity, reducing the SNR of the received codeword pattern and making the decoding process challenging. One way to improve the SNR of the received structured light pattern is to use codewords of larger spatial support for depth sensing. While large codewords do improve the SNR of the received pattern, the disadvantage is decreased spatial resolution of the estimated disparity field. In this paper, we use a multiscale random field (MSRF) to model the codeword labels and use a Bayesian framework, known as sequential MAP (SMAP) estimation, developed originally for image segmentation, for developing a novel multiscale matched filter for structured light decoding. The proposed algorithm decodes codewords at different scales and merges coarse-to-fine disparity estimates using the SMAP framework. We present experimental results demonstrating that our multiscale filter provides noise-robust decoding of the codeword patterns, while preserving spatial resolution of the decoded disparity maps.
Data from <i>TMPRSS2:ERG</i> Fusion-Associated Deletions Provide Insight into the Heterogeneity of Prostate Cancer (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Prostate cancer is a common and clinically heterogeneous disease with marked variability in progression. The recent identification of gene fusions of the 5′-untranslated region of &lt;i&gt;TMPRSS2&lt;/i&gt; (21q22.3) with the &lt;i&gt;ETS&lt;/i&gt; transcription factor family members, either &lt;i&gt;ERG&lt;/i&gt; (21q22.2), &lt;i&gt;ETV1&lt;/i&gt; (7p21.2), or &lt;i&gt;ETV4&lt;/i&gt; (17q21), suggests a mechanism for overexpression of the ETS genes in the majority of prostate cancers. In the current study using fluorescence &lt;i&gt;in situ&lt;/i&gt; hybridization (FISH), we identified the &lt;i&gt;TMPRSS2:ERG&lt;/i&gt; rearrangements in 49.2% of 118 primary prostate cancers and 41.2% of 18 hormone-naive lymph node metastases. The FISH assay detected intronic deletions between &lt;i&gt;ERG&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;TMPRSS2&lt;/i&gt; resulting in &lt;i&gt;TMPRSS2:ERG&lt;/i&gt; fusion in 60.3% (35 of 58) of the primary &lt;i&gt;TMPRSS2:ERG&lt;/i&gt; prostate cancers and 42.9% (3 of 7) of the &lt;i&gt;TMPRSS2:ERG&lt;/i&gt; hormone-naive lymph node metastases. A significant association was observed between &lt;i&gt;TMPRSS2:ERG&lt;/i&gt; rearranged tumors through deletions and higher tumor stage and the presence of metastatic disease involving pelvic lymph nodes. Using 100K oligonucleotide single nucleotide polymorphism arrays, a homogeneous deletion site between &lt;i&gt;ERG&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;TMPRSS2&lt;/i&gt; on chromosome 21q22.2-3 was identified with two distinct subclasses distinguished by the start point of the deletion at either 38.765 or 38.911 Mb. This study confirms that &lt;i&gt;TMPRSS2:ERG&lt;/i&gt; is fused in approximately half of the prostate cancers through deletion of genomic DNA between &lt;i&gt;ERG&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;TMPRSS2&lt;/i&gt;. The deletion as cause of &lt;i&gt;TMPRSS2:ERG&lt;/i&gt; fusion is associated with clinical features for prostate cancer progression compared with tumors that lack the &lt;i&gt;TMPRSS2:ERG&lt;/i&gt; rearrangement. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(17): 8337-41)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;