gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bubbles Transient Growth in Saturation Boiling of PF-5060 Dielectric Liquid on Dimpled Cu Surfaces (2015)

Investigated is the transient growth of vapor bubbles in saturation boiling of PF-5060 dielectric liquid on 10 × 10 mm, uniformly heated Cu surfaces with circular dimples, at an applied heat flux of 0.5 W/cm2. At such low heat flux, the surfaces are populated with growing discrete bubbles, emanating mostly from the manufactured dimples. The 300, 400, and 500 μm diameter and 200 μm deep dimples are manufactured in a triangular lattice with a pitch-to-diameter ratio of 2.0; thus, the total number of dimples increases with decreasing the dimple diameter. Captured video images of growing discrete bubbles at a speed of 210 frames per second (fps) confirm that the bubble diameter increases proportional to the square root of the growth time, and the bubble departure diameter and detachment frequency increase with increasing the dimple diameter. The total volumetric growth rate and diameter of the bubbles at departure increase with increasing the dimple diameter, ∼1.81, ∼4.75, and ∼8.2 mm3/s and ∼738 μm, ∼963 μm, and ∼1051 μm for the 300, 400, and 500 μm diameter dimples, respectively. The corresponding bubble detachment frequency is ∼8.6 Hz, ∼10.2 Hz, and ∼13.5 Hz, respectively. The fraction of the active dimples for bubble nucleation on the surfaces with 300, 400, and 500 μm dimples, at an applied heat flux of 0.5 W/cm2, is ∼0.85, ∼0.64, and ∼0.53, respectively. On these surfaces, the estimated bubble volume at departure is ∼0.21 mm3, ∼0.47 mm3, and ∼0.61 mm3, and the corresponding rate of energy removed by a single bubble is ∼1.99 mW, ∼5.24 mW, and ∼9.02 mW, respectively. These results help explain the measured enhancements in nucleate boiling and the critical heat flux (CHF) on the dimpled Cu surfaces.
Statistical Properties and Variations of LOS MIMO Channels at Millimeter\n Wave Frequencies (2018)

Measurement results for millimeter wave LOS MIMO systems are presented with a\nfocus on time variation and multipath propagation. Different system setups are\nused, including 2x2 and 3x3 MIMO, and involving different synchronization\nprocedures and front-ends. Furthermore, different propagation scenarios are\nevaluated, covering a wide area of applications. The results show that the LOS\ncomponent carries significantly more power than the NLOS components, and that\nfrequency selectivity from front-ends should be taken into account when\ndesigning these high bandwidth systems. Frequency offsets and other phase\nvariations due to transmit and receive oscillator differences are treated as\npart of the channel and thus, depending on the synchronization setup, the MIMO\nsystem exhibits different time variations, particularly in the case of\nindependent local oscillators. It is also observed that these systems\nexperience significant non-trivial long-term variations in terms of amplitude\nand phase.\n
Design of reduced-size unequal power divider for dual-band operation with coupled lines (2011)

A simple design of a compact unequal power divider for dual-band operation is proposed based on coupled lines. Four sections of coupled lines are introduced to achieve dual-band impedance transformation. Closed-form design equations are given based on transmission line theory. The validity of the design is verified by implementation of an unequal power divider operating at 900MHz/2000MHz. Both EM simulated and measured results are shown.
Genetic regulation of OAS1 nonsense-mediated decay underlies association with risk of severe COVID-19 (2021)

Genomic regions have been associated with COVID-19 susceptibility and outcomes, including the chr12q24.13 locus encoding antiviral proteins OAS1-3. Here, we report genetic, functional, and clinical insights into genetic associations within this locus. In Europeans, the risk of hospitalized vs. non-hospitalized COVID-19 was associated with a single 19Kb-haplotype comprised of 76 <i>OAS1</i> variants included in a 95% credible set within a large genomic fragment introgressed from Neandertals. The risk haplotype was also associated with impaired spontaneous but not treatment-induced SARS-CoV-2 clearance in a clinical trial with pegIFN-λ1. We demonstrate that two exonic variants, rs10774671 and rs1131454, affect splicing and nonsense-mediated decay of <i>OAS1</i> . We suggest that genetically-regulated loss of <i>OAS1</i> expression contributes to impaired spontaneous clearance of SARS-CoV-2 and elevated risk of hospitalization for COVID-19. Our results provide the rationale for further clinical studies using interferons to compensate for impaired spontaneous SARS-CoV-2 clearance, particularly in carriers of the <i>OAS1</i> risk haplotypes.
Adversarial Deception in Deep Learning: Analysis and Mitigation (2020)

The burgeoning success of deep learning has raised the security and privacy concerns as more and more tasks are accompanied with sensitive data. Adversarial attacks in deep learning have emerged as one of the dominating security threats to a range of mission-critical deep learning systems and applications. This paper takes a holistic view to characterize the adversarial examples in deep learning by studying their adverse effect and presents an attack-independent countermeasure with three original contributions. First, we provide a general formulation of adversarial examples and elaborate on the basic principle for adversarial attack algorithm design. Then, we evaluate 15 adversarial attacks with a variety of evaluation metrics to study their adverse effects and costs. We further conduct three case studies to analyze the effectiveness of adversarial examples and to demonstrate their divergence across attack instances. We take advantage of the instance-level divergence of adversarial examples and propose strategic input transformation teaming defense. The proposed defense methodology is attack-independent and capable of auto-repairing and auto-verifying the prediction decision made on the adversarial input. We show that the strategic input transformation teaming defense can achieve high defense success rates and are more robust with high attack prevention success rates and low benign false-positive rates, compared to existing representative defense methods.
Formal description of a DNA oriented computer language (1982)

A computer language termed DNA has been devised to aid in the description of DNA sequence manipulations. This was an outgrowth of a DNA sequence editor which has been implemented for a microcomputer. A formal description of the language in the BNF formalism is presented.
Electrodialysis shows potential for desalination of highly saline water (2015)

Electrodialysis has the potential to provide cost-effective treatment of salty water produced during fracking, according to research conducted in the USA and Saudi Arabia, as this brief article explains.
<p>Gold nanoparticles and angiogenesis: molecular mechanisms and biomedical applications</p> (2019)

Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels. It is a highly regulated process as determined by the interplay between pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. Under certain conditions the balance between angiogenesis stimulators and inhibitors is altered, which results in a shift from physiological to pathological angiogenesis. Therefore, the goal of therapeutic targeting of angiogenic process is to normalize vasculature in target tissues by enhancing angiogenesis in disease conditions of reduced vascularity and blood flow, such as tissue ischemia, or alternatively to inhibit excessive and abnormal angiogenesis in disorders like cancer. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are special particles that are generated by nanotechnology and composed of an inorganic core containing gold which is encircled by an organic monolayer. The ability of AuNPs to alter vasculature has captured recent attention in medical literature as potential therapeutic agents for the management of pathologic angiogenesis. This review provides an overview of the effects of AuNPs on angiogenesis and the molecular mechanisms and biomedical applications associated with their effects. In addition, the main synthesis methods, physical properties, uptake mechanisms, and toxicity of AuNPs are briefly summarized.
Tailored Core−Shell−Shell Nanostructures:  Sandwiching Gold Nanoparticles between Silica Cores and Tunable Silica Shells (2007)

Size tunable and structure tailored core-shell-shell nanospheres containing silica cores, gold nanoparticle shells, and controlled thicknesses of smooth, corrugated, or porous silica shells over the gold nanoparticles have been synthesized. The synthesis involved the deposition of gold nanoparticles on silica cores, followed by sol-gel processing of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) or sodium silicate to form dense or porous silica shells, respectively, over the gold nanoparticles. The structures and sizes of the resulting core-shell-shell nanospheres were found to heavily depend on the sizes of the core nanoparticles, the relative population of the gold nanoparticles on each core, and the concentration of TEOS. While a higher TEOS concentration resulted in thicker and more uniform silica shells around individual larger silica cores (approximately > or =250 nm in diameter), the same TEOS concentration resulted in aggregated and twin core-shell-shell nanostructures for smaller silica cores (approximately < or =110 nm in diameter). The thinner silica shells were synthesized by using a lower TEOS concentration. By using sodium silicate (Ung et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, 6770), the porous silica shells were synthesized. Controlled chemical etching of the core-shell-shell nanoparticles with an aqueous KCN solution resulted in corrugated silica shells around the gold nanoparticles or corrugated silica nanospheres with few or no gold nanoparticles. This has allowed synthesis of new types of core-shell-shell nanoparticles with tailored corrugated shells. The nanoporous silica shells provided accessible structures to the embedded metal nanoparticles as observed from the electrochemical response of the gold nanoparticles.
Parsing Hierarchical Prosodic Structure for Mandarin Speech Synthesis (2006)

In Mandarin prosody synthesis by means of hierarchical prosodic structure, the naturalness of the output is reliant largely on the parsing of the prosodic structure. We propose a machine learning approach to improve prosodic structure parsing in cases where full syntax parsing is neglected due to considerations concerning practicality. The novel aspect of our approach is the new attribute in the input vector, which is named connective degree and calculated from the occurrence rate of the punctuation marks between Chinese characters by referring to a large text corpus. The results of experiments show that connective degree yield makes a remarkable contribution to parsing of hierarchical Mandarin prosodic structure.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of a Series of Dibenzo(a,d)cycloalkenimines as N‐Methyl‐D‐aspartate Antagonists. (1990)

Abstract A series of seventy‐three dibenzocycloalkenimines is synthesized as outlined in the reaction scheme.
Immunotargeting of catalase to ACE or ICAM-1 protects perfused rat lungs against oxidative stress (1998)

The pulmonary endothelium is susceptible to oxidative insults. Catalase conjugated with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against endothelial surface antigens, angiotensin-converting enzyme (MAb 9B9) or intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (MAb 1A29), accumulates in the lungs after systemic injection in rats (V. Muzykantov, E. Atochina, H. Ischiropoulos, S. Danilov, and A. Fisher. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 5213-5218, 1996). The present study characterizes the augmentation of antioxidant defense by these antibody-catalase conjugates in isolated rat lungs perfused for 1 h with catalase conjugated with either MAb 9B9, MAb 1A29, or control mouse IgG. Approximately 20% of the injected dose of Ab-125I-catalase accumulated in the perfused rat lungs (vs. <5% for IgG-125I-catalase). After elimination of nonbound material, the lungs were perfused further for 1 h with 5 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). H2O2 induced an elevation in tracheal and pulmonary arterial pressures (126 +/- 7 and 132 +/- 5%, respectively, of the control level), lung wet-to-dry weight ratio (7.1 +/- 0.4 vs. 6.0 +/- 0.01 in the control lungs), and ACE release into the perfusate (436 +/- 20 vs. 75 +/- 7 mU in the control perfusates). Both MAb 9B9-catalase and MAb 1A29-catalase significantly attenuated the H2O2-induced elevation in 1) angiotensin-converting enzyme release to the perfusate (215 +/- 14 and 217 +/- 38 mU, respectively), 2) lung wet-to-dry ratio (6.25 +/- 0.1 and 6.3 +/- 0.3, respectively), 3) tracheal pressure (94 +/- 4 and 101 +/- 4%, respectively, of the control level), and 4) pulmonary arterial pressure (103 +/- 3 and 104 +/- 7%, respectively, of the control level). Nonconjugated catalase, nonconjugated antibodies, nonspecific IgG, and IgG-catalase conjugate had no protective effect, thus confirming the specificity of the effect of MAb-catalase. These results support a strategy of catalase immunotargeting for protection against pulmonary oxidative injury.
SFBC design tradeoffs for mobile SC-FDMA with application to LTE-advanced (2010)

Single-carrier frequency-division multiple-access (SC-FDMA) has been adopted in the uplink of the LTE standard due to its lower peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) compared to orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA). Recent activities in the LTE-advanced (LTE-A) standardization have focused on effective uplink transmit diversity schemes with low PAPR but without considering the performance degradation due to Doppler despite the fact that LTE-A is required to support high mobility. In this paper, we present an open-loop space-frequency block coding (SFBC) scheme for the SC-FDMA uplink and demonstrate its robustness to high Doppler and large multipath delay spread while enjoying full spatial diversity, low PAPR and practical decoding complexity by a suitable design of the frequency span of each SFBC codeword. In this paper, we study the design tradeoffs involved in SFBC design for mobile SC-FDMA.
W-band RF-MEMS subsystems for smart antennas in automotive radar sensors (2004)

Future automotive radar systems can be realized using smart antennas, wbicb offer a flexible design and control of radar beams. In addition, the complexity and cost of the automotive radar frontend can be reduced. RFMEMS subsystems are employed for beamsteering in phased array systems due to their excellent RF properties and potential low-cost manufacturability. We present W-band RF-MEMS switches and RF-MEMS subsystems for beamsteering in phased array antennas based on phase sbifters or a Rotman lens. The single RFMEMS switch is optimized with respect to its RF and tbermomechanical behavior. Further, coplanar passive components, such as 90 bends and T-junctions are optimized separately. Using these switches and passive components, single-bit stub-loaded-line and switched-line phase sbifters for 45 and, respectively, 90 or 180 phase shift are demonstrated witb very good phase accuracy. For beam switching of a Rotman lens, we further present single-pole-multipletbrnw RF-MEW switching networks. In addition, a packaging approach based on glass-frit sealing witb planar package feedthrougbs and a flip-chip interconnect to microstrip lines on the RF circuit board are presented. We fmlly demonstrate a functional sealglasspackaged and tlip-chip-mounted RF-MEMS switch.
The hard X-ray Photon Single-Shot Spectrometer of SwissFEL—initial characterization (2017)

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;SwissFEL requires the monitoring of the photon spectral distribution at a repetition&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;\nrate of 100 Hz for machine optimization and experiment online diagnostics. The Photon Single&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;\nShot Spectrometer has been designed for the photon energy range of 4 keV to 12 keV provided&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;\nby the Aramis beamline. It is capable of measuring the spectrum in a non-destructive manner,&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;\nwith an energy resolution of delta(E)/E = (2-5) x 10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; over a bandwidth of 0.5% on a shot-to-shot&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;\nbasis. This article gives a detailed description about the technical challenges, structures, and&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;\nconsiderations when building such a device, and to further enhance the performance of the&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;\nspectrometer.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;
Interferon-Alpha-2-Induced Stimulation of ACTH and Cortisol Secretion in Man (1991)

Short-term effects of interferon-alpha 2 on plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol were measured in man in relation to interferon absorption. Interferon-alpha 2 was given subcutaneously at a dose of 3 x 10(6) IU at 17.00 h to 2 female and 5 male patients who suffered from chronic hepatitis B infection and who had not previously been treated with interferon. Plasma levels of ACTH, cortisol and interferon-alpha were determined at 30-min intervals between 16.00 and 24.00 h. In each patient a similar cortisol, ACTH and interferon-alpha profile was determined on a day, when no interferon-alpha treatment was given. Interferon-alpha plasma levels peaked around 21.30 h, i.e. 4.7 h after injection. In each patient ACTH and cortisol levels were increased. As calculated from the areas under the curves, ACTH release was increased by an average of 332% (maxima at about 22.00 h, i.e. 5.2 h post injection); cortisol release was increased by an average of 311% (maxima at about 23.00 h, 5.8 h post injection). These actions were not related to side effects like fever or other flu-like symptoms. Our findings confirm that in man as in animals interferon-alpha 2 can act as a mediator between the immune and endocrine system.
A fully-packaged electromagnetic microrelay (1999)

Fully integrated electromagnetically actuated micromachined relays have been successfully fabricated and have been enclosed in ceramic and plastic packages. A multilayer Cu coil is used to actuate a movable NiFe armature, thereby closing the Au contacts. With the current design, magnetic forces of around 1 mN can be achieved. The fabrication process starts with two chips, which, after processing, are flip-chip bonded together using a low-temperature (<350/spl deg/C) solder joining process. The electrical contacts are housed in a hermetically sealed cavity with a predetermined atmosphere. The relay size is about 5/spl times/4/spl times/1 mm/sup 3/ (excluding the package). Typical performance characteristics of the packaged relay include: ON-resistance of 0.4 /spl Omega/, OFF-resistance greater than 10/sup 13/ /spl Omega/, life under low level load of 10/sup 7/ cycles, operate time of 1 ms, and, actuation voltage, current and power of 2 V, 8 mA and 16 mW, respectively.
Double {0, 1, 2} representation modulo-(2 n − 3) adders (2014)

Excess-(2n − 1) representation of zero in modulo-(2n − 1) adders has led to some speed up and area/power savings, while the corresponding ripple carry realizations save additional area and power. Likewise, we propose excess-(2n − 3) representations of values {0, 1, 2}, as well as normal representations, and design the corresponding ripple carry modulo-(2n − 3) adder with 30% lower area than the hypothetical ripple carry version of the best previous relevant adders in terms of cost. We also propose a modified version with slight area and delay overhead that accepts both operands with excess-(2n − 3) representations. Such adder is required when the modulo-(2n − 3) residue generator uses the proposed double representation adder for lower cost/power. Synthesis results show that our new adders are advantageous in one or more figures of merit.
Combination therapy of vagal nerve stimulation and left ventricular assist device maximally reduces the infarct size in ischemia reperfusion model (1080.4) (2014)

BACKGROUNDS: Despite the spread of early coronary reperfusion in the management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), it remains difficult to fully salvage myocardium in the area at risk. We investigated the impact of VNS, LVAD and their combination (VNS+LVAD) on the infarct size in the IR model. METHODS: We allocated 17 dogs into 4 groups, Control (n=5), VNS (n=4), LVAD (n=4) and VNS+LVAD (n=4). We occluded major branches of the left anterior descending coronary artery (90min) and reperfused for the following 300min. We titrated the amplitude of VNS to lower heart rate by 10‐20%. We introduced LVAD to unload LV totally and minimize myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2). RESULTS: Mean aortic pressure after reperfusion did not differ among 4 groups. Left atrial pressure was much lower in LVAD and VNS+LVAD (Control: 13±1.7, VNS:11±0.72, LVAD: ‐1.6±1.6, VNS/LVAD:‐0.4±1.3 mmHg, p&lt;0.0001). VNS and LVAD reduced the infarct size (relative to Control) by 24% and 88%, respectively. VNS+LVAD reduced the infarct size below the detection threshold (0.0±0%, p&lt;0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The VNS combined with mechanical LV unloading maximally reduces the infarct size and could serve as a powerful strategy to prevent post MI heart failure in the long term.
Coupling of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers to Photonic Crystal Resonators in Monocrystalline Diamond (2012)

The zero-phonon transition rate for nitrogen-vacancy centers is enhanced by coupling to photonic crystal resonators fabricated in monocrystalline diamond. Autocorrelation measurements on the spectrally filtered zero-phonon line demonstrate coupling of a single emitter.
Modulation of neural connectivity during tongue movement and reading (2003)

Abstract In a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, a novel connectivity analysis method termed within‐condition interregional covariance analysis (WICA) was introduced for investigation into brain modulation during tongue movement and reading Chinese pinyins and logographic characters. We found that performing a horizontal tongue movement task generated a specific brain module with hierarchical orders of neural computation. Such functional modularity was further examined during both overt and silent Chinese reading tasks. Our results showed that overt pinyin reading was associated with the following distributed regions involved in tongue movement: the primary motor cortex (M1), the supplementary motor area (SMA), Broca's area, and Wernicke's area. Furthermore, we have used the WICA and demonstrated task‐dependent covariance patterns that are strongly associated with the M1 mouth/tongue region, in which the Broca‐Wernicke pathway is implicated in a meaning access procedure based on assembled phonology, while the SMA‐Broca pathway is implicated in a meaning access procedure based on addressed phonology. Our functional connectivity analysis of the neural pathway involved in language processing may provide a basis for future studies of the dynamic neural network associated with language learning and reading in both developmental and disease conditions. Hum. Brain Mapping 18:222–232, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
H‐2 gene products influence susceptibility of target thyroid gland to damage in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (1980)

The restriction of the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) by H-2 gene products was investigated. EAT was induced by injecting thyroglobulin extract plus adjuvant into F1 hybrid mice that had been implanted under the kidney capsules with thyroid glands originating from either the EAT-susceptible or -resistant parental strain mice. We found relative H-2 restriction of thyroid damage to those glands originating from the H-2 susceptible parental strain. H-2 restriction of damage at the level of the target thyroid gland implicates cytotoxic effector T lymphocytes as a pathogenic agent of EAT.