gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by lipoxygenases drives ferroptosis (2016)

Ferroptosis is form of regulated nonapoptotic cell death that is involved in diverse disease contexts. Small molecules that inhibit glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), a phospholipid peroxidase, cause lethal accumulation of lipid peroxides and induce ferroptotic cell death. Although ferroptosis has been suggested to involve accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lipid environments, the mediators and substrates of ROS generation and the pharmacological mechanism of GPX4 inhibition that generates ROS in lipid environments are unknown. We report here the mechanism of lipid peroxidation during ferroptosis, which involves phosphorylase kinase G2 (PHKG2) regulation of iron availability to lipoxygenase enzymes, which in turn drive ferroptosis through peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) at the bis-allylic position; indeed, pretreating cells with PUFAs containing the heavy hydrogen isotope deuterium at the site of peroxidation (D-PUFA) prevented PUFA oxidation and blocked ferroptosis. We further found that ferroptosis inducers inhibit GPX4 by covalently targeting the active site selenocysteine, leading to accumulation of PUFA hydroperoxides. In summary, we found that PUFA oxidation by lipoxygenases via a PHKG2-dependent iron pool is necessary for ferroptosis and that the covalent inhibition of the catalytic selenocysteine in Gpx4 prevents elimination of PUFA hydroperoxides; these findings suggest new strategies for controlling ferroptosis in diverse contexts.
Distribution Preserving Source Separation With Time Frequency Predictive Models (2023)

We provide an example of a distribution preserving source separation method, which aims at addressing perceptual shortcomings of state-of-the-art methods. Our approach uses unconditioned generative models of signal sources. Reconstruction is achieved by means of mix-consistent sampling from a distribution conditioned on a realization of a mix. The separated signals follow their respective source distributions, which provides an advantage when separation results are evaluated in a listening test.
Recovery of Cardiac Function after Standard Hypothermic Storage Versus Preservation with Peg-Hemoglobin (2001)

Preservation of the heart for transplantation after infusion of cardioplegia and extirpation of a cardiac allograft results in an ischemic insult to the myocardium. This ischemic insult may lead to a loss of function in the transplanted heart. Hypothermic perfusion preservation with an oxygen hemoglobin carrying solution may avert ischemic injury and lead to improved recovery of cardiac function. The purpose of this study was to compare cardiac function after 8 hours of continuous hypothermic perfusion with a unique polyethylene-glycol-hemoglobin (PEG-Hb) solution to hearts preserved by 4 hours of hypothermic ischemic storage. Freshly extirpated hearts served as functional controls. The hearts of 26 anesthetized and intubated New Zealand white rabbits were harvested after cold cardioplegic arrest. Group I (n = 12) hearts were perfused with a PEG-Hb solution at 20 degrees C and 30 mm Hg for 8 hours. PO2 was maintained > or = 500 mm Hg. Group II (n = 7) hearts were preserved by cold ischemic storage for 4 hours at 4 degrees C. Group III (n = 7) were tested immediately after harvest. Left ventricular (LV) function was measured in the nonworking state at 15 minutes, 1 hour, and 2 hours after transfer to a standard crystalloid Langendorff circuit. Measurement of LV developed pressure, peak + dP/dt and -dP/dt revealed a superior trend between Group I and Group II hearts in comparison with freshly extirpated hearts. Heart rate was similar among all groups throughout testing (p = ns). Coronary blood flow was not significantly different between groups. Continuous perfusion preservation of rabbit hearts for 8 hours with PEG-Hb solution at 30 mm Hg and 20 degrees C yielded LV function that was similar to 4 hours of ischemic hypothermic storage. Furthermore, return of cardiac function after 8 hours of perfusion preservation using this PEG-Hb solution may be superior to that obtained in freshly extirpated hearts. These data suggest that some recovery of myocardial function may occur during perfusion preservation with this PEG-Hb solution after the ischemic insult of cardioplegic arrest. Continuous perfusion preservation using this PEG-Hb solution deserves further investigation in large animal transplant models.
MDP design tools and methods (2003)

A conservative and pragmatic design strategy adopted for logic and layout design of the Message Driven Processor (MDP) to minimize effort and reduce risk, is described. The MDP was produced by an academic-industry research collaboration. The effort demonstrated that a complex VLSI computer can be built successfully in an academic context.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The S-band quadrafilar antenna on a satellite with the little backradiation and flat forward pattern designed by GA optimization (2009)

This paper uses the Genetic Algorithm(GA) optimization method to find the best S-band quadrifilar antenna for the satellite's telemetry function. Since the backradiation as the cross-polarization of the RHCP antenna on one side of the satellite will possibly degrade the desired performance of the LHCP antenna on the other side, in order to minimize the backradiation and maximize the flatness of the forward radiation from the RHCP antenna, we will get the optimal values of the physical design elements such as the number of turns, the radius of the helix and the height. Finally, we will present the excellent performance of the RHCP antenna realized with the optimized physical dimensions.
Differential Methylation and Acetylation as the Epigenetic Basis of Resveratrol’s Anticancer Activity (2019)

Numerous studies support the potent anticancer activity of resveratrol and its regulation of key oncogenic signaling pathways. Additionally, the activation of sirtuin 1, a deacetylase, by resveratrol has been known for many years, making resveratrol perhaps one of the earliest nutraceuticals with associated epigenetic activity. Such epigenetic regulation by resveratrol, and the mechanism thereof, has attracted much attention in the past decade. Focusing on methylation and acetylation, the two classical epigenetic regulations, we showcase the potential of resveratrol as an effective anticancer agent by virtue of its ability to induce differential epigenetic changes. We discuss the de-repression of tumor suppressors such as BRCA-1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and Ras Associated Domain family-1α (RASSF-1α) by methylation, PAX1 by acetylation and the phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) by both methylation and acetylation, in addition to the epigenetic regulation of oncogenic NF-κB and STAT3 signaling by resveratrol. Further, we evaluate the literature supporting the potentiation of HDAC inhibitors and the inhibition of DNMTs by resveratrol in different human cancers. This discussion underlines a robust epigenetic activity of resveratrol that warrants further evaluation, particularly in clinical settings.
Device model for quantum dot infrared photodetectors and their dark-current characteristics (2001)

We propose a device model for quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) with relatively large lateral spacing between QDs as occurs in QDIPs fabricated and experimentally investigated recently. The developed model accounts for the self-consistent potential distribution and features of the electron capture and transport in realistic QDIPs in dark conditions. The model is used for the calculation of the dark current as a function of the structural parameters, applied voltage and temperature. It explains a rather sharp increase in the dark current with increasing applied voltage and its strong sensitivity to the density of QDs and the doping level of the active region. The calculated dependences are in good agreement with available experimental data. The obtained characteristics of QDIPs are compared to those of QWIPs with similar parameters.
30% static power improvement on ARM Cortex®-A53 using static biasing-anticipation (2016)

This paper presents an energy efficiency improvement methodology based on the use of additional static biasing instead of margins during design stage. While the impact of margins used to prevent unsystematic process limitations cannot be recovered after fabrication, using biasing anticipation offers the possibility to enable the degradation recovery only when it is required. A CAD study on ARM Cortex®-M4 Microcontrollers (MCU) showed up to 50% of static current reduction at typical corner, nominal voltage, compared to the margin-based methodology. An implementation of a 1GHz ARM Cortex®-A53 core in 28nm fully-depleted silicon-on-insulator (FD-SOI) was performed using this methodology, and silicon measurements on 60 dies confirmed up to 30% median static power improvements.
Simulations and analysis of fluorescence effects in semiconductor x-ray and gamma-ray detectors (2022)

Photon-counting semiconductor detectors are a key technology for reducing dose in clinical x-ray imaging procedures, such as CT, and improving performance in gamma-ray imaging procedures such as SPECT. These detectors offer excellent energy resolution and high spatial resolution. To stop high-energy photons, high-Z semiconductors must be used, such as CdTe, TlBr or other emerging candidates. These crystals often suffer from poor hole transport due to hole trapping, which can greatly affect signal, even when data is primarily collected from anodes. There are many interesting challenges in the production of these detectors as well as in developing complete quantitative models of the photon-matter interaction, charge transport, and signal induction. Prior work in our group has focused on optimal ways to estimate photon interaction parameters (x,y,z) and energy (E). This work is based on statistical models and calibration data. In recent work we are exploring a method to account for k x-ray fluorescence and to model signals induced on a double-sided strip detector. Our approach is Monte-Carlo sampling of interaction details, followed by charge transport and signal induction modeling via weighting potentials. First our simulation creates first and second order statistics for three charge induction cases: simple transport, charge sharing, and x-ray fluorescence. Using mean signals and covariance matrices from these cases we build a likelihood that can be used with maximum likelihood methods to estimate the primary interaction location and classify whether the event’s energy deposition involved fluorescence. In planned work we will test the model against experimental semiconductor detector data.
Photoluminescence and scintillation characteristics of (C 6 H 5 C n H 2 n NH 3 ) 2 PbBr 4 ( n = 2, 3, 4) (2021)

Abstract We prepared crystals of (C 6 H 5 C n H 2 n NH 3 ) 2 PbBr 4 ( n = 2, 3, 4), and evaluated their photoluminescence and scintillation characteristics. According to the photoluminescence spectra under 340 nm excitation light, a photoluminescence peak at around 410 nm due to free exciton emissions appeared in (C 6 H 5 C 2 H 4 NH 3 ) 2 PbBr 4 (2PEA), (C 6 H 5 C 3 H 6 NH 3 ) 2 PbBr 4 (3PPA) and (C 6 H 5 C 4 H 8 NH 3 ) 2 PbBr 4 (4PBA). The quantum efficiencies of 2PEA, 3PPA and 4PBA were 0.24, 0.01 and 0.04, respectively. In scintillation, a sharp scintillation peak originating from the exciton emissions was detected at approximately 436 nm for 2PEA, 459 nm for 3PPA and 442 nm for 4PBA. In addition, the scintillation light yield of 4PBA under 59.5 keV gamma-ray irradiation from 241 Am was determined to be approximately 2200 photons MeV −1 in comparison with the yield of 2PEA (14 000 photons MeV −1 ), whereas the yield of 3PPA could not be determined due to its low scintillation intensity.
Unprecedented Carbonato Intermediates in Cyclic Carbonate Synthesis Catalysed by Bimetallic Aluminium(Salen) Complexes (2016)

The mechanism by which [Al(salen)]2 O complexes catalyse the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and carbon dioxide in the absence of a halide cocatalyst has been investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) studies, mass spectrometry and (1) H NMR, (13) C NMR and infrared spectroscopies provide evidence for the formation of an unprecedented carbonato bridged bimetallic aluminium complex which is shown to be a key intermediate for the halide-free synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and carbon dioxide. Deuterated and enantiomerically-pure epoxides were used to study the reaction pathway. Based on the experimental and theoretical results, a catalytic cycle is proposed.
Carbon doping of compound semiconductor epitaxial layers using carbon tetrachloride (1989)

Abstract : A dilute mixture of CCl(4) in high purity H2 has been used as a carbon dopant source for A1xGa1-xAs grown by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). To understand the mechanism for carbon incorporation from CC14 doping, and to provide experimental parameters for the growth of carbon doped device structures, the effect of various crystal growth parameters on CC14 doping have been studied, including growth temperature, growth rate, V/VIII ratio, A1 composition, and CC14 flow rate. Although CC14 is an effective p-type dopant for MOCVD A1xGa1-xAs, injection of CC14 into the reactor during growth of InP resulted in no change in the carrier concentration or carbon concentration from undoped InP layers. Abrupt, heavy carbon doping spikes in GaAs have been obtained using CC14 without a dopant memory effect. By annealing samples with carbon doping spikes grown within undoped, n-type, and p-type GaAs, the carbon diffusion coefficient in GaAs at 825 C has been estimated and has been found to depend strongly on the GaAs background doping. CC14 doping has been used in the base region of an Npn A1GaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HPT). HPTs with 3 x 10 m self- aligned emitter fingers have been fabricated which exhibit a current gain cutoff frequency of ft = 26 GHz. (KT)
Bandwidth profile for multi-timescale fairness (2020)

We propose a novel approach to provide fairness on multiple timescales in the framework of core-stateless resource sharing paradigm. We illustrate the unique advantages of multi-timescale fairness. We introduce a new marking scheme, called multi-timescale bandwidth profile. It assigns drop precedence to flows based on their traffic history on multiple timescales. Additionally, we provide dimensioning guidelines for the introduced profile in an access-aggregation network scenario and present its simulation-based performance analysis.
Ethoxymethylenemalonitrile (2001)

[123-06-8] C6H6N2O (MW 122.13) InChI = 1S/C6H6N2O/c1-2-9-5-6(3-7)4-8/h5H,2H2,1H3 InChIKey = OEICGMPRFOJHKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N (Michael acceptor for addition/elimination reactions;2 synthesis of substituted benzene rings3 and other aromatic heterocycles;4 dipolarophile5) Alternate Name: EMMN. Physical Data: mp 64 °C; bp 160 °C/12 mmHg. Solubility: sol alcohols, THF, DMF, CHCl3, CH2Cl2. Form Supplied in: colorless crystalline solid; commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: mp, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR. Preparative Methods: can be synthesized by the condensation of Triethyl Orthoformate and Malononitrile in the presence of Acetic Anhydride.6 Likewise, ethoxy[2H]methylenemalonitrile can be made using DC(OEt)3.7 Purification: by distillation under reduced pressure. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: is classified as a strong sensitizing agent and should be handled with gloves and goggles in a fume hood. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothes. Also, ethoxymethlenemalonitrile is a combustible liquid with a flash point of 155 °C. It should be stored in a cool, dry place.
<title>Institutional safety certification of a research class IV laser for clinical photodynamic therapy</title> (1997)

In preparation for photodynamic therapy clinical trials, a research class IV argon ion-pumped dye laser was modified to allow delivery of laser radiation from the Laser Biology Research Laboratory (LBRL) to a surgical operating room (OR) located one floor below and over 50 meters away. Optical fibers and coaxial cable, protected by flame retardant conduit, were fed from the LBRL to the OR. A remote control box was constructed to allow physician control of the laser output from the OR. A safety-off and output-power control wee included in the control system. Safety issues involved calculations of maximum permissible exposure of OR staff to optical radiation, the classification of the laser output in the OR and dealing with the placement of relatively high-flux carrying optical fiber placed in utility chases. Operational considerations involved the calculation and measurement of optical transmission losses, the procedure for relaying operational status between the OR and laser facility and the necessity of conducting practice runs with the laser and OR staff.
Efficient Modeling of an MMC-Based Multiterminal DC System Employing Hybrid HVDC Breakers (2015)

The feasibility of future multiterminal dc (MTDC) systems depends largely on the capability to withstand dc-side faults. Simulation models of MTDC systems play a very important role in investigating these faults. For such studies, the test system needs to be accurate and computationally efficient. This paper proposes a detailed equivalent model of the modular multilevel converter (MMC), which is used to develop the MTDC test system. The proposed model is capable of representing the blocked-mode operation of the MMC, and can be used to study the balancing control of the capacitor voltages. In addition, the operation of the MMC when redundant submodules are included in the arms can also be studied. A simplified model of a hybrid high-voltage dc breaker is also developed. Hence, the developed test system is capable of accurately describing the behavior of the MMC-based MTDC system employing hybrid HVDC breakers, during fault conditions. Using time-domain simulations, permanent dc-side faults are studied in the MTDC system. In addition, a scheme to control the fault current through the MMC using thyristors on the ac side of the converter is proposed.
Intraoperative positioning of mobile C-arms using artificial fluoroscopy (2010)

In trauma and orthopedic surgery, imaging through X-ray fluoroscopy with C-arms is ubiquitous. This leads to an increase in ionizing radiation applied to patient and clinical staff. Placing these devices in the desired position to visualize a region of interest is a challenging task, requiring both skill of the operator and numerous X-rays for guidance. We propose an extension to C-arms for which position data is available that provides the surgeon with so called artificial fluoroscopy. This is achieved by computing digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) from pre- or intraoperative CT data. The approach is based on C-arm motion estimation, for which we employ a Camera Augmented Mobile C-arm (CAMC) system, and a rigid registration of the patient to the CT data. Using this information we are able to generate DRRs and simulate fluoroscopic images. For positioning tasks, this system appears almost exactly like conventional fluoroscopy, however simulating the images from the CT data in realtime as the C-arm is moved without the application of ionizing radiation. Furthermore, preoperative planning can be done on the CT data and then visualized during positioning, e.g. defining drilling axes for pedicle approach techniques. Since our method does not require external tracking it is suitable for deployment in clinical environments and day-to-day routine. An experiment with six drillings into a lumbar spine phantom showed reproducible accuracy in positioning the C-arm, ranging from 1.1 mm to 4.1 mm deviation of marker points on the phantom compared in real and virtual images.
Observation of the decayBc+→ψ(2S)π+ (2013)

The decay ${B}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\psi}(2S){\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ with $\ensuremath{\psi}(2S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is observed with a significance of $5.2\ensuremath{\sigma}$ using $pp$ collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $1.0\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment. The branching fraction of ${B}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\psi}(2S){\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ decays relative to that of the ${B}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ mode is measured to be $\frac{\mathcal{B}({B}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\psi}(2S){\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+})}{\mathcal{B}({B}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+})}=0.250\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.068(\mathrm{stat})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.014(\mathrm{syst})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006(\mathcal{B})$. The last term is the uncertainty on the ratio $\mathcal{B}(\ensuremath{\psi}(2S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}})/\mathcal{B}(J/\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}})$.
Electromagnetic Scattering Pathways for Metallic Nanoparticles:  A Near-Field Optical Study (2003)

Apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy is used at 415.4 nm to investigate the normal component of the field scattered by silver and gold nanoparticles. Resonant excitation of the plasmon for silver produces a confined field distribution in the vicinity of the particle. For gold, driven off-resonance, the near-field response shows a pronounced contribution from propagating components to the scattered field. The differing near-field features are analyzed by considering the polarizability of the particles, the spatial evolution of the field as a function of distance from the sample, and the interactions with the near-field probe.
Use of Well Test Interpretations to Constrain the Small Scale Petrophysical Anisotropy (kv/kh) (2013)

Abstract A recurrent issue when performing an up-scaling workflow is to assign representative values for the small scale petrophysical anisotropy ratio kV/kH. Most of the time the data provided by the plugs is not appropriate due to the absence of vertical sampling or to problems of representativeness. Where plug data is available kV/kH ratios are often found to be close to one, a value too high to be realistic when considering geological heterogeneity at small scale. A methodology is proposed in order to give more appropriate ranges of values for the small scale permeability anisotropy ratio (kV/kH) as an input during the up-scaling workflow. When a well test with partial penetration interpretation is available, it is possible to use the large scale anisotropy ratio Kv/Kh obtained from spherical flow equations and thus constrain the small scale anisotropy ratio kV/kH. The approach consists in: 1) building a fine scale grid whose size is consistent with the well test investigation radius, 2) populating the grid with facies and petrophysical characteristics observed at the well, and 3) up-scaling the fine scale grid so as to compare the upscaled anisotropy ratio Kv/Kh with the one derived from the well test interpretation. The method was successfully tested on different field cases in turbidite and carbonate environments. Reference values of kV/kH ratios associated to facies have been determined and can be used, as an initial starting point during the up-scaling process. Guide lines for matching the parameters are also provided.