gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of (-)-beta-D-2-aminopurine dioxolane and (-)-beta-D-2-amino-6-chloropurine dioxolane and their antiviral metabolite (-)-beta-D-dioxolane guanine in rhesus monkeys (1996)

(-)-beta-D-2-Aminopurine dioxolane (APD) and (-)-beta-D-2-amino-6-chloropurine dioxolane (ACPD) are recently synthesized dioxolanylpurine nucleoside derivatives being developed as potential prodrugs for the antiviral nucleoside analog (-)-beta-D-dioxolane guanine (DXG). In vitro, APD and ACPD are converted to DXG by xanthine oxidase and adenosine deaminase, respectively. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preclinical pharmacokinetics of APD and ACPD and their potential for generating sustained levels of the parent nucleoside, DXG, in rhesus monkeys following oral administration. Both nucleoside derivatives were rapidly absorbed, with similar peak concentrations achieved within 1 h after administration. However, concentrations of APD were more markedly sustained than those of ACPD. Both prodrugs yielded DXG, but significantly higher serum concentrations of DXG and area under the concentration-time curve values were observed following administration of APD. In addition, APD produced higher concentrations of prodrug and DXG in cerebrospinal fluid than did ACPD. Thus, the results of this pharmacokinetic study suggest that APD is likely to serve as a better prodrug of DXG and should be considered for clinical trials for antiviral therapy against human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus.
Level‐specific amputations and resulting regenerative outcomes in the mouse distal phalanx (2017)

Mouse digit tip regeneration involves an intricate coordinated regrowth of the terminal phalanx, nail, dermis and epidermis. During this time, regenerating digits undergo wound healing, blastema formation, and differentiation. However, the regenerative response of the digit is dependent on the level of the amputation. Amputation of <30% of the distal phalanx (P3), with part of the base nail remaining, results in extensive digit regeneration. In contrast, >60% P3 removal results in no regeneration. This level-dependent regenerative ability of the mouse digit provides a comparative model between regeneration and non-regeneration that may enable identification of specific factors critical to regeneration. Although the ability to create regenerating and non-regenerating conditions has been well established, the regenerative response between these regions ("intermediate" zone) has received less scrutiny, and may add insight to the regenerative processes, including the degree of histolysis, and the level of blastema formation. The objective of this study is then to compare the regeneration capacity between amputation levels within the regenerating (<30%), intermediate (40-59%), and non-regenerating (>60%) regions. Results indicated that regenerative and intermediate amputations led to significant histolysis and blastema formation of the distal phalanx 14 days post-amputation. Unlike the regenerating digits, intermediate amputations led to incomplete regeneration whereby regrowth of the digits were not to the levels of the intact or regenerating digits. Non-regenerating amputations did not exhibit significant histolysis or blastema formation. Remarkably, the histolytic process resulted in day 14 P3 lengths that were similar regardless of the initial amputation over 19%. The differences in histolysis, blastema formation and injury outcomes were also marked by changes in the number of proliferating cells and osteoclasts. Altogether, these results indicate that although intermediate amputations result in histolysis and blastema formation similar to regenerating digits, the resulting cellular composition of the blastema differs, contributing to incomplete regeneration.
An Adversarial Active Sampling-based Data Augmentation Framework for Manufacturable Chip Design (2022)

Lithography modeling is a crucial problem in chip design to ensure a chip design mask is manufacturable. It requires rigorous simulations of optical and chemical models that are computationally expensive. Recent developments in machine learning have provided alternative solutions in replacing the time-consuming lithography simulations with deep neural networks. However, the considerable accuracy drop still impedes its industrial adoption. Most importantly, the quality and quantity of the training dataset directly affect the model performance. To tackle this problem, we propose a litho-aware data augmentation (LADA) framework to resolve the dilemma of limited data and improve the machine learning model performance. First, we pretrain the neural networks for lithography modeling and a gradient-friendly StyleGAN2 generator. We then perform adversarial active sampling to generate informative and synthetic in-distribution mask designs. These synthetic mask images will augment the original limited training dataset used to finetune the lithography model for improved performance. Experimental results demonstrate that LADA can successfully exploits the neural network capacity by narrowing down the performance gap between the training and testing data instances.
Nontargeted Nucleotide Analysis Based on Benzoylhistamine Labeling-MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS: Discovery of Putative 6-Oxo-Thymine in DNA (2012)

A method for nontargeted analysis of modified nucleotides in DNA (and RNA) is reported based on labeling with benzoylhistamine (BH) followed by MALDI-MS. The method provides deoxynucleotide-specific detection, accurate measurement of molecular ions, high sensitivity, semiquantitation, and, to the extent studied to date, normalization of response within a factor of <3.
Characterization of the pathophysiological determinants of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli infection using a challenge model in healthy adults (2021)

An experimental human challenge model with an attenuated diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain has been used in food intervention studies aimed to increase resistance to E. coli infection. This study was designed to refine and expand this challenge model. In a double-blind study, healthy male subjects were orally challenged with 1E10 or 5E10 colony-forming units (CFU) of E. coli strain E1392/75-2A. Three weeks later, subjects were rechallenged with 1E10 CFU of E. coli. Before and after both challenges, clinical symptoms and infection- and immune-related biomarkers were analyzed. Subset analysis was performed on clinically high- and low-responders. Regardless of inoculation dose, the first challenge induced clinical symptoms for 2-3 days. In blood, neutrophils, CRP, CXCL10, and CFA/II-specific IgG were induced, and in feces calprotectin and CFA/II-specific IgA. Despite clinical differences between high- and low-responders, infection and immune biomarkers did not differ. The first inoculation induced protection at the second challenge, with a minor clinical response, and no change in biomarkers. The refined study design resulted in a larger dynamic range of symptoms, and identification of biomarkers induced by a challenge with the attenuated E. coli strain E1392/75-2A, which is of value for future intervention studies. Addition of a second inoculation allows to study the protective response induced by a primary infection.Clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT02541695 (04/09/2015).
Vicarious calibrations of HICO data acquired from the International Space Station (2012)

The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) presently onboard the International Space Station (ISS) is an imaging spectrometer designed for remote sensing of coastal waters. The instrument is not equipped with any onboard spectral and radiometric calibration devices. Here we describe vicarious calibration techniques that have been used in converting the HICO raw digital numbers to calibrated radiances. The spectral calibration is based on matching atmospheric water vapor and oxygen absorption bands and extraterrestrial solar lines. The radiometric calibration is based on comparisons between HICO and the EOS/MODIS data measured over homogeneous desert areas and on spectral reflectance properties of coral reefs and water clouds. Improvements to the present vicarious calibration techniques are possible as we gain more in-depth understanding of the HICO laboratory calibration data and the ISS HICO data in the future.
Over 10 a operation with switching characteristics of 1.2 kV-class vertical GaN trench MOSFETs on a bulk GaN substrate (2016)

In this paper, we demonstrate 1.2 kV-class vertical GaN trench MOSFETs fabricated on a bulk GaN substrate with high current and switching operations. The fabricated multi-cell MOSFET achieved a blocking voltage of 1.3 kV by using a field-plate edge termination around an isolation mesa. The MOSFET chip with the size of 1.5 mm × 1.5 mm operates at current rating of as high as 23.2 A with fast switching characteristics. To our knowledge, this is the first report for vertical GaN-based transistors with a high current operation exceeding 10 A and dynamic characteristics.
Auditory Steady-State Responses Across Chirp Repetition Rates For Ear-EEG And Scalp EEG (2018)

Measurement of auditory steady-state responses (ASSR) using ear-EEG potentially enables objective audiometry out of the clinic in the everyday life of hearing aid users. As ear-EEG are measured from electrodes placed within the ear, electrode distances are inherently small and consequently the potential differences, and thereby signal amplitudes, are also small. Because the detection of the ASSR is based on the signalto-noise ratio (SNR), it is of fundamental interest to know the inherent SNR of the ASSR as a function of the stimulus repetition rate. In this study, ASSRs were recorded using both scalp and ear-EEG in response to broadband chirp stimuli with repetition rates from 20 to 95 Hz. The results showed that in general ear-EEG and scalp EEG SNR was on par across repetition rates; an exception to this was at rates around 40 Hz where the SNR was significantly lower for ear-EEG as compared to scalp EEG. For ear-EEG, the ASSR was relatively constant across repetition rates, whereas the noise showed a 1/f characteristic. In consequence, there was a tendency to increased SNR as a function of repetition rate. This suggests that use of relatively high repetition rates may be beneficial in earEEG applications.
Single-cell RNA Sequencing and Analysis of Human Pancreatic Islets (2019)

Pancreatic islets comprise of endocrine cells with distinctive hormone expression patterns. The endocrine cells show functional differences in response to normal and pathological conditions. The goal of this protocol is to generate high-quality, large-scale transcriptome data of each endocrine cell type with the use of a droplet-based microfluidic single-cell RNA sequencing technology. Such data can be utilized to build the gene expression profile of each endocrine cell type in normal or specific conditions. The process requires careful handling, accurate measurement, and rigorous quality control. In this protocol, we describe detailed steps for human pancreatic islets dissociation, sequencing, and data analysis. The representative results of about 20,000 human single islet cells demonstrate the successful application of the protocol.
Chortle (1990)

Field Programmable Gate Arrays are new devices that combine the versatility of a Gate Array with the user-programmability of a PAL. This paper describes an algorithm for technology mapping of combinational logic into Field Programmable Gate Arrays that use lookup table memories to realize combinational functions. It is difficult to map into lookup tables using previous techniques because a single lookup table can perform a large number of logic functions, and prior approaches require each function to be instantiated separately in a library. The new algorithm, implemented in a program called Chortle uses the fact that a K-input lookup table can implement any Boolean function of K-inputs, and so does not require a library-based approach. Chortle takes advantage of this complete functionality to evaluate all possible decompositions of the input Boolean network nodes. It can determine the optimal (in area) mapping for fanout-free trees of combinational logic. In comparisons with the MIS II technology mapper, on MCNC-89 Logic Synthesis benchmarks Chortle achieves superior results in significantly less time. 1
ChemInform Abstract: Corrosion of Aluminum Nitride (AlN) in Aqueous Cleaning Solutions. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Effects of Cyclic vs Acyclic Hydrophobic Subunits on the Chemical Structure and Biological Properties of Nylon-3 Copolymers (2013)

Nylon-3 co-polymers containing both hydrophobic and cationic subunits can mimic the activity profile of host-defense peptides, if subunit identity and proportion are carefully selected. These sequence- and stereo-random co-polymers inhibit bacterial growth at relatively low concentrations, apparently via disruption of bacterial membranes, but they are relatively non-disruptive toward eukaryotic cell membranes (low hemolytic activity). In all previous examples, the hydrophobic subunits have contained cycloalkyl groups that incorporate the backbone Cα-Cβ bond. Here we have explored the effects of using analogous acyclic hydrophobic subunits. The results indicate that the replacing cyclic with acyclic hydrophobic subunits has a modest influence on biological properties. This influence appears to arise from differences in subunit flexibility.
ChemInform Abstract: Michael Additions Catalysed by Cinchona Alkaloids Bound via Their Vinyl Groups to Preformed Crosslinked Polymers. (1986)

Abstract Die Cinchona Alkaloide (IIa)‐(IId) lassen sich befriedigend über ihre Vinylgruppen mit den Thiolgruppen enthaltenden vernetzten Polymeren (I) verknüpfen; die so gebildeten Produkte (III)‐(VIII) werden dann eingesetzt, um die Michael‐Additionsreaktionen der Verbindungen (IXa), (IXb) bzw. (XIII) mit dem Enon (X) [= Reaktionen (1)‐(3) bzw. (l′)‐(3′)] bzw. (XV) mit Nitrostyrol (XVI) [= Reaktion (4) bzw. (4′)]‐ unter Bildung der Produkte (XI), (XII), (XIV) bzw. (XVII) zu katalysieren.
Scanning probe chemical and topographical microanalysis (2009)

The last decade has seen a rapid rise of Scanning Probe Microscopy, SPM, as a prominent and versatile approach for surface studies. SPM instruments are differentiated from the beam-based ones by the fact that they use solid proximal probes for localized analysis. The most commonly used SPM methodology is Atomic Force Microscopy, AFM. In its basic implementation, AFM provides topographical information with nanometer resolution. The most common modifications allow the magnetic, electrostatic, and specific chemical environment to be examined. However, there is no direct way today to perform general chemical analysis with AFM probes. Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy, NSOM, is another variation of SPM where sharp tapered optical fibers serve dual purposes, being proximal probes of sample topography, and providing the means for localized light delivery for optical studies with sub-wavelength spatial resolution. Again, NSOM itself does not have a general chemical contrast capability. However, the capability to deliver light to localized area opens the way to a multitude of experiments that can be devised using different aspects of light interaction with the sample. This thesis demonstrates several approaches for combined topographical and chemical investigations. Infrared spectroscopy is a sensitive molecular analysis tool. Without scanning proximal probe, IR microscopy has very poor spatial resolution. Enabling methodology for probe fabrication for Near-field Scanning Infrared Microscopy, NSIM, is presented. The efforts in combining NSOM with mass spectrometry, which is probably the most general chemical analysis tool, are outlined. We have demonstrated the possibility of simultaneous topographical and molecular imaging. Another variation of chemical imaging is the combination of SPM and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, LIBS. In this method the elemental composition of samples is obtained by analyzing optical emissions from transient plasma plumes formed by intense laser pulses delivered through fiber probes. We have demonstrated the feasibility of this approach. The instrument that we have developed is an attractive complementary tool for established methods of spatial elemental analysis, such as X-ray Fluorescence. Among its attractive features are operation in ambient conditions, minimal requirements for sample preparation, and ease of use.
Numerical Analysis of Leakage Field Modulation for a Novel Direct Overwrite Medium (1992)

The numerical calculation of the leakage field in a novel laser-power modulation direct overwrite medium has been carried out. The medium had four functional layers: initializing layer, biasing layer, thermal isolating layer and storage layer. The leakage field applied to the storage layer was changed by the laser power. The degree of leakage field change and overwritable domain width, where the direction of an effective field applied to the storage layer could be modulated, were obtained as the figures of merit for overwriting performance. Si-N and Zr-O films were chosen as the thermal isolating layer in order to change the thermal response in the storage layer and the biasing layer. It has been found that the medium with a Si-N thermal isolating layer is suitable for overwriting and that leakage field modulation over 120 Oe was available within a domain width of 0.7 µm.
Data-Driven Design of Biselective Templates for Intergrowth Zeolites (2021)

Zeolites are inorganic materials with wide industrial applications due to their topological diversity. Tailoring confinement effects in zeolite pores, for instance by crystallizing intergrown frameworks, can improve their catalytic and transport properties, but controlling zeolite crystallization often relies on heuristics. In this work, we use computational simulations and data mining to design organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs) to favor the synthesis of intergrown zeolites. First, we propose design principles to identify OSDAs which are selective toward both end members of the disordered structure. Then, we mine a database of hundreds of thousands of zeolite-OSDA pairs and downselect OSDA candidates to synthesize known intergrowth zeolites such as CHA/AFX, MTT/TON, and BEC/ISV. The computationally designed OSDAs balance phase competition metrics and shape selectivity toward the frameworks, thus bypassing expensive dual-OSDA approaches typically used in the synthesis of intergrowths. Finally, we propose potential OSDAs to obtain hypothesized disordered frameworks such as AEI/SAV. This work may accelerate zeolite discovery through data-driven synthesis optimization and design.
8-Gb/s free space transmission over 150 meters using a 980 nm laser diode (2003)

Optical free space transmission for terrestrial, inter- and intra-satellite communications offers the wireless advantages of RF systems, but with greater directivity, less crosstalk, and higher data rates. Semiconductor lasers used in these applications allow direct modulation which reduces optical components and overall transmitter size. We directly modulated a 980 nm laser diode and transmitted over 150 meters at a bit rate of 8 Gb/s. This represents the highest bit rate transmitted over such a free space distance.
Solitary pulmonary metastasis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the palate 43 years after the initial treatment (2009)

This report describes the case of a 71-year-old female presenting with a metastatic mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) in the lung 43 years after the initial treatment for the primary tumor. This case represents a very long period between initial diagnosis and distant metastasis with a pathological examination of both the primary and metastatic tumors. Metastatic tumor should be considered for the differential diagnosis of a pulmonary nodule in a patient who has a history of this type of oral tumor.
Micromachined threshold inertial switches: a review (2022)

Abstract This paper presents a review of the recent advances on micromachined inertial switches/triggers. The review focuses on their advantages and disadvantages, sensitive directions, mechanisms of contact-enhancement, threshold accuracy, and the tunability of the acceleration threshold. Several applications of these sensors are highlighted including in healthcare, structural health monitoring, internet of things, and military. Recent contemporary research directions are also discussed, such as multi-directions/axis, multi-threshold sensors, and machine learning implementation. The article concludes with discussion on future development trends and performance improvements of inertial switches.
Experiments Directed to Creation of Hot Plasma with β~1 at the GOL-3-II Facility (2001)

Two experiments directed to a search the experimental conditions for the creation of the hot plasma bunch with β~1 at the multimirror trap GOL-3-II are described. In the first one the hydrogen cloud of 0.5 m length and ~1016 density cm−3 was heated in a short (~ 0.5 m) section with relatively small magnetic field placed in the 12-m solenoid with 9 T magnetic field in mirrors. Plasma pressure was measured by diamagnetic loops and reached βvac ≈0.4. In the second experiment the dense bunch is created by pellet (LiD, (CH2)n) injection into the electron-beam-heated plasma. After beginning of the beam injection the pellet is evaporated and ionized, then dense plasma is magnetized and as result dense bunch (ne=1016-1017cm−3) with abrupt edges is created. After heating the bunch has expansion velocity up to 3·107cm/s.
Solid-State Ionic Diodes Demonstrated in Conical Nanopores (2017)

Ionic transport at the nanoscale features phenomena that are not observed in larger systems. Nonlinear current–voltage curves characteristic of ionic diodes as well as ion selectivity are examples of effects observed at the nanoscale. Many man-made nanopore systems are inspired by biological channels in a cell membrane, thus measurements are often performed in aqueous solutions. Consequently, much less is known about ionic transport in nonaqueous systems, especially in solid-state electrolytes. Here we show ionic transport through single pores filled with gel electrolyte of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) doped with LiClO<sub>4</sub> in propylene carbonate. The system has no liquid interface and the ionic transport occurs through the porous gel structure. We demonstrate that a conically shaped nanopore filled with the gel rectifies the current and works as a solid-state ionic diode.