gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combination Therapy with Lamivudine and Adenovirus Causes Transient Suppression of Chronic Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Infections (2000)

Treatment of hepatitis B virus carriers with the nucleoside analog lamivudine suppresses virus replication. However, rather than completely eliminating the virus, long-term treatment often ends in the outgrowth of drug-resistant variants. Using woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), we investigated the consequences of combining lamivudine treatment with immunotherapy mediated by an adenovirus superinfection. Eight infected woodchucks were treated with lamivudine and four were infected with approximately 10(13) particles of an adenovirus type 5 vector expressing beta-galactosidase. Serum samples and liver biopsies collected following the combination therapy revealed a 10- to 20-fold reduction in DNA replication intermediates in three of four woodchucks at 2 weeks after adenovirus infection. At the same time, covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and viral mRNA levels both declined about two- to threefold in those woodchucks, while mRNA levels for gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha as well as for the T-cell markers CD4 and CD8 were elevated about twofold. Recovery from adenovirus infection was marked by elevation of sorbitol dehydrogenase, a marker for hepatocyte necrosis, as well as an 8- to 10-fold increase in expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, a marker for DNA synthesis, indicating significant hepatocyte turnover. The fact that replicative DNA levels declined more than cccDNA and mRNA levels following adenovirus infection suggests that the former decline either was cytokine induced or reflects instability of replicative DNA in regenerating hepatocytes. Virus titers in all four woodchucks were only transiently suppressed, suggesting that the effect of combination therapy is transient and, at least under the conditions used, does not cure chronic WHV infections.
Multi-objective optimization of a hybrid model for network traffic classification by combining machine learning techniques (2014)

Considerable effort has been made by researchers in the area of network traffic classification, since the Internet is constantly changing. This characteristic makes the task of traffic identification not a straightforward process. Besides that, encrypted data is being widely used by applications and protocols. There are several methods for classifying network traffic such as known ports and Deep Packet Inspection (DPI), but they are not effective since many applications constantly randomize their ports and the payload could be encrypted. This paper proposes a hybrid model that makes use of a classifier based on computational intelligence, the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), along with Feature Selection (FS) and Multi-objective Genetic Algorithms (MOGA) to classify computer network traffic without making use of the payload or port information. The proposed model presented good results when evaluated against the UNIBS data set, using four performance metrics: Recall, Precision, Flow Accuracy and Byte Accuracy, with most rates exceeding 90%. Besides that, presented the best features and feature selection algorithm for the given problem along with the best ELM parameters.
A new approach to analyzing residence time and mixing in a co‐rotating twin screw extruder (1999)

Abstract A series of experiments was conducted to determine what correlations exist between an experimental parameter, percent drag flow, and other parameters such as head, tail and mean residence time. Experimentation was carried out on two polymer systems, a model system of near‐Newtonian fluid and a viscoelastic system of polyisoprene with several additives. To aid in the residence time analysis, data from three literature sources were cited and replotted. A family of residence time curves for a partially filled system can be combined into one curve by plotting the number of screw revolutions carrying the tracer to the extruder exit versus the percent drag flow. This method of plotting the data for each screw configuration estimates the mean residence time for any throughput and screw speed once a few data points are taken. In all four sets of experiments, the number of screw revolutions carrying the tracer to the exit decreases with increasing percent drag flow. The filled volume of the extruder was calculated from residence time data to show that percent drag flow is linearly related to extruder filled volume. When percent drag flow increased in the viscoelastic system the following results were recorded: fraction of polymer residence time spent in conveying elements increased, fraction of residence time spent in mixing elements decreased, polymer Mooney viscosity increased, number and weight average molecular weights increased and polydispersivity increased.
24-GHz LTCC Fractal Antenna Array SoP With Integrated Fresnel Lens (2011)

A novel 24-GHz mixed low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) tape based system-on-package (SoP) is presented, which incorporates a fractal antenna array with an integrated grooved Fresnel lens. The four-element fractal array employs a relatively low dielectric constant substrate (CT707, ε <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</sub> = 6.4), whereas the lens has been realized on a high-dielectric-constant superstrate (CT765, ε <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</sub> = 68.7 ). The two (substrate and superstrate) are integrated through four corner posts to realize the required air gap (focal distance). The fractal array alone provides a measured gain of 8.9 dBi. Simulations predict that integration of this array with the lens increases the gain by 6 dB. Measurements reveal that the design is susceptible to LTCC fabrication tolerances. In addition to high gain, the SoP provides a bandwidth of 8%. The high performance and compact size (24 × 24 × 4.8 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ) of the design makes it highly suitable for emerging wireless applications such as automotive radar front end.
An algorithm for computing matrix square roots with application to Riccati equation implementation (1977)

An iterative algorithm is presented for obtaining a positive definite symmetric square root of a positive definite symmetric matrix. This algorithm has application in the implementation of Riccati type equations. The approach presented here has the advantage that apriori upper and lower bounds to the converged answer can be obtained sequentially at any point in the iterative process. These apriori bounds can also be obtained for the Riccati equation using a discrete implementation procedure. Theorems on convergence are proved and examples are worked.
Discovery of ML358, a Selective Small Molecule Inhibitor of the SKN-1 Pathway Involved in Drug Detoxification and Resistance in Nematodes (2015)

Nematodes parasitize ∼1/3 of humans worldwide, and effective treatment via administration of anthelmintics is threatened by growing resistance to current therapies. The nematode transcription factor SKN-1 is essential for development of embryos and upregulates the expression of genes that result in modification, conjugation, and export of xenobiotics, which can promote resistance. Distinct differences in regulation and DNA binding relative to mammalian Nrf2 make SKN-1 a promising and selective target for the development of anthelmintics with a novel mode of action that targets stress resistance and drug detoxification. We report 17 (ML358), a first in class small molecule inhibitor of the SKN-1 pathway. Compound 17 resulted from a vanillamine-derived hit identified by high throughput screening that was advanced through analog synthesis and structure-activity studies. Compound 17 is a potent (IC50 = 0.24 μM, Emax = 100%) and selective inhibitor of the SKN-1 pathway and sensitizes the model nematode C. elegans to oxidants and anthelmintics. Compound 17 is inactive against Nrf2, the homologous mammalian detoxification pathway, and is not toxic to C. elegans (LC50 > 64 μM) and Fa2N-4 immortalized human hepatocytes (LC50 > 5.0 μM). In addition, 17 exhibits good solubility, permeability, and chemical and metabolic stability in human and mouse liver microsomes. Therefore, 17 is a valuable probe to study regulation and function of SKN-1 in vivo. By selective targeting of the SKN-1 pathway, 17 could potentially lead to drug candidates that may be used as adjuvants to increase the efficacy and useful life of current anthelmintics.
Time‐dependent Intracellular Accumulation of 5‐Aminolevulinic Acid, Induction of Porphyrin Synthesis and Subsequent Phototoxicity (1997)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a novel treatment for a variety of human malignancies, usually consists of visible light irradiation of lesions following the systemic administration of a photosensitizer. Induction of the endogenous photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX by the systemic or topical administration of delta-aminolevulinic acid (delta-ALA) is being investigated for use in PDT. We have determined that the incubation of two human and two rodent tumor cell lines in culture with delta-ALA over a 24 h period results in an increase in the accumulation of fluorescent porphyrins in all of these cell lines. However, the two human cell lines produce fluorescent porphyrin at different rates from those seen in the rodent cell lines. The uptake of 14C-delta-ALA was concentration dependent, similar for all the cell lines studied and rapidly reached an intra/extracellular equilibrium after delta-ALA was added to the culture medium. The increase in intracellular fluorescent porphyrin was dependent on the level of delta-ALA in the medium and the incubation time and was directly related to the phototoxicity observed upon exposure of cultured monolayers to light. The data demonstrate that equivalent levels of phototoxicity can be attained by exposing cells to 0.04 mM delta-ALA for 24 h or to 0.5 mM delta-ALA for 2 h. These findings may have implications for optimization of PDT treatment regimens that use delta-ALA.
Time to ship (2016)

There is new and exciting research work in analyzing and exploiting information from corpora with temporal information such as news, email, or social media. We review some of the current activities around extracting temporal information from social media and present a number of examples from real-world systems. We also outline a number of open problems and potential new research areas.
Impact of Synthesis Method on Phase Transformations of Layered Lithium Vanadium Oxide upon Electrochemical (De)lithiation (2019)

Li<sub>1.1</sub>V<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub> (LVO) has shown promise as a cathode material for lithium-based batteries due to its high theoretical capacity (360 mAh<sup>.</sup>g<sup>-1</sup>) and good rate capability; however, LVO batteries suffer from capacity fade upon extended cycling. The impact of synthetic material control on electrochemistry and capacity retention was explored here through solvothermal synthesis of LVO fibers and sol-gel synthesis of LVO rhombohedrons. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of the two materials revealed key differences where lithiation of the solvothermal-derived LVO material resulted in less β phase formation as compared with the sol-gel-derived material. Structural evolution of the materials during lithiation was characterized through in situ XRD which revealed that the α→β phase conversion is essentially complete in the sol-gel product with only partial conversion in the solvothermal product. Under galvanostatic cycling, the sol-gel product delivered higher capacity but displayed more capacity fade as compared to the solvothermal product as foretold by both CV and XRD findings. When cycled within the α phase region, improved preservation of both energy delivery and structural integrity was observed. These findings substantiate the proposed cause of capacity degradation as originating from an α→β structural change and illustrate the possibility of minimizing β phase formation through synthetic control of LVO.
A liquid crystal application in skin care cosmetics (1998)

Intercellular lipids of the stratum corneum contribute threefold to the maintenance of a healthy skin: by hydration, cell adhesion, and reduction of transepidermal water loss. All of these functions can be attributed to the self-organizing property of the amphiphilic molecules of the stratum corneum lipids. A new type of skin care product called Lamellar Gel was developed, which contains a (synthesized) pseudo-ceramide. Its structure is similar to that of ceramide found among the stratum corneum lipids, which allows it to control intramolecular interactions. Compared to regular emulsions the Lamellar Gel demonstrated better skin care characteristics regarding permeability, skin hydration, and skin occlusion. This was attributed to the fact that it formed the same self-organizing structure as natural stratum corneum lipids, hence showing a high affinity to the skin. A high moisturizing effect was observed as the Lamellar Gel combines the benefits of both O/W and W/O emulsions: it provides the same initial hydration as an O/W emulsion and at the same time the same occlusivity as a W/O emulsion. Transepidermal water loss increases under dry environmental conditions. This especially affects the skin around the eyes, where the skin is very thin, and wrinkles are very easily formed. Treatment with the Lamellar Gel recovered these wrinkles promptly and hydrated the stratum corneum for a long time.
Structure-Activity Relationships of a New Series of Synthetic Retinoids (Retinobenzoic Acids) (2018)

This chapter describes how the authors have modified the structure of retinoic acid and what the consequences are. The structure of retinoic acid was greatly altered to obtain a new series of active benzoic acid derivatives. The chapter discusses the structure-activity relationships. It proposes the generic name retinobenzoic acid for the active compounds represented by the formula and for related benzoic acid derivatives. The activity of 3',4'-diisopropylazobenzene-4-carboxylic acid was as high as that of retinoic acid, and the tetramethyltetrahydronaphthalene derivative was more active than retinoic acid. The structural effect of the alkyl group on the aromatic ring was similar to that in the cases of amides, azo compounds, and stilbenes. Though the stable conformation of chalcones is believed to be s-cis, which is very different from that of the rigid flavones, flavones and chalcones appeared to be structurally related compounds.
Receptive Field Properties of the Macaque Second Somatosensory Cortex: Evidence for Multiple Functional Representations (2004)

The detailed functional organization of the macaque second somatosensory cortex (SII) is not well understood. Here we report the results of a study of the functional organization of the SII hand region that combines microelectrode mapping using hand-held stimuli with single-unit recordings using a motorized, computer-controlled tactile oriented bar. The data indicate that the SII hand region extends approximately 10 mm in the anteroposterior (AP) dimension, primarily within the upper bank of the lateral sulcus. Furthermore, we find evidence that this region consists of multiple functional fields, with a central field containing neurons that are driven well by cutaneous stimuli, flanked by an anterior field and a posterior field that each contain neurons that are driven well by proprioceptive stimuli and less well by cutaneous stimuli. The anterior field extends approximately 4-5 mm AP, the central field extends approximately 3-4 mm, and the posterior field extends approximately 3 mm. Data from the motorized stimulator indicate that neurons in the central field are more responsive to oriented bars, more frequently exhibit orientation tuning, and have larger receptive fields than neurons in the anterior and posterior fields. We speculate that the three putative fields play different functional roles in tactile perception; the anterior and posterior fields process information that involves both proprioceptive and cutaneous input such as sensorimotor integration or stereognosis, whereas the central field processes primarily cutaneous information.
An Air and Thermally Stable One‐Component Catalyst for the Amination of Aryl Chlorides. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hephaestus: A multisensor data fusion algorithm for multiple applications on wireless sensor networks (2016)

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are core components of the Internet of Things paradigm. By applying techniques such as sensor virtualization, the wireless sensor network infrastructure can be shared by a set of applications. On such scenario, the massive amount of data produced by the widely spread sensors produces a value-added information for the end user. By sharing the same infrastructure with multiple users, the set of applications in execution may change quickly, according to the users' necessity. In this case, the application requirements (for instance, data intervals or the potential events of interest) may not be known a priori. In this work, we aim to provide a solution to properly integrate data from multiple applications without the knowledge about specific application requirements, and unconver useful information from such data. We propose Hephaestus, an entropic information fusion algorithm, which uses Mean, Kurtosis and Skewness to apply a heuristics that divides the dataset into multiple features, for multiple applications. Hephaestus achieved high accuracy while incurring in low overhead for the resource constrained devices of WSNs.
Breast Reconstruction and Adjuvant Therapies (2004)

Recent developments in the management of breast cancer have increased the complexity of planning for immediate breast reconstruction. Two recent trials have demonstrated superior locoregional control, disease-free survival, and overall survival in node-positive breast cancer patients with the addition of postmastectomy radiation therapy (XRT) to mastectomy and chemotherapy. On the basis of these results, the use of postmastectomy XRT in patients with early-stage breast cancer is increasing. Unfortunately, it is difficult to predict the presence or extent of axillary lymph node involvement-a major determinant of the need for postmastectomy XRT-before mastectomy. There are two potential problems with performing an immediate breast reconstruction in a patient who will require postmastectomy XRT. First, postmastectomy XRT can adversely affect the aesthetic outcome of an immediate breast reconstruction. Second, an immediate breast reconstruction can interfere with the delivery of postmastectomy XRT. Chemotherapy before or after reconstruction does not significantly increase the occurrence of wound-healing problems and breast reconstruction does not appear to delay the initiation or resumption of chemotherapy. The increasing use of postmastectomy XRT and chemotherapy in patients with early-stage breast cancer necessitates increased communication between the medical oncologist, radiation oncologist, breast surgeon, and plastic surgeon during treatment planning for these patients.
Identity of terminator and selenocysteine UGA codons through characterization of selenoproteomes (2002)

In the genetic code, UGA terminates protein synthesis and serves as a selenocysteine codon., but identification of correct functions of UGA codons is extremely difficult. In the present study, this UGA dual-function problem was addressed by identifying all or almost all selenoprotein genes in completely sequenced eukaryotic and archaeal genomes. Selenoproteins lack common amino acid sequence motifs, but 3′-untranslated regions of selenoprotein mRNAs contain a common stem-loop structure, selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element, that is necessary for decoding UGA as selenocysteine rather than as a stop signal. A computer program, SECISearch, was developed, that identifies selenoprotein genes by recognizing SECIS elements on the basis of primary sequence, secondary structure and free energy criteria. When SECISearch was initially applied to search human Expressed Sequence Tags database, two new mammalian selenoproteins, designated SelT and SelR, were identified. On the basis of domain fusion, gene clustering and correlated evolution analyses, SelR function was predicted to be functionally related to peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase. Subsequently, human, mouse and rat genomes were analyzed for the presence of selenoprotein genes. The computational screen included searches for SECIS elements and analyses of their human/rodent conservation characteristics, as well as an independent approach of characterization of coding potentials of UGA codons and their flanking regions. Seven new human selenoproteins were identified by this approach and subsequently confirmed to be true positives. Finally, the search algorithms were adopted for archaeal systems, and all completed archaeal genomes were analyzed for the presence of selenoprotein genes. A single new selenoprotein was identified. The information on identities of 25 human and 24 mouse selenoproteins should help explain biomedical effects of dietary selenium, whereas new bioinformatics tools may be used for genome-wide screens for other structural RNA elements.
Classification of astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas from mass spectrometry data using sparse kernel machines (2011)

Glioma histologies are the primary factor in prognostic estimates and are used in determining the proper course of treatment. Furthermore, due to the sensitivity of cranial environments, real-time tumor-cell classification and boundary detection can aid in the precision and completeness of tumor resection. A recent improvement to mass spectrometry known as desorption electrospray ionization operates in an ambient environment without the application of a preparation compound. This allows for a real-time acquisition of mass spectra during surgeries and other live operations. In this paper, we present a framework using sparse kernel machines to determine a glioma sample's histopathological subtype by analyzing its chemical composition acquired by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
Systematic Review Snapshot TAKE-HOME MESSAGE Applying an age-adjusted D-dimer cutoff value to rule out suspected venous thromboembolism in non-high-risk older patients increases the specificity of the D-dimer test without significantly decreasing the sensitivity. (2014)

†‡ † ‡ 50 5,528 12.3 (3.09–28.6) 97.6 (95.0–98.9) N/A 66.8 (61.3–72.0) N/A 51–60 2,043 13.4 (5.0–33.3) 100.0 (N/A) 99.4 (97.3–99.9) 57.6 (51.4–63.6) 62.3 (56.2–68.0) 61–70 1,815 15.6 (6.58–26.2) 99.0 (96.6–99.7) 97.3 (93.8–98.8) 39.4 (33.5–45.6) 49.5 (43.2–55.8) 71–80 1,842 21.5 (6.78–34.5) 98.7 (96.5–99.5) 97.3 (94.3–98.8) 24.5 (20.0–29.7) 44.2 (38.0–50.5) >80 1,269 15.2 (5.88–26.9) 99.6 (96.9–99.9) 97.0 (92.9–98.8) 14.7 (11.3–18.6) 35.2 (29.4–41.5)
Blood Clearance and Body Distributions of Glycosylated Dextrans in Rats (1993)

Dextrans with a narrow and well defined molecular weight distribution have potential as targetable carriers for pharmacological agents. Specific sugar moieties such as D-galactose, D-mannose and L-fucose were linked by a carbon C-6 spacer to the polymer backbone using the 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate activation method. Following 125I-iodination and intravenous injection, the blood clearance and the body distribution of the glycosylated dextrans were assayed. The incorporation of the sugar moieties enhances the liver uptake from the bloodstream through receptor mediated endocytosis. The influence of a number of structural parameters on the in vivo fate of the macromolecular derivatives was investigated. Of great importance were the nature of the attached monosaccharide unit used as a ligand and the way those sugar residues are incorporated throughout the polymer chain: randomly or preclustered.