gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurements of the I-V Characteristic of Short-Pulse (10-15 ns) Electron Beams (2007)

Summary form only given. It has been experimentally demonstrated that the current-voltage characteristic of a short-pulse electron beam (when the electron beam pulse duration is less than or comparable with the electron time-of-flight between the cathode and anode in the planar geometry of the electron diode) is considerable higher then the conventional Child-Langmuir limit. It can be projected, also, that in the coaxial geometry of electron beam formation, where the Fedosov-Belomytsev current [2] is an analog of the Child-Langmuir current, the 1-V characteristic of a short-pulse electron beam should similarly higher. This means that, when the electron-beam pulse duration is less than or comparable with the characteristic time determining the formation of the steady-state space charge distribution along the electron-beam drift path downstream from the cathode, the total electron beam current should be higher than the appropriate Fedosov-Belomytsev limit. We measured the current-voltage characteristic of nanosecond-duration (10-15 ns) thin tubular relativistic (300-600 keV) electron beams accelerated in vacuum along the axis of a smooth uniform metal tube immersed in a strong axial magnetic field. Results of these measurements as well as results of computer simulations performed using PIC code show that the /-V characteristic at the front of the nanosecond-duration electron-beam pulse is different from the analogous dependence measured at the flat part of the pulse. In the steady-state (flat) part of the pulse, the measured electron-beam current is close to Fedosov-Belomytsev current [2], which is governed by the conservation law of electron momentum flow for any constant voltage. In the non steady-state part (front) of the pulse, the electron-beam current is considerably higher than the appropriate steady-state Fedosov-Belomytsev current and is close to the space-charge-limiting current determining the maximum electron beam current that a metallic tube is capable of supporting.
Path average measurements of optical fiber nonlinearity using solitons (1998)

This paper experimentally demonstrates a new method to determine the optical nonlinearity of single-mode optical fiber. The technique takes advantage of the well-known nonlinear response of optical fibers and well-developed models for soliton pulse propagation to extract information about the fiber characteristics. Fiber nonlinearity can degrade the performance of communication systems by, for example, causing crosstalk and signal distortions. Measuring the fiber nonlinearity would greatly aid system designers in building and upgrading communication systems. The method is utilized to determine values for n/sub 2//A/sub eff/, where n/sub 2/ is the nonlinearity of the glass and A/sub eff/ is effective area of the core. On various lengths of Corning SMF-28 fiber and Corning SMF-DS fiber. Experimentally measured propagation results for short (/spl ap/2 ps) optical pulses are compared to computer simulated models to determine the fiber nonlinearity. The method finds n/sub 2//A/sub eff/=3.0/spl times/10/sup -10/ W/sup -1/ values for short lengths (/spl ap/400 m) of Corning SMF-28 fiber and values of 2.7/spl times/10/sup -10/ W/sup -1/ for longer lengths (/spl ap/6.5 km and /spl ap/20 km). The difference is expected due to the 8/9 polarization scrambling factor, and the values are in agreement with reported literature [1]. The method also determines n/sub 2//A/sub eff/=5.6/spl times/10/sup -10/ W/sup -1/ for a /spl ap/12 km Corning dispersion shifted fiber. The method has two major regimes of operation based on the soliton period, a characteristic length for solitons. For few soliton periods (Z/Z/sub 0/ /spl sim/4) the output pulsewidth is measured as a function of launched power. The method's major advantage is its capability to measure long lengths of standard fiber, where it uses only standard diagnostic tools such as autocorrelation and optical power measurements. However, the method is only applicable in the soliton regime of fibers.
Efficient Pd‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2‐Arylaminopyrimidines via Microwave Irradiation. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A polymer thin‐film technique to study the micromorphology of core/shell latexes (1987)

Abstract A series of poly(styrene)/poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) core‐shell latexes were synthesized by seeded emulsion polymerization. The dried latex was dissolved in toluene and then cast on the surface of water to form a very thin film (60–90 nm). Phase separation in the thin film was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electron micrographs of these thin films yielded fine structure and interesting morphology that was unattainable by ultramicrotoming of the corresponding compression‐molded specimens. Glass transition temperatures and percent grafted polystyrene were correlated with the TEM results. As grafting increases, mixing of the two phases improves, with the resulting T g value being between the two T g 's of poly(styrene) and poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile).
Toxicity of Food-Grade TiO2 to Commensal Intestinal and Transient Food-Borne Bacteria: New Insights Using Nano-SIMS and Synchrotron UV Fluorescence Imaging (2018)

Titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) is commonly used as a food additive (E171 in the EU) for its whitening and opacifying properties. However, a risk of intestinal barrier disruption, including dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, is increasingly suspected because of the presence of a nano-sized fraction in this additive. We hypothesized that food-grade E171 and Aeroxyde P25 (identical to the NM-105 OECD reference nanomaterial in the European Union Joint Research Centre) interact with both commensal intestinal bacteria and transient food-borne bacteria under non-UV-irradiated conditions. Based on differences in their physicochemical properties, we expect a difference in their respective effects. To test these hypotheses, we chose a panel of eight Gram-positive/Gram-negative bacterial strains, isolated from different biotopes and belonging to the species <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i>, <i>Lactococcus lactis</i> (subsp. <i>lactis</i> and <i>cremoris</i>), <i>Streptococcus thermophilus</i>, and <i>Lactobacillus sakei</i>. Bacterial cells were exposed to food-grade E171 vs. P25 <i>in vitro</i> and the interactions were explored with innovative (nano)imaging methods. The ability of bacteria to trap TiO<sub>2</sub> was demonstrated using synchrotron UV fluorescence imaging with single cell resolution. Subsequent alterations in the growth profiles were shown, notably for the transient food-borne <i>L. lactis</i> and the commensal intestinal <i>E. coli</i> in contact with food-grade TiO<sub>2</sub>. However, for both species, the reduction in cell cultivability remained moderate, and the morphological and ultrastructural damages, observed with electron microscopy, were restricted to a small number of cells. <i>E. coli</i> exposed to food-grade TiO<sub>2</sub> showed some internalization of TiO<sub>2</sub> (7% of cells), observed with high-resolution nano-secondary ion mass spectrometry (Nano-SIMS) chemical imaging. Taken together, these data show that E171 may be trapped by commensal and transient food-borne bacteria within the gut. In return, it may induce some physiological alterations in the most sensitive species, with a putative impact on gut microbiota composition and functioning, especially after chronic exposure.
RF multi-DUT testing technology for RF WLP (2008)

Test efficiency of packaged electronics strongly depends on test time and test cost because test time increase causes the increase of test cost. In this paper, with RF WLP devices fabricated by wafer level package processes, we have demonstrated RF multi-DUT testing technology with superior measurement stability and enhanced package yield in RF wafer level test. We could know that RF multi-DUT testing technology for RF WLP devices in wafer level testing has test time reduction of 61.9% compared to test time of RF single-DUT testing through analyzing test time. This technology can offer a number of significant advantages such as productivity improvement and superior capabilities for high performance RF wafer level testing. RF multi-DUT testing technology is essential in addressing future needs for testing RF WLP devices on the wafer.
The Logbook, A Publication of the Wayne E. Meyer Institute of Systems Engineering / May 2004 (2004)

www.nps.navy.mil/meyerinstitute Email:MeyerInst@nps.navy.mil Phone:(831) 656-7847 Fax:(831) 656-2336 Naval Postgraduate School, 777 Dyer Rd., Mail Code 97, Monterey, CA
MMX mesalamine for providing remission of active mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis: An evidence-based medicine analysis (2007)

Multiple daily dosing associated with current oral 5-ASA therapies can result in non-compliance in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), which may increase the probability of a disease relapse. A recent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III study (SPD476-302) showed that MMX™ mesalamine (SPD476), a novel, high-strength (1.2g/tablet), oral 5-ASA therapy, designed for once-daily dosing, can effectively induce remission in patients with active mild-to-moderate UC. The number needed to treat (NNT) is a practical and intuitive way of comparing the effects of two different therapies on important clinical outcomes and is frequently used to guide treatment decision making. This analysis was undertaken to calculate the NNT associated with MMX mesalamine-related induction of remission in UC using data from study SPD476-302. Patients with mild-to-moderate UC were randomized to MMX mesalamine 2.4g/day given once daily (QD), MMX mesalamine 4.8g/day given QD, Asacol® given three times daily (TID) or placebo. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients in clinical and endoscopic remission (defined as a modified UC-Disease Activity Index score ≤1, with a rectal bleeding and stool frequency score of 0, no mucosal friability, and a ≥1 point reduction in sigmoidoscopy score from baseline) at week 8. An NNT analysis was completed for remission after 8 weeks of treatment. See table. EVIDENCE-BASED ANALYSIS OF REMISSION EVIDENCE-BASED ANALYSIS OF REMISSION Six patients with mild-to-moderate UC need to be treated with MMX mesalamine 2.4g/day or 4.8g/day givenQDinstead of placebo in order for one of them to achieve clinical and endoscopic remission after 8 weeks. In contrast, 10 patients need to be treated with Asacol 2.4g/day given TID instead of placebo for one of them to achieve remission at week 8.
Hypothesis-feedback equalization for direct-sequence spread-spectrum underwater communications (2002)

Direct-sequence code-division multiple-access is considered for underwater acoustic communication networks. Unlike in the majority of spread-spectrum radio systems, intersymbol interference cannot be neglected, and time variability of the channel requires that receiver adaptation be performed at the chip, rather than the bit rate. Adaptive decision-feedback equalization, which has successfully been used for single-user underwater communications, is not directly applicable to spread-spectrum signals because of the delay in the despreading process and the lack of reliable chip decisions. To overcome this problem, a receiver is proposed which feeds back hypothesized, rather than the actual decisions. Numerical examples demonstrate the receiver's ability to cope with time varying channel distortions and preserve the processing gain when conventional, symbol-rate adaptive methods fail.
Relationship between QTL for grain shape, grain weight, test weight, milling yield, and plant height in the spring wheat cross RL4452/‘AC Domain’ (2018)

Kernel morphology characteristics of wheat are complex and quantitatively inherited. A doubled haploid (DH) population of the cross RL4452/'AC Domain' was used to study the genetic basis of seed shape. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses were conducted on a total of 18 traits: 14 grain shape traits, flour yield (Fyd), and three agronomic traits (Plant height [Plht], 1000 Grain weight [Gwt], Test weight [Twt]), using data from trial locations at Glenlea, Brandon, and Morden in Manitoba, Canada, between 1999 and 2004. Kernel shape was studied through digital image analysis with an Acurum® grain analyzer. Plht, Gwt, Twt, Fyd, and grain shape QTL were correlated with each other and QTL analysis revealed that QTL for these traits often mapped to the same genetic locations. The most significant QTL for the grain shape traits were located on chromosomes 4B and 4D, each accounting for up to 24.4% and 53.3% of the total phenotypic variation, respectively. In addition, the most significant QTL for Plht, Gwt, and Twt were all detected on chromosome 4D at the Rht-D1 locus. Rht-D1b decreased Plht, Gwt, Twt, and kernel width relative to the Rht-D1a allele. A narrow genetic interval on chromosome 4B contained significant QTL for grain shape, Gwt, and Plht. The 'AC Domain' allele reduced Plht, Gwt, kernel length and width traits, but had no detectable effect on Twt. The data indicated that this variation was inconsistent with segregation at Rht-B1. Numerous QTL were identified that control these traits in this population.
Observation of collisional narrowing in a two-photon transition in a three-level system (1982)

We report the observation of collision-induced narrowing in the two-photon $6S\ensuremath{-}12S$ transition in Cs perturbed by argon using resonance ionization spectroscopy. The narrowing occurs at 25-50-Torr Ar buffer gas pressure. It is explained via the competition between collision-induced single- and two-photon processes.
Acceptability and suitability of the use of TracmorD activity monitor in patients with COPD for home coaching – A pilot study (2016)

<b>Background:</b> The acceptability of the Philips research activity monitor (TracmorD) and usability to patients with COPD of wearing it while undertaking a daily routine are unknown. <b>Aims and objectives:</b> To study the acceptability and the usability of TracmorD in daily life of patients with COPD. <b>Methods:</b> 21 patients with COPD (17 males, 62 [57-69] years, BMI 24 [20-27] kg.m<sup>-2</sup>, FEV<sub>1</sub> 47 [29-64] %predicted) were submitted to assessments of physical activity levels. Patients had to simultaneously wear 3 TracmorDs (in the right-hand side pocket, around the neck and on the hip) and 1 Actigraph GT3x (ACT) on the hip (criterion method) over one week during waking hours. After the assessment week, patients answered a questionnaire about the usability of the TracmorD at their home setting. <b>Results:</b> All three TracmorD positions had very strong correlations among them (pocket vs hip r= 0.91; pocket vs neck r=0.90; hip vs neck r=0.96; p&lt;0.001 for all) and strong correlations with ACT (0.84≥r&lt;0.86, p&lt;0.001 for all) in terms of Kcal consumption. Steps/day (n), vector magnitude units (VMU), number of metabolic equivalents (MET) and ACT wearing time (min) significantly correlated to Kcal measured by TracmorD in the three different positions (0.66≥r&lt;0.70; 0.66≥r&lt;0.68; 0.54≥r&lt;0.67; 0.43≥r&lt;0.50; respectively, p&lt;0.0001 for all). TracmorD was considered comfortable and easy to use at home, receiving a mean usability score of 98 out of 100 maximum points. <b>Conclusions:</b> TracmorD was highly accepted by patients with COPD in their daily routine.TracmorD was highly correlated with ACT, suggesting that it can be used to monitor and coach COPD patients in their home environment.
Thin-Film Transistor-Based Sensor Interface Circuits Enabling Distributed Local In-Module Solar Cell Temperature Monitoring (2023)

Accurate efficiency prediction, improved reliability, and extended lifetime of solar modules are the key driving factors for investment and research in photovoltaic (PV) systems. Enhanced performance and more refined models are realized by incorporating data derived from localized monitoring of solar modules. This work combines interface circuits designed in flexible thin-film transistors (TFTs) with distributed temperature sensors integrated into solar cell lamination enabling in-module within-cell PV monitoring. A TFT multiplexer selects between sensors and is commanded through a serial peripheral interface (SPI) to reduce the IO connections, while the low offset unity-gain TFT buffer enables precise signal transfer. The in-cell sensors together with TFT read-out circuitry demonstrate accurate outdoor temperature monitoring, comparable to silicon integrated circuits.
Segmentation of left atrial intracardiac ultrasound images for image guided cardiac ablation therapy (2013)

Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE), a technique in which structures of the heart are imaged using a catheter navigated inside the cardiac chambers, is an important imaging technique for guidance in cardiac ablation therapy. Automatic segmentation of these images is valuable for guidance and targeting of treatment sites. In this paper, we describe an approach to segment ICE images by generating an empirical model of blood pool and tissue intensities. Normal, Weibull, Gamma, and Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distributions are fit to histograms of tissue and blood pool pixels from a series of ICE scans. A total of 40 images from 4 separate studies were evaluated. The model was trained and tested using two approaches. In the first approach, the model was trained on all images from 3 studies and subsequently tested on the 40 images from the 4th study. This procedure was repeated 4 times using a leave-one-out strategy. This is termed the <i>between-subjects</i> approach. In the second approach, the model was trained on 10 randomly selected images from a single study and tested on the remaining 30 images in that study. This is termed the <i>within-subjects</i> approach. For both approaches, the model was used to automatically segment ICE images into blood and tissue regions. Each pixel is classified using the Generalized Liklihood Ratio Test across neighborhood sizes ranging from 1 to 49. Automatic segmentation results were compared against manual segmentations for all images. In the <i>between-subjects</i> approach, the GEV distribution using a neighborhood size of 17 was found to be the most accurate with a misclassification rate of approximately 17%. In the <i>within-subjects</i> approach, the GEV distribution using a neighborhood size of 19 was found to be the most accurate with a misclassification rate of approximately 15%. As expected, the majority of misclassified pixels were located near the boundaries between tissue and blood pool regions for both methods.
What Did My AI Learn? How Data Scientists Make Sense of Model Behavior (2022)

Data scientists require rich mental models of how AI systems behave to effectively train, debug, and work with them. Despite the prevalence of AI analysis tools, there is no general theory describing how people make sense of what their models have learned. We frame this process as a form of sensemaking and derive a framework describing how data scientists develop mental models of AI behavior. To evaluate the framework, we show how existing AI analysis tools fit into this sensemaking process and use it to design AIFinnity , a system for analyzing image-and-text models. Lastly, we explored how data scientists use a tool developed with the framework through a think-aloud study with 10 data scientists tasked with using AIFinnity to pick an image captioning model. We found that AIFinnity ’s sensemaking workflow reflected participants’ mental processes and enabled them to discover and validate diverse AI behaviors.
The seven-transmembrane spanning topography of the Alzheimer disease-related presenilin proteins in the plasma membranes of cultured cells (1997)

To ascertain the membrane topography of the multi-transmembrane spanning presenilin proteins PS-1 and PS-2, anti-peptide antibodies were raised to several specific amino acid sequences in the two proteins, and, after their specificity was ascertained, the anti-peptide antibodies were used in immunofluorescent labeling of live PS-transfected, cultured DAMI cells, which are impermeable to the antibodies, as well as of their fixed and permeabilized counterparts. In such experiments, antibodies that specifically stain the intact live cells must label epitopes of the PS proteins that are on the exterior face of the plasma membrane whereas those antibodies that do not stain the live cells but do stain the fixed and permeabilized cells must label epitopes that face the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. The results obtained were entirely in accord with the predictions of the seven-transmembrane spanning topography (like that of rhodopsin and the beta-adrenergic receptor) and were totally inconsistent with the expectations for either the six- or eight-transmembrane topographies that have been proposed.
Trade-off study on the radiative efficiency and carrier transport of multiple-quantum-well solar cells (2020)

Solar cells based on multiple quantum wells have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. Due to the superior radiative nature, the output voltage is expected to be more ideal over solar cells made of bulk materials. In this research, based on the effective map analysis technique we proposed previously to ensure a fair comparison, we investigate quantum well solar cells and their bulk counterpart in terms of radiative efficiency, and compare several significant properties at a consistent absorption edge wavelength. This provides a good insight into the factors which limit the efficiency of quantum well solar cells.
Experimental demonstration of compensating the I/Q imbalance and bias deviation of the Mach-Zehnder modulator for an RF-tone assisted optical OFDM system (2008)

We demonstrate an equalization technique to compensate for impairments induced by dispersion as well as I/Q imbalance and bias deviation in the MZM. The proposed scheme has a 2 dB improvement in back to back and a 4 dB gain after 800 km SSMF transmission with I/Q imbalance.
Implicit Common-Mode Resonance in <italic>LC</italic> Oscillators (2017)

The performance of a differential LC oscillator can be enhanced by resonating the common mode of the circuit at twice the oscillation frequency. When this technique is correctly employed, Q-degradation due to the triode operation of the differential pair is eliminated and flicker noise is nulled. Until recently, one or more tail inductors have been used to achieve this common-mode resonance. In this paper, we demonstrate that additional inductors are not strictly necessary by showing that common-mode resonance can be obtained using a single tank. We present an NMOS architecture that uses a single differential inductor and a CMOS design that uses a single transformer. Prototypes are presented that achieve figure-of-merits of 192 and 195 dBc/Hz, respectively.
Stream Processors: Progammability and Efficiency (2004)

Many signal processing applications require both efficiency and programmability. Baseband signal processing in 3G cellular base stations, for example, requires hundreds of GOPS (giga, or billions, of operations per second) with a power budget of a few watts, an efficiency of about 100 GOPS/W (GOPS per watt), or 10 pJ/op (picoJoules per operation). At the same time programmability is needed to follow evolving standards, to support multiple air interfaces, and to dynamically provision processing resources over different air interfaces. Digital television, surveillance video processing, automated optical inspection, and mobile cameras, camcorders, and 3G cellular handsets have similar needs.