gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural and functional specificity of FGF receptors (1993)

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) represent a group of polypeptide mitogens eliciting a wide variety of responses depending on the target cell type. The knowledge of the cell surface receptors mediating the effects of FGFs has recently expanded remarkably. Perhaps not surprisingly, the complexity of the FGF family and FGF induced responses is reflected in the diversity and redundancy of the FGF receptors. The molecular cloning of the signal transducing receptors for fibroblast growth factors has revealed a tyrosine kinase gene family with at least four members. Differential splicing and polyadenylation creates further diversity in the FGF receptor system. These numerous receptor forms have both distinct and redundant properties. We are only now beginning to understand how the different receptors are activated by the various FGFs and how they are expressed by various cells and tissues. FGF binding to the tyrosine kinase receptors needs the assistance of heparan sulphate side chains of proteoglycans present at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. As several other growth factors share the heparin binding property of FGFs, the dual receptor system for FGFs might be an example of a more widely used principle.
A protoplanet candidate in the transition disk around the Herbig Ae star MWC 758 (2017)

Transition disks offer the extraordinary opportunity to look for newly born planets and investigate the early stages of planet formation. In this context we observed the Herbig A5 star MWC 758 with the L band vector vortex coronagraph installed in the near-infrared camera and spectrograph NIRC2 at the Keck II telescope, with the aim of unveiling the nature of the spiral structure by constraining the presence of planetary companions in the system. Our high-contrast imaging observations show a bright (delta L=7.0+/-0.3 mag) point-like emission, south of MWC 758 at a deprojected separation of about 20 au (r=0.111+/- 0. 004 arcsec) from the central star. We also recover the two spiral arms (south-east and north-west), already imaged by previous studies in polarized light, and discover a third one to the south-west of the star. No additional companions were detected in the system down to 5 Jupiter masses beyond 0.6 arcsec from the star. We propose that the bright L band emission could be caused by the presence of an embedded and accreting protoplanet, although the possibility of it being an asymmetric disk feature cannot be excluded. The spiral structure is probably not related to the protoplanet candidate, unless on an inclined and eccentric orbit, and it could be due to one (or more) yet undetected planetary companions at the edge of or outside the spiral pattern. Future observations and additional simulations will be needed to shed light on the true nature of the point-like source and its link with the spiral arms.
Adaptive Management of Cultivated Land Use Zoning Based on Land Types Classification: A Case Study of Henan Province (2022)

Cultivated land serves as an important resource to ensure national food security, and how to allocate cultivated land reasonably and sustainably is an urgent problem that needs to be solved at present. Therefore, identifying land cultivability from the basic attributes of land and carrying out adaptive management measures in different zones is an effective way. Taking Henan province as a case study area, we proposed a research scheme for the adaptive management of cultivated land use zoning based on land types. First, a three-level land types classification system at the provincial level was established from five aspects—climate, topography, geology, soil properties, and hydrological conditions—and then Henan was divided into 39 first-level units, 4358 second-level units, and 6446 third-level units. On this basis, the changes in the status of land use in Henan province from 2009 to 2018 were analyzed from the four aspects of cultivated land utilization, population, grain yield, and GDP. The amount of cultivated land decreased, while the economy grew, the population increased, and grain yield increased, indicating that it is urgent to pay attention to the problem of cultivated land, and it is necessary to identify the potential space of cultivated land and manage and protect it reasonably. Based on the land types, evaluation of cultivability was carried out, the results showed that the degree of cultivability from high to low presented a transitional spatial distribution state from the east and the south to the middle, the north, and the west. Then superimposing the status of land use, six types of protection and management zones were proposed, and management suggestions were adaptively analyzed. The ideas and methods proposed in this study can be adapted to manage and utilize cultivated land from the perspective of sustainable utilization, which is of great significance for ensuring food security.
Formal and Attribute-Specific Information in Primary Visual Cortex (2001)

We estimate the rates at which neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) of anesthetized macaque monkeys transmit stimulus-related information in response to three types of visual stimulus. The stimuli-randomly modulated checkerboard patterns, stationary sinusoidal gratings, and drifting sinusoidal gratings-have very different spatiotemporal structures. We obtain the overall rate of information transmission, which we call formal information, by a direct method. We find the highest information rates in the responses of simple cells to drifting gratings (median: 10.3 bits/s, 0.92 bits/spike); responses to randomly modulated stimuli and stationary gratings transmit information at significantly lower rates. In general, simple cells transmit information at higher rates, and over a larger range, than do complex cells. Thus in the responses of V1 neurons, stimuli that are rapidly modulated do not necessarily evoke higher information rates, as might be the case with motion-sensitive neurons in area MT. By an extension of the direct method, we parse the formal information into attribute-specific components, which provide estimates of the information transmitted about contrast and spatiotemporal pattern. We find that contrast-specific information rates vary across neurons-about 0.3 to 2.1 bits/s or 0.05 to 0.22 bits/spike-but depend little on stimulus type. Spatiotemporal pattern-specific information rates, however, depend strongly on the type of stimulus and neuron (simple or complex). The remaining information rate, typically between 10 and 32% of the formal information rate for each neuron, cannot be unambiguously assigned to either contrast or spatiotemporal pattern. This indicates that some information concerning these two stimulus attributes is confounded in the responses of single neurons in V1. A model that considers a simple cell to consist of a linear spatiotemporal filter followed by a static rectifier predicts higher information rates than are found in real neurons and completely fails to replicate the performance of real cells in generating the confounded information.
Regularization and Model Selection in the Context of Density Estimation (1999)

We propose a new information theoretically based optimization criterion for the estimation of mixture density models and compare it with other methods based on maximum likelihood and maximum a posterio estimation. For the optimization, we employ an evolutionary algorithm which estimates both structure and parameters of the model. Experimental results show that the chosen approach compares favourably with other methods for estimation problems with few sample data as well as for problems where the underlying density is non-stationary.
Age‐Dependent Inhibition of Long‐Term Potentiation by Ethanol in Immature Versus Mature Hippocampus (1995)

The goal of this study was to assess the effects of ethanol on the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal slices from immature versus mature rats. Population excitatory postsynaptic potentials (pEPSPs) were recorded from stratum radiatum of area CA1 of hippocampal slices using electrical stimulation of the Schaffer collateral/commissural fiber pathway. The slices were prepared from rats aged 15 to 25 or from 70 to 100 days. Long-term potentiation (LTP) of the pEPSP slope was induced using a single, theta-burst stimulus train in the presence or absence of 60 mM ethanol. Under control conditions, the stimulus train induced LTP in slices from both immature and mature animals. However, the magnitude of LTP was greater in slices from immature rats. When ethanol was present during the stimulus train, the magnitude of LTP in slices from mature animals did not differ significantly from the magnitude of LTP in control slices. However, ethanol virtually blocked the induction of LTP in slices from immature animals. These results indicate that memory-related synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus is attenuated by ethanol to a greater degree in immature versus mature animals.
Machine Learning–Derived Fractal Features of Shape and Texture of the Left Atrium and Pulmonary Veins From Cardiac Computed Tomography Scans Are Associated With Risk of Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation Postablation (2021)

[Figure: see text].
Characterization of a loaded high impedance surface (2009)

A high impedance surface (HIS) consisting of metallic square patches electrically connected one to each other with resistors is shown. Tunability of the absorption factor is achieved by the resistor value. The absorbing band of the loaded HIS is determined by the phase of the signal reflected by this structure. The main contribution of the paper is to demonstrate the absorption behavior over a wide range of incidence angle for both Transverse Electric (TE) and Transverse Magnetic (TM) polarizations. Using an equivalent circuit the resistor effect is investigated. It is shown that at resonance, the judicious choice of the resistor may lead to a significant absorption. The use of a waveguide simulator to characterize the performance of the loaded HIS is investigated. These methods have been used to design an ultra-thin absorber about λ 8.4 GHz /35 thick.
High efficiency continuous mode power amplifiers using waveform engineering (2014)

This paper discusses the design of different broadband continuous mode power amplifiers (PAs) using waveform engineering. The continuous mode provides wider design space for the realization of broadband high efficiency PAs by proper tuning of fundamental, second, third and fourth harmonic impedances. This work discusses in detail the process of waveform synthesis for class-J, continuous class-F and continuous inverse class-F PAs, which are the most popular continuous mode classes. The validation of our analysis is performed using a 10-Watt Gallium Nitride (GaN) device from Cree Inc. Three different PAs are implemented in Advanced Design Systems (ADS). These PAs are operated in Class-J, continuous class-F and continuous inverse class-F, respectively. Distinctive performance in terms of drain efficiency, output power and transducer gain over wide frequency band is exhibited. The operational class of each PA under study is verified depending on the shaping of voltage and current waveforms that are de-embedded at current generator plane of the packaged device.
Vaporization-Controlled Energy Release Mechanisms Underlying the Exceptional Reactivity of Magnesium Nanoparticles (2022)

Magnesium nanoparticles (NPs) offer the potential of high-performance reactive materials from both thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives. However, the fundamental energy release mechanisms and kinetics have not been explored due to the lack of facile synthetic routes to high-purity Mg NPs. Here, a vapor-phase route to surface-pure, core-shell nanoscale Mg particles is presented, whereby controlled evaporation and growth are utilized to tune particle sizes (40-500 nm), and their size-dependent reactivity and energetic characteristics are evaluated. Extensive in situ characterizations shed light on the fundamental reaction mechanisms governing the energy release of Mg NP-based energetic composites across particle sizes and oxidizer chemistries. Direct observations from in situ transmission electron microscopy and high-speed temperature-jump/time-of-flight mass spectrometry coupled with ignition characterization reveal that the remarkably high reactivity of Mg NPs is a direct consequence of enhanced vaporization and Mg release from their high-energy surfaces that result in the accelerated energy release kinetics from their composites. Mg NP composites also demonstrate mitigated agglomeration and sintering during reaction due to rapid gasification, enabling complete energy extraction from their oxidation. This work expands the compositional possibilities of nanoscale solid fuels by highlighting the critical relationships between metal volatilization and oxidative energy release from Mg NPs, thus opening new opportunities for strategic design of functional Mg-based nanoenergetic materials for tunable energy release.
Preclinical development of an automated injection device for intradermal delivery of a cell-based therapy (2017)

Current methods for intradermal delivery of therapeutic products in clinical use include manual injection via the Mantoux technique and the use of injection devices, primarily developed for the delivery of vaccines and small molecules. A novel automated injection device is presented specifically designed for accurate delivery of multiple doses of product through a number of adjustable injection parameters, including injection depth, dose volume and needle insertion speed. The device was originally conceived for the delivery of a cell-based therapy to patients with skin wounds caused by epidermolysis bullosa. A series of preclinical studies was conducted (i) to evaluate the performance of the pre-production model (PreCTCDV01) and optimise the final design, (ii) to confirm that a cell therapy product can be effectively delivered through the injection system and (iii) to test whether the device can be safely and effectively operated by potential end-users. Results from these studies confirmed that the device is able to consistently deliver repeated doses of a liquid to the intradermal layer in an ex vivo skin model. In addition, the device can support delivery of a cell therapy product through a customised microbore tubing without compromising cell viability. Finally, the device was shown to be safe and easy to use as evidenced by usability testing. The clinical device has since been granted European market access and plans for clinical use are currently underway. The device is expected to find use in the emerging area of cell therapies and a broad spectrum of traditional parenteral drug delivery applications.
Scalability of Surface PM Machines With Concentrated Windings Designed to Achieve Wide Speed Ranges of Constant-Power Operation (2006)

Previous work has shown that it is possible to design surface permanent magnet (SPM) synchronous machines, using fractional-slot concentrated windings to achieve wide speed ranges of constant-power operation. A closed-form analytical technique is now available to rapidly analyze candidate SPM machine designs using concentrated windings and tune them to meet the critical condition for optimal flux weakening. This analytical tool is used to demonstrate that optimal flux weakening can be achieved in SPM machines that are varied over wide ranges in several key dimensions including machine pole numbers, diameter-to-length aspect ratios, and output power ratings. Performance requirements for a 6-kW direct-drive automotive starter/alternator machine are used as the starting point for the scalability investigation. Finite element analysis results are presented to confirm the validity of key results in this investigation.
An underwater network testbed (2007)

This paper presents the design, implementation and measurement of Aqua-Lab, an underwater acoustic sensor network lab testbed. Aqua-Lab consists of a water tank, a set of acoustic communication hardware, and a set of software. One important component of the software is an emulator that we developed to provide user-friendly programming interfaces and emulate realistic network settings. Using Aqua-Lab, we explore basic characteristics of data transmission using Micro-Modems and conduct a set of experiments in both field and lab environments. Our results from lab testbed are consistent with those from the field experiments, and thus demonstrate that Aqua-Lab can be used to experimentally evaluate algorithms and protocols designed for underwater sensor networks.
Multimodal biomarkers overcome sampling bias to predict presence of aggressive localized prostate cancer. (2021)

209 Background: Histopathologic investigation of diagnostic prostate biopsies both confirms the presence of disease and estimates its potential for distal spread via tumour grade. The accuracy of biopsy grading is limited by intra-tumoral heterogeneity, inter-observer variability, and other factors. To improve risk stratification at the time of diagnosis, we sought to create objective molecular biomarkers of radical prostatectomy grade that are resistant to sampling error and should be useful when applied to biopsy tissue. Methods: We developed and validated a robust objective biomarker of prostate cancer grade using pathologic grading of prostatectomy tissues as the gold standard. We created training (333 patients) and validation (202 patients) cohorts of Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment (CAPRA) low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients. To address intra-tumoral heterogeneity, each tumor was sampled at two locations. We profiled the abundance of 342 mRNAs complemented by 100 canonical DNA copy number aberration loci (CNAs) and 14 hypermethylation events. Using the training cohort with cross-validation, we evaluated models for training classifiers of pathologic Grade Group ≥2, Restricting to strategies resulting in true negative rates ≥0.5, true positive (TP) rates ≥0.8, we selected two strategies to train classifiers, PRONTO-e and PRONTO-m. Results: The PRONTO-e classifier comprises 353 mRNA and CNA features, while the PRONTO-m classifier comprises 94 mRNA, CNA, methylation and clinical features. Both classifiers (PRONTO-e, PRONTO-m) validated in the independent cohort, with respective TP rates of 0.809 and 0.760, false positive rates of 0.429 and 0.262, F1 scores of 0.709 and 0.724, and AUCs of 0.792 and 0.818. Conclusions: Two classifiers were developed and validated in separate cohorts, each achieved excellent performance by integrating different types of molecular data. Implementation of classifiers with these performance characteristics could markedly improve current active surveillance approaches without increasing patient morbidity and may help better inform patients on their individual need for definitive therapy versus active surveillance.
Control of an active filter based three level grid connected converter for wind turbine applications (2013)

This paper presents a control design and implementation analysis of a three level grid connected converter to be deployed in large scale wind turbine applications, which main purpose is to obtain enhanced grid interaction by limiting its harmonic injection capability. The implementation of advanced power converter control in high power converters allows the proposed wind turbine system to provide active and reactive power supply while performing active filter functionalities for the 5th and 7th harmonic current components. Finally, the performance of the system is verified under several practical study cases by performing a laboratory analysis of the obtained results.
Searching high and low for the gist in 3D medical images (2020)

Radiologists can identify the gist of a medical image (abnormal vs. normal) better than chance in static 2D images, after presentations of half a second or less (Evans et al., 2013; 2016). The gist of 2D real-world scenes is carried by low spatial frequency channels, which convey the structural layout of scenes (Schyns & Oliva, 1994). In contrast the gist signal in 2D mammography is carried by high spatial frequency channels (Evans et al. 2016). Standard practice in radiology is moving to 3D modalities, where each case consists of a series of images that are assembled into a virtual stack. Radiologists can extract gist from movies of these stacks (Trevino et al., 2019; Wu & Wolfe, 2019). We do not know which channels carry the gist from 3D stacks. We tested 51 radiologists with prostate mpMRI experience on 56 cases, each comprising a stack of 26 T2-weighted prostate mpMRI images. Lesions (Gleason scores 6-9) were present in 50% of cases. A trial consisted of a movie of a single case presented at 48 ms/slice. After each case, participants localized the cancerous lesion on a prostate sector map, then indicated whether a cancerous lesion was presented, and gave a confidence rating. Radiologists were divided equally into three groups who viewed either unfiltered images, low-pass (< 2 cycles/°) filtered images, or high-pass (> 6 cycles/°) filtered images. Unfiltered detection and localization performance were higher than chance (d’ = 0.28; localization = 31%). Radiologists performed at chance when detecting lesions in high-pass filtered images (d’ = 0.16), and were significantly lower than chance for low-pass filtered images (d’ = -0.23). Our data indicate that gist perception from 3D prostate MRI relies on spatial frequency channels between 2 and 6 cycles/°. These findings emphasize that scene gist is highly dependent on task and context.
Myoblast-Mediated Ex Vivo Gene Transfer to Mature Muscle (1997)

A major barrier to the application of gene therapy to skeletal muscle is the inability of viral vectors to efficiently transduce mature muscle fibers. Results from our laboratory and others have shown that adenovirus and herpes simplex virus efficiently infect neonatal muscle; however, within a few days of mouse development, the muscle is largely refractory to transduction with both viral vectors. The ex vivo technique has been investigated as an approach to achieve viral gene delivery to mature muscle fibers, since both viral vectors can efficiently transduce myoblasts, and myoblasts can fuse with mature muscle fibers. We demonstrated that myoblast-mediated gene transfer using both viral vectors has the ability to achieve an efficient gene transfer to mature skeletal muscle. In addition, the efficiency of gene transfer in mature muscle using both viral vectors in an ex vivo approach is higher than the direct injection of a similar amount of the virus. Our results suggest that the ex vivo approach may be an alternative method to achieve an efficient viral gene delivery to mature muscle and may contribute to eliminating one of the major hurdles facing the application of gene therapy to skeletal muscle.
Complementarity of shear wave elastography and dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound to discriminate tumor modifications during antiangiogenic and cytotoxic therapy (2014)

Robust, novel information on tumor microenvironment would improve therapeutic follow-up in oncology. Shear wave elastography (SWE) evaluates Young's modulus (stiffness) based on shear wave velocity. Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (DCE-US) traces microvascular flow with intravascular microbubbles. In this study, an ectopic tumor model was modified using two different types of drugs a cytotoxic (cyclophosphamide) and an anti-angiogenic (sunitinib). Both DCE-US and SWE imaging were sensitive to functional, physiological and mechanical modifications of the tumor and provided complementarity information to describe these modifications.