gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Probing mechanics at nanoscale dimensions : symposium held April 14-17, 2009, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. (2009)

Mechanical properties and the reliability of materials greatly depend on the details of their microstructure. However, most engineered materials, which are often polycrystalline and multiphase in nature and have undergone an extensive amount of processing, are extremely complex and inhomogeneous at the local level. The precise relationship between microstructure and physical properties for these types of materials is an issue that becomes even more critical as device dimensions rapidly decrease toward the nanoscale. Recently new experimental tools have emerged that provide information on the microstructure and state of deformation of materials at a fine spatial resolution, ranging from microns down to tens of nanometers. In parallel, developments in computational materials simulation now incorporate discretization into modeling, which is necessary in obtaining a thorough multiscale, theoretical understanding of material properties. This book offers views on defining and measuring stress, strain, and deformation of materials at the appropriate microstructural level of grain, grain boundaries and other defects.
Well-Defined and Precision-Grafted Bottlebrush Polypentenamers from Variable Temperature ROMP and ATRP (2018)

Polypentenamer macroinitiators are synthesized through variable temperature ring opening metathesis polymerization of 3-cyclopentenyl α-bromoisobutyrate, which has sufficient ring strain (Δ<i>H</i><sub>p</sub> = -22.6 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>) to produce targeted molar mass (<5% from theoretical), low dispersity (1.17 ≤ <i>Đ</i> ≤ 1.23), and high conversion (∼72%). An initiation site for atom-transfer radical polymerization at every fifth backbone carbon allows "grafting-from" of styrene with quantitative initiation and linear molar mass increase with time. These bottlebrushes retain a low dispersity (<i>Đ</i> ≤ 1.34) at varying graft degrees of polymerization (5 ≤ <i>N</i><sub>sc</sub> ≤ 49) and have a glass transition temperature highly sensitized to graft length. Extension of the grafts with methyl methacrylate produces a core-shell brush polymer with high molar mass (>1000 kg mol<sup>-1</sup>) and <i>Đ</i> = 1.33. This system exhibits high synthetic versatility and control with a unique flexible backbone to expand the suite of densely grafted polymers.
gp120-mediated induction of the MAPK cascade is dependent on the activation state of CD4+ lymphocytes (2002)

The capacity of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 to induce intracellular signals is thought to contribute to HIV-1 pathogenesis. Here, we report that gp120 binding resulted in activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in CD4(+) lymphocytes prestimulated through their T-cell receptor (TCR). However, gp120 did not activate this pathway in either freshly isolated quiescent T cells or nonproliferating CD4(+) lymphocytes prestimulated with the interleukin-7 (IL-7) cytokine. This response was not solely dependent on proliferation per se because proliferating IL-7-prestimulated umbilical cord (UC)-derived T lymphocytes did not exhibit significant MAPK activation upon gp120 binding. Nevertheless, like peripheral blood lymphocytes, MAPK recruitment was induced by gp120 in UC T cells following TCR prestimulation. The lack of a gp120-mediated signaling response was not due to decreased gp120 receptor levels; CD4 expression was modified neither by IL-7 nor by TCR engagement, and high levels of functional CXCR4 were present on IL-7-treated lymphocytes. In addition to CD4 and CXCR4, recent evidence suggests that glycosphingolipids in raft microdomains serve as cofactors for HIV-1 fusion. The ganglioside GM1, a marker of rafts, was augmented in TCR-stimulated but not IL-7-stimulated T lymphocytes, and disruption of rafts inhibited gp120-induced signaling. Thus, stimulation of a mitogenic pathway by gp120 appears to require receptor binding in the context of membrane microdomains. These studies reveal a mechanism via which gp120 may differentially modulate the fate of activated and quiescent T cells in vivo.
New bounds on the elastic moduli of suspensions of spheres (1995)

We derive rigorous three-point upper and lower bounds on the effective bulk and shear moduli of a two-phase material composed of equisized spheres randomly distributed throughout a matrix. Our approach is analogous to previously derived three-point cluster bounds on the effective conductivity of suspensions of spheres. Our bounds on the effective elastic moduli are then compared to other known three-point bounds for statistically homogeneous and isotropic random materials. For the case of totally impenetrable spheres, the bulk modulus bounds are shown to be equivalent to the Beran–Molyneux bounds, and the shear modulus bounds are compared to the McCoy and Milton–Phan-Thien bounds. For the case of fully penetrable spheres, our bounds are shown to be simple analytical expressions, in contrast to the numerical quadratures required to evaluate the other three-point bounds.
Re: Potential Role of Hsp90 Inhibitors in Overcoming Cisplatin Resistance of Bladder Cancer-Initiating Cells (2012)

No AccessJournal of UrologyInvestigative Urology1 Apr 2013Re: Potential Role of Hsp90 Inhibitors in Overcoming Cisplatin Resistance of Bladder Cancer-Initiating Cells Atala AnthonyM.D. Atala AnthonyAtala Anthony View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2012.12.038AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Re: Potential Role of Hsp90 Inhibitors in Overcoming Cisplatin Resistance of Bladder Cancer-Initiating Cells." The Journal of Urology, 189(4), p. 1596 © 2013 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 189Issue 4April 2013Page: 1596 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2013 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.Metrics Author Information Atala Anthony More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Universal control of nuclear spins via anisotropic hyperfine interactions (2008)

We propose a method for completely controlling a nuclear spin subsystem using only microwave irradiation of resolved anisotropic hyperfine interactions with a single electron spin. This paradigm of control has important applications for spin based solid-state quantum information processing. In particular we argue that indirect addressing of the nuclear spins via an electron spin acting as a spin actuator allows for nuclear spin quantum logic gates whose operational times are significantly faster than either gates based on rf fields resonant with nuclear spin flips or nuclear-nuclear dipolar interactions. We demonstrate experimental aspects of this method with one electron and one nuclear spin of a single crystal of irradiated malonic acid.
Distributed rhythm generators underlie Caenorhabditis elegans forward locomotion (2018)

Coordinated rhythmic movements are ubiquitous in animal behavior. In many organisms, chains of neural oscillators underlie the generation of these rhythms. In <i>C. elegans</i>, locomotor wave generation has been poorly understood; in particular, it is unclear where in the circuit rhythms are generated, and whether there exists more than one such generator. We used optogenetic and ablation experiments to probe the nature of rhythm generation in the locomotor circuit. We found that multiple sections of forward locomotor circuitry are capable of independently generating rhythms. By perturbing different components of the motor circuit, we localize the source of secondary rhythms to cholinergic motor neurons in the midbody. Using rhythmic optogenetic perturbation, we demonstrate bidirectional entrainment of oscillations between different body regions. These results show that, as in many other vertebrates and invertebrates, the <i>C. elegans</i> motor circuit contains multiple oscillators that coordinate activity to generate behavior.
Spectroscopic ellipsometry study on the dielectric function of bulk Ti2AlN, Ti2AlC, Nb2AlC, (Ti0.5,Nb0.5)2AlC, and Ti3GeC2 MAX-phases (2011)

The averaged complex dielectric function ε=(2ε⊥+ε∥)/3 of polycrystalline Ti2AlN, Ti2AlC, Nb2AlC, (Ti0.5,Nb0.5)2AlC, and Ti3GeC2 was determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry covering the mid infrared to the ultraviolet spectral range. The dielectric functions ε⊥ and ε∥ correspond to the perpendicular and parallel dielectric tensor components relative to the crystallographic c-axis of these hexagonal compounds. The optical response is represented by a dispersion model with Drude–Lorentz and critical point contributions. In the low energy range the electrical resistivity is obtained from the Drude term and ranges from 0.48 μΩ m for Ti3GeC2 to 1.59 μΩ m for (Ti0.5,Nb0.5)2AlC. Furthermore, several compositional dependent interband electronic transitions can be identified. For the most important ones, Im(ε) shows maxima at: 0.78, 1.23, 2.04, 2.48, and 3.78 eV for Ti2AlN; 0.38, 1.8, 2.6, and 3.64 eV for Ti2AlC; 0.3, 0.92, and 2.8 eV in Nb2AlC; 0.45, 0.98, and 2.58 eV in (Ti0.5,Nb0.5)2AlC; and 0.8, 1.85, 2.25, and 3.02 eV in Ti3GeC2.
Analysis of the resonant components inB¯0→J/ψπ+π− (2013)

Interpretation of CP violation measurements using charmonium decays, in both the " B 0 and " B 0 s systems, can be subject to changes due to ''penguin'' type diagrams. These effects can be investigated using measurements of the Cabibbo-suppressed " B 0 ! J=c decays. The final state composition of this channel is investigated using a 1:0 fb 1 sample of data produced in 7 TeV pp collisions at the LHC and collected by the LHCb experiment. A modified Dalitz-plot analysis is performed using both the invariant mass spectra and the decay angular distributions. An improved measurement of the " B 0 ! J=c branching fraction of 3:97 AE 0:09 AE 0:11 AE 0:16 10 5 is reported where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is systematic, and the third is due to the uncertainty of the branching fraction of the decay B ! J=c K used as a normalization channel. Significant production of f 0 500 and 770 resonances is found in the substructure of the J=c final state, and this indicates that they are viable final states for CP violation studies. In contrast evidence for the f 0 980 resonance is not found. This allows us to establish the first upper limit on the branching fraction product B " B 0 ! J=c f 0 980 Bf 0 980 ! < 1:1 10 6 , leading to an upper limit on the absolute value of the mixing angle of the f 0 980 with the f 0 500 of less than 31 , both at 90% confidence level.
ESR parameters and dynamic behavior of β-phosphorylated nitroxide radicals in glycerol solution (1998)

The magnetic and dynamic properties of several β-phosphorylated nitroxide radicals in glycerol solution were studied by X-band ESR spectroscopy in the 180–380 K range. The parameters of interest were obtained from the least-squares fit of experimental spectra. These radicals display a large, weakly anisotropic 31P hyperfine coupling varying from 3 to 6 mT according to the orientation of the C(2)—P bond in the molecular frame and nearly independent of the temperature. Some of these radicals, with a five-membered cyclic structure, undergo an exchange between two conformers due to ring puckering, whose kinetics have been determined from the evolution of spectral shapes between 230 and 280 K. This motion, which modulates the 31P hyperfine coupling and leaves that of nitrogen unchanged, is hindered by substitution in position 4 of the ring of a proton by a phenyl group. All these radicals are found to undergo an anisotropic tumbling motion with correlation times decreasing from 100 to 0.1 ns between 280 and 380 K. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of InAlAs Oxide/InP Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Structures Formed by Wet Thermal Oxidation (2009)

This study presents III–V metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) structures formed by the wet thermal oxidation of an epitaxial InAlAs layer grown on an InP substrate. Since the III–V compounds require a lower process temperature than that of the standard Si complementary MOS process, the InAlAs oxide layer was formed by wet thermal oxidation at 525 °C. The composition of the oxide layer evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that the oxide layer was composed of In, Al, and P oxides without any As oxide. The InAlAs oxide/InP MOS capacitors showed well-behaved capacitance–voltage (C–V) curves with a small frequency dispersion. The MOS interface properties were evaluated by the conductance method, and the minimum interface trap density of around 1012 cm-2 eV-1 was obtained.
Laser irradiated vortex fluidic mediated synthesis of luminescent carbon nanodots under continuous flow (2018)

High shear vortex fluidics coupled with NIR affords luminescent carbon dots as a scalable process.
ChemInform Abstract: CIS(4)‐CYCLONONATETRAENEIRON TRICARBONYL, ITS SYNTHESIS, THERMAL REARRANGEMENT, AND LOW‐TEMPERATURE PROTONATION (1973)

Abstract Die thermische Reaktion von cis‐Bicyclo[6.1.0]nonatrien mit Fe 2 (CO) 9 oder die photochemische Reaktion mit Fe(CO) 5 liefert eine Mischung von Komplexen, aus der die Titelverbindung (I) neben den Produkten (II), (III) und (IV) isoliert wurden.
Progress and perspectives in dry processes for leading-edge manufacturing of devices: toward intelligent processes and virtual product development (2019)

Abstract Semiconductor device production has grown year on year, with high-volume manufacturing supported by advances in plasma processes. In plasma-based processing, ions and reactive species synergistically enhance chemical reactions, whose kinetics is in a nonequilibrium state in the region of the surface subjected to ion bombardment. To control such processing, methods for process monitoring, equipment control, modeling and simulation, and controlling plasma-induced damage, are required. Here, we conduct a systematic review of the literature over the last 40 years to evaluate the history and progress of dry processes in regard to intelligent process-control. We also address the challenges of implementing “virtual product development” utilizing information technology.
Identification of Bremia lactucae and Oidium neolycopersici proteins extracted for intact spore MALDI mass spectrometric biotyping (2016)

Several proteomic approaches were applied to identify protein markers providing typical signals during intact cell/spore (IC/IS) MALDI-TOF MS of two plant pathogens, namely Bremia lactucae (a downy mildew) and Oidium neolycopersici (a powdery mildew). First, proteins were extracted from intact spores of the microorganisms under conditions simulating their treatment prior to the mass spectrometric analysis. After a separation by electrophoresis and tryptic digestion, 198 and 140 proteins were identified in the B. lactucae and O. neolycopersici extracts, respectively. A large portion of them were found to be involved in the process of protein biosynthesis. For the first time, some proteins were assigned to characteristic signals in MS profiles of the investigated pathogens based on an agreement in the molecular mass. There were 9 and 10 proteins recognized, respectively, which could contribute significantly to the spectral patterns. These proteins were assigned tentatively to the following peaks in the MS profiles: (i) m/z 7828; 8593; 10 456; 11 312; 12 450; 12 763; 14 756 and 16 854 for B. lactucae; (ii) m/z 7709; 8895; 9504; 9952; 11 317; 14 082 and 14 839 for O. neolycopersici. We demonstrated the presence of ribosomal proteins and histones, which could be employed as markers in biotyping analyses for pathogen identification.
Spectrally-efficient FM noise radar waveforms optimized in the logarithmic domain (2018)

It was recently experimentally demonstrated that spectrally-shaped FM noise waveforms can be designed that achieve very high time-bandwidth products and commensurately low sidelobes. While relatively good spectral containment can be obtained, increasing spectrum pressure may require that it be even better. To that end, here a logarithmic spectral shaping is performed by way of gradient-based optimization of a logarithmic frequency template error (Log-FTE) metric applied to a polyphase-coded FM (PCFM) waveform structure. Simulation and loopback experimental measurements show that this approach facilitates excellent spectral containment while still providing the high dimensionality and diversity benefits of FM noise waveforms.
FICTION as a new tool to early lung cancer diagnosis (2009)

Lung cancer is one of the most frequent causes of cancer death in Western countries. Overall 5-year survival rate is lower than 15% mainly due to the late diagnosis of the disease. Primary prevention (reduction of tobacco consumption) and more effective methods for early detection are needed. Some studies have recently shown that low-dose spiral computed tomography (CT) is a useful technique to the detection of pulmonary malignant nodules in early stages. Studies are developing to evaluate its efficacy in series of high-risk patients. A new cytogenetic technique has been developed: the FICTION technique (Fluorescence Immunophenotyping and Interphase Cytogenetics as a Tool for the Investigation of Neoplasms). This technique allows the simultaneous study of immunophenotypic markers and genetic abnormalities present in tumour cells. The goal of our project is optimise this technique in sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from lung cancer patients. The overall goal of this project is evaluate the usefulness of this technique, together with the new radiological techniques, in early detection programs of lung cancer in high-risk patients. In the present study we review the cytogenetic studies on lung cancer carried out in the recent years. We also introduce the basic methodological aspects that will be developed in our project.
The Structure of Granular Network Based on Granular Computing and its Application in Data Reduction (2007)

The granulating is the segmentation from the whole into the parts. The elementary granulation and the granulation are defined in this paper, and with construction of the granular network, the relevant knowledge of graph theory is applied to granular network and its computing. In the paper it is shown using the example that it is feasible and effective that granular network is applied in describing data reduction in information system. The method has the characteristic of simple and visual form and so on. Compared with other analysis methods, its time complexity is decreased to O(n).
Energized Fluids for Upstream Production Enhancement: A Review (2018)

Abstract Energized fluids are defined as fluids with one or more compressible gas components, such as CO2, N2, or any combination of gases, dispersed in a small volume of liquid. Generally, these fluids offer an attractive alternative to conventional stimulation fluids in many cases such as low reservoir pressure, water-sensitive formations, and/or the need for shorten flowback period. Energized fluids have many challenges such as low stability at high temperature, high friction pressure during pumping, corrosion in the case of using CO2, and the need for specialized surface pumping equipment. The objective of this paper is to describe the typical components of energized fluids and their effect on the fluid performance. Also, lab testing methods used to evaluate energized fluids performance will be discussed in detail. Foam is a class of energized fluid used for different applications including acidizing, hydraulic fracturing, and fluid diversion. For each application, foam should have a minimum acceptable value of viscosity, stability, and/or fluid compatibility. Those values were reviewed from literature and categorized based on reservoir conditions. Also, different rheological models are analyzed to understand foam flow behavior in both tubing and porous media. Finally, the mechanism of foam transport in porous media is reviewed in this report, which gives insight into foam stability and propagation. The most common application of nitrogen is in artificial lifting, while supercritical CO2 is proposed for condensate banking removal. Selection of the right surfactant, like alpha olefin sulfonates, which are thermally more stable than alkyl ether sulfates, is crucial while designing foam treatment, as they produce the most persistent foams at high salinity and elevated temperatures in the presence of synthetic and crude oils. Currently available foam-based fracturing fluid systems in the industry have temperature limitations to 300°F. The crosslinked gelled foam has a better temperature range than the viscoelastic foam fluid system, whereas non-crosslinked biopolymer-based foam fluid showed better proppant pack cleanup characteristics. In a recent report, the addition of 0.1% silica nanoparticles along with cationic surfactant was shown to enhance CO2 foam stability by 13 hours. In this review, all these aspects of energized fluids are well reported from literature. In this paper, we discuss findings from different lab testing and field demonstration of energized fluids. Compositional modelling for hydraulic fracturing with energized fluids is also reviewed to add insight on fracture geometry estimation. This paper provides guidelines and recommendations for selecting the right energized fluids for successful stimulation treatment.
Material transport in dip-pen nanolithography (2013)

Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is a useful method for directly printing materials on surfaces with sub-50 nm resolution. Because it involves the physical transport of materials from a scanning probe tip to a surface and the subsequent chemical interaction of that material with the surface, there are many factors to consider when attempting to understand DPN. In this review, we overview the physical and chemical processes that are known to play a role in DPN. Through a detailed review of the literature, we classify inks into three general categories based on their transport properties, and highlight the myriad ways that DPN can be used to perform chemistry at the tip of a scanning probe.
High-Power End-Pumped Multi-Segmented Nd: YAG Laser (2005)

A diode end-pumped composite Nd: YAG laser consisting of up to 5 segments with different dopant concentrations is presented. An output power of 137 W was achieved with 52 % optical to optical efficiency.
Dextran (2002)

Abstract Introduction Historical Outline Chemical Structure Physiological Function Chemical Analyses Occurrence Biosynthesis Genetics and Molecular Biology Biodegradation Production Properties and Applications Patents Outlook and Perspectives
Structural and magnetic properties of monolayer film of CoPt nanoparticles synthesized by polyol process (2005)

Co 43 Pt 57 nanoparticle dispersion was synthesized by using the polyol process, and monolayer film of the particles with [3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl]trimethoxysilane coupling layer on a silicon substrate was fabricated and characterized. After the film was annealed at 873K, the Co43Pt57 nanoparticles transformed from their as-deposited fcc phase to L10 structure. However, the resulting c∕a ratio was only 0.993, indicating incomplete transformation. Grain size of the annealed film was 4.9nm against 4.1nm for the as-deposited state. The annealed film showed the presence of high anisotropic phase with the remanence coercivity of 4.2kOe and anisotropy field over 25kOe at RT.
Development of reworkable underfills, materials, reliability and processing (1999)

The rework of packages is a standard practice in surface mount technology (SMT) assembly. The reasons for rework include process yields, failed parts, and field returns. The implementation of flipchip has been hindered by the lack of reworkability following underfill cure. Current commercial underfills do not allow for the rework of the flipchip. The development of a reworkable underfill is described in this paper. The materials selection process, information on the process for rework as well as pertinent reliability data are described.