gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New Monte Carlo model of cylindrical diffusing fibers illustrates axially heterogeneous fluorescence detection: simulation and experimental validation (2011)

We present a new Monte Carlo model of cylindrical diffusing fibers that is implemented with a graphics processing unit. Unlike previously published models that approximate the diffuser as a linear array of point sources, this model is based on the construction of these fibers. This allows for accurate determination of fluence distributions and modeling of fluorescence generation and collection. We demonstrate that our model generates fluence profiles similar to a linear array of point sources, but reveals axially heterogeneous fluorescence detection. With axially homogeneous excitation fluence, approximately 90% of detected fluorescence is collected by the proximal third of the diffuser for μ(s)'∕μ(a) = 8 in the tissue and 70 to 88% is collected in this region for μ(s)'∕μ(a) = 80. Increased fluorescence detection by the distal end of the diffuser relative to the center section is also demonstrated. Validation of these results was performed by creating phantoms consisting of layered fluorescent regions. Diffusers were inserted into these layered phantoms and fluorescence spectra were collected. Fits to these spectra show quantitative agreement between simulated fluorescence collection sensitivities and experimental results. These results will be applicable to the use of diffusers as detectors for dosimetry in interstitial photodynamic therapy.
Generalized link suggestions via web site clustering (2011)

Proactive link suggestion leads to improved user experience by allowing users to reach relevant information with fewer clicks, fewer pages to read, or simply faster because the right pages are prefetched just in time. In this paper we tackle two new scenarios for link suggestion, which were not covered in prior work owing to scarcity of historical browsing data. In the web search scenario, we propose a method for generating quick links - additional entry points into Web sites, which are shown for top search results for navigational queries - for tail sites, for which little browsing statistics is available. Beyond Web search, we also propose a method for link suggestion in general web browsing, effectively anticipating the next link to be followed by the user. Our approach performs clustering of Web sites in order to aggregate information across multiple sites, and enables relevant link suggestion for virtually any site, including tail sites and brand new sites for which little historical data is available. Empirical evaluation confirms the validity of our method using editorially labeled data as well as real-life search and browsing data from a major US search engine.
Length, Time, and Frequency Metrology with Dual Frequency Combs (2018)

We present two applications of dual-comb spectroscopy: Real-time precision ranging and high-resolution spectroscopy of acetylene. The measurement system consists of two ultra-low noise optical frequency combs.
<title>Trans-urethral ultrasound (TUUS) imaging for visualization and analysis of the prostate and associated tissues</title> (2000)

Accurate assessment of pathological conditions in the prostate is difficult. Screening methods include palpation if the prostate gland, blood chemical testing, and diagnostic imaging. Trans-rectal Ultrasound (TRUS) is commonly used for the assessment of pathological conditions, however, TRUS is severely constrained by the relative distal location of the imaging probe. Trans-urethral Ultrasound (TUUS) may overcome some limitations of TRUS. A TUUS catheter was used to image the prostate, rectum, bladder, ureter, neuro-vascular bundles, arteries, and surrounding tissue. In addition, 360 degrees rotational scans were recorded for reconstruction into 3D volumes. Segmentation was challenging, however, new techniques such as active contour methods show potential. 3D visualizations, including both volume and surface rendering, were provided to clinicians off-line. On-line 3D visualization techniques are currently being developed. Potential applications of TUUS include: prostate cancer diagnosis and staging as well as image guided biopsy and therapy.
Hot mirroring (1996)

This paper proposes a storage management scheme for disk arrays, named hot mirroring. In this scheme, storage space is partitioned into two regions. One is the mirrored region, which is characterized by high performance and low storage efficiency. The other is the RAID5 region, which is characterized by low performance and high storage efficiency. Hot data blocks are stored in the former area, while cold blocks are stored in the latter. In addition, mirrored pairs and RAID5 stripes are orthogonally laid out, through which the performance degradation during rebuilding is minimized. Hot block clustering in hot mirroring achieves higher performance than conventional RAID5 arrays. The potential of hot mirroring is examined through extensive simulation.
Stress cardiomyopathy in patients with COVID-19 infection (2021)

Background: COVID-19 pandemic has been the most widespread pandemic in the last century. 8% of COVID-19 patients have some sort of cardiac injury. Only sporadic case reports and case series have been published addressing stress cardiomyopathy in this patient population. We reviewed the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and outcomes of stress cardiomyopathy 
in patients with COVID-19 infection.
Methods: We did a key-word search through PubMed and MEDLINE for stress cardiomyopathy and COVID-19 published between December 1, 2019 and November 1, 2020. We included all case reports and case series of stress 
cardiomyopathy in patients who tested positive for COVID-19.
Results: We found 37 patients, 43.25% were males. 21.6% presented with 
chest pain and 90% had elevated troponin during the illness. ECG changes included T wave inversion in 37.4% and ST segment elevation in 35% of 
patients. Coronary angiography when pursued was negative for obstructive 
coronary artery disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by decreased left 
ventricular systolic function (</=45%) and wall motion abnormalities on 
echocardiography or ventriculography. 68% had the typical Takotsubo 
pattern, while reverse-Takotsubo pattern was observed in 19% of patients. 8% 
patients had global/ biventricular hypokinesia and 5% were found to have a 
mid-ventricular variant. 73% of reported patients recovered completely from 
COVID-19.
Conclusion: Stress cardiomyopathy can be important consequence of COVID-19 infection. High index of suspicion is crucial for prompt diagnosis 
and management.
Simultaneous Determination of Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Drugs in Anti-Cancer Liposomes: Absorptivity Method (2019)

Background: Dual loaded liposomes have always been a hot topic of investigation because of their therapeutic advantages over single drug regimens. But simultaneous estimation of both the drugs during in vitro and in vivo analysis is most of the times a major obstacle for the researchers. This problem is even bigger when the two drugs are of opposite nature (hydrophilic and lipophilic). Methods: Here, we formulated anti-cancer liposomes loaded with Dacarbazine (hydrophilic) and Eugenol (lipophilic). Since both the drugs are of different nature, selecting a solvent system that dissolves both the drugs, as well as is a suitable media for determining in vitro release, was a challenge. After resolving this issue, we developed a simple and robust UV method based on the principle of solving simultaneous equations generated after Absorptivity measurements of the two drugs. Results: UV spectrophotometer is preferred over other analytical techniques because of its availability, broad area of applications, easy and fast handling, robust nature and simplicity. Thus, using the developed method for simultaneous determination, loading of the two drugs and their simultaneous release from the liposomes was determined.
ChemInform Abstract: Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling of NHC—Boranes: A New Addition to the C—C Coupling Toolbox. (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Important Object Identification with Semi-Supervised Learning for Autonomous Driving (2022)

Accurate identification of important objects in the scene is a prerequisite for safe and high-quality decision making and motion planning of intelligent agents (e.g., autonomous vehicles) that navigate in complex and dynamic environments. Most existing approaches attempt to employ attention mechanisms to learn importance weights associated with each object indirectly via various tasks (e.g., trajectory prediction), which do not enforce direct supervision on the importance estimation. In contrast, we tackle this task in an explicit way and formulate it as a binary classification ("important" or "unimportant") problem. We propose a novel approach for important object identification in egocentric driving scenarios with relational reasoning on the objects in the scene. Besides, since human annotations are limited and expensive to obtain, we present a semi-supervised learning pipeline to enable the model to learn from unlimited unlabeled data. Moreover, we propose to leverage the auxiliary tasks of ego vehicle behavior prediction to further improve the accuracy of importance estimation. The proposed approach is evaluated on a public egocentric driving dataset (H3D) collected in complex traffic scenarios. A detailed ablative study is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of each model component and the training strategy. Our approach also outperforms rule-based baselines by a large margin.
Antigenic Relationships Among the Coronaviruses of Man and Between Human and Animal Coronaviruses (1969)

Summary Antigenic comparison of seven organ culture-grown human coronavirus strains, one tissue culture-grown human strain (229E), several strains of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and one strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was made. With the use of neutralization, complement fixation and fluorescent antibody tests, it was shown that strain IBV-42 was unrelated to the human and murine viruses and that strain 229E bore little, if any, relation to the murine or other human strains tested. In addition, three of the organ culture grown viruses, two of which have been adapted to growth in suckling mice, were shown to be antigenically related to several strains of MHV. The four remaining human strains possessed heterogeneous and poorly defined antigenic characteristics.
Development of a finite element biomechanical whole spine model for analyzing lumbar spine loads under caudocephalad acceleration (2020)

<i>Background:</i>Spine injury risk due to military conflict is an ongoing concern among defense organizations throughout the world. A better understanding of spine biomechanics could assist in developing protection devices to reduce injuries caused by caudocephalad acceleration (+Gz) in under-body blasts (UBB). Although some finite element (FE) human models have demonstrated reasonable lumbar spine biofidelity, they were either partial spine models or not validated for UBB-type loading modes at the lumbar functional spinal unit (FSU) level, thus limiting their ability to analyze UBB-associated occupant kinematics.<i>Methods:</i>An FE functional representation of the human spine with simplified geometry was developed to study the lumbar spine responses under +Gz loading. Fifty-seven load curves obtained from post mortem human subject experiments were used to optimize the model.<i>Results:</i>The model was cumulatively validated for compression, flexion, extension, and anterior-, posterior-, and lateral-shears of the lumbar spine and flexion and extension of the cervical spine. The thoracic spine was optimized for flexion and compression. The cumulative CORrelation and Analysis (CORA) rating for the lumbar spine was 0.766 and the cervical spine was 0.818; both surpassed the 0.7 objective goal. The model's element size was confirmed as converged.<i>Conclusions:</i>An FE functional representation of the human spine was developed for +Gz lumbar load analysis. The lumbar and cervical spines were demonstrated to be quantitatively biofidelic to the FSU level for multi-directional loading and bending typically experienced in +Gz loading, filling the capability gap in current models.
Application of MCD Spectroscopy and TD‐DFT to Nonplanar Core‐Modified Tetrabenzoporphyrins: Effect of Reduced Symmetry on Nonplanar Porphyrinoids (2008)

The optical spectra of a series of core-modified tetrabenzoporphyrins were analyzed to determine the effects of core modification, ligand folding, and partial benzo substitution at the ligand periphery on the electronic structure by using magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) and NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry, and TD-DFT calculations. Planar 21-carba-, 21-thia-, 21,23-dithia-, and 21-oxa-23-thiatetrabenzo[b,g,l,q]porphyrins reported previously were studied together with the previously unreported 21-oxa- and 21-carba-23-thiatetrabenzo[b,g,l,q]porphyrins. The optical properties of these compounds are compared to those of tetrabenzo[b,g,l,q]-, 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-, 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyltetrabenzo[b,g,l,q]-21-thia-, 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyltetrabenzodithia-, 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyldibenzo[g,q]-21,23-dithia-, 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyldibenzo[b,l]-21,23-dithia-, 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyltribenzo[g,q,l]-21-thia-, and 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylbenzo[b]-21-thiaporphyrins. Michl's perimeter model and Gouterman's four-orbital model are used to conceptualize the results and to account for red shifts commonly observed in the spectral bands of nonplanar porphyrinoids.
Supplementary Figure 7 from Integrative Radiogenomic Profiling of Squamous Cell Lung Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file, 42K, TP53 is frequently altered in lung SqCC lines and its activation correlates with radiation resistance.&lt;/p&gt;
Investigation of Carbon-coating Effect on the Electrochemical Performance of LiCoPO<sub>4</sub> Single Particle (2018)

The effect of carbon-coating on the electrochemical properties of LiCoPO4 was investigated by single particle measurement. For this analysis, micrometer-scale LiCoPO4 particles with and without carbon-coating were synthesized by hydrothermal method (LiCoPO4/C0 with 0.3 wt%, LiCoPO4/C1 with 0.8 wt%, LiCoPO4/C2 with 1.7 wt% carbon-coating and pristine LiCoPO4). In the electrochemical tests using the conventional composite electrodes, all the samples showed the similar electrochemical properties with potential plateaus at ∼4.7 V vs. Li/Li+. In contrast, single particle measurement showed clear differences in the charge and discharge curves. The pristine LiCoPO4 showed the potential plateau only in the discharge curve due to a large overpotential of charging. LiCoPO4/C0 also showed large overpotential. On the other hand, good electrochemical responses were obtained for the LiCoPO4/C1 and LiCoPO4/C2 particle electrodes even though their carbon-coating amounts were different. This result suggests that 0.8 wt% or higher carbon-coating enables to improve the electrochemical performance of one particle of LiCoPO4.
Immunoassays Based on Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy (1998)

A new type of biosensor for pathogens has been developed. The sensor produces spectral fingerprints of biological systems by using surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy. Antibodies were immobilized onto a 10-nm-thick film of gold which had been previously deposited on a Si wafer. SEIRA spectra of the antibodies measured in the external reflection mode exhibited two new bands at 1085 and 990 cm-1. These new bands were observed with p-polarized radiation but were absent with s-polarized radiation. The spectrum of water on the surface of the sensor was observed under both directions of polarization. The sensor was first tested with a model system consisting of glucose oxidase (GOX) and the antibodies for glucose oxidase (anti-GOX). In addition to the bands due to the anti-GOX at 1085 and 990 cm-1, new bands were observed at 1397, 1275, and 930 cm-1 when the GOX antigens were present. The same type of sensor was prepared for Salmonella (SAL) by immobilizing antibodies for Salmonella (anti-SAL) on a gold-surfaced Si wafer. The SEIRA spectra for anti-SAL antibodies were very similar to those for anti-GOX, with bands at 1085 and 990 cm-1; however, a sharp new band was observed at 1045 cm-1 after the sensor was exposed to the SAL antigens. In addition to specific new bands due to antigens, both GOX and SAL sensors exhibited changes in the regions of water absorptions at ∼3500 and 850 cm-1 when the antigens were present.
Viral alpha-synuclein knockdown prevents spreading synucleinopathy (2021)

The accumulation of aggregated alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy is thought to involve a common prion-like mechanism, whereby misfolded α-syn provides a conformational template for further accumulation of pathological α-syn. We tested whether silencing α-syn gene expression could reduce native non-aggregated α-syn substrate and thereby disrupt the propagation of pathological α-syn initiated by seeding with synucleinopathy-affected mouse brain homogenates. Unilateral intracerebral injections of adeno-associated virus serotype-1 encoding microRNA targeting the α-syn gene reduced the extent and severity of both the α-syn pathology and motor deficits. Importantly, a moderate 50% reduction in α-syn was sufficient to prevent the spread of α-syn pathology to distal brain regions. Our study combines behavioural, immunohistochemical and biochemical data that strongly support α-syn knockdown gene therapy for synucleinopathies.
Functional and protective hole hopping in metalloenzymes (2021)

Electrons can tunnel through proteins in microseconds with a modest release of free energy over distances in the 15 to 20 Å range. To span greater distances, or to move faster, multiple charge transfers (hops) are required. When one of the reactants is a strong oxidant, it is convenient to consider the movement of a positively charged "hole" in a direction opposite to that of the electron. Hole hopping along chains of tryptophan (Trp) and tyrosine (Tyr) residues is a critical function in several metalloenzymes that generate high-potential intermediates by reactions with O<sub>2</sub> or H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, or by activation with visible light. Examination of the protein structural database revealed that Tyr/Trp chains are common protein structural elements, particularly among enzymes that react with O<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. In many cases these chains may serve a protective role in metalloenzymes by deactivating high-potential reactive intermediates formed in uncoupled catalytic turnover.
Structure–Property Relationship Based on the Amino Acid Composition of Recombinant Spider Silk Proteins for Potential Biomedical Applications (2022)

Improving biomaterials by engineering application-specific and adjustable properties is of increasing interest. Most of the commonly available materials fulfill the mechanical and physical requirements of relevant biomedical applications, but they lack biological functionality, including biocompatibility and prevention of microbial infestation. Thus, research has focused on customizable, application-specific, and modifiable surface coatings to cope with the limitations of existing biomaterials. In the case of adjustable degradation and configurable interaction with body fluids and cells, these coatings enlarge the applicability of the underlying biomaterials. Silks are interesting coating materials, e.g., for implants, since they exhibit excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. Herein, we present putative implant coatings made of five engineered recombinant spider silk proteins derived from the European garden spider <i>Araneus diadematus</i> fibroins (ADF), differing in amino acid sequence and charge. We analyzed the influence of the underlying amino acid composition on wetting behavior, blood compatibility, biodegradability, serum protein adsorption, and cell adhesion. The outcome of the comparison indicates that spider silk coatings can be engineered for explicit biomedical applications.
A lightweight exposure bracketing strategy for HDR imaging without access to camera raw (2023)

A lightweight learning-based exposure bracketing strategy is proposed in this paper for high dynamic range (HDR) imaging without access to camera RAW. Some low-cost, power-efficient cameras, such as webcams, video surveillance cameras, sport cameras, mid-tier cellphone cameras, and navigation cameras on robots, can only provide access to 8-bit low dynamic range (LDR) images. Exposure fusion is a classical approach to capture HDR scenes by fusing images taken with different exposures into a 8-bit tone-mapped HDR image. A key question is what the optimal set of exposure settings are to cover the scene dynamic range and achieve a desirable tone. The proposed lightweight neural network predicts these exposure settings for a 3-shot exposure bracketing, given the input irradiance information from 1) the histograms of an auto-exposure LDR preview image, and 2) the maximum and minimum levels of the scene irradiance. Without the processing of the preview image streams, and the circuitous route of first estimating the scene HDR irradiance and then tone-mapping to 8-bit images, the proposed method gives a more practical HDR enhancement for real-time and on-device applications. Experiments on a number of challenging images reveal the advantages of our method in comparison with other state-of-the-art methods qualitatively and quantitatively.
Network studies in IP/optical layer restoration (2003)

Even though transport of an equivalent amount of bandwidth at the IP layer is much more expensive than at the optical layer, it is not universally true that restoration of span failures is less expensive when provided at the optical layer. Some critical factors that determine this are single or dual router office architectures and pre and post-failure IP-layer link utilization levels. Furthermore, it was shown that integrated IP/OL restoration can give substantial benefits over restoration by either layer alone.
Solid state NMR investigation of photoresist molecular glasses including blend behavior with a photoacid generator (2009)

We have examined four molecular glass (MG) materials that show promise as photoresists for extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. These glass-forming materials were investigated by proton and 13C solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques in the bulk state as pure materials and as mixtures with (5 or 10) % by mass of the photoacid generator (PAG), triphenylsulfonium perfluorobutanesulfonate. The 13C techniques gave information about crystallinity, purity, and the qualitative existence of multiple phases. Proton studies focused on using spin diffusion to characterize the intimacy of mixing of the PAG and MG blends. The four MGs were largely aromatic materials containing several hydroxyl groups that were partially protected by t-butoxycarbonyl (t-BOC) groups. In two cases, this fraction was varied and the impact on mixing noted. Phase separation of the PAG into PAG-rich larger domains was never seen; the PAG was always finely distributed and the maximum size for any PAG clustering was estimated; however, in some cases, the average local concentration of PAG appeared to vary. Crystallinity was only seen associated with the underivatized materials implying that the mixing of the PAG with any derivatized MG was not restricted by crystallization. It was also noted that some very strong hydrogen bonds exist in three of the four underivatized materials and were eliminated or weakened upon partial derivatization with t-BOC.