gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cloning and Characterization of a Second Member of the Mouse mdr Gene Family (1988)

The mammalian mdr gene family comprises a small number of closely related genes. Previously, we have shown that one member, mdr1, has the capacity to convey multidrug resistance to drug-sensitive recipient cells in a gene transfer protocol. However, the functional characteristics of other members of this gene family have not been examined. In this report, we characterize a second member of the mdr gene family which we designated mdr2. We determined the nucleotide sequence corresponding to the complete coding region of this mdr2 transcript. The predicted amino acid sequence of this protein (1,276 amino acids) showed that it is a membrane glycoprotein highly homologous to mdr1 (85%), strongly suggesting that both genes originate from a common ancestor. Regions of divergence between mdr1 and mdr2 proteins are concentrated in two discrete segments of the predicted polypeptides, each approximately 100 residues in length. The mdr2 protein appears to be formed by the duplication of a structural unit which encodes three putative transmembrane loops and a predicted nucleotide-binding fold and is highly homologous to bacterial transport proteins such as hlyB. This strong homology suggests that mdr2 also participates in an energy-dependent membrane transport process. However, the direct relationship, if any, of this new member of the mdr family to multidrug resistance remains to be established. Knowledge of the complete nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid sequence of the mdr2 gene product will enable the preparation of gene-specific probes and antibodies necessary to study the functional role of this gene in multidrug resistance and normal physiological processes.
The K1 Capsular Polysaccharide from Acinetobacter baumannii Is a Potential Therapeutic Target via Passive Immunization (2013)

The emergence of extremely resistant and panresistant Gram-negative bacilli, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, requires consideration of nonantimicrobial therapeutic approaches. The goal of this report was to evaluate the K1 capsular polysaccharide from A. baumannii as a passive immunization target. Its structure was determined by a combination of mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. Molecular mimics that might raise the concern for autoimmune disease were not identified. Immunization of CD1 mice demonstrated that the K1 capsule is immunogenic. The monoclonal antibody (MAb) 13D6, which is directed against the K1 capsule from A. baumannii, was used to determine the seroprevalence of the K1 capsule in a collection of 100 A. baumannii strains. Thirteen percent of the A. baumannii isolates from this collection were seroreactive to MAb 13D6. Opsonization of K1-positive strains, but not K1-negative strains, with MAb 13D6 significantly increased neutrophil-mediated bactericidal activity in vitro (P < 0.05). Lastly, treatment with MAb 13D6 3 and 24 h after bacterial challenge in a rat soft tissue infection model resulted in a significant decrease in the growth/survival of a K1-positive strain compared to that of a K1-negative strain or to treatment with a vehicle control (P < 0.0001). These data support the proof of principle that the K1 capsule is a potential therapeutic target via passive immunization. Other serotypes require assessment, and pragmatic challenges exist, such as the need to serotype infecting strains and utilize serotype-specific therapy. Nonetheless, this approach may become an important therapeutic option with increasing antimicrobial resistance and a diminishing number of active antimicrobials.
Inside Cover: Selective Aerobic Benzylic Alcohol Oxidation of Lignin Model Compounds: Route to Aryl Ketones (ChemCatChem 3/2015) (2015)

The cover picture shows a mild and chemoselective oxidation of a dimeric lignol model compound. In their Communication, M. Dawange, M. V. Galkin and J. S. M. Samec show a green catalytic system based on recyclable heterogeneous palladium and oxygen in air as oxidant. Catalytic amounts of polyols and especially carbohydrates, which are present in lignin feeds, are pivotal for an efficient aerobic oxidation. Oxidation of the benzylic alcohol gives a ketone that is more susceptible for C–O bond cleavage of the ether bond. The formed monomeric aryl ketones are important building blocks in organic synthesis. The article highlighted by this cover can be found on p. 401 ff. of Issue 3, 2015.
Synthetic spatial coherence function for optical tomography and profilometry: simultaneous realization of longitudinal coherence scan and phase shift (2002)

A new scheme for synthesizing three-dimensional longitudinal spatial coherence function is proposed. By manipulating the irradiance of an extended quasi-monochromatic spatially incoherent source with a spatial light modulator, we generated a special optical field that exhibits high coherence selectively for the specified location along the optical axis of propagation and for the specified inclination between the two mirrors in the interferometer. The feasibility of the proposed principle is demonstrated by measuring a step height made by standard gauge blocks. The proposed scheme permits one to perform phase shift without recourse to mechanical movement. The quantitative experimental proof of the principle is presented.
Morphology and mechanisms of femtosecond laser-induced structural change in bulk transparent materials (2001)

Summary form only given. When an intense femtosecond laser pulse is tightly focused into a transparent material, energy is deposited in the focal volume by nonlinear absorption. If enough energy is deposited, permanent structural change results. Characterization of the morphology of structural changes and identification of the mechanisms producing these changes represent essential steps in refining the femtosecond laser as a micromachining tool. We present a systematic study of structural changes produced in bulk glass by tightly-focused femtosecond pulses. Using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we identify a transition from a structural change mechanism dominated by localized melting or bond-break to one dominated by an explosive expansion.
Absorption Technique for Road Noise (2009)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;It is becoming common in recent years to take measures on vehicle interior noise by balancing other performances or by using acoustic materials that are advantageous in terms of weight and cost. However, acoustic materials for vehicles are mainly for reduction of high-frequency noise in the vehicle interior, and are not realistic measures for mid-frequency noise including road noise where reasonable thickness is needed. In this study, therefore, we identified the condition to reduce mid-frequency sound by focusing on the mechanism to reduce particle velocity as the sound absorption principle of acoustic materials and by utilizing acoustic materials in thin sheets used as a measure on high-frequency sound. We further derived the specific structure to realize this condition in order to reduce road noise.&lt;/div&gt;
Reversibly Shielded DNA Polyplexes Based on Bioreducible PDMAEMA-SS-PEG-SS-PDMAEMA Triblock Copolymers Mediate Markedly Enhanced Nonviral Gene Transfection (2012)

Reversibly shielded DNA polyplexes based on bioreducible poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-SS-poly(ethylene glycol)-SS-poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA-SS-PEG-SS-PDMAEMA) triblock copolymers were designed, prepared and investigated for in vitro gene transfection. Two PDMAEMA-SS-PEG-SS-PDMAEMA copolymers with controlled compositions, 6.6-6-6.6 and 13-6-13 kDa, were obtained by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) using CPADN-SS-PEG-SS-CPADN (CPADN: 4-cyanopentanoic acid dithionaphthalenoate; PEG: 6 kDa) as a macro-RAFT agent. Like their nonreducible PDMAEMA-PEG-PDMAEMA analogues, PDMAEMA-SS-PEG-SS-PDMAEMA triblock copolymers could effectively condense DNA into small particles with average diameters less than 120 nm and close to neutral zeta potentials (0 ∼ +6 mV) at and above an N/P ratio of 3/1. The resulting polyplexes showed excellent colloidal stability against 150 mM NaCl, which contrasts with polyplexes of 20 kDa PDMAEMA homopolymer. In the presence of 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), however, polyplexes of PDMAEMA-SS-PEG-SS-PDMAEMA were rapidly deshielded and unpacked, as revealed by significant increase of positive surface charges as well as increase of particle sizes to over 1000 nm. Release of DNA in response to 10 mM DTT was further confirmed by gel retardation assays. These polyplexes, either stably or reversibly shielded, revealed a low cytotoxicity (over 80% cell viability) at and below an N/P ratio of 12/1. Notably, in vitro transfection studies showed that reversibly shielded polyplexes afforded up to 28 times higher transfection efficacy as compared to stably shielded control under otherwise the same conditions. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) studies revealed that reversibly shielded polyplexes efficiently delivered and released pDNA into the perinuclei region as well as nuclei of COS-7 cells. Hence, reduction-sensitive reversibly shielded DNA polyplexes based on PDMAEMA-SS-PEG-SS-PDMAEMA are highly promising for nonviral gene transfection.
Low Voltage Bulk Power System Restoration Simulation (1981)

Time is the crucial element in restorative state control for electric power systems. One method for reenergizing large portions of a blacked out electric power system with a minimum of switching and thus time to restoration, is described. Results of a simulated system restart utilizing actual power system facilities are compared to power flow studies. The simulation tests were performed on the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) system in order to verify the concept of utilizing generation operating at extremely low voltage to energize as large a part as possible of the unloaded bulk power transmission system located within the service area.
An Electro-Acoustic Implementation of Tibetan Bowls: Acoustics and Perception (2014)

Tibetan singing bowls are employed worldwide for meditation, music, relaxation, personal wellbeing, and religious practices. Each Tibetan bowl can produce a limited number of sounds, defined by the size and material of the bowl, and the actuator device used. Usually, there is a need for a second person to actuate the bowl. Addressing these limitations, we built an electronic device, named eBowl, which can mimic the acoustics of Tibetan bowls, and beyond that, can produce a wide range of other sounds. Furthermore, it can be used for relaxation and sound massage without the need for a second person. The eBowl generates auditory beats that are in EEG alpha frequency range, which can cause brainwave entrainment and lead to relaxation. User tests measuring physiological parameters revealed the eBowl's effectiveness for relaxation, showing that eBowl influences skin conductance, heart rate, and respiration rate and induces relaxation.
A 100-Gbit/s 2:1 multiplexer in InP HEMT technology (2003)

In this paper, we describe a 100-Gbit/s 2:1 multiplexer (MUX). In order to suppress the degradation of signals and to increase the operation speed, we designed interconnections for the circuit using impedance matching techniques. We fabricated the MUX with 0.13-/spl mu/m InP HEMT technology, which has a cutoff frequency of 175 GHz. By using this design, we succeeded in 100-Gbit/s operation of the MUX and obtained clear eye waveforms. We also developed a V-connector module for the circuit, and achieved 80-Gbit/s operation.
How to Quantify Electrons in Plasmonic Colloidal Metal Oxide Nanocrystals (2022)

Distinct from noble metal nanoparticles, doped metal oxide nanocrystals (NCs) exhibit localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in the infrared region that can be tuned by changing the free electron concentration through both synthetic and post-synthetic doping. Redox reagents have commonly been used to post-synthetically modulate the LSPR, but to understand the relationship between the electron transfer processes and the resulting optical changes, it is imperative to quantify electrons in the NCs. Titration and LSPR peak fitting analysis are the most common methods used for quantifying electrons; however, comparison between these methods has previously revealed discrepancies up to an order of magnitude without a clear explanation. Here, we apply these electron quantification techniques concurrently to Sn-doped In2O3 NCs with varying size, doping concentration, and extent of post-synthetic reduction. We find that oxidative titration consistently overestimates the number of electrons per NC, owing to the failure of the assumed stoichiometric equivalence between moles of oxidant added and moles of free electrons extracted from the NCs. The NC characteristics we examine strongly influence the driving force for the oxidation process, affecting the relative agreement between oxidative titration and LSPR fitting; the two methods more closely agree when the electron transfer driving force is larger. Overall, these analyses inform best practices for quantifying electrons in plasmonic semiconductor NCs and reveal how accuracy is affected by NC characteristics.
A tunable notch filter using high-k<inf>t</inf><sup>2</sup> lithium niobate resonators toward integration in filter banks (2015)

This paper reports on using lithium niobate (LN) resonators for a reconfigurable filter bank. The resonators provide sharp rolloff and bandwidth coverage (from the high electromechanical coupling k <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</inf> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> of 12.5%) for collocated filters, all in a compact size. The example in this paper is an absorptive notch filter (ANF) that achieves over 35 dB notch rejection. The ANF also demonstrates fine-tuning ability. It can be integrated for a chip-scale reconfigurable filtering platform.
What next? (2012)

In this short paper, I describe six data management research challenges relevant for Big Data and the Cloud. Although some of these problems are not new, their importance is amplified by Big Data and Cloud Computing.
Chalcogen Bonding (ChB) as a Robust Supramolecular Recognition Motif of Benzisothiazolinone Antibacterials (2023)

1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one derivatives are highly active against a broad spectrum of fungi as well as Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. For this reason they are extensively used, for example, as additives in detergents, leather products, paper coatings, and antifouling paintings. In this paper experimental findings are reported proving that the sulfur atom of benzisothiazolinones have a remarkable tendency to form short and directional chalcogen bondings on the extension of the covalent N-S bond and, to a lesser extent, of the C-S bond. Analyses of the Cambridge Structural Database confirm the interaction as a primary recognition motif of these systems. The electrophilicity of sulfur is crucial in the chemical reactions initiating the cascade of events resulting in the biopharmacological activities of benzisothiazolinones. The reported results suggest that the electrophility of sulfur may play a role also at earlier stages than the reactive ones, namely it may pin the compounds at the active site of target enzymes via chalcogen bondings that preorganize the system in the conformation required for the bonds formation/cleavage determining the biopharmacological activity.
Pre-arranged sequences of micropillars for passive mixing control of water and ethanol (2023)

Microfluidic reactors have enabled the continuous conduction of chemical reactions with exceptional control of fluids and operating conditions. To enhance reagent mixing in laminar flow conditions, the effective strategy of adding cylindrical obstacles (i.e., pillars) in the mixing channel is appealing. Indeed, they can passively extend the contact surface of the incoming fluid streams, where diffusion and reaction occur. From our previous work, optimized sequences of pillars in a T-microchannel – that differ in diameter and position – can significantly improve the mixing for single-phase flow (i.e., mixing of miscible fluids of similar density and viscosity). However, real-world mixing applications often require the merging of fluids with significantly different fluid properties before, during, and after mixing. Hence, further investigations are required to unveil efficiency and robustness in these more complex practical mixing conditions. We jointly carried out experiments and numerical simulations on miscible fluids in an optimized sequence of pillars called IAF. Our analysis shows how the fluid velocity (i.e., the Reynolds number, Re) and the pillar configuration affect the formation of horseshoe vortices, which we consider crucial for water mixing when 1<Re<100. Then, we analyzed water–water and water–ethanol mixtures at Re=40 to observe how fluid properties alter the flow passively controlled by the pillar sequence. Eventually, the analysis extends within Re=10–100, showing efficiency and pressure drops of optimized designs that depend on the evolution of physical properties. These findings provide insights into the predictions of confined fluid flow around obstacles and its optimization for engineering processes, e.g., nanoparticle precipitation.
Influence of Moisture Accumulation in Inline Spacer on Delivery of Aerosol Using Metered-Dose Inhaler During Mechanical Ventilation (2009)

Aerosol delivery from a pMDI with spacer during mechanical ventilation was greater with a dry spacer and unchanged for the first hour after initiating heated humidification. Turning off the heated humidifier did not increase drug delivered.
Flexible Arrays of Ni/Polyimide/Cu Microplasma Devices with a Dielectric Barrier and Excimer Laser Ablated Microcavities (2006)

Microcavity plasma devices with circular, crescent or, for example, trapezoidal cross-section microcavities (characteristic dimension d =30–100 µm), produced by excimer laser ablation and overcoated with a silicon nitride barrier film, have been fabricated in Ni/30 µm polyimide/3 µm Cu layered substrates. 12×12 arrays of devices with cylindrical microcavities 100 µm in diameter exhibit turn-on voltages of 255–270 V rms for a Ne pressure of 700 Torr and a sinusoidal excitation voltage having a frequency of 5–20 kHz. All of the device designs explored to date operate in the abnormal glow region, and an increase of 15–20% in the ignition voltage for these arrays is observed when p d is raised from 4 to 5 Torr cm. Tests in which the arrays were intentionally damaged or photoablation parameters were altered from the optimal values show the microplasma devices to be extraordinarily robust and insensitive to the cross-sectional shape of the microcavity.
FPGA-based implementation of sorting networks in MMC applications (2016)

In this paper an implementation technique for Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices of two Sorting Networks (SNs) used for control of Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) is presented. In such applications, the classical sorting algorithms are based on repetitive/recursive loops, and they are usually implemented in microcontrollers or DSPs. However, they are not convenient for hardware implementation due to their inherent sequential operation. Instead, the proposed SNs, are suitable for FPGA devices thanks to their fixed parallel structure that allows improving the timing performance of the capacitor voltage balancing algorithm. The advantages and the main challenges of the Bitonic SN and Even-Odd SN in MMC applications are discussed. Moreover, in order to pre-evaluate the required resources and the execution time, equations are derived for both the proposed SNs and then a comparison is performed between them. The proposed equations are validated by comparing the real required resources with the estimated ones by using the Xilinx Vivado Design Suite tool. Finally, the operation of the proposed Bitonic SN is also tested in Vivado Simulator, achieving the sorted list of 8 elements in 18 clock cycles as expected.
Total synthesis, structural, and biological evaluation of stylissatin A and related analogs (2016)

The natural product cyclic peptide stylissatin A ( 1a ) was reported to inhibit nitric oxide production in LPS‐stimulated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. In the current study, solid‐phase total synthesis of stylissatin A was performed by using a safety‐catch linker and yielded the peptide with a trans ‐Phe 7 ‐Pro 6 linkage, whereas the natural product is the cis rotamer at this position as evidenced by a marked difference in NMR chemical shifts. In order to preclude the possibility of 1b being an epimer of the natural product, we repeated the synthesis using d ‐ allo ‐Ile in place of l ‐Ile and a different site for macrocyclization. The resulting product ( d ‐ allo ‐Ile 2 )‐stylissatin A ( 1c ) was also found to have the trans ‐Phe 7 ‐Pro 6 peptide conformations like rotamer 1b . Applying the second route to the synthesis of stylissatin A itself, we obtained stylissatin A natural rotamer 1a accompanied by rotamer 1b as the major product. Rotamers 1a , 1b , and the epimer 1c were separable by HPLC, and 1a was found to match the natural product in structure and biological activity. Six related analogs 2–7 of stylissatin A were synthesized on Wang resin and characterized by spectral analysis. The natural product ( 1a ), the rotamer ( 1b ), and ( d ‐ allo ‐Ile 2 )‐stylissatin A ( 1c ) exhibited significant inhibition of NO . . Further investigations were focused on 1b , which also inhibited proliferation of T‐cells and inflammatory cytokine IL‐2 production. The analogs 2–7 weakly inhibited NO . production, but strongly inhibited IL‐2 cytokine production compared with synthetic peptide 1b . All analogs inhibited the proliferation of T‐cells, with analog 7 having the strongest effect. In the analogs, the Pro 6 residue was replaced by Glu/Ala, and the SAR indicates that the nature of this residue plays a role in the biological function of these peptides. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Monokontrast-Distensions-untersuchung des Dünndarms - Vergleich mit der konventionellen MDP und dem Enteroklysma - (2000)

The monocontrast-distension examination is a potential alternative in patients in whom a small bowel enema with barium sulfate is contraindicated.
Endovascular Management of Visceral Artery Aneurysm (2001)

Purpose:To retrospectively review our experience with visceral artery aneurysms (VAAs) treated with percutaneous coil embolization techniques.Methods:Patient records were retrospectively reviewed b...
Lens sensitivity to aberration: scaling rules (2022)

We show that aberration sensitivities are independent of lens scaling when the perturbation amount is kept the same. This behavior is in agreement with the results of actual calculation. Further, we point out that aberration sensitivities scale in the same way as aberration scale as a function of the lens field of view and aperture.