gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pressure-induced phase transformations during femtosecond-laser doping of silicon (2011)

Silicon hyperdoped with chalcogens via femtosecond-laser irradiation exhibits unique near-unity sub-bandgap absorptance extending into the infrared region. The intense light-matter interactions that occur during femtosecond-laser doping produce pressure waves sufficient to induce phase transformations in silicon, resulting in the formation of metastable polymorphic phases, but their exact formation mechanism and influence on the doping process are still unknown. We report direct observations of these phases, describe their formation and distribution, and consider their potential impact on sub-bandgap absorptance. Specifically, the transformation from diamond cubic Si-I to pressure-induced polymorphic crystal structures (amorphous Si, Si-XII, and Si-III) during femtosecond-laser irradiation was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Amorphous Si, Si-XII, and Si-III were found to form in femtosecond-laser doped silicon regardless of the presence of a gaseous or thin-film dopant precursor. The rate of pressure loading and unloading induced by femtosecond-laser irradiation kinetically limits the formation of pressure-induced phases, producing regions of amorphous Si 20 to 200 nm in size and nanocrystals of Si-XII and Si-III. The surface texturing that occurs during femtosecond-laser irradiation produces inhomogeneous pressure distributions across the surface and causes delayed development of high-pressure silicon polymorphs over many laser pulses. Finally, we find that the polymorph phases disappear during annealing more rapidly than the sub-bandgap absorptance decreases, enabling us to decouple these two processes through post-treatment annealing.
Controlled Reducibility of a Metal–Organic Framework with Coordinatively Unsaturated Sites for Preferential Gas Sorption (2010)

Gas grabber: Reduction of the porous metal–organic framework MIL-100(Fe) (see picture; X−: OH− or F−; red: O of trimesate ligands) to form coordinatively unsaturated sites at iron(II) (depicted as a violet circle) is essential for selective gas purification or the selective removal of unsaturated gas impurities. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Pyroelectric linear array infrared sensors made of c-axis-oriented La-modified PbTiO3 thin films (1988)

High sensitive pyroelectric linear array infrared sensors have been fabricated by using highly c-axis-oriented and spontaneous polarized La-modified PbTiO3 (PLT) thin films. The PLT thin films were deposited on (100)-oriented Pt thin film on (100)-cleaved MgO single crystals by rf magnetron sputtering. The PLT thin films have high figures of merit for voltage responsivity (Rv) and specific detectivity (D*) without a poling treatment. Two types of linear array sensors, reticulated and nonreticulated ones, were fabricated. The reticulated and nonreticulated sensors have 64 elements with 200-μm pitch and 128 elements with 100-μm pitch, respectively. Ni-Cr electrodes of approximate area 1.9×10−4 or 3.0×10−4 cm2 were deposited by vacuum evaporation on the PLT thin films with a thickness of 3–4 μm. Pyroelectric coefficients and their uniformity increased upon decreasing the deposition area of an element. Therefore, the elements of reticulated sensors have considerably larger Rv and D* compared with the nonreticulated ones. The nonreticulated sensors have a very high resolution of 10 elements/mm, a large Rv of 900 V/W at 100 Hz, and a high D* (500 K, 100, 1) of 1.5×108 cm Hz1/2/W. Furthermore, the reticulated ones have a very large Rv of 2200 V/W, a remarkably high D* of 6×108 cm Hz1/2/W, and a very low thermal cross talk of &amp;lt;3% at 100 Hz.
Relative Acoustic Features for Distance Estimation in Smart-Homes (2022)

Any audio recording encapsulates the unique fingerprint of the associated acoustic environment, namely the background noise and reverberation. Considering the scenario of a room equipped with a fixed smart speaker device with one or more microphones and a wearable smart device (watch, glasses or smartphone), we employed the improved proportionate normalized least mean square adaptive filter to estimate the relative room impulse response mapping the audio recordings of the two devices. We performed inter-device distance estimation by exploiting a new set of features obtained extending the definition of some acoustic attributes of the room impulse response to its relative version. In combination with the sparseness measure of the estimated relative room impulse response, the relative features allow precise inter-device distance estimation which can be exploited for tasks such as best microphone selection or acoustic scene analysis. Experimental results from simulated rooms of different dimensions and reverberation times demonstrate the effectiveness of this computationally lightweight approach for smart home acoustic ranging applications
Warpage control of silicon interposer for 2.5D package application (2013)

In order to achieve high speed transmission and large volume data processing, large size silicon-interposer has been required. Warpage caused by the CTE mismatch between a large silicon-interposer and an organic substrate is the most significant problem. In this study, we investigated several warpage control techniques for 2.5D package assembly process. First was assembly process sequence. One is called “chip first process” that is, chips are mounted on Si-interposer at first. The other is called “chip last process” that is, silicon-interposer is mounted on organic substrate at first and chips are mounted on at last. The chip first process successfully processed using conventional mass reflow. By using the chip first process, apparent CTE of a large silicon-interposer become close to that of an organic substrate. Second was the warpage control using underfill resin. We focused on the selection of underfill materials for 0 level assembly. And third was the warpage control technique with Sn-57Bi solder using conventional reflow process. We observed warpage change during simulated reflow process using three-dimensional digital image correlation system (3D-DIC). Sn-57Bi solder joining has been noted as a low temperature bonding methods. It is possible to lower peak temperature 45-90 degree C during reflow compared with using Sn3.0wt%Ag0.5wt%Cu (SAC305). By using Sn-57Bi solder, the warpage after reflow was reduced to 75% of that using SAC305. The full assembly was successfully processed using conventional assembly equipment and processes. The full assembly packages were evaluated by some reliability tests. All samples passed each reliability test.
Additive step artifact correction (ASAC) algorithm (2014)

This abstract address the problem of removing step artifacts from a predominantly low-pass signal. In particular, we consider the case where the step artifacts have an appreciable rise time rather than exhibiting instantaneous step discontinuities. The problem arises in certain physiological measurements, such as near infrared spectroscopic (NIRS) time-series imaging. NIRS is an attractive non-invasive cortical imaging technique [1]. However, this kind of step artifact, caused by detection approach, is one of the difficulties in breast NIRS data analysis.
CAPACITY FOR BIOSYNTHESIS OF PROSTAGLANDIN-RELATED COMPOUNDS: DISTRIBUTION AND PROPERTIES OF THE RATE-LIMITING ENZYME IN HYDROCORALS, GORGONIANS, AND OTHER COELENTERATES OF THE CARIBBEAN AND PACIFIC (1978)

A convenient and reliable assay is described for PGEP synthetase, the ratelimiting enzyme determining the total capacity for biosynthesis of prostaglandin-related compounds. Results of such assays, performed with fresh specimens under both field and laboratory conditions, newly identify several marine coelenterate species as potentially important resources of PGRCs for research and possible development. Properties of the typical marine coelenterate PGEP synthetase, and the reaction which this enzyme catalyzes, have been further characterized.
Theoretical Study of Benzonitrile Clusters in the Gas Phase and Their Adsorption onto a Au(111) Surface (2002)

We made theoretical calculations for a benzonitrile molecule and its clusters in the gas phase and as adsorbed on the Au(111) surface, to explain the observation by scanning tunneling microscope, that is, the trimer formation of cyanophenyl porphyrins adsorbed onto the Au(111) surface. With regard to the gas-phase species, ab initio calculations showed that (1) the benzonitrile dimer has a single stable structure that is planar and antiparallel; (2) the trimer has two isoenergetic stable structures, that is, a planar and cyclic structure and an antiparallel and nonplanar one; (3) the clusters are more stable, at low temperatures, than the monomer. For the adsorbed species, we made quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical calculations in which the interaction between the adsorbates and the surface is evaluated in a molecular-mechanical way by using analytical potential functions and an image charge model. Because the stable structures were found to be similar to those in the gas phase, the cluster formation of adsorbed cyanophenyl porphyrins was attributed to the interaction between cyanophenyl groups, which is barely affected by adsorbate-surface interaction. It was also found that the adsorbed cyclic benzonitrile trimer is more stable than the monomer and the dimer because the relative stability is dependent on enthalpy alone. We therefore concluded that the preferential formation of trimers by the adsorbed cyanophenyl porphyrins is due to the negligible contribution of entropy to the relative stability of the adsorbed species and that the adsorption hardly changes the situation found in the gas phase.
Concise synthesis of oxacyclic compounds using highly discriminative two-way transformations of α,β-unsaturated esters in the presence of enones (2017)

Highly discriminative transformation of α,β-unsaturated esters in the presence of enones using two types of phosphonium salts, and their application to the synthesis of oxacyclic compounds in six steps in one pot have been achieved.
Shape As Points: A Differentiable Poisson Solver (2021)

In recent years, neural implicit representations gained popularity in 3D reconstruction due to their expressiveness and flexibility. However, the implicit nature of neural implicit representations results in slow inference time and requires careful initialization. In this paper, we revisit the classic yet ubiquitous point cloud representation and introduce a differentiable point-to-mesh layer using a differentiable formulation of Poisson Surface Reconstruction (PSR) that allows for a GPU-accelerated fast solution of the indicator function given an oriented point cloud. The differentiable PSR layer allows us to efficiently and differentiably bridge the explicit 3D point representation with the 3D mesh via the implicit indicator field, enabling end-to-end optimization of surface reconstruction metrics such as Chamfer distance. This duality between points and meshes hence allows us to represent shapes as oriented point clouds, which are explicit, lightweight and expressive. Compared to neural implicit representations, our Shape-As-Points (SAP) model is more interpretable, lightweight, and accelerates inference time by one order of magnitude. Compared to other explicit representations such as points, patches, and meshes, SAP produces topology-agnostic, watertight manifold surfaces. We demonstrate the effectiveness of SAP on the task of surface reconstruction from unoriented point clouds and learning-based reconstruction.
Digital Techniques for Wideband Receivers (2015)

This updated third edition of Digital Techniques for Wideband Receivers offers a current, comprehensive design guide for digital processing work with today&apos;s complex receiver systems. Brand new material brings readers up to date with the latest information on wideband electronic warfare receivers, the detection of FM and BPSK radar signals, analog-to-information, time-reversal filter, and an encoder example with multiple FFT length. The book offers insights on building digital electronic warfare receivers. From fundamental concepts and procedures to recent technology advances in digital receivers, readers get practical solutions to important wideband receiver problems.
Author response: Tumors attenuating the mitochondrial activity in T cells escape from PD-1 blockade therapy (2020)

Immunotherapy is a fast-emerging treatment area that turns the body’s own immune system against cancer. One powerful group of treatments are the PD-1 blockers. PD-1 is an inducible protein that is sometimes found on healthy immune cells called T cells and normally acts to stop T cells mistakenly attacking healthy cells. However, it can also prevent T cells attacking cancer. This happens when cancer cells make a protein called PD-1 ligand, which interacts with PD-1 to switch off nearby T cells. Antibodies that block PD-1 or PD-1 ligand can reactivate T cells, allowing them to destroy the cancer, but this PD-1 blocking therapy currently works in less than half of all patients who receive the treatment. To mount a successful defense against cancer, a T cell needs to be able to perform two key tasks: recognize cancer cells and prepare to attack. T cells are alerted to the presence of the disease by MHC class I proteins on the surface of cancer cells holding up small fragments of molecules that are tell-tale sign that the cell is cancerous. To prepare to attack, a T cell depends on its mitochondria – the powerhouses of the cell – to send a cascade of signals inside the T cell that help it to activate and multiply. It is possible that cancer cells escape PD-1 blocking treatments by interfering with either one of these two tasks. They may either hide their MHC class I proteins to become invisible to passing T cells – a phenomenon known as “local immune ignorance”; or they may release long-range molecules to stop T cells preparing to attack – “systemic immune suppression”. To explore these options further, Kumar, Chamoto et al. developed a new tumor model in mice. Each mouse had two tumors, one that responded to PD-1 blocking treatment and one that did not. The idea was that, if the unresponsive tumor was simply hiding from passing T cells, its presence should not affect the other tumor. But, if it was releasing molecules to block T-cell activation, the other tumor could become unresponsive to PD-1 blocking treatment too. Kumar, Chamoto et al. examined different types of unresponsive tumor in this model system and found that they fell into two groups. The first group simply hid themselves from nearby T cells, while the second group released molecules to dampen all T cells. The identity of these molecules is unknown, but further experiments suggested that they likely work by blocking the mitochondria in T cells. In mice with these tumors, drugs that boosted mitochondria activity made anti-PD-1 treatment more effective. If the findings in this mouse model parallel those in humans, it could open a new research area for immunotherapy. The next step is for researchers need to identify the molecule responsible for systemic immune suppression. This could help to make PD-1 blocking treatments more effective in people who do not currently respond.
Accepted manuscript Spontaneous Bending of Piezoelectric Nanoribbons: Mechanics, Polarization, and Space Charge Coupling (2009)

A theory is developed to explain the spontaneous bending of polar ±(0001) faceted wurtzite nanoribbons, including the widely studied case of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoarcs and nanorings. A rigorous thermodynamic treatment shows that bending of these nanoribbons can be primarily attributed to the coupling between piezoelectric effects, electric polarization, and the motion of free charge originating from point defects and/or dopants. The present theory explains the following experimental observations: the magnitude and sign of curvature and how this curvature depends on film thickness and dopant concentration. Good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained with no adjustable parameters. We identify three regimes of bending behavior with distinct thickness dependence for bending radius that depend on free carrier density, film thickness, and elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric constants.
Von Chinolin abgeleitete, chirale Phosphan/Phosphoramidit-Liganden (QUINAPHOS) für die asymmetrische Katalyse (2000)

Sowohl Hydroformylierungen als auch Hydrierungen werden durch Rh-Komplexe aus den neuartigen, in beiden enantiomeren Formen leicht zugänglichen chiralen QUINAPHOS-Liganden (siehe Bild) effizient katalysiert. So ist (Ra,RC)-nBu-QUINAPHOS (Ar=Ph, O−O=(Ra)-Binaphthol, R=nBu) einer der selektivsten bislang bekannten Liganden für die erste Reaktion, und das (Ra,SC)-Diastereomer bildet einen äußerst aktiven (Turnoverfrequenz ≥36 000 h−1) und selektiven (>99 % ee) Rh-Katalysator für die zweite Reaktion.
Throughput Analysis of Selective Repeat ARQ in Fading Wireless Channels (2006)

This work analyzes the throughput of selective repeat (SR) protocol in fading wireless channels. Hidden Markov models (HMM) provide a good approximation to the fading wireless channel, hut the calculation of SR throughput has been unavailable for channels characterized by HMM. We use a generalization of Mason's flow graphs with matrix weights for our analysis, leading to the moment generating function of the transmission lime, and thus calculating the throughput. Our methodology is general and can be applied for any finite-state Markov channels. It can also be used to analyze the delay of SR protocol
Environmental mid-infrared gas sensing using MEMS FTIR spectrometer (2017)

In this work, we report carbon dioxide gas sensing in the ambient air in the mid-infrared range around 4250 nm using MEMS FTIR spectrometer. The core engine of the spectrometer is a scanning Michelson interferometer fabricated using deep etching technology on silicon-on-insulator wafer. The measured Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is 24 dB at a wavelength of 4250 nm and the spectral resolution is about 60 cm<sup>-1</sup>. A free-space gas cell using CaF<sub>2</sub> lenses with lightgas interaction lengths of 12 cm and 120 cm is demonstrated. The results demonstrate about 400 ppm concentration detection in the ambient air. The theoretical sensitivity limit based on the achieved SNR and resolution is about 15 ppm.
Characterization of Overt B-Cell Lymphomas in Patients With Hepatitis C Virus Infection (1997)

A pathogenetic role of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been hypothesized for a subset of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs). However, the preliminary characterization of B-cell NHLs in HCV-infected individuals has been poorly addressed. In the present study, we report detailed information on 35 consecutive patients with overt B-cell NHL of recent onset and HCV infection; all patients referred to a single oncological center in Northeast Italy. Histopathologic evaluation was performed by a single reference hemopathologist, and the link with the two relevant autoimmune diseases predisposing to B-cell NHL and in which HCV has been implied, ie, "essential" mixed cryoglobulinemia (EMC) and Sjogren's syndrome, was investigated. Control groups included 122 consecutive HCV-negative patients with B-cell NHL and 464 consecutive histopathologic cases of B-cell NHL referred to the same center, as well as 127 consecutive patients with HCV infection and without lymphoma referred to a different center in the same geographical area. B-cell NHLs in HCV-infected patients frequently presented at onset (1) an extranodal localization with peculiar target organs of HCV infection (ie, the liver and major salivary glands) being significantly overrepresented; (2) a diffuse large cell histotype without any prior history of low-grade B-cell malignancy or bone marrow involvement; and (3) a weak association with a full-blown predisposing autoimmune disease, although serum autoimmune features were common and cryoglobulins were always present. Therefore, the HCV-related B-cell NHLs in this oncological series presented distinctive features compared with B-cell NHLs in HCV-negative patients, and they differed from bone marrow low-grade NHLs frequently diagnosed in HCV-positive patients with EMC. Such novel information may be relevant for future research aimed at clarifying the possible link between HCV infection, autoimmunity, nonmalignant B-cell lymphoproliferation, and overt B-cell malignancy.
Inferring brain deformation during open neurosurgery using CBCT angiography (2016)

During neurosurgery the brain can deform, which is known as brain shift. The deformation can be as large as 20 mm and limits the accuracy of image-guided surgery. In this work we use pre- and intra-operative CBCT angiography to infer this deformation. We first segment cortex and vessels in both images and then perform surface registration between the pre- and intra-operative segmentations. The resulting deformation field is assumed to correspond to the brain deformation and can be used to update other pre-operative images. Since the intra-operative image quality is deteriorated by streak artifacts originating from the metallic stereotactic frame, our approach explores robust segmentation and registration methods that reduce the influence of these artifacts. Our method is tested on a clinical data set of 8 patients who underwent neurosurgery. We also compare with a recently published method and rigid registration as a baseline method, showing the improved accuracy of our approach.
IMPLEMENTATION OF QUALITY CONTROL AND DATA MANAGEMENT FOR PRODUCTION CLASSIFICATION SURVEYS (2014)

The transition of munitions classification technologies from the demonstration arena to the production environment has created a new set of data quality control and management needs that are incorporated within existing production geophysical survey protocol to ensure classification work meets DOD requirements. These needs include data quality objectives that verify both instrument functionality and classification quality of the data. To ensure the reliability of classification decisions based on subsequent analysis of survey data, all aspects of the data collection process related to instrument functionality and classification feature quality must be carefully monitored and documented throughout the duration of a production survey. We illustrated recent experience and developments of quality control, data processing, and documentation requirements for production-level classification surveys. These developments include instrument verification strip (IVS) design and installation, sensor calibration procedures, data quality objective certification, data quality control processing flows, and classification decision quality assurance. We also consider the documentation requirements for each step of the classification process and demonstrate how the reliability of classification decisions may be quantified in the form of final project deliverables.