gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Dynamic Information Flow Tracking Games for Detecting Advanced Persistent Threats (2020)

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are stealthy attacks that threaten the security and privacy of sensitive information. Interactions of APTs with victim system introduce information flows that are recorded in the system logs. Dynamic Information Flow Tracking (DIFT) is a promising detection mechanism for detecting APTs. DIFT taints information flows originating at system entities that are susceptible to an attack, tracks the propagation of the tainted flows, and authenticates the tainted flows at certain system components according to a pre-defined security policy. Deployment of DIFT to defend against APTs in cyber systems is limited by the heavy resource and performance overhead associated with DIFT. In this paper, we propose a resource-efficient model for DIFT by incorporating the security costs, false-positives, and false-negatives associated with DIFT. Specifically, we develop a game-theoretic framework and provide an analytical model of DIFT that enables the study of trade-off between resource efficiency and the effectiveness of detection. Our game model is a nonzero-sum, infinite-horizon, average reward stochastic game. Our model incorporates the information asymmetry between players that arises from DIFT's inability to distinguish malicious flows from benign flows and APT's inability to know the locations where DIFT performs a security analysis. Additionally, the game has incomplete information as the transition probabilities (false-positive and false-negative rates) are unknown. We propose a multiple-time scale stochastic approximation algorithm to learn an equilibrium solution of the game. We prove that our algorithm converges to an average reward Nash equilibrium. We evaluate our proposed model and algorithm on a real-world ransomware dataset and validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Insights on Capacitive Interdigitated Electrodes Coated with MOF Thin Films: Humidity and VOCs Sensing as a Case Study (2015)

A prototypical metal-organic framework (MOF), a 2D periodic porous structure based on the assembly of copper ions and benzene dicarboxylate (bdc) ligands (Cu(bdc)·xH2O), was grown successfully as a thin film on interdigitated electrodes (IDEs). IDEs have been used for achieving planar CMOS-compatible low-cost capacitive sensing structures for the detection of humidity and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Accordingly, the resultant IDEs coated with the Cu(bdc)·xH2O thin film was evaluated, for the first time, as a capacitive sensor for gas sensing applications. A fully automated setup, using LabVIEW interfaces to experiment conduction and data acquisition, was developed in order to measure the associated gas sensing performance.
Efficient FPGA Modular Multiplication Implementation (2021)

Barrett's algorithm is the most commonly known method of performing a modular multiplication, which is the core of many modern encryption algorithms such as RSA. Barrett's algorithm requires an accurate quotient estimation which in turn requires accurate multiplications. These multiplications operating on word sizes of thousands of bits are particularly expensive to implement in FPGAs, requiring many hundreds or even thousands of embedded DSP components along with large amounts of logic and routing. In this work we show that approximate quotient estimates as results of aggressive multiplier truncations can significantly reduce implementation cost. The looser modified Barrett's output [0; YM) is reduced to [0; M) using a shallow reduction technique based on table lookups and wide additions, taking advantage of new techniques which have recently been introduced for FPGA. We first use these techniques to develop an improved standard Barrett's implementation for 1024b modular multiplication, followed by our approximate method which reduces logic cost in the LSB truncated multiplier by approximately 10%. The effect is more pronounced for very large word sizes, where our relaxed error bounds in the LSB truncated multiplication can reduce the number of operations by 20%.
Cross-Linking of 17β-Estradiol to Monoclonal Antibodies by Direct UV Irradiation:  Application to an Enzyme Immunometric Assay (1999)

Ultraviolet irradiation was used to cross-link 17 beta-estradiol directly to monoclonal anti-17 beta-estradiol antibodies coated on 96-well microtiter plates. Cross-linking efficiency was directly correlated with both irradiation energy and wave-length. The best results were obtained at 254 (10 J/cm2, 45-min irradiation) and 312 nm (40 J/cm2, 160-min irradiation). The irradiation fully denatured both individual molecules (i.e., 17 beta-estradiol and monoclonal anti-17 beta-estradiol antibody), but 17 beta-estradiol was at least partly protected when immunologically bound to the paratope of the antibody. Four different monoclonal anti-17 beta-estradiol antibodies yielded positive results, demonstrating that this photo-cross-linking has considerable potential. We used this original approach to develop a new enzyme immunometric assay of 17 beta-estradiol based on our previously described immunometric procedure, solid-phase immobilized epitope immunoassay, which uses chemical agents to cross-link haptens via amino groups to specific antibodies. The assay was specific (no cross-reactivity with other natural steroids), precise, and sensitive (detection limit of 38 pg/mL in human serum). It correlated well with two competitive commercial immunoassays when tested on 40 human sera.
Synthesis and Characterization of Complex Framework Material (CFM) Hosts for Li – S Battery (2017)

Great demand for improvements in battery technology has recently been spurred by the rapidly growing personal electronics and electric vehicle industries. The search for high energy density batteries have reached a limit in lithium intercalation electrodes which have a theoretical capacity of ~250 mAh/g 1 . Lithium sulfur batteries are a promising alternative to intercalation chemistry batteries, as a sulfur cathode features a theoretical capacity of 1675 mAh/g 2 . However, the development of lithium sulfur batteries has been impeded by two fundamental issues which are: the low conductivity of sulfur (~10 -15 S/cm) 3 , and the dissolution of polysulfides formed during cycling 4 . While the conductivity issue can be mitigated by incorporating conductive carbon into the cathode, polysulfide dissolution has proven more challenging to address 5 , 6 . The formation and dissolution of polysulfides results in the loss of active material from the cathode which culminates in cell failure. Previous attempts to prevent polysulfide dissolution by embedding sulfur into porous carbon structures have been moderately successful. However, the efficiency of these approaches is limited by a lack of control over porosity. To improve on these carbon structures, sulfur hosts with engineered structures and chemical properties should be developed. In this work, lithium sulfur battery cathodes were created using complex framework materials as sulfur hosts. The cathodes were created by solution phase infiltration of sulfur into complex framework materials synthesized by microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis. the XRD spectrum and SEM image of one of the CFMs is shown in Figure 1. The cathodes demonstrated impressive electrochemical performance with an initial discharge capacity of ~1620 mAh/g which stabilized at 1100 mAh/g after 100 cycles. Acknowledgement: The authors acknowledge the financial support of DOE grant DE-EE 0006825, Edward R. Weidlein Chair Professorship funds and the Center for Complex Engineered Multifunctional Materials (CCEMM). References: 1. F. Bidrawn, S. Lee, J. M. Vohs and R. J. Gorte, Journal of The Electrochemical Society , 2008, 155 , B660-B665. 2. S. S. Zhang, Journal of Power Sources , 2013, 231 , 153-162. 3. V. S. Kolosnitsyn and E. V. Karaseva, Russian Journal of Electrochemistry , 2008, 44 , 506-509. 4. J.-W. Park, K. Ueno, N. Tachikawa, K. Dokko and M. Watanabe, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C , 2013, 117 , 20531-20541. 5. S.-R. Chen, Y.-P. Zhai, G.-L. Xu, Y.-X. Jiang, D.-Y. Zhao, J.-T. Li, L. Huang and S.-G. Sun, Electrochimica Acta , 2011, 56 , 9549-9555. 6. J. Jin, Z. Wen, G. Ma, Y. Lu and K. Rui, Solid State Ionics , 2014, 262 , 170-173. Figure 1
Reappearing primary user detection in FBMC/OQAM cognitive radios (2010)

This paper investigates the problem of detecting the reappearance of a primary user signal during ongoing secondary data transmission. The high frequency containment of filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) waveforms is exploited to construct, in spectrally efficient manner, continuous silent subbands wit
Ultrahigh-resolution full-field optical coherence microscopy using InGaAs camera (2006)

Full-field optical coherence microscopy (FFOCM) is an interferometric technique for obtaining wide-field microscopic images deep within scattering biological samples. FFOCM has primarily been implemented in the 0.8 mum wavelength range with silicon-based cameras, which may limit penetration when imaging human tissue. In this paper, we demonstrate FFOCM at the wavelength range of 0.9 - 1.4 mum, where optical penetration into tissue is presumably greater owing to decreased scattering. Our FFOCM system, comprising a broadband spatially incoherent light source, a Linnik interferometer, and an InGaAs area scan camera, provided a detection sensitivity of 86 dB for a 2 sec imaging time and an axial resolution of 1.9 mum in water. Images of phantoms, tissue samples, and Xenopus Laevis embryos were obtained using InGaAs and silicon camera FFOCM systems, demonstrating enhanced imaging penetration at longer wavelengths.
Size-Dependent Filtration Efficiency of Alternative Facemask Filter Materials (2021)

The use of facemasks is proven to mitigate the spread of the coronavirus and other biological agents that cause disease. Various forms of facemasks, made using different materials, are being used extensively, and it is important to determine their performance characteristics. The size-dependent filtration efficiency and breathing resistance of household sterilization wrap fabrics, and isolation media (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)- and non-ASTM-rated), were measured in filter-holder- and mannequin-in-chamber-based systems, focusing on particles sizes between 20 nm and 2 μm. Double-layer MERV-14 (Minimum Efficiency Reporting Values with rating 14) showed the highest filtration efficiency (94.9-73.3%) amongst household filter media, whereas ASTM-rated isolation masks showed the highest filtration efficiencies (95.6-88.7) amongst all the masks considered. Filtration efficiency of 3D-printed masks with replaceable filter media was found to depend on the degree of sealing around the media holder, which depended on the material's compressibility. Filtration efficiencies of triple-layer combinations (95.8-85.3%) follow a profile similar to single layers but with improved filtration efficiencies.
Magnetic Resonance Dispersion Imaging for Localization of Angiogenesis and Cancer Growth (2014)

A new DCE-MRI method is proposed to characterize the microvascular architecture through the assessment of intravascular dispersion, without the need for separate arterial-input-function estimation. The results are promising and encourage further research.
Smart architecture for home area electrical grid in India (2013)

One of the major problems, which the Indian electrical grid faces, is the lack of an efficient power management scheme. The proposed communication terminology supports the management of power in the home environment. Real time awareness is provided to the customers regarding extra power consumption. In peak power consumption periods, the consumer can chose to incur the financial charges by using all their home appliances or be supported to operate any appliance they wish by switching off some other lower priority appliances. These smart electrical homes also support authorities to control the extra power requirement during peak hours.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Azidation and Amination of 1‐ Alkenylcyclopropyl Esters: A New Route to 2,3‐Methanoamino Acids. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Shoulder Joint Range of Motion Change Research Frozen Shoulder Therapy KTO (Korea Traditional Osteopathy) (2013)

이 연구는 동결견 진단을 받은 환자에 대한 한국전통 정골요법(이하 KTO)을 적용하여 통증완화에 대한 유의성 연구가 진행하였던 환자를 대상으로 통증의 감소가 견관절의 가동범위도 증가하는지를 추가적으로 확인하기 위하여 진행하였다. 대상자는 총 14명으로 구성되어 있으며, 두 개 그룹으로 나누어 7명의 실험군과 7명의 대조군으로 하여 2그룹으로 나누어 연구를 진행하였다. 7명은 KTO를 총 10회 시술하고, 7명은 시술하지 않았다. 견관절의 가동범위의 경우 항목별로 살펴보면 KTO를 적용한 그룹은 가동치의 변화를 살펴보았을 때 굴곡(7.33) 신전(10.00) 외전(8.76) 내전(9.05) 외회전(8.10) 내회전(10.00)의 변화가 나타났다. KTO를 적용하지 않은 그룹의 가동치의 변화를 살펴보았을 때 굴곡(4.67), 신전(7.50), 외전(7.14), 내전(9.14), 외회전(6.59), 내회전(9.31)의 변화가 나타났다. 동결견 환자에게 한국전통정골요법을 적용하면 견관절의 가동범위 증가를 가져올 수 있음을 확인하였다. This study is for patients who are diagnosed with Frozen Shoulder, Korean traditional osteopath (KTO) was applied. The reduction of pain in patients with significant pain relief who studied how to increase the range of motion of the shoulder joint in order to additionally confirm. Consists of a total of 14 subjects, divided into two groups of seven experimental groups and seven control groups was studied. KTO seven patients was performed a total of 10 times seven patients was not performed. Look at each item, if the range of motion of the shoulder joint, The group looked at the changes in the operation value when applying the KTO Flexion (7.33), Extension (10.00), Abduction (8.76), Adduction (9.05), external rotation (8.10), internal rotation (10.00) was changed. The group looked at the changes in the operation value when did not apply the KTO Flexion (7.33), Extension (10.00), Abduction (8.76), Adduction (9.05), external rotation (8.10), internal rotation (10.00) was changed. That you can bring an increase in range of motion of the shoulder Frozen Shoulder Korean traditional osteopathic treatment to patients.
A life prediction scheme for electrolytic capacitors in power converters without current sensor (2010)

Predicting the expected life of switching power supply is essential since unexpected failure of the subsystem can produce enormous loss. Electrolytic capacitor is the weakest among various power components in a power converter. Monitoring the Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) variation of the electrolytic capacitor, achieving by voltage and current ripple, can estimate the converter life. Currently, Hall Effect sensor or others are current sensing options but all of them add series impedance to the capacitor and deteriorate capacitor voltage waveform. A sensor-less current waveform prediction method is proposed. Popular current mode control with the switch current signal is used. Repetitive sampling on the switch current allows capacitors current waveforms prediction without any current sensor at capacitor nodes. Together with the voltage waveform acquired, the ESR value can be calculated.
Evaluation of pathogen specific urinary peptides in tick-borne illnesses (2020)

Mass spectrometry enhanced by nanotechnology can achieve previously unattainable sensitivity for characterizing urinary pathogen-derived peptides. We utilized mass spectrometry enhanced by affinity hydrogel particles (analytical sensitivity = 2.5 pg/mL) to study tick pathogen-specific proteins shed in the urine of patients with (1) erythema migrans rash and acute symptoms, (2) post treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS), and (3) clinical suspicion of tick-borne illnesses (TBI). Targeted pathogens were Borrelia, Babesia, Anaplasma, Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Bartonella, Francisella, Powassan virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Colorado tick fever virus. Specificity was defined by 100% amino acid sequence identity with tick-borne pathogen proteins, evolutionary taxonomic verification for related pathogens, and no identity with human or other organisms. Using a cut off of two pathogen peptides, 9/10 acute Lyme Borreliosis patients resulted positive, while we identified zero false positive in 250 controls. Two or more pathogen peptides were identified in 40% of samples from PTLDS and TBI patients (categories 2 and 3 above, n = 59/148). Collectively, 279 distinct unique tick-borne pathogen derived peptides were identified. The number of pathogen specific peptides was directly correlated with presence or absence of symptoms reported by patients (ordinal regression pseudo-R<sup>2</sup> = 0.392, p = 0.010). Enhanced mass spectrometry is a new tool for studying tick-borne pathogen infections.
Risk Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease Based on Retinal Vascular Caliber (from the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities [ARIC] Study) (2020)

Recent studies show that retinal vascular signs such as quantitative retinal vascular caliber are associated with an increased risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD), but whether these retinal vascular signs add to the prediction of CHD over and above traditional CHD risk factors has not been addressed. We investigated whether these signs add to the prediction of CHD over and above the Framingham risk score amongst people (n=9,155) without diabetes selected from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Incident CHD was ascertained using standardized methods and retinal vascular caliber and other retinal signs were measured from retinal photographs. After a mean of 8.8 years of follow up, there were 700 incident CHD events. Women with wider retinal venular caliber (hazard ratio 1.27 per 1 standard deviation increase [95% confidence interval, 1.08, 1.50]) and narrower retinal arteriolar caliber (1.31 per 1 standard deviation decrease [1.10, 1.56]) had a higher risk of incident CHD after adjusting for the Framingham risk score variables. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve increased from 0.695 to 0.706 (1.7% increase) with the addition of retinal vascular caliber to the Framingham risk model. The risk prediction models with and without the retinal vascular caliber both fitted the data and were well calibrated for women. In men, retinal vascular caliber was not associated with CHD risk after adjustment. Other retinal vascular signs were not associated with 10-year incident CHD in men or women. In conclusion, although retinal vascular caliber independently predicts CHD risk in women, the incremental predictive ability over that of the Framingham model is modest, and unlikely to translate meaningfully into clinical practice.
Enhanced production of heterologous macrolide aglycones by fed-batch cultivation of Streptomyces coelicolor (2002)

A media development program for the enhanced production of macrolide aglycones by Streptomyces coelicolor is described. Shake flask studies utilizing a yeast extract and a bakers' yeast increased production by 200% and 80%, respectively. However, ammonia generation and high pH were identified as potential problems in these enriched media. Studies in pH-controlled fermentors revealed that production stage pH significantly affects macrolide titers, with low pH (5.5) being more productive than high pH (6.5). Implementation of glucose feeding in shake flask cultures reduced ammonia generation and controlled production stage pH, resulting in significantly enhanced productivities. The combined effects of media supplementation and glucose feeding resulted in a three to five-fold overall improvement in total macrolide aglycone titers, and is the first reported high-level (>1 g/l) production of recombinant polyketides in a heterologous host.
Evaluation of exposure dose repeatability in synchrotron radiation lithography (2000)

The stabilization of exposure dose repeatability is one of the key factors in reducing the critical dimension variation in synchrotron radiation lithography. We have evaluated and improved the exposure dose repeatability of the full field exposure system, which employs a cylindrically convex mirror. The beam size spreads with the stored current in the storage ring, which causes the major exposure dose errors. The maximum exposure dose error is evaluated to be ±4.0% according to the ray trace simulation, and it is expected to reduce the error to ±0.6% using exposure time compensation. We have evaluated the improvement of the exposure dose repeatability experimentally by using the stabilized resist process. Critical dimension variations of less than ±2 nm between six wafers exposed over several days were obtained. This result indicates that the practical exposure dose error is almost consistent with the calculated value, having a variation of less than ±1.0%.
Effect of anode buffer layer on the efficiency of inverted quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (2015)

Abstract The impact of anode buffer layers (ABLs) on the performance of CdSe quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QLED) with a ZnO nanoparticle (NP) electron-transport layer and 4,4′-cyclohexylidenebis[ N , N -bis(4-methylphenyl)benzenamine] (TAPC) hole-transport layer was studied. Either MoO 3 or 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN) was used as the ABL. The QLED with a HAT-CN ABL exhibited better luminance performance, while the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and hole-only devices indicated that MoO 3 was a superior hole injector. These results suggest that the QLED with a MoO 3 ABL suffered from a severe charge carrier imbalance. Therefore, electron injection through the ZnO NP layer must be improved to further enhance the QLED performance.
Charge generation mechanism tuned via film morphology in small molecule bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic materials (2020)

Exciton evolution with PC<sub>61</sub>BM loading in small molecule BHJ layers revealed by GIWAXS and ultrafast optical transient absorption spectroscopy.
A generic algorithm for training networks with artificial dendritic trees (2003)

A specialized genetic algorithm for training artificial neural networks which are constructed from artificial dendritic trees and their collection of artificial synapses is described. It is shown that artificial neural networks with dendritic tree structures can be trained by changing their connections to sensory devices, e.g., CCD (charge coupled device) arrays, and connections to other artificial neurons. The number of different connection patterns is a combinational problem which grows factorially as the number of artificial synapses in the network and the number of sensor elements increase. It is shown that a specialized genetic algorithm produces promising results for a simple application using these types of networks. It is found that the crossover operator works well operating on connections rather than bit strings and that an embedded optimizer in place of the mutation operator greatly improves training performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Contraindications in Anteromedial Osteoarthritis (2015)

While it is important to ensure that all the necessary indications are met 1 , it is also important not to apply unnecessary contraindications. Some published lists of supposed contraindications have achieved wide acceptance without having much evidence to support them. We have recently argued with evidence that many of the suggested contraindications are unnecessary.
Supplemental Table 3 from AXL Is a Logical Molecular Target in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplemental Table 3. Fractional cell proliferation analysis for drug combination synergy&lt;/p&gt;