gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
c-Fms and the αvβ3 integrin collaborate during osteoclast differentiation (2003)

β3 integrin–null osteoclasts are dysfunctional, but their numbers are increased in vivo. In vitro, however, the number of β3–/– osteoclasts is reduced because of arrested differentiation. This paradox suggests cytokine regulation of β3–/– osteoclastogenesis differs in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, additional MCSF, but not receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), completely rescues β3–/– osteoclastogenesis. Similarly, activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and expression of c-Fos, both essential for osteoclastogenesis, are attenuated in β3–/– preosteoclasts, but completely restored by additional MCSF. In fact, circulating and bone marrow cell membrane-bound MCSFs are enhanced in β3–/– mice, correlating with the increase in the osteoclast number. To identify components of the MCSF receptor that is critical for osteoclastogenesis in β3–/– cells, we retrovirally transduced authentic osteoclast precursors with chimeric c-Fms constructs containing various cytoplasmic domain mutations. Normalization of osteoclastogenesis and ERK activation, in β3–/– cells, uniquely requires c-Fms tyrosine 697. Finally, like high-dose MCSF, overexpression of c-Fos normalizes the number of β3–/– osteoclasts in vitro, but not their ability to resorb dentin. Thus, while c-Fms and αvβ3 collaborate in the osteoclastogenic process via shared activation of the ERK/c-Fos signaling pathway, the integrin is essential for matrix degradation.
Probing Bilayer Grain Boundaries in Large-Area Graphene with Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (2019)

The bilayer grain boundaries (GBs) in chemical-vapor-deposition-grown large-area graphene are identified using multispectral tip-enhanced Raman imaging with 18 nm spatial resolution. The misorientation angle of the bilayer GBs is determined from a quantitative analysis of the phonon-scattering properties associated with the modified electronic structure.
Inventing America (2000)

America was not discovered, it was invented. Its name was invented; its machines were invented; its way of life was invented. America sprang from the minds of that unlikely breed of people who were able to pack up a few belongings and step into a great unknown. That step into the expanse of a new continent unleashed astonishing creative energy. America was an adventure of the mind. The land seemed to reach into infinity, and minds opened to fill it. The colonists had limited recourse to the European intellectual mainstream. They were poorly equipped, but they were freedom-driven and freedom-shaped. They were free of method and free of tradition. They were free to create a new life. Colonial technology was so molded by the imperative to be free that it is hard to talk about it without being drawn into that infectious drive. You cannot just report it; you have to celebrate it. As I look back at the early episodes of The Engines of Our Ingenuity upon which this chapter is based, it is clear that I too was drawn in. My first impulse in reworking this material for print was to tone it down and mute my enthusiasm. In the end I did not do so. History gives us too few moments with such verve. Why not go back and be the irrepressible child that America itself once was? The need to rediscover the childhood of our nation is great. We are drifting into a new sobriety. It was in my generation that we first lost a war. We no longer take our leadership in productivity for granted. We have found that we have a capacity for failure, and that we do not always emerge as the good guys. We have deconstructed our heroes until they seem to be heroes no more. But they were heroes. Any chapter on colonial technology inevitably yields up the names of Jefferson (no mean inventor himself), Fulton (with his thumb in so many pies), and the towering figure of Benjamin Franklin. These people appear here not because they were the only heroes we had, but because they were true paragons of colonial creativity.
3°and the net generation : Designing for inner circles of friends (2003)

We describe the design and implementation of software codenamed 3 ° that connects a small group of close friends and family, people who know and trust one another, so they can extend real-world social interactions and do fun things together in a whole new way. 3 ° is a beta test of an innovative application based on new networking technology developed by Microsoft.
[D66] TouchMover 2.0 (2014)

Summary form only given. Our actuated immersive 3D display is capable of providing 1D movement and haptic screen force feedback in a single dimension perpendicular to the screen plane, and has an additional capability to render haptic texture cues via vibrotactile actuators attached to the touchscreen. We will demonstrate: 1) touch and feel the 3D contour and 2D texture of a topographic map, and 2) interaction with 3D objects by pushing on the screen with realistic force feedback, and 3) intuitively explore and feel pseudo tissue texture within volumetric data such as medical images (e.g., MRI brain scan).
Characterization of AQX‐1125, a small‐molecule SHIP1 activator (2012)

The SHIP1 activator, AQX-1125, suppresses leukocyte accumulation and inflammatory mediator release in rodent models of pulmonary inflammation and allergy. As shown in the mouse model of LPS-induced lung inflammation, the efficacy of the compound is dependent on the presence of SHIP1. Pharmacological SHIP1 activation may have clinical potential for the treatment of pulmonary inflammatory diseases.
Nab1, a Corepressor of NGFI-A (Egr-1), Contains an Active Transcriptional Repression Domain (1998)

Nab proteins constitute an evolutionarily conserved family of corepressors that specifically interact with and repress transcription mediated by three members of the NGFI-A (Egr-1, Krox24, zif/268) family of immediate-early gene transcription factors, which includes NGFI-C, Krox20, and Egr3. We explored the mechanism of Nab1 repression and identified structural domains required for Nab1 function. Nab1 does not act by blocking DNA binding or nuclear localization of NGFI-A. In fact, Nab1 repression is not unique to NGFI-A because multiple types of non-NGFI-A activation domains were repressed, as was a heterologous transcription factor carrying the NGFI-A R1 domain, which is required for Nab1 interaction. Additionally, Nab1 tethered directly to DNA repressed constitutively active promoters. Tethered repression was not dependent on the identity of the basal promoter elements, the presence of a distal enhancer, or the distance separating the binding sites from the promoter. These results suggest that Nab1 repression is not specific to particular activators and that Nab1 is an active repressor that works by a direct mechanism. We identified a bipartite-like nuclear localization sequence and localized the repression function to the Nab conserved domain 2 (NCD2), a region found in the carboxy-terminal half of all Nab proteins. Three small regions of homology between Nab1 and previously characterized corepressors, Dr1 and E1b 55-kDa protein, were identified within NCD2. Replacement mutagenesis of residues conserved between these proteins interfered with Nab1 repression, although Nab1 does not function by the same mechanism as Dr1. The human NAB1 genomic locus was mapped to chromosome 2q32.3-33.
A Multi-Model Reduction Technique for Optimization of Coupled Structural-Acoustic Problems (2016)

Finite Element models of structural-acoustic coupled systems can become very large for complex structures with multiple connected parts. Optimization of the performance of the structure based on harmonic analysis of the system requires solving the coupled problem iteratively and for several frequencies, which can become highly time consuming. Several modal-based model reduction techniques for structure-acoustic interaction problems have been developed in the literature. The unsymmetric nature of the pressure-displacement formulation of the problem poses the question of how the reduction modal base should be formed, given that the modal vectors are not orthogonal due to the asymmetry of the system matrices. In this paper, a multi-model reduction (MMR) technique for structure-acoustic interaction problems is developed. In MMR, the reduction base is formed with the modal vectors of a family of models that sample the design domain of the optimization parameters. The orthogonalization of the resulting reduction base is therefore a key point in the method. The use of the different reduction approaches found in the literature for developing an efficient and robust MMR technique is investigated. Several methods are compared in terms of accuracy and size of the reduced systems for optimization of simple models.
Antitumor Efficacy of a Monoclonal Antibody That Inhibits the Activity of Cancer-Associated Carbonic Anhydrase XII (2013)

Carbonic anhydrase XII (CA XII) is a membrane-tethered cell surface enzyme that is highly expressed on many human tumor cells. Carbonic anhydrase members in this class of exofacial molecules facilitate tumor metabolism by facilitating CO2 venting and intracellular pH regulation. Accordingly, inhibition of exofacial CAs has been proposed as a general therapeutic strategy to target cancer. The recent characterization of 6A10, the first CA XII-specific inhibitory monoclonal antibody, offered an opportunity to evaluate this strategy with regard to CA XII-mediated catalysis. Using functional assays, we showed that 6A10 inhibited exofacial CA activity in CA XII-expressing cancer cells. 6A10 reduced spheroid growth in vitro under culture conditions where CA XII was active (i.e., alkaline pH) and where its catalytic activity was likely rate-limiting (i.e., restricted extracellular HCO3-supply). These in vitro results argued that the antibody exerted its growth-retarding effect by acting on the catalytic process, rather than on antigen binding per se. Notably, when administered in a mouse xenograft model of human cancer, 6A10 exerted a significant delay on tumor outgrowth. These results corroborate the notion that exofacial CA is critical for cancer cell physiology and they establish the immunotherapeutic efficacy of targeting CA XII using an inhibitory antibody.
Immunotropic and anti-tumor effects of plant adaptogens. II. Oenothera L. (Evening primrose) (2010)

This paper describes some beneficial and also some unwanted effects of evening primrose oil (EPO) feeding on the cells of immune system. Evening primrose oil is a rich source of omega-6 essential fatty acids [γ-linolenic acid (GLA) and linoleic acid (LA)]. Some effects of EPO and essential fatty acids on tumor cells are also described.
Electrophoretic Deposition of Alumina on Conductive Polymer-Coated Ceramic Substrates (2006)

The coating of conductive polypyrrole (Ppy) on nonconductive ceramic substrates was performed by polymerization of pyrrole (Py) in an aqueous solution. The Ppy film was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and conductivity measurements. Electrophoretic deposition of bimodal alumina suspension prepared with a phosphate ester was performed using Ppy film as a cathode. Fabrication of alumina ceramics with irregular shapes or complicated patterns were also attempted by sintering the deposits together with the Ppy coated substrates in air.
Structural Basis for a Switch in Receptor Binding Specificity of Two H5N1 Hemagglutinin Mutants (2015)

Avian H5N1 influenza viruses continue to spread in wild birds and domestic poultry with sporadic infection in humans. Receptor binding specificity changes are a prerequisite for H5N1 viruses and other zoonotic viruses to be transmitted among humans. Previous reported hemagglutinin (HA) mutants from ferret-transmissible H5N1 viruses of A/Vietnam/1203/2004 and A/Indonesia/5/2005 showed slightly increased, but still very weak, binding to human receptors. From mutagenesis and glycan array studies, we previously identified two H5N1 HA mutants that could more effectively switch receptor specificity to human-like α2-6-linked sialosides with avidity comparable to wild-type H5 HA binding to avian-like α2-3-linked sialosides. Here, crystal structures of these two H5 HA mutants free and in complex with human and avian glycan receptor analogs reveal the structural basis for their preferential binding to human receptors. These findings suggest continuous surveillance should be maintained to monitor and assess human-to-human transmission potential of H5N1 viruses.
Measuring ultra-precision freeform surfaces using a hybrid fitting and matching method (2009)

Nowadays, freeform optical components are being used in various applications such as photonics, telecommunications, automotive lighting, etc. However, there is still lack of international standards for characterizing the form error of a freeform surface due to its geometrical complexity. At present, there are generally two main approaches to inspecting the form deviation, the fitting and matching approaches, respectively. However, the fitting approach is inevitably affected by the 'error-eroded' measured data while the matching approach is susceptible to the 'swelling/squeezing' data caused by the measurement instrument. This paper presents a hybrid fitting and matching method (HFMM) which takes the advantages and addresses the shortcomings of both fitting and matching approaches. The HFMM has been verified by a series of measurement experiments. A sample of the freeform surface was measured and characterized by different techniques and the results were compared. It is found that the proposed method performs better than the fitting or matching approach. The successful development of the hybrid fitting and matching method significantly contributes to a potential solution for the standardization of the freeform surface characterization method.
Preserving the documentary structure of source code in language-based transformation tools (2002)

Language-based tools necessarily translate textual source code into grammar-based representations. During translation, tools such as compilers and analyzers are generally free to discard comments and white space, which have no impact on the code's formal meaning. Tools that produce transformed source code for human consumption enjoy no such freedom. Comments and white space are crucial to the comprehensibility and maintainability of source code and thus to its ultimate value. However, it is not always practical or desirable for transformation tools to replicate comments and white space in their entirety. An analysis of the documentary (as opposed to linguistic) structure of source code leads to a practical strategy for preserving its comprehensibility when processed by such tools.
Characterization and analysis of continuous recycle systems: Part II. Cascade (1981)

Abstract A general analysis of a cascade of identical recycle units is presented by means of studying the fluid history inside the system. This is an extension of Part I (Mann et al., 1979) in which a single recycle unit was analyzed. The history of a fluid element is expressed in terms of the number of cycles it completes, the time it resides in the system and the total time it resides in a specific section of the system—all are random variables. Concepts from probability theory and stochastic processes are used to derive the number of cycles distribution (NCD), residence time distribution (RTD) and various total regional residence time distributions (TRRTDs) as well as their means and variances. Expressions for the joint distributions of pairs of these random variables are also derived as well as explicit expressions for their covariances and correlation coefficients. Two applications of the results are illustrated: one in analyzing a continuous spouted‐bed coating unit and the second in using the cascade as a flexible, physically based multi‐parameter flow model.
Rotating DC Homopolar Machines (2011)

DC homopolar machines are based on Faraday’s disk machine demonstrated in 1831. Drum rotor type of machines are being considered for large ratings. Major challenges of such motors are: 1. superconducting field winding; 2. magnetic shielding; 3. drum rotor; 4. brush system. Superconducting DC homopolar motors are the simplest in theory but have many thorny problems. They have a great potential for application as ship drives, contingent on resolution of brush reliability/maintainability issues as well as the complexity associated with generation and management of high DC power levels at low voltage. Another potential application could be as wind turbine generators, which have characteristically of low speeds. Controlled Vocabulary Terms DC generators; DC motors; Direct current homopolar machines; homopolar machines; superconducting coils
Prequential and cross-validated mixture regression estimation (2002)

Prequential model selection and cross-validation are data-driven methodologies for selecting a single "best" model from a collection of competing models. In contrast, we propose prequential and cross-validated mixtures which are suitably weighted combinations of all the rival models under consideration. We empirically study prequential and cross-validated mixtures (both based on neural networks) for regression estimation.
Single cell transcriptomic profiling of tauopathy in a novel 3D neuron-astrocyte coculture model (2022)

ABSTRACT The use of iPSC derived brain organoid models to study neurodegenerative disease has been hampered by a lack of systems that accurately and expeditiously recapitulate pathogenesis in the context of neuron-glial interactions. Here we report development of a system, termed AstTau, which propagates toxic human tau oligomers in iPSC derived neuron-astrocyte spheroids. The AstTau system develops much of the neuronal and astrocytic pathology observed in tauopathies including misfolded, phosphorylated, oligomeric, and fibrillar tau, strong neurodegeneration, and reactive astrogliosis. Single cell transcriptomic profiling combined with immunochemistry characterizes a model system that can more closely recapitulate late-stage changes in adult neurodegeneration. The transcriptomic studies demonstrate striking changes in neuroinflammatory and heat shock protein (HSP) chaperone systems in the disease process. Treatment with the HSP90 inhibitor PU-H71 was used to address the putative dysfunctional HSP chaperone system and produced a strong reduction of pathology and neurodegeneration, highlighting the potential of AstTau as a rapid and reproducible tool for drug discovery.
Patent Update: Potential Therapeutics for the Treatment of Allergic and Gastrointestinal Disorders: Patent Activity July to December 1992 (1993)

(1993). Patent Update: Potential Therapeutics for the Treatment of Allergic and Gastrointestinal Disorders: Patent Activity July to December 1992. Current Opinion on Therapeutic Patents: Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 749-766.
First Use of Ultra-Deep Resistivity 2D Deep Azimuthal Images to Identify Reservoir Sweep in a Mature Waterflood of Al-Shaheen Field (2019)

Summary The Al Shaheen field has been on production for 25 years and is developed using waterflood and ERD wells, some of which are openhole. Production logging Tools are occasionally required to assess waterflood performance, and the implementation of appropriate mitigation steps. Wellbore architecture and offshore facility limitations make conventional production logging challenging. Therefore to identify swept zones or non-conformances an ERD producer and injector, a novel data acquisition plan based on Ultra-deep resistivity LWD measurements and more conventional open hole measurements was designed to overcome these challenges. Ultra-deep directional resistivity measurements recorded in the injector well were used to map the reservoir structure and fluid distribution up to 100 feet above and below from the injector well. In addition to time lapse resistivity logging, a novel 2D deep azimuthal imaging using extended set of ultra-deep directional resistivity measurements with 3D sensitivities were used to identify movement of fluid in horizontal direction towards the producer well. Full 3D modeling of deep directional resistivity responses was performed before the data acquisition to evaluate sensitivities and signatures of invaded fracture swarms of variable fracture density on measurements and real-time interpretation based on 1D inversions. The 2D deep azimuthal imaging using the extended 3D set of ultra-deep directional resistivity measurements provided resistivity maps used to identify the fluid fronts and evaluate movement of fluids in lateral direction and heterogeneities not only above and below but also left and right up to 100ft away from the wellbore. The identified flooded zones were consistent with time-lapse resistivities. The 3D modeling and 1D inversion helped to understand patterns in real-time deep directional resistivity interpretation. Detailed analysis of resistivity responses and original while drilling images confirmed identified fracture swarm zones. Besides overcoming challenges with conventional production logs, the methodology provides a unique 3D view of the reservoir from LWD logs at the scale of inches to 100ft. The case study demonstrates the potential of newly developed deep azimuthal 2D imaging using ultra-deep directional resistivity data to refine the 3D structural interpretation and evaluate the fluid distribution up to 100 feet away from the injector well. This information will be critical to build for the first time consistent 3D interpretation from the wellbore to reservoir scale, calibrating 4D seismic in challenging Middle East carbonates reservoir and bridging the gap between the time-lapse conventional resistivity logs and 4D seismic.
Effects of the levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine device on the immune microenvironment of the human cervix and endometrium (2016)

Hormonal intrauterine device use resulted in both inflammatory and immunosuppressive alterations. Further research is needed to determine the significance of these changes for HIV risk.
Understanding Medical Conversations: Rich Transcription, Confidence Scores &amp; Information Extraction (2021)

In this paper, we describe novel components for extracting clinically relevant information from medical conversations which will be available as Google APIs. We describe a transformer-based Recurrent Neural Network Transducer (RNN-T) model tailored for long-form audio, which can produce rich transcriptions including speaker segmentation, speaker role labeling, punctuation and capitalization. On a representative test set, we compare performance of RNN-T models with different encoders, units and streaming constraints. Our transformer-based streaming model performs at about 20% WER on the ASR task, 6% WDER on the diarization task, 43% SER on periods, 52% SER on commas, 43% SER on question marks and 30% SER on capitalization. Our recognizer is paired with a confidence model that utilizes both acoustic and lexical features from the recognizer. The model performs at about 0.37 NCE. Finally, we describe a RNN-T based tagging model. The performance of the model depends on the ontologies, with F-scores of 0.90 for medications, 0.76 for symptoms, 0.75 for conditions, 0.76 for diagnosis, and 0.61 for treatments. While there is still room for improvement, our results suggest that these models are sufficiently accurate for practical applications.
Measurement of minority carrier diffusion length in p-GaN using electron emission spectroscopy (EES) (2023)

Electron emission spectroscopy was performed on metalorganic chemical vapor deposition grown p-n−-n+ junctions with p-thicknesses ranging from 50 to 300 nm, doped with [Mg] = 3.5 × 1019 cm−3. By measuring the decreasing emitted electron intensity from a cesiated p-GaN surface with increasing p-thickness, we were able to extract the minority carrier diffusion length of electron in p-type GaN, Le = 26 ± 3 nm. The measured value is in good agreement with literature reported values. The extrapolated electron current at the n− region–p-GaN interface is in reasonable agreement with the simulated electron current at the interface.