gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Respecting evidence: belief functions not imprecise probabilities (2022)

Abstract The received model of degrees of belief represents them as probabilities. Over the last half century, many philosophers have been convinced that this model fails because it cannot make room for the idea that an agent’s degrees of belief should respect the available evidence. In its place they have advocated a model that represents degrees of belief using imprecise probabilities (sets of probability functions). This paper presents a model of degrees of belief based on Dempster–Shafer belief functions and then presents arguments for belief functions over imprecise probabilities as a model of evidence-respecting degrees of belief. The arguments cover three kinds of issue: theoretical virtues (simplicity, interpretability and flexibility); motivations; and problem cases (dilation and belief inertia).
Noncontact Wafer Characterization with T-Rays (1996)

Recently, Hu and Nuss [1] demonstrated an imaging system using terahertz transients generated by standard optoelectronic methods. We have used this system to measure spatial inhomogeneities in the doping density of epitaxial GaAs films. The absorption of THz radiation by doped semiconductors is a strong function of the conductivity, and as a result we are able to detect small variations in the level of doping with 250 µm spatial resolution. Such information is not easily obtainable by any other method, and this demonstration could lead to improved quality control in the growth of doped semiconductor wafers.
Studies on modified estrogens: towards the synthesis of novel 14,15-cyclopropa[a]estra-1,3,5(10),8-tetraenes. (2001)

To improve the ratio of non-hormonal to hormonal activity, estrogens 3 and 4 were modified at various molecule positions. Isomerization of the 14 alpha,15 alpha-methylene bridge, controlled 3-methoxy group cleavage with respect to the 14 alpha,15 alpha-methylene bridge stereochemistry, reduction of the 8-double bond, and substitution of the oxyfunctionality at C-17 by a methylene and a difluoromethylene moiety were in the focus. As a result of in vivo and in vitro tests, compounds 27 and 29 were selected as potential follow-up candidates of lead 3.
Latex Particles by Miniemulsion Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (2005)

Polynorbornene latexes were prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization of norbornene (NB) in water carried out in miniemulsion. The ability of both lipophilic or hydrophilic initiators to polymerize NB under miniemulsion conditions has been investigated. With an oil-soluble initiator ((Cy3P)2Cl2RuCHPh) the miniemulsion polymerization of NB resulted in the formation of large and poorly stabilized particles that eventually coagulated. On the contrary, with a water-soluble initiator based on RuCl3 and an alcohol stable particles could be obtained as a result of the miniemulsion polymerization of NB. For each miniemulsion polymerization the role played by ionic and steric stabilizers such as sodium dodecyl sulfate and poly(styrene-b-ethylene oxide), respectively, on both the course of polymerization in miniemulsion and the particle stabilization has been investigated in detail.
Significantly Improved Method for the Pd‐Catalyzed Coupling of Phenols with Aryl Halides: Understanding Ligand Effects (2006)

Eine Vielzahl an Diarylethern war durch die Pd-katalysierte Reaktion von (Hetero)arylhalogeniden mit Phenolen zugänglich. Diese Reaktionen wurden durch den Einsatz zweier neuer Di-tert-butylphosphanylbiaryl-Liganden möglich, die mehrere Einschränkungen bekannter Methoden hinfällig machen. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2006/z601253_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Le département n'est pas insubmersible, même si l'acte deux l'a consolidé... (2007)

Spire est le dépôt institutionnel de la production scientifique de Sciences Po et contient le texte intégral des articles, ouvrages, chapitres d’ouvrages, working papers et communications dans des conférences de la communauté académique de Sciences Po.
Application of a Linear Time Method for Change Point Detection to the Classification of Software (2014)

A computer program's dynamic instruction trace is the sequence of instructions it generates during run-time. This article presents a method for analysing dynamic instruction traces, with an application in malware detection. Instruction traces can be modelled as piecewise homogeneous Markov chains and an exact linear time method is used for detecting change points in the transition probability matrix. The change points divide the instruction trace into segments performing different functions. If segments performing malicious functions can be detected then the software can be classified as malicious. The change point detection method is applied to both a simulated dynamic instruction trace and the dynamic instruction trace generated by a piece of malware.
HIV infection of human regulatory T cells downregulates Foxp3 expression by increasing DNMT3b levels and DNA methylation in the FOXP3 gene (2013)

These findings are pivotal to our understanding of the role of Treg in HIV infection and indicate that regulatory function could be seriously impaired in HIV-infected patients contributing to the immune hyperactivation.
Measurement of the CP -violating phase β inB0→J/ψπ+π−decays and limits on penguin effects (2015)

B 0 J / + -channel for each + -resonant final state using data collected with an integrated luminosity of 3.0 fb -1 in pp collisions using the LHCb detector. The final state with the largest rate, J / 0 (770), is used to measure the CP-violating angle 2 eff to be (41.7 9.6 +2.8 -6.3 ) . This result can be used to limit the size of penguin amplitude contributions to CP violation measurements in, for example,
Kinetic Resolution of 1,2‐Diols through Highly Site‐ and Enantioselective Catalytic Silylation (2007)

Resolved to silylate: A chiral silylation catalyst is used for kinetic resolution of three classes of acyclic 1,2-diols. The catalyst differentiates, with excellent precision, between the two hydroxy groups of a substrate. The majority of the diols, obtained in high enantiomeric purity, cannot be accessed with similar stereochemical purity through catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylation.
Semicrystalline Dihydroxyacetone Copolymers Derived from Glycerol (2012)

The ring-opening polymerization of glycerol-derived six-membered cyclic dimethylacetal dihydroxyacetone carbonate (MeO2DHAC) have been studied both in solution and bulk conditions with organic catalysts. The guanidine 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) was the most active catalyst in solution, whereas the thiourea/sparteine catalytic system displayed the most predictable kinetics. Ring-opening polymerization of MeO2DHAC or copolymerization with ε-caprolactone (CL) in the melt occurred readily with TBD as catalyst to afford random copolymers. Acetal deprotection afforded the polycarbonate poly(dihydroxyactone carbonate) (p(DHAC)) or poly(carbonate ester) copolymers p(DHAC-r-CL). The polycarbonate p(DHAC) is a high-melting thermoplastic with a melting point of 246 °C. The p(DHAC-r-CL) copolymers all displayed semicrystalline behavior as evidenced by DSC and WAXS analysis with Tg and Tm changing as a function of comonomer composition. These new materials could have potential use in biomedical applications or as biomass-derived thermoplastics.
Heaterless 300 A lanthanum hexaboride hollow cathode (2023)

Hollow cathodes used in electric propulsion typically have an external heater to raise the thermionic electron emitter to emission temperatures. Heaterless hollow cathodes that are heated by a Paschen discharge have been historically limited to low discharge currents (<5 A) due to arcing and inefficient heating. A new heaterless technology was previously developed for cathodes up to 50 A, utilizing a refractory metal tube to extend the gas feed line partway into the thermionic insert region. A high voltage (>700 V) Paschen discharge is ignited between the keeper and the tube, which quickly transitions to a lower voltage (<80 V) thermionic discharge from the inner tube surface and heats the thermionic insert by radiation. This "tube-radiator" configuration eliminates arcing and inhibits the long-path-length discharge between the keeper and gas feed tube upstream of the cathode insert that caused inefficient heating in prior designs. This paper describes extending this technology developed for a 50 A cathode to one that is capable of 300 A. The larger cathode uses a 5-mm diameter tantalum tube-radiator and a 6-A, 5-min ignition sequence. Ignition was challenging because the high heating power required (≥300 W) is difficult to maintain with the low voltage (<20 V) keeper discharge that exists prior to igniting the thruster discharge. To achieve self-heating from the lower voltage keeper discharge, the keeper current is raised to 10 A once the LaB<sub>6</sub> insert starts emitting. This work shows that the novel tube-radiator heater is scalable to large cathodes capable of tens of thousands of ignitions.
Oscillations of current filaments inn-GaAs caused by a magnetic field (1998)

Self-organized current-density filaments in $n$-GaAs epitaxial layers with concentric contact geometries have been studied under the influence of a magnetic field. By measuring the photoluminescence spatially and temporally resolved bending of filaments and various types of filament oscillation modes have been observed.
Interfacial charge transport behavior and thermal profiles of vertically oriented graphene‐bridged supercapacitors (Phys. Status Solidi B 6/2017) (2017)

Thermal generation induced by Joule heat is detrimental to the lifetime expectancy of a supercapacitor. Zheng Bo et al. (article no. 1600804) investigated the interfacial charge transport behavior and the thermal profiles of vertically-oriented graphene (VG) bridged supercapacitors, i.e., VGs as the electronic bridges connecting active materials and current collectors. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations, as well as the calculations based on a combination of DFT and non-equilibrium Green's function (DFT-NEGF), are conducted to explore the electronic density of states, electron distributions, formation energies, eigenchannels and electronic transmissions at the solid–solid interfaces of VG bridged supercapacitors. The equivalent series resistance, voltage drop and temperature rise during galvanostatic charging/discharging processes, are measured and compared between the supercapacitors fabricated with and without VG bridges. Results show that the addition of VG bridges can enhance the orbital interactions and the electronic conductivity at the solid–solid interfaces. This further results in the obvious reduction of both the contact resistance and Joule heat generation during the charging/discharging processes.
Differentiation of intestinal spirochaetes by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis and 16S rRNA sequence comparisons (1996)

Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE) analysis and comparisons of nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequences (1416 nucleotide positions) were used to evaluate phylogenetic relationships among Serpulina hyodysenteriae strain B78T, S. innocens strain B256T, Brachyspira aalborgi strain 513AT, and eight uncharacterised strains of swine, avian, and human intestinal spirochaetes. From MEE analysis, nine strains could be assigned to five groups containing other intestinal spirochaetes (genetic distances between groups = 0.6-0.9). Chicken spirochaete strain C1 and B. aalborgi 513AT represented unique electrophoretic types and formed their own MEE groups. Despite MEE differences, the 11 strains had highly similar (96.3-99.9%) 16S rRNA sequences. These findings point out limitations of both MEE analysis and 16S rRNA sequence comparisons when used as solitary techniques for classifying intestinal spirochaetes related to Brachyspira/Serpulina species.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of Thunbergols and α‐ and β‐Cembra‐2,7,11‐triene‐ 4,6‐diols (XI) and (XII). (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Solid-State Solar Simulator (2012)

This paper presents an efficient, low-cost, and versatile LED-based solar simulator intended to produce a well-characterized spectrum for tests of solar cells and other photosensitive devices. Three major design aspects are addressed: LED spectra, power converters for LED drive, and control. The visible light of a standard solar spectrum is simulated using six LED colors. The number of LEDs and their placement for uniformity are addressed. Boost converters under current-mode control are used to achieve reproducible LED brightness through adjustable currents, or equivalent radiant-flux commands. The independent control of the six colors can simulate a range of different light sources and solar spectra. Uniformity tests verify that the system achieves standard spectral uniformity requirements over an area of 100 mm × 100 mm in simulations and 100 mm × 50 mm in experiments. LEDs in the proposed simulator consume less power and reduce the simulator size compared to the available state of the art. The user-friendly interface also allows active control of the simulated spectrum.
Environment design for high quality -- New Kawasaki Steel stainless cold mill plants (1993)

New cold mill and finishing plants for stainless steel were brought into operation in March 1991 at the Chiba works. To keep the plants clean and dustless for high quality, the buildings were made airtight (double doors, windowless building, ventilation by fans with filters) and the process lines were covered with line-covers, so that the dust density is reduced to one-tenth compared with open air. On the other hand, buildings which contain hot equipment including an annealing furnace, are required to be comfortable for operators. The following measures were taken: building ventilation system; cooling units in line-covers; rest room with coolers; chilled air in open working area; and solar energy insulation. Operating results will be presented.
Erratum: Frequent epigenetic inactivation of Wnt antagonist genes in breast cancer (2008)

Correction to: British Journal of Cancer (2008) 98, 1147–1156. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604259 Owing to an error on the part of the authors, the third author of this paper, H Carraway, was originally submitted and subsequently published as ‘H Caraway’. The correct spelling is given in the author list above.
Red-Time Voice Over facket-Switched Neworks (1998)

We discuss the architecture and technical viability of transporting real-time voice over packet-switched networks such as the Internet. The value of integrating voice and data networks onto a common platform is well known. The telephony industry has proposed the ATM standard as a means of upgrading the Internet to provide both real-time and data services. In contrast, voice services may be added to traditional IP networks that were originally designed for data transmission alone. Here, we consider the feasibility and expected qualit of service of audio a plications tures for voice over IP and discuss measured Internet delay and loss characteristics. over IP networks such as the Internet. In particu Y ar, we examine possib P e architec
Broadband Packet Switching Technologies: A Practical Guide to ATM Switches and IP Routers (2001)

From the Publisher:
Complete and comprehensive coverage of packet switching concepts and technologies 
The rapid growth of Internet traffic has spurred a new concentration on IP routers and ATM, MPLS, and optical switches. This book addresses the basics, theory, architectures, and technologies for implementing ATM switches and IP routers. It focuses on the architecture for the next generation of broadband switches and routers and provides detailed treatment of both theoretical and practical topics for professionals and students alike. 
Broadband Packet Switching Technologies is written with engineers and industry researchers in mind. It describes the basic concepts and fundamentals of ATM switches and IP routers, then divides the switches into different categories. In each category, the authors discuss the operations, problems, strengths, and weaknesses of the switches in performance and implementation. Detailed solutions and algorithms are also provided. The authors also extend fundamental packet-switching concepts to wireless and fiber-optic networks. 
Broadband Packet Switching Technologies fills the need for a textbook and reference dedicated to high-speed networking technologies that serves the specific needs of professionals in the telecommunications industry and provides expert material for students in related fields.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Selective C‐Glycosidations: Lewis‐Acid Mediated Reactions of Carbohydrates with Silyl Ketene Acetals. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Subpicosecond time-resolved studies of coherent phonon oscillations in thin-film YBa2Cu3O(6+x) (x less than 0.4) (1991)

The results are reported of the first time-resolved observation of impulsively generated coherent optical phonon oscillations in the semiconducting cuprate compound YBa2Cu3O(6+x ) (x less than 0.4). The oscillations, which were probed through time-resolved transmissivity modulation, had a period of 237 fsec at room temperature, corresponding to a Raman active mode at A(1g) symmetry at 142/cm. No oscillations were observed in the superconducting form of Y-Ba-Cu-O either above or below Tc. The amplitude, frequency, and linewidth of this mode were measured over a temperature range from about 7 K to room temperature.
Modifications of purified glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and other enzymes by a factor of low molecular weight abundant in some leukemic cells. (1976)

Highly purified platelet glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD; D-glucose-6-phosphate:NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49) can be modified in its isoelectric point and its molecular specific activity by extracts of some leukemic granulocytes. The "G6PD modifying factors" are relatively small molecules (molecular weight slightly under 5000), thermostable, dialyzable, and ultrafilterable. These molecules are destroyed by various endo- and exopeptidases and by serine enzymes present in crude extracts of leukocytes and commercial preparations of ribonuclease. The alterations of platelet G6PD due to the "G6PD modifying factors" are stable and not reversible by dialysis or further chromatography. The leukemic extracts which are able to modify G6PD also can modify the electrophoretic mobility and (or) the enzymatic activity of purified leukocyte pyruvate kinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and glucosephosphate isomerase. The chemical nature of such modifications and their relationships with post-translational modifications which occur in leukemic or normal cells are discussed.
The similarity between ventricular pressure-volume relation and muscle force-length relation (1985)

Journal Article The similarity between ventricular pressure-volume relation and muscle force-length relation Get access KIICHI SAGAWA, KIICHI SAGAWA From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21205 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar W LOWELL MAUGHAN, W LOWELL MAUGHAN From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21205 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar DANIEL BURKHOFF, DANIEL BURKHOFF From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21205 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar DAVID YUE DAVID YUE From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21205 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 19, Issue 9, September 1985, Page 523, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/19.9.523 Published: 01 September 1985
Development of Guidelines for Cable Median Barrier Systems in Texas (2009)

Since 2003, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has embarked on an aggressive campaign to install median barriers to prevent cross-median crashes on freeway facilities statewide. In the few years prior to 2003, virtually all fatalities on interstate facilities (96 percent) were the result of cross-median crashes. TxDOT used special safety funding to accelerate projects and decided to primarily implement high-tension cable/wire rope median barrier systems in lieu of concrete so that more roadway miles could be protected. This report documents the development of guidelines for use of cable barrier systems in Texas. The research team performed a comprehensive review of currently available guidance on cable barrier systems. The guidelines review included four broad categories: guidance on barrier selection, guidance on barrier design, guidance on barrier placement, and guidance on general system considerations. The development of guidelines for cable median barrier systems in Texas concentrated on existing information in state DOT design manuals and memorandums, manufacturer product manuals, and completed studies – including the results of the in-service performance evaluation in Texas. The development of consistent and practical guidelines for the use of cable barrier systems is necessary so that TxDOT design, operations and maintenance staff can make sound decisions. Since the use of cable barrier systems is still a relatively new practice in Texas, the guidance is timely because many districts continue to look for sites and funding for implementation. This report is written primarily to convey the cable barrier system guidelines.
Is Combined Anteversion Equally Affected by Acetabular Cup and Femoral Stem Anteversion? (2021)

Cup anteversion, stem anteversion, and stem neck-shaft angle affected the PA position inside the liner and combined anteversion in different ways. Thus, focusing on cup orientation alone when assessing hip motion during different daily activities is inadequate.