gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental analysis and a new model for the high ideality factors in GaN-based diodes (2004)

In this paper, we described the fabrication of GaN based diodes from two different structures , a bulk GaN p-n junction structure and a p-n junction structure incorporating a p-type AlGaN/GaN superlattice. This superlattice structure is included to facilitate ohmic contact formation. We measure the I-V characteristics of the p-n junctions at room temperature. The lower ideality factor to the improved transport characteristics of p-type AlGaN/GaN superlattices are attributed. The temperature dependence of ideality factor is obtained by measuring the I-V characteristics of the GaN p-n juction with the superlattice structure at three different temperatures. In addition, contact become less rectifying at higher temperatures and hence result in more ohmic behavior. This decreases the ideality factor of the metal-semiconductor juction, which in turn reduces the overall ideality factor. This interpretation is in excellent agreement with the theoretical model and the experimental results.
644 Incidence of Venous Thromboembolic Events in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis Treated With Tofacitinib in the Ulcerative Colitis Clinical Development Program (2019)

INTRODUCTION: Tofacitinib is an oral, small molecule JAK inhibitor for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). A safety signal for pulmonary embolism (PE) was seen in the tofacitinib 10 mg twice daily (BID) arm of an FDA post-marketing requirement study in rheumatoid arthritis designed to evaluate the long-term risk of major cardiovascular events and malignancy. Patients (pts) eligible for this ongoing, open-label, safety-endpoint-driven study had to be ≥50 yrs of age, have ≥1 cardiovascular risk factor and be on a stable dose of methotrexate. UC is a known risk factor for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and PE. 1,2 We report the incidence of DVT and PE in the tofacitinib UC clinical program, as of Sep 2018. METHODS: DVT and PE events were evaluated from 4 randomized placebo-controlled studies (Phase [P] 2 and P3 induction studies [NCT00787202; NCT01465763; NCT01458951], 1 maintenance P3 study [NCT01458574]), and an ongoing, open-label, long-term extension (OLE) study (NCT01470612). 3–5 Three cohorts were analyzed: Induction (P2/P3 induction studies), Maintenance (P3 maintenance study), and Overall (pts receiving tofacitinib 5 or 10 mg BID in P2, P3, or OLE studies). Incidence rates (unique pts with events per 100 pt-yrs [PY] of exposure) were evaluated. For Overall Cohort analysis, pts were categorized based on the average daily dose of tofacitinib: predominant dose (PD) tofacitinib 5 mg or 10 mg BID. RESULTS: 1157 pts were evaluated for DVT and PE, with 2404 PY of tofacitinib exposure and up to 6.1 yrs of treatment. In the Induction and Maintenance Cohorts, 2 pts had DVT and 2 had PE; all had received placebo in the study (Table 1). In the Overall Cohort, DVT occurred in 1 pt and PE in 4 pts during the OLE study; all pts had received PD of tofacitinib 10 mg BID. All pts with PE and DVT had risk factors for venous thrombosis (Table 1). CONCLUSION: In this post hoc analysis of pts with UC during tofacitinib exposure, 4 pts had PE and 1 pt had DVT, all of which occurred during the OLE study, in pts treated with PD of tofacitinib 10 mg BID (83% of Overall Cohort pts received a PD of tofacitinib 10 mg BID) with risk factors for venous thrombotic events. This analysis is limited by small sample size and limited drug exposure, and further study is needed.
Modification of Lipase with Poly(4-acryloylmorpholine) Enhances Solubility and Transesterification Activity in Anhydrous Ionic Liquids (2018)

Tuning the molecular interaction between enzymes and their solvent environment through polymer modification can greatly improve activity and thus utility in biocatalytic reactions. In this work, this approach was exploited to enhance the activity of lipase A (LipA) from Bacillus subtilis in anhydrous ionic liquids (ILs), which are highly attractive solvents for biocatalysis. Specifically, we showed that the transesterification activity of LipA in anhydrous 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF<sub>6</sub>]) was improved up to 19-fold via covalently conjugating the enzyme with the IL-soluble polymer poly(4-acryloylmorpholine) (PAcMO). The increase in transesterification activity correlated with an increase in LipA solubility in [BMIM][PF<sub>6</sub>] as well as, notably, the number of conjugated PAcMO repeat units. Light scattering results further showed that the attachment of PAcMO disrupted the aggregation of LipA in aqueous buffer, which was used as a proxy to understand the mechanism of activation of LipA in the IL, where aggregation was more pronounced. Additionally, using static light scattering, the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χ) for the polymer-IL interactions was determined (0.457). The favorable PAcMO-IL interactions presumably compensated for the unfavorable interactions between the enzyme and IL, which resulted in the improvement in dissolution and, in turn, activity due to reduced diffusional limitations. Through rationally considering χ, a similar approach may be used to tune the molecular interaction between other enzymes and ILs with other polymers, which has widespread implications for the enhancement of biocatalysis in ILs.
Osteopontin–CD44v6 Interaction Mediates Calcium Deposition via Phospho-Akt in Valve Interstitial Cells From Patients With Noncalcified Aortic Valve Sclerosis (2014)

Here, we unveil a specific protein-protein association and intracellular signaling mechanisms of osteopontin. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of early VIC activation and calcium deposition in asymptomatic stage of calcific aortic valve disease could open new prospective for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention.
Synthesis, Structure, and Spectroscopic Characterization of [H8−nRh22(CO)35]n−(n= 4, 5) and [H2Rh13(CO)24{Cu(MeCN)}2]−Clusters: Assessment of CV and DPV As Techniques to Circumstantiate the Presence of Elusive Hydride Atoms (2011)

The previously ill-characterized [H(x)Rh(22)(CO)(35)](4-/5-) carbonyl cluster has been obtained as a byproduct of the synthesis of [H(3)Rh(13)(CO)(24)](2-) and effectively separated by metathesis of their sodium salts with [NEt(4)]Cl. Although the yields are modest and never exceed 10-15% (based on Rh), this procedure affords spectroscopically pure [H(3)Rh(22)(CO)(35)](5-) anion. Formation of the latter in mixture with other Rh clusters was also observed by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in the oxidation of [H(2)Rh(13)(CO)(24)](3-) with Cu(2+) salts. The recovery of further amounts of [H(3)Rh(22)(CO)(35)](5-) was hampered by too similar solubility of the salts composing the mixture. Conversely, the reaction in CH(3)CN of [H(2)Rh(13)(CO)(24)](3-) with [Cu(MeCN)(4)](+)[BF(4)](-) leads to the [H(2)Rh(13)(CO)(24){Cu(MeCN)}(2)](-) bimetallic cluster. The X-ray crystal structures of [H(4)Rh(22)(CO)(35)](4-), [H(3)Rh(22)(CO)(35)](5-), and [H(2)Rh(13)(CO)(24){Cu(MeCN)}(2)](-) are reported. From a formal point of view, the metal frame of the former two species can be derived by interpenetration along two orthogonal axes of two moieties displaying the structure of the latter. The availability of [H(8-n)Rh(22)(CO)(35)](n-) salts prompted their detailed chemical, spectroscopic, and electrochemical characterization. The presence of hydride atoms has been directly proved both by ESI-MS and (1)H NMR. Moreover, both [H(4)Rh(22)(CO)(35)](4-) and [H(3)Rh(22)(CO)(35)](5-) undergo distinctive electrochemically reversible redox changes. This allows to assess electrochemical studies as indisputable though circumstantial evidence of the presence of (1)H NMR-silent hydride atoms in isostructural anions of different charge.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURE, MAGNETISM, AND MOESSBAUER SPECTRUM OF THE FIVE‐COORDINATE COMPLEX CHLOROBIS(N‐METHYLBENZOTHIOHYDROXAMATO)IRON(III) (1984)

Abstract Die high‐spin‐Titelverbindung (I) wurde nach bekannter Methode dargestellt.
Homo Faber zwischen Hoffnung und Hybris (2017)

Klimaprobleme mit technischen Eingriffen in das Erdsystem lösen – diesen Ansatz haben diverse Geoengineering-Technologien gemeinsam. Weil Emissionssenkung und Klimaanpassung bisher nicht ausreichend umgesetzt wurden, könnte Geoengineering eine letzte Hoffnung sein. Oder ein weiterer Schritt in Richtung Hybris und menschliche Selbstzerstörung.
Diffraction-limited Nd:glass and alexandrite lasers using graded reflectivity mirror unstable resonators (1991)

A high reflectivity, graded reflectivity mirror (GRM) design has been recently developed for use in low-gain lasers. A GRM with 63% central reflectivity was used as an output coupler in a low magnification (M equals 1.4) unstable resonator Nd:Glass laser to obtain a Q-switched energy of 2 J in a 25 ns pulse and over 3.7 J in fixed-Q operation. The beam has a diffraction limited divergence of 0.15 mrad. In an Alexandrite laser, a GRM having a central reflectivity of 78% was used in a M equals 1.2 unstable resonator. A fixed-Q output energy of over 500 mJ and a Q-switched energy of 400 mJ was obtained in a diffraction-limited beam. The second harmonic output was increased by a factor of ten from that obtained with a multimode stable resonator.
Enhanced Capabilities of the NASA Langley Thermal Acoustic Fatigue Apparatus (1997)

This paper presents newly enhanced acoustic capabilities of the Thermal Acoustic Fatigue Apparatus at the NASA Langley Research Center. The facility is a progressive wave tube used for sonic fatigue testing of aerospace structures. Acoustic measurements for each of the six facility configurations are shown and comparisons with projected performance are made.
Over 31 nm Wavelength-Switched Pulse Generation From a Fiber Ring Laser with a Fabry–Perot Laser Diode (2004)

An actively mode-locked fiber ring laser for generating wavelength-switched optical pulses is demonstrated in this paper. A Fabry–Perot laser diode (FP-LD) is used as a modulator, and a tunable filter is used as a wavelength selector. At a fixed modulation frequency, the optical side-mode-suppression-ratio (SMSR) of this fiber laser is better than 40 dB over the wavelength-switched range of 31 nm. The pulsewidth is between 41.72 ps and 44.74 ps.
Stateful distributed interposition (2004)

Interposition-based system enhancements for multitiered servers are difficult to build because important system context is typically lost at application and machine boundaries. For example, resource quotas and user identities do not propagate easily between cooperating services that execute on different hosts or that communicate with each other via intermediary services. Application-transparent system enhancement is difficult to achieve when such context information is obscured by complex service interaction patterns. We propose a basic mechanism for sharing contextual information across the tiers of multitier computations to support system enhancement for multitier servers and applications.This article introduces generic, cluster-wide context as a new, configurable abstraction for the OS. System administrator- or application-specified context tracking rules determine how context is associated with system processes, sockets, messages, how it is relayed along the interapplication communication channels, and how it is to be interpreted by system interpositions, thus realizing Stateful Distributed Interposition.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 Differentially Regulates the Transcriptional Activity of the Glucocorticoid Receptor through Phosphorylation: Clinical Implications for the Nervous System Response to Glucocorticoids and Stress (2007)

Glucocorticoids, major end effectors of the stress response, play an essential role in the homeostasis of the central nervous system and influence diverse functions of neuronal cells. We found that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), which plays important roles in the morphogenesis and functions of the nervous system and whose aberrant activation is associated with development of neurodegenerative disorders, interacted with the ligand-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) through its activator p35 or its active proteolytic fragment p25. CDK5 phosphorylated GR at multiple serines, including Ser203 and Ser211 of its N-terminal domain, and suppressed the transcriptional activity of this receptor on glucocorticoid-responsive promoters by attenuating attraction of transcriptional cofactors to DNA. In microarray analyses using rat cortical neuronal cells, the CDK5 inhibitor roscovitine differentially regulated the transcriptional activity of the GR on more than 90% of the endogenous glucocorticoid-responsive genes tested. Thus, CDK5 exerts some of its biological activities in neuronal cells through the GR, dynamically modulating GR transcriptional activity in a target promoter-dependent fashion.
Liquid hot water pretreatment of Arundo Donax: a comparison between batch and a flow-through systems (2014)

Lignocellulosic biomass is a valuable alternative raw material to partially substitute oil as both energy&#13;\nand chemical source. For example, polysaccharide constituents of lignocellulosic materials,&#13;\nhemicellulose and cellulose, can be hydrolytically depolymerized using acid catalysts or enzymes,&#13;\nwhile residual lignin can be used as a source of aromatic building blocks.&#13;\nThe kinetic severity of the hydrolysis process can be adjusted to maximize alternatively the yields in&#13;\nfermentable sugars (bioethanol-way) or in chemicals such as furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, levulinic&#13;\nacid. It is well known that, before performing the main hydrolysis step, a pretreatment stage of the matrix is necessary to cleave the bonds between&#13;\nhemicellulose, cellulose and lignin and to start breaking some of the polysaccharide chains. Liquid hot water (LHW) can be used for the pretreatment of biomass, without adding any acid to the system, thus avoiding the need of any subsequent neutralization step.&#13;\nIn order to move toward industrial scale plant for production of energy and bulk chemicals from&#13;\nbiomasses, continuous systems are desirable. An intermediate step toward the design of a continuous&#13;\nlayout is constituted by semi-continuous processes.&#13;\nIn this study, we have performed the LHW pretreatment of Arundo Donax (giant reed) in two different&#13;\nsystems: a microwave (MW)-assisted batch reactor, where high heating rate can be achieved leading&#13;\nrapidly the system at the operative conditions of the pretreatment, and a fast heating flow-through&#13;\nlayout in which the flow rate of the process water stream can be tuned. The achieved&#13;\nresults highlight that in the microwave (MW)-assisted batch reactor good hemicelluloses solubilization,&#13;\nlittle sugar degradation and insignificant lignin and cellulose fractionation can be obtained by&#13;\noptimizing reaction temperature and time and that in the flow-through system high biomass conversion&#13;\nas well as very limited formation of degradation products can be obtained by adjusting the flow rate of&#13;\nthe treatment water.
Nonfunctionality of Aspergillus sojae aflR in a Strain of Aspergillus parasiticus with a Disrupted aflR Gene (2002)

Aspergillus sojae belongs to the Aspergillus section Flavi but does not produce aflatoxins. The functionality of the A. sojae aflR gene (aflRs) was examined by transforming it into an DeltaaflR strain of A. parasiticus, derived from a nitrate-nonutilizing, versicolorin A (VERA)-accumulating strain. The A. parasiticus aflR gene (aflRp) transformants produced VERA, but the aflRs transformants did not. Even when aflRs was placed under the control of the amylase gene (amyB) promoter of Aspergillus oryzae, the amy(p)::aflRs transformants did not produce VERA. A chimeric construct containing the aflRs promoter plus the aflRs N- and aflRp C-terminal coding regions could restore VERA production, but a construct containing the aflRp promoter plus the aflRp N- and aflRs C-terminal coding regions could not. These results show that the A. sojae aflR promoter is functional in A. parasiticus and that the HAHA motif does not affect the function of the resulting hybrid AflR. We conclude that the lack of aflatoxin production by A. sojae can be attributed, at least partially, to the premature termination defect in aflRs, which deletes the C-terminal transcription activation domain that is critical for the expression of aflatoxin biosynthetic genes.
Gene Dose–Dependent Maturation and Receptor Editing of B Cells Expressing Immunoglobulin (Ig)g1 or Igm/Igg1 Tail Antigen Receptors (2000)

Conserved differences between the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of membrane immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG may alter the function of antigen receptors on naive versus memory B cells. Here, we compare the ability of these domains to signal B cell allelic exclusion and maturation in transgenic mice. A lysozyme-binding antibody was expressed in parallel sets of mice as IgM, IgG1, or a chimeric receptor with IgM extracellular domains and transmembrane/cytoplasmic domains of IgG1. Like IgM, the IgG1 or chimeric IgM/G receptors triggered heavy chain allelic exclusion and supported development of mature CD21(+) B cells. Many of the IgG or IgM/G B cells became CD21(high) and downregulated their IgG and IgM/G receptors spontaneously, resembling memory B cells and B cells with mutations that exaggerate B cell antigen receptor signaling. Unlike IgM-transgenic mice, "edited" B cells that carry non-hen egg lysozyme binding receptors preferentially accumulated in IgG and IgM/G mice. This was most extreme in lines with the highest transgene copy number and diminished in variant offspring with fewer copies. The sensitivity of B cell maturation to transgene copy number conferred by the IgG transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains may explain the diverse phenotypes found in other IgG-transgenic mouse strains and may reflect exaggerated signaling.
Steroid Sex Hormones, Sex Hormone–Binding Globulin, and Diabetes Incidence in the Diabetes Prevention Program. (2015)

Context: Steroid sex hormones and SHBG may modify metabolism and diabetes risk, with implications for sex-specific diabetes risk and effects of prevention interventions. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationships of steroid sex hormones, SHBG and SHBG single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with diabetes risk factors and with progression to diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). Design and Setting: This was a secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized clinical trial involving 27 U.S. academic institutions. Participants: The study included 2898 DPP participants: 969 men, 948 premenopausal women not taking exogenous sex hormones, 550 postmenopausal women not taking exogenous sex hormones, and 431 postmenopausal women taking exogenous sex hormones. Interventions: Participants were randomized to receive intensive lifestyle intervention, metformin, or placebo. Main Outcomes: Associations of steroid sex hormones, SHBG, and SHBG SNPs with glycemia and diabetes risk factors, and with...
Applying deep convolutional neural network with 3D reality mesh model for water tank crack detection and evaluation (2020)

Water tanks have been built for decades and likely deteriorated over time. To ensure its integrity, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) e.g. drones with cameras are used for inspecting the elevated tanks and the images are collected for detecting defects such as cracks. To automatically detect and segment the defect in images, Mask Regional Convolutional Neural Network (Mask-RCNN) the latest convolution neural network model is trained with the real-world infrastructure inspection images. The trained model has been applied to crack detection and segmentation for a water tower of 50 meters height and storage of 500 m3. The images are used to construct a 3D mesh model by photogrammetry technology. The 3D model with annotated cracks enables intuitive visualization and quantitative assessment of 1704 detected cracks, which are evaluated in range of 2 mm to 10 mm wide with total crack length of 77.6 m and total crack area of 0.28 m2.
Photonic crystal slot waveguide for high sensitivity on-chip near-infrared optical absorption spectroscopy of xylene in water (2011)

We experimentally demonstrate a 300&mu;m long silicon photonic crystal slot waveguide for on-chip near-infrared absorption spectroscopy. Based on the Beer-Lambert absorption law, our device combines slow light in photonic crystal waveguide with high electric field intensity in low-index 75nm wide slot, which effectively increases the optical absorption path length of the analyte. We demonstrate near-infrared absorption spectroscopy of xylene in water, independent of near-infrared absorption signatures of water, with a hydrophobic PDMS sensing phase that extracts xylene from water. Xylene concentrations up to 100ppb (parts per billion) (86&mu;g/L) in water were measured.
Robust Retrieval Augmented Generation for Zero-shot Slot Filling (2021)

Automatically inducing high quality knowledge graphs from a given collection of documents still remains a challenging problem in AI. One way to make headway for this problem is through advancements in a related task known as slot filling. In this task, given an entity query in form of [ENTITY, SLOT, ?], a system is asked to 'fill' the slot by generating or extracting the missing value exploiting evidence extracted from relevant passage(s) in the given document collection. The recent works in the field try to solve this task in an end-to-end fashion using retrieval-based language models. In this paper, we present a novel approach to zero-shot slot filling that extends dense passage retrieval with hard negatives and robust training procedures for retrieval augmented generation models. Our model reports large improvements on both T-REx and zsRE slot filling datasets, improving both passage retrieval and slot value generation, and ranking at the top-1 position in the KILT leaderboard. Moreover, we demonstrate the robustness of our system showing its domain adaptation capability on a new variant of the TACRED dataset for slot filling, through a combination of zero/few-shot learning. We release the source code and pre-trained models 1 .
Jetting of Reactive Materials for Additive Manufacturing of Nylon Parts (2009)

The first stages in the research of a radically new digital fabrication process of nylon parts are presented in this paper. The fabrication process is based on additive layer manufacturing where two reacting mixtures are deposited via printing onto a moving surface. At elevated temperature, each layer is expected to start a reaction to polymerize nylon 6. The jetability of the mixtures consisting of caprolactam, catalyst and activator were investigated to find appropriate range of stable jetting parameters. Droplet formation characteristics were studied for the deposition stage. By overcoming the challenges in jetting and deposition of the reactive mixtures, this digital fabrication process could compete with the conventional casting and injection molding processes as it benefits from both rapid and tool-free aspects of additive manufacturing and high resolution and multi-material deposition of printing technology.
Synthesis of Carbon-3-Substituted 1,5,9-Triazacyclododecanes, RNA Cleavage Agents Suitable for Oligonucleotide Tethering (1998)

Two derivatives of 1,5,9-triazacyclododecane bearing an alkylamino tether group at carbon-3 (7 and 13) were synthesized. The first of them, 7, was prepared starting from diethyl 2-(2-cyanoethyl)malonate and the second one, 13, from glycerol. In both cases, the cyclization reaction was performed by allowing the corresponding ditosylates (5 and 12) to react with TBD. The guanidinium salts formed were reduced in situ to the orthoamides (6 and 12), acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of which yielded the title compounds. The suitability of the azacrowns prepared for oligonucleotide tethering is also demonstrated.