gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MICROVOLUMETRIC RESPIROMETRY (1952)

When the Arctic Research Laboratory at Point Barrow, Alaska, was ready for use in 1947, it was late autumn. Frost could set in at any time and render unavailable precious material for our projected respiratory studies. This situation brought about an acute need for many more micro than the dozen we had, and prompted the construction of simple, plastic drilled in blocks of lucite. Standard specimen vials attached by rubber stoppers were used as respiration and compensating vessels and tuberculin syringes for the measurements of the oxygen consumption (Scholander, 1950). In a few days our Eskimo friends made enough new to fill our needs. A micro model was similarly constructed and both sizes proved eminently useful on a wide variety of animal and plant material. A model for tissue respiration was designed using standard Warburg vessels. Wennesland (1949) at the same laboratory modified this design to contain an internal rod chamber. The present are a further development of the Barrow respirometers which are all based on the volumetric principle introduced by Winterstein (1912, 1913). In the volumetric system, the pressure is maintained constant, and the volume changes are*read directly. The principle involved can be stated as follows: The pressure of the respiration chamber is balanced against a compensating chamber through a manometer. As gas is absorbed or evolved, it is exactly compensated for by a volumetric device so as to maintain pressure balance with the compensating chamber. The change in gas volume is measured directly on the volumetric device. The volumetric system offers some conspicuous advantages. The volume changes are read directly as such, and are independent of the gas volume of the apparatus. The only calibrated part is the compensating device (piston 375
Biological significance of measurable androgen levels in the rat ventral prostate following castration (1987)

Within 12 hr after castration, there is a dramatic drop in the serum testosterone (T) levels to approximately 1.3% of the intact value (2.5 +/- 0.8 ng/ml). By 1 day following castration, the serum T levels are approximately 3.3% of the intact control level. In contrast, serum 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels decrease to only 50% of the intact value within 12 hr postcastration and remain at a value greater than 50% of the intact control level even following long-term castration for up to 20 weeks. Following castration, tissue T and DHT concentrations in rat ventral prostate (RVP) exhibited a similar sequence of changes. Within 12 hr after castration, there is a substantial decrease in T to 27% and DHT to 20% of their intact values; after a further transient decrease during the subsequent 7 days, these levels remain constant with RVP at approximately 40% for T and 20% for DHT of the intact control levels even following long-term castration. Thus castration induces only a partial withdrawal of the tissue androgens. The low but measurable androgen levels in RVP of castrated host are of adrenal origin, since following surgical adrenalectomy these remaining androgen levels become undetectable. Thus castration plus adrenalectomy produces a complete androgen withdrawal within the RVP. To determine the biological significance of the measurable androgen levels remaining following castration, the RVP cell number and the rate of prostatic DNA synthesis were compared in RVP following castration alone (ie, partial androgen withdrawal) or castration combined with surgical adrenalectomy (ie, complete androgen withdrawal). These results demonstrated that complete elimination of the remaining androgens in the RVP of long-term castrates, by means of surgical adrenalectomy, did not induce any further reduction in either of these prostatic growth parameters. Therefore, in the rat, DHT must be decreased to a critical threshold but does not have to be completely eliminated to decrease maximally androgen effect on the prostate.
Methacrylic Stereoblock Copolymers via the Combination of Catalytic Chain Transfer and Anionic Polymerization (2011)

A novel synthetic pathway toward stereoblock copolymers by combining catalytic chain transfer polymerization with anionic polymerization is described. Catalytic chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) has been used to synthesize vinyl-terminated polymers, which, after the Michael addition of α-lithioisopropyl isobutyrate, were used as macroinitiators for the anionic polymerization of methacrylate-type monomers. The resultant polymer consists of a predominantly atactic block (originating from the free radical polymerization) and a more isotactoid or syndiotactoid block (originating from the anionic polymerization).
Plastic instabilities in glassy polymers (1994)

In this study it is suggested that the initiation of localized deformation zones in glassy polymers, like crazes or shear bands, is releted to the spcciIic flow properties of these materials, where small stress fluctuations lead to large local sfain rate differences. This view is supported by a stress optical study on polycarbonate, showing dcvclopment of inhomogeneous deformation below the yield point. Morcovcr, it is shown for a commercial grade of polystyrene that the strEi.n rate dependence of crlae initiation is equivalent to thst of yielding, indicating that both processes originate from the same molecular mechanisrn.
A Comparison of Sanitation Systems for Fresh-cut Mango (2005)

A comparison of sanitizers for fresh-cut mango ( Mangifera indica cv. Keitt) was made. Mangos were obtained from a farm in Homestead, Fla., and stored at 15 °C until processed. Before cutting, fruit were dipped in solutions of either sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (200 ppm) or peroxyacetic acid (100 ppm). The cut pieces were dipped in acidified sodium chlorite (NaClO 2 ) (200 ppm, pH 2.6) or dilute peroxyacetic acid (50 ppm) for 30 seconds. Resulting cut slices were placed in polystyrene clamshell food containers and stored at 5 °C for 21 days. Samples in the clamshells were tested for changes in microbial stability and for quality parameters every 7 days. Results showed that even though the fruit slices were sanitized after cutting, cut fruit microbial populations were related to the method of whole fruit sanitation. After 15-21 days in storage at 5 °C, cut slices from whole fruit sanitized with peroxyacetic acid that were subsequently treated with dilute peroxyacetic acid or acidified NaClO 2 had less contamination [&lt;1 colony-forming unit (cfu) per gram] than samples cut from whole fruit sanitized with NaOCl (&lt;1000 to 3700 cfu/g). These data demonstrate that the method of whole fruit sanitation plays a role in determining the cleanliness of the cut fruit. These sanitizer systems (peroxyacetic acid on whole fruit followed by peroxyacetic acid or acidified NaClO 2 on cut slices) effectively reduced microbial growth and kept microbial counts low on cut fruit surfaces for 21 days when compared to cut fruit slices from NaOCl-treated whole fruit.
Engineered complex molecular order in liquid crystals towards unusual optics and responsive mechanics (2013)

Defects in liquid crystals have been studied over decades to disclose information and knowledge on the structure of LC phases. More recently, LC defects have been identified as a tool to implement new physical functions useful in optical films for polarization conversion or mechanical actuators able to adopt novel exotic shapes. In the present paper we describe a general methodology to engineer different defect patterns by combining the use of linear photopolymerizable polymers and liquid crystals.
Latent Tuberculosis Infection (2002)

A 44-year-old man who recently immigrated from Peru is found to have induration of 16 mm on a tuberculin skin test. He received bacille Calmette–Guérin vaccine as an infant and is asymptomatic. Chest radiography shows fibronodular opacities in the upper lobe. In another case, a 27-year-old schoolteacher born in the United States has induration of 17 mm on a tuberculin skin test, no symptoms, and a normal chest radiograph. How should these patients' cases be managed?
Energy transfer from high-power E-beam to dense plasma at the GOL-3-II facility (2000)

Results of the experiments at the modified GOL-3-II facility are presented. High-power electron beam (1MeV, 30kA, 8 µs) with the total energy content of up to 200 kJ heats the dense plasma in foilless regime in 12-m open trap with partly corrugated magnetic field. Stability of the beam-plasma system and improvement of plasma energy confinement are discussed.
Correction: Corrigendum: Fault-tolerant quantum computation with a soft-decision decoder for error correction and detection by teleportation (2015)

Fault-tolerant quantum computation with quantum error-correcting codes has been considerably developed over the past decade. However, there are still difficult issues, particularly on the resource requirement. For further improvement of fault-tolerant quantum computation, here we propose a soft-decision decoder for quantum error correction and detection by teleportation. This decoder can achieve almost optimal performance for the depolarizing channel. Applying this decoder to Knill's C4/C6 scheme for fault-tolerant quantum computation, which is one of the best schemes so far and relies heavily on error correction and detection by teleportation, we dramatically improve its performance. This leads to substantial reduction of resources.
Extending Two-Element Capacitance Extraction Method Toward Ultraleaky Gate Oxides Using a Short-Channel Length (2004)

This letter demonstrates that the conventional two-element lumped model can provide valid capacitance-voltage (C-V ) characteristics for gate oxides with large tunneling current, if the gate length is reduced. The two-element models generally suffer from severe distortion of C-V due to tunneling current, resulting in poor oxide thickness extraction. The distortion can be suppressed using high frequencies in series model or using short gate lengths in parallel model. Considering instrument limits and manufacturability, however, the parallel model is more desirable. The distortion can be completely suppressed up to 10/sup 4/ A/cm/sup 2/ of tunneling current, using gate lengths shorter than 0.2 /spl mu/m in parallel model.
CCD-based thermoreflectance microscopy: principles and applications (2009)

CCD-based thermoreflectance microscopy has emerged as a high resolution, non-contact imaging technique for thermal profiling and performance and reliability analysis of numerous electronic and optoelectronic devices at the micro-scale. This thermography technique, which is based on measuring the relative change in reflectivity of the device surface as a function of change in temperature, provides high-resolution thermal images that are useful for hot spot detection and failure analysis, mapping of temperature distribution, measurement of thermal transient, optical characterization of photonic devices and measurement of thermal conductivity in thin films. In this paper we review the basic physical principle behind thermoreflectance as a thermography tool, discuss the experimental setup, resolutions achieved, signal processing procedures and calibration techniques, and review the current applications of CCD-based thermoreflectance microscopy in various devices.
Comparative Evaluation of Y-Inverter against Three-Phase Two-Stage Buck-Boost DC-AC Converter Systems (2018)

Modern motor drives feature output filtering capability in order to protect the motor from high converter output voltage du/dt rates and provide a sinusoidal current to the machine in order to minimize the rotor losses. The incorporation of such motor drive into a fuel-cell (FC) application is challenging since the power electronics converter has to cope with the power dependent variation of the FC voltage. In this paper three candidate converter concepts are comparatively evaluated i.e. a voltage source inverter with front-end DC-DC boost converter (boost VSI), a current source inverter with front-end DC-DC buck converter (buck CSI), and the recently proposed buck-boost Y-inverter topology. In a first step, the three implementations are assessed based on fundamental scaling laws, i.e. the semiconductor losses and/or the required chip area and the inductive components volume, which constitute a major part of the total system losses and volume, are analytically derived. In a second step, the exact performance of the different motor drive solutions in terms of efficiency η and power density ρ is quantified by means of a comprehensive multi-objective optimization. The optimization results reasonably mach the scaling-laws approach and hence further verify the practical value of the analytic calculations. Both the scaling-laws based analysis and the accurate optimization indicate a clear power density advantage in favor of the Y-inverter.
Adaptive training using structured transforms (2004)

Adaptive training is an important approach to training speech recognition systems on found, non-homogeneous data. The standard approach employs a single transform to represent unwanted acoustic variability. However, for found data there are commonly multiple acoustic factors affecting the speech signal. The paper investigates the use of multiple forms of transformations, structured transforms (ST), to represent the complex non-speech variabilities in an adaptive training framework. Two forms of transformation are considered, cluster mean interpolation and constrained MLLR; consequently, the canonical model here is a multi-cluster HMM model. Both ML and minimum phone error (MPE) reestimation formulae for the canonical model, are presented. This multi-cluster MPE training is also applicable to eigenvoice systems. Experiments to compare ST to standard adaptive training schemes were performed on a conversational telephone speech task. ST were found to reduce the word error rate significantly.
DUBMMSM'12 (2012)

Massive amounts of data are being generated on social media sites, such as Twitter and Facebook. This data can be used to better understand people, such as their personality traits, perceptions, and preferences, and predict their behavior. This deeper understanding of users and their behaviors can benefit a wide range of intelligent applications, such as advertising, social recommender systems, and personalized knowledge management. These applications will also benefit individual users themselves by optimizing their experiences across a wide variety of domains, such as retail, healthcare, and education. Since mining and understanding user behavior from social media often requires interdisciplinary effort, including machine learning, text mining, human-computer interaction, and social science, our workshop aims to bring together researchers and practitioners from multiple fields to discuss the creation of deeper models of individual users by mining the content that they publish and the social networking behavior that they exhibit.
Automation in Microreactor Systems (2013)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Automation System Automated Optimization with HPLC Sampling Automated Multi-Trajectory Optimization Kinetic Model Discrimination and Parameter Fitting Conclusions and Outlook References
Dynamic clustering for max-min fairness with joint processing CoMP (2016)

We consider dynamic base station (BS) clustering and beamformer design for coordinated multipoint transmission with joint processing (JP). We formulate the problem for joint BS clustering and beamformer design to maximize the minimum rate among all the users. The max-min rate problem is formulated from the perspective of sparse optimization framework, where the sparsity is induced by penalizing the joint beamformer vector density. The problem is non-convex, therefore, we propose a novel application of the successive second order cone programming (SSOCP) approach for the joint processing and clustering problem. Numerical examples demonstrate that the serving set sizes in the network can be greatly reduced which in turn lessen the backhaul burden without significant impact on the achievable rate by properly selecting a single parameter in the problem.
Semiautomated DNA probe mapping using digital imaging microscopy: II. System performance (1995)

This paper describes an evaluation of a semiautomated, multicolor image-analysis system to map cloned probes along metaphase chromosomes. Mapping with this system consists of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for probe localization, automatic acquisition of multicolor images showing total chromosomal DNA and probe location(s), and automatic determination of the fractional locations of the probes along the chromosomes relative to the short arm telomere (FLpter). The system was evaluated by mapping ten phage and ten cosmid probes previously mapped to chromosome 3 with other procedures. The standard deviations of FLpter measurements averaged 3.4 Mb and 2.6 Mb for phage and cosmid probes, respectively. With this variation, the order of two probes mapped in separate hybridizations could be determined with 95% confidence when their separation was greater than 2.5 Mb. In all cases, the probe locations and order were consistent with previous mapping data. FLpter values were converted to band locations using measurements of the band locations made using digital imaging microscopy. This proved superior to conversions made using ISCN ideograms.
Menthofuran regulates essential oil biosynthesis in peppermint by controlling a downstream monoterpene reductase (2003)

(+)-Pulegone is a central intermediate in the biosynthesis of (-)-menthol, the most significant component of peppermint essential oil. Depending on environmental conditions, this branch point metabolite may be reduced to (-)-menthone en route to menthol, by pulegone reductase (PR), or oxidized to (+)-menthofuran, by menthofuran synthase (MFS). To elucidate regulation of pulegone metabolism, we modified the expression of mfs under control of the CaMV 35S promoter in transformed peppermint plants. Overexpression and cosuppression of mfs resulted in the respective increase or decrease in the production of menthofuran, indicating that the control of MFS resides primarily at the level of transcription. Significantly, in both WT peppermint as well as in all transformed plants, the flux of (+)-pulegone through PR correlated negatively with the essential oil content of menthofuran, such that menthofuran, and pulegone increased, or decreased, in concert. These results suggested that menthofuran itself might influence the reduction of pulegone. Although (+)-menthofuran did not inhibit (+)-PR activity, stem feeding with menthofuran selectively decreased pr transcript levels in immature leaves, thereby accounting for decreased reductase activity and increased pulegone content. These data demonstrate that the metabolic fate of (+)-pulegone is controlled through transcriptional regulation of mfs and that menthofuran, either directly or indirectly, influences this process by down-regulating transcription from pr and/or decreasing pr message stability. The ability to reduce both menthofuran and pulegone levels is of commercial significance in improving essential oil quality; however, the physiological rationale for such complex regulation is presently unclear.
Surface Modification of Polymers with Self-Assembled Molecular Structures:  Multitechnique Surface Characterization (2000)

A simple, one-step procedure for generating ordered, crystalline methylene chains on polymeric surfaces via urethane linkages was developed. The reaction of dodecyl isocyanate with surface hydroxyl functional groups, catalyzed by dibutyltin dilaurate, formed a predominantly all-trans, crystalline structure on a cross-linked poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) substrate. Allophanate side-branching reactions were not observed. Both X-ray photoelectron spectrocopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry show that the surface reaction reached saturation after 30 min at 60 degrees C. Unpolarized Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection showed that, after 30 min, the stretching frequencies, vCH2,asym and vCH2,sym, decreased and approached 2920 and 2850 cm-1, indicative of a crystalline phase. The distance between two hydroxyl groups is roughly 4 A. A tilt angle of 33.5 degrees +/- 2.4 degrees was estimated by dichoric ratios measured in polarized ATR according to the two-phase and Harrick thin film approximations. The findings reported here are significant in that the possibilities for using structures similar to self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are expanded beyond the rigid gold and silicon surfaces used through most of the literature. Thus, SAMs, biomimetics for ordered lipid cell wall structures, can be applied to real-world biomedical polymers to modify biological interactions. The terminal groups of the SAM-like structure can be further functionalized with biomolecules or antibodies to develop surface-based diagnostics, biosensors, or biomaterials.
Canadian Registry of Implantable Electronic Device Outcomes (2016)

The Riata lead under advisory has a steady electrical failure rate over time. There are identifiable predictors of lead failure that can assist with clinical decisions as to whether lead revision should be performed prophylactically.
Thermo-reversible gelation of liquid crystals using di-benzylidene-D-sorbitol (2000)

Mechanically stable thermo-reversible gels of the liquid-crystal LC-E7 with 1,3:2,4-Di-O-benzylidene-D-sorbitol (DBS) form white light-scattering films that are reversibly switchable to a clear state by AC electric fields. It is established that the light-scattering nature of DBS/LC-E7 gels is an intrinsic material property that originates from the occurence of a monotectic-type point (“mesotectic”) at very low DBS-concentration in the phase diagram of the DBS/LC-E7 system.
Provably Secure Untraceable Electronic Cash against Insider Attacks (2007)

Although a great deal of research has been done on electronic cash schemes with blind multisignatures to prevent an insider attack, there is no discussion of a formal security model in the literature. Firstly we discussed the security model of e-cash schemes based on the blind multisignature scheme against a (restricted) attack model and proposed a concrete scheme proven to be secure in the model [1]; however, this attack model disallows an attacker from corrupting an issuing bank and shops in the forgery game. In this paper, first, we reconsider the security model to remove the restriction of the attack model. Second, we propose a new untraceable e-cash scheme with a blind multisignature scheme and prove that the proposed scheme is secure against the (non-restricted) attacks under the DDH assumption in the random oracle model.
Equidensitometry by coherent optical filtering (1976)

A new and simple method has been developed for fabrication of multilevel halftone screens that have proved useful for generation of equidensity contours by means of coherent optical filtering. Up to ten contours of constant brightness have been generated on a picture by coherent optical filtering of a single halftone copy of that picture. The possible application of this method to optical analog-to-digital conversion using a single halftone photograph is discussed.
Analysis and optimization of outputs of high power microwave tubes (2006)

The subject of this work is optimization of outputs of L-band high power microwave tubes. These outputs are constructed as coaxial-to-waveguide transitions with a vacuum barrier in a form of glass or ceramic cup. The goal of optimization is to obtain sufficiently low reflection loss in the predefined frequency band and to avoid so called hot spots caused by excessive dissipation of microwave power in parts of the cup. Electromagnetic simulator has been applied to model the behavior of the optimized transition and to propose its optimum shape. The proposed solutions were verified by Z.E.Lamina in prototypes of high power (pulsed 600 kW) amplitrons and are to be used in manufacturing practice.