gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Group IV Light Sources to Enable the Convergence of Photonics and Electronics (2014)

Group IV lasers are expected to revolutionize chip-to-chip optical communications in terms of cost, scalability, yield, and compatibility to the existing infrastructure of silicon industries for mass production. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art developments of silicon and germanium light sources towards monolithic integration. Quantum confinement of electrons and holes in nano-structures has been the primary route for light emission from silicon, and we can use advanced silicon technologies using top-down patterning processes to fabricate these nano-structures, including fin-type vertical multiple quantum wells. Moreover, the electromagnetic environment can also be manipulated in a photonic crystal nano-cavity to enhance the efficiency of light extraction and emission by the Purcell effect. Germanium is also widely investigated as an active material in Group IV photonics, and novel epitaxial growth technologies are being developed to make a high quality germanium layer on a silicon substrate. To develop a practical germanium laser, various technologies are employed for tensile-stress engineering and high electron doping to compensate the indirect valleys in the conduction band. These challenges are aiming to contribute towards the convergence of electronics and photonics on a silicon chip.
Safety of Pedicle Screws and Spinal Instrumentation for Pediatric Patients (2014)

Pedicle screws can be used for infantile or juvenile patients, although complication rates associated with pedicle screws tended to be slightly higher in the younger groups.
Macromol. Rapid Commun. 8/2008 (2008)

Cover: During the past ten years, a number of researchers have described multistep methods for preparing thin polymer films on hydrogen‐terminated silicon. To the best of our knowledge we now show the first one‐step method (shown on the cover) for polymer thin film growth on this important substrate. This procedure involves the thermal decomposition of a radical initiator, which is believed to abstract hydrogen from the silicon surface. The resulting silicon radicals then appear to react with monomers in solution. Thicker polymer films are obtained by addition of a bifunctional monomer. Further details can be found in the article by R. B. Blake, L. Pei, L. Yang, M. V. Lee, H. J. Conley, R. C. Davis, N. Shirahata, and M. R. Linford * on page 638.
Quantification of Subcellular Molecules in Tissue Microarray (2010)

Quantifying expression levels of proteins with sub cellular resolution is critical to many applications ranging from biomarker discovery to treatment planning. In this paper, we present a fully automated method and a new metric that quantifies the expression of target proteins in immunohisto-chemically stained tissue microarray (TMA) samples. The proposed metric is superior to existing intensity or ratio-based methods. We compared performance with the majority decision of a group of 19 observers scoring estrogen receptor (ER) status, achieving a detection rate of 96% with 90% specificity. The presented methods will accelerate the processes of biomarker discovery and transitioning of biomarkers from research bench to clinical utility.
RAKE receiver finger assignment for ultra-wideband radio (2003)

In this paper, finger estimation for RAKE reception in ultrawideband (UWB) radio is considered. The effects of pulse shaping and pulse position modulation (PPM) for the performance of finger estimation, and for the BER performance of the RAKE receiver are evaluated. New algorithms for finger assignment are developed. The proposed algorithms use different selection criteria for assigning the RAKE fingers. The performance of the proposed algorithms and new selection criteria are evaluated through computer simulations. Significant gains are observed compared to the conventional finger assignment algorithms.
Biomechanics of Lateral Interbody Spacers: Going Wider for Going Stiffer (2012)

This study investigates the biomechanical stability of a large interbody spacer inserted by a lateral approach and compares the biomechanical differences with the more conventional transforaminal interbody fusion (TLIF), with and without supplemental pedicle screw (PS) fixation. Twenty-four L2-L3 functional spinal units (FSUs) were tested with three interbody cage options: (i) 18 mm XLIF cage, (ii) 26 mm XLIF cage, and (iii) 11 mm TLIF cage. Each spacer was tested without supplemental fixation, and with unilateral and bilateral PS fixation. Specimens were subjected to multidirectional nondestructive flexibility tests to 7.5 N·m. The range of motion (ROM) differences were first examined within the same group (per cage) using repeated-measures ANOVA, and then compared between cage groups. The 26 mm XLIF cage provided greater stability than the 18 mm XLIF cage with unilateral PS and 11 mm TLIF cage with bilateral PS. The 18 mm XLIF cage with unilateral PS provided greater stability than the 11 mm TLIF cage with bilateral PS. This study suggests that wider lateral spacers are biomechanically stable and offer the option to be used with less or even no supplemental fixation for interbody lumbar fusion.
Intravenous Injection of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Plasmid/Liposome Complexes (MnSOD-PL) Protects the Bone Marrow from Irradiation Damage. (2006)

Abstract Radioprotection of tissues including lung, esophagus, oral cavity and bladder has been demonstrated by local administration of MnSOD-PL. One potential use of the MnSOD-PL is protection of bone marrow as well as other tissues against total body irradiation (TBI) perhaps applicable for first responders who enter areas of high irradiation. To determine if systemically delivered MnSOD-PL protects bone marrow from TBI, groups of C57BL/6NHsd mice were injected intravenously with MnSOD-PL (100 μg of plasmid DNA in 100 ul volume) and irradiated 24 hrs later to 9, 9.5 or 9.75 Gy whole body irradiation. The mice were followed for bone marrow failure. Mice injected with MnSOD-PL showed improved survival at all irradiation doses. After 9 Gy TBI, 93% of the mice injected with MnSOD-PL survived past day 30 compared to 80% of control irradiated mice. At 9.5 Gy, 87% of the MnSOD-PL treated survived past day 30 compared to 53% of control irradiated mice (p = 0.0402). Following 9.75 Gy, the control irradiated mice had a median survival of 16 days with 12.5% survival at 30 days compared to 75% of the MnSOD-PL treated mice (p = 0.0016). To determine the efficiency of marrow transfection mice were injected with a plasmid containing the HA (hemagglutinin) epitoped tagged MnSOD transgene. The marrow was harvested 24 hr later, cytospun, and immunohistochemically stained for HA. The bone marrow demonstrated that 22.1 ± 3.7% of the bone marrow cells expressed HA-MnSOD protein. The results demonstrate that systemically delivered MnSOD-PL protects against TBI induced murine bone marrow damage and improves survival.
Encapsulant materials systems for flip‐chip‐on‐board assemblies: addressing manufacturing issues (1998)

Encapsulant materials for flip‐chip‐on‐board (FCOB) were developed to address issues that have been observed during assembly of consumer electronic products on a high volume manufacturing FCOB/SMT line. The viscosity, surface tension, and filler particle sizes of several encapsulants were studied in an attempt to correlate these properties to their recorded underfill times and to observe their flow properties under the gap. Materials characterization studies were performed to determine their glass transition temperatures (Tg), tensile elastic and loss moduli (E′ and E′′), coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE), and apparent strengths of adhesion (ASA). In addition, reliability tests were conducted, and several promising materials were identified. The ASA of the encapsulant to the die passivation and the printed circuit board (PCB) is critical to the robustness of the assembly. Studies were conducted to observe the ASA as a function of FCOB assembly conditioning prior to underfilling and the degradation of the ASA as a function of humidity exposure. The ASA of the FCOB encapsulants was highest when the assembly was “baked‐out” prior to underfilling. Conditioning the assemblies for 24 hours at 23°C/85 per cent RH, to simulate the “worse case” factory environment, reduced the ASA. The ASA was also reduced when the “baked‐out” assemblies were placed in the 85°C/85 per cent RH chamber after underfilling. Although the ASA was decreased when the boards were not “baked‐out”, the reliability performance was not affected during air to air temperature cycling (AATC). A new class of low stress encapsulant materials systems were developed to reduce the stress state of the backside of the die. Studies showed that for specific materials compositions, the stress was proportional to the glass transition temperature of the encapsulant. In addition, it was observed that the stress state was a function of humidity, temperature, and time. FCOB assemblies were built with several low stress encapsulants and placed in reliability testing and they performed as well as assemblies underfilled with the qualified encapsulant.
Transient effects on stimulated Brillouin scattering (1992)

We present a detailed comparison of theory and experiment for transient stimulated Brillouin scattering for a pump pulse with Gaussian temporal profile. A new approach for measuring Brillouin linewidths is demon-strated, and an unexplained asymmetry is observed.
Genetic Variance in the Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 (ATXN2) Gene in Children with Severe Early Onset Obesity (2009)

Although we did not identify variants leading to novel amino acid substitutions, nonsense or frameshift mutations, this study warrants further examination of variation in the ATXN2 gene in obesity and related phenotypes in a larger case-control study with emphasis on rs695872 and CAG repeat structure.
Molecular characterization of apoptosis induced by CARF silencing in human cancer cells (2011)

Collaborator of ARF (CARF) was cloned as an ARF-interacting protein and shown to regulate the p53–p21WAF1–HDM2 pathway, which is central to tumor suppression via senescence and apoptosis. We had previously reported that CARF inhibition in cancer cells led to polyploidy and caspase-dependent apoptosis, however, the mechanisms governing this phenomenon remained unknown. Thus, we examined various cell death and survival pathways including the mitochondrial stress, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)–ATR, Ras–MAP kinase and retinoblastoma cascades. We found that CARF is a pleiotropic regulator with widespread effects; its suppression affected all investigated pathways. Most remarkably, it protected the cells against genotoxicity; CARF knockdown elicited DNA damage response as evidenced by increased levels of phosphorylated ATM and γH2AX, leading to induction of mitotic arrest and eventual apoptosis. We also show that the CARF-silencing-induced apoptosis in vitro translates to in vivo. In a human tumor xenograft mouse model, treatment of developing tumors with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against CARF via an adenovirus carrier induced complete suppression of tumor growth, suggesting that CARF shRNA is a strong candidate for an anticancer reagent. We demonstrate that CARF has a vital role in genome preservation and tumor suppression and CARF siRNA is an effective novel cancer therapeutic agent.
Near-infrared enhanced position-sensitive avalanche photodiodes (2008)

A laser processing method was used to microstructure the surface of position-sensitive silicon avalanche photodiodes (PSAPDs) and enhance their near-infrared response. Following laser microstructuring and high-temperature annealing, experiments were performed on PSAPDs to determine their performance at 1064 nm. As a result of this processing method, we fabricated APDs with quantum efficiencies as high as 58% at 1064 nm. The enhanced near-infrared response has now been realized in both lateral effect and quadrant-type PSAPDs without altering their electronic noise, avalanche gain or position resolution. A near-infrared-enhanced PSAPD module with temperature control and position output was assembled and tested.
Evidence for impact ionisation in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with InGaN back-barrier (2011)

Electroluminescence (EL) spectroscopy in combination with drift-diffusion simulations was used to prove the presence of impact ionisation in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs illustrated on InGaN back-barrier devices. Regardless of the level of gate leakage current, which is dominated by contributions such as surface leakage current and others, EL enabled the revealing of hole generation due to impact ionisation. Hole currents as low as 10pA were detectable by the optical technique used.
Use of supercritical CO2 as a dispersing agent in the preparation of a polymer‐layered silicate nanocomposite (2015)

The usefulness of supercritical CO 2 (scCO 2 ) in the processing of thermoplastic olefin (TPO) nanocomposites was investigated using a simple extensional flow mixing device. An organoclay (Cloisite ® 20A), a maleated polypropylene (Polybond ® 3200), and a TPO polymer were selected for this study. The three components were combined in different manners to evaluate how scCO 2 influenced the microstructure of a final nanocomposite prepared by different mixing orders of the formulation components. The organoclay was examined in its as‐supplied state as well as after being conditioned under scCO 2 . Analyses of the nanocomposites by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and parallel plate rheology techniques showed that inclusion of scCO 2 during melt compounding significantly contributed to disrupting the crystalline order in the structure of the original organoclay. However, the order by which the formulation components are combined under scCO 2 was important to clay dispersion. It was shown that making use of the proper combination order led to an improvement in the modulus of the resulting nanocomposites as measured by rheology. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:987–995, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Inhibition of Phospholipase C-γ1 Activation Blocks Glioma Cell Motility and Invasion of Fetal Rat Brain Aggregates (1999)

These results support a key role for PLC-gamma activation as a common postreceptor pathway for GF-induced tumor infiltration and further identify PLC-gamma1 as a possible target for anti-invasive therapy for GBMs.
Measuring the Impact of Pineapple Juice on Quantitative Liver MRI Metrics cT1, Iron and PDFF at 1.5T and 3T (2023)

Pineapple juice (PJ) is used in Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography to suppress gastrointestinal tract signals. To explore how PJ affects multiparametric liver MRI, 30 participants underwent scans before and after ingesting PJ. Image data were analysed with LiverMultiScan (yielding iron corrected T1 (cT1), iron, and PDFF) and statistically compared. The changes post PJ administration were statistically significant for cT1 at both 1.5T and 3T but not for iron and PDFF. However, the repeatability analysis indicates the post PJ administration cT1 changes were smaller than the repeatability limits of agreement, suggesting that PJ has neglect-able clinical effect on multiparametric liver MRI.
A Glycoform of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) as an Early Biomarker of Exposure to Nonhuman Substances (2012)

Abstract : We have identified an immunoglobulin G (IgG) subset that transiently exists in rabbits and mice following the introduction of various nonself antigens. This previously unrecognized IgG was named primebody because it appears to be involved in priming the humoral immune response rather than in neutralizing immunogens. Primebody was initially identified by its ability to bind the Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL) while still in its native conformation, in contrast to serum IgGs that bind AAL poorly, unless denatured. For both animals inoculated with three different immunogens, serum levels of primebody that were investigated with an AAL-antibody microarray assay reached peak levels 5 to 16 days post-inoculation. However, the immunogen-specific IgG levels peaked much later, between 21 to 60 days post-inoculation. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed 22 different primebody glycoisoforms in rabbits, all of which were under-galactosylated IgG (G0 and G1) with core fucose on its constant region N-glycan. We hypothesized that the immunoglobulin constant region heavy chain 2 (CH2) domain of primebody adopts an open conformation that allows AAL complete access to its glycans, in contrast with the usual closed conformation adopted by immunoglobulin CH2 domains, which are known to deny all glycan access.
Metabolic Flux between Unsaturated and Saturated Fatty Acids Is Controlled by the FabA:FabB Ratio in the Fully Reconstituted Fatty Acid Biosynthetic Pathway of Escherichia coli (2013)

The entire fatty acid biosynthetic pathway of Escherichia coli, starting from the acetyl-CoA carboxylase, has been reconstituted in vitro from 14 purified protein components. Radiotracer analysis verified stoichiometric conversion of acetyl-CoA and NAD(P)H to the free fatty acid product, allowing implementation of a facile spectrophotometric assay for kinetic analysis of this multienzyme system. At steady state, a maximal turnover rate of 0.5 s(-1) was achieved. Under optimal turnover conditions, the predominant products were C16 and C18 saturated as well as monounsaturated fatty acids. The reconstituted system allowed us to quantitatively interrogate the factors that influence metabolic flux toward unsaturated versus saturated fatty acids. In particular, the concentrations of the dehydratase FabA and the β-ketoacyl synthase FabB were found to be crucial for controlling this property. Via changes in these variables, the percentage of unsaturated fatty acid produced could be adjusted between 10 and 50% without significantly affecting the maximal turnover rate of the pathway. Our reconstituted system provides a powerful tool for understanding and engineering rate-limiting and regulatory steps in this complex and practically significant metabolic pathway.
A 136-GHz Dynamic Divider in SiGe Technology (2009)

A dynamic divide-by-2 circuit is presented. The frequency divider operates from 74 GHz up to at least 136 GHz, limited by the available input power. A balun is included on chip to convert the single-ended input signal to differential, while maintaining input sensitivity better than 0 dBm over the entire frequency range. The divider core has a low power consumption of 72.6 mW from -3.3 V and is implemented in a 210-GHz- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> SiGe bipolar technology.
Notice of Removal: Subwavelength far-field ultrasound targeted drug-delivery (2017)

Removed.
I/O in Parallel and Distributed Systems (1998)

One is scientific computing with massive datasets, such as those found in seismic processing, climate modeling, and so forth [dC94]. The second is databases [DG92]. The I/O bottleneck continues to be a serious concern for scientific computing, particularly Grand Challenge problems, where it is now commonly recognized as an obstacle. Many scientific applications generate 1 GB of I/O per run [dC94], and applications performing an order of magnitude more are not uncommon: applications in computational physics and fluid dynamics are projected to require I/O on the order of 1 TB [dC94]. It seems clear that these total I/O requirements will keep increasing as scientists continue to study phenomena at larger space and time scales, and at finer space and time resolutions. Since the response time that humans can tolerate for obtaining computational results--- no matter how comprehensive and detailed--- is always bounded, the I/O rates required will continue to increase also. Thus while curre
Histologic evaluation of suture material loaded with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on acute rotator cuff repair in an ovine model (2011)

Background This report evaluates the effect of a suture loaded with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on acute rotator cuff healing in an ovine model. Methods Binding and release kinetics of bFGF on a hydroxyapatite coated Orthocord suture were tested in vitro. Ten mature female sheep were used and divided into two treatment groups in the in vivo study. In each of the 10 sheep, an infraspinatus tendon in one randomly selected shoulder was detached and then re-attached either by an Orthocord suture loaded with bFGF or a suture only (n=5/treatment). All sheep were euthanized at 6 weeks after surgery. Both operated and nonoperated shoulders were histologically evaluated. Results The in vitro study demonstrated that the bFGF was efficiently loaded on hydroxyapatite-coated Orthocord, and over 70% of the loaded bFGF remained on the suture after five passages through the infraspinatus tendon. Approximately 20–25% of the initially loaded bFGF was released in a sustained manner during a 6-week timeframe in vitro. In the in vivo study, the infraspinatus tendons for each group were significantly different from each other (P<0.0001) with the bFGF group (mean±SD, 1.6±0.1 cm) significantly thicker than the non-bFGF loaded group (1.0±0.1 cm) (P<0.0001), and both were thicker than the nonoperated controls (0.6±0.07 cm) (P<0.0001). Conclusions The technique using a suture material loaded with bFGF demonstrated that the diameter of the healed tendon increased. Histologic improvement of the healed tendon was not demonstrated in the current study. Clinical Relevance bFGF loaded on suture material may have a beneficial effect on tendon repair.
Detection of Bot Infected PC Using Destination-based IP Address and Domain Name Whitelists (2011)

As a bot communicates with a malicious controller over a normal communication or an encrypted channel and updates its code frequently, it becomes difficult to detect an infected personal computer (PC) using a signature-based intrusion detection system (IDS) and an antivirus system (AV). As sending control and attack packets from the bot process are independent of the user operation, a behavior monitor is effective in detecting an anomaly communication. In this paper, we propose a bot detection technique that checks outbound packets with destination-based whitelists. If any outbound packets during the non-operating duration do not match the whitelists, the PC is considered to be infected by the bot. The whitelists are a set of legitimate IP addresses (IPs) and/or domain names (DNs). We implement the proposal system as a host-based detector and evaluate false negative (FN) and false positive (FP) performance.
Redox-Responsive Chiral Dopant for Quick Electrochemical Color Modulation of Cholesteric Liquid Crystal (2018)

Here, we report the first redox-active chiral dopant <sup>Fc</sup>D, which electrically alters its helical twisting power (HTP) for a cholesteric liquid crystalline (LC) medium and quickly changes the reflection color. <sup>Fc</sup>D is composed of an axially chiral binaphthyl unit in conjunction with a redox-active ferrocene unit. A cholesteric LC phase of 4'-pentyloxy-4-cyanobiphenyl, doped with <sup>Fc</sup>D (3.0 mol %), developed a blue reflection color. When nitrosyl tetrafluoroborate, a one-electron oxidant, was added to this cholesteric LC phase, <sup>Fc</sup>D was oxidized to decrease its original HTP value by 13%, so that a green reflection color was developed. In the presence of a supporting electrolyte, the reflection color was electrochemically modulated using a sandwich-type glass cell with indium tin oxide electrodes. In quick response to the applied voltage of +1.5 V, the reflection color changed from blue to green within 0.4 s. When 0 V was applied, the reflection color returned to its original blue color. The <sup>Fc</sup>D-doped cholesteric LC is characterized by its fastest electrochemical response and lowest operating voltage among those reported for electrically driven cholesteric LC devices.