gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study of Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Using Nitrogen-Containing Synthesis Gas at Different Pressures of Synthesis (2021)

The effect of the dilution of a synthesis gas with nitrogen on the activity, selectivity and productivity of a Fischer–Tropsch reactor with a fixed bed of granular catalyst during synthesis on a pilot plant of a full cycle for the conversion of natural gas into synthetic oil is studied experimentally. Experimental data are presented that were obtained at different contents of nitrogen in the synthesis gas: up to 2, 50, and 70%. Analysis of the experimental data shows that diluting the synthesis gas contributes to an increase in the selectivity to C5+, and a decrease in the selectivity to methane. A drop in the reactor’s productivity observed upon the dilution of synthesis gas can be compensated for by increasing the consumption of synthesis gas. The negative effect of decrease in the pressure of FT synthesis from 2 to 1.5 and 1.0 MPa on the catalytic FT synthesis performed on a twice-diluted synthesis gas at a synthesis gas space velocity of 4000 h–1 is demonstrated.
An Overview of Practicability and Application of 300M Steel in the Face of Stress Corrosion Cracking Issue (2020)

The paper highlights 300M steel as an engineering material that is commonly used in special applications where fracture toughness, ductility, and ultra-high strength in the 2000-2070MPa range is required such as aircraft landing gear, airframe parts, undercarriage components, gears, shafts, and bolts. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is recapitulated as the drawback of the steel in its service applications. The aim of the paper is to call attention to the SCC problem and highlight the pros and cons of the existing alleviation methods for better appreciation of the way forward. The overview indicates interminable positive research inputs in alleviating SCC of the steel in its service applications by; use of coatings, heat and surface-treatments, inducement of surface compressive stresses, design techniques, and cathodic protection. It is however seen that SCC alleviation of the steel has not yet reached ideal level due to some impracticability and cost implications in using the SCC control methods in many cases, and no better alternative material has been found for the steel. Only few research inputs on the numerous environmental types that the steel can be in service contact with are found in the literatures for its SCC alleviation. Improving practicability and versatility of the existing SCC alleviation methods and optimization of SCC-susceptibility test information of the steel from much larger number of the environmental types and their various levels of combinations are deemed needful towards ideal SCC alleviation of the steel
Investigating the Dearomative Rearrangement of Biaryl Phosphine-Ligated Pd(II) Complexes (2012)

A series of monoligated L·PdII(Ar)X complexes (L = dialkyl biaryl phosphine) have been prepared and studied in an effort to better understand an unusual dearomative rearrangement previously documented in these systems. Experimental and theoretical evidence suggest a concerted process involving the unprecedented PdII-mediated insertion of an aryl group into an unactivated arene.
Interactive Webtool for Tempospatial Data and Visual Audio Analysis (2018)

To solve VAST Mini Challenge 1, we build an interactive visualization tool that allows hypothesis testing and exploratory analysis of the data. The tool contains different visualizations for metadata and audio data analysis. To analyze the recorded bird calls, we trained a Gradient Boosting-classifier to distinguish different bird species. Our tool integrates these results and visualizes them in combination with additional data allowing the user to get context information and confirm the results.
Energy-efficient message authentication for IEEE 802.15.4-based wireless sensor networks (2014)

The number of wirelessly connected devices is expected to increase to a few tens of billions by the year 2020. Newer generations of products and applications will sharpen demands for ultra-low energy consuming wireless devices. Various techniques for energy saving based on Discontinuous Reception (DRX) are known. However, DRX is vulnerable to unauthorized or fake trigger requests by malicious adversaries aiming to drain a device's battery. Existing message authentication methods can identify spoofed messages, but they require the reception of a complete message before its authenticity can be verified. In this paper, we present a method which inserts authentication checkpoints at several positions within a message. This enables a device to identify that a message is unauthorized and turn its radio receiver off as soon as the first checkpoint fails. The presented method has a low complexity with respect to the computational and memory resources and does not slow down the receiver. It can maintain the packet format prescribed by the IEEE 802.15.4 specification, which provides for backward compatibility. Finally, it incorporates authentication checkpoints at the MAC layer, which allows nodes that do not employ the presented method to participate in the communication.
The on-line synthesis of enzyme functionalized silica nanoparticles in a microfluidic reactor using polyethylenimine polymer and R5 peptide (2008)

A simple microfluidic reactor system is described for the effective synthesis of enzyme functionalized nanoparticles which offers many advantages over batch reactions, including excellent enzyme efficiencies. Better control of the process parameters in the microfluidic reactor system over batch based methodology enables the production of silica nanoparticles with the optimum size for efficient enzyme immobilization with long-term stability. The synthetic approach is demonstrated with glucose oxidase (GOD) and two different nucleation catalysts of similar molecular mass: the natural R5 peptide, and polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer. Near-quantitative immobilization of GOD in the nanoparticles is obtained using PEI; the immobilization is attributed to electrostatic interaction between PEI and GOD. This interaction, however, limits the mobility of the immobilized enzyme, producing orientation hindrance of the enzyme's active sites as compared to free GOD in solution. In contrast, when the GOD is immobilized inside the silica nanoparticles using R5, lower enzyme immobilization efficiencies are obtained compared to using PEI polymers; however, similar Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters (i.e. Michaelis constant and turnover number) to those of free GOD are observed. Reactions were monitored in situ using simple, rapid, separation-free amperometric detection.
Nasal polyp eosinophilia and FeNO may predict asthma symptoms development after endoscopic sinus surgery in CRS patients without asthma (2021)

Eosinophils in NPs (≥70/high power fields) and preoperative FeNO may be significant biomarkers for predicting the development of asthma symptoms after ESS.
The Dose Response Multicentre Investigation on Fluid Assessment (DoReMIFA) in critically ill patients (2016)

In critically ill patients, the severity and speed of fluid accumulation are independent risk factors for ICU mortality. Fluid balance abnormality precedes and follows the diagnosis of AKI.
Heavy Metal Removal Using Bound Macrocycles (1991)

Aza macrocycles bound to silica gel beads were found to selectively remove heavy metal cations such as Pb2+, Cd2+, Ag+, and Hg2+ from aqueous solutions. These bound macrocycles have a virtually infinite selectivity of binding with heavy metals over alkali and alkaline earth cations. The material is very stable and can be reused hundreds of times. Columns may be regenerated using an acidic eluent solution. Equilibrium constants were determined by column tests. Removal of heavy metals was demonstrated in bench scale tests using a synthetic contaminated water and in pilot scale tests using a naturally contaminated river water. Heavy metal concentrations could be effectively reduced to the µg/L level using the process.
In situ fiber‐optic Raman spectroscopy of organic chemistry in a supercritical water reactor (1994)

Abstract In situ measurements were made of several organic chemical reactions in supercritical water using fiber‐optic probes, near‐infrared excitation and CCD array detection. The reactions studied include the conversion of cyclohexene to cyclohexane and benzene in the presence of a platinum catalyst, conversion of cyclohexanol to cyclohexene in the presence of a cobalt catalyst and the homopolymerization of styrene. Transition to the supercritical state was marked by a sudden decrease in the background and the appearance of intense Raman bands for dissolved organic compounds. The results indicate that this method of study is both sensitive and rapid enough to permit kinetic measurements, even when reactions are completed in less than 2 min.
Compositional elucidation of heavy petroleum base oil by GC × GC‐EI/PI/CI/FI‐TOFMS (2018)

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful separation tool for complex petroleum product analysis. However, the most commonly used electron ionization (EI) technique often makes the identification of the majority of hydrocarbons impossible due to the exhaustive fragmentation and lack of molecular ion preservation, prompting the need of soft-ionization energies. In this study, three different soft-ionization techniques including photo ionization (PI), chemical ionization (CI), and field ionization (FI) were compared against EI to elucidate their relative capabilities to reveal different base oil hydrocarbon classes. Compared with EI (70 eV), PI (10.8 eV) retained significant molecular ion (M<sup>+·</sup> ) information for a large number of isomeric species including branched-alkanes and saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons along with unique fragmentation patterns. However, for bicyclic/polycyclic naphthenic and aromatic compounds, EI played upper hand by retaining molecular as well as fragment ions to identify the species, whereas PI exhibited mainly molecular ion signals. On the other hand, CI revealed selectivity towards different base oil groups, particularly for steranes, sulfur-containing thiophenes, and esters, yielding protonated molecular ions (M + H)<sup>+</sup> for unsaturated and hydride abstracted ions (M-H<sup>+</sup> ) for saturated hydrocarbons. FI, as expected, generated intact molecular ions (M<sup>+·</sup> ) irrespective to the base oil chemical classes. It allowed elemental composition by TOFMS with a mass resolving power up to 8000 (FWHM) and a mass accuracy of 1 mDa, leading to the calculation of heteroatomic content, double bond equivalency, and carbon number of the compounds. The qualitative and quantitative results presented herein offer a unique perspective into the detailed comparison of different ionization techniques corresponding to several hydrocarbon classes.
Scintillation Properties of Sn-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) (2019)

By using the floating zone method, we synthesized Sn-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG). The nominal concentration of Sn was 10% with respect to Y, and the sample rod was cut along the growth direction. By the segregation phenomenon, we finally obtained Sn-0.6-, 1.0-, 1.2-, 1.4-, and 3.0%-doped YAG specimens with a diameter of 3 mm and a thickness of 1 mm. When we irradiated them with X-rays, a broad emission peaking at 420 nm was observed, and a similar spectral shape was observed in the photoluminescence (PL) emission spectrum. The decay times in PL and scintillation were 5 to 10 s. Taking into account these data and possible emission origins in this chemical composition, we concluded the emission origin to be Sn 2+ .
Application of Radiometallic Compounds for Medical Diagnosis and Therapy (2008)

The clinical use of radioactivity centered upon diagnosis and therapy constitutes one of the greatest advances in non-invasive medicine. This medical field is called nuclear medicine. The nuclides of metallic elements abound in radionuclides used in nuclear medicine. For the diagnostic application, pure gamma ray-emitting short-lived radionuclides, which possess low gamma energy emission, are useful due to high permeability in the body, and radiometals such as 99mTc, 201Tl, 67Ga and 111In have received great attention for diagnostic applications. Another clinical application of radionuclides is the therapeutic field. Since therapeutic nuclear medicine involving the use of internally administered radionuclides bases on the damage of radiation from the radionuclide to the target component in the cell, beta particle emitters, which provide high radiation dose, are useful for this purpose. Some compounds labeled with metallic radionuclides such as 90Y, 89,90Sr, 186,188Re and 67Cu have received attention for therapy. These metallic radionuclides have received the most attention due not only to their nuclear physical characteristics, but also to their inherent capacity to coordinate with a great variety of ligands. This great versatility allows the rational design of radiometallic compounds that show high and specific localization in a target tissue, an essential requirement for nuclear medical use. This paper describe some examples of successful drug designing using radiometallic compounds for nuclear medicine. Better knowledge of physiology and a more rational use of bioinorganic chemical principles will contribute to the development of new radiometallic compounds for targeted diagnosis and therapy.
High-Performance Optical Coatings for VUV Lithography Application (2007)

Top level requirements and challenges for optical coatings in the latest generation of 193nm lithography optics are presented. Emphasis is placed on the influence of deposition geometry effects, lens element material, and deposition process on the optical properties of such coatings.
Lipolytic activity of white pepper powder at high temperatures in a nonaqueous system (1995)

Abstract White pepper is added as a spice to goose fat in the food industry (particularly in the liver pâté industry) and causes the development of undesirable flavors. In the present study, we demonstrate that white pepper exhibits lipolytic activity when reacted with goose fat in a hydrophobic system. Temperature and pH dependence measurements suggested that two enzymes or isoenzymes with optimal temperatures at 55 and 85°C, and with optimal pH at 7 and 9, are involved. Wet sterilization of the white pepper irreversibly inactivates its lipolytic activity. Dehydration, destroyed while remoistening, recovered the catalytic activity of the pepper. The reaction obeys classical Michaelis‐Menten kinetics at 85°C.
Structural Changes in Amelogenin upon Self-assembly and Mineral Interactions (2012)

Amelogenin, the major protein of forming dental enamel, plays a crucial role in the biomineralization of this tissue. Amelogenin is soluble at low pH and self-assembles to form higher order structures at physiological pH. To understand the mechanisms of its assembly and interactions with calcium phosphate mineral, we conducted FTIR spectroscopy (FTIRS) studies of pH-triggered assembly of recombinant porcine amelogenin rP172 and its interactions with mature hydroxyapatite and apatitic mineral formed in situ. Analysis of our data indicated that rP172 at pH 3.0 exists in an unfolded disordered state, while increases in pH led to structural ordering, manifested by increases in intra- and intermolecular β-sheet structures and a decrease in random coil and β-turns. Amelogenin assembled at pH 7.2 was also found to contain large portions of extended intramolecular β-sheet and PPII. These FTIRS findings are consistent with those previously obtained with other techniques, thus verifying the validity of our experimental approach. Interestingly, interactions with mineral led to a reduction in protein structural organization. The findings obtained show that amelogenin has intrinsic structural flexibility to accommodate interactions with both forming and mature calcium phosphate mineral phases, providing new insights into the potential importance of amelogenin-mineral interactions in enamel biomineralization.
Role of Interferon-γ in Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Leukocyte–Endothelial Cell Adhesion (2003)

These findings implicate IFN-gamma as a cause of the inflammatory phenotype that is assumed by the microvasculature of hypercholesterolemic mice and suggest that T lymphocytes are a major source of this proinflammatory cytokine.
Optimizing a spontaneously contracting heart tissue patch with rat neonatal cardiac cells on fibrin gel (2014)

Engineered cardiac tissues have been constructed with primary or stem cell-derived cardiac cells on natural or synthetic scaffolds. They represent a tremendous potential for the treatment of injured areas through the addition of tensional support and delivery of sufficient cells. In this study, 1-6 million (M) neonatal cardiac cells were seeded on fibrin gels to fabricate cardiac tissue patches, and the effects of culture time and cell density on spontaneous contraction rates, twitch forces and paced response frequencies were measured. Electrocardiograms and signal volume index of connexin 43 were also analysed. Patches of 1-6 M cell densities exhibited maximal contraction rates in the range 305-410 beats/min (bpm) within the first 4 days after plating; low cell density (1-3 M) patches sustained rhythmic contraction longer than high cell density patches (4-6 M). Patches with 1-6 M cell densities generated contractile forces in the range 2.245-14.065 mN/mm<sup>3</sup> on days 4-6. Upon patch formation, a paced response frequency of approximately 6 Hz was obtained, and decreased to approximately 3 Hz after 6 days of culture. High cell density patches contained a thicker real cardiac tissue layer, which generated higher R-wave amplitudes; however, low-density patches had a greater signal volume index of connexin 43. In addition, all patches manifested endothelial cell growth and robust nuclear division. The present study demonstrates that the proper time for in vivo implantation of this cardiac construct is just at patch formation, and patches with 3-4 M cell densities are the best candidates. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examination of the reflection properties of sloping terminations to organ pipes (2016)

The sound characteristics of both labial and lingual organ pipes are affected to a great extent by the reflection properties of the resonators. In this paper, the reflection properties of sloped pipe terminations are examined and the possible applications in organ building practice are investigated. Sloped shallots of reed organ pipes with different termination angles are of particular interest in this study. For the examination of the reflection properties two different approaches are applied. Sound pulse reflection measurements on model geometries provide experimental data in the time domain, while finite element simulations yield reflection coefficients in the frequency domain. These two remarkably different approaches are shown to provide consistent results for all examined geometries. Laboratory measurements performed on experimental labial pipes and "Trompete" (trumpet) shallots demonstrate some of the effects of sloped terminations on the sound of organ pipes and validate the applicability of the results obtained by the model measurements and simulations.
Ionizing irradiation-induced Fgr in senescent cells mediates fibrosis (2021)

The role of cellular senescence in radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) and the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We isolated radiation-induced senescent tdTOMp16 positive mesenchymal stem cells, established their absence of cell division, then measured levels of irradiation-induced expression of biomarkers of senescence by RNA-seq analysis. We identified a Log2 6.17-fold upregulation of tyrosine kinase Fgr, which was a potent inducer of biomarkers of fibrosis in target cells in non-contact co-cultures. Inhibition of Fgr by shRNA knockdown did not block radiation-induced senescence in vitro; however, both shRNA knockdown, or addition of a specific small-molecule inhibitor of Fgr, TL02-59, abrogated senescent cell induction of profibrotic genes in transwell-separated target cells. Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNAseq) analysis of mouse lungs at day 150 after 20 Gy thoracic irradiation revealed upregulation of Fgr in senescent neutrophils, and macrophages before detection of lung fibrosis. Thus, upregulated Fgr in radiation-induced senescent cells mediates RIPF and is a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of this radiation late effect.
Adenoassociated Virus-Mediated Transfer of a Functional Water Channel into Salivary Epithelial Cells In Vitro and In Vivo (1998)

Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) is the archetypal member of a family of integral membrane proteins that function as water channels. Previously we have shown that this protein can be expressed transiently from a recombinant adenovirus (AdhAQP1) in vitro in different epithelial cell lines, and in vivo in rat submandibular glands. In the present study we have constructed a recombinant adenoassociated virus (rAAV) containing the human aquaporin 1 gene (rAAVhAQP1). rAAVhAQP1 was produced at relatively high titers. Approximately 10(11)-10(12) particles/ml and approximately 10(8)-10(9) transducing units/ml. We show that the rAAVhAQP1 can transduce in vitro four epithelial cell lines of different origins, at a level sufficient to detect the recombinant hAQP1 protein by either Western blot or confocal microscopic analysis. The recombinant hAQP1 was correctly targeted to the plasma membranes in all cell lines. Function of the recombinant hAQP1 was measured as fluid flow, in response to an osmotic gradient, across a monolayer of transduced epithelial cells. The data show that even at a low level of transduction, typically approximately 10% of the cells in the monolayer, transepithelial fluid movement is enhanced about threefold above basal levels. In addition, we report that rAAVhAQP1 can transduce epithelial cells in the salivary glands and liver of mice in vivo. These results suggest that rAAVs may be useful gene transfer vectors to direct the production of functional transgenes in salivary epithelial cell types.
Train Control Method For High Speed AndHigh Density Railway Systems (1970)

Many railway systems are moving toward high speed and high density railway systems for faster and more frequent intercity transit service. In such systems, it is very difficult to plan the timetable and to run each train according to it, because many kinds of trains are running at the same time with only a short headway. In this paper, we propose a new method to control trains effectively under these conditions. The proposed method is called a Target Shooting Method (TSM). In TSM, every train's future movements are planned by ground-vehicle cooperation to get smooth and energy saving traffic control.