gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Reaction Kinetics of Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid Chelating Agent and a Converter with Barium Sulfate (Barite) Using a Rotating Disk Apparatus (2018)

Barium sulfate (barite) is a major oil and gas field scale formed inside the production equipment as well as in the reservoir. During drilling of oil and gas wells, barite serves as a weighting material in different drilling fluid formulations. Barite solubility is very low in inorganic and organic acids. In this study, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) chelating agent and a converter (K2CO3) are introduced to dissolve barite scale. Potassium carbonate was selected as a converter because it is cheap and available and has no environmental concerns. For the first time, the reaction kinetics of DTPA chelating agent and the converter with intact barite rock samples are investigated. Barite core samples were plugged from actual barite rock that is used to prepare the barite powder for the drilling fluid. The reaction kinetics of DTPA and the converter with barite rocks were studied by a rotating disk apparatus (RDA). The results of the RDA show a linear increase in the reaction rate with the disk rotational speed, suggesting that mass transfer controls the dissolution of barite in DTPA chelating agent. The converter reacts with barite at a high pH medium (pH above 11) and generated barium carbonate. The resulting barium carbonate added more surface area to the disk and increased the diffusion coefficient of DTPA from the bulk solution to the rock surface. Also, the complexation of barium from barium carbonate is much easier than that from barite. The DTPA diffusion coefficient increased from 0.1 × 10–6 to 3.31 × 10–6 cm2/s as a result of the use of K2CO3 as a converting agent. The evaluation of reaction kinetics between DTPA/converter and the rock will help design more efficient removal for both barite scale and barite filter cake in upstream oil and gas wells.
Built-in folded monopole antenna for handsets (2004)

A built-in folded monopole antenna for handsets (BFMA) is introduced and investigated. The characteristics of the BFMA are compared with those of a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA), which is one of the conventional handset antennas. As a result, it has been confirmed that the BFMA has smaller size and wider bandwidth compared with the PIFA.
Alveolar Epithelium Cellular Uptake of Nanoparticles Depending on Surface Modification and Potential (2013)

本研究では，肺胞上皮に沈着したナノ粒子がどれだけ上皮内に取り込まれるのかについて，ヒトII型肺胞上皮細胞(A549)と修飾基の異なる3種類(カルボキシ修飾，アミノ修飾，修飾基なし)の蛍光ナノ粒子を用いて，「表面修飾」，及び「表面電位」に着目し，共焦点レーザー走査型顕微鏡によるイメージング，およびフローサイトメーターによる粒子を取り込んだ細胞数の定量を行った．その結果，表面電位と細胞への取り込み量の依存性に関しては明らかにできなかったものの，曝露時間が長い程取り込み量は増加し，特にカルボキシ修飾粒子で顕著であった．
Identification of the Pharmacophore of the CC Chemokine-binding Proteins Evasin-1 and -4 Using Phage Display (2014)

To elucidate the ligand-binding surface of the CC chemokine-binding proteins Evasin-1 and Evasin-4, produced by the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus, we sought to identify the key determinants responsible for their different chemokine selectivities by expressing Evasin mutants using phage display. We first designed alanine mutants based on the Evasin-1·CCL3 complex structure and an in silico model of Evasin-4 bound to CCL3. The mutants were displayed on M13 phage particles, and binding to chemokine was assessed by ELISA. Selected variants were then produced as purified proteins and characterized by surface plasmon resonance analysis and inhibition of chemotaxis. The method was validated by confirming the importance of Phe-14 and Trp-89 to the inhibitory properties of Evasin-1 and led to the identification of a third crucial residue, Asn-88. Two amino acids, Glu-16 and Tyr-19, were identified as key residues for binding and inhibition of Evasin-4. In a parallel approach, we identified one clone (Y28Q/N60D) that showed a clear reduction in binding to CCL3, CCL5, and CCL8. It therefore appears that Evasin-1 and -4 use different pharmacophores to bind CC chemokines, with the principal binding occurring through the C terminus of Evasin-1, but through the N-terminal region of Evasin-4. However, both proteins appear to target chemokine N termini, presumably because these domains are key to receptor signaling. The results also suggest that phage display may offer a useful approach for rapid investigation of the pharmacophores of small inhibitory binding proteins.
Propylene Oxide (2007)

[75-56-9] C3H6O (MW 58.09) InChI = 1S/C3H6O/c1-3-2-4-3/h3H,2H2,1H3 InChIKey = GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (monomer for polymerization; electrophile; chiral building block) Alternate Names: 1,2-epoxypropane; methyloxirane. Physical Data: mp −112 °C; bp 34 °C; d 0.859 g cm−3; [α]D20 +14.6° for the (R)-enantiomer, corrected to 100% ee. Solubility: sol H2O (405 g L−1); miscible with organic solvents. Form Supplied in: colorless liquid; commercially available as a racemic mixture and as the enantiomers. Drying: distillation from calcium hydride or calcium. Upon cooling, a hydrate C3H6O·(H2O)16 of mp −3 °C is precipitated from the moist oxirane as white crystals.2 Analysis of Reagent Purity: 13C NMR (CDCl3): δ 47.1, 46.8 (C-1, C-2), 17.2 (C-3) ppm; determination of ee by complexation gas chromatography on nickel(II) bis[3-heptafluorobutanoyl-(1R)-camphorate] in squalane, separation factor α 1.24 at 50 °C;3 other suitable chiral stationary phases are nickel(II) bis[2-heptafluorobutanoyl-(S)-4-methylthujan-3-onate] and manganese(II) bis[3-heptafluorobutanoyl-(1R)-camphorate].4 Preparative Methods: (R)-propylene oxide is prepared (eq 1) in three steps: diazotization of (S)-alanine with Sodium Nitrite in hydrochloric acid; to give (S)-2-chloropropanoic acid; reduction to 2-chloropropan-1-ol with Lithium Aluminum Hydride; and cyclization by distillation from Potassium Hydroxide pellets.4, 5 (1) The (S)-enantiomer is prepared from (S)‐Ethyl Lactate via (S)-propane-1,2-diol, and cyclization of a mixture of (S)-2-acetoxy-1-bromopropane and (R)-2-bromo-1-acetoxypropane (eq 2).6, 7 (2) Alternatively, conversion of (S)-ethyl lactate into the mesylate is followed by reduction of the ester group with Aluminum Hydride/THF and ring closure with aqueous KOH.8 Another route to (S)-propylene oxide involves protection of the (secondary) hydroxyl group of (S)-ethyl lactate with Ethyl Vinyl Ether, followed by reduction of the ester group with LiAlH4, conversion of the primary hydroxyl group into the tosylate, acidic deprotection of the secondary hydroxyl group, and cyclization with aqueous KOH.9 By means of a combined microbial/chemical synthesis, (R)-propylene oxide is obtained from glucose with ee >99%.10 Metal-mediated access to both enantiomers is provided by either chromatographic or kinetic resolution of racemic propylene oxide, and also by asymmetric epoxidation of propylene.11 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: a suspected carcinogen for humans; it is inflammable and explosive; because of its high volatility, cooling to 0 °C before use is recommended. Use in a fume hood.
NECROIDEALISM, OR THE SUBALTERN'S SACRIFICIAL DEATH (2009)

Abstract Dipesh Chakrabarty admits that the subaltern who wholly resists incorporation by dominant state forms is 'an ideal figure,' a utopian concept designating the limits of hegemonic thought. I wish to argue that such a utopian ideal may find its most convincing but problematic representation in the figure of the dead subaltern. In death, the subaltern is perfected as a concept so pure no living referent can contradict or complicate it. As in utopian thinking, it is the subaltern's non-existence that ensures the possibility of its conceptualization as a critical alternative to existing hegemonies. Through a reading of Ranajit Guha's essay 'Chandra's Death', Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things, and Amitav Ghosh's The Hungry Tide, I will show how the immortalization of the subaltern involves a troubling logic of sacrifice and necroidealization that replaces the messiness and ambiguity of struggle with the reassurance of an aestheticized political ideal. Keywords: aestheticsalteritynecroidealismsacrificesubalternutopianism Notes 1For further discussion of Povinelli, Spivak and primitivism, see Li (Citation2006). 2Consider, for instance, Murlidharan, the naked, homeless, armless, 'level-crossing lunatic' (Roy 1997: 60) whose abjection can surely neither be apotheosized nor aestheticized. The novel's attention on him is brief, in contrast to its lingering gaze on Velutha's muscular physique.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed N‐Monoarylation of Amidines and a One‐Pot Synthesis of Quinazoline Derivatives. (2012)

Abstract The particle size of Cs 2 CO 3 is crucial: whereas the commercial product causes no reaction or very low yields, the finely grounded substance proves to be successful.
Identification of RipAZ1 as an avirulence determinant of Ralstonia solanacearum in Solanum americanum (2021)

Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt disease in many plant species. Type III-secreted effectors (T3Es) play crucial roles in bacterial pathogenesis. However, some T3Es are recognized by corresponding disease resistance proteins and activate plant immunity. In this study, we identified the R. solanacearum T3E protein RipAZ1 (Ralstonia injected protein AZ1) as an avirulence determinant in the black nightshade species Solanum americanum. Based on the S. americanum accession-specific avirulence phenotype of R. solanacearum strain Pe_26, 12 candidate avirulence T3Es were selected for further analysis. Among these candidates, only RipAZ1 induced a cell death response when transiently expressed in a bacterial wilt-resistant S. americanum accession. Furthermore, loss of ripAZ1 in the avirulent R. solanacearum strain Pe_26 resulted in acquired virulence. Our analysis of the natural sequence and functional variation of RipAZ1 demonstrated that the naturally occurring C-terminal truncation results in loss of RipAZ1-triggered cell death. We also show that the 213 amino acid central region of RipAZ1 is sufficient to induce cell death in S. americanum. Finally, we show that RipAZ1 may activate defence in host cell cytoplasm. Taken together, our data indicate that the nucleocytoplasmic T3E RipAZ1 confers R. solanacearum avirulence in S. americanum. Few avirulence genes are known in vascular bacterial phytopathogens and ripAZ1 is the first one in R. solanacearum that is recognized in black nightshades. This work thus opens the way for the identification of disease resistance genes responsible for the specific recognition of RipAZ1, which can be a source of resistance against the devastating bacterial wilt disease.
Protein Induced by Vitamin K Antagonist‐II (PIVKA‐II) Is a Reliable Prognostic Factor in Small Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2013)

Although small HCC is generally associated with a good prognosis, serum PIVKA-II level ≥ 200 mAU/mL, ALP ≥ 80 IU/L, and microvascular invasion were predisposing factors for tumor recurrence. These factors can be used to stratify patients with respect to recurrence after resection. Elevated PIVKA-II was closely associated with microvascular invasion in small HCC. These data emphasize the importance of PIVKA-II in small HCC.
A Liposome-Based Mycobacterial Vaccine Induces Potent Adult and Neonatal Multifunctional T Cells through the Exquisite Targeting of Dendritic Cells (2009)

The potent adult and neonatal adjuvanticity of CAF01 is associated in vivo with an exquisite but prolonged DC uptake and activation, fulfilling the preclinical requirements for novel tuberculosis vaccines to be used in early life.
Multiple Nonidentical Reductive-Dehalogenase-Homologous Genes Are Common in Dehalococcoides (2004)

Degenerate primers were used to amplify large fragments of reductive-dehalogenase-homologous (RDH) genes from genomic DNA of two Dehalococcoides populations, the chlorobenzene- and dioxin-dechlorinating strain CBDB1 and the trichloroethene-dechlorinating strain FL2. The amplicons (1,350 to 1,495 bp) corresponded to nearly complete open reading frames of known reductive dehalogenase genes and short fragments (approximately 90 bp) of genes encoding putative membrane-anchoring proteins. Cloning and restriction analysis revealed the presence of at least 14 different RDH genes in each strain. All amplified RDH genes showed sequence similarity with known reductive dehalogenase genes over the whole length of the sequence and shared all characteristics described for reductive dehalogenases. Deduced amino acid sequences of seven RDH genes from strain CBDB1 were 98.5 to 100% identical to seven different RDH genes from strain FL2, suggesting that both strains have an overlapping substrate range. All RDH genes identified in strains CBDB1 and FL2 were related to the RDH genes present in the genomes of Dehalococcoides ethenogenes strain 195 and Dehalococcoides sp. strain BAV1; however, sequence identity did not exceed 94.4 and 93.1%, respectively. The presence of RDH genes in strains CBDB1, FL2, and BAV1 that have no orthologs in strain 195 suggests that these strains possess dechlorination activities not present in strain 195. Comparative sequence analysis identified consensus sequences for cobalamin binding in deduced amino acid sequences of seven RDH genes. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the presence of multiple nonidentical RDH genes is characteristic of Dehalococcoides strains.
A novel channel-identification method for wireless communication systems (2004)

We present a novel dual-channel identification approach for mobile wireless communication systems. Unlike traditional channel-estimation methods that rely on training symbols, we propose a bent-pipe feedback mechanism which requires the mobile station (MS) to send portions of its received signal back to the base station (BS) for wireless channel identification. Using a filter-bank decomposition concept, we introduce an effective algorithm that can identify both the forward and the reverse channels based only on this feedback information. This new method permits transfer of computational burden from the MS to the resource-rich BS, and leads to significant savings in bandwidth-consuming training signals.
ChemInform Abstract: An Unusual Stereoselective Decarboxylation: A Key Reaction to an Important Intermediate for Carbapenem Antibiotics. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Ruthenium-Catalyzed Dimerization of Terminal Alkynes Initiated by a Neutral Vinylidene Complex (1996)

The complexes RuTp(PPh3)2Cl (1) and RuTp(PPh3)(py)Cl (2) catalyze the dimerization of HC⋮CR, where R = Ph, SiMe3, n-Bu, and t-Bu, to give 1,4- and 2,4-disubstituted butenynes with both conversion and selectivity strongly depending on the alkyne substituent, where the catalytic precursor is the neutral vinylidene complex RuTp(PPh3)(Cl)(=CCHR). The hydride complex RuTp(PPh3)2H (3) exhibits the same catalytic activity as 1 and 2.
Discovery of N-{N-[(3-Cyanophenyl)sulfonyl]-4(R)-cyclobutylamino-(l)-prolyl}-4-[(3′,5′-dichloroisonicotinoyl)amino]-(l)-phenylalanine (MK-0668), an Extremely Potent and Orally Active Antagonist of Very Late Antigen-4 (2009)

Extremely potent very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) antagonists with picomolar, whole blood activity and slow dissociation rates were discovered by incorporating an amino substituent on the proline fragment of the initial lead structure. This level of potency against the unactivated form of VLA-4 was shown to be sufficient to overcome the poor pharmacokinetic profiles typical of this class of VLA-4 antagonists, and sustained activity as measured by receptor occupancy was achieved in preclinical species after oral dosing.
Structure of (±)-7(S)-16-deformyl-21-oxogeissoschizine–oxindole (1991)

C 20 H 22 N 2 O 4 cristallise dans P2 1 /c avec a=10,5052, b=16,442, c=10,3415 A, β=95,358°, Z=4, T=198 K, affinement jusqu'a R=0,0351. Le groupement NH de l'indole est lie par l'hydrogene a un oxygene du carbonyl, O(8). Les cycles de l'indolizine sont accoles de facon presque trans avec des angles de torsion a la jonction des cycles pour C(3)-C(8a)-N(4')-C(3') de −12,08° et pour C(8')-C(8a)-N(4')-C(5') de 43,9°
Cytotoxicity Potential and Genotypic Characterization of Escherichia coli Isolates from Environmental and Food Sources (2005)

The presence of Escherichia coli isolates in the environment is a potential source of contamination of food and water supplies. Moreover, these isolates may harbor virulence genes that can be a source of new forms of pathogenic strains. Here, using multiplex PCR, we examined the presence of virulence gene markers (stx1, stx2, eaeA, hlyA) in 1,698 environmental isolates of E. coli and 81 isolates from food and clinical sources. The PCR analysis showed that approximately 5% (79 of 1,698) of the total environmental isolates and 96% (79 of 81) of the food and clinical isolates were positive for at least one of the genes. Of the food and clinical isolates, 84% (68 of 81 isolates) were positive for all four genes. Of the subset of environmental isolates chosen for further analysis, 16% (13 of 79 isolates) were positive for stx2 and 84% (66 of 79 isolates) were positive for eaeA; 16 of the latter strains were also positive for hlyA. The pathogenic potentials of 174 isolates (81 isolates from food and clinical sources and 93 isolates from environmental sources) were tested by using a cytotoxicity assay based on lactate dehydrogenase release from Vero cells. In general, 97% (79 of 81) of the food and clinical isolates and 41% (39 of 93) of the environmental isolates exhibited positive cytotoxicity. High cytotoxicity values correlated to the presence of stx genes. The majority of hly-positive but stx-negative environmental isolates also exhibited a certain degree of cytotoxicity. Isolates were also tested for sorbitol utilization and were genotyped by ribotyping and by repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (REP-PCR) as potential means of quickly identifying virulent strains from the environment, but none of these methods could be used to distinguish cytotoxic environmental isolates. Only 31% of the isolates were negative for sorbitol fermentation, and none of the isolates had common ribotypes or REP-PCR fingerprints. This study suggests that overall higher cytotoxicity values correlated with the production of stx genes, and the majority of hly-positive but stx-negative environmental isolates also exhibited a certain degree of cytotoxicity. This study demonstrated that there is widespread distribution of potentially virulent E. coli strains in the environment that may be a cause of concern for human health.
Novel 9,9′-(1,3-phenylene)bis-9H-carbazole-containing copolymers as hole-transporting and host materials for blue phosphorescent polymer light-emitting diodes (2013)

Novel photo-crosslinkable hole-transport and host materials incorporated into multilayer blue phosphorescent polymer light-emitting diodes (Ph-PLEDs) were demonstrated in this study. The oxetane-containing copolymers, which function as hole-transport layers (HTL), could be cured by UV irradiation in the presence of a cationic photoinitiator. The composition of the two monomers was varied to yield three different hole-transporting copolymers, [Poly(9,9′-(5-(((4-(7-(4-(((3-methyloxetan-3-yl)methoxy)methyl)phenyl)octan-3-yl)benzyl)oxy)methyl)−1,3-phenylene)bis(9H-carbazole)) (P(mCP-Ox)-I, -II, and -III)]. In addition, monomer 1 was copolymerized with styrene to produce copolymer P(mCP-Ph) as a host material for bis[2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-C2,N](picolinato)iridium(III) (FIrpic), a blue-emitting dopant. All mCP-based copolymers displayed high glass transition temperatures (Tg) of up to 130–140 °C and triplet energies of up to 3.00 eV. The blue Ph-PLEDs exhibited a maximum external quantum efficiency of 2.55%, in addition to a luminous efficiency of 8.75 cd A−1 when using the device configuration of indium tin oxide/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)/P(mCP-OX)-III/P(mCP-Ph):FIrpic(15 wt %)/3,3′-[5′-[3-(3-pyridinyl)phenyl][1,1′:3′,1′′-terphenyl]-3,3′′-diyl]bispyridine/LiF/Al. The device bearing P(mCP-Ox)-III HTL, containing the highest composition of mCP unit, exhibited better performance than the other devices, which is attributed to induction of more balanced charge carriers and carrier recombination in the emissive layer. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 707–718
Do we perceive stereoscopic surfaces from patches of constant disparity? (2004)

Recently, we found that stereoresolution (finest detectable disparity modulation) appears to be limited by a binocular-matching process that estimates the disparity of image patches and assumes that disparity is constant across the patch. Said another way, this process yields disparity estimates associated with piecewise frontal image patches. This hypothesis is consistent with the behavior of disparity-selective neurons in primate V1. If disparity estimation is based on constant patches, the form of the disparity-modulation waveform should have a significant effect on estimation. A square-wave provides constant-disparity patches while a sawtooth-wave does not. To test the constant-patch hypothesis, we compared detection of square- and sawtooth-wave corrugations using random-dot stereograms. Observers indicated on each trial the orientation of the waveform (+/− 10 deg from horizontal). In Experiment 1, the highest discriminable spatial frequency was determined for a range of dot densities. The highest frequency was somewhat higher for square- than for sawtooth-waves at high dot densities, where stereoresolution is high. In Experiment 2, we varied the mixture of signal and noise dots. Noise dots were assigned random disparities and signal dots specified a square- or sawtooth-wave. Coherence threshold (proportion of signal dots divided by total dots) was lower in most cases for the square-waves than for sawtooth-waves. Results from both experiments suggest that the ability to detect patterns composed of constant-disparity patches (square-waves) is generally greater than the ability to detect patterns containing no constant-disparity patches (sawtooth-waves). Our results support the idea that the matching process is based on estimating the disparity of constant-disparity patches. Thus, perceived depth maps may be constructed from piecewise frontal estimates. NIH and AFOSR Research Grants
Novel Materials Containing Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Wrapped in Polymer Molecules (2009)

In this design, single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been coated in polymer molecules to create a new type of material that has low electrical conductivity, but still contains individual nanotubes, and small ropes of individual nanotubes, which are themselves good electrical conductors and serve as small conducting rods immersed in an electrically insulating matrix. The polymer is attached through weak chemical forces that are primarily non-covalent in nature, caused primarily through polarization rather than the sharing of valence electrons. Therefore, the electronic structure of the SWNT involved is substantially the same as that of free, individual (and small ropes of) SWNT. Their high conductivity makes the individual nanotubes extremely electrically polarizable, and materials containing these individual, highly polarizable molecules exhibit novel electrical properties including a high dielectric constant.