gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Newly Developed Intelligent Variable Valve Timing System - Continuously Controlled Cam Phasing as Applied to a New 3 Liter Inline 6 Engine (1996)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;To meet the requirements for higher horsepower and torque as well as lower fuel consumption and emissions, we have developed a new “Intelligent Variable Valve Timing (VV-i)” system. It gives continuously variable intake cam phasing by up to 60 degrees crank angle (CA) . This system not only increases WOT output by optimizing intake valve closing timing but also reduces fuel consumption and NOx/ HC emissions under part load by increasing intake and exhaust valve overlap on 4 stroke Spark Ignited engines.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;VVT-i has been applied to optimize a new 3-liter inline 6 engine for higher torque and at the same time better fuel economy with continuous and wide-range cam phasing.&lt;/div&gt;
Inspection and repair issues for Step-and-Flash Imprint Lithography templates (2004)

Step and Flash Imprint Lithography (S-FIL) 1X templates must eventually achieve and maintain the very low defect counts commensurate to current production masks. This requires typically fewer than ten or even no defects over the entire field and to minimize template fabrication costs and techniques must be identified to repair defects on templates when they do occur. We describe inspection and repair methodologies and how it can be applied to the imprint template. For inspection, test patterns etched onto the template enable both a die-to-die comparison, to find nuisance defects, and also calibration of sensitivity to different types of preprogrammed defects. A state of the art deep UV photomask inspection system (KLA-Tencor model 526) can detect these events with about 70 nm threshold for imprint masks using reflection mode contrast. Initial scans are made at various stages of the imprint process: the processed mask, after dicing, and after several imprints. The scans show mostly isolated point defects at a density of ~ 10 to 100 per mm<sup>2</sup>. To repair defects, studies were undertaken using RAVE’s nm650 tool which is essentially an AFM platform that relies upon a nano-machining technique for opaque defect removal. On S-FIL templates, the standard deviation for depth repairs in quartz from the target depth was found to be 3.1 nm (1&#963;). The spread in edge placement data for opaque line protrusions was 21.5 nm (1&#963;). Trench cuts through lines were successfully created with a minimum size of about 55nm. The repairs on the template were verified by imprinting the features on wafers. The range of depth offsets studied (-15 to +15) had no bearing on the imprinting process and the edge placement on wafers replicated the edge placement of the repaired templates. Trench cuts on the template were successfully filled with the imprint monomer and measured slightly larger than the minimum gap size. Finally, the imprinted wafers were used to pattern transfer features into 100nm of oxide.
Synergistic Benefits of Micro/Nanostructured Oil-Impregnated Surfaces in Reducing Fouling while Enhancing Heat Transfer (2023)

Liquid-liquid heat exchangers that operate in marine environments are susceptible to biofouling, which decreases the overall heat exchange between hot and cold liquids by increasing the conduction resistance. Recently, micro/nanostructured oil-impregnated surfaces have been shown to significantly reduce biofouling. However, their potential as a heat exchanger material has not been studied. Neither is it obvious since the oil used for impregnation increases the wall thickness and the associated conduction resistance. Here, by conducting extensive field and laboratory studies supported by theoretical modeling of heat transfer in oil-infused heat exchanger tubes, we report the synergistic benefits of micro/nanostructured oil-impregnated surfaces for reducing biofouling while maintaining good heat transfer. These benefits justify the use of lubricant-infused surfaces as heat exchanger materials, in particular in marine environments.
Structural Characterization of Diazabicyclooctane β-Lactam “Enhancers” in Complex with Penicillin-Binding Proteins PBP2 and PBP3 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2021)

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens pose a significant public health threat. A major mechanism of resistance expressed by MDR pathogens is β-lactamase-mediated degradation of β-lactam antibiotics. The diazabicyclooctane (DBO) compounds zidebactam and WCK 5153, recognized as β-lactam "enhancers" due to inhibition of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2), are also class A and C β-lactamase inhibitors. To structurally probe their mode of PBP2 inhibition as well as investigate why <i>P. aeruginosa</i> PBP2 is less susceptible to inhibition by β-lactam antibiotics compared to the <i>Escherichia coli</i> PBP2, we determined the crystal structure of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> PBP2 in complex with WCK 5153. WCK 5153 forms an inhibitory covalent bond with the catalytic S327 of PBP2. The structure suggests a significant role for the diacylhydrazide moiety of WCK 5153 in interacting with the aspartate in the S-X-N/D PBP motif. Modeling of zidebactam in the active site of PBP2 reveals a similar binding mode. Both DBOs increase the melting temperature of PBP2, affirming their stabilizing interactions. To aid in the design of DBOs that can inhibit multiple PBPs, the ability of three DBOs to interact with <i>P. aeruginosa</i> PBP3 was explored crystallographically. Even though the DBOs show covalent binding to PBP3, they destabilized PBP3. Overall, the studies provide insights into zidebactam and WCK 5153 inhibition of PBP2 compared to their inhibition of PBP3 and the evolutionarily related KPC-2 β-lactamase. These molecular insights into the dual-target DBOs advance our knowledge regarding further DBO optimization efforts to develop novel potent β-lactamase-resistant, non-β-lactam PBP inhibitors.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Antibiotic resistance is a significant clinical problem. Developing novel antibiotics that overcome known resistance mechanisms is highly desired. Diazabicyclooctane inhibitors such as zidebactam possess this potential as they readily inactivate penicillin-binding proteins, yet cannot be degraded by β-lactamases. In this study, we characterized the inhibition by diazabicyclooctanes of penicillin-binding proteins PBP2 and PBP3 from <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> using protein crystallography and biophysical analyses. These structures and analyses help define the antibiotic properties of these inhibitors, explain the decreased susceptibility of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> PBP2 to be inhibited by β-lactam antibiotics, and provide insights that could be used for further antibiotic development.
Diabetes-associated genetic variation in TCF7L2 alters pulsatile insulin secretion in humans (2020)

BACKGROUNDMetabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes have been associated with a decrease in insulin pulse frequency and amplitude. We hypothesized that the T allele at rs7903146 in TCF7L2, previously associated with β cell dysfunction, would be associated with changes in these insulin pulse characteristics.METHODSTwenty-nine nondiabetic subjects (age 46 ± 2, BMI 28 ± 1 kg/m2) participated in this study. Of these, 16 were homozygous for the C allele at rs7903146 and 13 were homozygous for the T allele. Deconvolution of peripheral C-peptide concentrations allowed the reconstruction of portal insulin secretion over time. These data were used for subsequent analyses. Pulse orderliness was assessed by approximate entropy (ApEn), and the dispersion of insulin pulses was measured by a frequency dispersion index (FDI) after a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of individual insulin secretion rates.RESULTSDuring fasting conditions, the CC genotype group exhibited decreased pulse disorderliness compared with the TT genotype group (1.10 ± 0.03 vs. 1.19 ± 0.04, P = 0.03). FDI decreased in response to hyperglycemia in the CC genotype group, perhaps reflecting less entrainment of insulin secretion during fasting.CONCLUSIONDiabetes-associated variation in TCF7L2 is associated with decreased orderliness and pulse dispersion, unchanged by hyperglycemia. Quantification of ApEn and FDI could represent novel markers of β cell health.FUNDINGThis work was funded by US NIH (DK78646, DK116231), University of Padova research grant CPDA145405, and Mayo Clinic General Clinical Research Center (UL1 TR000135).
On the Guard Period Design in 5G TDD Wide Area (2016)

Achieving the trade-off between coverage, ultra-low latency and capacity is a major challenge for a 5th Generation (5G) wide area concept, especially when operating in Time Division Duplex (TDD) mode. In this paper, we focus on the design of the Guard Period (GP) which is needed to accommodate the transition between downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) transmissions in a 5G TDD wide area system operating at below 6 GHz carrier frequencies. The necessity of serving cell edge users with long propagation delays while coping with latency constraints may lead to a large GP overhead, thus reducing the resource utilization in the cell. We propose a distance-dependent scheduling technique which is meant at reducing the GP overhead while ensuring sufficient coverage. Numerical analysis shows the benefits of the proposed techniques in terms of available radio resources, especially for very large cells operating with short frames.
Empirical path loss models for low power wireless sensor nodes deployed on the ground in different terrains (2017)

Sensor nodes deployed In some applications to obtain Information drop to the ground. For these sensor nodes that are on the ground to adequately relay the gathered information to processing center will require accurate propagation model. A comprehensive search of the literature reveals the need for accurate propagation models to support reliable deployments of wireless sensor networks (WSN) in such deployment conditions. This information is essential to support the deployment of large-scale networks as part of the vision of Internet of Things (IoT) systems and mission-critical services. This research provides empirical path loss models for low power wireless sensors deployed on the ground in eight different terrains. The study compares the proposed models with theoretical models to demonstrate their inadequacy in predicting path loss between sensor nodes deployed in these environments. Results show that theoretical models deviate from proposed models by 15 to 49 %. Finally, results also show that models established at low packet error rate and high signal-to-noise ratio are more reliable than those formed without considering these parameters. The provided models, as well as the measured data, can be used for proficient design and deployment of large-scale networks that enable IoT in various similar environments.
Rapid and effective preparation of clonal bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cell sheets to reduce renal fibrosis (2023)

Allogeneic "off-the-shelf" mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) therapy requires scalable, quality-controlled cell manufacturing and distribution systems to provide clinical-grade products using cryogenic cell banking. However, previous studies report impaired cell function associated with administering freeze-thawed MSCs as single cell suspensions, potentially compromising reliable therapeutic efficacy. Using long-term culture-adapted clinical-grade clonal human bone marrow MSCs (cBMSCs) in this study, we engineered cBMSC sheets in 24 h to provide rapid preparation. We then sought to determine the influence of cBMSC freeze-thawing on both in vitro production of pro-regenerative factors and in vivo ability to reduce renal fibrosis in a rat model compared to freshly harvested cBMSCs. Sheets from freeze-thawed cBMSCs sheets exhibited comparable in vitro protein production and gene expression of pro-regenerative factors [e.g., hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and interleukin 10 (IL-10)] to freshly harvested cBMSC sheets. Additionally, freeze-thawed cBMSC sheets successfully suppressed renal fibrosis in vivo in an established rat ischemia-reperfusion injury model. Despite previous studies reporting that freeze-thawed MSCs exhibit impaired cell functions compared to fresh MSC single cell suspensions, cell sheets engineered from freeze-thawed cBMSCs do not exhibit impaired cell functions, supporting critical steps toward future clinical translation of cBMSC-based kidney disease treatment.
Unimolecular thermal fragmentation ofortho-benzyne (2007)

The ortho-benzyne diradical, o-C(6)H(4) has been produced with a supersonic nozzle and its subsequent thermal decomposition has been studied. As the temperature of the nozzle is increased, the benzyne molecule fragments: o-C(6)H(4)+Delta--> products. The thermal dissociation products were identified by three experimental methods: (i) time-of-flight photoionization mass spectrometry, (ii) matrix-isolation Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy, and (iii) chemical ionization mass spectrometry. At the threshold dissociation temperature, o-benzyne cleanly decomposes into acetylene and diacetylene via an apparent retro-Diels-Alder process: o-C(6)H(4)+Delta-->HC triple bond CH+HC triple bond C-C triple bond CH. The experimental Delta(rxn)H(298)(o-C(6)H(4)-->HC triple bond CH+HC triple bond C-C triple bond CH) is found to be 57+/-3 kcal mol(-1). Further experiments with the substituted benzyne, 3,6-(CH(3))(2)-o-C(6)H(2), are consistent with a retro-Diels-Alder fragmentation. But at higher nozzle temperatures, the cracking pattern becomes more complicated. To interpret these experiments, the retro-Diels-Alder fragmentation of o-benzyne has been investigated by rigorous ab initio electronic structure computations. These calculations used basis sets as large as [C(7s6p5d4f3g2h1i)H(6s5p4d3f2g1h)] (cc-pV6Z) and electron correlation treatments as extensive as full coupled cluster through triple excitations (CCSDT), in cases with a perturbative term for connected quadruples [CCSDT(Q)]. Focal point extrapolations of the computational data yield a 0 K barrier for the concerted, C(2v)-symmetric decomposition of o-benzyne, E(b)(o-C(6)H(4)-->HC triple bond CH+HC triple bond C-C triple bond CH)=88.0+/-0.5 kcal mol(-1). A barrier of this magnitude is consistent with the experimental results. A careful assessment of the thermochemistry for the high temperature fragmentation of benzene is presented: C(6)H(6)-->H+[C(6)H(5)]-->H+[o-C(6)H(4)]-->HC triple bond CH+HC triple bond C-C triple bond CH. Benzyne may be an important intermediate in the thermal decomposition of many alkylbenzenes (arenes). High engine temperatures above 1500 K may crack these alkylbenzenes to a mixture of alkyl radicals and phenyl radicals. The phenyl radicals will then dissociate first to benzyne and then to acetylene and diacetylene.
Imino sugar inhibitors for treating the lysosomal glycosphingolipidoses (2005)

The inherited metabolic disorders of glycosphingolipid (GSL) metabolism are a relatively rare group of diseases that have diverse and often neurodegenerative phenotypes. Typically, a deficiency in catabolic enzyme activity leads to lysosomal storage of GSL substrates and in many diseases, several other glycoconjugates. A novel generic approach to treating these diseases has been termed substrate reduction therapy (SRT), and the discovery and development of N-alkylated imino sugars as effective and approved drugs is discussed. An understanding of the molecular mechanism for the inhibition of the key enzyme in GSL biosynthesis, ceramide glucosyltransferase (CGT) by N-alkylated imino sugars, has also lead to compound design for improvements to inhibitory potency, bioavailability, enzyme selectivity, and biological safety. Following a successful clinical evaluation of one compound, N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin [(NB-DNJ), miglustat, Zavesca], for treating type I Gaucher disease, issues regarding the significance of side effects and CNS access have been addressed as exposure of drug to patients has increased. An alternative experimental approach to treat specific glycosphingolipid (GSL) lysosomal storage diseases is to use imino sugars as molecular chaperons that assist protein folding and stability of mutant enzymes. The principles of chaperon-mediated therapy (CMT) are described, and the potential efficacy and preclinical status of imino sugars is compared with substrate reduction therapy (SRT). The increasing use of imino sugars for clinical evaluation of a group of storage diseases that are complex and often intractable disorders to treat has considerable benefit. This is particularly so given the ability of small molecules to be orally available, penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), and have well-characterized biological and pharmacological properties.
Selective Meltbacked Substrate Inner-Stripe AlGaAs/GaAs Lasers Operated under Room Temperature CW Condition (1983)

A novel lateral-mode controlled AlGaAs/GaAs inner-stripe laser is demonstrated which is fabricated by a one-step liquid phase epitaxial process using a newly developed selective meltback technique. The laser consists of V-groove substrate and six Al x Ga 1- x As layers with different Al content forming a built-in rib-waveguide structure. In the fabrication, difference of meltback speed between GaAs and Al 0.5 Ga 0.5 As crystals was utilized. It was found that GaAs crystal was meltbacked rapidly by a factor of about fifteen compared with Al 0.5 Ga 0.5 As layer. The laser fabricated was operated under CW condition at 20°C with threshold current of 65 mA.
A murine model of acute myeloid leukemia withEvi1overexpression and autocrine stimulation by an intracellular form of GM-CSF in DA-3 cells (2015)

The poor treatment response of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) overexpressing high-risk oncogenes such as EVI1, demands specific animal models for new treatment evaluations. Evi1 is a common site of activating integrations in murine leukemia virus (MLV)-induced AML and in retroviral and lentiviral gene-modified HCS. Still, a model of overt AML induced by Evi1 has not been generated. Cell lines from MLV-induced AML are growth factor-dependent and non-transplantable. Hence, for the leukemia maintenance in the infected animals, a growth factor source such as chronic immune response has been suggested. We have investigated whether these leukemias are transplantable if provided with growth factors. We show that the Evi1(+)DA-3 cells modified to express an intracellular form of GM-CSF, acquired growth factor independence and transplantability and caused an overt leukemia in syngeneic hosts, without increasing serum GM-CSF levels. We propose this as a general approach for modeling different forms of high-risk human AML using similar cell lines.
Photometric Determination of Lysozyme Activity. (1955)

SummaryAn accurate photometric method has been developed using a Pfalz and Bauer Fluorophotometer for measuring the lysis of suspensions of M. lysodiekticus by lysozyme. This method has the distinct advantages of reproducing activities in 60 seconds after addition of the enzyme. Measurement of maximal rate of lysis in the early part of the time-course of reaction decreases the possibility of interference due to synergism by proteolytic enzymes or solution of cellular material by alkali reaction. This method has been extended to extracts of mammalian tissues.
Ist die Verschleppung maligner Zellen durch die Anlage einer Perkutanen Endoskopischen Gastrostomie (PEG) eine seltene Komplikation? – erste Ergebnisse einer prospektiven, systematischen Studie (2011)

Einleitung: Die Durchführung einer perkutanen endoskopischen Gastrostomie (PEG) ist ein Standardverfahren bei Patienten mit malignen Erkrankungen des Ösophagus und des Oropharynx (ENT), um unter onkologischer Therapie die enterale Ernährung zu sichern. Während der Implantation in Durchzugstechnik kommt der PEG-Schlauch und die Halteplatte in direkten Kontakt mit dem Tumor. Bisher sind als Spätkomplikation Einzelfälle einer lokalen Tumoraussaat im Bereich der Implantationsstelle beschrieben worden. Da sich unter mordernen Therapieoptionen die Überlebenszeiten kontinuierlich verbessern, könnte diese Zellverschleppung prognostische Bedeutung erlangen. In dieser Studie wurde prospektiv das Risiko einer lokalen Tumorzellverschleppung nach PEG-Implantation in Durchzugstechnik bei Patienten mit Ösophaguskarzinomen und ENT untersucht.
Co-option of Hair Follicle Keratins into Amelogenesis Is Associated with the Evolution of Prismatic Enamel: A Hypothesis (2017)

Recent discovery of hair follicle keratin 75 (KRT75) in enamel raises questions about the function of this protein in enamel and the mechanisms of its secretion. It is also not clear how this protein with a very specific and narrow expression pattern, limited to the inner root sheath of the hair follicle, became associated with enamel. We propose a hypothesis that KRT75 was co-opted by ameloblasts during the evolution of Tomes' process and the prismatic enamel in synapsids.
Selective nickel-catalyzed conversion of lignin-derived compounds to substituted-cyclohexanone as precursor for novel polymer building blocks (2015)

status: Published
Surface kinetics and thermal instability of N-face InN grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (2007)

The role of thermal instability and In surface coverages on the growth kinetics has been investigated for N-face InN films grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Film thickness analysis using scanning electron microscopy combined with In desorption measurements by quadrupole mass spectrometry demonstrated significant thermal decomposition starting at ∼560°C and inhibiting growth completely beyond ∼635°C. Within this temperature region two decomposition pathways were identified: a low-temperature regime characterized by In droplet accumulation and a high-temperature regime with direct desorption from bulk InN. A growth diagram has been constructed, exhibiting three characteristic growth structures for different In∕N flux ratios and growth temperatures: a dry no-adlayer terminated surface under N-rich conditions, an In adlayer terminated surface, and a surface, consisting of an In adlayer and droplets under In-rich conditions. Smooth step-flow growth terraces were observed in films grown under In-rich and surprisingly also under N-rich conditions at temperatures of thermal decomposition. Such high adatom diffusivity resulted from the autosurfactant action of the In adlayer, with a saturated coverage of 1 ML as determined from the reflection high energy electron diffraction patterns during the consumption of adsorbed In by active nitrogen.
3D Face Recognition Performance under Adversarial Conditions (2007)

We address the question of 3D face recognition and expression understanding under adverse conditions like illumination, pose, and accessories. We therefore conduct a campaign to build a 3D face database including systematic variation of poses, different types of occlusions, and a rich set of expressions. The expressions consist of a judiciously selected subset of Action Units as well as the six basic emotions. The database is designed to enable various research paths from face recognition to facial landmarking and to expression estimation. Preliminary results are presented on the outcome of three different landmarking methods as well as one registration method. As expected, observed non-neutral and non-frontal faces demand new robust algorithms to achieve an acceptable performance.
Deep Brain Stimulation for Psychiatric Disorders (2002)

Nuttin, Bart; Gybels, Jan; Cosyns, Paul; Gabriels, Loes; Meyerson, Björn; Andréewitch, Sergej; Rasmussen, Steven; Greenberg, Benjamin; Friehs, Gerhard; Rezai, Ali R.; Montgomery, Erwin; Malone, Don; Fins, Joseph J. Author Information