gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic Analysis of Solid-State Colorimetric Switching: Monoalkoxynaphthalene-Naphthalimide Donor–Acceptor Dyads (2020)

There is growing interest in creating solids that are responsive to various stimuli. Herein we report the first molecular-level mechanistic picture of the thermochromic polymorphic transition in a series of MAN-NI dyad crystals that turn from orange to yellow upon heating with minimal changes to the microscopic morphology following the transition. Detailed structural analyses revealed that the dyads assemble to create an alternating bilayer type structure, with horizontal alternating alkyl and stacked aromatic layers in both the orange and yellow forms. The observed dynamic behavior in the solid state moves as a yellow wavefront through the orange crystal. The overall process is critically dependent on a complex interplay between the layered structure of the starting crystal, the thermodynamics of the two differently colored forms, and similar densities of the two polymorphs. Upon heating, the orange form alkyl chain layers become disordered, allowing for some lateral diffusion of dyads within their own layer. Moving to either adjacent stack in the same layer allows a dyad to exchange a head-to-head stacking geometry (orange) for a head-to-tail stacking geometry (yellow). This transition is unique in that it involves a nucleation and growth mechanism that converts to a faster cooperative wavefront mechanism during the transition. The fastest moving of the wavefronts have an approximately 38° angle with respect to the long axis of the crystal, corresponding to a nonconventional C-H···O hydrogen bond network of dyad molecules in adjacent stacks that enables a transition with cooperative character to proceed within layers of orange crystals. The orange-to-yellow transition is triggered at a temperature that is very close to the temperature at which the orange and yellow forms exchange as the more stable, while being lower than the melting temperature of the original orange, or final yellow, solids.
Crack Propagation Analysis Procedure Using FEM Applied to the Three-Dimensional Stress Field (2005)

Recently, several cracks have been found on the weld joints of Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) core shrouds during inspection. In order to ensure the continuous operation of nuclear power plants, it is necessary to assess the structural integrity of core shrouds with cracks on the weld joints. In general, a crack propagates in a complicated manner according to three-dimensional stress field and it is difficult to predict crack propagation direction and crack shape change. Usually, half ellipsoid crack shape is assumed and the propagation of the crack is calculated in the constant direction for assessment. In this study, crack propagation analysis procedure using the Finite Element Method (FEM) is developed for general shaped crack, and the procedure is verified by experiments. In this procedure, it is assumed that the crack propagates according to the maximum J-integral under three-dimensional stress fields and the re-mesh technique is used in the FEM analysis in order to calculate crack shape variation during propagation. The fatigue crack propagation tests under cyclic tensile load were performed to verify the analysis procedure. The specimens are made of a plate from 316SS and designed to generate non-uniform stress distribution on the crack front in order to observe continuous crack propagation direction change.
Impingement Heat Transfer Enhancement on a Cylindrical, Leading Edge Model With Varying Jet Temperatures (2012)

Stagnation region heat transfer coefficients are obtained from jet impingement onto a concave surface in this experimental investigation. A single row of round jets impinge on the cylindrical target surface to replicate leading edge cooling in a gas turbine airfoil. A modified, transient lumped capacitance experimental technique was developed (and validated) to obtain stagnation region Nusselt numbers with jet-to-target surface temperature differences ranging from 60°F (33.3°C) to 400°F (222.2°C). In addition to varying jet temperatures, the jet Reynolds number (5000–20000), jet-to-jet spacing (s/d = 2–8), jet-to-target surface spacing (ℓ/d = 2–8), and impingement surface diameter-to-jet diameter (D/d = 3.6, 5.5) were independently varied. This parametric investigation has served to develop and validate a new experimental technique which can be used for investigations involving large temperature differences between the surface and fluid. Furthermore, the study has broadened the range of existing correlations currently used to predict heat transfer coefficients for leading edge, jet impingement.
Adductor Magnus Perforator Flap Revisited (2011)

The adductor magnus perforator flap is a reliable flap that offers robust blood supply, through a consistent vascular pedicle, to an extensive skin territory. Our anatomic studies revealed the consistent presence of 2 proximal perforators in the medial thigh that are linked by an intramuscular Y-configuration that provides enhanced blood supply to a local V-Y advancement flap design. The location of the skin paddle on the proximal medial thigh allows for minimal donor-site morbidity as it can be closed primarily with a V-Y advancement flap design, obviating the need for skin grafting.
Processing and characterization of B4C-Al laminated cermets (1990)

B 4 C-Al composites show enhanced fracture strength and fracture toughness values over monolithic B 4 C. 1-2 A controlled change in structural morphologies such as lamination further enhances mechanical properties of the composite over the B 4 C-Al composites processed to form a monolithic morphology. This paper summarizes microstructure-property correlations studied in B 4 C-Al laminated composites. The laminated composite is formed either by metal infiltration of B 4 C tapes sandwiched with Al sheets, type (a), (Fig. 1a) or by lamination of B 4 C tapes of different porosity and then subjected to metal infiltration of the laminated body, type (b), (Fig. 1b). In the first method, after thin tapes of B 4 C were formed, each tape was individually sintered between polished graphite discs, then layered with Al sheets, and the entire stack was heated to induce infiltration. In the second method, tapes of B 4 C with different green densities were stacked and laminated under pressure and temperature. The laminated body was then sintered and subsequently infiltrated with Al.
(P2) Academic Entrepreneurship: What is Needed from us? (2012)

The interface of engineering and medicine is one of the most productive and promising areas with respect to the future of healthcare here in the US as well as worldwide. However, the scale and complexity of today's biomedical and biological engineering research problems increasingly demand that researchers move beyond the confines of their own discipline and explore new organizational models for team science. While the breadth of knowledge in life and engineering sciences has grown exponentially, technology has become increasingly complex for these different scales. At the same time, the business of delivering sustainable, high-quality health care has become increasingly challenging and expensive. Creating new, cost-effective medicines and healthcare systems that both empower and improve patient care requires a collaborative approach across disciplines. The convergence of Life Sciences and Engineering opens the door to such new possibilities. I will provide specific personal examples involving glycomics, nanotechnology and team science of such possibilities in my talk.
Flexible adjacent channel interference and phase noise suppression in energy-efficient OFDMA receivers (2012)

This paper addresses the problem of phase noise mitigation in OFDMA-based radio link in a case where also adjacent channels are downconverted and therefore affected by the phase noise. The paper proposes the use of receiver-side digital-signal-processing algorithm for mitigation of receiver phase-noise in case of adjacent channel interference. The idea of the algorithm is to first detect the received signal, and then to construct an estimate of the phase-noise-free signal from the detected symbols and channel estimates. The phase noise is then estimated by comparing the received signal with phase noise to the phase-noise-free estimate. The algorithm can be used iteratively. Simulations are then done to show that the algorithm indeed is able to efficiently mitigate the phase noise effects even when adjacent channels are present. This algorithm allows moving the complexity from the analogue side to the digital side of the receiver and thus potentially results in very energy efficient receiver design.
Dry‐peelable temporary protective coatings from waterborne self‐crosslinkable sulfourethane–silanol dispersions (2003)

Abstract Novel temporary protective coatings were prepared by the addition of release additives to waterborne polyurethane dispersions. New types of self‐crosslinkable sulfourethane–silanol (SUS) dispersions were utilized as the peelable coatings. These dispersions are stable, low‐volatility organic chemical (VOC) waterborne dispersions that spontaneously crosslink upon drying without extra additives or processing steps. Tensile strengths up to 6000 psi with elongations between 300–600% were obtained for the crosslinked films. The adhesion of the films to a variety of substrates can be controlled by the addition of hydrophilic additives, including glycerol, oligomers of glycerol, and poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives. Alternatively, hydrophobic additives that are water dispersible, such as paraffin waxes and sulfated castor oil, can also be used to control adhesion. In addition, this technique can be utilized for the release of films derived from a wide variety of waterborne urethane dispersions, including carboxylated polyurethane ureas. The removable coatings are useful for the temporary protection of plastic surfaces during thermoforming processes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1443–1449, 2004
A 0.29-μm/sup 2/ MIM-CROWN cell and process technologies for 1-gigabit DRAMs (2002)

In keeping with the trend of reducing DRAM cell area, with a target for 1-gigabit DRAMs of less than 0.3 /spl mu/m/sup 2/, the authors have developed a 0.29-/spl mu/m/sup 2/ metal/insulator/metal crown-shaped capacitor (MIM-CROWN) cell with low height by using 0.16-/spl mu/m process technologies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Permeability characteristics of the human small intestine. (1965)

This is the only avail- able estimate of intestinal pore size in any species. and no estimates at all are available for pore size at different levels of the small intestine.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SPECTROSCOPY ON EUV-PRODUCING DISCHARGE PLASMAS (2004)

Short-lived discharge plasmas are currently investigated as candidate sources of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation for application in semiconductor lithography. They are operated in elements such as xenon and (more recently) tin, because of their favorable emission at 13.5 nm. A common property of these plasmas is the current-induced 'pinch' effect, that causes the plasma to collapse to an elongated, needle-like shape on the discharge axis. The typical plasma lifetime is in the tens to hundreds of ns.Various spectroscopic techniques can be applied for characterization of these plasmas. These include time-resolved EUV spectrometry and Stark broadening measurements at visible light wavelengths. Collective Thomson scattering of laser light can provide direct time and space resolved measurements of electron temperatures and densities.Specific experimental difficulties and the ranges of applicability of the different methods for measurements on pinch plasmas are discussed. Results of these measurements on a hollow cathode discharge in xenon and a vacuum-arc discharge in tin vapor are presented.
Witness indistinguishable and witness hiding protocols (1990)

A two party protocol in which party A uses one of several secret witnesses to an NP assertion is witness indistinguishable if party B cannot tell which witness A is actually using. The protocol is witness hiding if by the end of the protocol B cannot compute any new witness which he did not know before the protocol began. Witness hiding is a natural security requirement, and can replace zero knowledge in many cryptographic protocols.
Optical Near Field Measurements and Ray-Tracing Simulations of Coated and Uncoated Halogen Lamps for Glare Analysis (2003)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Automotive lamps for headlights are constantly reevaluated for causes of glare issues. Lead wires, glass, sockets and even filaments reflect and/or scatter the light from the filament into undesired directions, possibly causing glare. The best way to account for scattered light in the design process is to measure the near field radiation pattern. A high-resolution camera on a goniometer is used to characterize the headlamp. The results are further analyzed in an optical ray-tracing package. This paper will look at the new double filament lamp (H13) in respect to glare as well as the effect of “cool blue” absorption coatings. Measurements of the emission patterns of the lamps with and without coating are compared. A ray-tracing model will simulate the effect of the coating and amplify the effect to determine how much increase in scattering is necessary to cause a glare problem. The goal is to show that the measured effect of absorption coatings on lamps is too small to cause glare.&lt;/div&gt;
Involvement of two related porins, OprD and OpdP, in the uptake of arginine byPseudomonas aeruginosa (2006)

The OprD family of specific porins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa comprises 19 members, some of which have been demonstrated to facilitate the uptake of specific compounds into the cell. The members of this family share considerable amino acid sequence similarity (46-57%), which is unusual among porin molecules. In this work, we sought to establish whether this sequence conservation was the basis for other shared aspects of this family. The transcriptional profiles of eight relatively well-characterized OprD homologs were assessed in cells grown on a variety of carbon compounds. The expression of these paralogous proteins correlated with their phylogenetic distribution into two subfamilies in that the three members of the OpdK subfamily were induced by their specific (organic acid) substrates while the five members of the amino-acid/peptide-specific OprD subfamily appeared to be constitutively expressed. Functional overlap with respect to arginine transport was observed between two members of the latter subfamily, the basic amino acid-specific porin, OprD, and the glycine-glutamate-specific porin, OpdP. The impact of this apparent functional redundancy on the genetic fitness of P. aeruginosa is discussed.
Electromagnetic bias estimation using in situ and satellite data: 2. A nonparametric approach (2003)

For the most recent satellite altimeter (Jason‐1), the largest single error budget contribution is the electromagnetic (EM) bias. Nonparametric models have been proposed to reduce the variability of EM bias estimates. In previous work, nonparametric models have been estimated using satellite crossover differences. Using tower data, we show that nonparametric models using wind speed and significant wave height provide some improvement over parametric models. In support of Part I of this paper [ Millet et al. , 2003 ], inclusion of the RMS long wave slope improves nonparametric EM bias estimation error values by over 50%. In addition, nonparametric models reduce the historical discrepancy between satellite and tower EM bias measurements.
Estimation and Prediction for a Maneuvering Target with Unknown Course and Speed (2001)

An improved algorithm for tracking a maneuvering target with variable course and speed is established by introducing the jerk model to the target's dynamics. The effectiveness of the algorithm is shown by simulations and experiments using real data, comparing with the one which was previously proposed by the authors.
Thermal challenges to gate length reduction of FET (2009)

The constant need for higher speed continues to lead to devices with shorter gate lengths, smaller gate widths, and gate finger spacing. The relationship of between various transistor parameters and the device lifetime is unclear due to the complexity of the problem, and the difficulty and expense of measuring reliability. This paper presents an analytical expression relating the reliability to a field effect transistor's (FET) gate length, based on thermal considerations. Experimental observations support the model's conclusions.
Human follicular dendritic cells enhance cytokine-dependent growth and differentiation of CD40-activated B cells (1995)

Germinal centers constitute microanatomic subunits within secondary follicles where B cells undergo somatic mutations, isotype switch and affinity selection. This allows the generation of memory B cells and plasma cells, whose Igs bind to the eliciting Ag with a high affinity. T cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are thought to play key roles in the germinal center reaction. To study effects of FDCs on B cell growth and differentiation, we have isolated FDC-lymphocyte clusters from human tonsils by enzymatic digestion and centrifugation of the resulting cell suspension through BSA gradient. Irradiated FDC-lymphocyte clusters induced moderate proliferation of autologous B cells. IL-2 was the only cytokine able to enhance B cell proliferation cocultured with FDCs. When B cells were activated by soluble anti-CD40 Ab with or without IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-10 or IL-13, addition of FDCs increased B cell proliferation. In the presence of FDCs, maximal B cell proliferation was observed in anti-CD40 stimulated cultures supplemented with either IL-4 + IL-10 or IL-2 + IL-10. Cultures performed in the presence of IL-2 and IL-10 resulted in high levels of Ig production in the presence of FDCs. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that freshly isolated human FDCs can enhance the growth and differentiation of CD40-activated B cells.
Metabolism of Monoterpenes in Cell Cultures of Common Sage (Salvia officinalis) (1990)

Leaves of common sage (Salvia officinalis) accumulate monoterpenes in glandular trichomes at levels exceeding 15 milligrams per gram fresh weight at maturity, whereas sage cells in suspension culture did not accumulate detectable levels of monoterpenes (<0.3 nanograms per gram fresh weight) at any stage of the growth cycle, even in the presence of a polystyrene resin trap. Monoterpene biosynthesis from [U-(14)C]sucrose was also virtually undetectable in this cell culture system. In vitro assay of each of the enzymes required for the sequential conversion of the ubiquitous isoprenoid precursor geranyl pyrophosphate to (+)-camphor (a major monoterpene product of sage) in soluble extracts of the cells revealed the presence of activity sufficient to produce (+)-camphor at a readily detectable level (>0.3 micrograms per gram fresh weight) at the late log phase of growth. Other monoterpene synthetic enzymes were present as well. In vivo measurement of the ability to catabolize (+)-camphor in these cells indicated that degradative capability exceeded biosynthetic capacity by at least 1000-fold. Therefore, the lack of monoterpene accumulation in undifferentiated sage cultures could be attributed to a low level of biosynthetic activity (relative to the intact plant) coupled to a pronounced capacity for monoterpene catabolism.
Reconfigurable Braille display with phase change locking (2016)

Automatically updated signs and displays for sighted people are common in today's world. However, there is no cheap, low power equivalent available for the blind. This work demonstrates a reconfigurable Braille cell using the solid-to-liquid phase change of a low melting point alloy as a zero holding power locking mechanism. The device is actuated with the alloy in the liquid state, and is then allowed to solidify to lock the Braille dot in the actuated position. A low-cost manufacturing process is developed that includes molding of a rigid silicone to create pneumatic channels, and bonding of a thin membrane of a softer silicone on the surface for actuation. A plug of Field's metal (melting point 62 °C) is placed in the pneumatic channels below each Braille dot to create the final device. The device is well suited for low duty cycle operation in applications such as signs, and is able to maintain its state indefinitely without additional power input. The display requires a pneumatic pressure of only 24 kPa for actuation, and reconfiguration has been demonstrated in less than a minute and a half.
Superhydrophobicity of 2D SiO2 hierarchical micro/nanorod structures fabricated using a two-step micro/nanosphere lithography (2012)

In this study, dual-triangularly patterned micro/nanorod hierarchical structures were fabricated using a simple combination of the microsphere lithography–reactive ion etching (RIE) process and the nanosphere lithography–RIE process in order to fabricate superhydrophobic surfaces. For the comparison of the wetting properties of the various hierarchical structures, the micro/nanorod geometries were controlled by changing the diameter of the microrod and/or nanorod under equal lattice constant and height conditions. Through the fabrication of two dimensional (2D) triangular SiO2 nanorod arrays (diameter: ∼150 nm, lattice constant: 420 nm, height: ∼250 nm) on 2D triangular SiO2 microrod arrays (diameter: ∼842 nm, lattice constant: 2 μm, height: ∼1 μm), the maximum contact angle (160.4°) of the SiO2 micro/nanorod hierarchical structures was obtained via the subsequent coating of fluoroalkylsilane, leading to a strong superhydrophobicity. The facile two-step sphere lithography for the fabrication of superhydrophobic hierarchical structures on large scale glass wafers (2 inch) demonstrated that there are potential applications in the fields of microfluidic devices, lab-on-a-chip devices, and biological sensors.
All aboard the robotic road train (2012)

Public transportation has its own drawbacks: Buses and trains don't start at your home and don't end at your destination, nor do they leave just when you'd like or even guarantee you a seat. To get the best of both worlds, we could teach our cars to work together, as closely grouped cyclists do in a peloton. The lead car could be entrusted to a professional driver to whom the other drivers would of course each pay a small fee; all the other cars would follow it automatically. The cars would all use networked communications coupled with the optical or electromagnetic sensors already installed in some luxury cars to avoid head-on collision, stay in the proper lane, and brake in case of emergency. These systems have been developed at great expense to provide active safety, as distinguished from the passive kind afforded by seat belts. But this investment, having been made, can now be exploited for other things-like allowing you to relax and read the paper. If only we'd let them. Active systems are improving at a splendid rate. Adaptive cruise control, for example, maintains a car's speed while using radar or lidar to keep a safe distance from the car in front of it, thus automating much of the braking and accelerating. The latest generation of this system can follow a lead car from highway speed to a stop and then resume automatically when that car drives away. Soon the system will get additional data from vision sensors and digitized maps and additional support for the steering, allowing it to slow down on curves.