gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sparse non-negative matrix language modeling for skip-grams (2015)

We present a novel family of language model (LM) estimation techniques named Sparse Non-negative Matrix (SNM) estimation.A first set of experiments empirically evaluating these techniques on the One Billion Word Benchmark [3] shows that with skip-gram features SNMLMs are able to match the state-of-theart recurrent neural network (RNN) LMs; combining the two modeling techniques yields the best known result on the benchmark.The computational advantages of SNM over both maximum entropy and RNNLM estimation are probably its main strength, promising an approach that has the same flexibility in combining arbitrary features effectively and yet should scale to very large amounts of data as gracefully as n-gram LMs do.
The large learning rate phase of deep learning (2021)

The choice of initial learning rate can have a profound effect on the performance of deep networks. We present empirical evidence that networks exhibit sharply distinct behaviors at small and large learning rates. In the small learning rate phase, training can be understood using the existing theory of infinitely wide neural networks. At large learning rates, we find that networks exhibit qualitatively distinct phenomena that cannot be explained by existing theory: The loss grows during the early part of training, and optimization eventually converges to a flatter minimum. Furthermore, we find that the optimal performance is often found in the large learning rate phase. To better understand this behavior we analyze the dynamics of a two-layer linear network and prove that it exhibits these different phases. We find good agreement between our analysis and the training dynamics observed in realistic deep learning settings.
Tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase by PDGF is dependent on Ras in human hepatic stellate cells (2000)

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a widely expressed nonreceptor tyrosine kinase found in focal adhesions. FAK has been indicated as a point of convergence of other signaling pathways including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors, and recently, FAK tyrosine phosphorylation has been shown to be stimulated by PDGF. In the present study we assessed the role of Ras as a possible intermediate protein regulating PDGF-induced FAK tyrosine phosphorylation in human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), liver-specific pericytes primarily involved in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. For this purpose, cells were first subjected to retroviral-mediated gene transfer with a dominant-negative mutant of Ras (N17Ras). This resulted in a marked inhibition of PDGF-induced FAK tyrosine phosphorylation together with the expected reduction of PDGF-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity (ERK). Afterward, the effects of pharmacological agents potentially affecting Ras isoprenylation were evaluated. PDGF-induced FAK tyrosine phosphorylation, ERK activity and intracellular calcium increase, as well as the biological effects of this growth factor, (i.e., mitogenesis and cell migration) were effectively blocked by GGTI-298, an inhibitor of geranylgeranyltransferase I. Inhibition of Ras processing obtained with FTI-277, an inhibitor of farnesyltransferase, resulted in detectable effects only at high doses. Taken together, these results establish that Ras operates as a protein-linking PDGF-beta receptor to FAK in human HSCs, and that signaling molecules requiring geranylgeranylation may also be involved in this process.
Lock-and-Key Mechanisms of Cerebellar Memory Recall Based on Rebound Currents (2007)

A basic question for theories of learning and memory is whether neuronal plasticity suffices to guide proper memory recall. Alternatively, information processing that is additional to readout of stored memories might occur during recall. We formulate a "lock-and-key" hypothesis regarding cerebellum-dependent motor memory in which successful learning shapes neural activity to match a temporal filter that prevents expression of stored but inappropriate motor responses. Thus, neuronal plasticity by itself is necessary but not sufficient to modify motor behavior. We explored this idea through computational studies of two cerebellar behaviors and examined whether deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei neurons can filter signals from Purkinje cells that would otherwise drive inappropriate motor responses. In eyeblink conditioning, reflex acquisition requires the conditioned stimulus (CS) to precede the unconditioned stimulus (US) by >100 ms. In our biophysical models of cerebellar nuclei neurons this requirement arises through the phenomenon of postinhibitory rebound depolarization and matches longstanding behavioral data on conditioned reflex timing and reliability. Although CS-US intervals<100 ms may induce Purkinje cell plasticity, cerebellar nuclei neurons drive conditioned responses only if the CS-US training interval was >100 ms. This bound reflects the minimum time for deinactivation of rebound currents such as T-type Ca2+. In vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation, hyperpolarization-activated currents in vestibular nuclei neurons may underlie analogous dependence of adaptation magnitude on the timing of visual and vestibular stimuli. Thus, the proposed lock-and-key mechanisms link channel kinetics to recall performance and yield specific predictions of how perturbations to rebound depolarization affect motor expression.
Adjustment of mobility parameters for traffic steering in multi-RAT multi-layer wireless networks (2013)

Mobile broadband traffic has been increasing in the last years. To cope with such traffic demand, heterogeneous networks are an effective solution characterized by deploying networks with different cell sizes, radio access technologies (RATs) and carrier frequencies. Since the coverage area of these networks (or layers) is partially overlapped, users can be steered to a specific layer in order to improve network performance. In this work, two mechanisms of traffic steering are analyzed in a realistic high-speed packet access/long-term evolution deployment scenario, where the objective is to offload traffic from the macro-layer to pico-cells. In idle mode, i.e., the state in which no dedicated resources have been established for the user, a static adjustment of the layer priorities in the cell reselection algorithm is performed. In connected mode, where dedicated resources have been established, the parameters of the inter-RAT handover triggering condition are statically adjusted to offload the macro-layer. Simulation results show that further offloading can be achieved by modifying these algorithms so that user satisfaction is improved.
Multi-parameter decision algorithm for mobile computation offloading (2014)

Today, mobile handsets are more and more capable to run complex applications. Mobile computation offloading offers the potential of extending mobile devices capabilities and battery lifetime. Traditional mobile computation offloading decision algorithms are mainly based on the offloading energy trade-off between locally consumed energy and offloading energy. Femtocloud is a novel paradigm introduced by the European project TROPIC [1] that merges cloud computing services and the benefits of femtocell networks. In this paper we present a novel offloading algorithm that takes decision about offloading mobile computation to a femtocloud. The proposed offloading algorithm incorporates a multitude of parameters in the offloading decision process while reducing the mobile handset energy consumption and keeping a good user quality of experience. Simulations results show that our proposed algorithm is able to extend the mobile battery life and to assure the computation of all the applications while respecting latency and memory constraints.
Cylindrical Metalens for Generation and Focusing of Free-Electron Radiation (2022)

Metasurfaces constitute a powerful approach to generate and control light by engineering optical material properties at the subwavelength scale. Recently, this concept was applied to manipulate free-electron radiation phenomena, rendering versatile light sources with unique functionalities. In this Letter, we experimentally demonstrate spectral and angular control over coherent light emission by metasurfaces that interact with free-electrons under grazing incidence. Specifically, we study metalenses based on chirped metagratings that simultaneously emit and shape Smith-Purcell radiation in the visible and near-infrared spectral regime. In good agreement with theory, we observe the far-field signatures of strongly convergent and divergent cylindrical radiation wavefronts using <i>in situ</i> hyperspectral angle-resolved light detection in a scanning electron microscope. Furthermore, we theoretically explore simultaneous control over the polarization and wavefront of Smith-Purcell radiation via a split-ring-resonator metasurface, enabling tunable operation by spatially selective mode excitation at nanometer resolution. Our work highlights the potential of merging metasurfaces with free-electron excitations for versatile and highly tunable radiation sources in wide-ranging spectral regimes.
An algorithmic approach to predicting mechanical draft cooling tower fan speeds from infrasound signals (2022)

Mechanical draft cooling towers (MDCTs) serve a critical heat management role in a variety of industries. For nuclear reactors in particular, the consistent, predictable operation of MDCTs is required to avoid damage to infrastructure and reduce the potential for catastrophic failure. Accurate, reliable measurement of MDCT fan speed is therefore an important maintenance and safety requirement. To that end, we have developed an algorithm for automatically predicting the rotational speeds of multiple, simultaneously operating fan rotors using contactless, infrasound measurements. The algorithm is based on identifying the blade passing frequencies (BPFs), their harmonics, as well as the motor frequencies (MFs) for each fan in operation. Using the algorithm, these frequencies can be automatically identified in the acoustic waveform’s short-time Fourier transform spectrogram. Attribution is aided by a set of filters that rely on the unique spectral and temporal characteristics of fan operation, as well as the intrinsic frequency ratios of the BPF harmonics and the BPF/MF signals. The algorithm was tested against infrasound data acquired from infrasound sensors deployed at two research reactors: the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) located at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) and the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). After manually identifying the MDCT gearbox ratio, the algorithm was able to quickly yield fan speeds at both reactors in good agreement with ground truth. Ultimately, this work demonstrates the ease by which MDCT fans may be monitored in order to optimize operational conditions and avoid infrastructure damage.
Measuring the impact of data center failures on a cloud‐based emergency medical call system (2019)

Summary Emergency call services are expected to be highly available in order to minimize the loss of urgent calls and, as a consequence, minimize loss of life due to lack of timely medical response. This service availability depends heavily on the cloud data center on which it is hosted. However, availability information alone cannot provide sufficient understanding of how failures impact the service and users' perception. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of failures on an emergency call system, considering service‐level metrics such as the number of affected calls per failure and the time an emergency service takes until it recovers from a failure. We analyze a real data set from an emergency call center for a large Brazilian city. From stochastic models that represent a cloud data center, we evaluate different data center architectures to observe the impact of failures on the emergency call service. Results show that changing data center's architecture in order to improve availability from two to three nines cannot decrease the average number of affected calls per failure. On the other hand, it can decrease the probability to affect a considerable number of calls at the same time.
An Approach to Early-Phase Salt Selection:  Application to NBI-75043 (2007)

A strategy for the salt selection of NBI-75043 is presented and summarized in a decision-tree format. This is followed by the first scale-up of the process, confirmation of a new polymorph, and description of a method for its conversion to the initial form.
Migration of buoyant particles in low-Reynolds-number pressure-driven flows (2005)

Neutrally buoyant particles in low-Reynolds-number pressure-driven suspension flows migrate from regions of high to low shear, and this migration is a strong function of the local concentration. When the particle density differs from that of the suspending fluid, buoyancy forces also affect particle migration. It is the ratio between the buoyancy and viscous forces, as quantified by a dimensionless buoyancy number, which determines the phase distribution of the suspension once the flow is fully developed. Although several experiments have verified shear-induced particle migration in neutrally buoyant suspensions, data for particle migration when buoyancy effects are important are scarce. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is used here to non-invasively measure particle concentration across a pipe arising from the low-Reynolds-number flow of heavy conducting particles and light non-conducting particles in a viscous suspending fluid. A range of buoyancy numbers was investigated by varying the flow rate. In all of the experiments, a significant fraction of the particle phase was observed to migrate towards the top or bottom of the pipe, depending on the relative density of the particles. The amount of migration away from the centre of the pipe increased with increasing magnitude of the buoyancy number. Furthermore, observations of the phase distribution at several positions downstream of the inlet indicate that these suspension flows become fully developed earlier than that observed for neutrally buoyant particles. A scaling analysis for the prediction of the fully developed length is presented, which predicts shorter lengths for higher buoyancy numbers and is consistent with experimental observations. The experimental data were compared to an isotropic suspension balance model, and it was found that the particle phase distributions predicted by this model agree fairly well with the experimental observations.
Long lifetime blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with an exciton blocking layer (2015)

An acridine derived compound, 9,9-dimethyl-10-(9-phenyl-9<italic>H</italic>-carbazol-3-yl)-9,10-dihydroacridine (PCZAC), was newly designed as a hole transport type high triplet energy material for application as a hole transport type exciton blocking layer of blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteroannular Ferrocene‐Crown Ether Conjugates, e.g. (III), via Acid‐ Catalyzed Macrocyclization. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Self-Regulation of Candida albicans Population Size during GI Colonization (2007)

Interactions between colonizing commensal microorganisms and their hosts play important roles in health and disease. The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans is a common component of human intestinal flora. To gain insight into C. albicans colonization, genes expressed by fungi grown within a host were studied. The EFH1 gene, encoding a putative transcription factor, was highly expressed during growth of C. albicans in the intestinal tract. Counterintuitively, an efh1 null mutant exhibited increased colonization of the murine intestinal tract, a model of commensal colonization, whereas an EFH1 overexpressing strain exhibited reduced colonization of the intestinal tract and of the oral cavity of athymic mice, the latter situation modeling human mucosal candidiasis. When inoculated into the bloodstream of mice, both efh1 null and EFH1 overexpressing strains caused lethal infections. In contrast, other mutants are attenuated in virulence following intravenous inoculation but exhibited normal levels of intestinal colonization. Finally, although expression of several genes is dependent on transcription factor Efg1p during laboratory growth, Efg1p-independent expression of these genes was observed during growth within the murine intestinal tract. These results show that expression of EFH1 regulated the level of colonizing fungi, favoring commensalism as opposed to candidiasis. Also, different genes are required in different host niches and the pathway(s) that regulates gene expression during host colonization can differ from well-characterized pathways used during laboratory growth.
Tandem Heterogeneous Catalysis for Polyethylene Depolymerization via an Olefin-Intermediate Process (2021)

The accumulation of plastic waste in the environment has prompted the development of new chemical recycling technologies. A recently reported approach employed homogeneous organometallic catalysts for tandem dehydrogenation and olefin cross metathesis to depolymerize polyethylene (PE) feedstocks to a mixture of alkane products. Here, we build on that prior work by developing a fully heterogeneous catalyst system using a physical mixture of SnPt/γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Re<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>/γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. This heterogeneous catalyst system produces a distribution of linear alkane products from a model, linear C<sub>20</sub> alkane, <i>n</i>-eicosane, and from a linear PE substrate (which is representative of high-density polyethylene), both in an <i>n</i>-pentane solvent. For the PE substrate, a molecular weight decrease of 73% was observed at 200 °C in 15 h. This type of tandem chemistry is an example of an olefin-intermediate process, in which poorly reactive aliphatic substrates are first activated through dehydrogenation and then functionalized or cleaved by a highly-active olefin catalyst. Olefin-intermediate processes like that examined here offer both a selective and versatile means to depolymerize polyolefins at lower severity than traditional pyrolysis or cracking conditions.
Effects of Photoselective Vaporization of the Prostate on Urodynamics in Patients With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (2008)

Photoselective vaporization of the prostate is considered a safe and effective treatment with minimal bleeding and no hyponatremia, thus providing successful relief of bladder outlet obstruction and detrusor overactivity without affecting detrusor contractility in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Mechanism of Action of a Membrane-Active Quinoline-Based Antimicrobial on Natural and Model Bacterial Membranes (2017)

HT61 is a quinoline-derived antimicrobial, which exhibits bactericidal potency against both multiplying and quiescent methicillin resistant and sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, and has been proposed as an adjunct for other antimicrobials to extend their usefulness in the face of increasing antimicrobial resistance. In this study, we have examined HT61's effect on the permeability of S. aureus membranes and whether this putative activity can be attributed to an interaction with lipid bilayers. Using membrane potential and ATP release assays, we have shown that HT61 disrupts the membrane enough to result in depolarization of the membrane and release of intercellular constituents at concentrations above and below the minimum inhibitory concentration of the drug. Utilizing both monolayer subphase injection and neutron reflectometry, we have shown that increasing the anionic lipid content of the membrane leads to a more marked effect of the drug. In bilayers containing 25 mol % phosphatidylglycerol, neutron reflectometry data suggest that exposure to HT61 increases the level of solvent in the hydrophobic region of the membrane, which is indicative of gross structural damage. Increasing the proportion of PG elicits a concomitant level of membrane damage, resulting in almost total destruction when 75 mol % phosphatidylglycerol is present. We therefore propose that HT61's primary action is directed toward the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-positive bacteria.
Whole-exome sequencing (WES) of HER2+ metastatic breast cancer (MBC) from patients (pts) treated with prior trastuzumab (T): A correlative analysis of TBCRC003. (2014)

536 Background: Although several large sequencing studies have elucidated the spectrum of genomic alterations in primary, treatment-naïve HER2+ cancers, the genomic landscape in metastatic tumors after progression on anti-HER2 therapy remains largely unknown. Methods: We performed WES on baseline metastatic tumor biopsies from 57 pts enrolled on TBCRC003 (NCT00470704), a phase II study evaluating combined lapatinib (L) and T that included pts with varying degrees of prior T exposure. Tumors were analyzed for point mutations, insertions/deletions, and copy number alterations. Results: Across 57 tumors, the median depth of coverage was 99-fold (range 37-160). The median number of coding mutations per sample was 55 (Range: 1-716). Significant recurrently mutated genes were TP53 (n=30; 53%) and PIK3CA (n=19; 33%). The incidence of mutant TP53 and PIK3CA was not significantly different from 104 primary, treatment-naïve HER2+ tumors sequenced in the TCGA study (53% and 28%, respectively). Comparing the 40 pts who received prior T with the 17 pts who did not, there was no significant difference in the incidence of mutant PIK3CA (35% vs 29%, p=0.8) and TP53 (53% vs 53%, p=1.0). Significant recurrent copy number alterations included amplifications in FGFR1, MYC, CCND1, and MDM2 and deletions in NF1, also similar to TCGA data. In 3/40 pts who had received prior T (8%), we identified a HER2 L755S kinase domain mutation. HER2 mutations have been seen in ~2% of HER2-negative cancers and <1% of primary HER2+ cancers. HER2 L755S has been shown to be resistant to L and sensitive to irreversible HER2 inhibitors. 5 additional pts, 2 of whom received prior T, had uncharacterized HER2 mutations at low allelic fractions, including a novel kinase domain mutation in a pt who had received prior T. No HER2 kinase domain mutations were seen in T-naïve pts. Conclusions: We present the first genomic landscape of HER2+ MBC using WES data. WES of matched primary tumor tissue is underway. The presence of HER2 mutations in pts with HER2+ MBC treated with prior T suggests that these mutations may be involved in the development of resistance to T. Novel therapeutic approaches may be required for these pts.
Viral Shedding 1 Year Following First-Episode Genital HSV-1 Infection (2022)

Genital HSV-1 shedding was frequent after first-episode genital HSV-1, particularly among those with primary infection, and declined rapidly during the first year after infection.
Fact-based nutrition for infants and lactating mothers—The NUTRISHIELD study (2023)

https://register.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier: NCT05646940.
Transcatheter aortic valve-in-ring implantation: feasibility in an acute, preclinical, pilot trial (2018)

Transcatheter aortic valve-in-ring implantation of a self-expandable TAVR into a rigid aortic annuloplasty ring after aortic valve repair appears feasible. Proper sizing and correct depth of implantation are crucial.
Solution combustion synthesis and physico-chemical properties of ultrafine CeO2nanoparticles and their photocatalytic activity (2016)

Solution combustion method was adopted for the preparation of ultrafine cerium oxide nanoparticles, which act as excellent photocatalysts for the degradation of dye from aqueous solution.