gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative evaluation of machines for electric and hybrid vehicles based on dynamic operation and loss minimization (2010)

This paper proposes a method to evaluate induction machines for electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Some performance aspects of induction machines are also compared to permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs). An overview of static efficiency maps is presented, but efficiency maps miss dynamic effects and under-predict induction machine efficiencies. The proposed evaluation method is based on dynamic efficiency under loss minimization and overall energy consumption over standard driving cycles that are provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Over each of these cycles, the dynamic efficiency and drive-cycle energy are determined based on experimental motor data in combination with a dynamic HEV simulator. Results show that efficiency in the fast-changing dynamic environment of a vehicle can be higher than inferred from static efficiency maps. Overall machine efficiency is compared for rated flux, and for dynamic loss-minimizing flux control. The energy efficiency given optimum flux is typically five points higher than for rated flux. This result is comparable to published PMSM results. A PMSM is also used for comparisons, and results show that both machines can perform well in HEV and EV applications.
Surgical Mask vs N95 Respirator for Preventing Influenza Among Health Care Workers (2009)

Context Data about the effectiveness of the surgical mask compared with the N95 respirator for protecting health care workers against influenza are sparse. Given the likelihood that N95 respirators will be in short supply during a pandemic and not available in many countries, knowing the effectiveness of the surgical mask is of public health importance.
Ultrahigh-noise rejection optical filter (1991)

We present the results of what is to our knowledge the first experimental demonstration of a Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter. This optical filter has a measured bandpass of 1 GHz, a transmission of 0.63, and an out-of-band rejection of 10(5).
Current approaches to formulate evidence-based recommendations: a case study of WHO drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment guidance (2018)

<b>Background:</b> production of guidelines for preventive and curative action is a core activity of international professional bodies involved in clinical care and public health. Guidelines need to provide end-users with feasible recommendations based on the best available evidence, experience in implementation and consideration for prevalent values and preferences. <b>Methods:</b> we describe how the World Health Organization (WHO) updates treatment guidelines for drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) using a systematic approach to maximise the utility and objectivity of its guidance. <b>Findings:</b> since 2010, WHO has used GRADE (www.gradeworkinggroup.org) to develop treatment guidelines on multidrug-resistant TB, isoniazid-resistant TB, and interim policies on new TB medicines - bedaquiline and delamanid. Expert groups were appointed to develop and peer-review guidelines, aiming for a balance in disciplines, geography and gender in these panels. Declarations of potential interest guided expert selection to minimise conflict. Questions framing the guideline scope were worded to reflect user demands for guidance. Literature searches identified aggregated and individual patient datasets for meta-analysis. GRADE evidence summaries included statements on the certainty in the estimates of effect. Additional information, including modelling and costing studies, informed experts on the direction and strength of the recommendations and accompanying remarks. <b>Interpretation:</b> GRADE permits more transparency on the evidence and considerations behind WHO drug-resistant TB treatment recommendations. Evaluation of guideline uptake and implementation guides could improve future policies.
DNA Barcoding a Complete Matrix of Stereoisomeric Small Molecules (2018)

&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is challenging to incorporate stereochemical diversity and topographic complexity into DNA-encoded libraries (DELs) because DEL syntheses cannot fully exploit the capabilities of modern synthetic organic chemistry. Here, we describe the design, construction, and validation of DOS-DEL-1, a library of 107,616 DNA-barcoded chiral 2,3-disubsituted azetidines and pyrrolidines. We used stereospecific C–H arylation chemistry to furnish complex scaffolds primed for DEL synthesis, and we developed an improved on-DNA Suzuki reaction to maximize library quality. We then studied both the structural diversity of the library and the physicochemical properties of individual compounds using Tanimoto multi-fusion similarity analysis, among other techniques. These analyses revealed not only that most DOS-DEL-1 members have “drug-like” properties, but also that the library more closely resembles compound collections derived from diversity synthesis than those from other sources (&lt;i&gt;e.g.&lt;/i&gt;, commercial vendors). Finally, we performed validation screens against horseradish peroxidase and carbonic anhydrase IX, and we developed a novel, Poisson-based statistical framework to analyze the results. A set of assay positives were successfully translated into potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; = 20.1–68.7 nM), which confirmed the success of the synthesis and screening procedures. These results establish a strategy to synthesize DELs with scaffold-based stereochemical diversity and complexity that does not require the development of novel DNA-compatible chemistry.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
Feasibility study of double exposure lithography for 65nm and 45nm node (2005)

There are many challenges ahead to use ArF for printing 45nm node device. High numerical aperture (NA) exposure tool and double exposure technique (DET) are the promising methods to extend ArF lithography manufacturing to 45nm node at k<sub>1</sub> factor below 0.35. Scattering bars (SB) have already become indispensable as chipmakers move to production in low k<sub>1</sub> factor. The optimum SB width is approximately (0.20 to 0.25)*(&lambda;/NA). When SB width becomes less than the exposure wavelength, the Kirchhoff scalar theory is no longer accurate. When the optical weight of the SB increases, they become more easily printable. In order to ensure more robust lithography, both foundry and IDM prefer to choose higher NA exposure tool to maintain higher k<sub>1</sub> (>0.35). The chipmaker is currently using 0.85 NA, ArF, scanners for 65nm development and early device qualification. With immersion, the NA can be greater than 1.0. Under such a hyper NA (>1) condition, SB scalability and optical weight control are becoming even more challenging. Double exposure methods using either ternary 6% attenuated PSM (AttPSM) for DDL, or applying CPL mask with DDL, are good imaging solutions that can go beyond 45nm node. Today DDL with binary chrome mask is capable of printing 65 nm device patterns. Transmission tuning combined with OAI can achieve best-known imaging contrast for low k<sub>1</sub> lithography. In this work, we investigate the use of DDL with 6% ternary AttPSM to target 45nm node features. SB scalability issue can be addressed in both schemes since the SB can be exposed away using the combined dose from double exposures. Dipole with linearly polarized light can significantly improve the image contrast. The key to take advantage of polarization is to convert the layout into the corresponding x y patterns. We have developed model-based layout conversion method to generate both 6% AttPSM that can consider polarization effect. In this study, we share our initial findings through simulation and to report the initial binary mask printing result of DDL with linearly polarization.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of the 28‐Isopolytungstate Fragment [H2W28O95]20– Stabilized by Two External Lanthanide Ions [Ln2(H2O)10W28O93(OH)2]14– (2009)

Abstract The V‐shaped polyanions [Ln 2 (H 2 O) 10 W 28 O 93 (OH) 2 ] 14– [Ln = Sm ( 1 ), and Eu ( 2 )] have been synthesized by reaction of Ln 3+ and WO 4 2– in aqueous acidic medium. The sodium salt of 1 and the mixed sodium‐europium salt of 2 have been characterized in the solid state by FTIR, single‐crystal XRD, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and elemental analysis. Single‐crystal X‐ray analyses were carried out on Na 14 [Sm 2 (H 2 O) 10 W 28 O 93 (OH) 2 ] · 40H 2 O ( Na‐1 ) which crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P $\bar {1}$ , a = 14.8727(6) Å, b = 21.7762(11) Å, c = 23.5751(10) Å, α = 89.175(2)°, β = 86.430(2)°, γ = 75.364(2)°, and Z = 2 and on Na 8 Eu 2 [Eu 2 (H 2 O) 10 W 28 O 93 (OH) 2 ] · 47H 2 O ( NaEu‐2 ) which crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P 2 1 / n , a = 25.3862(11) Å, b = 14.6364(5) Å, c = 40.3264(16) Å, β = 96.107(3)°, and Z = 4. The polyanions 1 and 2 consist of a novel isopolyanion unit [H 2 W 28 O 95 ] 20– and two {Ln(H 2 O) n } 3+ supporting groups. The {W 28 } cluster coordinates to the two Ln 3+ ions and acts as a tri‐ and tetradentate ligand for the two lanthanide ions. The {W 28 } cluster consists of two undecatungstate {W 11 } fragments and a hexatungstate fragment {W 6 }. Furthermore, in the solid state, one {W 28 } fragment is connected to another {W 28 } via lanthanide‐oxo bridges forming a {W 56 } aggregate ([Ln 2 (H 2 O) 10 W 28 O 93 (OH) 2 ] 14– ) 2 . It was also possible to synthesize other lanthanide derivatives of the {W 28 } cluster (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, and Gd) as determined by FTIR and preliminary single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Evaluation of insect locomotion using MEMS piezoresistive force sensors (2016)

Small insects have agile performance in flight, walking locomotion, and so on. Currently, many researchers have been focusing the dynamics of their locomotion. We have been developing micro scaled piezoresistive force sensors to measure forces exerted by insects during flying, walking and jumping. In this paper, we introduce these sensors which are specialized for target insects.
Comparison of Coal-Derived and Petroleum Asphaltenes by 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, DEPT, and XRS (2011)

The molecular architecture of asphaltenes is still a matter of debate. Some literature reports provide evidence that the contrast of petroleum asphaltenes versus coal-derived asphaltenes is useful for understanding the governing principles of asphaltene identity. Coal-derived asphaltenes provide an excellent test for understanding the relationship of asphaltene molecular architecture with asphaltene properties. Diffusion measurements have shown that coal-derived asphaltenes are half the size of many crude oil asphaltenes, but there are relatively few studies comparing coal-derived and petroleum asphaltenes using liquid state 13C NMR. 13C NMR confirms that the molecular sizes of these coal-derived asphaltenes are smaller than virgin petroleum asphaltenes. DEPT-45 experiments were performed in order to determine the relative amount of nonprotonated and protonated carbon in the aromatic region of the spectrum. In contrast to previous NMR work on asphaltenes that ignored interior bridgehead carbon, we show this is an important component of asphaltenes and that correctly accounting for this carbon enables proper determination of the number of fused rings. XRS data supports interpreting the NMR data with a model that weighs circularly condensed structures more heavily than linearly condensed structures. Significantly more carbon exists in chains at least 9 carbons long in petroleum asphaltenes (≥7%) compared to coal-derived asphaltenes (≥1%).
Glucose and Insulin Responses Are Improved in Patients With Psoriasis During Therapy With Etretinate (1987)

Since lipemia is commonly induced by retinoid therapy, we investigated the effects of etretinate administration on glucose metabolism by obtaining five-hour oral glucose tolerance tests in 23 patients before and after 20 weeks of etretinate therapy for psoriasis. Compared with pretreatment values, peak and aggregate levels for serum glucose and aggregate levels for serum insulin were significantly lower during therapy. The changes were not associated with obesity, weight loss during treatment, or pretherapy glucose tolerance or insulin secretion level. Of 11 patients with impaired or diabetic glucose tolerance prior to therapy, eight patients had improved glucose tolerance after 20 weeks of etretinate treatment. Despite inducing hypertriglyceridemia in most patients, etretinate therapy is associated with a reduction in glucose levels in response to a glucose load.
Hemizygous deletions on chromosome 1p21.3 involving the DPYD gene in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (2010)

We describe the identification and clinical presentation of four individuals from three unrelated families with hemizygous deletions involving the DPYD gene at chromosome 1p21.3. DPYD encodes dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, which is the initial and rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of pyrimidine bases. All four individuals described met diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder with severe speech delay. Patient 1's deletion was originally reported in 2008, and more detailed clinical information is provided. Subsequently, this male individual was found to have a missense mutation in the X-linked PTCHD1 autism susceptibility gene, which may also contribute to the phenotype. Patients 2 and 3 are siblings with a novel deletion encompassing the DPYD gene. In their mother, the genomic region deleted from chromosome 1p21.3 was inserted into chromosome 10. A fourth proband had a novel 10-kb intragenic deletion of exon 6 of the DPYD gene detected on a higher resolution microarray. Our study suggests that hemizygous deletions involving the DPYD locus present with variable phenotypes which can include speech delay and autistic features, and may also be influenced by additional mutations in other genes, issues which need to be considered in genetic counseling.
Synthesis and thermal automerizations of 4- and 6-exo-deuteriobicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-enes (2001)

Samples of racemic 4- exo -deuteriobicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene (4 x - 1 ) and racemic 6- exo -deuteriobicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene (6 x - 1 ) were synthesized with high incorporation and stereoselectivity of deuterium label. Mole percent concentrations as functions of time profiles for the four isomers were secured from the thermolysis of 4 x - 1 at 224.9, 240.1, and 255.0°C. From this data rate constants for the three isomerization paths ( k r , k i , and k 1,5 ) at the three temperatures were calculated. Relative participation of the three reaction paths was determined; the k r :k i :k 1,5 proportions were 48:11:36. The calculated activation parameters for k r , k i , and k 1,5 were Ea 43.8, 44.8, 44.3 kcal/mole and log A 14.1, 14.1, 14.2, respectively. Thermolysis of 6 x - 1 at 224.9, 240.1, and 255.0°C provided mole percent concentration as functions of time profiles that were compared with the profiles obtained with 4 x - 1 . This comparison demonstrates that one-centered epimerization, k 6e , plays no kinetically important role at the temperatures and time domains studied.
Sex Identification in Fresh Blood and Dried Bloodstains by a Nonisotopic Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Analyzing Technique (1988)

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) specimens were prepared from blood or bloodstain extracts, and the content of a Y-chromosome specific DNA fragment was investigated by the Southern hybridization method using a nonisotopic staining technique. Thus obtained patterns of male DNA showed a clear band, whereas broad stains with some faint bands appeared on the patterns of DNA from both sexes. This method is expected to be a new powerful mean of forensic medical examination.
A sleep state in Drosophila larvae required for neural stem cell proliferation (2018)

Sleep during development is involved in refining brain circuitry, but a role for sleep in the earliest periods of nervous system elaboration, when neurons are first being born, has not been explored. Here we identify a sleep state in <i>Drosophila</i> larvae that coincides with a major wave of neurogenesis. Mechanisms controlling larval sleep are partially distinct from adult sleep: octopamine, the <i>Drosophila</i> analog of mammalian norepinephrine, is the major arousal neuromodulator in larvae, but dopamine is not required. Using real-time behavioral monitoring in a closed-loop sleep deprivation system, we find that sleep loss in larvae impairs cell division of neural progenitors. This work establishes a system uniquely suited for studying sleep during nascent periods, and demonstrates that sleep in early life regulates neural stem cell proliferation.
Partial Knowledge In Embeddings (2017)

Representing domain knowledge is crucial for any task. There has been a wide range of techniques developed to represent this knowledge, from older logic based approaches to the more recent deep learning based techniques (i.e. embeddings). In this paper, we discuss some of these methods, focusing on the representational expressiveness tradeoffs that are often made. In particular, we focus on the the ability of various techniques to encode `partial knowledge' - a key component of successful knowledge systems. We introduce and describe the concepts of `ensembles of embeddings' and `aggregate embeddings' and demonstrate how they allow for partial knowledge.
Time-Resolved Vibrational Nanospectroscopy Using Femtosecond Infrared Scattering Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (2011)

We combine scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy with ultrafast infrared light, enabling spectroscopy at nanometer scale. Time resolved free induction decay behaviors of surface polymer molecules are observed.
Dylan Thomas and poetry of the 1940s (2010)

The political events of 1939 – the fall of the Spanish Republic, the Stalin–Hitler Pact and the outbreak of the Second World War – delivered a body-blow to the authority of the Audenesque style which had dominated thirties poetry. In January 1939 W. H. Auden (1907–73) himself had emigrated to the USA, and a shift from socio-political engagement to self-assessment and retrospection was discernible in his work as well as that of his followers. Those journals which had championed the Audenesque style, Twentieth Century Verse and New Verse, were wound up. Suddenly it was clear that events had outstripped even the direst prophecies of this poetry, insofar as these were cast in a realist style and rooted in a belief in the efficacy of rationality and collective action.
Multi-view stereo reconstruction of dense shape and complex appearance (2005)

We address the problem of estimating the three-dimensional shape and complex appearance of a scene from a calibrated set of views under fixed illumination. Our approach relies on a rank condition that must be satisfied when the scene exhibits “specular + diffuse ” reflectance characteristics. This constraint is used to define a cost functional for the discrepancy between the measured images and those generated by the estimate of the scene, rather than attempting to match image-to-image directly. Minimizing such a functional yields the optimal estimate of the shape of the scene, represented by a dense surface, as well as its radiance, represented by four functions defined on such a surface. These can be used to generate novel views that capture the non-Lambertian appearance of the scene. 1
Fabrication of Chitin Nanofiber-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Nanocomposites by an Environmentally Friendly Process (2013)

Polylactic acid (PLA) reinforced with chitin nanofibers was produced from a mixture of a colloidal suspension of PLA particles with chitin nanofiber suspension. The dispersion medium was solely water, which was removed by filtration and drying. Nanocomposites were obtained by compression molding of the filtrates. Static tensile test and dynamic mechanical analysis were performed to evaluate the reinforcement as a function of nanofiber content. Chitin nanofibers delivered reinforcement similar to cellulose nanofibers, being especially effective at up to 70 wt% fiber load. The ultimate tensile modulus and strength reached 7.7 GPa and 110 MPa, respectively, at a nanofiber content of 70 wt%.
Occurrence of Reverse Side Effects in Corona Treatment of Dispersion-Coated Paperboard and Its Influence on Grease Barrier Properties (2016)

The uncoated side of dispersion-barrier-coated paperboards was exposed to positive and negative direct current corona treatments in order to confirm the occurrence of backside treatment and clarify its effects on the usability of the paperboard. The main component of the coating dispersions was hydroxypropylated potato starch and the effects of talc and styrene-butadiene latex additions on backside treatment were evaluated. Coatings with a high talc proportion showed excellent initial grease resistance, but corona-induced strikethroughs caused a drastic decrease in grease penetration time. The root-mean-square roughness measurements revealed moderate surface roughening at the backside, indicating thus backside treatment. The alterations in surface free energies and rapeseed oil contact angles confirmed the occurrence of backside treatment. The high polarization potential of latex played a key role in these observations. At the same time, the inertity of talc had a stabilizing effect but it did not prevent backside treatment completely. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results verified that backside treatment occurs also when the barrier-coated side of the substrate is treated with corona, indicating that a dispersion coating layer does not prevent this undesired phenomenon. Bearing in mind that expressing customized information or including personalized elements in food packages or disposable cups and plates is under great interest, it can be assumed the exposure of packaging materials to corona will become more common in the near future, and the need for optimizing bio-based packaging materials for such purposes is obvious.
Pulse shaping using the discrete fourier transform for direct detection optical systems (2011)

Different pulse shapes are presented as alternative to traditional (N)RZ pulses in communication systems using direct detection. The pulses are efficiently generated in the frequency domain using the discrete Fourier transform. The trade-off between spectral occupancy and eye opening is discussed and performance is evaluated by means of simulations.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 3,4‐DIPHENYLPYRROLES VIA C‐BENZYLNITRONE CYCLODIMERS (1981)

Abstract Phenylacetaldehyd (I) ergibt mit den Hydroxylaminen (II) die Cyclisierungsprodukte (III), die unter Eliminierung von Wasser und (II) zu den N‐substituierten Diphenylpyrrolen (IV) recyclisieren.
Antiobesogenic and Antiatherosclerotic Properties ofCaralluma fimbriataExtract (2010)

There is evidence that the principles present in the widely consumed Indian food plant C. fimbriata extract (CFE) suppress appetite, and provide antiobesogenic and metabolic benefits. The Diet-Induced Obesity (DIO) rat model was used to investigate CFE's anorexigenic effects. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: (i) untreated control (C), (ii) control for cafeteria diet (CA), and (iii) cafeteria diet fed + CFE treated. Rats in the test group received cafeteria diet and CFE from day one onwards. CFE was administered by gavage at three doses (25, 50, 100 mg/Kg BW per day) for 90 days. The antiobesogenic effects of CFE were evaluated by monitoring changes in feed intake, body weight, serum lipid and hormonal (leptin) profiles, fat pads, and liver weight. Antiatherosclerotic effects were measured by histology. CFE induced significant and dose-dependent inhibition of food intake, with dose-related prevention of gains in body weight, liver weight, and fat pad mass. Alterations in serum lipid profiles associated with weight gain were similarly inhibited, as were the typical increases in serum leptin levels. These data substantiate CFE's reported anorexigenic effects. CFE treatment also conferred protection against atherogenesis. We conclude that CFE possesses antiobesogenic and antiatherosclerotic properties.