gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Multi-Stage Framework for Classification of Unconstrained Image Data from Mobile Phones (2014)

During the past decade, the number of mobile electronic devices equipped with cameras has increased dramatically and so has the number of real-world applications for image classification. In many of these applications, the image data is captured in an uncontrolled manner and in complex environments and conditions under which existing image classification techniques may not perform well. In this paper, the authors provide a detailed description of an efficient multi-stage image classification framework that is robust enough to remain effective also under challenging imaging conditions, and demonstrate its effectiveness in the context of classification of real-world images of dumpsters captured by mobile phones in the metropolitan city of Hyderabad. Their system is able to achieve accurate classification of the cleanliness state of the dumpsters by utilizing a multi-stage approach, where the first stage is the efficient detection of the dumpster and the second stage is the classification of its state. The authors provide a detailed analysis of the performance of the system as well as comprehensive experimental results on real-world image data.
Molecular Epidemiology of Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J and Evolutionary History of Its 3′ Untranslated Region (2007)

Avian leukosis subgroup J (ALV-J) causes a variety of tumors and mortality in meat-type chickens. Since its discovery in the late 1980s, ALV-J has spread to breeding stock produced by most primary breeding companies of North America, the European Union, and Asia. ALV-J seems to have been eradicated from elite breeding stock produced by most primary breeders, albeit ALV-J still circulates in some commercial poultry. This study was undertaken to examine the molecular epidemiology and evolution of ALV-J detected in breeding stock and broiler chickens representing eight primary breeding companies over a period of approximately 20 yr (1988-2007). The redundant transmembrane region of the envelope gene has been deleted in some isolates, suggesting that this region is dispensable for viral fitness. Within the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR), the direct repeat 1 was present in 100% of the ALV-J isolates studied. In contrast, the E element has undergone substantial deletions in >50% of the ALV-J proviruses studied. Overall, the unique region 3 was the least conserved within the 3' long terminal repeat (LTR), albeit the transcriptional regulatory elements typical of avian retroviruses (CAAT, CArG, PRE, TATA, and Y boxes) were highly conserved. The direct repeat region of the LTR was identical in all of the proviruses, and the 3' unique region 5 was relatively well conserved. Thus, the 3' UTR of ALV-J has evolved rapidly, reflecting significant instability of this region. Some of the mutations in the 3' UTR have resulted in the emergence of moderately distinct genetic lineages representing each primary breeding company from which ALV-J was isolated.
ChemInform Abstract: Zeolites and Layered Compounds: Novel Host Materials (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Global Dysfunction of CD4 T-Lymphocyte Cytokine Expression in Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus/SIV-Infected Monkeys Is Prevented by Vaccination (2003)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection results in a dysfunction of CD4(+) T lymphocytes. The intracellular events contributing to that CD4(+) T-lymphocyte dysfunction remain incompletely elucidated, and it is unclear whether aspects of that dysfunction can be prevented. The present studies were pursued in a rhesus monkey model of AIDS to explore these issues. Loss of the capacity of peripheral blood CD4(+) T lymphocytes to express cytokines was first detected in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected monkeys during the peak of viral replication during primary infection and persisted thereafter. Moreover, infected monkeys with progressive disease had peripheral blood CD4(+) T lymphocytes that expressed significantly less cytokine than infected monkeys that had undetectable viral loads and intact CD4(+) T-lymphocyte counts. Importantly, CD4(+) T lymphocytes from vaccinated monkeys that effectively controlled the replication of a highly pathogenic immunodeficiency virus isolate following a challenge had a preserved functional capacity. These observations suggest that an intact cytokine expression capacity of CD4(+) T lymphocytes is associated with stable clinical status and that effective vaccines can mitigate against CD4(+) T-lymphocyte dysfunction following an AIDS virus infection.
Retroviral transfer of the human MDR1 gene confers resistance to bisantrene-specific hematotoxicity. (1996)

In this work, we demonstrate a protective effect conferred by the human multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) to populations of the murine hematopoietic system against the toxic effects of bisantrene, a novel intercalating cytotoxic agent under investigation as an anticancer agent. In vitro, MDR1-expressing cell lines are highly cross-resistant to bisantrene, and low levels of P-glycoprotein (the MDR1 gene product cell surface protein) confer resistance to the drug. MDR1-positive mice were generated after transplantation of bone marrow cells (BMC) transduced in vitro with a MDR1 retrovirus. Control mice were transplanted with BMC transduced with the neomycin resistance gene. Administration of a single i.v. dose of 50 mg/kg of bisantrene resulted in a decrease of the total WBC count of approximately 40%. In contrast, a decrease of the total WBC count of only 17% was observed in mice transplanted with MDR1-transduced BMC. Immunofluorescence studies with cell lineage-specific monoclonal antibodies showed that bisantrene was specifically toxic for B lymphocytes and macrophages. Double-staining with MRK16 (a monoclonal antibody specific for P-glycoprotein) demonstrated that a single dose of bisantrene increased the relative number of MDR1-transduced positive B cells, macrophages, and (to some extent) granulocytes when compared to the number found in MDR1-untreated mice or the bisantrene-treated neomycin-transduced control mice. These results provide in vivo evidence that bisantrene is a hematotoxic drug capable of selecting for MDR1-transduced hematopoietic cells. Bisantrene might be useful for gene therapy as an in vivo selective agent for cells transduced with MDR1 vectors that also coexpress therapeutic genes of interest.
CC Chemokine Ligand 18, An Atopic Dermatitis-Associated and Dendritic Cell-Derived Chemokine, Is Regulated by Staphylococcal Products and Allergen Exposure (2004)

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a steadily increasing prevalence. Exposure to allergens or bacterial superantigens triggers T and dendritic cell (DC) recruitment and induces atopic skin inflammation. In this study, we report that among all known chemokines CCL18/DC-CK1/PARC represents the most highly expressed ligand in atopic dermatitis. Moreover, CCL18 expression is associated with an atopic dermatitis phenotype when compared with other chronic inflammatory skin diseases. DCs either dispersed within the dermis or clustering at sites showing perivascular infiltrates are abundant sources of CCL18. In vitro, microbial products including LPS, peptidoglycan, and mannan, as well as the T cell-derived activation signal CD40L, induced CCL18 in monocytes. In contrast to monocytes, monocyte-derived, interstitial-type, and Langerhans-type DCs showed a constitutive and abundant expression of CCL18. In comparison to Langerhans cells, interstitial-type DCs produced higher constitutive levels of CCL18. In vivo, topical exposure to the relevant allergen or the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B, resulted in a significant induction of CCL18 in atopic dermatitis patients. Furthermore, in nonatopic NiSO4-sensitized individuals, only relevant allergen but not irritant exposure resulted in the induction of CCL18. Taken together, findings of the present study demonstrate that CCL18 is associated with an atopy/allergy skin phenotype, and is expressed at the interface between the environment and the host by cells constantly screening foreign Ags. Its regulation by allergen exposure and microbial products suggests an important role for CCL18 in the initiation and amplification of atopic skin inflammation.
Hydrothermal and magmatic reservoirs at Lazufre volcanic area, revealed by a high-resolution seismic noise tomography (2015)

We determine here for the first time the geometry and location of the hydrothermal and magmatic reservoirs in the Lazufre volcanic area. This furthers the understanding of the origin of one of the largest worldwide volcanic uplift regions, both in space and amplitude. The exact locations and shapes of the sources generating a double-wide uplift region in the Lazufre found by past deformation data (InSAR and GPS) and generating hydrothermal and magmatic fluids found by geochemical gas analysis have not been well-delimited. In this study, we use seismological data to perform a 3-D high-resolution S-wave velocity model, which allows defining better the locations and shapes of the sources of the deformations and the hydrothermal and magmatic reservoirs. We find three anomalies. Two of them (with S-wave velocity of about 1.2–1.8 km/s) are located below the Lastarria volcano. The shallow one (<1 km below the volcano base) has a funnel-like shape. The deeper one is located between a depth of 3 and 6 km below the volcano base. Both are strongly elliptical in an EW direction and separated by a 2–3 km thick zone with Vs of ∼1.5–2 km/s. As far as these anomalies are located under the hydrothermal activity of Lastarria volcano, they are interpreted as a double hydrothermal (the shallow part) and magmatic source (the deeper part). The latter can feed the former. This double hydrothermal and magmatic source is in agreement with previous geochemical, deformation (GPS and InSAR) and magneto-telluric studies. In particular, it explains the double origin of the gases (hydrothermal and magmatic). The third low-velocity zone (with S-wave velocity of about 2.3 km/s) located at 5 km depth and deeper is centered beneath an area of surface uplift as determined by InSAR data. We compare the seismic tomography and InSAR results to propose that this low-velocity zone is at the top of a large reservoir, hosting hydrothermal fluids and possibly also magma.
Past and Present Hepatitis G Virus Infections in Areas Where Hepatitis C is Highly Endemic and Those Where It Is Not Endemic (1998)

We reported previously on an area in Japan where over 30% of the inhabitants were positive for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody. In the present study, clinical features of hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection in this area of high endemicity were compared to those in an area where HCV is not endemic. A total of 400 individuals were selected randomly from those who were medically screened for liver disease in 1993; 200 were from the high-endemicity area, and the other 200 were from the no-endemicity area. HGV RNA was measured by reverse transcription and PCR with primers in the 5' noncoding region. Antibody to HGV envelope protein E2 was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Prevalence of any HGV marker in the high-endemicity area (32%) was significantly (P < 0.0001) higher than that in the no-endemicity area (6%); similar differences, 32% versus 3% (P < 0.0001), had been observed for HCV markers (HCV RNA and HCV antibody). In areas of both high and no endemicity, HCV markers were significantly more prevalent in individuals with any HGV marker than in those without HGV markers, and age-specific prevalence of HGV markers was distributed similarly to that of any HCV marker. Among possible routes of HGV transmission that were analyzed, folk medicine was significant in the high-endemicity area, but blood transfusion was the major route in the no-endemicity area. The rate of accompanying viremia in HGV infection (15%) was significantly lower than that in HCV infection (78%) (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, HGV infection was highly prevalent in the area of high HCV endemicity and was closely associated with HCV infection. HGV seemed to be transmitted via the practice of folk medicine as well as blood transfusion. HGV resulted in a chronic carrier state less frequently than did HCV.
3,4-, 4,7- und 1,4,7-substituierte Indenyl-TiCl3-Komplexe: Synthese und vergleichende Diskussion der Substituenteneinflüsse / 3,4-, 4,7- and 1,4,7-Substituted Indenyl-TiCl3 Complexes: Synthesis and Comparison of Substituent Effects (2007)

Me 3 Si-substituted indenes of type 1-SiMe 3 -3,4-(CH 2 ) 3 C 9 H 5 (9), 1-SiMe 3 -4-R-7-R′C 9 H 5 (11a, R = R′ = Me; 11b, R = R′ = Ph; 11c, R = Me, R′′ = Ph) and 1,1′ -(SiMe 3 ) 2 -4,7-Me 2 C 9 H 4 (12) were synthesised as precursors for piano-stool type halfsandwich indenyl-titanium trichloride complexes.Treatment of 9, 11, and 12 with equimolar amounts of TiCl 4 gives the complexes (η 5 -3,4-(CH 2 ) 3 C 9 H 5 )TiCl 3 (13), (η 5 -4-R-7-R′C 9 H 5 )TiCl 3 (14a, R =R′ = Me; 14b, R =R′= Ph; 14c, R = Me, R′ = Ph), and (η 5 -1-SiMe 3 -4,7-Me 2 C 9 H 4 )TiCl 3 (15), respectively, with liberation of Me 3 SiCl.Detailed UV/vis spectroscopic and cyclic voltammetric studies were carried out which allow a comparison of substituent effects in 13 - 15.
The intergenic small non-coding RNA ittA is required for optimal infectivity and tissue tropism in Borrelia burgdorferi (2020)

Post-transcriptional regulation via small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) has been implicated in diverse regulatory processes in bacteria, including virulence. One class of sRNAs, termed trans-acting sRNAs, can affect the stability and/or the translational efficiency of regulated transcripts. In this study, we utilized a collaborative approach that employed data from infection with the Borrelia burgdorferi Tn library, coupled with Tn-seq, together with borrelial sRNA and total RNA transcriptomes, to identify an intergenic trans-acting sRNA, which we designate here as ittA for infectivity-associated and tissue-tropic sRNA locus A. The genetic inactivation of ittA resulted in a significant attenuation in infectivity, with decreased spirochetal load in ear, heart, skin and joint tissues. In addition, the ittA mutant did not disseminate to peripheral skin sites or heart tissue, suggesting a role for ittA in regulating a tissue-tropic response. RNA-Seq analysis determined that 19 transcripts were differentially expressed in the ittA mutant relative to its genetic parent, including vraA, bba66, ospD and oms28 (bba74). Subsequent proteomic analyses also showed a significant decrease of OspD and Oms28 (BBA74) proteins. To our knowledge this is the first documented intergenic sRNA that alters the infectivity potential of B. burgdorferi.
Men Older Than 70 Years Have Higher Risk Prostate Cancer and Poorer Survival in the Early and Late Prostate Specific Antigen Eras (2009)

Men older than 70 years had higher risk disease and poorer survival in the early and late prostate specific antigen eras. Pathological Gleason sums did not change between the 2 eras. Patient age was an important variable in prostate specific antigen screening, biopsy, treatment and prognosis.
Physiological and Transcriptomic Analyses of the Thermophilic, Aceticlastic Methanogen <i>Methanosaeta thermophila</i> Responding to Ammonia Stress (2014)

The inhibitory effects of ammonia on two different degradation pathways of methanogenic acetate were evaluated using a pure culture (Methanosaeta thermophila strain PT) and defined co-culture (Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus strain TM and Thermacetogenium phaeum strain PB), which represented aceticlastic and syntrophic methanogenesis, respectively. Growth experiments with high concentrations of ammonia clearly demonstrated that sensitivity to ammonia stress was markedly higher in M. thermophila PT than in the syntrophic co-culture. M. thermophila PT also exhibited higher sensitivity to high pH stress, which indicated that an inability to maintain pH homeostasis is an underlying cause of ammonia inhibition. Methanogenesis was inhibited in the resting cells of M. thermophila PT with moderate concentrations of ammonia, suggesting that the inhibition of enzymes involved in methanogenesis may be one of the major factors responsible for ammonia toxicity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a broad range of disturbances in M. thermophila PT cells under ammonia stress conditions, including protein denaturation, oxidative stress, and intracellular cation imbalances. The results of the present study clearly demonstrated that syntrophic acetate degradation dominated over aceticlastic methanogenesis under ammonia stress conditions, which is consistent with the findings of previous studies on complex microbial community systems. Our results also imply that the co-existence of multiple metabolic pathways and their different sensitivities to stress factors confer resiliency on methanogenic processes.
Targeting of liver metastases of colorectal cancer with IgG, F(ab')2, and Fab' anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibodies labeled with 99mTc: the role of metabolism and kinetics. (1995)

The aim of this study was to investigate targeting of the liver metastases by directly 99mTc-labeled complete (IgG) and fragmented antibodies [F(ab')2 and Fab'] in relation to their kinetics and metabolic fate. A total of 127 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer were examined [IgG1, BW 431/26 (Behringwerke, Marburg, Germany) n = 50; F(ab')2, F023C5 (Sorin Biomedica, Saluggia, Italy) n = 58; Fab', IMMU-4 (Immunomedics, Morris Plains, NJ) n = 19]. Native monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), serum samples from 10 min to 24 h postinjection (p.i.), and urine were analyzed by gel filtration chromatography. Kinetic data were deduced from whole-body and single-photon emission computed tomographic scans, performed 10 min to 24 h p.i. (region-of-interest technique). In BW 431/26, 96% of injected activity was labeled IgG1; in F023C5, 29% was F(ab')2, and 71% was Fab'; and in IMMU-4, 92% was Fab', and 8% was F(ab')2. Serum half-lives were: IgG1, 36 h (liver uptake predominant); F(ab')2, 16 h; and Fab', 4 h (renal uptake predominant). All MAbs were metabolized, fragments more rapidly than IgG, to low-molecular-weight products and excreted into the urine (e.g., Tc-cystine). In targeting liver metastases, sensitivities were found to be higher for fragments (44.1, 72.5, and 80% for BW 431/26, F023C5, and IMMU-4, respectively) but at significantly lower tumor:background ratios than with IgG (1.78 +/- 0.29 versus 1.29 +/- 0.11 and 1.43 +/- 0.53; P < 0.01). With IgG, there was a continuous tumor uptake over 24 h, whereas with fragments, the maximal uptake occurred mostly within 1 h, with subsequent clearance being slower for antigen-bound activity than for nonspecific background. Hence, diagnosis was possible mostly after 4 h with fragments but often not before 24 h with IgG. These results show that the higher sensitivity of fragments in liver lesion targeting at earlier p.i. times does not rely on an increased antibody uptake but on a more rapid clearance of nonspecific background activity due to faster metabolism and excretion. Intact MAbs show a slow, continuous uptake, leading to higher tumor:background ratios at later p.i. times, often beyond the imaging possibilities of 99mTc.
A robust and reliable RF-MEMS switch fabricated thanks to an original dielectric free design and an innovative process flow IEEE Sensors 2013, 3-6 Nov. 2013, Baltimore, USA. (2013)

International audience
In Vitro and In Vivo Stability aCryptococcus neoformansGlucuronoxylomannan Epitope That Elicits Protective Antibodies (1999)

The monoclonal antibody (MAb) 2H1 defines an epitope in Cryptococcus neoformans capsular glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) that can elicit protective antibodies. In murine models of cryptococcosis, MAb 2H1 administration prolongs survival and reduces fungal burden but seldom clears the infection. The mechanism by which C. neoformans persists and escape antibody-mediated clearance is not understood. One possibility is that variants that do not bind MAb 2H1 emerge in the course of infection. Using an agglutination-sedimentation protocol, we recovered a variant of strain 24067 that did not agglutinate, could not be serotyped, and had marked reduction in GXM O-acetyl groups. Binding of MAb 2H1 to 24067 variant cells produced a different immunofluorescence pattern and lower fluorescence intensity relative to the parent 24067 cells. Addition of MAb 2H1 to 24067 variant cells had no effect on cell charge. Phagocytic assays demonstrated that MAb 2H1 was not an effective opsonin for the 24067 variant. The 24067 variant was less virulent than the 24067 parent strain in mice, and MAb 2H1 administration did not prolong survival in animals infected with the variant strain. To investigate whether variants which do not bind MAb 2H1 are selected in experimental infection, three C. neoformans strains were serially passaged in mice given either MAb 2H1 or no antibody. Analysis of passaged isolates by agglutination assay, flow cytometry, and indirect immunofluorescence revealed changes in MAb 2H1 epitope expression but no clear trend with regards to gain or loss of MAb 2H1 epitope. C. neoformans variants with reduced MAb 2H1 epitope content can be isolated in vitro, but persistence of infection in mice given MAb 2H1 does not appear to be a result of selection of escape variants that lack the MAb 2H1 epitope.
Mutations in the retinoblastoma-related gene RB2/p130 in lung tumors and suppression of tumor growth in vivo by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. (2000)

The retinoblastoma (Rb) family consists of the tumor suppressor pRb/p105 and related proteins p107 and pRb2/p130. Recent immunohistochemical studies of the retinoblastoma family of proteins in 235 specimens of lung cancer show the tightest inverse association between the histological grading in the most aggressive tumor types and pRb2/p130. This led us to study a panel of human lung cancers for mutations in the RB2/p130 gene. Mutations in the Rb-related gene RB2/p130 were detected in 11 of 14 (78.5%) primary lung tumors by single-strand conformation polymorphism and sequence analysis. A Moloney leukemia virus-based retroviral system was set up, and a comparable viral concentration of 1 x 10(7) infectious units/ml was obtained. Retrovirus-mediated delivery of wild-type RB2/p130 to the lung tumor cell line H23 potently inhibited tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo, as shown by the dramatic growth arrest observed in a colony assay and the suppression of anchorage-independent growth potential and tumor formation in nude mice. The tumors transduced with the RB2/p130 retrovirus diminished in size after a single injection, and a 12-fold reduction in tumor growth after RB2/p130 transduction compared with the Pac-transduced tumors (92% reduction, P = 0.003) and lacZ-transduced tumors (93% reduction, P < 0.001) was found to be statistically significant. These findings provide the missing confirmation that RB2/p130 is a "bona fide" tumor suppressor gene and strengthen the hypothesis that it may be a candidate for cancer gene therapy for lung cancer.