gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sporulation of Clostridium difficile in Aerobic conditions is Significantly Protracted when Exposed to Sodium Taurocholate (2016)

Elimination of Clostridium difficile spores from the clinical setting requires stringent application of infection control procedures including the use of hard-surface disinfectants.A unique combination of sodium taurocholate together with amino acids has been reported as an alternative approach to potentially eliminating spores of C. difficile by increasing their sensitivity to common disinfectants.In this study, the efficacy of this spore germination solution was investigated to explore its effect on the sporulation process under aerobic conditions.Vegetative cells of C. difficile NCTC 11204 (Ribotype 001) and R20291 (Ribotype 027) were exposed to the germination solution comprising 6.9 mM sodium taurocholate and 50 mM of the following amino acids: histidine, glycine, arginine, aspartic acid, valine in TRIS buffer, and a control solution.Total viable counts, the rate and extent of sporulation, and percentage recovery of vegetative cells in both ribotypes were assessed by culture.At 24 hours, sporulation was protracted in ribotypes 001 and 027 and there were significantly more (p=<0.01)vegetative cells following exposure to the germination solution compared to those exposed to the control.No vegetative cells of either ribotype exposed to the control solution were detected at 24 hours.At 48 and 72 hours, vegetative cells of ribotype 027 were not detected however a significantly higher (p<0.001)percentage (43%) of viable vegetative cells of C. difficile 001 were recovered by culture.Exposing vegetative cells of C. difficile to a germination solution protracts the sporulation process in aerobic conditions.In previous studies, the application this solution to spores of C. difficile has been shown to initiate germination thus rendering them more sensitive to common disinfectants.In this investigation, the findings demonstrate that sodium taurocholate protracts the sporulation process and may provide an additional adjunct to future C. difficile infection control strategies.
DISCO: Dynamic and Invariant Sensitive Channel Obfuscation for deep neural networks (2021)

Recent deep learning models have shown remarkable performance in image classification. While these deep learning systems are getting closer to practical deployment, the common assumption made about data is that it does not carry any sensitive information. This assumption may not hold for many practical cases, especially in the domain where an individual’s personal information is involved, like healthcare and facial recognition systems. We posit that selectively removing features in this latent space can protect the sensitive information and provide better privacy-utility trade-off. Consequently, we propose DISCO which learns a dynamic and data driven pruning filter to selectively obfuscate sensitive information in the feature space. We propose diverse attack schemes for sensitive inputs & attributes and demonstrate the effectiveness of DISCO against state-of-the-art methods through quantitative and qualitative evaluation. Finally, we also release an evaluation benchmark dataset of 1 million sensitive representations to encourage rigorous exploration of novel attack and defense schemes at https://github.com/splitlearning/InferenceBenchmark.
Numerical Uncertainty in Density Estimation for Background Oriented Schlieren (2021)

Background Oriented Schlieren (BOS) is an image-based density measurement technique. BOS estimates the density gradient from the apparent distortion of a target pattern viewed through a medium with varying density using cross-correlation, tracking, or optical flow algorithms. The density gradient can then be numerically integrated to yield a spatially resolved estimate of the density [1]. A method was recently proposed to estimate the a-posteriori instantaneous and spatially resolved density uncertainty for BOS [2] and showed good agreement between the propagated uncertainties and the random error. However, the density uncertainty quantification method could not account for the systematic uncertainty in the density field due to the discretization errors introduced during the numerical integration, which could be much larger than the displacement random errors [2]. In this work, we propose a method to estimate the numerical uncertainty introduced by the density integration in BOS measurements, using a Richardson extrapolation framework. A procedure is also introduced to combine this systematic uncertainty with the random uncertainty from the previous work to provide an instantaneous, spatially-resolved total uncertainty on the density estimates. The method will be tested with synthetic fields and synthetic BOS images.
Syntheses and Antifungal Activity of dl-Griseofulvin and Its Congeners. II. (1997)

Griseofulvin derivatives, dl-6'-demethyl-6'-ethylgriseofulvin (dl-5) and dl-6'demethyl-6'phenylgriseofulvin (dl-6) were prepared by application of a synthetic method developed by us. Antifungal activity of these derivatives decreased in the order of dl-griseofulvin (dl-1) >> dl-6(inactive). The reaction of these derivatives with ethanethiol gave two types of compounds, 2'-(ethylthio)griseofulvin (15) and 4'-(ethylthio)isogriseofulvin (16). The relationship between the ratios of isolated yield of 15 and 16 and antifungal the activity of griseofulvin derivatives is discussed.
Audio phase singularity detection for room acoustics parameter estimation (2012)

An acoustical measurement method is presented for room acoustical parameter estimation. The proposed method collects the response of sinusoidal test signals and detects the audio phase singularity points as room acoustical features.
Efficient second harmonic generation from GaAs all-dielectric metasurfaces (2016)

We experimentally observe large enhancement of second-harmonic generation (SHG) from GaAs metasurfaces. The SHG polarization when excited at the electric and magnetic dipole resonances is orthogonal and can be attributed to different nonlinear generation mechanisms.
Hard X-ray nano-holotomography with a Fresnel zone plate (2020)

X-ray phase contrast nanotomography enables imaging of a wide range of samples with high spatial resolution in 3D. Near-field holography, as one of the major phase contrast techniques, is often implemented using X-ray optics such as Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors, waveguides and compound refractive lenses. However, these optics are often tailor-made for a specific beamline and challenging to implement and align. Here, we present a near-field holography setup based on Fresnel zone plates which is fast and easy to align and provides a smooth illumination and flat field. The imaging quality of different types of Fresnel zone plates is compared in terms of the flat-field quality, the achievable resolution and exposure efficiency i.e. the photons arriving at the detector. Overall, this setup is capable of imaging different types of samples at high spatial resolution of below 100 nm in 3D with access to the quantitative phase information.
Microwave nanobolometer based on proximity Josephson junctions (2014)

We introduce a microwave bolometer aimed at high-quantum-efficiency detection of wave packet energy within the framework of circuit quantum electrodynamics, the ultimate goal being single microwave photon detection. We measure the differential thermal conductance between the detector and its heat bath, obtaining values as low as $5\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\text{fW}/\mathrm{K}$ at $50\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\text{mK}$. This is one tenth of the thermal conductance quantum and corresponds to a theoretical lower bound on noise-equivalent power of order ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}20}\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\text{W}/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ at $50\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\text{mK}$. By measuring the differential thermal conductance of the same bolometer design in substantially different environments and materials, we determine that electron-photon coupling dominates the thermalization of our nanobolometer.
.beta.-Lapachone: synthesis of derivatives and activities in tumor models (1984)

In order to find a 3,4-dihydro-2H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran-5,6-dione more potent than the naturally occurring 2,2-dimethyl derivative [beta-lapachone (10a)], we synthesized a series of analogous compounds with modifications at position 2 of the pyran ring or at positions 8 and 9 of the benzene ring. Of the compounds tested in vitro for inhibition of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase and in mice infected with Rauscher leukemia, all retained good enzyme activity. Inhibition of the reverse transcriptase activity of the 2,2-substituted derivatives 10b-e was as strong as 10a. However, only the 2-methyl-2-phenyl derivative 10e proved to be about as potent as the 2,2-dimethyl reference compound 10a in prolonging the mean survival time of mice with Rauscher leukemia virus induced leukemia.
Towards fully automated phototransfection (2009)

Flexible automation technologies have been applied to the manual phototransfection procedure on fibroblast and astrocyte cells.We have designed and implemented a framework for increased throughput of the entire process. Integrated image processing, laser target position calculation, and stage movements show a throughput increase of > 23X over the current manual method while the potential for even greater throughput improvements (> 110X) is described. A software tool for automated single cell morphological measurements has also been constructed and shown to be able quantify changes in the cell before and after the process, successfully characterizing them, using metrics such as cell perimeter, area, major and minor axis length, and eccentricity values.
Digital Signal Processing for Laser Printer Noise Source Detection and Identification (2019)

Presented here is the description of a software-based noise source detector that was developed to simplify the printing noise source identification process. The typical noise sources studied here were high frequency, stick-slip (squeaking) noises associated with rollers along the paper path. The detector was built by combining several digital signal processing procedures to first create a tone detector, and then to calculate the modulation spectrum of the tone. The latter is particularly important because it has been found that features appearing in the modulation spectrum can be directly associated with the rotational speed of various components in the printer; this allows the faulty part to be identified. By passing different printing noise samples through the detector, it was found that the detector accurately returned the acoustical characteristics of each noise sample, and then by matching those acoustical characteristics to the rotational speed of different parts, the detector was proven capable of providing robust and precise fault identification results.
A game-theoretic tree matching approach for object detection in high-resolution remotely sensed images (2015)

In this paper, we propose a game-theoretic tree matching algorithm for object detection in high resolution (HR) remotely sensed images, where, given a scene image and an object image, the goal is to determine whether or not the object exists in the scene image. To that effect, tree based representations of the images are obtained using a hierarchical scale space approach. The nodes of the tree denote regions in the image and edges represent the relative containment between different regions. Once we have the tree representations of each image, the task of object detection is reformulated as a tree matching problem. We propose a game-theoretic technique to search for the node correspondences between a pair of trees. This method involves defining a non-cooperative matching game, where strategies denote the possible pairs of matching regions and payoffs determine the compatibilities between these strategies. Trees are matched by finding the evolutionary stable states (ESS) of the game. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, we perform experiments on both synthetic and HR remotely sensed images. Our results demonstrate the robustness of the tree representation with respect to different spatial variations of the images, as well as the effectiveness of the proposed game-theoretic tree matching algorithm.
Studies of the Bacteriophage Kinetics of Multicellular Systems: A Statistical Model for the Estimation of Burst Size per Cell in Streptococci (1970)

Summary. The determination of burst size in chaining or clustering bacteria involves experimental variables that must be considered in estimating burst size/cell and in contrasting the results of different experiments. Whereas the Poisson distribution is the model for single cell host systems, the statistical model presented here provides a method for evaluating the probability of obtaining a plate that reflects the lysis of more than one cell.
High Performance Brayton Rotating Unit (UNM-BRU-3) for Space Reactor Power Systems (2009)

A Brayton Rotating Unit (UNM-BRU-3) designed for 40 g/mole He-Xe gas working fluid is optimized for shaft rotation speed of 45 krpm, turbine inlet temperature and thermal power input of 1149 K and 157 kWth, and compressor inlet temperature of 400 K. The UNMBRU-3 has an electrical alternator with a Cobalt-Samarium permanent magnet and peak thermal efficiency and specific mass of 34.5% and 0.98 kg/kWe. At the peak thermal efficiency, it generates 54.2 kWe at compressor exit pressure of 1.044 MPa and He-Xe flow rate of 1.54 kg/s. In addition to the design and performance parameters of the UNM-BRU-3, the paper presents the results investigating the effects of decreasing the turbine inlet temperature to 900 K and the thermal power input to the BRU turbine to 40 kWth and of varying the shaft rotation speed from 30 to 55 krpm. At a turbine inlet temperature of 900 K, the UNM-BRU-3 has a thermal efficiency of 22.8% and generates 34.2 kWe at a compressor exit pressure of 1.3 MPa and He-Xe flow rate of 2.07 kg/s. Such a performance at turbine inlet temperature of 900 K is attractive to future uses in space reactor and solar power systems that employ stainless steel structure, thus minimizing the development cost, shortening the time to deployment, and enhancing the operation reliability and life of these systems. The low specific mass of the UNM-BRU-3 will also reduce the mass and launch cost of these power systems.
Prostate specific antigen five years following stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for low and intermediate risk prostate cancer: An ablative procedure? (2017)

123 Background: Our previous work on early PSA kinetics following prostate SBRT showed that an initial rapid and then slow PSA decline may result in very low PSA nadirs. This retrospective study sought to evaluate the PSA nadir 5 years following SBRT for low and intermediate risk prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: 65 low and 80 intermediate risk PCa patients were treated definitively with SBRT at Georgetown University Hospital between January 2008 and October 2011. All patients were treated to 35-37.5 Gy in 5 fractions delivered via the CyberKnife Radiosurgical System. Patients who received androgen deprivation therapy were excluded from this study. Pre- and post-treatment PSA and total testosterone levels were obtained during routine follow up visits. Biochemical relapse was defined as a PSA rise &gt; 2 ng/mL above the nadir and analyzed using the Kaplan Meier method. The PSA nadir was defined as the lowest PSA value prior to biochemical relapse or as the lowest value recorded during follow up. Prostate ablation was defined as a PSA nadir &lt; 0.2 ng/mL. Univariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate relevant variables on the likelihood of achieving a PSA nadir &lt; 0.2 ng/mL. Results: The median age at the start of SBRT was 72 years. These patients had a median prostate volume of 36 cc with a median 25% of total cores involved. At a median follow up of 5.8 years, 84% and 37% of patients achieved a PSA nadir ≤ 0.5 ng/mL and &lt; 0.2 ng/mL, respectively. Five low and 8 intermediate risk patients experienced a biochemical relapse; those who did not experience a biochemical relapse, achieved a median PSA nadir of 0.2 ng/mL. There was no difference between the 5-year bRFS rate for low (96.6%) and intermediate risk (97.4%) patients and the median time to PSA nadir was 36 months. Initial PSA (p = 0.024) and a lower testosterone at the time of the PSA nadir (p = 0.049) were found to be significant predictors of achieving a PSA nadir &lt; 0.2 ng/mL. Conclusions: SBRT for low and intermediate risk PCa is a convenient treatment option with low PSA nadirs and a high rate of early bRFS. Less than 40% of patients achieved an ablative PSA nadir. Thus, the role of further dose escalation is an area of active investigation.
Single-Frequency Violet and Blue Laser Emission fromAlGaInN Photonic Integrated Circuit Chips (2023)

Chip-based, single-frequency and low phase-noise integrated photonic laser diodes emitting in the violet (412 nm) and blue (461 nm) regime are demonstrated. The GaN-based edge-emitting laser diodes were coupled to high-Q on-chip micro-resonators for optical feedback and mode selection resulting in laser self-injection locking with narrow emission linewidth. Multiple group III-nitride (III-N) based photonic integrated circuit chips with different waveguide designs including single-crystalline AlN, AlGaN, and GaN were developed and characterized. Single-frequency laser operation was demonstrated for all studied waveguide core materials. The best side-mode suppression ratio was determined to be ∼36 dB at 412 nm with a single-frequency laser emission linewidth of only about 3.8 MHz at 461 nm. The performance metrics of this novel type of laser suggest potential implementation in next generation, portable quantum systems.
Coordination of DERs for Grid Reliability via Day-ahead Demand-Supply Power Bounds (2023)

A previous study has shown that coordinating DERs to protect the distribution grid can significantly reduce the infrastructure upgrades needed to address future increases in DER and electrification penetrations. Implementing such coordination in the real world, however, is challenging due the temporal and spatial uncertainties about the loads and renewable generation, smart meter and network delays, incomplete information about the grid, different consumer objectives and privacy constraints, and scalability of the coordination scheme. This paper describes a day-ahead 2-layer DER coordination scheme that addresses these challenges. A global controller uses historical load data to compute day-ahead hourly demand upper and lower bounds for each consumer node. It then solves a largest volume axis-aligned box optimization problem to determine corresponding supply power bounds which if followed, ensures grid reliability. A local controller at each consumer node then determines the DER power injections which satisfy the consumer's objectives while obeying its supply bounds. Simulation results demonstrate, for example, that this scheme can capture 62% of the reduction in transformer violations achievable by the perfect-foresight centralized controller used in the aforementioned previous study.
Recombinant human IL-3 and G-CSF act synergistically in stimulating the growth of acute myeloid leukemia cells. (1989)

The effects of combinations of recombinant human growth factors (colony-stimulating factor (CSF], interleukin 3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) for inducing proliferation of leukemic cells were compared in 27 acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs). While functional heterogeneity of AML was clearly shown, we further demonstrated that optimal growth may be obtained with combinations of CSF. The most striking feature was that, in both suspension and semisolid cultures, IL-3 and G-CSF acted synergistically in supporting AML cell proliferation except in cases for which G-CSF was found to be an inhibitory factor. In the majority of cases, the proliferative effects of the IL-3 and GM-CSF combination were significantly higher than the most potent of either factor present alone in the cultures. Finally, preincubation with IL-3 greatly potentiated the responsiveness of AML cells to subsequent addition of either GM-CSF or G-CSF. These results indicate that AML cells respond to growth factor in the same way as normal hemopoietic cells and that stimulation by a second late-acting growth factor such as G-CSF is also required to yield optimal growth.
A Possible Inhibitory Role of Sialic Acid on MUC1 in Peritoneal Dissemination of Clear Cell-Type Ovarian Cancer Cells (2021)

The role of sialic acids on MUC1 in peritoneal dissemination of ovarian cancer cells was investigated. A human ovarian carcinoma cell line, ES-2, was transfected with full-length MUC1 containing 22 or 42 tandem repeats. These transfectants were less adherent to monolayers of patient-derived mesothelial cells than ES-2/mock transfectants. When these cells were inoculated into the abdominal cavity of female nude mice, mice that had received the transfectants showed better survival. When the transfectants were mixed with sialidase and injected, the survival was poorer, whereas when they were mixed with <i>N</i>-acetyl-2,3-dehydro-2-deoxyneuraminic acid, a sialidase inhibitor, the survival was significantly prolonged. These behaviors, concerned with peritoneal implantation and dissemination observed in vitro and in vivo, were dependent on the expression of MUC1. Therefore, sialic acid linked to MUC1 in the form, at least in part, of sialyl-T, as shown to be recognized by monoclonal antibody MY.1E12, is responsible for the suppression of adhesion of these cells to mesothelial cells and the suppression of peritoneal implantation and dissemination.
ChemInform Abstract: From Oblivion into the Limelight: Iron (Domino) Catalysis (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Transport of 3-Fluoro-l-α-Methyl-Tyrosine by Tumor-Upregulated L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1: A Cause of the Tumor Uptake in PET (2012)

Distinct from other amino acid PET tracers, because of its α-methyl moiety, FAMT is selective to LAT1 and not transported by LAT2. This property of FAMT is proposed to contribute to highly tumor-specific accumulation of (18)F-FAMT in PET.
Phase Stability, Electronic Structure, Compressibility, Elastic and Optical Properties of a Newly Discovered Ti 3 SnC 2 : A First‐Principle Study (2011)

The phase stability, electronic structure, compressibility, optical and elastic properties of two polymorphs of Ti 3 SnC 2 were investigated using first‐principle calculation. α‐Ti 3 SnC 2 is confirmed to be the preferred equilibrium phase under high pressure and high temperature. The electronic structure calculations reveal that the Ti and C atoms form a strong Ti1‐C‐Ti2‐C‐Ti1 covalent bond chain while the bonding between Ti1 and Sn is relatively weak. In the low frequency range from radio waves to visible light, Ti 3 SnC 2 behaves similarly with TiC . This material exhibits anisotropic compressibility under hydrostatic pressure: it is more compressible along the c ‐direction than along a ‐direction, related to the different bond stiffness and bond angle changes under high pressure. The second‐order elastic coefficients were calculated. For the α‐phase, the bulk, B , shear, G , and Young's moduli, E , are calculated to be 169.4, 124, and 197.4 GPa, respectively. The low G / B ratio partially explains why Ti 3 SnC 2 is relatively soft and damage tolerant.
DICTIONARY OF THE ECONOMIC PRODUCTS OF INDIA pages 198 to 325 (2014)

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