gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Model of epitaxial growth of GaAs on Si(100): Nucleation at surface steps (1989)

A microscopic model of epitaxial growth of GaAs on Si(100) is proposed, which explains how double-layer steps on the Si(100) surface act as nucleation sites in the initial stages of growth. On the flat terraces of Si(100), there is a strong tendency towards the formation of mixed layers of Ga and As, which inhibit growth of zincblende GaAs. The bonding topology of the surface steps supresses this mixing, and drives the growth of ideally bonded GaAs in a three-dimensional mode with islands forming along the steps edges. Total-energy calculations indicate that the proposed model for nucleation of GaAs at double-layer steps on the surface is energetically stable.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Penam Sulfones. Part 3. Synthesis and β‐Lactamase Inhibitory Activity of Sodium (6R)‐6‐(α‐Hydroxybenzyl)‐2β‐ methoxyiminomethyl‐2α‐methylpenam‐3α‐carboxylate 1,1‐ Dioxide and Sodium 2β‐Acyl‐2α‐methylpenam‐3α‐ carboxylate 1,1‐Dioxide. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Joint statistical analysis of images and keywords with applications in semantic image enhancement (2012)

With the advent of social image-sharing communities, millions of images with associated semantic tags are now available online for free and allow us to exploit this abundant data in new ways. We present a fast non-parametric statistical framework designed to analyze a large data corpus of images and semantic tag pairs and find correspondences between image characteristics and semantic concepts. We learn the relevance of different image characteristics for thousands of keywords from one million annotated images. We demonstrate the framework's effectiveness with three different examples of semantic image enhancement: we adapt the gray-level tone-mapping, emphasize semantically relevant colors, and perform a defocus magnification for an image based on its semantic context. The performance of our algorithms is validated with psychophysical experiments.
On the Reliability of Post-CMOS and SET systems (2011)

The necessity of applying fault-tolerant techniques to increase the reliability of future nano-electronic systems is an undisputed fact, dictated by the high density of faults that will plague the chips. The averaging and thresholding fault-tolerant technique that has proven remarkable efficiency in CMOS is presented for SET-based designs. Computer simulations demonstrate the superiority of this fault-tolerant technique over other methods, which is specifically the case when an adaptable threshold is used.
A Finite Element Analysis of Sacroiliac Joint Ligaments in Response to Different Loading Conditions (2011)

The sacroiliac ligaments function to constrain the SIJ and decrease stress across the SIJ for different load scenarios. Decreasing sacroiliac ligament stiffness leads to both increased joint motion and stress.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIVITY OF 4,6‐DIOXY‐2‐PYRONES IN THE DIELS‐ALDER PROCESS (1979)

Abstract Aus Acetondicarbonsäure (I) erhält man mit Acetanhydrid das Cyclisierungsprodukt (II), das mit Diazomethan den Enolether (III) liefert.
Simulation and Validation of a Numerical Model of a Full Aquaculture Net-Cage System (2014)

Numerical simulation models are useful tools for the design and capacity analyses of cage-based fish farm systems. To ensure that such tools produce realistic estimates on forces and deformations experienced by fish farms, it is important to validate the models through comparison with experiments. A recent experiment investigated the response of a scaled model of a full aquaculture net cage placed in a mooring system when exposed to waves and current. In this study, a numerical model of this system containing the main components used in the physical experiments was set up and simulated. After simulations the tension in anchor lines, bridles and buoys were compared to the corresponding data series obtained in the experiments. The comparison indicated that FhSim was able to reproduce the main dynamics and responses of the physical model when exposed to currents and waves. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted, aimed at investigating how much model output is affected by variations in the stiffness of the mooring system.
Pilot-Aided Distributed Multi-Group Multicast Precoding Design for Cell-Free Massive MIMO (2022)

We propose fully distributed multi-group multicast precoding designs for cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with modest training overhead. We target the minimization of the sum of the maximum mean squared errors (MSEs) over the multicast groups, which is then approximated with a weighted sum MSE minimization to simplify the computation and signaling. To design the joint network-wide multi-group multicast precoders at the base stations (BSs) and the combiners at the user equipments (UEs) in a fully distributed fashion, we adopt an iterative bi-directional training scheme with UE-specific or group-specific precoded uplink pilots and group-specific precoded downlink pilots. To this end, we introduce a new group-specific uplink training resource that entirely eliminates the need for backhaul signaling for the channel state information (CSI) exchange. The precoders are optimized locally at each BS by means of either best-response or gradient-based updates, and the convergence of the two approaches is analyzed with respect to the centralized implementation with perfect CSI. Finally, numerical results show that the proposed distributed methods greatly outperform conventional cell-free massive MIMO precoding designs that rely solely on local CSI.
A Computationally Efficient Solution Algorithm for Least Absolute Value State Estimation Problem (2019)

The most common methods used to solve the state estimation problem are the Weighted Least Squares (WLS) and the Least Absolute Value (LAV) algorithms. WLS is computationally efficient but it is not robust to outliers. On the other hand, LAV is robust to outliers as long as they are not present in leverage points but it is computationally demanding. This paper presents a new LAV-based algorithm that is fast and robust. The LAV problem is formulated as an unconstrained non-linear optimization problem that can be solved using gradient-based approaches. The motivation is to combine the desirable bad data rejection properties of LAV with the computational efficiency of WLS. The proposed algorithm is compared with the traditional WLS and LAV algorithms in terms of computational time and robustness using test cases of various sizes, from 30 to over 13000 buses. The proposed LAV algorithm is shown to be faster than the traditional LAV while possessing the same bad data handling properties.
Impact of Charge Voltage on Factors Influencing Capacity Fade in Layered NMC622: Multimodal X-ray and Electrochemical Characterization (2021)

Ni-rich NMC is an attractive Li-ion battery cathode due to its combination of energy density, thermal stability, and reversibility. While higher delivered energy density can be achieved with a more positive charge voltage limit, this approach compromises sustained reversibility. Improved understanding of the local and bulk structural transformations as a function of charge voltage, and their associated impacts on capacity fade are critically needed. Through simultaneous <i>operando</i> synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of cells cycled at 3-4.3 or 3-4.7 V, this study presents an in-depth investigation into the effects of voltage window on local coordination, bulk structure, and oxidation state. These measurements are complemented by <i>ex situ</i> X-ray fluorescence (XRF) mapping and scanning electrochemical microscopy mapping (SECM) of the negative electrode, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the positive electrode, and cell level electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Initially, cycling between 3 and 4.7 V leads to greater delivered capacity due to greater lithium extraction, accompanied by increased structural distortion, moderately higher Ni oxidation, and substantially higher Co oxidation. Continued cycling at this high voltage results in suppressed Ni and Co redox, greater structural distortion, increased levels of transition metal dissolution, higher cell impedance, and 3× greater capacity fade.
Bubble responses to lithotripsy shock waves (2006)

The responses of bubbles subjected to a lithotripsy shock wave have been investigated numerically and experimentally to elucidate the role of heat and mass transfer in the underlying dynamics of strongly excited bubbles. Single spherical bubbles were modeled as gas-vapor bubbles by accounting for liquid compressibility, heat transfer, vapor transport, vapor trapping by noncondensable gases, diffusion of noncondensable gases, and heating of the liquid at the bubble wall. For shock-wave excitations, the model predicts bubble growth and collapse, followed by rebounds whose durations are significantly affected by vapor trapping. To experimentally test these predictions, bubble rebound durations were measured using passive cavitation detectors, while high-speed photographs were captured to evaluate the local cavitation field and to estimate radius-time curves for individual bubbles. Data were acquired for bubbles in water with varying temperature and dissolved gas content. Measurements verify that vapor trapping is an important mechanism that is sensitive to both temperature and dissolved gas content. While this work focuses primarily on individual bubbles, some bubble cloud effects were observed. Analysis with a simple multibubble model provides noteworthy insights. [Work supported by NIH T32-EB001650, NIH DK43881, and NSBRI SMS00402.]
Selectivity in Thermal Atomic Layer Etching Using Sequential, Self-Limiting Fluorination and Ligand-Exchange Reactions (2016)

Atomic layer etching (ALE) can result from sequential, self-limiting thermal reactions. The reactions during thermal ALE are defined by fluorination followed by ligand exchange using metal precursors. The metal precursors introduce various ligands that may transfer during ligand exchange. If the transferred ligands produce stable and volatile metal products, then the metal products may leave the surface and produce etching. In this work, selectivity in thermal ALE was examined by exploring tin(II) acetylacetonate (Sn(acac)2), trimethylaluminum (TMA), dimethylaluminum chloride (DMAC), and SiCl4 as the metal precursors. These metal precursors provide acac, methyl, and chloride ligands for ligand exchange. HF-pyridine was employed as the fluorination reagent. Spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to measure the etch rates of Al2O3, HfO2, ZrO2, SiO2, Si3N4, and TiN thin films on silicon wafers. The spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements revealed that HfO2 was etched by all of the metal precursors. Al2O3 was etched by all of the metal precursors except SiCl4. ZrO2 was etched by all of the metal precursors except TMA. In contrast, SiO2, Si3N4, and TiN were not etched by any of the metal precursors. These results can be explained by the stability and volatility of the possible reaction products. Temperature can also be used to obtain selective thermal ALE. The temperature dependence of ZrO2, HfO2, and Al2O3 ALE was examined using SiCl4 as the metal precursor. Higher temperatures can discriminate between the etching of ZrO2, HfO2, and Al2O3. The temperature dependence of Al2O3 ALE was also examined using Sn(acac)2, TMA, and DMAC as the metal precursors. Sn(acac)2 etched Al2O3 at temperatures ≥150 °C. DMAC etched Al2O3 at higher temperatures ≥225 °C. TMA etched Al2O3 at even higher temperatures ≥250 °C. The combination of different metal precursors with various ligands and different temperatures can provide multiple pathways for selective thermal ALE.
Neuralization of mouse embryonic stem cells in alginate hydrogels under retinoic acid and SAG treatment (2015)

This paper examines the differentiation of a mouse embryonic stem cell line (CGR8) into neurons, under retinoic acid (RA) and smoothened agonist (SAG) treatment. When stem cells underwent through an embryoid body (EB) formation stage, dissociation and seeding on glass coverslips, immunofluorescent labelling for neuronal markers (Nestin, b-Tubulin III, MAP2) revealed the presence of both immature neural progenitors and mature neurons. Undifferentiated CGR8 were also encapsulated in tubular, alginate-gelatin hydrogels and incubated in differentiation media containing retinoic acid (RA) and smoothened agonist (SAG). Cryo-sections of the hydrogel tubes were positive for Nestin, Pax6 and b-Tubulin III, verifying the presence of neurons and neural progenitors. Provided neural induction can be more precisely directed in the tubular hydrogels, these scaffolds will become a powerful model of neural tube development in embryos and will highlight potential strategies for spinal cord regeneration.
Sensor Layer of a Multiparameter Single-Point Integrated System (2009)

Microfabrication and circuit integration provide sensors with reduced size, improved performance, increased reliability, and lower cost. These microsensors can measure a variety of properties and behaviors, and are typically constructed on a range of substrate materials in combination with signal conditioning, information processing, and data-communication electronics. The challenge remains to integrate multiple sensors, each measuring different parameters with separate supporting electronics, into a single. high-density microsystem. We describe a multiple parameter medical sensor that is suitable for mounting on an active moving patient where mechanical flexibility, tight adhesion, lightweight, small size, and biocompatibility of an easily applied flat stick-on assembly at a single skin site are important considerations. Traditional microintegration technologies, such as system-in-package and system-on-chip, typically create lumped aggregations of components. In this paper, the flat architectural platform of a multiparameter sensor system is presented with microcircuitry distributed across multiple stacked layers that can be easily bent to fit body contours. The silicone-encapsulated fabrication of a thin foldable polyimide substrate with distributed surface-mount electronics is demonstrated. The measured performance results are discussed with a particular focus on the assessment of vibration-sensing elements after integration into this type of system has been described.
Nitroxyl, a New Generation of Positive Inotropic Agent for Heart Failure (2015)

1 Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; 2 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; 3 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA * Correspondence author. E-mail: wgao3@jhmi.edu ※ http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/843901 ※※ http://www.cardioxyl.com
Diversifying molecular and topological space via a supramolecular solid-state synthesis: a purely organic mok net sustained by hydrogen bonds (2019)

A three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network based on a rare <b>mok</b> topology has been constructed using an organic molecule synthesized in the solid state. The molecule is obtained using a supramolecular protecting-group strategy that is applied to a solid-state [2+2] photodimerization. The photodimerization affords a novel head-to-head cyclo-butane product. The cyclo-butane possesses tetrahedrally disposed <i>cis</i>-hydrogen-bond donor (phenolic) and <i>cis</i>-hydrogen-bond acceptor (pyridyl) groups. The product self-assembles in the solid state to form a <b>mok</b> network that exhibits twofold interpenetration. The cyclo-butane adopts different conformations to provide combinations of hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor sites to conform to the structural requirements of the <b>mok</b> net.
Highly Active Rhenium-, Ruthenium-, and Iridium-Based Dichalcogenide Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction and Oxygen Evolution Reactions in Aprotic Media (2020)

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have garnered much attention recently due to their remarkable performance for different electrochemical systems. In this study, we report on the synthesis and catalysis of less studied TMDC nanoflakes (NFs) with a design space comprised of three transition metals (rhenium, ruthenium, and iridium) and three chalcogens (sulfur, selenium, and tellurium) for the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER) in an aprotic hybrid electrolyte containing 0.1 M lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide salt in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid and dimethyl sulfoxide. Our results indicate that among the tested catalysts, ReS2 exhibits the highest current density for both ORR and OER, beyond those of the state-of-the-art catalysts used in aprotic media with Li salts. We performed density functional calculations to provide a mechanistic understanding of the reactions in the ReS2 NFs/ionic liquid system. These novel bifunctional catalyst results could open a way for exploiting the unique properties of these materials in Li–O2 batteries as well as other important electrochemical systems.
T cells from eosinophilic patients produce interleukin-5 with interleukin-2 stimulation (1989)

Anti-murine (m) interleukin-5 (IL-5) antibody was found to inhibit eosinophil (Eo) colony formation stimulated by recombinant human (rh) IL-5, but did not inhibit the production of Eo stimulated by rh IL-3 or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Conditioned medium (CM) prepared from eosinophilic patients' T cells with interleukin-2 (IL-2) stimulation (T-IL-2-CM), was found to contain CFU-Eo growth-stimulating factor. Using anti-mIL-5 antibody, we demonstrated that T-IL-2-CM from patients with eosinophilia contained a significant amount of IL-5. We also detected IL-5 mRNA in T cells from eosinophilic patients with IL-2 stimulation. These results suggest that IL-5 plays an important role in the induction of selective eosinophilia in humans and that IL-5 is produced from T cells with IL-2 stimulation.
Interaction of hyperthermia and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) alone or combined with radiation in a C3H mammary carcinoma in vivo. (1991)

The interaction between hyperthermia and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (c-DDP) given in various schedules as an adjuvant to radiation treatment was investigated in a C3H mouse mammary carcinoma in vivo. Both hyperthermia (43.5 degrees C for 60 min) and c-DDP (6 mg/kg i.p.) caused a delay in tumor growth when given individually. When c-DDP was given 4 h prior to hyperthermia, the increase in tumor growth time corresponded to an additive effect, but when the interval was reduced to 15 min, the tumor growth delay was significantly greater than additive. The modifying effect of these schedules on radiation was studied using local tumor control (50% tumor control dose) as the endpoint. c-DDP alone did not result in any enhancement of tumor control, irrespective of whether it was given 15 min or 4 h after irradiation. In contrast, heat treatment at 43.5 degrees C for 60 min given 4 h after irradiation resulted in a significant reduction in the 50% tumor control dose, with an enhancement ratio of 1.8. From a clamped local tumor control assay, it was found that c-DDP selectively killed aerobic cells, whereas hyperthermia was primarily directed toward the hypoxic clonogenic cells in the tumors. Combining the two modalities (simultaneously) resulted in a significant additional increase in the killing of well-oxygenated clonogenic cells, but the destruction of hypoxic cells was not different from that obtained after heat alone.
Effect of Bredinin on Early Embryonic Development in Mice. (1993)

Bredinin, an immunosuppressive agent, had a teratogenic effect and a decreasing effect in litter size in mice and in rats. We investigated the direct effect of bredinin on the development of mouse preimplantation embryos in vitro. Bredinin strongly inhibited the first differentiation step from the morula to the blastocyst stage, whereas the steps from the two-cell embryo to the morula stage were not inhibited. At 10(-6) or 10(-5) M of bredinin, only one or none of the morula embryos developed to a blastocyst after a 48 h culture; while approximately 90% of the embryos developed to blastocysts in the absence of bredinin. To determine whether the bredinin inhibition was reversible, the morula embryos were cultured with 10(-5) M of bredinin for 48 h. The embryos were transferred to bredinin-free culture conditions, and their development was observed. The inhibitory effect of bredinin was reversible. The expansion of zona-free blastocyst was also inhibited by bredinin. When blastocyst embryos were cultured in the presence of bredinin (10(-6) M), the mean size of the embryos was reduced to half the initial size. In addition, the steps of hatching from the zona pellucida and attaching to the substratum were significantly inhibited by bredinin. Trophoblast outgrowth was completely inhibited by 10(-6) M bredinin; however, the area of trophoblast outgrowth was expanded to 18-fold the initial size after a 96 h culture in the absence of bredinin. Thus, the decrease in the number of offspring is due to the direct effect of bredinin on mice embryos.
Addressing failures in exascale computing (2014)

We present here a report produced by a workshop on ‘Addressing failures in exascale computing’ held in Park City, Utah, 4–11 August 2012. The charter of this workshop was to establish a common taxonomy about resilience across all the levels in a computing system, discuss existing knowledge on resilience across the various hardware and software layers of an exascale system, and build on those results, examining potential solutions from both a hardware and software perspective and focusing on a combined approach. The workshop brought together participants with expertise in applications, system software, and hardware; they came from industry, government, and academia, and their interests ranged from theory to implementation. The combination allowed broad and comprehensive discussions and led to this document, which summarizes and builds on those discussions.
Understanding the mechanisms of ultrasound-targeted microbubble cavitation-mediated blood brain barrier opening (2023)

Ultrasound-targeted microbubble cavitation (UTMC) transiently opens the blood brain barrier (BBB). We previously determined that UTMC induces BBB hyperpermeability through an influx of calcium. As activation of RhoA is a calcium-dependent pathway that causes cytoskeletal reorganization, leading to the breakdown of tight junctions, we tested the hypothesis that UTMC-induced activation of RhoA leads to BBB hyperpermeability. We utilized a transwell model with brain endothelial cells and astrocytes on opposite sides of a support membrane. Ultrasound (1 MHz, 250 kPa, 10 μs pulse duration, 10 ms pulse interval) was applied in the presence of lipid microbubbles for 20 s. BBB permeability was assessed using dextran flux and transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measured across the membrane. Integrity of tight junctions was evaluated by staining for ZO-1. UTMC reduced TEER (p &amp;lt; 0.05), confirming reduced barrier integrity. One hour after UTMC, there was a significant decrease in ZO-1 mean pixel intensity (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Treatment of cells with Rho inhibitor II (Y16) significantly reduced UTMC-induced dextran flux across the BBB (p &amp;lt; 0.05) and UTMC-induced decrease in TEER. In our co-culture model of the BBB, UTMC induces hyperpermeability through modulation of tight junctions, at least in part through a RhoA-dependent mechanism.