gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effect of the Earth’s and Stray Magnetic Fields on Mobile Mass Spectrometer Systems (2014)

Development of small, field-portable mass spectrometers has enabled a rapid growth of in-field measurements on mobile platforms. In such in-field measurements, unexpected signal variability has been observed by the authors in portable ion traps with internal electron ionization. The orientation of magnetic fields (such as the Earth's) relative to the ionization electron beam trajectory can significantly alter the electron flux into a quadrupole ion trap, resulting in significant changes in the instrumental sensitivity. Instrument simulations and experiments were performed relative to the earth's magnetic field to assess the importance of (1) nonpoint-source electron sources, (2) vertical versus horizontal electron beam orientation, and (3) secondary magnetic fields created by the instrument itself. Electron lens focus effects were explored by additional simulations, and were paralleled by experiments performed with a mass spectrometer mounted on a rotating platform. Additionally, magnetically permeable metals were used to shield (1) the entire instrument from the Earth's magnetic field, and (2) the electron beam from both the Earth's and instrument's magnetic fields. Both simulation and experimental results suggest the predominant influence on directionally dependent signal variability is the result of the summation of two magnetic vectors. As such, the most effective method for reducing this effect is the shielding of the electron beam from both magnetic vectors, thus improving electron beam alignment and removing any directional dependency. The improved ionizing electron beam alignment also allows for significant improvements in overall instrument sensitivity.
Development of a Sensory Descriptive Profile for `Gala' Apple (1996)

`Gala' is an early maturing apple variety that has a distinctive aroma and flavor. Its storage season is short and flavor volatile production is reduced following controlled atmosphere (CA) storage. The aroma and flavor characters of `Gala' apples were identified by 10 trained panelists. A vocabulary of 13 descriptors for the aroma of whole and cut fruit and 16 descriptors for flavor were used to characterize the changes of apples stored in CA and/or regular atmosphere (RA) during five months. When compared to RA storage, intensity of fruity (pear, banana and strawberry) and floral characters decreased after 2.5 months in CA for whole and cut fruit aroma and flavor. During the entire storage period under CA, aroma of cut apples retained high vegetative and citrus characters but had a less intense anise aroma. Sourness, starchiness and astringency were significantly higher, however, sweetness was significantly lower. A musty note was perceived in whole apples stored in CA for 5 months. Differences in fruitiness of whole fruit and sourness only were found between fruit stored for 4 months in CA followed by 1 month in RA and fruit stored 5 months in CA. Relationships between panel ratings of specific characters and corresponding quantitative analysis will be discussed.
Optimization of Signal Controlled Bicycle Crossings - Adaption to an Increase in Bicyclists in Gothenburg (2019)

The city of Gothenburg has a strategic goal aiming to increase the total amount of trips made by bicycle with a factor of 3 by 2025 compared to 2011's numbers.This report has aimed towards evaluating how the signal controlled crossings in Gothenburg will handle the mentioned increase and how they can be optimized to handle said increase by trying to answer three questions Is there a certain commuter path that is more prone to queuing than others?,In what way can the existing traffic signals on such paths be optimized in order to reduce queuing in the future?, and How would such optimization for bicycles affect the overall traffic situation?.In order to answer the questions, site investigations were made on 9 different locations divided between three areas that were carefully selected to represent the bicycle infrastructure in Gothenburg, that was under risk of congestion, on a wider level.Each intersection was visited at least twice, one morning and one afternoon, and information on how the bicyclists used the intersection was collected and then used as a base for simulation of the future in the simulation software PTV Vissim.The results show that without any measures two of the three different areas studied cannot handle the increase in total bicyclists and entails longer travel times or long queues.By either implementing green waves, prolonged green times, sections of all green, or bicycle priority into the signal sequences the capacity in the intersections increased but the optimizing measures lead instead to deterioration for other means of transport that was not traveling in the same direction as the bicycles.Concluding the results it can be said that there is more needed to facilitate the total increase in bicyclists in Gothenburg than changes to the signal sequences.Either a redesign is needed at problem areas or the total car traffic needs to be decreased if the overall flow of the traffic is to be maintained in the future.
Self-Assembled Monolayer-Based Selective Modification on Polysilicon Nanobelt Devices (2013)

In this study, a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of methoxy-poly (ethylene-glycol)-silane (mPEG-sil) was used to modify the silicon dioxide surface of polysilicon nanodevices (PNDs) to act as a passivation layer that inhibits nonspecific binding of proteins and reduces localized Joule heating power. Selective modifications of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS), NHS-biotin and dye-labeled Streptavidin on the removal regions were characterized. These PNDs, which consist of a two-level doping profile, were designed to confine heat in the low-level doping region during localized Joule heating. Localized Joule heating with pulse bias was examined in both vacuum and ambient, which indicated the removal region was longer in vacuum for the same pulse bias. Moreover, a comparison of selectively and nonselectively modified PNDs observed in time-lapsed fluorescence detection of dye-labeled Streptavidin showed a higher increasing rate in fluorescence intensity (∼2× enhancement) in the selectively modified PNDs. Finally, a COMSOL simulation was employed to evaluate the temperature distribution in the PNDs, with results showing that heat confinement was observed in the low-level doping region and a temperature very close to 673 K was achieved while applying a pulse voltage (40 V, 5 μs) to remove mPEG-sil.
Hydrolysis of Tannic Acid Catalyzed by Immobilized−Stabilized Derivatives of Tannase from Lactobacillus plantarum (2010)

A recombinant tannase from Lactobacillus plantarum , overexpressed in Escherichia coli , was purified in a single step by metal chelate affinity chromatography on poorly activated nickel supports. It was possible to obtain 0.9 g of a pure enzyme by using only 20 mL of chromatographic support. The pure enzyme was immobilized and stabilized by multipoint covalent immobilization on highly activated glyoxyl agarose. Derivatives obtained by multipoint and multisubunit immobilization were 500- and 1000-fold more stable than both the soluble enzyme and the one-point-immobilized enzyme in experiments of thermal and cosolvent inactivation, respectively. In addition, up to 70 mg of pure enzyme was immobilized on 1 g of wet support. The hydrolysis of tannic acid was optimized by using the new immobilized tannase derivative. The optimal reaction conditions were 30% diglyme at pH 5.0 and 4 degrees C. Under these conditions, it was possible to obtain 47.5 mM gallic acid from 5 mM tannic acid as substrate. The product was pure as proved by HPLC. On the other hand, the immobilized biocatalyst preserved >95% of its initial activity after 1 month of incubation under the optimal reaction conditions.
Synthesis of D4‐6′‐hydroxy‐O‐demethylangolensin, a deuterium labelled metabolite of genistein (2000)

6′-Hydroxy-O-demethylangolensin [1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-2-one] has been recently established as a metabolite of genistein in human urine. We report here the synthesis of 3,3,3″,5″-d4-6′-hydroxy-O-demethylangolensin 5 for use as an internal standard in quantitative measurements. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Apelin-36-[L28A] and Apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)] peptides that improve diet induced obesity are G protein biased ligands at the apelin receptor (2019)

Apelin-36-[L28A] and apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)] are G protein biased ligands of the apelin receptor, suggesting that the apelin receptor is an important therapeutic target in metabolic diseases.
Field-Programmable Gate Array Architectures (2008)

This chapter discusses the stage by describing the architecture of Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). It describes several programming technologies. The chapter also describes logic block architectures. It examines routing architecture and also discusses embedded memories and embedded computation blocks. The tracks are connected to each other and to the logic blocks using programmable switches. Commercial FPGAs often contain combined switch blocks and connection blocks, however for clarity, this section will describe each separately. Therefore, Flash-based FPGAs have a slower time-to-market compared to the static random access memory-based FPGAs. Distributed memory, on the other hand, uses small memories spread across the entire FPGA chip, often implemented in unused logic elements. To support applications involving microcontrollers and microprocessors, FPGA manufacturers offer embedded processors tailored to interface with the FPGA logic fabric. Switches in modern FPGAs are typically buffered, because unbuffered switches result in a quadratic increase in delay for long connections.
Multi-phase-center IFSAR. (2006)

We present new methods for resolving IFSAR ambiguities and SAR layover. The analytic properties of these techniques make them well suited for reliable, efficient computation.
Beyond checkpoint inhibition: PD-1 cis-targeting of an IL-2Rβγ-biased interleukin-2 variant as a novel approach to build on checkpoint inhibition (2023)

The immunocytokine PD1-IL2v was designed to overcome liabilities and improve efficacy of IL-2 therapies. PD1-IL2v preferentially targets PD-1<sup>+</sup> T-cells and acts on antigen-specific stem-like PD-1<sup>+</sup> TCF-1<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cells expanding and differentiating them towards better effectors resulting in superior efficacy in LCMV chronic infection and tumor models compared to checkpoint inhibition.
Identification of existing drugs effective for visceral pain relevant to irritable bowel syndrome through phenotypic screening in rats (2018)

Background and Aims: Visceral hypersensitivity is responsible for pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), especially abdominal pain. Therefore, its prevention can help avoid abdominal pain and discomfort in IBS. To find candidate drugs for visceral hypersensitivity, we screened existing medicines for their ability to prevent visceral pain sensitivity induced by colorectal distension (CRD) in rats.
High Pressure Pulsatile Lavage Irrigation of Intraarticular Fractures: Effects on Fracture Healing (1998)

Pulsatile lavage irrigation of fresh intraarticular fractures in rabbits has a detrimental effect on early new bone formation; this effect, however, is no longer apparent two weeks following irrigation. While this study evaluated the effects of pulsatile lavage irrigation in noncontaminated fractures without extensive soft tissue injury, the detrimental effects observed on early new bone formation may translate to an increased risk of nonunion in the setting of a contaminated open fracture with extensive soft tissue injury. Based on the results of this investigation, the selective use of pulsatile lavage irrigation appears warranted. In the absence of gross wound contamination, irrigation with a bulb syringe appears less likely to impair fracture healing than does pulsatile lavage irrigation. Expansion of the model used in this study to include bacterial contamination and soft tissue crushing may further elucidate the effects of pulsatile lavage irrigation on fracture healing.
Progesterone Treatment Does Not Decrease Serum Levels of Biomarkers of Glial and Neuronal Cell Injury in Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Subjects: A Secondary Analysis of the Progesterone for Traumatic Brain Injury, Experimental Clinical Treatment (ProTECT) III Trial (2020)

Early treatment of moderate/severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) with progesterone does not improve clinical outcomes. This is in contrast with findings from pre-clinical studies of progesterone in TBI. To understand the reasons for the negative clinical trial, we investigated whether progesterone treatment has the desired biological effect of decreasing brain cell death. We quantified brain cell death using serum levels of biomarkers of glial and neuronal cell death (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1 [UCH-L1], S100 calcium-binding protein B [S100B], and Alpha II Spectrin Breakdown Product 150 [SBDP]) in the Biomarkers of Injury and Outcome-Progesterone for Traumatic Brain Injury, Experimental Clinical Treatment (BIO-ProTECT) study. Serum levels of GFAP, UCHL1, S100B, and SBDP were measured at baseline (≤4 h post-injury and before administration of study drug) and at 24 and 48 h post-injury. Serum progesterone levels were measured at 24 and 48 h post-injury. The primary outcome of ProTECT was based on the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended assessed at 6 months post-randomization. We found that at baseline, there were no differences in biomarker levels between subjects randomized to progesterone treatment and those randomized to placebo (<i>p</i> > 0.10). Similarly, at 24 and 48 h post-injury, there were no differences in biomarker levels in the progesterone versus placebo groups (<i>p</i> > 0.15). There was no statistically significant correlation between serum progesterone concentrations and biomarker values obtained at 24 and 48 h. When examined as a continuous variable, baseline biomarker levels did not modify the association between progesterone treatment and neurological outcome (<i>p</i> of interaction term >0.39 for all biomarkers). We conclude that progesterone treatment does not decrease levels of biomarkers of glial and neuronal cell death during the first 48 h post-injury.
Impact of Gender on the Outcome of Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair Using the Zenith Stent-Graft: Midterm Results (2007)

Purpose: To analyze the 2-year outcomes of female patients after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) with the Zenith AAA Endovascular Graft. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of data from the US Zenith multicenter trial and the Zenith female registry on 40 women (10.9%, study group) and 326 men (89.1%, control group) enrolled. All patients had completed their 2-year follow-up. Primary study endpoints were survival, aneurysm rupture, and conversion rate. Significance was assumed if p&lt;0.05. Results: Overall rates of mortality (12.5% for women versus 13.2% for men, p=0.94) and aneurysm rupture (2.5% for women versus 0% for men, p=0.11) were comparable between groups. Conversion to open repair within 2 years was significantly more frequent in women compared to men (7.5% versus 0.6%, p=0.01). The incidence of endoleaks of any type was equivalent between groups at 2 years (13.3% for women versus 6.9% for men, p=0.30). No difference was observed in the need for secondary interventions (15% for women versus 13.5% for men, p=0.81) or aneurysm dilatation &gt;5 mm (10.5% for women versus 2.3% for men, p=0.10). None of the patients developed device migration .10 mm or required intervention for migration. Conclusion: While women underwent conversion to open repair more frequently compared to men at 2 years post EVAR, there was no difference in survival, freedom from aneurysm rupture, or need for secondary interventions between groups. As in men, the Zenith AAA Endovascular Graft provides reliable protection from aneurysm rupture and aneurysm-related death in women in a midterm follow-up.
Epoxidation of 3-(3'-Butenyl)-4-hydroxycoumarins and Intramolecular 6-Exo Cyclization to 3,4-Dihydro-2-hydroxymethyl-2H,5H-pyrano[2,3-b][1]benzopyran-5-one (1984)

Several 3-(3’-butenyl)-4-hydroxycoumarins were synthetized and oxidized with m-chloroperbenzoic acid. 3,4-Dihydro-2-hydroxymethyl-2H,5H-pyranol[2,3-b][1]benzopyran-5-ones were obtained through an intramolecular 6-Exo cyclization of intermediate epoxide.
Effect of Initial Fuel Distribution and Subsequent Mixing on Emissions From Lean, Premixed Flames (1992)

Results presented here illustrate how optimizing the fuel distribution at injection reduces the subsequent mixing needed for ultralow emissions in lean, premixed gaseous flames. An experimental facility was developed for bluff body stabilization of a high pressure natural gas flame at the exit of a 4” diameter mixing tube. Fuel was injected through two concentric ring manifolds. NOx and CO drop dramatically from diffusion flame to perfectly premixed levels with increasing mixing distance. Furthermore, for each mixing distance, there is an optimum fuel split that results in minimum NOx and CO emissions. Computational fluid dynamics and laser sheet flow visualization show the recirculation zones and fluid mixing that affect fuel injection requirements. Although improved fuel injection and greater mixing will both drive the NOx-CO curve to the origin, improving the initial fuel distribution reduces the requirement for subsequent mixing.
Differential Reliance on Lipid Metabolism as a Salvage Pathway Underlies Functional Differences of T Cell Subsets in Poor Nutrient Environments (2018)

T cells compete with malignant cells for limited nutrients within the solid tumor microenvironment. We found that effector memory CD4 T cells respond distinctly from other T cell subsets to limiting glucose and can maintain high levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production in a nutrient-poor environment. Unlike naive (T<sub>N</sub>) or central memory T (T<sub>CM</sub>) cells, effector memory T (T<sub>EM</sub>) cells fail to upregulate fatty acid synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and reductive glutaminolysis in limiting glucose. Interference of fatty acid synthesis in naive T cells dramatically upregulates IFN-γ, while increasing exogenous lipids in media inhibits production of IFN-γ by all subsets, suggesting that relative ratio of fatty acid metabolism to glycolysis is a direct predictor of T cell effector activity. Together, these data suggest that effector memory T cells are programmed to have limited ability to synthesize and metabolize fatty acids, which allows them to maintain T cell function in nutrient-depleted microenvironments.
m-Chloroperbenzoic Acid (2005)

[937-14-4] C7H5ClO3 (MW 172.57) InChI = 1/C7H5ClO3/c8-6-3-1-2-5(4-6)7(9)11-10/h1-4,10H InChIKey = NHQDETIJWKXCTC-UHFFFAOYAC (electrophilic reagent capable of reacting with many functional groups; delivers oxygen to alkenes, sulfides, selenides, and amines) Alternate Names: m-CPBA; MCPBA. Physical Data: mp 92–94 °C. Solubility: soluble in CH2Cl2, CHCl3, 1,2-dichloroethane, ethyl acetate, benzene, and ether; slightly soluble in hexane; insoluble in H2O. Form Supplied in: white powder, available with purity of 50%, 85%, and 98% (the rest is 3-chlorobenzoic acid and water). Analysis of Reagent Purity: iodometry.2 Purity commercial material (purity 85%) is washed with a phosphate buffer of pH 7.5 and dried under reduced pressure to furnish reagent with purity >99%.3 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: pure m-CPBA is shock sensitive and can deflagrate;4 potentially explosive, and care is required while carrying out the reactions and during workup.5 Store in polyethylene containers under refrigeration.
Direct Current Cardioversion for Atrial Arrhythmias in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease: Management Strategy and Outcome for 63 Patients (2005)

&lt;sec&gt;&lt;st&gt;Objectives&lt;/st&gt; We sought to evaluate safety, efficacy, and outcome of direct current cardioversion (DCCV) for atrial arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease. &lt;/sec&gt; &lt;sec&gt;&lt;st&gt;Background&lt;/st&gt; Increasingly, atrial arrhythmias are noted in adults with congenital heart disease. The outcome of DCCV for atrial arrhythmias in this population is unknown. &lt;/sec&gt; &lt;sec&gt;&lt;st&gt;Methods&lt;/st&gt; Our study was a retrospective review of patients 18 years or older with congenital heart disease who underwent DCCV between June 2000 and July 2003. Patient characteristics reviewed included the specific cardiac diagnosis and arrhythmia history. A subset of patients had transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) before DCCV; this subset was reviewed to evaluate spontaneous echo contrast. The outcome data evaluated included success of DCCV, complications, recurrence of arrhythmia, antiarrhythmic medication use, electrophysiology or pacemaker procedure in follow-up, and all-cause mortality. &lt;/sec&gt; &lt;sec&gt;&lt;st&gt;Results&lt;/st&gt; Sixty-three patients underwent 80 DCCVs, 59 of which were TEE-guided. DCCV was successful in 94%. Mean follow-up was 387 days. No thromboembolic events were noted. Twenty-five patients (40%) remained in sinus rhythm throughout follow-up. Recurrent arrhythmia was predicted by spontaneous echo contrast in the left atrium or a history of atrial fibrillation. &lt;/sec&gt; &lt;sec&gt;&lt;st&gt;Conclusions&lt;/st&gt; DCCV with appropriate anticoagulation is safe for patients with congenital heart disease, even in the presence of an intracardiac shunt and spontaneous contrast on TEE. The immediate success of cardioversion is excellent. Spontaneous echo contrast does not predict thromboembolic events. Recurrent arrhythmias are a problem in this patient population, prompting antiarrhythmic medication use or electrophysiologic procedures (or both). &lt;/sec&gt;
Optical modulation using the silicon platform (2013)

Optical modulator devices in silicon have experienced dramatic improvements over the last decade, with data rates demonstrated up to 50Gb/s and ultra-lower power consumption with a few fJ/bit[1]. However a significant need exist for high speed low power devices with a small footprint and broadband characteristics with extinction ratio above 5dB. Here we describe the work within the UK silicon photonics program, which has led to the fabrication and preliminary results of novel nano cavity optical architecture as well as self-aligned pn junction structures embedded in a silicon rib waveguide with an active length in the millimetre range producing high-speed optical phase modulation whilst retaining a high extinction ratio.