gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nanotechnology Highlight Nanoengineered Shells for Encapsulation and Controlled Release (2003)

The project NANOSHELLS is developing new technologies based on nano-encapsulation to solve industrial problems related to controlled release of drugs and other chemicals. The overall objective of NANOSHELLS is to make the breakthrough necessary to enable the production and application of nano-capsules with targeted controlled release properties of chemicals. For this, first, we are developing new types of nanoparticles used as core/vectors for active molecules. The second phase involves nano-engineered ultrathin layer assembly to build a capsule shell of pre-determined composition, designed for special release properties, around the active materials. Saying in simple words, we are trying to design tiny (<1/1000 millimeter) “submarines” which will carry drug molecules and deliver them directly to sick cells, easily passing narrow blood vessels due to their minute dimensions. We synthesized 500-nm particles of important drugs: furosemide, dexamethasone, and carmustine, then assembled very thin walls around these drug cores, using only a few molecular layers of biocompatible polymers. We are introducing antibodies into the wall of these shells, which will target and anchor the capsules to the sick cells. An example of results for these experiments is given in the figure below. Furosemide crystals were encapsulated with polyions and gelatin to control the release of the drug in aqueous solutions. Charged linear polyions and gelatin were alternatively deposited on drug nanocrystals through layer-bylayer nanoassembly. Sequential layers of six gelatin / poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) bilayers were adsorbed, with a corresponding total capsule wall thickness of 110 nm. The release of furosemide from the coated microparticles was measured in aqueous solutions of pH 1.4 (acidic gastric environment) and 7.4 (blood pH). At both pH values, the release rate of furosemide from the encapsulated particles was reduced by 300 times compared to uncoated furosemide, which shows that nanoencapsulation is a method of achieving prolonged drug release through self-assembly of polymeric shells on drug microcrystals. By varying the wall composition, one can have different rate of the drug release.
Secrecy in Medical Research (1996)

The conduct of medical research is in increasing jeopardy. Scarce funds for research have been strained by the emergence of new problems requiring intensive work. But a more insidious problem is compromising the ability to make progress in medical research. Secrecy about methods and results has become a common and accepted practice. The complex legal arrangements that are often required before reagents are shared impedes scientists from acquiring the materials needed to perform their work. These impediments to research appear to be arising more frequently. The following four situations, which I encountered in the past several months, illustrate many of . . .
Single-image reflectance estimation for relighting by iterative soft grouping (2003)

Reflectance values for image-based relighting are often estimated from grouped pixels with similar reflectance, but such groupings are difficult to compute with certainty for sparse image data. To address this problem, we propose an iterative method that aggregates BRDF data in a single image with known geometry and lighting by soft grouping, where pixels contribute to one another's estimate according to their degree of reflectance similarity. Estimation of specular reflectance is further improved by albedo-independent soft grouping of pixels based on shape continuity. With recovered reflectances, we demonstrate realistic relighting for synthetic and real scenes, including surfaces with spatially-varying reflectance.
Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording – Next Generation Mass Storage Technology (2018)

Magnetic hard disk drives (HDDs) store over 90% of the world’s digital data enabling the internet and economical access to data to power everything from social media to self-driving cars. Heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) is being developed as the next recording system for HDDs. HAMR will bring profound changes to the HDD components and architecture, incorporating laser diodes in an innovative plasmonic light delivery system into the recording heads, and novel nano-magnetic materials and layer architectures in the recording media [1]. Seagate demonstrated the promise of HAMR with a 1 -2 Tb/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> areal density demonstration [2, 3] and the subsequent demonstration of a fully functional drive with more than 1000 write power-on hours [4, 5]. The significant progresses have been enabled by breakthroughs in media and head technology together with drive integration. With continuing development efforts in reliability and data density HAMR will serve the demand for economical hard disk drive storage solutions for the world’s ever growing data. As announced in a recent blog, Seagate is now shipping HAMR units to select customers for integration tests, and will start shipping commercial HAMR products to key customers by the end of 2018 [6]. This paper will cover the key enablers for HAMR technology to support both high areal density and linear density, which will be critical for bringing a new “S” curve for the magnetic recording industry. It will also be discussed about the challenges and breakthroughs in fundamental magnetic properties for the recording layer and near field optical transducers, to support the extension of HAMR to around 4-5 Tbit/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Energy management for a grid-tied photovoltaic-wind-storage system&#x2014;Part II: Operation strategy (2013)

Renewable energy has unique characteristics such as it is sustainable, clean and free. However, renewable generation systems have two major limitations: they are strongly dependent on the weather conditions; and they have unsynchronized generation peaks with the demand peaks, in general. In a series of two papers, an energy management strategy for a distributed photovoltaic (PV)-wind-storage system is proposed. This second paper proposes a strategy to control the operation of the energy storage to overcome the limitations of renewable sources and forecasting models uncertainty. The proposed operation strategy is advantageous in terms of it allows a highly efficient and profitable operation of the system especially in an electricity spot market. Simulation results that shows the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy are provided.
Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (2010)

Abstract Advances in the field of Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy (FSRS), a new time‐resolved structural technique that provides complete vibrational spectra on the ultrafast timescale, are reviewed. When coupled with a femtosecond optical trigger, the time evolution of a reacting species can be monitored with unprecedented &lt;25 femtosecond temporal and 5 cm ‐1 spectral resolution. New technological and theoretical advances including the development of tunable FSRS and a background‐free FSRS format are discussed. The most recent experimental studies focus on ultrafast reaction dynamics in electronically excited states: isomerization in cyanobacterial phytochrome, ultrafast spin flipping in a solar cell sensitizer, and excited state proton transfer in green fluorescent protein. The use of FSRS to directly map multidimensional reactive potential energy surfaces and to probe the mechanism of reactive internal conversion is prospectively discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral, Nonracemic Dialkyl α‐ Hydroxyalkylphosphonates via a (‐)‐Chlorodiisopinocampheylborane ( Ipc2B‐Cl) Reduction. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ANO1 Expression Orchestrates p27Kip1/MCL1-Mediated Signaling in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2021)

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a heterogeneous group of tumors that derive from the mucosal epithelium of the upper aerodigestive tract and present high mortality rate. Lack of efficient targeted-therapies and biomarkers towards patients' stratification are caveats in the disease treatment. Anoctamin 1 (<i>ANO1</i>) gene is amplified in 30% of HNSCC cases. Evidence suggests involvement of ANO1 in proliferation, migration, and evasion of apoptosis; however, the exact mechanisms remain elusive. Aim of this study was to unravel the ANO1-dependent transcriptional programs and expand the existing knowledge of ANO1 contribution to oncogenesis and drug response in HNSCC. We cultured two HNSCC cell lines established from primary tumors harboring amplification and high expression of ANO1 in three-dimensional collagen. Differential expression analysis of ANO1-depleted HNSCC cells demonstrated downregulation of MCL1 and simultaneous upregulation of p27<sup>Kip1</sup> expression. Suppressing ANO1 expression led to redistribution of p27<sup>Kip1</sup> from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and associated with a cell cycle arrested phenotype. ANO1 silencing or pharmacological inhibition resulted in reduction of cell viability and ANO1 protein levels, as well as suppression of pro-survival BCL2 family proteins. Collectively, these data provide insights of ANO1 involvement in HNSCC carcinogenesis and support the rationale that ANO1 is an actionable drug target.
Characteristics of Bovine Hemoglobin as a Potential Source of Hemoglobin-Vesicles for an Artificial Oxygen Carrier (2002)

Hemoglobin-vesicles (HbV) have been developed for use as artificial O(2) carriers in which a purified Hb solution is encapsulated within a phospholipid bilayer membrane. In this study, bovine Hb (BHb) was tested as a source of HbV instead of human Hb (HHb). We compared the preparation process and characteristics of BHbV with those of HHbV. The purification of BHb was effectively performed simply with an ultrafiltration system including a process for removing virus and scrapie reagent. The removal ratio of the phospholipid components of bovine red blood cells was over 99.99%, and the protein purity was over 99.9%. The deoxygenated and carbonylated BHb showed denaturation transition temperatures at 83 and 87 degrees C, respectively, which are higher than those of HHb (80 and 78 degrees C, respectively), and resistant to pasteurization (60 degrees C, 10 h). The purified BHb was concentrated to over 40 g/dl, and encapsulated in a phospholipid bilayer membrane to form BHbV with a diameter of about 280 nm. The O(2) affinity (P(50)) of the BHbV was regulated by coencapsulation of an appropriate amount of Cl(-) (as NaCl), which binds to BHb as an allosteric effector, in the range 16-28 Torr, comparable to human blood (P(50) = 28 Torr). This is quite simple in comparison with HHb which requires phosphate derivatives such as pyridoxal 5'-phosphate as a replacement for 2,3-diphoshoglyceric acid. The viscosity and colloid osmotic pressure of the BHbV when suspended in 5% human serum albumin are 3.5 cP and 20 Torr, respectively, comparable to those of human blood. In conclusion, BHb can be used as a source for the production of HbV, not only because of its abundance in the cattle industry, but also because of the physicochemical advantages of the purification process, thermal stability, and regulation of O(2) affinity in comparison with HHb.
A Natural Phosphate and Doped‐Catalyzed Michael Addition of Mercaptans to α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Azimuthal Self Potential Signatures Associated with Pneumatic Fracturing (2008)

Pneumatic fracturing is used to enhance the permeability and porosity of tight unconsolidated soils (e.g. clays) and/or bedrock thereby improving the effectiveness of remediation treatments applied to contaminated soils. A laboratory simulation was performed whereby compressed kaolinite sediments were pneumatically‐fractured and subsequently injected with an electrolyte/dye simulating a treatment. Fracture geometry was quantified via fracture strike analysis of visible fractures in the tank walls combined with optical borehole televiewer imaging. Azimuthal self potential (ASP) measurements revealed clear electrokinetic self potentials during injection that correlate with dominant fracture strikes in the clay. Polar plots show that ASP lobes coincide with azimuths of high fracture strike density and that cross plots of SP versus number of fractures display a statistically significant positive correlation. Furthermore, the magnitude of electrokinetic SP scales with flow rate for any particular fracture set, and the positive lobes of the ASP anomaly are diagnostic of the flow direction of the treatment.
Chemomechanical Production of Submicron Edge Width, Functionalized, ∼20 μm Features on Silicon (2002)

We recently reported that monolayers on silicon are formed, and silicon surfaces concomitantly patterned, when native oxide-coated silicon is scribed with a diamond-tipped instrument in the presence of reactive liquids. Notably, monolayers were prepared (and are prepared in this work) in an open laboratory with reagents that are not degassed. However, while this method is facile, the features originally produced using 2−3 N of force on a diamond tip are irregular, broad (∼100 μm), and deep (∼5 μm). Reducing the force to 0.08 N using an improved tip holder yields narrower features (∼10 μm), but the best features made with a diamond tip using the lighter force still remain quite deep (∼0.1 μm) and rough. Here we show that substantially sharper and shallower features are produced by (a) wetting hydrogen-terminated silicon with a reactive compound and (b) scribing it with a 1/32 in. tungsten carbide ball with a low force (∼0.08 N). It is remarkable that (i) the depth of these features is only 10−20 Å and (ii) their edge widths are sharp (submicron resolution). The resulting features are invisible to the naked eye but are observable by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Both Si(100) and Si(111) were successfully modified. Miniature hydrophobic corrals made with this technique were loaded with solutes, for example, colloidal carbon, semiconductor nanocrystals, and DNA, from aqueous solutions with a simple dip. Under appropriate conditions colloidal carbon selectively deposits onto functionalized lines but not in between them.
Centre for Lasers and Applications (2005)

This article presents the background and active research programmes of Macquarie University's Centre for Lasers and Applications (CLA). The major fields of research supported by CLA include lasers and optical physics, laser engineering, and laser applications. More details on the specific topics of research in some of the project areas are provided. These specific research topics include biological and medical applications, guided-wave optics and photonics, laser microfabrication and photonics, molecular and optical physics, Raman lasers, solid-state lasers, and ultraviolet and visible laser applications.
Conversion of Aptamers into Small‐Molecule Lead Compounds (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Rational Drug Design Biochemical Screening Summary and Outlook Acknowledgments References
Critical Role of Silicon Nanoparticles Surface on Lithium Cell Electrochemical Performance Analyzed by FTIR, Raman, EELS, XPS, NMR, and BDS Spectroscopies (2014)

A pluri-disciplinary approach and a combination of techniques are used here to finely describe the surface of silicon nanoparticles used as active material in negative composite electrodes for lithium batteries. Although the surface of silicon particles is playing a major role in the electrochemical performance, it has rarely been characterized in depth. With respect to infrared analysis, we propose an analytical protocol, derived from the studies devoted to high specific area silica samples. Three different nanometric silicon powders are studied: a commercial one and two home synthesized silicon powders with specially designed surfaces. With respect to previous works and common belief, we demonstrate, on the electrochemical performance, a favorable effect of a particular thin layer silicon oxide with a well-defined SiO2 composition at the extreme surface of the silicon particles.
Joint Allocation of Nodes and Links with Load Balancing in Network Virtualization (2014)

Network virtualization is seen as the fundamental underlying technology for enabling future Internet services. Mapping virtual networks onto a substrate network is a well-known NP-hard problem. Therefore, some authors propose heuristic based strategies by allocating virtual networks in two uncoordinated steps: mapping virtual nodes and virtual links separately. However, this strategy could result in poor performance. In this work, we propose an algorithm for the joint allocation of virtual nodes and links with the focus on balancing the load in the substrate resources. Such an algorithm is designed to cope with capacity constraints and network delay, it also offers an abstraction to consider functional requirements like geographical location or hardware characteristics. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has similar or better performance than other coordinated strategies from the Literature, while requiring a considerably lower processing time, finding solutions up to 269 times faster than others solutions.
Ultra-Low Profile Airborne Reflector Antenna Subsystem for Broadband Satellite Communications (2003)

An ultra-low profile airborne reflector antenna with an arbitrary polarization feed system and a wide-range scanning faculty has been proposed for the broadband satellite communication use. We have chosen a shaped elliptical dual reflector antenna with reflector shaping technique to realize both the ultra-low profile and high electric performances. A novel thin-type broadband OMT with pyramid-loaded waveguide turnstile junction has been presented to obtain the arbitrary polarization thin feed system.
Matrix Approach of Seismic Imaging: Application to the Erebus Volcano, Antarctica (2018)

Abstract Multiple scattering of seismic waves is often seen as a nightmare for conventional migration techniques that generally rely on a ballistic or a single‐scattering assumption. In heterogeneous areas such as volcanoes, the multiple‐scattering contribution limits the imaging‐depth to one scattering mean free path, the mean distance between two successive scattering events for body waves. In this Letter, we propose a matrix approach of passive seismic imaging that pushes back this fundamental limit by making an efficient use of scattered body waves drowned into a noisy seismic coda. As a proof of concept, the case of the Erebus volcano in Antarctica is considered. The Green's functions between a set of geophones placed on top of the volcano are first retrieved by the cross correlation of coda waves induced by multiple icequakes. This set of impulse responses forms a reflection matrix. By combining a matrix discrimination of singly scattered waves with iterative time reversal, we are able to push back the multiple scattering limit beyond 10 scattering mean free paths. The matrix approach reveals the internal structure of the Erebus volcano: A chimney‐shaped structure at shallow depths, a magma reservoir at 2,500 m and several cavities at sea level and below it. The matrix approach paves the way toward a greatly improved monitoring of volcanic structures at depth. Beyond this specific case, the matrix approach of seismic imaging can generally be applied to all scales and areas where multiple scattering events undergone by body waves prevent in‐depth imaging of the Earth's crust.
Expression of biliary glycoprotein (CD66a) in normal and malignant breast epithelial cells. (1998)

Biliary glycoprotein (BGP, CD66a, or C-CAM-1) is a cell adhesion glycoprotein expressed in colon, liver, and hematopoietic tissues. Four major isoforms (a-d) of BGP are expressed in most epithelial tissues by alternative mRNA splicing from a single gene. Since BGP is down regulated in colon cancer and in premalignant colonic adenomas, it has been of interest to study its expression in other tumors. Using immunohistochemistry with a BGP specific antibody, and mRNA analysis by in situ hybridization, RNase protection, and RT-PCR, we show here that BGP is expressed to the same extent in both normal and malignant breast, demonstrating that BGP is not down regulated in breast cancer. In normal breast, BGP expression is confined to the apical surface of ductal and lobular epithelial cells, while in invasive carcinoma of the breast, BGP is expressed throughout the cytoplasm. In situ hybridization shows a specific pattern of BGP expression in both normal and malignant breast epithelium. RNase protection analysis confirms the immunohistochemistry results and shows no quantitative differences between normal and malignant breast. RT-PCR analysis agrees with these results and shows that only 3 of the 4 major isoforms (a, c, d) of BGP are expressed in normal and malignant breast. Since recent studies by Turbide et al (Cancer Res 57: 2781-2788, 1997) have shown that the ratio of murine BGP isoforms may affect tumor suppression in colonic cancer, it is proposed here that the isoform difference between human breast and colon may account for the observed lack of BGP down-regulation in breast vs colon cancer.
DeepMerge: Learning to Merge Programs (2021)

In collaborative software development, program merging is the mechanism to integrate changes from multiple programmers. Merge algorithms in modern version control systems report a conflict when changes interfere textually. Merge conflicts require manual intervention and frequently stall modern continuous integration pipelines. Prior work found that, although costly, a large majority of resolutions involve re-arranging text without writing any new code. Inspired by this observation we propose the first data-driven approach to resolve merge conflicts with a machine learning model. We realize our approach in a tool DeepMerge that uses a novel combination of (i) an edit-aware embedding of merge inputs and (ii) a variation of pointer networks, to construct resolutions from input segments. We also propose an algorithm to localize manual resolutions in a resolved file and employ it to curate a ground-truth dataset comprising 8,719 non-trivial resolutions in JavaScript programs. Our evaluation shows that, on a held out test set, DeepMerge can predict correct resolutions for 37% of non-trivial merges, compared to only 4% by a state-of-the-art semistructured merge technique. Furthermore, on the subset of merges with upto 3 lines (comprising 24% of the total dataset), DeepMerge can predict correct resolutions with 78% accuracy.
Ergodic capacity of frequency selective MIMO burst channels (2004)

Current commercial wireless systems use fixed burst structures for data transmission. In this paper, the ergodic Shannon capacity of some time-varying frequency selective channels with fixed burst structured transmission is derived. Multiple antennas in the transmitter and/or in the receiver are assumed. Practical methods for analyzing the capacity of real wireless communication systems in MIMO channels are proposed based on the analysis. The obtained results are applied via numerical examples to the GSM/EDGE system.