gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Solids Flowback after Hydraulic Fracturing and Remedial Treatments (2011)

Abstract One of the major concerns with hydraulic fracturing treatments has been the flowback of proppant and solids at various stages after the treatment. To mitigate this problem, it is necessary to understand the factors causing the proppant to flow back, which can help in the design of successful treatments. This paper outlines the various analytical techniques used to identify the composition of solids recovered after performing a hydraulic fracturing job in the Middle East region. A laboratory test setup was designed to conduct tests by simulation of downhole conditions. Finally, a treatment was proposed to prevent flowback in future wells to be treated. Analysis of recovered solids using X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle-size distribution, and high-resolution stereomicroscopy revealed the presence of formation sand, fibers, resin-coated proppant (RCP), non-RCP, and crushed proppant. Proppant flowback was observed in laboratory tests conducted using the same source of RCPs that was used for the job. The RCP packs exhibited poor consolidation after curing for 24 hr at 320°F. However, application of liquid-resin coating (LRC) to these RCPs resulted in well-consolidated proppant packs with high unconfined compressive strength (UCS). This in turn prevented proppant and formation-sand flowback when tested under simulated bottomhole conditions. The results obtained further confirm the advantages of LRCs compared to conventional RCPs in hydraulic fracturing treatments.
A Review of Biofilter for Treatment of VOCs and Odours (2012)

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odorous compounds discharged into the environment create ecological and health hazards. In the recent past, biological waste air treatment processes using bio- reactors have gained popularity in control of VOCs and odour, since they offer a cost effective and environ- ment friendly alternative to conventional air pollution control technologies. This review provides an overview of the biofilters that are used in VOC and odour abatement, along with details on their configuration and design, mechanism of operation, insights into the microbial biodegradation process and future R&D needs in this area.
Shallow and Deep Trap State Passivation for Low-Temperature Processed Perovskite Solar Cells (2020)

While perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as promising low-cost solar power generators, most reported high-performance PSCs employ electron transport layers (ETLs, mainly TiO2) treated at high temperatures (≥450 °C), which may eventually hinder the development of flexible PSCs. Meanwhile, the development of low-temperature processed PSCs (L-PSCs) possessing performance levels comparable to those of high-temperature processed PSCs has actively been reported. In this study, L-PSCs with improved long-term stability and negligible hysteresis were developed through the effective passivation of shallow and deep traps in organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite (OIHP) crystals and at the ETL/OIHP interface. L-PSCs with alkaline chloride modification achieved state-of-the-art performance among reported L-PSCs (power conversion efficiency (PCE) = 22.6%) with a long-term shelf life. The origin of long-term stability and the efficient passivation of deep traps was revealed by monitoring the trap-state distribution. Moreover, the high PCE of a large-area device (21.3%, 1.12 cm2) was also demonstrated, confirming the uniformity of the modification.
Degradation, Phytoprotection and Phytoremediation of Phenanthrene by Endophyte Pseudomonas putida, PD1 (2014)

Endophytes have been isolated from a large diversity of plants and have been shown to enhance the remediation efficiency of plants, but little information is available on the influence of endophytic bacteria on phytoremediation of widespread environmental contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study we selected a naturally occurring endophyte for its combined ability to colonize plant roots and degrade phenanthrene in vitro. Inoculation of two different willow clones and a grass with Pseudomonas putida PD1 was found to promote root and shoot growth and protect the plants against the phytotoxic effects of phenanthrene. There was an additional 25-40% removal of phenanthrene from soil by the willow and grasses, respectively inoculated with PD1 when compared to the uninoculated controls. Fluorescent microscopy using fluorescent protein tagging of PD1 confirmed the presence of bacteria inside the root tissue. Inoculation of willows with PD1 consistently improved the growth and health when grown in hydroponic systems with high concentrations of phenanthrene. To our knowledge this is the first time that the inoculation of willow plants has been shown to improve the degradation of PAHs and improve the health of the host plants, demonstrating the potential wide benefit to the field of natural endophyte-assisted phytoremediation.
Vacuum retrofit modernization of air and oil circuit breakers: the process, benefits and risks of applicable standards (2002)

Electric utilities have undergone extensive life extension evaluations of many power plant components. The goal has been to obtain an impressive extension of equipment or system life, at the least cost expenditure. This process effectively improves the reliability of plant systems, whereas improvements in maintainability usually are of secondary importance. In many cases, the plant's electrical distribution system, and in particular, the air and oil circuit breakers have not been part of the life extension evaluations. This paper addresses upgrading the older air and oil circuit breakers, utilizing newly manufactured vacuum circuit breakers. The result is improvements in system reliability, maintainability and life extension of the electrical distribution system with the least expenditure of monies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Robustness of surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate with a mercaptosilane adhesive layer for in vivo sensing applications (2015)

© 2015 The Japan Society of Applied Physics. A highly robust surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate for in vivo sensing applications is reported. In vivo sensing demands structurally robust substrates with good optical performance. SERS substrates containing gold nanostructures on SiO2 supports often suffer from a low adhesion strength of gold on SiO2. The proposed SERS substrate contains a mercaptosilane adhesive layer, which provides a high robustness without deteriorating the plasmon performance, in contrast to traditional titanium adhesive layers. The mercaptosilane-modified SERS substrate is sufficiently robust for in vivo sensing, as evidenced by its implantation in the animal skin for 2 months.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of the Monomeric Digallylphosphane and Digallylarsane Derivatives MesP(Ga(Trip)2)2×Et2O and PhAs(Ga( Trip)2)2. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Localized15N NMR spectroscopy of rat brain by ISIS (1999)

Three-dimensional image-selected in vivo spectroscopy (ISIS), combined with proton-decoupled nuclear-Overhauser-enhanced 15N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), was used to localize [15N]metabolites, observed by a head coil, to the brain in rats. In spontaneously breathing anesthetized rats given intravenous [15N]ammonium acetate infusion, brain [5-15N]glutamine was observed in the localized spectrum with a v1/2 of 5 Hz in 19-28 min at 4.7 T, while the signal from blood [15N]urea was eliminated by the localization process. In rats given [15N]leucine infusion, the peak representing predominantly (89%) brain [15N]glutamate was observed, with elimination of the signal from muscle [15N]alanine. In vivo peak areas of the brain [15N]metabolites in the localized spectra were proportional to their concentrations. The advantages and limitations of localization by ISIS using a volume coil with a homogeneous B1 field are compared with those of localization by a surface coil for in vivo 15N NMR study of neurotransmitters in the brain.
Morphological Evaluation of Meta-stable Oligomers of α-Synuclein with Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (2018)

Amyloidogenesis of α-synuclein (αS) is considered to be a pathological phenomenon related to Parkinson's disease (PD). As a key component to reveal the fibrillation mechanism and toxicity, we have investigated an oligomeric species of αS capable of exhibiting the unit-assembly process leading to accelerated amyloid fibril formation. These oligomers previously shown to exist in a meta-stable state with mostly disordered structure and unable to seed the fibrillation were converted to either temperature-sensitive self-associative oligomers or NaCl-induced non-fibrillating oligomeric species. Despite their transient and disordered nature, the structural information of meta-stable αS oligomers (Meta-αS-Os) was successfully evaluated with small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) technique. By fitting the neutron scattering data with polydisperse Gaussian Coil (pGC) model, Meta-αS-O was analyzed as a sphere with approximate diameter of 100 Å. Its overall shape altered drastically with subtle changes in temperature between 37 °C and 43 °C, which would be responsible for fibrillar polymorphism. Based on their bifurcating property of Meta-αS-Os leading to either on-pathway or off-pathway species, the oligomers could be suggested as a crucial intermediate responsible for the oligomeric diversification and multiple fibrillation processes. Therefore, Meta-αS-Os could be considered as a principal target to control the amyloidogenesis and its pathogenesis.
Macroporous poly(dicyclopentadiene) γFe2O3/Fe3O4 nanocomposite foams by high internal phase emulsion templating (2013)

The high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) templating approach to macroporous poly(dicyclopentadiene) γFe2O3/Fe3O4 nanocomposite foams via ring opening metathesis polymerisation was elaborated and the influence of the formulation of the HIPE on structural and mechanical properties of the magnetic composite foams of 80% nominal porosity was studied. HIPEs solely stabilized with the nanoparticles resulted in considerably shrunken monolithic specimens characterized by an open cellular morphology with cavities bigger than 265 μm. Nanoparticles were situated in the bulk and on the surface of the polymeric foam skeleton. Precise control over the feature sizes could not be obtained in this case. In contrast, HIPE formulations co-stabilized with a surfactant yielded samples of good casting quality characterized by a fully open cellular morphology in all cases. The cavity and the window size could be controlled by the amount of surfactant in the emulsion. A low surfactant loading of 1.5 v% with respect to the monomer yielded diameters of the cavities of the order of 20 μm interconnected with windows with diameters in the order of 4 μm, while 10 v% surfactant resulted in smaller cavities (10 μm) and windows (2 μm). All these feature sizes are hardly affected by the nanoparticle loading which was varied from 1 to 30 wt%. Surfactant stabilized and cured HIPEs featured the nanoparticles predominantly on the surface of the cavities. Mechanical properties of the composite foams were assessed by stress–strain tests and revealed a strengthening of the foams prepared with 10 v% surfactant upon addition of the nanoparticles. Indicative of the strengthening is an increase of the Young's modulus from 13 ± 2 MPa in the case of a sample without nanoparticles to 104 ± 4 MPa in the case of the composite foam with 15 wt% nanoparticles. This trend was accompanied by a decrease of the elongation at break from 21 ± 4 to less than 1%. Specimens prepared with 1.5 v% surfactant are ductile and gave the same high Young's modulus (104 ± 9 MPa) irrespective of the nanoparticle loading and became stronger upon raising the nanoparticle amount reaching an ultimate strength of 3.4 ± 0.4 MPa at an elongation at break of 13 ± 4%.
1From Denoising to Compressed Sensing (2016)

A denoising algorithm seeks to remove perturbations or errors from a signal. The last three decades have seen extensive research devoted to this arena, and as a result, today’s denoisers are highly optimized algorithms that effectively remove large amounts of additive white Gaussian noise. A compressive sensing (CS) reconstruction algorithm seeks to recover a structured signal acquired using a small number of randomized measurements. Typical CS reconstruction algorithms can be cast as iteratively estimating a signal from a perturbed observation. This paper answers a natural question: How can one effectively employ a generic denoiser in a CS reconstruction algorithm? In response, in this paper, we develop a denoising-based approximate message passing (D-AMP) algorithm that is capable of high-performance reconstruction. We demonstrate that, for an appropriate choice of denoiser, D-AMP offers state-of-the-art CS recovery performance for natural images. We explain the exceptional performance of D-AMP by analyzing some of its theoretical features. A critical insight in our approach is the use of an appropriate Onsager correction term in the D-AMP iterations, which coerces the signal perturbation at each iteration to be very close to the white Gaussian noise that denoisers are typically designed to remove. I.
Advances in dual-tone development for pitch frequency doubling (2010)

Dual-tone development (DTD) has been previously proposed as a potential cost-effective double patterning technique<sup>1</sup>. DTD was reported as early as in the late 1990's<sup>2</sup>. The basic principle of dual-tone imaging involves processing exposed resist latent images in both positive tone (aqueous base) and negative tone (organic solvent) developers. Conceptually, DTD has attractive cost benefits since it enables pitch doubling without the need for multiple etch steps of patterned resist layers. While the concept for DTD technique is simple to understand, there are many challenges that must be overcome and understood in order to make it a manufacturing solution. Previous work by the authors demonstrated feasibility of DTD imaging for 50nm half-pitch features at 0.80NA (k1 = 0.21) and discussed challenges lying ahead for printing sub-40nm half-pitch features with DTD. While previous experimental results suggested that clever processing on the wafer track can be used to enable DTD beyond 50nm halfpitch, it also suggest that identifying suitable resist materials or chemistries is essential for achieving successful imaging results with novel resist processing methods on the wafer track. In this work, we present recent advances in the search for resist materials that work in conjunction with novel resist processing methods on the wafer track to enable DTD. Recent experimental results with new resist chemistries, specifically designed for DTD, are presented in this work. We also present simulation studies that help and support identifying resist properties that could enable DTD imaging, which ultimately lead to producing viable DTD resist materials.
The impact of temperature inversions on black carbon and particle mass concentrations in a mountainous area (2021)

Abstract. Residential wood combustion is a widespread practice in Europe with a serious impact on air quality, especially in mountainous areas. While there is a significant number of studies conducted in deep urbanized valleys and basins, little is known about the air pollution processes in rural shallow hollows where around 30 % of the people in mountainous areas across Europe live. We aim to determine the influence of ground temperature inversions on wood combustion aerosol pollution in hilly, rural areas. The study uses Retje karst hollow (Loški Potok, Slovenia) as representative site for mountainous and hilly rural areas in central and southeastern Europe with residential wood combustion. Sampling with a mobile monitoring platform along the hollow was performed in December 2017 and January 2018. The backpack mobile monitoring platform was used for the determination of equivalent black carbon (eBC) and particulate matter (PM) mass concentrations along the hollow. To assure high quality of mobile measurement data, intercomparisons of mobile instruments with reference instruments were performed at two air quality stations during every run. Our study showed that aerosol pollution events in the relief depression were associated with high local emission intensities originating almost entirely from residential wood burning and shallow temperature inversions (58 m on average). The eBC and PM mass concentrations showed stronger associations with the potential temperature gradient (R2 = 0.8) than with any other meteorological parameters taken into account (ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction and precipitation). The strong association between the potential temperature gradient and pollutant concentrations suggests that even a small number of emission sources (total 243 households in the studied hollow) in similar hilly and mountainous rural areas with frequent temperature inversions can significantly increase the levels of eBC and PM, and deteriorate local air quality. During temperature inversions the measured mean eBC and PM2.5 mass concentrations in the whole hollow were as high as 4.5 ± 2.6 µg m–3 and 48.0 ± 27.7 µg m–3, respectively, which is comparable to larger European urban centres.
2D Self‐Assembly of Oligo(p‐phenylene vinylene) Derivatives: From Dimers to Chiral Rosettes (2004)

Enantiomerically pure oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) diaminotriazine derivatives and a short structurally related achiral diaminotriazine derivative, all having a rigid backbone in common, are studied to self-assemble at the solution-graphite interface by scanning tunneling microscopy. As a function of the length of the backbone, different two-dimensional motifs are formed (dimers and rosettes) that are rationalized in terms of the balance between different intermolecular interactions, in this case, intermolecular hydrogen bonding and the packing requirements of the alkyl chains on a graphite surface. In addition, the effect of molecular chirality on monolayer chirality is investigated, revealing molecular size-dependent expressions of the monolayer chirality.
Inhibition of 5-LOX, COX-1, and COX-2 Increases Tendon Healing and Reduces Muscle Fibrosis and Lipid Accumulation After Rotator Cuff Repair (2014)

This study demonstrates that the inhibition of 5-LOX, COX-1, and COX-2 modulates the healing process of repaired rotator cuff tendons. Although further studies are necessary, the treatment of patients with licofelone after cuff repair may improve the development of a stable enthesis and enhance postoperative outcomes.
Amplification of Inflammation by Lubricin Deficiency Implicated in Incident, Erosive Gout Independent of Hyperuricemia (2022)

Our findings linked normouricemic erosive gout to attenuated lubricin, with impaired control of cathepsin G activity, compounded by deleterious NLRP3 variants. Lubricin suppressed monosodium urate crystallization and blunted IL-1β-induced increases in xanthine oxidase and urate in macrophages. The collective activities of articular lubricin that could limit incident and erosive gouty arthritis independently of hyperuricemia are subject to disruption by inflammation, activated cathepsin G, and synovial fibroblast TLR-2 signaling.
Quantization and multilevel halftoning of color images for near-original image quality (1990)

Algorithms are investigated for the printing or display of color images at near-original image quality with a minimum number of output colors. Each algorithm consists of a quantizer that is used possibly in conjunction with halftoning. We consider both image-independent and image-dependent quantizers implemented in RGB or in the uniform color space L*u*υ*. The halftoning techniques that we use are multilevel extensions of error diffusion and ordered dither. Image quality resulting from the use of these algorithms is measured by subjective evaluation.
Applications of nanoNewton dielectrophoretic forces using atomic layer deposited oxides for microfluidic sample preparation and proteomics (2013)

By increasing the strength of the negative dielectrophoresis (DEP) force, we demonstrate a significantly improved electrokinetic actuation and filtering microsystem. A pinhole-free, nanometer-scale, thin film oxide was deposited using atomic layer deposition, as a protective layer to protect the electrodes from corrosion, when applying high AC voltages (>20 V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pp</inf> ) at the electrodes. The electrodes were capacitively coupled to the electrolyte buffer by the application of a high frequency AC voltage signal, thus avoiding electric field degradation and the consequent reduction in dielectrophoresis force due to the presence of the insulating oxide layer. In this work, we demonstrated the use of this DEP-enhanced device for two microfluidic applications. First, we demonstrate an on-chip platform for the depletion of cells and highly abundant serum proteins in blood, which is a prerequisite to assay low-abundance protein biomarkers. For the second application, we show 100% detachment of anti-IgG and IgG bound beads (which is on the same order of magnitude in strength as typical antibody-antigen interactions) from the surface, upon the application of the enhanced negative DEP force. This capability offers the possibility of performing a bead-based multiplexed assay against multiple antigen targets where in a single microfluidic channel various regions are immobilized with a different antibody, each targeting a different antigen.
Wavelength locking of a Si ring modulator using an integrated drop-port OMA monitoring circuit (2015)

We demonstrate wavelength locking of a hybrid C MOS-silicon photonics ring-based transmitter through direct monitoring of the optical modulation amplitude (OMA) at the drop port of the ring modulator. The OMA is read from a Ge photodetector by a low-power 40nm CMOS circuit, which subsequently drives a feed-back loop that controls the modulator temperature using an integrated heater. OMA stabilization is demonstrated under abrupt laser wavelength variations of up to 150pm, under dynamic modulation at 2Gb/s.