gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acrylamide Analysis in Tobacco, Alternative Tobacco Products, and Cigarette Smoke (2011)

A new liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method for the analysis of acrylamide in tobacco, alternative tobacco products (wet snuff, snus, orbs, strips, and sticks), and cigarette smoke was developed and evaluated. Besides the LC-MS-MS method, two additional procedures for acrylamide analysis were also developed with the purpose of comparison. A thorough evaluation of the LC-MS-MS technique was performed for typical characteristics of an analytical method such as selectivity, precision, accuracy, range of measurable levels, robustness. The method was found perfectly fit for the analyses of acrylamide in the tobacco, tobacco products, and smoke matrix. Although not essential, the sensitivity of the method was further increased by using a concentration step on a graphitized carbon solid phase cartridge, allowing the measurement of as low as 300 pg/mL and detection of 90 pg/mL acrylamide in solution. Several tobacco samples, alternative tobacco products, and smoke from several cigarettes including commercial cigarettes from the US market, 2R4F, and 3R4F Kentucky reference cigarettes were analyzed. The levels of acrylamide in tobaccos were about 100 ng/g, or lower. The levels found in snus and one brand of wet snuff was also below 100 ng/g. A wintergreen wet snuff had about 180 ng/g, strips had about 126 ng/g and the sticks about 367 ng/g acrylamide. The cigarette smoke had levels of acrylamide around 1 µg/cig or higher.
Bound water molecules and conformational stabilization help mediate an antigen-antibody association (antigen-antibody complex/three-dimensional structure/enthalpy and entropy of association/hydration) (2016)

We report the three-dimensional structures, at 1.8-A resolution, of the Fv fragment of the anti-hen egg white lysozyme antibody D1.3 in its free and antigen-bound forms. These structures reveal a role for solvent molecules in stabi- lizing the complex and provide a molecular basis for under- standing the thermodynamic forces which drive the association reaction. Four water molecules are buried and others form a hydrogen-bonded network around the interface, bridging an- tigen and antibody. Comparison of the structures of free and bound Fv fragment of D1.3 reveals that several of the ordered water molecules in the free antibody combining site are re- tained and that additional water molecules link antigen and antibody upon complex formation. This solvation of the com- plex should weaken the hydrophobic effect, and the resulting large number of solvent-mediated hydrogen bonds, in conjunc- tion with direct protein-protein interactions, should generate a significant enthalpic component. Furthermore, a stabilization of the relative mobilities of the antibody heavy- and light-chain variable domains and of that of the third complementarity- determining loop of the heavy chain seen in the complex should generate a negative entropic contribution opposing the enthal- pic and the hydrophobic (solvent entropy) effects. This struc- tural analysis is consistent with measurements of enthalpy and entropy changes by titration calorimetry, which show that enthalpy drives the antigen-antibody reaction. Thus, the main forces stabilizing the complex arise from antigen-antibody hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interactions, enthalpy of hydration, and conformational stabilization rather than sol- vent entropy (hydrophobic) effects.
Video Content Detection with Single Frame Level Accuracy Using Dynamic Thresholding Technique (2014)

This paper proposes a video retrieval method that detects frame sections that correspond to shots in a query (video segment) with single frame level accuracy. The method adopts the coarse-to-fine strategy to decrease the processing time and the memory consumption, dynamic threshold with initial ranges for small segments is proposed to detect the exact beginning and end of each corresponding frame section to each shot in a query. Experiments on real videos show that our method can achieve accurate video detection with exact frame position while reducing processing time and memory consumption.
Getting a Handle on “Good” Cholesterol with the High-Density Lipoprotein Receptor (1999)

Plasma lipoproteins transport fats (cholesterol and triglyceride) and hence have a key role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol promotes atherogenesis, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol inhibits it. The total and relative amounts of saturated and unsaturated fats in the diet can influence plasma lipoprotein levels and thus the risk of cardiovascular disease. This influence is due, at least in part, to the effects of dietary fats on lipoprotein receptors on the surfaces of cells that bind circulating lipoproteins tightly and mediate the internalization of lipoprotein cholesterol by cells. The discovery of LDL receptors 25 years ago by . . .
The sensitivity of network statistics to incomplete electrode sampling on intracranial EEG (2020)

Network neuroscience applied to epilepsy holds promise to map pathological networks, localize seizure generators, and inform targeted interventions to control seizures. However, incomplete sampling of the epileptic brain because of sparse placement of intracranial electrodes may affect model results. In this study, we evaluate the sensitivity of several published network measures to incomplete spatial sampling and propose an algorithm using network subsampling to determine confidence in model results. We retrospectively evaluated intracranial EEG data from 28 patients implanted with grid, strip, and depth electrodes during evaluation for epilepsy surgery. We recalculated global and local network metrics after randomly and systematically removing subsets of intracranial EEG electrode contacts. We found that sensitivity to incomplete sampling varied significantly across network metrics. This sensitivity was largely independent of whether seizure onset zone contacts were targeted or spared from removal. We present an algorithm using random subsampling to compute patient-specific confidence intervals for network localizations. Our findings highlight the difference in robustness between commonly used network metrics and provide tools to assess confidence in intracranial network localization. We present these techniques as an important step toward translating personalized network models of seizures into rigorous, quantitative approaches to invasive therapy.
A Springtime Welcome [Notes from the Editor] (2012)

Presents the editorial for this issue of the publication.
Microchemical Systems and Their Applications Workshop Held on 16-18 June 1999 in Reston, Virginia (2000)

Abstract : This report summarizes presentations, discussions and conclusions from the Workshop, Microchemical Systems and Their Applications, held June 16-18, 1999, in Reston, Virginia USA. The objectives were to establish: (i) for which application areas microreactors would have potential, (ii) essential scientific problems that would have to be solved to realize particular devices, and (iii) the time scale for developing microreactor technologies. The workshop also reviewed fabrication techniques beyond standard silicon based MEMS processes and incorporating metals, polymer, and ceramics. The workshop participants reflected the multidisciplinary nature of microchemical system research and represented government, industry and university organizations. The format consisted of invited talks reviewing the state-of-the-art in microchemical systems, application needs, and relevant fabrication issues. These issues were further elaborated upon in a poster session. The presentations and posters were followed by three breakout sessions addressing specific objectives of the workshop, specifically (1) Opportunities for microenergy devices, (2) Challenges and needs in microfabrication and materials, and (3) Chemical applications of microchemical systems. Promising applications of microreaction technology were identified along with needs for microreaction technology research and development. The report contains of an executive summary, background information, summaries from the working group, and copies of presentations and posters.
Polarization considerations for optical systems II; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, Aug. 9-11, 1989 (1990)

Various papers on polarization considerations for optical systems are presented. Individual topics addressed include: use of polarization methods in earth resources investigation, measurements of polarization scattering in the vacuum UV, the Space Shuttle as a polarization observation platform, analysis of spatial pseudodepolarizers in imaging systems, analysis of polarization effects in optical systems, and a low-polarization solar vector magnetograph. Consideration is given to polarization effects on astronomical spatial interferometry, measurement of the instrumental polarization of a high-resolution UV spectrometer, and the use of KD(asterisk)P modulators for polarization measurements of the sun.
Generalised adaptive neural filters (1993)

A new nonlinear filter known as the generalised adaptive neural filter (GANF) is introduced. It is extended from the generalised stack filter and can be adapted by various neural networks. It is also shown that there always exists a GANF that can achieve an absolute error less than or equal to that of a stack filter with the same window width. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of GANF for suppressing noise.
GPER‐induced signaling is essential for the survival of breast cancer stem cells (2019)

G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 (GPER), a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, mediates estrogen-induced proliferation of normal and malignant breast epithelial cells. However, its role in breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) remains unclear. Here we showed greater expression of GPER in BCSCs than non-BCSCs of three patient-derived xenografts of ER<sup>-</sup> /PR<sup>+</sup> breast cancers. GPER silencing reduced stemness features of BCSCs as reflected by reduced mammosphere forming capacity in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo with decreased BCSC populations. Comparative phosphoproteomics revealed greater GPER-mediated PKA/BAD signaling in BCSCs. Activation of GPER by its ligands, including tamoxifen (TMX), induced phosphorylation of PKA and BAD-Ser118 to sustain BCSC characteristics. Transfection with a dominant-negative mutant BAD (Ser118Ala) led to reduced cell survival. Taken together, GPER and its downstream signaling play a key role in maintaining the stemness of BCSCs, suggesting that GPER is a potential therapeutic target for eradicating BCSCs.
Ultrasensitive Measurement of Both SARS-CoV-2 RNA and Antibodies from Saliva (2021)

This is the accepted manuscript version of the work published in its final form as Ter-Ovanesyan, D., Gilboa, T., Lazarovits, R., Rosenthal, A., Yu, X., Li, J. Z., Church, G. M., &amp; Walt, D. R. (2021). Ultrasensitive Measurement of Both SARS-CoV-2 RNA and Antibodies from Saliva. <em>Analytical Chemistry</em>, <em>93</em>(13), 5365-5370. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00515 Deposited by shareyourpaper.org and openaccessbutton.org. We've taken reasonable steps to ensure this content doesn't violate copyright. However, if you think it does you can request a takedown by emailing help@openaccessbutton.org.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Macrolactin A (X). (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Growth Inhibition of Human Colon Carcinoma Cells by Sesquiterpenoids and Tetralones of Zygogynum calothyrsum (2013)

Bioassay-guided phytochemical investigation of Zygogynum calothyrsum using the human colon carcinoma cell lines COLO205 and KM12 led to the isolation of three new drimane-type sesquiterpenoids, 1β-p-hydroxy-E-cinnamoyldrimeninol (1), 1β-p-hydroxy-E-cinnamoyl-5α-hydroxydrimeninol (2), and methyl ether of 1β-p-hydroxy-E-cinnamoyl-12α-methoxydrimeninol (3). Also isolated was the known 1β-p-coumaroyloxypolygodial (4) together with two new tetralones, 3'-deoxyisozygolone A (5) and calothyrlone A (9), three known tetralones, isozygolone A (6), zygolone A (7), and 4'-O-methylzygolone A (8), and a known cinnamolide (10). Compounds 1, 7, and 8 demonstrated higher cytotoxicity against COLO205 (GI50 18, 17, and 11 μM, respectively) and KM12 (GI50 14, 14, and 17 μM, respectively) than the other compounds.
Consecutive Proline-Catalyzed Aldol Reactions and Metal-Mediated Allylations: Rapid Entries to Polypropionates (2005)

A concise method for the rapid construction of polypropionate-type structures by consecutive organocatalytic aldol and metal-mediated allylation reactions is described.
Spatiotemporal control of microRNA function using light-activated antagomirs (2012)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that act as post-transcriptional gene regulators and have been shown to regulate many biological processes including embryonal development, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and proliferation. Variations in the expression of certain miRNAs have been linked to a wide range of human diseases - especially cancer - and the diversity of miRNA targets suggests that they are involved in various cellular networks. Several tools have been developed to control the function of individual miRNAs and have been applied to study their biogenesis, biological role, and therapeutic potential; however, common methods lack a precise level of control that allows for the study of miRNA function with high spatial and temporal resolution. Light-activated miRNA antagomirs for mature miR-122 and miR-21 were developed through the site-specific installation of caging groups on the bases of selected nucleotides. Installation of caged nucleotides led to complete inhibition of the antagomir-miRNA hybridization and thus inactivation of antagomir function. The miRNA-inhibitory activity of the caged antagomirs was fully restored upon decaging through a brief UV irradiation. The synthesized antagomirs were applied to the photochemical regulation of miRNA function in mammalian cells. Moreover, spatial control over antagomir activity was obtained in mammalian cells through localized UV exposure. The presented approach enables the precise regulation of miRNA function and miRNA networks with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution using UV irradiation and can be extended to any miRNA of interest.
Electro-statically actuated light emitting device using OLED (2004)

We propose a process of a light emitting device fabricated on the top surface of a micro structure. The proposed process has made it possible to fabricate light sources on silicon micro actuators released partly from the wafer. A light source is an Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) composed of electrodes and an organic layer evaporated on the top surface of a micro structure.
Assessing Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Species Barriers with an <em>In Vitro</em> Prion Protein Conversion Assay (2015)

Studies to understanding interspecies transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs, prion diseases) are challenging in that they typically rely upon lengthy and costly in vivo animal challenge studies. A number of in vitro assays have been developed to aid in measuring prion species barriers, thereby reducing animal use and providing quicker results than animal bioassays. Here, we present the protocol for a rapid in vitro prion conversion assay called the conversion efficiency ratio (CER) assay. In this assay cellular prion protein (PrPC) from an uninfected host brain is denatured at both pH 7.4 and 3.5 to produce two substrates. When the pH 7.4 substrate is incubated with TSE agent, the amount of PrPC that converts to a proteinase K (PK)-resistant state is modulated by the original host’s species barrier to the TSE agent. In contrast, PrPC in the pH 3.5 substrate is misfolded by any TSE agent. By comparing the amount of PK-resistant prion protein in the two substrates, an assessment of the host’s species barrier can be made. We show that the CER assay correctly predicts known prion species barriers of laboratory mice and, as an example, show some preliminary results suggesting that bobcats (Lynx rufus) may be susceptible to white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) chronic wasting disease agent.
Slag Formation during Reduction of Iron Oxide Using Hydrogen Plasma Smelting Reduction (2020)

Replacing carbon by hydrogen is a huge step towards reducing CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in the iron- and steel-making industry. The reduction of iron oxides using hydrogen plasma smelting reduction as an alternative to conventional steel-making routes has been studied at Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Austria. The aim of this work was to study the slag formation during the reduction process and the reduction behaviour of iron oxides. Furthermore the reduction behaviour of iron ore during continuous feeding was assessed. Mixtures of iron ore and calcined lime with a basicity of 0, 0.8, 1.6, 2.3, and 2.9 were melted and reduced by hydrogen. The off-gas composition was measured during the operations to calculate the process parameters. The reduction parameters, namely the degree of reduction, degree of hydrogen utilisation, produced iron, and slag, are presented. The results of the batch-charged experiments showed that at the beginning of the reduction process, the degree of hydrogen utilisation was high, and then, it decreased over the operation time. In contrast, during the continuous-feeding experiment, the degree of hydrogen utilisation could be kept approximately constant. The highest degrees of reduction and hydrogen utilisation were obtained upon the application of a slag with a basicity of 2.3. The experiment showed that upon the continuous feeding of iron ore, the best conditions for the reduction process using hydrogen could be applied.
Performance evaluation of a 6 axis high fidelity generalized force reflecting teleoperator (1989)

A few of the results of a major study of over 100 hours of experimental teleoperation are presented. Force and torque data recorded from the robot wrist is a rich source of information on the performance of tasks. Performance measures can be computed for whole tasks, or for specific task segments. As a general principle, the performance increases as manipulation capability is increased although the effects may depend on task and performance measure. This study has laid the groundwork for much future work. Further reports will detail additional results which could not be presented here due to lack of space as well as follow-on experiments investigating manipulation under time delay and shared control conditions.
Experimental Demonstration of Genetic Algorithm Based Metalens Design for Generating Side‐Lobe‐Suppressed, Large Depth‐of‐Focus Light Sheet (2021)

Abstract Light‐sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), sectioning biological samples by illuminating a thin slice of fluorescently labelled live cells or tissues typically with a Bessel beam, requires dithering the beam to form a two‐dimensional (2D) light sheet. It usually suffers from severe phototoxicity and low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) mainly caused by the side‐lobe illumination generating unfavorable bio‐fluorescence from the adjacent tissues. Here, the first proof‐of‐concept experimental implementation of genetic algorithm (GA) generated metalens is provided to address the above challenges. It is shown that a dithering‐free 2D light sheet produced by a GaN‐based metalens with GA‐generated prism‐like yet non‐analytical phase profile, can significantly suppress the side‐lobe intensity of the resultant light sheet down to 7.3% of the main lobe intensity and also extends its depth of focus up to 4 mm, surpassing the latest results reported in the literature. When applied under two‐photon excitation, the light sheet exhibits an enhanced axial resolution and SNR. These results demonstrate the feasibility of applying artificial intelligence generated metalens in addressing some special issues encountered by conventional analytical design approaches, and the metalens device produced here could find an important role in fast‐LSFM‐based large‐scale bioimaging applications without mechanical dithering.
Immunizing Multilinear Maps Against Zeroizing Attacks. (2014)

In recent work Cheon, Han, Lee, Ryu, and Stehle presented an attack on the multilinear map of Coron, Lepoint, and Tibouchi (CLT). They show that given many low-level encodings of zero, the CLT multilinear map can be completely broken, recovering the secret factorization of the CLT modulus. The attack is a generalization of the “zeroizing” attack of Garg, Gentry, and Halevi. We first strengthen the attack of Cheon, Han, Lee, Ryu, and Stehle by showing that CLT can be broken even without low-level encodings of zero. This strengthening is sufficient to show that the subgroup elimination assumption does not hold for the CLT multilinear map. We then present a generic defense against this type of “zeroizing” attack. For an arbitrary asymmetric composite-order multilinear map (including CLT), we give a functionality-preserving transformation that ensures that no sequence of map operations will produce valid encodings (below the zero-testing level) whose product is zero. We prove security of our transformation in a generic model of composite-order multilinear maps. Our new transformation rules out “zeroizing” leaving no currently known attacks on the decision linear assumption, subgroup elimination assumption, and other related problems for the CLT multilinear map. Of course, in time, it is possible that different attacks on CLT will emerge. Update: Since the publication of this work, Coron, Lepoint, and Tibouchi [CLT14] have further strengthened the original attacks of Cheon et al. With the stregthened attack, the mitigations we describe in this work no longer suffice to secure the original CLT multilinear map. However, we have preserved the original exposition of our zero-immunizing transformation (Section 3), since this transformation is of independent interest. Notably, our transformation still rules out low-level zero encodings (Theorem 3.14), and thus provides robustness in the setting of deterministic encodings.
Continuously tunable all-in-fiber devices based on thermal and electrical control of negative dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibers (2009)

We infiltrate photonic crystal fibers with a negative dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal. A 396 nm bandgap shift is obtained in the temperature range of 22-80 degrees C, and a 67 nm shift of long-wavelength bandgap edge is achieved by applying a voltage of 200 Vrms. The polarization sensitivity and corresponding activation loss are measured using polarized light and a full broadband polarization control setup. The electrically induced phase shift on the Poincaré sphere and corresponding birefringence change are also measured. According to the results, tunable wave plates working in the wavelength range of 1520-1580 nm and a potential for realizing a polarimeter working at the 1310 nm region are experimentally demonstrated.