gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Case History Evaluation of RPMs on Conform Fracturing Applications (2005)

Abstract Actual worldwide oil production averages some 75 million barrels per day and, while estimates vary, this is associated with the production of 300 - 400 million barrels of water per day. These values of approximately 5 - 6 barrels of water for every barrel of oil are quite conservative. In some areas around the world, fields remain on production when the ratio is as high as 50 to 1. Water production causes several problems to oil wells such as scaling, fines migration or sandface failure, corrosion of tubular, and kills wells by hydrostatic loading, amongst other things. Thus, while water production is an inevitable consequence of oil production, it is usually desirable to defer its onset, or its rise, for as long as possible. Numerous strategies, both mechanical and chemical, have been employed over the years in attempts to achieve this. Simple shut-off techniques using cement, mechanical plugs and cross-linked gels have been widely used. Exotic materials such as DPR (disproportionate permeability reducers) and the new generation of relative permeability modifiers (RPM) have been applied in matrix treatments with varying degrees of success. Most recently, Conformance Fracturing operations have increased substantially in mature fields as the synergistic effect obtained by adding a RPM to a fracturing fluid have produced increased oil production with reduced water cut in one step, consequently eliminating the cost of additional water shut off treatment later on. This paper is an evaluation of various RPM materials commonly used on Conformance Fracturing treatments performed in the northeast of Brazil and other South American countries, rather than the usual laboratory testing methods and theoretical estimations. The paper also describes the technical design and operational methodology to treat single zone to laminated reservoirs with different mobility ratios. We believe conformance fracture techniques could significantly impact the development strategies of many fields worldwide.
Photovoltaic retinal prosthesis for restoring sight to the blind: implant design and fabrication (2012)

We have designed and fabricated a silicon photodiode array for use as a subretinal prosthesis aimed at restoring sight to patients who lost photoreceptors due to retinal degeneration. The device operates in photovoltaic mode. Each pixel in the two-dimensional array independently converts pulsed infrared light into biphasic electric current to stimulate remaining retinal neurons without a wired power connection. To enhance the maximum voltage and charge injection levels, each pixel contains three photodiodes connected in series. An active and return electrode in each pixel ensure localized current flow and are sputter coated with iridium oxide to provide high charge injection. The fabrication process consists of eight mask layers and includes deep reactive ion etching, oxidation, and a polysilicon trench refill for in-pixel photodiode separation and isolation of adjacent pixels. Simulation of design parameters included TSUPREM4 computation of doping profiles for n<sup>+</sup> and p<sup>+</sup> doped regions and MATLAB computation of the anti-reflection coating layers thicknesses. The main process steps are illustrated in detail, and problems encountered are discussed. The IV characterization of the device shows that the dark reverse current is on the order of 10-100 pA-negligible compared to the stimulation current; the reverse breakdown voltage is higher than 20 V. The measured photo-responsivity per photodiode is about 0.33A/W at 880 nm.
A testability strategy for microprocessor architecture (1989)

The authors present a method for fully testing chips designed using synthesis and silicon compilation. The method is targeted for a multiprocessor architecture that implements low-speed to medium-speed signal-processing algorithms. By taking advantage of the specific properties of the architecture, the method allows a chip to be partitioned into several functional units. The authors use the C-test concept instead of the traditional automatic test-pattern generation to derive a compact set of test vectors. The fault model covers both the stuck-at class and part of the transistor stuck-open and stuck-closed cases. For large units with embedded memory, the authors adopt a self-test approach.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of raloxifene effects on the lumbar vertebrae and femora of ovariectomized rats (1994)

A new potential therapeutic agent for postmenopausal osteoporosis, raloxifene, previously known as keoxifene, was evaluated by x-ray densitometry and more traditional techniques in quantitating the short-term (4-5 weeks) effects of ovariectomy on bones from 6-month-old rats. A Hologic QDR 1000/W and, to a limited extent, a Lunar DPXL, was used to quantitate ovariectomy, estrogen replacement, and raloxifene effects on vertebrae, femora, and tibiae. Both instruments performed well with precisions of 1.6% (Hologic) and 0.9% (Lunar) for anesthetized rats, which improved to 0.4% (Hologic) and 0.5% (Lunar) when the same rats were frozen. The lumbar vertebrae L1-4 showed a 12% decrease in bone mineral density 4 weeks after ovariectomy, compared with a 9% decrease for femora. Tibiae were also examined, but edge-detection problems prevented reproducible analysis of this site in vivo. The decrease in bone mineral density postovariectomy, especially for femora, was found to include both an increase in the projected area and a slight but not significant decrease in the bone mineral content of L1-4 and femora. These changes in density parameters of femora were supported by a decrease in dry weight and volume and a marginal increase in the second moment of inertia I for the identical femora examined ex vivo. Examination of individual lumbar vertebrae L1-5 suggested that the bone mineral density of L3 changes most dramatically in response to ovariectomy, but present techniques lack the spatial resolution and precision to quantitate bone changes reliably in individual vertebrae. 17 beta-Estradiol administered at 100 micrograms/kg/day subcutaneously inhibited ovariectomy effects on L1-4 bone mineral density, femoral moment of inertia, dry weight, and volume and to a lesser extent, femoral bone mineral density. A nonsteroidal compound, raloxifene HCl, at 1 mg/kg/day per os, had bone effects and effects on body weight that were largely indistinguishable from those of 17 beta-estradiol; however, raloxifene did not produce the uterotrophic effects observed with estrogen. The half-maximal efficacious dose of raloxifene on L1-4 bone mineral density was between 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg/day per os. These data show that dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry compares favorably with traditional methods in quantitating bone changes caused by ovariectomy in small rodents, that L1-4 is a more sensitive region than whole femora in evaluating the effect of estrogen deficiency on bone loss, and the raloxifene may have promise as a treatment for conditions characterized by excessive bone loss after ovariectomy.
ChemInform Abstract: REGIOSPECIFIC TRAPPING OF RADICALS FROM CYCLIZATION REACTIONS. CYCLIC NITRILES VIA ISOCYANIDE TRAPPING (1984)

Abstract Das cyclische Radikal (II), das sich mit photochemisch erzeugten Triphenyl‐Sn‐Radikalen aus dem Bromacetal (I) erzeugen läßt, bildet bei seinem Abfang mit tert‐Butylisocyanid den CN‐substituierten, bicyclischen Ether (III).
Accurate analysis of genuine CRISPR editing events with ampliCan (2018)

Abstract We present ampliCan, an analysis tool for genome editing that unites highly precise quantification and visualization of genuine genome editing events. ampliCan features nuclease-optimized alignments, filtering of experimental artifacts, event-specific normalization, off-target read detection and quantifies insertions, deletions, HDR repair as well as targeted base editing. It is scalable to thousands of amplicon sequencing-based experiments from any genome editing experiment, including CRISPR. It enables automated integration of controls and accounts for biases at every step of the analysis. We benchmarked ampliCan on both real and simulated datasets against other leading tools, demonstrating that it outperformed all in the face of common confounding factors.
Novel Approach for Improving the Flow of Waxy Crude Oil Using Thermochemical Fluids: Experimental and Simulation Study (2020)

This article focuses on the flow assurance of waxy crude oil using an environmentally benign and cost-effective approach involving thermochemical reaction. The study incorporates experimental and simulation works to evaluate heat and pressure generation potentials and heat transfer efficiency of the thermochemical fluids. Experimental results reveal that at the concentration (1 M) of thermochemical fluid (TCF) ranging between 14 and 33% v/wt of the waxy oil, sufficient heat could be generated to raise the temperature of the oil significantly above the pour point (48 °C). In addition, from the bench-top treatment of a damaged tubing, it was observed that more than 95% of the deposited wax could be removed using the thermochemical solutions. Subsequently, a large-scale application of the technology in a long-distance flow assurance of waxy crude oil was confirmed through process simulation. Ultimately, the simulation results revealed the capacity of the method to improve the temperature and pressure profiles of the pipe flow system, and most significantly, to remove wax deposition up to 98%.
Stress-Induced Delamination Of Through Silicon Via Structures (2011)

Continuous scaling of on‐chip wiring structures has brought significant challenges for materials and processes beyond the 32 nm technology node in microelectronics. Recently three‐dimensional (3‐D) integration with through‐silicon‐vias (TSVs) has emerged as an effective solution to meet the future interconnect requirement. Thermo‐mechanical reliability is a key concern for the development of TSV structures used in die stacking as 3‐D interconnects. This paper examines the effect of thermal stresses on interfacial reliability of TSV structures. First, the three‐dimensional distribution of the thermal stress near the TSV and the wafer surface is analyzed. Using a linear superposition method, a semi‐analytic solution is developed for a simplified structure consisting of a single TSV embedded in a silicon (Si) wafer. The solution is verified for relatively thick wafers by comparing to numerical results obtained by finite element analysis (FEA). Results from the stress analysis suggest interfacial delamination as a potential failure mechanism for the TSV structure. Analytical solutions for various TSV designs are then obtained for the steady‐state energy release rate as an upper bound for the interfacial fracture driving force, while the effect of crack length is evaluated numerically by FEA. Based on these results, the effects of TSV designs and via material properties on the interfacial reliability are elucidated. Finally, potential failure mechanisms for TSV pop‐up due to interfacial fracture are discussed.
Bioplastics: towards bioproduction and further controlled end of life (2018)

International audience
Structure and motion from image sequences (2001)

This article is an English translation of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma (2nd edition) published in June 2023. The Japanese Urological Association's (JUA) Guidelines Committee on Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma (UTUC) created a 2023 update guideline to support clinicians' current evidence-based management of UTUC and to incorporate its recommendations into clinical practice. The new guideline adhered as closely as possible to the Minds Manual for Guideline Development 2020 ver. 3.0. Findings related to epidemiological, pathological, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up were reviewed. In addition, seven clinical questions (CQs) were set to determine the grade of recommendation and level of evidence. Preconceptions and biases were removed from the preparation process, the overall evidence was evaluated appropriately, and recommendations were made after fully considering the balance between benefits and harms. Although the evidence is still insufficient to be taken up as a CQ, the latest important information is described in seven columns, and clinical issues that should be resolved in the future related to the CQ are described as recommendations for tomorrow. We hope that these guidelines will help medical professionals, patients, and their families involved in the treatment of UTUC in their decision-making, and hope that a critical review of these guidelines will lead to further refinements in the next edition.
Profiling Studies in Ovarian Cancer: A Review (2007)

Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease with respect to histopathology, molecular biology, and clinical outcome. In advanced stages, surgery and chemotherapy result in an approximately 25% overall 5-year survival rate, pointing to a strong need to identify subgroups of patients that may benefit from targeted innovative molecular therapy. This review summarizes: (a) microarray research identifying gene-expression profiles in ovarian cancer; (b) the methodological flaws in the available microarray studies; and (c) applications of pathway analysis to define new molecular subgroups. Microarray technology now permits the analysis of expression levels of thousands of genes. So far seven studies have aimed to identify a genetic profile that can predict survival/clinical outcome and/or response to platinum-based therapy. To date, the clinical evidence of prognostic microarray studies has only reached the level of small retrospective studies, and there are other issues that may explain the nonreproducibility among the reported prognostic profiles, such as overfitting, technical platform differences, and accuracy of measurements. We consider pathway analysis a promising new strategy. The accumulation of small differential expressions within a meaningful molecular regulatory network might lead to a critical threshold level, resulting in ovarian cancer. Microarray technologies have already provided valuable expression data for classifying ovarian cancer and the first clues about which molecular changes in ovarian cancer could be exploited in new treatment strategies. Further improvements in technology as well as in study design, combined with pathway analysis, will allow us to detect even more subtle tumor expression differences among subgroups of ovarian cancer patients. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Discovery of innovative small-molecule therapeutics (2014)

Small molecules, including natural products, have dramatically expanded the impact of basic biomedical research, creating opportunities for remarkable discoveries and the identification of novel therapeutics. They are invaluable tools that facilitate the study of biological processes and validation of disease targets. Breakthrough discoveries produced through the examination of biologically active small molecules include innovative treatment of cancer, immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders, neurodegenerative conditions and many others. This presentation will highlight three programmes that led to the discovery of first-in-class therapeutics. These key drugs alleviate the suffering of millions of patients around the globe.
Electron emission from depletion layers of silicon p-n junctions (1980)

Measurements of the energy distribution of electrons emitted in vacuum by very shallow silicon p-n junctions are described. It has been found that diodes with the junction perpendicular to the surface show a relatively narrow peak and a broad band, while diodes with the junction parallel to the surface only give a narrow peak (half-width 0.50 eV). The broad band is ascribed to electrons emitted from the depletion layer of the junction, and the narrow peak is attributed to electrons emitted from the neutral n layer.
Structure and inhibition mechanism of the catalytic domain of human squalene epoxidase (2019)

Abstract Squalene epoxidase (SQLE), also known as squalene monooxygenase, catalyzes the stereospecific conversion of squalene to 2,3( S )-oxidosqualene, a key step in cholesterol biosynthesis. SQLE inhibition is targeted for the treatment of hypercholesteremia, cancer, and fungal infections. However, lack of structure-function understanding has hindered further progression of its inhibitors. We have determined the first three-dimensional high-resolution crystal structures of human SQLE catalytic domain with small molecule inhibitors (2.3 Å and 2.5 Å). Comparison with its unliganded state (3.0 Å) reveals conformational rearrangements upon inhibitor binding, thus allowing deeper interpretation of known structure-activity relationships. We use the human SQLE structure to further understand the specificity of terbinafine, an approved agent targeting fungal SQLE, and to provide the structural insights into terbinafine-resistant mutants encountered in the clinic. Collectively, these findings elucidate the structural basis for the specificity of the epoxidation reaction catalyzed by SQLE and enable further rational development of next-generation inhibitors.
Allopregnanolone sensitivity over the menstrual cycle and during oral contraceptives (2011)

Background: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) affects 3–8% of women in fertile ages. Combined oral contraceptives (OCs) are widely used and some users experience adverse mood effects. The cyclicity of PMDD symptoms coincides with increased endogenous levels of allopregnanolone after ovulation. Allopregnanolone enhances the effect of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the GABAA receptor, the principal inhibitory transmitter system in the brain. The sensitivity to other GABAA receptor agonists than allopregnanolone (i.e. benzodiazepines, alcohol and the 5 β epimer to allopregnanolone, pregnanolone) has been reported to depend on menstrual cycle phase and/or PMDD diagnosis. Isoallopregnanolone, the 3 β epimer to allopregnanolone, has previously been used to verify specific allopregnanolone GABAA receptor effects. Saccadic eye velocity (SEV) is a sensitive and objective measurement of GABAA receptor function. Aims: To study the pharmacological effects, and any effect on gonadotropin release, of intravenous allopregnanolone in healthy women. A second aim was to explore whether allopregnanolone sensitivity differs over the menstrual cycle or during OC use in healthy women, and thirdly in PMDD patients. Methods: Ten women were challenged with a cumulative dose of intravenous allopregnanolone in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. The effect on FSH and LH was compared to women exposed to isoallopregnanolone. A single dose of allopregnanolone was administered once in the follicular phase and once in the luteal phase in another ten healthy women and in ten PMDD patients, and additionally in ten women using OCs. Repeated measurements of SEV, subjectively rated sedation and serum concentrations after allopregnanolone injections were performed in all studies. Results: Allopregnanolone dose-dependently reduced SEV and increased subjectively rated sedation. Healthy women had a decreased SEV response in the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase. By contrast, PMDD patients had a decreased SEV response and subjectively rated sedation response to allopregnanolone in the follicular phase compared to the luteal phase. There was no difference in the SEV response to allopregnanolone between women using oral contraceptives and healthy naturally cycling women. Allopregnanolone decreased serum levels of FSH and LH whereas isoallopregnanolone did not affect FSH and LH levels. Conclusion: Intravenous allopregnanolone was safely given and produced a sedative response in terms of SEV and subjectively rated sedation in women. The sensitivity to allopregnanolone was associated with menstrual cycle phase, but in the opposite direction in healthy women compared to PMDD patients. The results suggest mechanisms of physiological tolerance to allopregnanolone across the menstrual cycle in healthy women and support that PMDD patients have a disturbed GABAA receptor function. In addition, one of our studies suggests that allopregnanolone might be involved in the mechanism behind hypothalamic amenorrhea.
GNSS Integrity in The Arctic (2016)

Growing activity in the Arctic calls for high integrity navigation in this region. This can be achieved using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in conjunction with Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) or Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (ARAIM). Single frequency GPS-only SBAS is in service in some regions today and is reliant on ground and space infrastructure. ARAIM will be more autonomous and will rely on the multitude of signals and core constellations coming in the future. Here, we examine both SBAS and ARAIM in the context of aviation and maritime requirements in the Arctic. Results demonstrate that the introduction of multi-frequency and multi-constellation to these systems enables navigation safety in the Arctic. SBAS brings aircraft precision approach as well as precise maritime operations such as mapping. ARAIM also supports precision approach in addition to autonomous ice navigation at sea but falls short of precision maritime requirements. Copyright © 2016 Institute of Navigation
Hinweise für Streuresonanzen in der Reaktion H+D2 (2000)

Integrale und differentielle Wirkungsquerschnitte für die Reaktion H+D2→HD(v′=3,j′)+D bei einer Kollisionsenergie von 1.64 eV wurden experimentell bestimmt und mit quasiklassischen Trajektorienrechnungen verglichen. Bei niedrig angeregten Produktzuständen tritt eine ausgeprägte Vorwärtsstreuung auf (siehe Bild für j′=0). Dies wird auf die Bildung eines kurzlebigen quasigebundenen Stoßkomplexes zurückgeführt.
Hybrid supercapacitors with ionic liquids as solvent-free electrolytes (2005)

Ionic liquids (ILs) are receiving great attention as solvent-free "green" electrolytes for high voltage supercapacitors because of their very low vapour pressure, wide electrochemical stability window and good conductivity at operating temperatures of supercapacitors-PEM fuel cell coupled systems for automotive application. We pursued the strategy of using ILs in hybrid supercapacitors with activated carbon (AC) as the negative electrode and poly(3-methylthiophene) (pMeT) as the positive, and we demonstrated the cycling stability over more than 15,000 galvanostatic cycles at 60°C of the supercapacitor with pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquid electrolyte. This result, obtained with high-purity IL, was achieved with still not-optimized electrode materials. Here we present and discuss the results of our study for the optimization of AC/IL/pMeT hybrid supercapacitor components.
Supplemental Table Legends from Very Long-term Survival Following Resection for Pancreatic Cancer Is Not Explained by Commonly Mutated Genes: Results of Whole-Exome Sequencing Analysis (2023)

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Complexity reduction for signal detection based on belief propagation in a massive MIMO system (2013)

The easiest way to improve the throughput performance of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems is to increase the number of both transmit and receive antennas. Thus, a massive MIMO concept has been proposed recently. In general, however, algorithms detecting spatially-multiplexed signals require the complexity to be proportional to the cubed power of the number of antenna elements at least. Several studies have shown that a detection based on belief propagation with a parallel interference canceller is implementable in the order of the second power of the number of elements and achieves very good BER performance. For further reduction of complexity, we apply layered belief propagation, forced convergence, and node selection methods to the belief propagation based detection. The results show that the layered belief propagation can halve the complexity without performance degradation.