gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dissecting ghost clicks (2012)

FBI's Operation Ghost Click, the largest cybercriminal takedown in history, recently took down an ad fraud infrastructure that affected 4 million users and made its owners 14 million USD over a period of four years. The attackers hijacked clicks and ad impressions on victim machines infected by a DNS changer malware to earn ad revenue fraudulently. We experimented with the attack infrastructure when it was in operation and present a detailed account of the attackers' modus operandi. We also study the impact of this attack on real-world users and find that 37 subscriber lines were impacted in our data set. Also, 20 ad networks and 257 legitimate Web content publishers lost ad revenue while the attackers earned revenue convincing a dozen other ad networks that their ads were served on websites with real visitors. Our work expands the understanding of modalities of ad fraud and could help guide appropriate defense strategies.
Forward Message Passing Detector for Probe Storage (2008)

We propose a simple soft-output detection scheme for communication channels characterized by data-dependent noise and/or inter-symbol interference (ISI). The proposed detection algorithm is based on the idea of forward message passing. We discuss a particular embodiment of the corresponding detector for a thermomechanical probe storage read channel. We perform an extensive performance investigation of the forward message passing detector using a simplified probe storage channel model characterized by non-linear inter-symbol interference and non-linear jitter distortion.
A New Synthesis of Carbepenams through the Formation of the 1,5-Bond as a Final Step (1981)

Synthetic methods for the preparation of the racemic carbapenems 11 and 3 and an oxapenam 16 starting from diazoketone 11 are described.-~hienamycin' ( 1 ) and PA 31088-1"'( 2 ) along with other examnles3 belonqing to
Preclinical activity of new investigational drug ONC201 in triple-negative and non-triple negative and BRCA1-deficient breast cancer cells. (2016)

e12564 Background: Breast cancer is a major cause of cancer-related death in United States women. ONC201 is an anti-cancer small molecule that utilizes a unique mechanism that involves activation of the integrated stress response and upregulation of TRAIL and its receptor DR5. The compelling efficacy of ONC201 and its ability to deplete cancer stem cells has been reported in a range of challenging preclinical models. The first-in-human clinical trial for ONC201 in advanced solid tumors has been completed and the agent is being tested in multiple phase I/II clinical trials. Methods: Cell viability assays were conducted to determine GI50 values for ONC201 in TNBC (n = 9) and non-TNBC (n = 5) cells. Propidium iodide staining and analysis of SubG1 DNA content was performed to assess cell death. Cell surface staining for death receptor expression was performed by flow cytometry. The Aldefluor assay was performed to identify the CSC subpopulation. Results: GI50 values for ONC201 are in the low micro-molar range across breast cancer subtypes, including 4 of 6 BRCA1-deficient TNBC cells. These concentrations are physiologically achievable based on human pharmacokinetic results. Sensitivity to ONC201 was observed regardless of sensitivity to TRAIL. ONC201 induced cell death in TNBC and non-TNBC cells. Furthermore, investigation of CSCs revealed that ONC201 depleted Aldefluor+ putative breast CSCs in vitro whereas paclitaxel did not. ONC201 treatment increased cell surface levels of pro-apoptotic TRAIL death receptors DR4 and DR5 in TNBC cells. ONC201 decreased expression of IAP family proteins XIAP, c-IAP1, and c-IAP2 in TNBC and non-TNBC cells. Conclusions: ONC201 is efficacious across a broad range of both TNBC and non-TNBC cells that include BRCA1-deficiency and paclitaxel resistance. ONC201 eliminates breast cancer cell lines regardless of TRAIL sensitivity, which may be explained by death receptor upregulation and suppression of anti-apoptotic IAP proteins. These findings provide a preclinical rationale for the use of ONC201 as a targeted therapy that could be broadly applied to chemo-refractory breast cancer.
Development and scale‐up of the recovery and purification of a domain antibody Fc fusion protein‐comparison of a two and three‐step approach (2015)

A robust, economical process should leverage proven technology, yet be flexible enough to adopt emerging technologies which show significant benefit. Antibody and Fc-fusion processes may capitalize on the high selectivity of an affinity capture step by reducing the total number of chromatographic steps to 2. Risk associated with this approach stems from the potentially increased time frame needed for process development as well as unforeseen changes in impurity profile during first scale-up of drug substance (DS) for animal toxicology and clinical phase I trials (FIH) production, which could challenge a two-step process to the point of failure. Two different purification strategies were pursued during process development for an FIH process of a dAB-Fc fusion protein. A two-step process was compared to a three-step process. The two-step process leveraged additives to maximize impurity reduction during affinity capture. While wash additives in combination with a mixed mode chromatography met all impurity reduction requirements, HCP levels were still higher as compared to the three-step process. The three-step process was implemented for manufacture of clinical material to mitigate risk.
Plasmonic nanoslit for fluidic SERS: A strategy towards genome sequencing (2013)

Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS), that occurs by exciting plasmon resonances in metal structures, provides high-sensitivity detection with detailed molecular information. Here we describe the combination of SERS and nanofluidics for the molecular detection inside a plasmonic nanoslit across a thin, metal-coated membrane. The presence of the nanoslit results in mechanical confinement for molecules passing through the slit and in a strong field confinement upon light excitation, required for SERS. Using electrophoresis to actuate the analytes across the nanoslits, we are able to record SERS spectra of limited amount of analytes inside the highly localized detection region. It is expected that the plasmonic nanoslit-based fluidic SERS will become a promising real-time detection tool, especially for emergent applications such as genome sequencing.
Blind Super-Resolution Approach for Exploiting Illumination Variety in Optical-Lattice Illumination Microscopy (2021)

Optical-lattice illumination patterns help in pushing high spatial frequency components of the sample into the optical transfer function of a collection microscope. However, exploiting these high-frequency components require precise knowledge of illumination if reconstruction approaches similar to structured illumination microscopy are employed. Here, we present an alternate blind reconstruction approach that can provide super-resolution without the requirement of extra frames. For this, the property of exploiting temporal fluctuations in the sample emissions using “multiple signal classification algorithm” is extended aptly toward using spatial fluctuation of phase-modulated lattice illuminations for super-resolution. The super-resolution ability is shown for sinusoidal and multiperiodic lattice with approximately 3- and 6-fold resolution enhancements, respectively, over the diffraction limit.
Self-Assembled Monolayers Containing Terminal Mono-, Bis-, and Tris-nitrilotriacetic Acid Groups:  Characterization and Application (2008)

We have undertaken a structural and functional study of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed on gold from a series of alkylthiol compounds containing terminal multivalent chelators (MCHs) composed of mono-, bis-, and tris-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) moieties. SAMs were formed from single-component solutions of the mono-, bis-, and tris-NTA compounds, as well as from mixtures with a tri(ethylene glycol)-terminated alkylthiol (EG(3)). Contact angle goniometry, null ellipsometry, and infrared spectroscopy were used to explore the structural characteristics of the MCH SAMs. Ellipsometric measurements show that the amount of the MCH groups on surfaces increases with increasing mol % of the MCH thiols in the loading solution up to about 80 mol %. We also conclude that mixed SAMs, prepared in the solution composition regime 0-30 mol % of the MCH thiols, consist of a densely packed alkyl layer, an amorphous ethylene glycol layer, and an outermost layer of MCH groups exposed toward the ambient. Above 30 mol %, a significant degree of disorder is observed in the SAMs. Finally, functional evaluation of the three MCH SAMs prepared at 0-30 mol% reveals a consistent increase in binding strength with increasing multivalency. The tris-NTA SAM, in particular, is enabled for stable and functional immobilization of a His6-tagged extracellular receptor subunit, even at low chelator surface concentrations, which makes it suitable for applications when a low surface density of capturing sites is desirable, e.g., in kinetic analyses.
On the spurious endoproteolytic processing of the presenilin proteins in cultured cells and tissues (1997)

It has been widely reported that the presenilin proteins PS-1 and PS-2 in extracts derived from a variety of cultured cells and from tissues are fragmented extensively by endoproteolytic processing events. It generally has been presumed that this endoproteolysis is a physiologically normal intracellular event following presenilin expression, which might play an important role in the still unknown functions of these molecules in connection with Alzheimer disease. We demonstrate herein, however, that, if a variety of cultured cells and several mouse tissues are examined under conditions minimizing cell trauma, the presenilin molecules in the extracts are found to be intact but that, if the cells and tissues are prepared under somewhat more stressful conditions, the endoproteolytic fragments are then observed. We conclude that these particular endoproteolytic events are not the result of physiologically normal processing of the presenilins but are rather artifacts occurring during the common procedures of specimen preparation.
Abstract 4629: Expression of cancer-associated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (caPCNA) in various stages and types of neoplasia (breast, cervix, colon, gastric, lung, ovary, thyroid, and uterus) (2010)

Abstract Novel immunohistochemistry biomarkers that target specific cellular proteins that are either uniquely or primarily expressed by cancer cells are being developed. One of these biomarkers, caPCNA, [the cancer associated isoform of PCNA] may be useful as an aide for distinguishing early stage neoplasia from hyperplasia in clinical cases that are often difficult to interpret. The caPCNA isoform appears to be expressed almost exclusively in a large variety of cancer cells and at all Stages [1 to 4] of the disease. It is not consistently observed in most normal adjacent tissues. This study analyzed the expression of caPCNA, by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using an automated Ventana immunostaining platform. In the present study, IHC was performed on neutral buffered formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues obtained from various pathology labs. Evaluation of carcinomas (120 cases) from various organs and clinical stages as well as normal adjacent tissue was performed. Immunostaining was localized in tumor cells only to the cell nucleus. CaPCNA expression was seen in 10 of 10 cervical Ca, 20 of 20 colon Ca, 10 of 10 thyroid Ca, 10 of 10 gastric Ca, 10 of 10 ovarian Ca, 25 of 25 breast Ca, 10 of 10 lung Ca, 11 of 12 uterine Ca, and 15 of 15 DCIS Ca. On a normal tissue panel, caPCNA immunostaining was seen in macrophages, syncytial trophoblasts in the placenta, GI tract crypt epithelial cells, and scattered staining in the basilar layer of the skin. Immunostaining of normal macrophages and most of the other reactive cell types was abolished by removal of the heavy chain of the primary antibody during creation of an Fab2' fragment of the anti-caPCNA antibody. In summary, the present results illustrate the localization of caPCNA at all stages, in many different types of neoplasms. CaPCNA may therefore be a useful biomarker for early stage cancer diagnosis and potentially maybe a predictor of patient outcome. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4629.
Evaluation of cerium doped lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) scintillation crystals for PET (2003)

A new scintillation crystal, cerium-doped lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO), was recently discovered, with light intensity 75% of NaI(Tl), scintillation decay time of 12 ns (30%) and 42 ns (70%), effective Z of 66, and density of 7.4 g/cc. The fast decay time and scintillation light output of LSO are superior to those of bismuth germanate (BGO) for positron emission tomography (PET) and the stopping power of LSO for 511 keV photons is only slightly lower than that of BGO. The authors directly compared the detection characteristics relevant to PET applications of small crystals of LSO (2*2*10 mm) with those of BGO. The energy resolution at 511 keV was 12% FWHM for LSO and two to three times wider for BGO. The coincidence timing of two opposing crystals, using a position sensitive photomultiplier tube (PMT) (Hamamatsu R2486), were 1.4 ns FWHM for LSO and more than three times higher for BGO. Using a fast PMT (Hamamatsu R3177), coincidence timing for LSO yielded 0.46 ns FWHM. These crystals are being used to simulate a small-scale PET scanner and to investigate its imaging performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The dynamics of inflammation of the anterior eye in a novel experimental model for hypersensitivity. (1996)

A novel immunologically provoked inflammatory process was studied in guinea pigs. The animals were immunized by i.p. injections of ovalbumin (OA) suspended in Freund's complete adjuvant and challenged by the application of OA into the conjunctival sac of one eye. An inflammatory reaction was seen a few minutes after provocation and lasted normally for 4-7 days. The process was characterized by early damage to the epithelial layer which was partly detached in small flakes; an intense tearing with the tear fluid soon turning mucous and then purulent; vasodilation in the bulbar conjunctiva, in particular towards the limbal region; margination and emigration of polymorphonuclear, and to a lesser extent, eosinophil, leucocytes which migrated towards and infiltrated the surface epithelial layer. Subsequently, the dominant cell type infiltrating the submucosa was lymphocytes. Later, opacity of the cornea occurred, probably due to oedema and neovascularization of the stroma progressing centrally from the periphery. When the antigenic challenge was repeated, thickening of the conjunctival mucosa, and neoformation of collagen bundles in the submucosa led to the swelling of the upper lids. The facets of this inflammatory trauma may not fit easily into any of the classical types of hypersensitivity. Rather, it may combine features of several of them, at least type 1 and type 4. This syndrome shows several features similar to those of human vernal keratoconjunctivitis.
Garcinol from Garcinia indica inhibits HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase‐associated ribonuclease H (2021)

The bioactive components of Garcinia indica, garcinol (camboginol), and isogarcinol (cambogin), are suitable drug candidates for the treatment of various human diseases. HIV-1-RNase H assay was used to study the RNase H inhibition by garcinol and isogarcinol. Docking of garcinol into the active site of the enzyme was carried out to rationalize the difference in activities between the two compounds. Garcinol showed higher HIV-1-RNase H inhibition than the known inhibitor RDS1759 and retained full potency against the RNase H of a drug-resistant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase form. Isogarcinol was distinctly less active than garcinol, indicating the importance of the enolizable β-diketone moiety of garcinol for anti-RNase H activity. Docking calculations confirmed these findings and suggested this moiety to be involved in the chelation of metal ions of the active site. On the basis of its HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-associated RNase H inhibitory activity, garcinol is worth being further explored concerning its potential as a cost-effective treatment for HIV patients.
An instrumental variable method for closed-loop identification of coreless linear motors (2018)

This paper presents an instrumental variable (IV) method dedicated to identification of coreless linear motors (CLMs) operating in closed-loop. The dynamics of a CLM can be described as a linear dynamical system preceded by a static input gain that is nonlinearly dependent on the output. The nonlinear dependency on the output makes it challenging to find an appropriate predictor for identification. In this paper, we introduce a linear-in-the-parameter predictor for the CLM dynamics, which is a modification of the nonlinear autoregressive exogenous (NARX) model. It is proven that the IV method using the introduced predictor results in a consistent estimate. In addition, we show that in many applications, the simple NARX predictor, which does not require knowledge of the statistical properties of the output measurement noise, can provide an estimate that is very close to the true parameter. A numerical example is shown for demonstration.
Lessons from the journey (2014)

The Internet is the largest source of information in the world. Search engines help people navigate the huge space of available data in order to acquire new skills and knowledge. In this paper, we present an in-depth analysis of sessions in which people explicitly search for new knowledge on the Web based on the log files of a popular search engine. We investigate within-session and cross-session developments of expertise, focusing on how the language and search behavior of a user on a topic evolves over time. In this way, we identify those sessions and page visits that appear to significantly boost the learning process. Our experiments demonstrate a strong connection between clicks and several metrics related to expertise. Based on models of the user and their specific context, we present a method capable of automatically predicting, with good accuracy, which clicks will lead to enhanced learning. Our findings provide insight into how search engines might better help users learn as they search.
Recovering clipped OFDM symbols with Bayesian inference (2002)

A major problem with multicarrier transmissions is the near Gaussian behavior of the data stream entering the high power amplifier (HPA). This causes distortion (some samples are clipped) that must be corrected at the transmit-or receive-end, in order to improve the detection performance. We propose a new approach that recovers the distorted samples at the receiver. It is based on an "augmented" Bayesian model which captures the nonlinear behavior of the HPA. Estimates of the input symbols are then obtained with a hybrid deterministic/stochastic algorithm. Simulations over frequency selective channels show that when clipping is severe, our method outperforms existing methods.
PLEKHM2mutation leads to abnormal localization of lysosomes, impaired autophagy flux and associates with recessive dilated cardiomyopathy and left ventricular noncompaction (2015)

Gene mutations, mostly segregating with a dominant mode of inheritance, are important causes of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a disease characterized by enlarged ventricular dimensions, impaired cardiac function, heart failure and high risk of death. Another myocardial abnormality often linked to gene mutations is left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) characterized by a typical diffuse spongy appearance of the left ventricle. Here, we describe a large Bedouin family presenting with a severe recessive DCM and LVNC. Homozygosity mapping and exome sequencing identified a single gene variant that segregated as expected and was neither reported in databases nor in Bedouin population controls. The PLEKHM2 cDNA2156_2157delAG variant causes the frameshift p.Lys645AlafsTer12 and/or the skipping of exon 11 that results in deletion of 30 highly conserved amino acids. PLEKHM2 is known to interact with several Rabs and with kinesin-1, affecting endosomal trafficking. Accordingly, patients' primary fibroblasts exhibited abnormal subcellular distribution of endosomes marked by Rab5, Rab7 and Rab9, as well as the Golgi apparatus. In addition, lysosomes appeared to be concentrated in the perinuclear region, and autophagy flux was impaired. Transfection of wild-type PLEKHM2 cDNA into patient's fibroblasts corrected the subcellular distribution of the lysosomes, supporting the causal effect of PLEKHM2 mutation. PLEKHM2 joins LAMP-2 and BAG3 as a disease gene altering autophagy resulting in an isolated cardiac phenotype. The association of PLEKHM2 mutation with DCM and LVNC supports the importance of autophagy for normal cardiac function.
Effect of sea component dissolution on fibrous structure of islands-in-the-sea spunbond nonwovens (2017)

This work presents the preliminary results of our efforts that focused on the development of lightweight and more fibrous nonwoven. For this objective, nonwoven webs that contain bicomponent filaments with island-in-the-sea cross section was produced by spunbonding, which involves extruding of sea and island polymer melts through dies, cooling, and attenuating the bicomponent filaments by high velocity air streams. Nylon-6 and Polyethylene were chosen as the island and sea polymers, respectively. Bonding process was applied to web first to keep structural integrity after removing the sea polymer. The web was hydroentangled with high speed water jets prior to the dissolving process to obtain fiber entanglement. Xylene, which is one of the few chemical that can dissolve Polyethylene, was used for the dissolution of the sea component from the fibrous structure of the spunbond nonwoven. Removal of the sea polymer from spunbond nonwovens that contain bicomponent filaments with islands-in-the-sea cross section was achieved by the developed dissolution process. Weight, thickness, and area of the nonwoven samples changed after the dissolution. After removing the sea polymer, spunbond nonwoven contains only thin island fibers and also gets lighter. Lightweight and more fibrous nonwovens can be obtained with the method given in this study.
Treatment of Recurrent Previously Coiled Anterior Circulation Aneurysm with Minimally Invasive Keyhole Craniotomy: Report of Two Cases (2006)

The use of minimally invasive techniques has not yet been reported for the treatment of recurrent aneurysms after coil embolization. A 47-year-old man with a long history of headaches had an anterior communicating aneurysm that had previously been coil embolized. Three-year follow-up angiography showed a significant recurrence. A 50-year-old woman with subarachnoid hemorrhage and acute visual loss underwent coil embolization of a large ophthalmic artery aneurysm, which recurred 3 months later. In both cases, a keyhole fronto-orbital one-piece craniotomy was performed. In the first patient, the aneurysm was clip ligated. The coil mass, which had eroded through the dome, was excised. In the second patient, the anterior clinoid was removed and the aneurysm was clip ligated. Postoperative angiography showed no residual aneurysm and no evidence of branch or parent vessel compromise in either patient. Both patients had an uncomplicated postoperative course. Recurrent previously coiled aneurysms are technically challenging to treat. A minimal fronto-orbital craniotomy provides a sufficiently capacious working space for successful treatment of some recurrent aneurysms of the anterior circulation.