gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Colorectal cancer screening with virtual colonoscopy</title> (1999)

Early detection and removal of colorectal polyps have been proven to reduce mortality from colorectal carcinoma (CRC), the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Unfortunately, traditional techniques for CRC examination (i.e., barium enema, sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy) are unsuitable for mass screening because of either low accuracy or poor public acceptance, costs, and risks. Virtual colonoscopy (VC) is a minimally invasive alternative that is based on tomographic scanning of the colon. After a patient's bowel is optimally cleansed and distended with gas, a fast tomographic scan, typically helical computed tomography (CT), of the abdomen is performed during a single breath-hold acquisition. Two-dimensional (2D) slices and three-dimensional (3D) rendered views of the colon lumen generated from the tomographic data are then examined for colorectal polyps. Recent clinical studies conducted at several institutions including ours have shown great potential for this technology to be an effective CRC screening tool. In this paper, we describe new methods to improve bowel preparation, colon lumen visualization, colon segmentation, and polyp detection. Our initial results show that VC with the new bowel preparation and imaging protocol is capable of achieving accuracy comparable to conventional colonoscopy and our new algorithms for image analysis contribute to increased accuracy and efficiency in VC examinations.
RANTES Activation of Phospholipase D in Jurkat T Cells: Requirement of GTP-Binding Proteins ARF and RhoA (1998)

The chemokine RANTES is a potent agonist of T cell activation. In an investigation of signal-transduction events activated by this chemokine, we have shown that RANTES stimulates dose-dependent phospholipase D (PLD) activity in Jurkat cells. Equilibrium-binding analyses using 125I-labeled RANTES indicated the presence of a receptor for RANTES on these cells, which has a Kd of 0.1 nM, is expressed at approximately 600 sites per cell, and a binding specificity that was not comparable with that of any of the known chemokine receptors, since 125I-labeled RANTES was displaced by macrophage-inflammatory protein-1 beta (but not macrophage-inflammatory protein-1 alpha), monocyte-chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), MCP-3, MCP-4, and eotaxin. RANTES-induced PLD activation was augmented by GTP gamma S, but not GDP beta S, and inhibited by the protein kinase C inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide, as well as the fungal metabolite brefeldin A, and C3 exoenzyme (Clostridium botulinum), implicating the activation of RhoA. RANTES also induced GTP-GDP exchange of immunoprecipitated RhoA. RANTES-stimulated PLD activity was dependent on an ADP-ribosylation factor(s), as assessed by inhibition studies using a synthetic inhibitory peptide of the N-terminal 16 amino acids of ADP-ribosylation factor 1. These studies indicate the potential existence of a novel receptor-mediated mechanism for activation of T cells by the chemokine RANTES.
Synthesis and Photochromic Properties of Cycloalkylidene Fulgides (2005)

A series of cycloalkylidene fulgides have been synthesized using β,γ-unsaturated diesters, instead of the usual α,β-unsaturated diesters. A study of their photochromic properties revealed that an increase in the cycloalkylidene ring size caused a subsequent decrease in the formation of the closed form from the open form.
Pure Component Properties and Mixing Behavior in Polyolefin Blends (1996)

This paper summarizes an extensive investigation of the thermodynamic interactions that govern phase behavior in blends of polyolefins and examines their relationship to pure component PVT properties. Interaction strengths, obtained by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements, were classified as regular or irregular according to their consistency with a solubility parameter formalism. Characteristic pressure P* and temperature T* were obtained from PVT data on the pure components with various liquid-state models. For the regular blends, a close correspondence was found between the SANS-based and PVT-based solubility parameter assignments, the latter being closely related to P*, as expected. The pattern of deviations for the irregular blends, positive in some and negative in others, effectively ruled out equation-of-state contributions as a general explanation. However, the results suggest that mismatches in both P* and T* play some role, and we offer some tentative attempts at generalization.
Successful Ablation of Atrial Tachycardia in the Right Coronary Cusp of the Aortic Valve in a Patient with Atrial Fibrillation: What is the Substrate? (2008)

Atrial tachycardias have been successfully ablated from the noncoronary cusp of the aortic valve. The anatomical substrate responsible for the arrhythmia in these patients is unknown. We report a case of intracardiac ultrasound confirmed ablation in the right coronary cusp of the aortic valve. Pacing maneuvers performed in this case, along with the regional anatomy of the right coronary cusp, strongly suggest that the ablated substrate is muscular extensions above the aortic valve. Ablation in the right coronary cusp eliminated tachycardia without valve damage or AV conduction abnormality.
Functional adaptive changes within the hippocampal memory system of patients with multiple sclerosis (2011)

Memory deficits are highly prevalent in multiple sclerosis (MS). As the hippocampus is crucial to memory processing, a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task was used to investigate changes in hippocampal function in MS patients with and without cognitive decline. Fifty patients with MS, (34 cognitively preserved (CP) and 16 cognitively impaired (CI)) and 30 healthy controls completed an episodic memory fMRI task (encoding and retrieval) that was used to specifically activate the hippocampus. During encoding of correctly remembered items, increased brain activation was seen in the parahippocampal areas bilaterally and in the left anterior cingulate gyrus in the CP patients compared to the controls (unclustered, Z ≥ 3.1, P ≤ 0.001). No brain areas showed less activation. In CI patients the right (para)hippocampal areas and the prefrontal cortex showed less brain activation compared to controls (cluster-corrected, P < 0.05). The posterior cingulate gyrus and the left precuneus showed increased activation in CI patients when compared to controls (unclustered Z ≥ 3.1, P ≤ 0.001). No significant differences were found on structural MRI measures between the CP and CI patients. These results suggest the presence of functional adaptation in the memory network before cognitive decline becomes evident in MS, as displayed by the increased brain activation in the hippocampal-cingulate memory system in CP patients. Interestingly, CI patients showed less activation in the hippocampal network during correct encoding. These findings are important for future cognitive therapeutic studies, since cognitive intervention might be most effective before cognitive impairment is present and when adaptive changes of the brain are most prominent.
Novel 1-Hydroxyazole Bioisosteres of Glutamic Acid. Synthesis, Protolytic Properties, and Pharmacology (2001)

A number of 1-hydroxyazole derivatives were synthesized as bioisosteres of (S)-glutamic acid (Glu) and as analogues of the AMPA receptor agonist (R,S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (AMPA, 3b). All compounds were subjected to in vitro pharmacological studies, including a series of Glu receptor binding assays, uptake studies on native as well as cloned Glu uptake systems, and the electrophysiological rat cortical slice model. Compounds 7a,b, analogues of AMPA bearing a 1-hydroxy-5-pyrazolyl moiety as the distal carboxylic functionality, showed only moderate affinity for [3H]AMPA receptor binding sites (IC(50) = 2.7 +/- 0.4 microM and IC(50) = 2.6 +/- 0.6 microM, respectively), correlating with electrophysiological data from the rat cortical wedge model (EC(50) = 280 +/- 48 microM and EC(50) = 586 +/- 41 microM, respectively). 1-Hydroxy-1,2,3-triazol-5-yl analogues of AMPA, compounds 8a,b, showed high affinity for [3H]AMPA receptor binding sites (IC(50) = 0.15 +/- 0.03 microM and IC(50) = 0.13 +/- 0.02 microM, respectively). Electrophysiological data showed that compound 8a was devoid of activity in the rat cortical wedge model (EC(50) > 1000 microM), whereas the corresponding 4-methyl analogue 8b was a potent AMPA receptor agonist (EC(50) = 15 +/- 2 microM). In accordance with this disparity, compound 8a was found to inhibit synaptosomal [3H]D-aspartic acid uptake (IC(50) = 93 +/- 25 microM), as well as excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) EAAT1 (IC(50) = 100 +/- 30 microM) and EAAT2 (IC(50) = 300 +/- 80 microM). By contrast, compound 8b showed no appreciable affinity for Glu uptake sites, neither synaptosomal nor cloned. Compounds 9a-c and 10a,b, possessing 1-hydroxyimidazole as the terminal acidic function, were devoid of activity in all of the systems tested. Protolytic properties of compounds 7a,b, 8b, and 9b were determined by titration, and a correlation between the pK(a) values and the activity at AMPA receptors was apparent. Optimized structures of all the synthesized ligands were fitted to the known crystal structure of an AMPA-GluR2 construct. Where substantial reduction or abolition of affinity at AMPA receptors was observed, this could be rationalized on the basis of the ability of the ligand to fit the construct. The results presented in this article point to the utility of 1-hydroxypyrazole and 1,2,3-hydroxytriazole as bioisosteres of carboxylic acids at Glu receptors and transporters. None of the compounds showed significant activity at metabotropic Glu receptors.
Fluidics in a Dual Pneumatic Ultra High-Speed Vitreous Cutter System (2012)

Larger gauges of the cutters as well as higher aspiration and cut rate levels resulted in improvement of the vitreous flow rates. A good understanding of the different flow rate settings is essential for the surgeon and optimizes the safety of surgical procedures.
Distribution of Ganglioside GM1 between Two-Component, Two-Phase Phosphatidylcholine Monolayers (1998)

The distribution of the ganglioside GM1, at low concentrations, in phase-separated 1:1 dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC)/dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) films transferred on mica was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). For concentrations below 1 mol %, GM1 distributes exclusively in the liquid-condensed DPPC phase where it forms nanometer-scale patches of round and filamentous shapes both at the boundary and toward the middle of DPPC macrodomains. Raising the GM1 concentration up to 4% increases the number of patches and creates fence like structures at the DOPC/DPPC boundary, whereas some GM1 clusters might also emerge from the liquid-expanded DOPC phase. Immiscibility of GM1 with DOPC was confirmed by examination of GM1/DOPC LB films. These data strongly support the hypothesis of the existence of GM1-enriched domains in biological membranes. They further emphasize the usefulness of the coupling of LB films with AFM detection for the investigation of complex lipid mixtures.
Development of a Multiplex Quantitative PCR Signature to Predict Progression in Non–Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (2009)

In bladder cancer, clinical grade and stage fail to capture outcome. We developed a clinically applicable quantitative PCR (QPCR) gene signature to predict progression in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Comparative metaprofiling of 12 DNA microarray data sets (comprising 631 samples and 241,298 probe sets) identified 96 genes, which showed differential expression in seven clinical outcome categories, or were identified as outliers, historic markers, or housekeeping genes. QPCR was done to determine mRNA expression from 96 bladder tumors. Fifty-seven genes differentiated T2 from non-T2 tumors (P < 0.05). Principal components analysis and Cox regression models were used to predict probability of T2 progression for non-T2 patients, placing them into high- and low-risk groups based on their gene expression. At 2 years, high-risk patients exhibited greater T2 progression (45% for high-risk patients versus 12% for low-risk patients; P = 0.003, log-rank test). This difference remained significant within T1 tumors (61% for high-risk patients versus 22% for low-risk patients; P = 0.02) and Ta tumors (29% for high-risk patients versus 0% for low-risk patients; P = 0.03). The best multivariate Cox model included stage and gender, and this signature provided predictive improvement over both (P = 0.002, likelihood ratio test). Immunohistochemistry was done for two genes in the signature not previously described in bladder cancer, ACTN1 and CDC25B, corroborating their up-regulation at the protein level with disease progression. Thus, we identified a 57-gene QPCR panel to help predict progression of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancers and delineate a systematic, generalizable approach to converting microarray data into a multiplex assay for cancer progression.
A Fair Comparison between Three Different Mainstream IoT Applications for Managing Dynamic Traffic-Lights of Future Smart City (2022)

Most traffic lights today do not operate with real-time traffic conditions. This results in a waste of time and fuel and increased carbon emissions (CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> ). This paper presents a fair techno-economics comparison between three different mainstream IoT technologies/applications to dynamically manage and control traffic lights taking into account real-time traffic density. The first IoT application is based on Smart Antenna technology, whereas the second is High Definition (HD) camera/video sensor system-based technology, and the third is based on Passive Infrared (PIR) system technology. To verify the overall performance results of the proposed three technologies, these results are compared with a benchmark static traffic signaling model, which is typically utilized in today’s traffic signaling.The simulation results indicate that the techno-economics performance of the Smart Antenna-based IoT technology outperforms both HD camera and PIR-based IoT technologies, as well as the conventional static traffic signaling model in terms of the Average Waiting Time (A WT), number of cars serviced, fuel cost, and CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> emissions. The more cars crossing the intersection and lower AWT result in saving gallons of fuel and therefore less CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> emissions. The results of this work can be used as a guideline for city officials and all stakeholders to effectively plan for future smart city.
MeeQA: Natural Questions in Meeting Transcripts (2023)

We present MeeQA, a dataset for natural-language question answering over meeting transcripts. It includes real questions asked during meetings by its participants. The dataset contains 48K question-answer pairs, extracted from 422 meeting transcripts, spanning multiple domains. Questions in transcripts pose a special challenge as they are not always clear, and considerable context may be required in order to provide an answer. Further, many questions asked during meetings are left unanswered. To improve baseline model performance on this type of questions, we also propose a novel loss function, \emph{Flat Hierarchical Loss}, designed to enhance performance over questions with no answer in the text. Our experiments demonstrate the advantage of using our approach over standard QA models.
Ultrafast Graphene Light Emitter (2017)

Ultrafast electrically driven nanoscale light sources are critical components in nanophotonics. Compound semiconductor-based light sources for the nanophotonic platforms have been extensively investigated over the past decades. However, monolithic ultrafast light sources with a small footprint remain a challenge. Here, we demonstrate electrically driven ultrafast graphene light emitters that achieve light pulse generation with up to 10 GHz bandwidth, across a broad spectral range from the visible to the near-infrared. The fast response results from ultrafast charge carrier dynamics in graphene, and weak electron-acoustic phonon-mediated coupling between the electronic and lattice degrees of freedom. We also find that encapsulating graphene with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) layers strongly modifies the emission spectrum by changing the local optical density of states, thus providing up to 460 % enhancement compared to the grey-body thermal radiation for a broad peak centered at 720 nm. Furthermore, the hBN encapsulation layers permit stable and bright visible thermal radiation with electronic temperatures up to 2,000 K under ambient conditions, as well as efficient ultrafast electronic cooling via near-field coupling to hybrid polaritonic modes. These high-speed graphene light emitters provide a promising path for on-chip light sources for optical communications and other optoelectronic applications.
Ultrabroadband phased-array radio frequency (RF) receivers based on optical techniques (2014)

Military operations require the ability to locate and identify electronic emissions in the battlefield environment. However, recent developments in radio detection and ranging (RADAR) and communications technology are making it harder to effectively identify such emissions. Phased array systems aid in discriminating emitters in the scene by virtue of their relatively high-gain beam steering and nulling capabilities. For the purpose of locating emitters, we present an approach realize a broadband receiver based on optical processing techniques applied to the response of detectors in conformal antenna arrays. This approach utilizes photonic techniques that enable us to capture, route, and process the incoming signals. Optical modulators convert the incoming signals up to and exceeding 110 GHz with appreciable conversion efficiency and route these signals via fiber optics to a central processing location. This central processor consists of a closed loop phase control system which compensates for phase fluctuations induced on the fibers due to thermal or acoustic vibrations as well as an optical heterodyne approach for signal conversion down to baseband. Our optical heterodyne approach uses injection-locked paired optical sources to perform heterodyne downconversion/frequency identification of the detected emission. Preliminary geolocation and frequency identification testing of electronic emissions has been performed demonstrating the capabilities of our RF receiver.
Measurements of ultrasonic backscattered spectral centroid shift from spine in vivo: methodology and preliminary results (2003)

We have developed a technique to measure backscattered ultrasound from lumbar vertebrae using a commercial ultrasound scanner. The spectral centroid shift between the spine and reference phantom data is an index of attenuation within the spine. From measurements from 11 vertebrae, we found a correlation coefficient of r = -0.61 between spectral centroid shift and bone mineral density (BMD). This negative correlation is expected as denser, more highly attenuating bone would be expected to produce greater downshifts in spectral centroid. This is the first technique performing quantitative ultrasound measurements on trabecular bone in the spine. This study shows that (1) acquisition of ultrasonic backscatter data from human spine <i>in vivo</i> is feasible, and (2) spectral centroid shift exhibits a moderate negative correlation with BMD in accordance with expectations.
The Effect of Additives on the Thermal Behavior of Li-ion Anodes (2006)

Abstract not Available.
Heavy Oil Development: Summary of Sand Control and Well Completion Strategies Used with Multilateral Applications (2004)

Abstract Multilateral drilling technology has been used in many heavy-oil developmental projects to achieve maximum reservoir exposure from a single surface location. The wellbore geometry and completion strategies for multilateral wells are planned and customized to fit the known reservoir characteristics and sand distribution qualities. Typically, heavy oil reserves are found in unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs that require some form of sand exclusion strategy across the reservoir as well as at the lateral mainbore junction interface. In heavy-oil sand, effective sand-control strategies must be carefully planned since one of the difficult problems to address in heavy-oil targets is their natural tendency to suspend formation solids, often referred to as Basic Solids and Water (BS&amp;W) solids. An effective sand control strategy should allow these solids to be produced to surface and separated by the production facility. The remainder of the solids can be controlled, based on the sand-distribution qualities. If the formation sand is uniform, liner-only completions can be used for effective sand exclusion without sacrificing rate. If the formation sand is non-uniform, gravel packing will be required. For this reason, regardless of the well scenario, the gravel pack or liner only completion should allow BS&amp;W solids to pass through and be produced to the surface. Most heavy oil development areas use artificial lift such as PCP and ESP pumps. All multilateral completion strategies must always consider the lift strategy, the ID requirements for pump deployment as well as necessary sand exclusion requirements for the pump. The paper examines successful multilateral completion strategies used in heavy-oil development projects in Canada, Trinidad and Venezuela. It will also explore new synergistic technologies that will impact future development strategies.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data for Macrocycle Interaction with Cations and Anions (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Electrical and thermoelectrical properties of gated InAs nanowires (2013)

We have investigated the electrical and thermoelectrical properties of 30-nm-thick InAs nanowires in a temperature range between T = 200 K and T = 350 K. Devices were fabricated that allow the measurement of the conductivity and Seebeck coefficient upon the application of a gate voltage. The carrier concentration in the NWs could be varied by two orders of magnitude. The dependence of the Seebeck coefficients measured on the carrier concentration is similar to bulk InAs. A temperature-dependent mobility of IL = 1200-1400 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Vs of these unpassivated NWs could be determined from both the transistor characteristics and Seebeck coefficient measurements.