gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unsupervised, language-independent grapheme-to-phoneme conversion by latent analogy (2003)

Automatic, data-driven grapheme-to-phoneme conversion is a challenging but often necessary task. The top-down strategy implicitly followed by traditional inductive learning techniques tends to dismiss relevant contexts when they have been seen too infrequently in the training data. The bottom-up philosophy inherent in, e.g., pronunciation by analogy, allows for a markedly better handling of rarer contexts, but proves nonetheless equally dependent on local, language-dependent alignments between letters and phonemes. This paper proposes an alternative bottom-up approach, dubbed pronunciation by latent analogy, which adopts a global definition of analogy, more amenable to obviate such supervision. For each out-of-vocabulary word, a neighborhood of globally relevant pronunciations is constructed through an appropriate data-driven mapping of its graphemic form. Phoneme transcription then proceeds via locally optimal sequence alignment and maximum likelihood position scoring. This method was successfully applied to the speech synthesis of proper names with a large diversity of origin.
Apparatus and process of retrofitting a combined cycle power plant (2023)

A process for retrofitting an electric power plant that uses two 60 Hertz large frame heavy duty industrial gas turbine engines to drive electric generators and produce electricity, where each of the two industrial engines can produce up to 350 MW of output power. The process replaces the two 350 MW industrial engines with one twin spool industrial gas turbine engine that is capable of producing at least 700 MW of output power. Thus, two prior art industrial engines can be replaced with one industrial engine that can produce power equal to the two prior art industrial engines.
Mesenteric Lymphoma Presenting as Mesenteric Panniculitis with a Negative PET Scan (2006)

Mesenteric panniculitis (also known as sclerosing mesenteritis) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the mesentery. It is known to have a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. In general, a biopsy is recommended for diagnosis, although a recent study proposed that a negative PET scan is highly effective in differentiating benign and neoplastic mesenteric processes. The following case report questions the accuracy of a negative PET in this setting. Not applicable. The patient is a 52 year-old Caucasian female who was found to have milky-appearing ascites during routine vaginal hysterectomy and repair of uterovaginal prolapse. Abdominal CT scan was pursued for further workup of this unexplained ascites; this showed the typical features of mesenteric panniculitis, including strandlike and patchy densities of the mesenteric fat surrounding the mesenteric vasculature in the mid-abdomen. The patient was then referred to our practice for further evaluation and treatment. She described episodes of severe abdominal pain occurring about every 3 months for the past 2–3 years. She also mentioned episodes of bloating and nausea occurring several times a week. Physical examination revealed a soft abdomen which was nondistended and nontender. There was no organomegaly, palpable masses, or localized adenopathy present. Her Mesenteric Panniculitis Symptom Assessment Score (MPSAS) was 24, suggestive of moderately symptomatic disease. ESR and CRP were normal. A PET scan demonstrated no abnormal metabolic activity in the affected mesentery or any lymphadenopathy. Laparoscopy showed a thickened segment of mesenteric fat. Biopsies were obtained which demonstrated a B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma of follicular origin. A recent study by Zissin et al* stated that “a negative PET scan has a high diagnostic accuracy in excluding tumoural mesenteric involvement…” This case questions this accuracy and reinforces the need for biopsy even in the setting of negative PET scan to rule out co-existing neoplastic disease.
Antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange coupling in sputtered Fe/Cr multilayers: Dependence on number of Fe layers (1991)

The antiferromagnetic arrangement of the magnetic moments of Fe layers in sputtered Fe/Cr multilayered structures is directly demonstrated from polarized neutron reflectometry studies. Such an antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange coupling is also consistent with magnetization studies on a series of [Fe/Cr]N structures. A remanent magnetization is observed for structures containing an odd number of bilayers but no remanent moment is found for an even number of bilayers. By examining the dependence of saturation field on the number of bilayers it is shown that the antiferromagnetic coupling strength is independent of the number of bilayers and is the same for superlattice and sandwich structures.
Poly (amido amine) dendrimer and dental adhesive with calcium phosphate nanoparticles remineralized dentin in lactic acid (2017)

Patients with dry mouth often have an acidic oral environment lacking saliva to provide calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ions. There has been no report on tooth remineralization in acidic pH4 and CaP ion-lacking solutions. The objective of this study was to develop a novel method of combining poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) with adhesive containing nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) for dentin remineralization in pH4 and CaP-lacking solution for the first time. Demineralized dentin was tested in four groups: (1) dentin control, (2) dentin with PAMAM, (3) dentin with NACP adhesive, (4) dentin with PAMAM + NACP adhesive. Dentin samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and hardness testing. Increasing the NACP filler level in adhesive from 0 to 40 wt% did not negatively affect the dentin bond strength (p > 0.1). NACP adhesive released CaP ions and neutralized the acid. PAMAM alone failed to achieve dentin remineralization in lactic acid. NACP alone induced slight dentin remineralization in lactic acid (p > 0.1). In contrast, the novel PAMAM + NACP group in the pH4 and CaP-lacking solution completely remineralized the predemineralized dentin, increasing its hardness which approached that of healthy dentin (p > 0.1). In conclusion, dentin remineralization via PAMAM + NACP adhesive in pH4 and CaP-lacking acid was achieved for the first time, when conventional remineralization methods such as PAMAM or NACP did not work. The novel PAMAM + NACP method is promising to increase the longevity of the composite-tooth bond, inhibit caries, remineralize lesions and protect tooth structures, even for patients with dry mouth and an acidic oral environment. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 2414-2424, 2018.
Supplementary Information Figure S4 from Dissecting Therapeutic Resistance to ERK Inhibition (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Analysis of active ERK1 G186D mutant binding to SCH772984&lt;/p&gt;
Development of an extra-vehicular (EVA) infrared (IR) camera inspection system (2006)

Designed to fulfill a critical inspection need for the Space Shuttle Program, the EVA IR Camera System can detect crack and subsurface defects in the Reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC) sections of the Space Shuttle's Thermal Protection System (TPS). The EVA IR Camera performs this detection by taking advantage of the natural thermal gradients induced in the RCC by solar flux and thermal emission from the Earth. This instrument is a compact, low-mass, low-power solution (1.2cm3, 1.5kg, 5.0W) for TPS inspection that exceeds existing requirements for feature detection. Taking advantage of ground-based IR thermography techniques, the EVA IR Camera System provides the Space Shuttle program with a solution that can be accommodated by the existing inspection system. The EVA IR Camera System augments the visible and laser inspection systems and finds cracks and subsurface damage that is not measurable by the other sensors, and thus fills a critical gap in the Space Shuttle's inspection needs. This paper discusses the on-orbit RCC inspection measurement concept and requirements, and then presents a detailed description of the EVA IR Camera System design.
On the keto-acids in sake brewing (1955)

The determination of keto-acids was carried out in the mash in saké brewing by the. Clift-Cook (1932) method. The main keto-acid was presumed to be pyruvic acid. It was shown that the acids were remarkably sccumulated in the course of vigorous fermentation and then gradually diminished. Thus the detection of these acids do not always define abnormal sake as formerly raported by the authors (Vol.48, No.10 of this journal).
On interpreting and debugging results of database queries over imprecise data (2008)

Applications ranging from grid management to sensor nets to web-based information integration and extraction can be viewed as receiving data from some number of autonomous remote data and then answering queries over this collected data. In such applications, it is often impossible to enforce the currency, consistency and correctness of the centralized data with respect to the original sources. For example, distributed computing environments, including workflows in computational grids, present challenges for monitoring, as the state of the system may be captured only in logs distributed throughout the system. One approach to monitoring such systems is to sniff' these distributed logs and to store their transformed content in a DBMS. This centralizes the state and exposes it for querying; unfortunately, it also creates uncertainty with respect to the recency and consistency of the data. As another example, in information extraction, uncertainty is ubiquitous because information extraction is yet an imprecise art. We propose that instead of enforcing correctness, consistency and recency, such systems should report data quality properties along with query results and support provenance for query results, with the hope that this will allow the data to be appropriately interpreted. Toward this purpose, I present the following new concepts and techniques: (1) reporting consistency and recency of relevant data sources for relational queries, (2) reporting k-relevant data sources for relational queries, and (3) providing provenance-style explanations for non-answers to queries over extracted data.
Direct Generation of 148 nm and 44.6 fs Pulses in an Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser (2014)

This letter demonstrates an experimental realization of effective dispersion and nonlinearity optimization in an Er-doped fiber laser at a high repetition rate of larger than 200 MHz. The maximum power of the direct output pulse at an available pump power of 700 mW is 84.8 mW with a pulse duration of 56.5 fs, which exhibits a high transfer efficiency of 12.1%, single-pulse energy of 0.42 nJ, and pulse peak power of 7 kW. Evolution of the spectral characteristics of the direct output pulse is further studied by adjusting the waveplates and tuning the pump power. 44.6-fs ultrafast pulses with a flat full spectral width at half maximum of 148 nm are directly generated.
Investigation of dye molecules for single-photon generation (2005)

Summary form only given. Summary from only given. We are trying to develop high efficiency sources of single photons for quantum optics applications. We aim to do this by isolating single dye molecules thus limiting our maximum emission per pump pulse to a single photon. We show that a single dye molecule can be used for single-photon generation. However, dye molecules have problems with photostability. The molecules undergo irreversible bleaching after approximately 10/sup 5/ to 10/sup 6/ photon emissions.
The DJammer (2005)

Traditional Disc Jockeys use vinyl records and turntables to manipulate music in real time. We describe the development of the DJammer, a new device that enables its users to manipulate digital music using a portable handheld sensor. In addition to the standard actions offered by most portable digital music players, the DJammer provides its users with control capabilities previously offered only through the use of turntables. Using the DJammer, DJs can "air-scratch" digital music via simple hand motions similar to those used when scratching vinyl records, fade the music, and jump to a predefined position within the song using a wireless sensor designed to fit in the DJ's hand. The preliminary study of the device by experienced DJs suggests that it can play a role as an accessory to their professional equipment, freeing them to step away from their consoles during the performance and uncovering opportunities for creativity and personalization.
Stable and efficient colour enrichment powders of nonpolar nanocrystals in LiCl (2015)

In this work, we propose and develop the inorganic salt encapsulation of semiconductor nanocrystal (NC) dispersion in a nonpolar phase to make a highly stable and highly efficient colour converting powder for colour enrichment in light-emitting diode backlighting. Here the wrapping of the as-synthesized green-emitting CdSe/CdZnSeS/ZnS nanocrystals into a salt matrix without ligand exchange is uniquely enabled by using a LiCl ionic host dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF), which simultaneously disperses these nonpolar nanocrystals. We studied the emission stability of the solid films prepared using NCs with and without LiCl encapsulation on blue LEDs driven at high current levels. The encapsulated NC powder in epoxy preserved 95.5% of the initial emission intensity and stabilized at this level while the emission intensity of NCs without salt encapsulation continuously decreased to 34.7% of its initial value after 96 h of operation. In addition, we investigated the effect of ionic salt encapsulation on the quantum efficiency of nonpolar NCs and found the quantum efficiency of the NCs-in-LiCl to be 75.1% while that of the NCs in dispersion was 73.0% and that in a film without LiCl encapsulation was 67.9%. We believe that such ionic salt encapsulated powders of nonpolar NCs presented here will find ubiquitous use for colour enrichment in display backlighting.
Automated Stokesmetric imaging laser radar system (2012)

We report the design and implementation of a high-speed, automated laser radar (ladar) system with sensitivity enhanced by a polarimetric imaging technique. This ladar is able to analyze the Stokes vector of the reflected light from a target at video-rate. With a polarization state generator and a polarization state analyzer, the system is capable of performing a complete Mueller matrix imaging of the scene under observation. This polarization-sensitive ladar (pladar) is applied to various scenes and found to yield the ability to detect information that is indiscernible to a conventional, intensity-based ladar.
Incorporation of Internal Free Volume:  Synthesis and Characterization of Iptycene-Elaborated Poly(butadiene)s (2004)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTIncorporation of Internal Free Volume: Synthesis and Characterization of Iptycene-Elaborated Poly(butadiene)sJohn P. Amara and Timothy M. SwagerView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Cite this: Macromolecules 2004, 37, 8, 3068–3070Publication Date (Web):March 24, 2004Publication History Received29 September 2003Revised7 January 2004Published online24 March 2004Published inissue 1 April 2004https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma0354694https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0354694brief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 2004 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1259Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Hydrocarbons,Insulators,Monomers,Polymers,Radical polymerization Get e-Alerts
Physics-based device models for nanoscale double-gate MOSFETs (2004)

Compact, physics-based models of subthreshold swing and threshold voltage are presented for undoped double-gate (DG) MOSFETs in symmetric, asymmetric, and ground-plane modes of operation. Applying the new device models, a novel scale-length based methodology is demonstrated to comprehensively and exhaustively investigate threshold voltage variations in DG MOSFETs. In light of ultra-thin silicon film used as the channel and possible introduction of high-permittivity gate dielectrics, physical, analytical models of quantum mechanical effects, gate direct tunneling current, and fringe-induced barrier lowering effect are developed to assess their impact on DG MOSFET scalability. Scaling limits projections indicate that individual DG MOSFET's with good turn-off behavior are feasible at 10nm scale; however, practical exploitation of these devices toward gigascale integrated systems requires significant improvement in process control.
Average-case complexity and decision problems in group theory (2002)

We investigate the average-case complexity of decision problems for finitely generated groups, in particular the word and membership problems. Using our recent results on ``generic-case complexity'' we show that if a finitely generated group $G$ has the word problem solvable in subexponential time and has a subgroup of finite index which possesses a non-elementary word-hyperbolic quotient group, then the average-case complexity of the word problem for $G$ is linear time, uniformly with respect to the collection of all length-invariant measures on $G$. For example, the result applies to all braid groups $B_n$.
Supplemental Figure S2 from Obesity Contributes to Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Success through Increased Lipogenesis, Enhanced Vascularity, and Decreased Infiltration of M1 Macrophages (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Representative histology of Cohort 2 metastatic implants in control or DIO C57/Bl6 mice.&lt;/p&gt;
Different chromosomal breakpoints impact the level of LMO2 expression in T-ALL (2007)

The t(11;14)(p13;q11) is presumed to arise from an erroneous T-cell receptor delta TCRD V(D)J recombination and to result in LMO2 activation. However, the mechanisms underlying this translocation and the resulting LMO2 activation are poorly defined. We performed combined in vivo, ex vivo, and in silico analyses on 9 new t(11;14)(p13;q11)-positive T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) as well as normal thymocytes. Our data support the involvement of 2 distinct t(11;14)(p13;q11) V(D)J-related translocation mechanisms. We provide compelling evidence that removal of a negative regulatory element from the LMO2 locus, rather than juxtaposition to the TCRD enhancer, is the main determinant for LMO2 activation in the majority of t(11;14)(p13;q11) translocations. Furthermore, the position of the LMO2 breakpoints in T-ALL in the light of the occurrence of TCRD-LMO2 translocations in normal thymocytes points to a critical role for the exact breakpoint location in determining LMO2 activation levels and the consequent pressure for T-ALL development.
Influence of the Alkyl Side Chain Length on the Assembly and Thermochromic Solid-State Properties in Symmetric and Asymmetric Monoalkoxynaphthalene–Naphthalimide Donor–Acceptor Dyads (2022)

We have been investigating monoalkoxynaphthalene–naphthalimide (MAN–NI) donor–acceptor dyads that undergo a unique and dramatic orange-to-yellow thermochromic transition in the solid state. This study reports a new series of these stimuli-responsive solids, based on dyads with symmetric and relatively long alkyl side chains, as well as asymmetric derivatives. The length of the alkyl side chains influenced the structures, properties, and dynamic behavior of the resulting solids. All of the symmetric alkyl side chain derivatives can crystallize with identical packing (allowing for alkyl chain length differences) in a lasagna-like fashion with alternating alkyl and stacked aromatic layers. The fully extended alkyl side chains are aligned in an interdigitated, “cork and bottle” fashion. The aromatic layers feature head-to-head stacking geometries of the aromatic dyad cores. The crystalline solids derived from each of these derivatives undergo dramatic thermochromic orange-to-yellow transition in the solid state. Crystal structures were obtained for three of the four asymmetric dyad derivatives. In each case, layered structures were observed, although the mismatch in alkyl side chain lengths results in a unique hybrid alkyl/aromatic layer. Two of the asymmetric derivatives exhibit almost identical head-to-head dyad core stacking geometries, while one exhibits a head-to-tail dyad core stacking geometry. Of the four asymmetric dyads studied, only two asymmetric derivatives with the longer alkyl side chains exhibit dynamic solid-state behavior. Overall, our results demonstrate the relatively general nature of the thermochromic orange-to-yellow color-changing mechanism of the MAN–NI dyads and verify the link between the alkyl side chain interactions and this interesting stimuli-responsive behavior in the solid-state.
Information calculus for information retrieval (1996)

Information is and always has been an elusive concept; nevertheless many philosophers, mathematicians, logicians and computer scientists have felt that it is fundamental. Many attempts have been made to come up with some sensible and intuitively acceptable definition of information; up to now, none of these have succeeded. This work is based on the approach followed by Dretske, Barwise, and Devlin, who claimed that the notion of information starts from the position that given an ontology of objects individuated by a cognitive agent, it makes sense to speak of the information an object (e.g., a text, an image, a video) contains about another object (e.g., the query). This phenomenon is captured by the flow of information between objects. Its exploitation is the task of an Information Retrieval system. These authors proposed a theory of information that provides an analysis of the concept of information (any type, from any media) and the manner in which intelligent organisms (referred to as cognitive agents) handle and respond to the information picked up from their environment. They defined the nature of information flow and the mechanisms that give rise to such a flow. The theory, which is based on Situation Theory, is expressed with a calculus defined on channels. The calculus was defined so that it satisfies properties that are attributed to information and its flows. This paper demonstrates the connection between this calculus and Information Retrieval, and proposes a model of an Information Retrieval system based on this calculus. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: THE CHEMISTRY OF DIPHENYLCARBENE IN POLYCRYSTALLINE (S)‐2‐BUTANOL. THE FORMATION OF AN ENANTIOMERICALLY PURE PRODUCT OF RADICAL‐RADICAL COUPLING (1983)

Abstract Diphenylcarben (II) liefert bei der Zersetzung in (S)‐2‐Butanol (I) bei Raumtemperatur lediglich den Ether (IIIa), während bei ‐l 96°C in polykristallinem (I) ein Gemisch der Verbindungen (III)‐(VI) erhalten wird, wobei der Alkohol (IV) enantiomer rein ist.