gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: DIE STEREOCHEMIE DER KONJUGIERTEN ADDITION VON DERIVATEN DES ENDO‐2‐NORBORNYL‐KUPFER(I) AN MESITYLOXID (1973)

Abstract endo‐2‐Norbomylmagnesiumbromid (I) liefert mit Brom‐tributylphosphinkupfer (II) die Organokupferverbindung (III).
MRI-Derived Restriction Spectrum Imaging Cellularity Index is Associated with High Grade Prostate Cancer on Radical Prostatectomy Specimens (2015)

The RSI-derived normalized cellularity index is associated with aggressive PCa as determined by pathologic Gleason scores. Further utilization of RSI techniques may serve to enhance standardized reporting systems for PCa in the future.
Explicit Models of Motion to Understand Protein Side-Chain Dynamics (2022)

Nuclear magnetic relaxation is widely used to probe protein dynamics. For decades, most analyses of relaxation in proteins have relied successfully on the model-free approach, forgoing mechanistic descriptions of motion. Model-free types of correlation functions cannot describe a large carbon-13 relaxation dataset in protein side chains. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations to design explicit models of motion and solve Fokker-Planck diffusion equations. These models of motion provide better agreement with relaxation data, mechanistic insight, and a direct link to configuration entropy.
Role of surgical management in temporal bone fibrous dysplasia (2009)

Most patients (88.9%) showed FD involving the mastoid and adjacent area. Radiological patterns consisted of six pagetoid and three sclerotic forms; seven patients were monostotic, whereas two patients were polyostotic. Canalplasty (CP) was performed in six cases and intact canal wall mastoidectomy was performed in three of them; hearing gain was achieved in five and one patient maintained preoperative normal hearing. Two patients underwent revision CP and showed no recurrence. In addition, one case had secondary cholesteatoma formed by an obstruction of the external auditory canal; another with a fast-growing cystic mass in the petrous bone underwent transmastoid labyrinthectomy and had no recurrence for 11 months.
Optimization of CMOS image sensor utilizing variable temporal multisampling partial transfer technique to achieve full-frame high dynamic range with superior low light and stop motion capability (2018)

Differential binary pixel technology is a threshold-based timing, readout, and image reconstruction method that utilizes the subframe partial charge transfer technique in a standard four-transistor (4T) pixel CMOS image sensor to achieve a high dynamic range video with stop motion. This technology improves low light signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by up to 21 dB. The method is verified in silicon using a Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company’s 65 nm 1.1 μm pixel technology 1 megapixel test chip array and is compared with a traditional 4 × oversampling technique using full charge transfer to show low light SNR superiority of the presented technology.
Association of Known Loci With Lipid Levels Among Children and Prediction of Dyslipidemia in Adults (2011)

Previously identified lipid loci are associated with lipid levels in children and adolescents and explain up to more than 2 times of the lipid variation in children compared with adults. The TG-GRS improves the risk discrimination over childhood lipid measurement for adult hypertriglyceridemia.
Novel approach for defect detection and reduction techniques for submicron lithography (1997)

Accurate and reproducible microlithography processing is critical for developing smaller and more dimensionally accurate semiconductor structures. As modern microprocessors and memory devices scale down to deep submicron dimensions, defects originating in the microlithography processes become increasingly effective in reducing yield. Careful and efficient methods of measuring the variability of these defect levels by utilizing a shortloop monitoring process is essential in controlling the quality of lithography process for these semiconductor devices. During the conventional photo process, a defect can result from either an external process variable (e.g. manual wafer handling), or an internal one from environmental sources (unclean equipment sets). Others may be related to the process parameters themselves; such as a pattern anomaly, marginal processing by the equipment, or a previous defect on the wafer creating a nucleation site for more defects. Since microlithography defects can arise from a variety of sources, adopting flexible and efficient methods of measuring their effects are essential in maximizing the yield. This study will discuss the methodologies used to characterize and monitor complete microlithography processing for two distinct cases: one in which the resist is mostly unexposed with the exception of a pattern of contact holes, and one in which most of the resist is exposed, leaving behind a developed pattern of resist lines. These two strategies, when used in conjunction and properly sampled in a defect metrology tool can lead to timely in-line feedback about the nature of possible processing defects present. Furthermore, the results of such a short loop may suggest continued short loop processing involving fewer processing steps to narrow the source.
Use of Fluorescein Isothiocyanate-Inulin as a Marker for Intestinal Ischemic Injury (2016)

Fluorescein isothiocyanate-inulin can be used as a real-time volume marker to monitor the ischemic state of intestinal tissue. A positive correlation between the degree of fluid shift and presence of ischemic injury. The changes in fluorescence signal provide a potential selective method to measure real-time fluid changes inside an intestinal graft to evaluate viability.
Collimator Spatial Resolution (2006)

Pixellated detectors based on cadmium-zinc telluride (CZT) are a promising alternative to NaI-based SPECT cameras. The performance of either system is quantitatively described in terms of resolution and sensitivity. This investigation is based on an analytical model published earlier, describing SPECT collimators according to the NEMA definitions of planar sensitivity and system spatial resolution without scatter. We have extended the model to include the effect of collimator hole shape and orientation as well as collimator and detector penetration. Equations for spatial resolution are derived for NaI and CZT based SPECT systems with hexagonal, round or square parallel-hole collimators and with pinhole collimators. Standard equations for spatial resolution are valid only for square hole collimators along one of the detector axes. In any other direction, spatial resolution is higher. The exact values depend on the hole shape and on the ratio of object-detector distance to collimator length. For pixellated pinhole detectors, similar corrections depending on the ratio of detector pixel size to the diameter of a point source projected on the detector apply. In scintillation cameras, spatial resolution is not only influenced by the average absorption depth in the scintillator, but it is strongly affected by the parallax effect of the collimator hole. Spatial resolution is therefore lower than usually thought. We present a model that describes the performance of current SPECT collimators and permits to optimize future detector systems for high image quality.
Genome Replication in Thermococcus kodakarensis Independent of Cdc6 and an Origin of Replication (2017)

The initiation of DNA replication is typically tightly regulated by proteins that form initiation complexes at specific sequences known as replication origins. In Archaea and Eukaryotes, Cdc6, a near-universally conserved protein binds and facilitates the origin-dependent assembly of the replicative apparatus. TK1901 encodes Cdc6 in <i>Thermococcus kodakarensis</i> but, as we report here, TK1901 and the presumed origin of replication can be deleted from the genome of this hyperthermophilic Archaeon without any detectable effects on growth, genetic competence or the ability to support autonomous plasmid replication. All regions of the genome were equally represented in the sequences generated by whole genome sequencing of DNA isolated from <i>T. kodakarensis</i> strains with or without TK1901, inconsistent with DNA initiation occurring at one or few origins, and instead suggestive of replication initiating at many sites distributed throughout the genome. We were unable to generate strains lacking the recombination factors, RadA or RadB, consistent with <i>T. kodakarensis</i> cells, that are oligoploid (7-19 genomes per cell), employing a recombination-based mechanism of DNA replication. Deletion of the previously presumed origin region reduced the long-term viability of cultures supporting the possibility that retaining an origin-based mechanism of DNA initiation provides a survival mechanism for stationary phase cells with only one genome.
Refractive axicon for X-ray microscopy applications: design, optimization, and experiment (2022)

In a full-field transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) setup, a condenser X-ray optical element is used to illuminate the sample by condensing the X-ray beam delivered by the synchrotron storage ring. On-going and future upgrades of synchrotron facilities to diffraction-limited storage rings will pose new challenges to these TXM setups, such as much smaller X-ray beams on the condenser. Here, we demonstrate that a refractive axicon can be used as an X-ray beam shaper to match the ring-shaped aperture of the condenser. Aiming at more efficient use of the incoming X-ray intensity, we explore several axicon designs both analytically and with numerical simulations. The axicons were produced by two-photon polymerization 3D printing on thin silicon nitride membrane substrates. The first characterization of the axicon was carried out at the TOMCAT beamline of the Swiss Light Source (Switzerland).
Placement challenges for structured ASICs (2008)

The placement problem for structured ASICs combines aspects of the standard cell ASIC placement problem and FPGA placement. Similarities with ASIC placement include the number and size of the place-able objects and the need to consider buffering within placement. Similarities with FPGA placement include the existence of discrete legal locations for all types of objects, the constraints caused by "intrinsic" connections, such as clock, reset or IO signals and fixed routing tracks. The research community has provided detailed analysis of various different solutions for the standard cell placement problem over the last two decades. FPGA placement research has not focused on the legalization issues. Architecturally, FPGAs are changing to focus more on synthesis and clustering than fine-grained placement to meet timing. In this paper we discuss the similarities and differences between FPGA, Standard Cell, and Structured ASIC placement, and we present new representations and tests cases for the structured ASIC problem
Joint Math Engineering Projects To Facilitate Calculus Success In First Year Students (2020)

It has been observed that most first year engineering students seem to enjoy and often perform well in their project and project-oriented freshman engineering course, but seem to have difficulty and often perform poorly in their first calculus course. Working from the perception that first year engineering students do not make the connection between what they learn in calculus and the problems they solve in freshman engineering, the faculty who teach the engineering sections of first semester calculus and the faculty who teach freshman engineering worked together to define projects that span both classes.
Validation of the Dominant Sequence Paradigm and Role of Dynamic Contrast-enhanced Imaging in PI-RADS Version 2 (2017)

Purpose To validate the dominant pulse sequence paradigm and limited role of dynamic contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) version 2 for prostate multiparametric MR imaging by using data from a multireader study. Materials and Methods This HIPAA-compliant retrospective interpretation of prospectively acquired data was approved by the local ethics committee. Patients were treatment-naïve with endorectal coil 3-T multiparametric MR imaging. A total of 163 patients were evaluated, 110 with prostatectomy after multiparametric MR imaging and 53 with negative multiparametric MR imaging and systematic biopsy findings. Nine radiologists participated in this study and interpreted images in 58 patients, on average (range, 56-60 patients). Lesions were detected with PI-RADS version 2 and were compared with whole-mount prostatectomy findings. Probability of cancer detection for overall, T2-weighted, and diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging PI-RADS scores was calculated in the peripheral zone (PZ) and transition zone (TZ) by using generalized estimating equations. To determine dominant pulse sequence and benefit of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) imaging, odds ratios (ORs) were calculated as the ratio of odds of cancer of two consecutive scores by logistic regression. Results A total of 654 lesions (420 in the PZ) were detected. The probability of cancer detection for PI-RADS category 2, 3, 4, and 5 lesions was 15.7%, 33.1%, 70.5%, and 90.7%, respectively. DW imaging outperformed T2-weighted imaging in the PZ (OR, 3.49 vs 2.45; P = .008). T2-weighted imaging performed better but did not clearly outperform DW imaging in the TZ (OR, 4.79 vs 3.77; P = .494). Lesions classified as PI-RADS category 3 at DW MR imaging and as positive at DCE imaging in the PZ showed a higher probability of cancer detection than did DCE-negative PI-RADS category 3 lesions (67.8% vs 40.0%, P = .02). The addition of DCE imaging to DW imaging in the PZ was beneficial (OR, 2.0; P = .027), with an increase in the probability of cancer detection of 15.7%, 16.0%, and 9.2% for PI-RADS category 2, 3, and 4 lesions, respectively. Conclusion DW imaging outperforms T2-weighted imaging in the PZ; T2-weighted imaging did not show a significant difference when compared with DW imaging in the TZ by PI-RADS version 2 criteria. The addition of DCE imaging to DW imaging scores in the PZ yields meaningful improvements in probability of cancer detection. <sup>©</sup> RSNA, 2017 An earlier incorrect version of this article appeared online. This article was corrected on July 27, 2017. Online supplemental material is available for this article.
Excitation energies from time-dependent density functional theory using exact and approximate potentials (2000)

The role of the exchange–correlation potential and the exchange–correlation kernel in the calculation of excitation energies from time-dependent density functional theory is studied. Excitation energies of the helium and beryllium atoms are calculated, both from the exact Kohn–Sham ground-state potential and from two orbital-dependent approximations. These are exact exchange and self-interaction corrected local density approximation (SIC-LDA), both calculated using Krieger–Li–Iafrate approximation. For the exchange–correlation kernels, three adiabatic approximations were tested: the local density approximation, exact exchange, and SIC-LDA. The choice of the ground-state exchange–correlation potential has the largest impact on the absolute position of most excitation energies. In particular, orbital-dependent approximate potentials result in a uniform shift of the transition energies to the Rydberg states. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 80: 534–554, 2000
ChemInform Abstract: High Selectivity in the Oxidation of Mandelic Acid Derivatives and in O‐Methylation of Protocatechualdehyde: New Processes for Synthesis of Vanillin, iso‐Vanillin, and Heliotropin. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
<title>Optical propagation through low-level turbulence</title> (1998)

Turbulence effects close to the air-ground interface may be expected to be non-Kolmogorov, even if that model is an adequate description of free-air turbulence effects. Direct measurements of the optical effects of propagation through the boundary layer are therefore required and are being undertaken as part of a program in which various potential applications of adaptive optics are being examined. The measurements are intended to characterize the spatio- temporal characteristics of optical wavefronts after propagation through the air-ground boundary layer. The objective in these measurements is to describe the level of performance that will be required in an adaptive system intended to mitigate the deleterious effects of atmospheric propagation on image formation and on other optical measurements. The principles of measurements and the preliminary results are presented.
Application of Tool-tip Temperature Controlling System in High Speed Machining of Gray Cast Iron using a Binder-less cBN Tool (2004)

In high speed turning of gray cast iron using a binder-less cBN tool, an intensive tool wear occurred in continuous machining operation over a period of 50s at the cutting speeds, V exceeding 40.00m/s. Since it was clarified that the intensive wear is caused by an abrupt temperature rise at the tool tip, a tool tip temperature controlling system to suppress the temperature rise and keep the tool tip temperature to a constant value during cutting operation was newly constructed. Applying the system, the tool tip temperature is controlled to an optimum region in which the tool exhibits a self-fixing function through formation of belag (aluminum oxide layer) on the tool flank face. As the results, the tool flank wear rate at cutting speed, V=45.00m/s reduced to as low as 1/50 of the case of machining at same speed without installing the temperature controlling system.
Learning Driver Behavior Models from Traffic Observations for Decision Making and Planning (2015)

Estimating and predicting traffic situations over time is an essential capability for sophisticated driver assistance systems and autonomous driving. When longer prediction horizons are needed, e.g., in decision making or motion planning, the uncertainty induced by incomplete environment perception and stochastic situation development over time cannot be neglected without sacrificing robustness and safety. Building consistent probabilistic models of drivers interactions with the environment, the road network and other traffic participants poses a complex problem. In this paper, we model the decision making process of drivers by building a hierarchical Dynamic Bayesian Model that describes physical relationships as well as the driver's behaviors and plans. This way, the uncertainties in the process on all abstraction levels can be handled in a mathematically consistent way. As drivers behaviors are difficult to model, we present an approach for learning continuous, non-linear, context-dependent models for the behavior of traffic participants. We propose an Expectation Maximization (EM) approach for learning the models integrated in the DBN from unlabeled observations. Experiments show a significant improvement in estimation and prediction accuracy over standard models which only consider vehicle dynamics. Finally, a novel approach to tactical decision making for autonomous driving is outlined. It is based on a continuous Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) that uses the presented model for prediction.
How automatic speed control based on distance affects user behaviours in telepresence robot navigation within dense conference-like environments (2020)

Telepresence robots allow users to be spatially and socially present in remote environments. Yet, it can be challenging to remotely operate telepresence robots, especially in dense environments such as academic conferences or workplaces. In this paper, we primarily focus on the effect that a speed control method, which automatically slows the telepresence robot down when getting closer to obstacles, has on user behaviors. In our first user study, participants drove the robot through a static obstacle course with narrow sections. Results indicate that the automatic speed control method significantly decreases the number of collisions. For the second study we designed a more naturalistic, conference-like experimental environment with tasks that require social interaction, and collected subjective responses from the participants when they were asked to navigate through the environment. While about half of the participants preferred automatic speed control because it allowed for smoother and safer navigation, others did not want to be influenced by an automatic mechanism. Overall, the results suggest that automatic speed control simplifies the user interface for telepresence robots in static dense environments, but should be considered as optionally available, especially in situations involving social interactions.
Semivolatile Organic Compounds in Residential Air along the Arizona−Mexico Border (2009)

Concerns about indoor air quality and the potential effects on people living in these environments are increasing as more reports about the toxicities and the potential indoor air exposure levels of household-use chemicals and chemicals from housing and fumishing manufacture in air are being assessed. Gas chromatography/mass spectromery was used to confirm numerous airborne contaminants obtained from the analysis of semipermeable membrane devices deployed inside of 52 homes situated along the border between Arizona and Mexico. We also describe nontarget analytes in the organochlorine pesticide fractions of 12 of these homes; this fraction is also the most likely to contain the broadest scope of bioconcentratable chemicals accumulated from the indoor air. Approximately 400 individual components were identified, ranging from pesticides to a wide array of hydrocarbons, fragrances such as the musk xylenes, flavors relating to spices, aldehydes, alcohols, esters and phthalate esters, and other miscellaneous types of chemicals. The results presented in this study demonstrate unequivocally that the mixture of airborne chemicals present indoors is far more complex than previously demonstrated.
Photoluminescence of CuInS2-based semiconductor quantum dots; Its origin and the effect of ZnS coating (2009)

The origin of the size-dependent photoluminescence (PL) of CuInS2-ZnS alloyed quantum dots and the effect of a ZnS thin layer coating on PL properties were studied. The PL emission band shifted to the shorter wavelength region with a decrease in the crystal size. A time-resolved measurement indicated that the PL lifetime for the lower energy component of the emission band was longer than that of the higher energy component. Although this is a characteristic feature of the donor-acceptor pair (DAP) recombination, the size dependent shift of the band was too large to be attributed to DAP recombination. The emission was attributed to an electronic transition from the quantum confined conduction band to an acceptor level. By coating with a ZnS thin layer the PL quantum yield increased up to 31%.
Breast health screening: a UK-wide questionnaire (2021)

Public awareness regarding breast screening protocols and limitations of mammography could be improved. Many women were unaware that NAF might be a useful biofluid for future risk prediction, and yet the concept of self-testing of nipple fluid, with either hand massage or a breast pump was well received. Efforts should be made to increase awareness of the benefits of alternative and supplementary tests, especially in the context of high-risk individuals and younger patients.