gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
More-Fluid Models for Ultrarelativistic Nuclear Collisions (1994)

Since Landau formulated his hydro dynamical model [1], hydrodynamics are regarded as an appropriate tool for the description of heavy-ion collisions [2]. In contrast to microscopic models one has to implement an equation of state explicity and thus is able to study explicitly effects like the phase transition to the quark-gluon-plasma [3]. On the other hand, the applicability of the hydrodynamic model is affected by the question of local thermodynamic equilibrium. Since this assumption is probably not valid for heavy-ion collisions at ultrarelativistic energies, one introduces additional fluids. In a more-fluid model one assumes local thermodynamic equilibrium only for each separate fluid, but not for the sum of the fluids. The first 2-fluid model was developed by Amsden et al. [4] for nonrelativistic energies. Mishustin et al. [5] extended the model to relativistic energies. A nonrelativistic 3-fluid model was constructed by Rosenhauer et al. [6]. In this paper we present a 3-fluid model for ultrarelativistic energies. Besides the baryonic fluids formed by the target and the projectile nucleons, we introduce a third fluid collecting particles produced during the reaction - mainly pions.
Growth and characterization of N‐polar GaN and AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on (111) silicon (2011)

Abstract Smooth, high quality N‐polar GaN‐on‐silicon films with treading dislocation densities comparable to Ga‐polar GaN‐on‐Si films and N‐polar GaN/AlGaN/GaN transistors were demonstrated by metal‐organic chemical vapour deposition on (111) Si substrates misoriented 3.5° toward [11 $ \bar 2 $ ]. The N‐polarity was established through high magnesium doping during deposition of the AlGaN strain management layers. The results encourage future exploration of N‐polar (Al,Ga,In)N‐on‐silicon hetero‐structures. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preparation of epimagnolin A, a tetrahydrofurofuranoid lignan from Magnolia sp., and evaluation of anti-drug-resistance activity (2016)

Herbal products have been used to treat or prevent health problems for a long time. Although the biological effects of these products have been reported, their safety still remains to be elucidated. Therefore, studies are required to ensure their safe use. Among the herbal products listed in the Korean, Chinese, and Japanese Pharmacopoeias, Shin-i (Xin-yi/Flos magnoliae), dried flower buds of Magnolia fargesii or M. flos are one of the most commonly used traditional herbs for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, emphysema, headache, nasal congestion, and sinusitis. Tetrahydrofurofuranoid lignans, such as aschantin, dimethoxyaschantin, dimethylliroresinol, dimethylpinoresinol, epimagnolin A, fargesin, and magnolin extracted from Shin-i have effects, such as anti-angiogenic, anti-allergic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-rheumatoid arthritis. Among them, the pharmacokinetics of epimagnolin A and magnolin have been reported, but not their molecular mechanisms. We examined the possibility of interaction between epimagnolin A and human multidrug resistance protein ABCB1, a major transmembrane efflux pump belonging to the ABC transporter superfamily. In the calcein and ATPase assay [1], epimagnolin A inhibited the extrusion of calcein by Flp-In-293/ABCB1 cells and stimulated the ATPase activity of ABCB1, respectively, in a concentration-dependent manner. It showed saturation kinetics between compound-stimulated ATPase activity and compound concentration, suggesting Michaelis-Menten kinetics similar to control drug, verapamil. The Km and Vmax values were calculated from Hanes-Woolf plots; epimagnolin, Km = 42.9 ± 7.53µM and Vmax = 156 ± 15.0µM and verapamil, Km = 12.3 ± 4.79µM and Vmax = 109 ± 3.18µM. In the MTT assay, the sensitivities of the Flp-In-293/ABCB1 cells to anti-cancer drugs were enhanced in the presence of 10µM epimagnolin A. The present study results indicate that epimagnolin A affects the transport activity of ABCB1.
Coded aperture snapshot spectral polarization imaging (2013)

We describe a single-shot polarization spectral imager that combines two birefringent crystals with a binary coded aperture to encode the spatial, spectral and polarization data cube for compressive sampling on a two-dimensional (2D) detector array. We use a total variation prior to reconstruct the four-dimensional (4D) data cube from the single 2D measurement. The 4D data cube includes 1500×1240 pixels in the spatial domain, 19 wavelength channels between 400 and 680 nm and two Stokes parameters.
Computational stereoscopic zoom (2012)

Optical zoom lenses mounted on a stereo color camera magnify each left and right two-dimensional (2-D) image increasing focal length. However, without adjusting the baseline distance, the optical zoom distorts three-dimensional (3-D) perception because the optical zoom magnifies projected 2-D images not an original 3-D object. We propose a computational approach to stereoscopic zoom that magnifies stereo images without 3-D distortion. We computationally manipulate the baseline distance and convergence angle between left and right images by synthesizing novel view stereo images based on the depth information. We suggest a volume-predicted bidirectional occlusion inpainting method for novel view synthesis. Original color image is warped to the novel view determined by the adjusted baseline and convergence angle. Rear volume of each foreground object is predicted, and the foreground portion of each occlusion region is identified. Then we apply our inpainting method to fill in the foreground and background respectively. Experimental results show that the proposed inpainting method removes the cardboard effect that significantly decreases the perceptual quality of synthesized novel view image but has never been addressed in the literature. Finally, 3-D object presented by stereo images is magnified by the proposed stereoscopic zoom method without 3-D distortion.
Retro-cycloadditions and sigmatropic shifts: the C7H8 and C7 H10 potential energy surfaces (1998)

Abstract
Changes in Cardiac Substrate Transporters and Metabolic Proteins Mirror the Metabolic Shift in Patients with Aortic Stenosis (2011)

In the hypertrophied human heart, fatty acid metabolism is decreased and glucose utilisation is increased. We hypothesized that the sarcolemmal and mitochondrial proteins involved in these key metabolic pathways would mirror these changes, providing a mechanism to account for the modified metabolic flux measured in the human heart. Echocardiography was performed to assess in vivo hypertrophy and aortic valve impairment in patients with aortic stenosis (n = 18). Cardiac biopsies were obtained during valve replacement surgery, and used for western blotting to measure metabolic protein levels. Protein levels of the predominant fatty acid transporter, fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) correlated negatively with levels of the glucose transporters, GLUT1 and GLUT4. The decrease in FAT/CD36 was accompanied by decreases in the fatty acid binding proteins, FABPpm and H-FABP, the β-oxidation protein medium chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, the Krebs cycle protein α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and the oxidative phosphorylation protein ATP synthase. FAT/CD36 and complex I of the electron transport chain were downregulated, whereas the glucose transporter GLUT4 was upregulated with increasing left ventricular mass index, a measure of cardiac hypertrophy. In conclusion, coordinated downregulation of sequential steps involved in fatty acid and oxidative metabolism occur in the human heart, accompanied by upregulation of the glucose transporters. The profile of the substrate transporters and metabolic proteins mirror the metabolic shift from fatty acid to glucose utilisation that occurs in vivo in the human heart.
A Postassessment Test of 100,000 h Creep Rupture Strength of Grade 91 Steel at 600 °C (2017)

Predictions as to 105 h creep rupture strength of grade 91 steel have been made recently. The predicted values are examined with long-term creep rupture data of the steel. Three creep rupture databases were used in the predictions: data of tube products of grade 91 steel reported in National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Creep Data Sheet (NIMS T91 database), data of T91 steel collected in Japan, and data of grade 91 steel collected by an American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) code committee. Short-term creep rupture data points were discarded by the following criteria for minimizing overestimation of the strength: selecting long-term data points with low activation energy (multiregion analysis), selecting data points crept at stresses lower than a half of proof stress (σ0.2/2 criterion), and selecting data points longer than 1000 h (cutoff time of 1000 h). In the case of NIMS T91 database, a time–temperature parameter (TTP) analysis of a dataset selected by multiregion analysis can properly describe the long-term data points and gives the creep rupture strength of 68 MPa at 600 °C. However, TTP analyses of datasets selected by σ0.2/2 criterion and cutoff time of 1000 h from the same database overestimate the data points and predict the strength over 80 MPa. Datasets selected by the same criterion from the three databases provide similar values of the strength. The different criteria for data selection have more substantial effects on predicted values of the strength of the steel than difference of the databases.
Immunomodulatory actions of Treg PPAR γ in the gut mucosa (42.3) (2007)

Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ activation has been implicated in the prevention of immunoinflammatory disorders, however the mechanisms of immune modulation by endogenous PPAR γ agonists remain unclear. We have used PPAR γ-deficient CD4+ T cells obtained from tissue-specific PPAR γ null mice (i.e., PPAR γ fl/fl; MMTV-Cre+) to investigate the role of endogenous PPAR γ on regulatory CD4+ T cell (Treg) function. Overall, we show that the transfer of purified PPAR γ null CD4+ T cells into SCID recipients results in enteric disease. To test the assertion that the deficiency of PPAR γ in Treg impairs their ability to prevent effector T cell-induced colitis, we performed co-transfer studies using PPAR γ null and PPAR γ-expressing CD4+ T cells. These studies demonstrate that PPAR γ-expressing, but not PPAR ? null Treg, prevent colitis induced by transfer of naïve CD4+ T cells into SCID recipients. In line with these findings, the production of IFN-γ by spleen and mesenteric lymph node-derived CD4+ T cells was down-regulated following transfer of PPAR γ-expressing, but not PPAR γ null, Treg. Furthermore, the loss of PPAR γ limited the expansion of Foxp3+ cells systemically and their accumulation in the colonic mucosa. In conclusion, our data suggest that endogenous PPAR γ activation represents a Treg intrinsic mechanism of downregulation of effector CD4+ T cell function and prevention of intestinal inflammation.
Detailed analysis and design of a three-phase phase-modular isolated matrix-type PFC rectifier (2014)

Phase-modular isolated PFC rectifiers are an interesting alternative to phase-integrated three-phase rectifiers. The use of a matrix-type converter allows to achieve isolation with a single-stage energy conversion. This paper presents a phase-modular isolated matrix-type rectifier, which can be connected to the mains either in star (Y) or delta (Δ), enabling a wide input voltage range. A detailed analysis of the operating principles and switching behavior of the converter is presented. Then, the design of the active and passive components is discussed considering a 7.5kW, 400V output voltage system. Different implementation alternatives are evaluated regarding efficiency and realization effort.
Efficient tri-metallic oxides NiCo2O4/CuO for the oxygen evolution reaction (2019)

In this study, a simple approach was used to produce nonprecious, earth abundant, stable and environmentally friendly NiCo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/CuO composites for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media.
Oncolytic Viruses: Therapeutics With an Identity Crisis (2016)

Oncolytic viruses (OV) are replicating viral therapeutics for the treatment of cancer and have been in laboratory development for about twenty years. Recently, the FDA approved Imlygic, a herpes virus based therapeutic for the treatment of melanoma and thus OVs have entered a new era where they are a weapon in the armament of the oncologist. OVs are unique therapeutics with multiple mechanisms of therapeutic activity. The exact path for their development and eventual uptake by pharmaceutical companies is somewhat clouded by an uncertain identity. Are they vaccines, tumour lysing therapeutics, inducers of innate immunity, gene therapy vectors, anti-vascular agents or all of the above? Should they be developed as stand-alone loco-regional therapeutics, systemically delivered tumour hunters or immune modulators best tested as combination therapeutics? We summarize data here supporting the idea, depending upon the virus, that OVs can be any or all of these things. Pursuing a "one-size fits all" approach is counter-productive to their clinical development and instead as a field we should build on the strengths of individual virus platforms.
V1 in Icelandic : A Multifactorical Visualization of Historical Data (2014)

We present an innovative visualization technique for the analysis of historical data. We illustrate our method with respect to a diachronic case study involving V1 word order in Icelandic. A number of interacting factors have been proposed by linguists as being determinative of matrix declarative V1. The significance of these factors in contributing to declarative V1 can be explored interactively via our multifactorial visualization within a given text, but also comparatively over time. We apply the visualization to a corpus study based on the IcePaHC historical corpus of Icelandic and show that new results emerge very clearly out of the visualization component and that the appearance of declarative V1 is not confined to the situations identified so far by linguists. We demonstrate that the multifactorial visualization opens up new avenues for the exploration of alternative explanations. The visualization can be applied to any linguistic problem studying an interaction between several factors across time.
Impact of isotype-selective estrogen receptor agonists on ovarian function (2004)

Other isotype-selective estrogen receptor (ER) agonists, the selective ERalpha agonist 3,17-dihydroxy-19-nor-17alpha-pregna-1,3,5 (10)-triene-21,16alpha-lactone and the selective ERbeta agonist 8-vinylestra-1,3,5 (10)-triene-3,17beta-diol, were used in hypophysectomized rats, gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist-treated mice, as well as intact rats to elucidate the effects of isotype-selective estrogens on the physiology of folliculogenesis and ovulation. In hypophysectomized rats and gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist-treated mice, the ERbeta agonist caused stimulation of early folliculogenesis, a decrease in follicular atresia, induction of ovarian gene expression, and stimulation of late follicular growth, accompanied by an increase in the number of ovulated oocytes similar to 17beta-estradiol (E2). In contrast, the ERalpha agonist had little or no effect on these parameters, implying that direct estrogen effects on ovarian follicular development are mediated by ERbeta. In intact rats, E2 and the ERalpha agonist dose-dependently inhibited ovulation, in contrast to the ERbeta agonist. On the other hand, the ERbeta agonist did not stimulate uterine weight in intact rats, in contrast to E2 and the ERalpha agonist. This finding is in line with the assumption that estrogen mediated ovulation inhibition and stimulation of uterine growth are mediated by ERalpha but not by ERbeta
Total Synthesis of 2‐Hydroxytetracosanolide and 2‐Hydroxy‐24‐oxooctacosanolide By Using an Effective Lactonization (2008)

We have developed effective methods for the total synthesis of 2-hydroxytetracosanolide and 2-hydroxy-24-oxooctacosanolide, the defensive salivary secretions of termites. The former natural product isolated from Armitermes neotenicus, a species of termite that inhabits Guyana, contains a 25-membered lactone backbone, and the latter, extracted from Pseudacanthoterme springer, an African termite, includes a 29-membered lactone moiety. The key cyclization to produce the 25- or 29-membered lactone core is performed by using 2-methyl-6-nitrobenzoic anhydride (MNBA) with a stoichiometric amount of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) or a catalytic amount of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine N-oxide (DMAPO).
Robust anisotropic Gaussian fitting for volumetric characterization of Pulmonary nodules in multislice CT (2005)

This paper proposes a robust statistical estimation and verification framework for characterizing the ellipsoidal (anisotropic) geometrical structure of pulmonary nodules in the Multislice X-ray computed tomography (CT) images. Given a marker indicating a rough location of a target, the proposed solution estimates the target's center location, ellipsoidal boundary approximation, volume, maximum/average diameters, and isotropy by robustly and efficiently fitting an anisotropic Gaussian intensity model. We propose a novel multiscale joint segmentation and model fitting solution which extends the robust mean shift-based analysis to the linear scale-space theory. The design is motivated for enhancing the robustness against margin-truncation induced by neighboring structures, data with large deviations from the chosen model, and marker location variability. A chi-square-based statistical verification and analytical volumetric measurement solutions are also proposed to complement this estimation framework. Experiments with synthetic one-dimensional and two-dimensional data clearly demonstrate the advantage of our solution in comparison with the gamma-normalized Laplacian approach (Linderberg, 1998) and the standard sample estimation approach (Matei, 2001). A quasi-real-time three-dimensional nodule characterization system is developed using this framework and validated with two clinical data sets of thin-section chest CT images. Our experiments with 1310 nodules resulted in (1) robustness against intraoperator and interoperator variability due to varying marker locations, (2) 81% correct estimation rate, (3) 3% false acceptance and 5% false rejection rates, and (4) correct characterization of clinically significant nonsolid ground-glass opacity nodules. This system processes each 33-voxel volume-of-interest by an average of 2 s with a 2.4-GHz Intel CPU. Our solution is generic and can be applied for the analysis of blob-like structures in various other applications.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of β-Substituted α-Methylserines via Chelated Alanine Ester Enolates (1998)

Deprotonation of N-protected alanine esters with LDA, and subsequent addition of various metal salts, most likely results in the formation of chelated metal enolates. Aldol reactions of these enolates with aldehydes afford the anti isomers of α-methyl α-amino-β-hydroxy acid derivatives in a highly diastereoselectiv fashion. Best results are obtained with tin enolates of N-sulfonylated alanine esters, which give excellent results with both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. Employing the SES-protected derivatives which show the same good yield and diastereoselectivity as the corresponding Ts-protected esters, allows the preparation of the free α-methylserines.
Cation–Ligand Interactions Dictate Salt Partitioning and Diffusivity in Ligand-Functionalized Polymer Membranes (2022)

Membranes are an attractive alternative to current thermal separations due to their scalability and energy efficiency in desalinating water. Unfortunately, many of the conventional membrane materials available today are unable to differentiate between ionic solutes, especially alkali cations, compromising their use in ion–ion separations. Inspired by the ion-specific interactions exhibited by biological ion channels, recent research efforts have focused on synthesizing and characterizing new polymeric materials that incorporate ligands into polymer networks to bias solubility and/or diffusivity of one cationic species over another. Despite these efforts, little is known about the influence of incorporating ligands into polymer membranes on solubility and diffusivity of the complexing species. In this study, we first build a qualitative model of salt partitioning, diffusivity, and permeability in generic cation-complexing ligand-functionalized polymer membranes. Next, to validate our model and hypotheses, we perform atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of a 12-crown-4-functionalized membrane in the presence of alkali halide salts at low concentration. Generally, cation complexation enhances cation solubility but decreases diffusivity. Interestingly, the reduction in diffusivity is predicted to be larger than the enhancement in solubility for materials which operate by the mechanisms proposed in our physical picture, ultimately resulting in a reduction in the permeability of the selectively complexing ion.
Plasma biopterins are independent predictors of arterial distensibility and endothelial function in coronary artery disease - A cardiovascular MR study (2007)

Advanced neuroimaging techniques are increasingly being implemented in clinical practice as complementary tools to conventional imaging because they can provide crucial functional information about the pathophysiology of a variety of disorders. Therefore, it is important to understand the basic principles underlying them and their role in diagnosis and management. In this review, we will primarily focus on the basic principles and clinical applications of perfusion imaging, diffusion imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, functional MRI, and dual-energy computerized tomography. Our goal is to provide the reader with a basic understanding of these imaging techniques and when they should be used in clinical practice.
Capability assessment and design evaluation for the hybrid network of space GIG and terrestrial sensor nets: global monitoring, tracking and query (2005)

In this paper we propose an hierarchical architecture for organizing the hybrid network of the LEO-satellite based space network and terrestrial sensor nets. The hybrid network has unique advantages in providing global monitoring, tracking, and query capabilities. We assess these three capabilities of the network, and seek the optimal design in terms of the cooperation of the MAC and routing protocols. We evaluate six combinations of the MAC and routing protocols, and identify the best solution. Extensive simulation results are provided. Application models and performance metrics for the three capabilities are developed. The work provides a reference framework for pursuing global monitoring, tracking, query capabilities with hybrid space-terrestrial networks.
A fuzzy commitment approach to privacy preserving behavioral targeting (2014)

This paper describes a privacy-preserving framework for delivering coupons to users that approximately satisfy a predefined behavioral profile. The framework is designed to be non-interactive, i.e., vendor-side communication occurs only when it pushes coupons out to the users that it regards as potential customers. User privacy is protected by performing all targeting operations on the end-user's device. The protocol is based on a fuzzy commitment primitive that is realized using error correcting codes. The central idea is that a user is able to extract the coupon if her behavioral profile approximately matches the vendor's target profile. Unless the coupon is redeemed, the vendor discovers no information about the user's behavioral profile. The error correction coding framework enforces a natural tradeoff between the privacy of the vendor and the specificity of targeting. In other words, if the vendor wants to target a broad class of potential customers, it must reveal more information about its targeting strategy to ineligible users. Conversely, if the vendor wants to reveal less information about its targeting strategy to ineligible users, then it must target a more focused class of potential customers.