gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 320mV 56μW 411GOPS/Watt Ultra-Low Voltage Motion Estimation Accelerator in 65nm CMOS (2008)

Motion estimation for compressing inter-frame redundancies is the most performance and power-critical operation in video encoding applications, where a wide range of throughput and power constraints are required to handle a variety of video resolution, frame rate and application specifications. A motion estimation engine targeted for special-purpose on-die acceleration of sum of absolute difference (SAD) computation in real-time video encoding workloads on power-constrained mobile microprocessors is fabricated in 65nm CMOS.
Genetic algorithm synthesis of metasurfaces with improved similarity and robustness for high-power reflector antenna applications (2015)

A metamaterial reflector antenna is designed for robustness under high-power operating conditions by synthesizing pixelized metasurface geometries with minimized maximum field enhancement factor (MFEF) using a binary genetic algorithm (GA) stochastic optimizer. A metric is also included in the optimization to select unit cell geometries that share a high similarity among one another in order to improve the reflecting properties of the metasurface.
Iridium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Imines in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (1999)

Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) was shown to be a reaction medium with unique properties for highly efficient iridium-catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation of prochiral imines. Cationic iridium(I) complexes with chiral phosphinodihydrooxazoles, modified with perfluoroalkyl groups in the ligand or in the anion, were synthesized and tested in the hydrogenation of N-(1-phenylethylidene)aniline. Both the side chains and the lipophilic anions increased the solubility, but the choice of the anion also had a dramatic effect on the enantioselectivity with tetrakis-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylborate (BARF) leading to the highest asymmetric induction. (R)-N-phenyl-1-phenylethylamine was formed quantitativley within 1 h in scCO2 [d(CO2) = 0.75 g mL-1] at 40 °C and a H2 pressure of 30 bar with enantiomeric excesses of up to 81% using 0.078 mol % catalyst. The use of scCO2 instead of conventional solvents such as CH2Cl2 allowed the catalyst loading to be lowered significantly owing to a change in the rate profile of the reaction. The homogeneous nature of the catalytically active species under the reaction conditions was demonstrated and was found to depend strongly on the composition of the reaction mixture and especially on the presence of the substrate. Utilizing the selective extractive properties of scCO2, the product could be readily separated from the catalyst, which could be recycled several times without significant loss of activity and enantioselectivity. High-pressure FT-IR and NMR investigations revealed that the reactivity of the products to form the corresponding carbamic acids plays an important role for the application of this new methodology.
Diels−Alder Reactions of Amino Acid-Derived Trienes (1999)

Triene precursors (1a−e, 2a−k) were constructed for substrate-controlled asymmetric Diels−Alder reactions. Boc-l-phenylalanal and Boc-l-valinal were condensed with triethyl phosphonoacetate or 2-phosphonopropionate to generate the α,β-unsaturated esters as dienophiles. Removal of the Boc group to give free amines 4a−d, which after, or without N-benzylation, were treated with 3,5-hexadienoyl chloride to give 1a−e, or with 2,4-hexadienoyl chloride to afford 2a−f. The trienes 2g−i were prepared via reductive alkylation of amines 4a−i with 2,4-hexadienal. The secondary amide triene 1a failed to yield any Diels−Alder product when heated at 170 °C. The tertiary amide trienes 1b−e produced in refluxing toluene the major cycloaddition products that were cis-fused and derived from the exo transition states. Trienes 2a−k underwent surprisingly facile Diels−Alder reactions to produce the major trans-fused isomers that were derived from the endo transition states. For trienes 2b−h and 2j,k, Diels−Alder reactions proceeded at room temperature. For the primary amide 2a, the Diels−Alder reaction proceeded smoothly in refluxing toluene. The tertiary amide triene 22 was constructed to have two electron-withdrawing ester substituents at the termini of the triene. The Diels−Alder reaction of 22 took place spontaneously at room temperature upon benzoylation of the secondary amine 21 and produced a single isomer derived from the endo transition state. 1,3-Allylic strain is discussed as an important factor in control of the diastereoselectivity.
161. Measurement of total testosterone in women: comparison of a direct radioimmunoassay versus radioimmunoassay after organic solvent extraction and celite partition column chromotography (2004)

Testosterone (T) has multiple significant physiological effects in women. To date no rapid, simple assay of total T has been shown to produce reliable results in women at the low end of the normal female range. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a direct radioimmunoassay (dRIA) for total T by comparing values for total T measured by this assay with values determined by a conventional RIA (cRIA) method that utilizes extraction and chromatographic steps prior to quantification. Methods: Fasting serum samples were obtained from a sub-group of 259 healthy women, aged 18-75 years, randomly recruited from the community and stored at -80°C. Total T was measured by the dRIA method using antibody coated tubes and iodine-labeled T tracer. For comparison, total T levels were also measured using the cRIA after organic solvent (ethylacetate&amp;nbsp;:&amp;nbsp;hexane (3&amp;nbsp;:&amp;nbsp;2)) extraction and Celite column partition chromatography prior to RIA. Results: The mean T level by dRIA was 0.76 nmol/L (median 0.70, SD 0.54, min 0.10, max 3.2). The mean difference between the two measurements (dRIA-cRIA) was –0.28 (SD 0.3). The limits of agreement using the Bland-Altman approach on log transformed data showed that, on average, the dRIA value was 63% of the cRIA value and that 95% of the time the dRIA estimate lay between 26% and 155% of the cRIA estimate. However, with respect to clinical application, for classification of values in the lowest 10th centile, agreement between assays was seen in 245/259 women (Kappa&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;0.68) Conclusion: The dRIA is a clinically useful assay that provides precise measurements of total T in women, particularly when values are low, and is appropriate for the study of the issue of 'low' T within the female population.
Generation and manipulation of magnetic droplets (2009)

Abstract The continuous flow generation and downstream manipulation of magnetic droplets inside a microfluidic device was investigated. Magnetic droplets were generated from aqueous ferrofluids in organic oil phase using T-junction and flow-focusing geometries in glass microfluidic devices. Due to the hydrophilic nature of glass surfaces, it was necessary to apply a hydrophobic coating in the form fluorocarbons. The size of the magnetic droplets and distance between them were controlled by adjusting the relative flow velocities of ferrofluid and oil carrier liquid. Two modes of droplet manipulation were investigated by placing small permanent magnets in the vicinity of the microfluidic channels: (i) droplet deflection across a flow chamber which could be used for sorting of droplets based on the magnetic field applied and (ii) droplet splitting at a branching junction resulting in two daughter droplets of high and low magnetite content.
Raw data for 'Spin-on doping of germanium-on-insulator wafers for monolithic light sources on silicon'. Published by Japanese Journal of Applied Physics (JJAP). Copyright 2015 The Japan Society of Applied Physics (2015)

<span style='white-space:pre-line'>This dataset contains the raw data for spin-on doping experiments of Ge-on-insulator wafers for light emission purposes. Summary of this dataset in the form of figures were published Japanese Journal of Applied Physics (JJAP). Copyright 2015 The Japan Society of Applied Physics. Citation: Abdelrahman Zaher Al-Attili, Satoshi Kako, Muhammad K. Husain, Frederic Y. Gardes, Hideo Arimoto, Naoki Higashitarumizu, Satoshi Iwamoto, Yasuhiko Arakawa, Yasuhiko Ishikawa, and Shinichi Saito. &quot;Spin-on doping of germanium-on-insulator wafers for monolithic light sources on silicon.&quot; Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 54, no. 5, p. 052101, 2015. Funded by Funding Program for World-Leading Innovation R&amp;D on Science and Technology (FIRST Program). Japan Society for the Promotion of Science The Project for Developing Innovation Systems, and Kakenhi (216860312). Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan (MEXT)</span>
Expression of BMP-4 mRNA during distraction osteogenesis in rabbits (1998)

We characterized the presence and localization of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) mRNA in the regenerating tissues produced by distraction osteogenesis following tibial osteotomy in the rabbit. The findings are consistent with previous reports on the localization of BMP-4 mRNA expression during fracture repair. The BMP-4 gene is expressed by less differentiated osteoprogenitor cells (fibroblastic mesenchymal cells and preosteoblasts), and not by fully differentiated osteoblasts. BMP-4 gene expression is localized in callus-forming tissue (muscle, periosteum) during callus formation. Our observations suggest that the BMP-4 gene product is one of the local contributing factors in regulating bone and cartilage formation in distraction osteogenesis.
Composition of extracellular polymeric substances in the activated sludge floc matrix (1998)

The precise role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in relation to the formation and physicochemical properties of microbial floc in wastewater treatment systems is not well known. Studies were undertaken to provide more comprehensive descriptions of EPS and properties of microbial floc. Acidic polysaccharides and DNA were relatively labile components of the EPS when biomass was stored at 4°C or at −20°C, and significant losses of these components were observed within 24 hours. The composition and properties of activated sludge were found to vary between different full-scale treatment systems reflecting the importance of wastewater composition and operation conditions on microbial communities and the response to environmental conditions. The COD:N:P ratio was found to influence hydrophobicity, surface charge and the EPS composition of microbial flocs in well-controlled bench-scale sequencing batch reactors. Phosphorus depleted and P-limited conditions resulted in a decrease in surface charge but increases in acidic polysaccharides which corresponded to a strong carboxyl stretch at 1740 cm −1 when the biomass was analysed by FTIR-spectroscopy. Electron dense particles, identified by energy-dispersive spectroscopy as containing iron, phosphorus and sulfur, were observed in the fibrils of the floc matrix by transmission electron microscopy.
Suppression of current collapse for millimeter‐wave GaN‐HEMTs (2010)

Abstract This paper describes a technique to improve the drain leakage current and current collapse problems with GaN high electron mobility transistors (GaN‐HEMTs) for millimeter‐wave high‐power and high‐efficiency amplifiers with very short gate‐periphery. To investigate the relationships between the drain leakage, current collapse and crystal quality of an AlGaN buffer structure with a GaN channel layer, we performed analyses with an atomic force microscope (AFM) and examined photoluminescence (PL), lattice strain and electrical characteristics of devices. Through these analyses, we obtained an optimum epitaxial structure to reduce deep‐level defect formation in a GaN channel layer. We have clarified the effects of our work for the first time by looking at the correlation between the YL intensity and c‐axis lattice constant of a GaN channel layer. Using the optimum epitaxial structure, we minimized the drain leakage current and current collapse of a GaN‐HEMT (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Physical Structure of the Replication Origin of Bacteriophage Lambda (1977)

The nucleotide sequence of part of the replication region of wild-type bacteriophage lambda and of four mutants defective in the origin of DNA replication (ori-) has been determined. Three of the ori- mutations are small deletions, and one is a transversion. The sequence of the origin region, defined by these mutations, contains a number of unusual features.
Coexistence of DTT and Mobile Broadband: A Survey and Guidelines for Field Measurements (2017)

This article provides a survey and a general methodology for coexistence studies between digital terrestrial television (DTT) and mobile broadband (MBB) systems in the ultra high frequency (UHF) broadcasting band. The methodology includes characterization of relevant field measurement scenarios and gives a step-by-step guideline on how to obtain reliable field measurement results to be used in conjunction with link budget analyses, laboratory measurements, and simulations. A survey of potential European coexistence scenarios and regulatory status is given to determine feasible future use scenarios for the UHF television (TV) broadcasting band. The DTT reception system behavior and performance are also described as they greatly affect the amount of spectrum potentially available for MBB use and determine the relevant coexistence field measurement scenarios. Simulation methods used in determining broadcast protection criteria and in coexistence studies are briefly described to demonstrate how the information obtained from field measurements can be used to improve their accuracy. The presented field measurement guidelines can be applied to any DTT-MBB coexistence scenarios and to a wide range of spectrum sharing and cognitive radio system coexistence measurements.
Improving Performance of GMRES by Reducing Communication and Pipelining Global Collectives (2017)

We compare the performance of pipelined and s-step GMRES, respectively referred to as l-GMRES and s-GMRES, on distributed multicore CPUs. Compared to standard GMRES, s-GMRES requires fewer all-reduces, while l-GMRES overlaps the all-reduces with computation. To combine the best features of two algorithms, we propose another variant, (l, t)-GMRES, that not only does fewer global all-reduces than standard GMRES, but also overlaps those all-reduces with other work. We implemented the thread-parallelism and communication-overlap in two different ways. The first uses nonblocking MPI collectives with thread-parallel computational kernels. The second relies on a shared-memory task scheduler. In our experiments, (l, t)-GMRES performed better than l-GMRES by factors of up to 1.67×. In addition, though we only used 50 nodes, when the latency cost became significant, our variant performed up to 1.22× better than s-GMRES by hiding all-reduces.
Using Microseismic Monitoring and Advanced Stimulation Technology to Understand Fracture Geometry and Eliminate Screenout Problems in the Bossier Sand of East Texas (2006)

Abstract A major factor to determine the effectiveness of any tight gas stimulation program is to understand the hydraulic fracture geometry. Technology has progressed to the point that microseismic monitoring of hydraulic fracture treatments can provide key information to characterize fracture development. At the onset of this stimulation project, in-depth knowledge of reservoir, completion, production, geophysical, and geological engineering were integrated to determine the solution. The integration of these domains of expertise led to project success. The results presented within are from a series of hydraulic fracture stimulations in the Bossier Sand formation where field-wide screen-out problems were historically observed. This paper documents the integrated process utilized to solve the screenout problem as well as to establish a way forward to achieve optimized completions in the target sand. Within the course of this project, microseismic monitoring coupled with sound fracture engineering technology led to several observations. a) The original design was not contained in the target sand. b) Microseismic monitoring and computer model simulation using calibrated stresses confirmed undesired fracture development uphole. c) Microseismic monitoring confirmed formation micro-imager log based fracture azimuth determination. This integrated study led to improved completion designs which resulted in hydraulic fractures contained within the target sand and a plan for an infill drilling pattern to optimize field drainage.
Correction of phase distortions in a nonlinear interferometer with an optical feedback loop (1991)

The feasibility of compensation of phase distortions in a nonlinear interferometer with a purely optical feedback loop was demonstrated experimentally. It was found that phase switching waves appeared in the process of establishment of steady-state conditions.
dFSK: distributed frequency shift keying modulation in dense sensor networks (2004)

We consider the problem of reachback communication in wireless sensor networks: multiple sensors are deployed on a field, and they collect local measurements of some random process which then need to be encoded and reproduced at a remote location. In this paper we present the design of a distributed modulation scheme for reachback, dubbed dFSK (for distributed frequency shift keying). In dFSK, all nodes in the network first agree on a common stream of bits to send. Then, nodes listen to a few transmissions by other nodes to form an estimate of when to schedule their own transmissions. The aggregate waveform that results from superimposing a large number of these weak transmissions has a pre-specified set of zero-crossings. It is through the location of these zeros that information is conveyed to the far receiver. This mode of operation is analogous to that of standard FSK, where it is through spectral properties of the transmitted symbol (and hence closely related to the rate of its zero-crossings) that information is conveyed to the far receiver.
Solvent Effects and Mechanism for a Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution from QM/MM Simulations (2004)

The nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reaction between azide ion and 4-fluoronitrobenzene has been investigated using QM/MM and DFT/PCM calculations in protic and dipolar aprotic solvents. The effects of solvation on the transition structures, the intermediate Meisenheimer complex, and the rate of reaction are elucidated. The large rate increases in proceeding from protic to dipolar aprotic solvents are only reproduced by the QM/MM methodology.
Near infrared transillumination imaging of breast cancer with vasoactive inhalation contrast (2010)

Inhalation of vasoactive gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen can provide strong changes in tissue hemodynamics. In this report, we present a preliminary clinical study aimed at assessing the feasibility of inhalation-based contrast with near infrared continuous wave transillumination for breast imaging. We describe a method for fitting the transient absorbance that provides the wavelength dependence of the optical pathlength as parametrized by tissue oxygenation and scatter power as well as the differential changes in oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin. We also present a principal component analysis data reduction technique to assess the dynamic response from the tissue that uses coercion to provide single temporal eigenvalues associated with both oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin changes.
Cell Library Development Methodology for Throughput Enhancement of Electron Beam Direct-Write Lithography Systems (2005)

We propose a cell library development methodology for throughput enhancement of electron beam direct-write (EBDW) systems. First, an ILP (integer linear programming)-based cell selection is proposed for EBDW systems in which both of the character projection (CP) and the variable shaped beam (VSB) methods are available, in order to minimize the number of electron beam (EB) shots, that is, time to fabricate chips. Secondly, the influence of cell directions on area and delay time of chips is examined. The examination helps to reduce the number of EB shots with a little deterioration of area and delay time because unnecessary directions of cells can be removed to increase the number of cells on a CP aperture mask. Finally, a case study is shown in which the numbers of EB shots are examined under several cases.
Influence of Channel Layer Thickness on the Electrical Performances of Inkjet-Printed In-Ga-Zn Oxide Thin-Film Transistors (2010)

Inkjet-printed In-Ga-Zn oxide (IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) with bottom-gate bottom-contact device architecture are studied in this paper. The impact of the IGZO film thickness on the performance of TFTs is investigated. The threshold voltage, field-effect mobility, on and off drain current, and subthreshold swing are strongly affected by the thickness of the IGZO film. With the increase in film thickness, the threshold voltage shifted from positive to negative, which is related to the depletion layer formed by the oxygen absorbed on the surface. The field-effect mobility is affected by the film surface roughness, which is thickness dependent. Our results show that there is an optimum IGZO thickness, which ensures the best TFT electrical performance. The best result is from a 55-nm-thick IGZO TFT, which showed a field-effect mobility in the saturation region of 1.41 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /V·s, a threshold voltage of 1 V, a drain current on/off ratio of approximately 4.3 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sup> , a subthreshold swing of 384 mV/dec, and an off-current level lower than 1 pA.
Effects of quantum levels on transport through a Coulomb island (1993)

Transport measurements are used to study the quantized energy levels in a small electron gas, referred to as a Coulomb island. First, large-bias measurements reveal the excitation spectrum of the island. Second, small-bias measurements probe the intrinsic line shape of energy levels. Line shapes are generally fit well by thermally broadened Lorentzians. In addition, a decrease in the charging energy of the island is observed as the coupling to its leads is increased. This effect is shown to be consistent with a dramatic increase in one of the island-lead capacitances.