gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An IntenCD map of a reticle as a feed-forward input to DoseMapper (2008)

The tight process window of advanced lithography in the semiconductor industry is further challenged by the growing contribution of photo-mask related CD variations. In previous technology generations, global measurement and global correction were sufficient to compensate for critical dimension uniformity (CDU) variations deriving from various sources. However, in the low K<sub>1</sub> regime for 45nm nodes and below, cross-coupled effects such as Mask Error Enhancement Factor (MEEF) and mask CDU can easily consume the overall CD budget related to lithographic process steps (see table 3). ASML's DoseMapper was designed to correct system (e.g. scanner, track) and non-system (e.g. mask) related errors controlled by an Automated Process Control (APC) system. It was introduced as a method for correcting intra-field and inter-field variations, relying on feedback from printed wafer based metrology. Here we propose using AMAT's IntenCD<sup>TM</sup> map for supplying dense CDU measurement results from the reticle as a feed-forward input to DoseMapper. The IntenCD<sup>TM</sup> application characterizes CD uniformity of 'features of interest' across the mask in the form of a dense map with high accuracy and throughput. The case studies presented in this paper are the result of collaboration between AMAT and ASML to demonstrate the benefit of feeding IntenCD output into DoseMapper CD analyzer which translates the mask CD map into a scanner dose recipe. The integrated solution can be implemented in manufacturing factories to shorten turnaround time and improve the exposure process window. It can be used to compensate for CDU effects due to mask production as well as contributions due to life time deterioration.
Stabilization of an active dimeric form of the epidermal growth factor receptor by introduction of an inter-receptor disulfide bond (1994)

Populations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with both high and low affinity for EGF are found on the surface of cells. It has been hypothesized that the high-affinity state of the EGFR represents the receptor dimer and that this is also the kinase-active form. We describe here studies aimed at addressing this question directly. To stabilize homodimers of EGFR, we have generated a mutated form of the receptor by inserting a cysteine residue in the extracellular juxtamembranous region, in order to cross-link the extracellular domains of two receptors via disulfide bond formation. The mutation resulted in ligand-induced appearance of covalently linked EGF receptor dimers and, in parallel, increased the number of high-affinity receptors present on the surface of cells expressing the mutated EGFR. Comparison of the tyrosine kinase activity of the covalently linked dimeric and the monomeric forms of the EGF receptor, separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, showed that the dimer was significantly more active than monomer in the phosphorylation of exogenous substrate. We conclude that the dimeric form of the EGF-receptor represents the active form, and that dimer formation is associated with the appearance of high-affinity binding EGF receptors on the cell surface.
Anoikis effector Bit1 negatively regulates Erk activity (2008)

Bcl-2 inhibitor of transcription (Bit1) is a mitochondrial protein that functions as a peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase, but, when released into the cytoplasm, it elicits apoptosis. The proapoptotic function is uniquely counteracted by integrin-mediated cell attachment. We generated a conditional KO mouse of the Bit1 gene by using the Cre-LoxP recombination system. Bit1-null mice were born alive but with some developmental abnormalities. They developed a runting syndrome after birth and died within the first 2 weeks. Cultured fibroblasts from the Bit1-null embryos [mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs)] were more resistant to cell death induced by loss of attachment to extracellular matrix (anoikis) than cells from the wild-type or heterozygous littermates. MEFs and tissues from Bit1 KO mice displayed a marked increase in Erk phosphorylation. Knocking down Bit1 expression in cultured cells resulted in increased Erk activation, and partially knocking down Erk reversed the increased anoikis resistance of Bit1 knockdown. The enhanced Erk activation was associated with decreased Erk phosphatase activity. These studies establish the physiological significance of Bit1 activity and begin to delineate a Bit1 signaling pathway that acts through Erk regulation.
X-ray pulsing methods for reduced-dose computed tomography in PET/CT attenuation correction (2014)

The image quality needed for CT-based attenuation correction (CTAC) is significantly lower than what is used currently for diagnostic CT imaging. Consequently, the X-ray dose required for sufficient image quality with CTAC is relatively small, potentially smaller than the lowest X-ray dose clinical CT scanners can provide. Operating modes have been proposed in which the X-rays are periodically turned on and off during the scan in order to reduce X-ray dose. This study reviews the different methods by which X-rays can be modulated in a CT scanner, and assesses their adequacy for lowdose acquisitions as required for CTAC. Calculations and experimental data are provided to exemplify selected X-ray pulsing scenarios. Our analysis shows that low-dose pulsing is possible but challenging with clinically available CT tubes. Alternative X-ray tube designs would lift this restriction.
Study program to develop and evaluate die and container materials for the growth of silicon ribbons (1979)

The Large Area Silicon Sheet Growth Task objective of lowering the cost of silicon photovoltaic material requires the development of materials which exhibit improved chemical and dimensional stability in contact with molten silicon. These materials may find application as containers and/or shaping dies in processes such as edge-defined film growth. The development and evaluation of proprietary coatings of pure silicon carbide, silicon nitride and aluminum nitride on less pure hot pressed substrates of the respective ceramic materials are described. Silicon sessile drop experiments were performed on coated test specimens under controlled oxygen partial pressures. X-ray diffraction and SEM Characterization was performed prior to testing. The reaction interfaces were characterized after testing with optical and scanning electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. Increasing the oxygen partial pressure was found to increase the molten silicon contact angle, apparently because adsorbed oxygen lowers the solid-vapor interfacial free energy. Adsorbed oxygen was also found to increase the degree of attack of molten silicon upon the chemical vapor deposited coatings. Prototypic containers and dies were delivered and cost projections show that reasonably priced, coated, molten silicon resistant refractory material shapes are obtainable.
High-Surface-Area Architectures for Improved Charge Transfer Kinetics at the Dark Electrode in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2014)

Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) redox shuttles other than triiodide/iodide have exhibited significantly higher charge transfer resistances at the dark electrode. This often results in poor fill factor, a severe detriment to device performance. Rather than moving to dark electrodes of untested materials that may have higher catalytic activity for specific shuttles, the surface area of platinum dark electrodes could be increased, improving the catalytic activity by simply presenting more catalyst to the shuttle solution. A new copper-based redox shuttle that experiences extremely high charge-transfer resistance at conventional Pt dark electrodes yields cells having fill-factors of less than 0.3. By replacing the standard Pt dark electrode with an inverse opal Pt electrode fabricated via atomic layer deposition, the dark electrode surface area is boosted by ca. 50-fold. The resulting increase in interfacial electron transfer rate (decrease in charge-transfer resistance) nearly doubles the fill factor and therefore the overall energy conversion efficiency, illustrating the utility of this high-area electrode for DSCs.
A Self-Taught Artificial Agent for Multi-Physics Computational Model\n Personalization (2016)

Personalization is the process of fitting a model to patient data, a critical\nstep towards application of multi-physics computational models in clinical\npractice. Designing robust personalization algorithms is often a tedious,\ntime-consuming, model- and data-specific process. We propose to use artificial\nintelligence concepts to learn this task, inspired by how human experts\nmanually perform it. The problem is reformulated in terms of reinforcement\nlearning. In an off-line phase, Vito, our self-taught artificial agent, learns\na representative decision process model through exploration of the\ncomputational model: it learns how the model behaves under change of\nparameters. The agent then automatically learns an optimal strategy for on-line\npersonalization. The algorithm is model-independent; applying it to a new model\nrequires only adjusting few hyper-parameters of the agent and defining the\nobservations to match. The full knowledge of the model itself is not required.\nVito was tested in a synthetic scenario, showing that it could learn how to\noptimize cost functions generically. Then Vito was applied to the inverse\nproblem of cardiac electrophysiology and the personalization of a whole-body\ncirculation model. The obtained results suggested that Vito could achieve\nequivalent, if not better goodness of fit than standard methods, while being\nmore robust (up to 11% higher success rates) and with faster (up to seven\ntimes) convergence rate. Our artificial intelligence approach could thus make\npersonalization algorithms generalizable and self-adaptable to any patient and\nany model.\n
A Laparoscopic HIFU Probe with Integrated Phased Array Ultrasound Imaging (2003)

Laparoscopic surgery as a minimally-invasive modality is gaining increasing interest among surgeons. We have previously reported on the feasibility of using high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in laparoscopic partial ablation of renal tissue. Here, we report on the design, implementation and characterization of a new hand-held image-guided laparoscopic HIFU probe. The probe consists of a single-element high-power piezoceramic transducer for HIFU energy delivery and an ultrasound convex phased array system for real-time imaging/monitoring of the target region during therapy. The probe body is made to fit in a standard 20-mm surgical trocar. The HIFU transducer has a concave truncated spherical geometry (Focus Surgery, Inc.). The imaging system has a convex phased array transducer (Hitachi Medical Crop., Chiba, Japan) with f0=6.5 MHz, and DOF=8.0 cm. Schlieren imaging of the HIFU beam was used to evaluate the focusing capability of the HIFU transducer as well as the location of the HIFU focal spot with regard to the imaging screen. Total acoustic power (TAP) measurements showed that the device is capable of delivering TAP values up to 45 W, sufficient to create necrotic lesions in sites up to 4 cm deep in tissue. Computer simulations of the acoustic field coupled with the BHTE temperature response were used to support measurements. The probe prototype was used in an in vivo animal study in which necrotic lesions were created in a lobe of pig's kidney through a laparoscopic procedure. A custom-designed probe holder with integrated positioning system was used for precise movement of the probe tip, to create contiguous lesion volumes. Gross pathology and histology examinations showed the generation of well-delineated and homogenous necrotic lesion volumes in a lobe of the kidney.
Adaptive management using multiple barriers to control tastes and odors (2006)

An adaptive management framework was developed during the course of a three‐year case study to reduce taste and odor (T&amp;O) problems in the Phoenix, Ariz., metropolitan area. The collaborative project used an extensive monitoring program, rapid feedback, and extensive communication to allow flexible responses to changing circumstances. A multiple‐barrier strategy was used with T&amp;O control measures implemented in the reservoirs, canals, and water treatment plants. Research and implementation occurred concurrently, leading to substantial reductions in T&amp;O problems over the course of the project.
Four Color Theorem-simplified (2020)

The conjecture [1] stated that four colors are sufficient for any 2-dimensional plane map so that no two regions with a shared border are the same color. The conjecture is now a theorem [2], the result of a lengthy and complex proof, involving over 1000 classifications of graph objects and over 1000 hours of computer time.
Control of the interaction strength of photonic molecules by nanometer precise 3D fabrication (2017)

Applications for high resolution 3D profiles, so-called grayscale lithography, exist in diverse fields such as optics, nanofluidics and tribology. All of them require the fabrication of patterns with reliable absolute patterning depth independent of the substrate location and target materials. Here we present a complete patterning and pattern-transfer solution based on thermal scanning probe lithography (t-SPL) and dry etching. We demonstrate the fabrication of 3D profiles in silicon and silicon oxide with nanometer scale accuracy of absolute depth levels. An accuracy of less than 1nm standard deviation in t-SPL is achieved by providing an accurate physical model of the writing process to a model-based implementation of a closed-loop lithography process. For transfering the pattern to a target substrate we optimized the etch process and demonstrate linear amplification of grayscale patterns into silicon and silicon oxide with amplification ratios of ∼6 and ∼1, respectively. The performance of the entire process is demonstrated by manufacturing photonic molecules of desired interaction strength. Excellent agreement of fabricated and simulated structures has been achieved.
Transplantation of Human Umbilical Cord Blood Cells Benefits an Animal Model of Sanfilippo Syndrome Type B (2005)

Sanfilippo syndrome type B is caused by alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (Naglu) enzyme deficiency leading to an accumulation of undegraded heparan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan (GAG). Cell therapy is a promising new treatment and human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) cell transplantation may be preferred for delivery of the missing enzyme. We investigated the ability of mononuclear hUCB cells administered into the lateral cerebral ventricle to ameliorate/prevent histopathological changes in mice modeling Sanfilippo syndrome type B. These are the first results supporting enzyme replacement by administered hUCB cells. In vivo, transplanted hUCB cells survived long-term (7 months), migrated into the parenchyma of the brain and peripheral organs, expressed neural antigens, and exhibited neuron and astrocyte-like morphology. Transplant benefits were also demonstrated by stable cytoarchitecture in the hippocampus and cerebellum, and by reduced GAGs in the livers of treated mutant mice. A hUCB cell transplant may be an effective therapeutic strategy for enzyme delivery in Sanfilippo syndrome type B.
A novel adamantyl benzylbenzamide derivative, AP736, inhibits melanogenesis in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells via glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylation (2015)

Recently, much effort has been made to develop effective dermatological depigmenting compounds. In this study, we investigated the novel candidate compound, AP736 (an adamantyl benzylbenzamide derivative), and its effects on melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells, as well as the mechanisms involved. AP736 has been reported to exert anti-melanogenic effects in melanocytes in vitro and in artificial skin equivalents through the inhibition of key melanogenic enzymes and the suppression of the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA)-cAMP response element‑binding protein (CREB) signaling pathway. Thus, we examined another pathway of melanogenesis involving the effects of AP736 on the glycogen synthesis kinase 3β (GSK3β) pathway. Melanin content and tyrosinase activity were measured using a spectrophotometer after the cells were treated with AP736. The AP736-induced activation of signaling pathways was examined by western blot analysis. We confirmed that AP736 decreased melanin production in a dose-dependent manner; however, it did not directly inhibit tyrosinase, the rate-limiting melanogenic enzyme. The expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase, and related signal transduction pathways was also investigated. The Wnt signaling pathway is deeply involved in melanogenesis; therefore, phosphorylation by GSK3β was assessed following treatment with AP736. AP736 induced GSK3β phosphorylation (inactivation), but it did not alter the level of β-catenin. Furthermore, the expression of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-induced tyrosinase was downregulated by AP736. Our data suggest that AP736 exerts hypopigmentary effects through the downregulation of tyrosinase via GSK3β phosphorylation.
A Liquid-Piston Steam Engine (2011)

Reduction of global carbon dioxide emissions is one of the most critical challenges for realizing sustainable society. In order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, energy efficiency must be improved. Waste heat recovery with external combustion engine is expected to be one of the promising technologies for efficient energy utilization. However, the temperature of waste heat is getting lower with the progress of energy technologies. For example, in Japan which is known as one of the most energy-efficient countries in the world with advanced technologies such as cogeneration and hybrid automobiles, total amount of disposed heat below 300 °C is as much as 10% of the total amount of primary energy supply. Conventional external combustion engines, such as Stirling, thermoacoustic1 and steam engines2 show significant decrease in their efficiency at low temperatures below 300 °C. Utilization of high-temperature heat sources, however, requires relatively expensive materials and advanced processing technologies to achieve high reliability. In order to overcome these issues, a novel liquid-piston steam engine is developed, which achieves high efficiency as well as high reliability and low cost using low temperature heat below 300 °C. Present liquid-piston steam engine demonstrated a thermal efficiency of 12.7% at a heating temperature of 270 °C and a cooling temperature of 80 °C, which was about 40% of the Carnot efficiency operating at same temperatures. The liquid-piston steam engine operated even with wet steam, without requiring steam to be superheated. This low temperature operation yielded relatively little deformation of components, which leads to high reliability of the engine. In addition, present liquid piston engine can achieve both high efficiency and low cost compared to conventional external combustion engines, because it has only one moving part whereas both Stirling and Rankin engines have at least two moving parts. The developed liquid piston engine is thus expected to possess large possibility of recovering energy from waste heat.
“Neutral and niche dynamics in a synthetic microbial community” (2017)

Abstract Ecologists debate the relative importance of niche versus neutral processes in understanding biodiversity 1,2 . This debate is especially pertinent to microbial communities, which play crucial roles in biogeochemical cycling 3,4 , food production 5 , industrial processes 6,7 , and human health and disease 8 . Here we created a synthetic microbial community using heritable genetic barcodes and tracked community composition over time across a range of experimental conditions. We show that a transition exists between the neutral and niche regimes, and, consistent with theory, the crossover point depends on factors including immigration, fitness, and population size. We find that diversity declined most rapidly at intermediate population sizes, which can be explained by a tradeoff between replacement by migration and duration of growth. We then ran an experiment where the community underwent abrupt or gradual changes in size, the outcome of which highlights that selecting the correct model is essential to managing diversity. Taken together these results emphasize the importance of including niche effects to obtain realistic models across a wide range of parameters, even in simple systems.
Movement-Versus Sporting-Based Physical Education in Elementary Schools: Does Either Ensure Quality? (2019)

Within the physical education literature, there remains to be contentions between the effectiveness of sporting- and movement-based approaches. Whilst both have noted strengths and weaknesses, there is little research into whether either is leading to quality physical education in Australian elementary schools. This paper therefore examines two of the common models based approaches to teaching physical education in elementary schools against the five interrelated propositions of the Australian Curriculum to determine if either pedagogical approach is leading to quality physical education. This paper draws on current literature, curriculum frameworks and pedagogical recommendations to determine the value of a models based approaches to physical education in relation to quality. Examinations indicate that both the sports and movement based approaches can address the five key propositions that underpin the Australian Curriculum, however quality is dependent on appropriate implementation by qualified and skilled teachers. Teacher education and pedagogical knowledge is paramount for the implementation of quality physical education. Further investigation and exploratory research is required to determine if the model based approaches are being effectively being introduced by both generalist and specialist health and physical education teachers in elementary school settings.
Progress in Fabrication and Test of Glass Interposer Substrates (2014)

There is growing interest in applying glass as an interposer substrate for 2.5D/3D applications. Advantages of glass based solutions include significant opportunities for cost benefits by leveraging economies of scale as well as forming substrates at design thickness. A lot of work is being done to validate the value of glass as an interposer substrate. One important area is the electrical performance of glass relative to silicon. Because glass is an insulator, it is expected to have better electrical performance than silicon. Electrical characterization and electrical models demonstrate the advantages of the insulating properties of glass, and its positive impact on functional performance. Further advantages are anticipated in reliability performance, because of the ability to adjust thermal properties such as coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of glass. Progress in the ability to fabricate wafers and panels fully populated with through and blind holes has been reported. We describe the ability to leverage existing downstream processes such as via filling of both through and blind vias, as well as novel handling techniques to enable processing of thin glass. We also report progress in evaluating reliability through thermal cycle tests.
Supplementary Figure Legends 1-3 from Human Monoclonal Antibody Fragments Binding to Insulin-like Growth Factors I and II with Picomolar Affinity (2023)

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