gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiple Testing. Part I. Single-Step Procedures for Control of General Type I Error Rates (2004)

The present article proposes general single-step multiple testing procedures for controlling Type I error rates defined as arbitrary parameters of the distribution of the number of Type I errors, such as the generalized family-wise error rate. A key feature of our approach is the test statistics null distribution (rather than data generating null distribution) used to derive cut-offs (i.e., rejection regions) for these test statistics and the resulting adjusted p-values. For general null hypotheses, corresponding to submodels for the data generating distribution, we identify an asymptotic domination condition for a null distribution under which single-step common-quantile and common-cut-off procedures asymptotically control the Type I error rate, for arbitrary data generating distributions, without the need for conditions such as subset pivotality. Inspired by this general characterization of a null distribution, we then propose as an explicit null distribution the asymptotic distribution of the vector of null-value shifted and scaled test statistics. In the special case of family-wise error rate (FWER) control, our method yields the single-step minP and maxT procedures based on minima of unadjusted p-values and maxima of test statistics, respectively, with the important distinction in the choice of null distribution. Single-step procedures based on consistent estimators of the null distribution are shown to also provide asymptotic control of the Type I error rate. A general bootstrap algorithm is supplied to conveniently obtain consistent estimators of the null distribution. The special cases of t- and F-statistics are discussed in detail. The companion articles focus on step-down multiple testing procedures for control of the FWER (van der Laan et al., 2003a) and on augmentations of FWER-controlling methods to control error rates such as the generalized family-wise error rate and the proportion of false positives among the rejected hypotheses (van der Laan et al., 2003b). The proposed bootstrap multiple testing procedures are evaluated by a simulation study and applied to gene expression microarray data in the fourth article of the series (Pollard et al., 2004).
New Pathways Towards the Enhancement of the Image Quality (2007)

In this paper, experimental results and data analysis on a novel technique aimed at increasing the image quality of the target, surrounded by a scattering medium, is presented. Specifically, enhanced target detection has been obtained by doping the surrounding medium with molecular contrast agents, consisting polar molecules yielding to an enhanced contract and specificity of the target, utilizing advanced polarimetric imaging techniques.
Position sensed and self-sensing magnetic bearing configurations and associated robustness limitations (2002)

We obtain and compare robustness limits for a magnetic bearing system controlled using two configurations; position and current measurement and current measurement only (sometimes referred to as the self-sensing configuration.) We show how these limits vary for varying system parameter values.
Cycle to Cycle Variation Study in a Dual Fuel Operated Engine (2017)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The standard capability of engine experimental studies is that ensemble averaged quantities like in-cylinder pressure from multiple cycles and emissions are reported and the cycle to cycle variation (CCV) of indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) is captured from many consecutive combustion cycles for each test condition. However, obtaining 3D spatial distribution of all the relevant quantities such as fuel-air mixing, temperature, turbulence levels and emissions from such experiments is a challenging task. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of engine flow and combustion can be used effectively to visualize such 3D spatial distributions. A dual fuel engine is considered in the current study, with manifold injected natural gas (NG) and direct injected diesel pilot for ignition. Multiple engine cycles in 3D are simulated in series like in the experiments to investigate the potential of high fidelity RANS simulations coupled with detailed chemistry, to accurately predict the CCV.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Cycle to cycle variation (CCV) is expected to be due to variabilities in operating and boundary conditions, in-cylinder stratification of diesel and natural gas fuels, variation in in-cylinder turbulence levels and velocity flow-fields. In a previous publication by the authors [&lt;span class="xref"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;], variabilities in operating and boundary conditions are incorporated into several closed cycle simulations performed in parallel. Stochastic variations/stratifications of fuel-air mixture, turbulence levels, temperature and internal combustion residuals cannot be considered in such closed cycle simulations. In this study, open cycle simulations with port injection of natural gas predicted the combined effect of the stratifications on the CCV of in-cylinder pressure. The predicted Coefficient of Variation (COV) of cylinder pressure is improved compared to the one captured by closed cycle simulations in parallel.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Regularized Evolutionary Population-Based Training (2020)

Metalearning of deep neural network (DNN) architectures and hyperparameters has become an increasingly important area of research. At the same time, network regularization has been recognized as a crucial dimension to effective training of DNNs. However, the role of metalearning in establishing effective regularization has not yet been fully explored. There is recent evidence that loss-function optimization could play this role, however it is computationally impractical as an outer loop to full training. This paper presents an algorithm called Evolutionary Population-Based Training (EPBT) that interleaves the training of a DNN's weights with the metalearning of loss functions. They are parameterized using multivariate Taylor expansions that EPBT can directly optimize. Such simultaneous adaptation of weights and loss functions can be deceptive, and therefore EPBT uses a quality-diversity heuristic called Novelty Pulsation as well as knowledge distillation to prevent overfitting during training. On the CIFAR-10 and SVHN image classification benchmarks, EPBT results in faster, more accurate learning. The discovered hyperparameters adapt to the training process and serve to regularize the learning task by discouraging overfitting to the labels. EPBT thus demonstrates a practical instantiation of regularization metalearning based on simultaneous training.
RF Wireless Power Transfer Using Integrated Inductor (2018)

Wireless power transfer (WPT) is an ideal power delivery solution for many light-load applications, such as for the Internet of Things. A regulated solution for WPT may utilize a power distribution unit (PDU). Previous works have designed planar inductors for integration with switched-inductor buck regulators, but these inductors will not be as efficient for light-load applications. This paper reevaluates the inductor loss for light-load applications by taking into account the frequency spectrum of the inductor current. Using this revised analysis, a planar inductor with screen printed NiZn ferrite epoxy composite magnetic core is designed for an RF near-field coupling system with 1–10-mW load power. In measurement with a 6-MHz buck converter, the PDU with designed inductor demonstrated up to 3% improved efficiency compared to surface-mount technology inductor in the pulse-frequency modulation mode and pulsewidth modulation mode. The designed embedded inductor was subsequently demonstrated in an integrated, compact RF near-field coupling system with peak 43% system efficiency.
Pathogenesis of one variant of sea-blue histiocytosis. (1975)

Hematopoietic cells from three siblings of a family with sea-blue histiocytosis were studied using in vitro cell culture techniques, histochemistry, and electron microscopy. Sphingomyelinase activities in cultured fibroblasts derived from these patients averaged 18 per cent of control levels. Ultrastructural examination of the sea-blue histiocytes showed numerous acid phosphatase-containing inclusions with closely packed, concentrically arranged, membrane-like lamellae with a periodicity of approximately 45 A. The inclusions are thought to result from the spatial orientation of complex lipid molecules and water. These structures are consistent with secondary lysosomes and are similar to those seen in some cases of adult Niemann-Pick disease and other cases of sea-blue histiocytosis. Extraction of lipid did not alter the blue-staining characteristics of the histiocytes. Sea-blue histiocytes were seen in liquid bone marrow cultures but did not proliferate, suggesting that the mature sea-blue macrophage is a terminal cell. We propose that partial sphingomyelinase deficiency may be one cause of sea-blud histiocytosis.
Integrating a Boolean satisfiability checker and BDDs for combinational equivalence checking (2002)

There has been much interest in techniques which combine the advantages of function-based methods, such as BDDs, with structure-based methods, such as ATPG, for verifying the equivalence of combinational circuits. However, most existing efforts have focused on exploiting circuit similarity through use of learning and/or ATPG-based methods rather than on making the integration between BDDs and ATPG techniques efficient. This paper presents a new technique, where the focus is on improving the equivalence check itself, thereby making it more robust in the absence of circuit similarity. It is based on tight integration of a Boolean Satisfiability Checker with BDDs, whereby BDDs are effectively used to reduce both the problem size and the number of backtracks for the satisfiability problem. This methodology does not preclude exploitation of circuit similarity, when it exists, since the improved check can be easily incorporated as the inner loop of the well-known iterative framework involving search and replacement of internally equivalent nodes. We demonstrate the significance of our contributions with practical results on the ISCAS benchmark circuits.
Ontogeny of gonadotropin, testosterone, and inhibin secretion in normal boys through puberty based on overnight serial sampling. (1995)

To investigate hormonal changes occurring in male puberty, we measured LH, FSH, testosterone, and alpha-inhibin immunoactivity in serum samples drawn every 10 min for 8 h (2100-0500 h) from each of 50 normal prepubertal and pubertal boys, aged 8.4-18.8 yr. We measured gonadotropins with ultrasensitive immunofluorometric assays, and testosterone and alpha-inhibin with RIAs. Unlike previous studies, which indexed pubertal development with Tanner stages, we used testicular volume, a more finely graduated indicator of development, to reveal patterns that were obscured when subjects were grouped by Tanner stage. The overnight mean concentration of each hormone increased with testis volume, but the rate of increase on a logarithmic scale slowed as testes grew. Log LH rose precipitously in the late prepubertal and early pubertal periods and plateaued during mid- and late puberty. Based on fitted regression curves, LH increased about 20-fold (from 0.11 IU/L) between testis volumes of 1 and 10 mL, but only an additional 1.5-fold by 30 mL. The developmental trajectory of log testosterone was like that of log LH, but rose less steeply early in puberty. From 0.14 micrograms/L at a testis volume of 1 mL, testosterone increased about 8.5-fold by 10 mL and an additional 3-fold by 30 mL. In contrast, logarithms of overnight mean FSH and alpha-inhibin concentrations rose at a more nearly constant rate throughout puberty. From 0.62 IU/L at a testis volume of 1 mL, the FSH concentration doubled by 10 mL and increased an additional 1.7-fold by 30 mL. From 270 ng/L at a testis volume of 1 mL, inhibin increased 1.5-fold by 10 mL and an additional 1.3-fold by 30 mL. Overnight pulse amplitudes exhibited developmental trajectories similar to those of the corresponding overnight mean concentrations. The number of LH and testosterone pulses during the sampling period averaged 2.2 and 2.1, respectively, at Tanner stage 1 and increased to 4.5 and 3.2, respectively, at Tanner stage 5. The number of FSH and inhibin pulses remained constant throughout puberty, averaging 3.3 and 3.5, respectively. Pairwise correlations among hormone concentrations were strong, reflecting common increasing trends through puberty; however, after accounting for developmental trends, FSH, LH, and testosterone concentrations remained correlated, whereas inhibin was uncorrelated with each of the other three hormones. Measuring gonadotropins with ultrasensitive assays and analyzing the results on a logarithmic scale as a function of testis volume made clear the dramatic hormonal changes that begin before the clinical changes of puberty.
Strong fluorescence enhancement of 2-bromo-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)maleimide upon coordination to a Lewis-acidic metal complex (2002)

The emission intensity of an indolyl maleimide derivative increases approximately 80-fold by reversible coordination to (1,4,7,11-tetraazacyclododecane)zinc(II), which makes the system a promising new signalling motif for molecular sensors.
A Combined PUSH/PULL Service Discovery Model for LTE Direct (2014)

LTE Device-to-device (D2D) discovery and communication has been considered a means to allow capacity offloading, range extension as well as commercial proximity services such as advertisement or social networking. Within this context, several service discovery approaches may be envisioned. In this paper, we study strategies which rely on a central function supporting service discovery between LTE UEs by push or pull mechanisms. We propose some simplified models to compare them in terms of control overhead and UE energy consumption. Then we propose and evaluate a new approach which combines both PUSH and PULL strategies and highlight the gain that can be achieved on service discovery performances.
A Covalently Integrated Reduced Graphene Oxide–Ion‐Exchange Resin Electrode for Efficient Capacitive Deionization (2021)

Abstract Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging, cost‐effective alternative for energy‐efficient desalination technology. Efficient electrode materials based on individual reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets are produced by functionalizing them with polystyrene (rGO–PS) through an in situ polymerization process involving rGO, styrene monomer, and divinylbenzene. The rGO–PS‐integrated composite nanostructures are subsequently functionalized with sulfonate and quaternary amine functionalities to achieve positively and negatively charged electro‐adsorbent ion‐exchange resins (EAIERs), respectively. These EAIERs ‘molecular constructs’ are used to fabricate CDI electrodes, and deionization is performed to remove various ions. These molecular constructs promote faster charge transfer at the electrode–electrolyte interface and maintained the electrical conductivity of the active rGO. This leads to a high electroadsorption capacity of 15.93 mg g −1 of Cl − using NaCl solution with a conductivity of 802 µS in laboratory batch experiments, which is approximately five times higher than the adsorption capacity of rGO electrodes reported earlier (≈2–3 mg g −1 ) in comparable experimental conditions. No significant Faradaic redox reactions or chemical changes are observed on the electrode surface, which make these electrodes exhibit excellent electrochemical stability even after multiple adsorption/desorption cycles.
Phonon Emission Induced Dynamic Fracture Phenomena (2011)

We use molecular dynamics simulations to calculate the phonon energy emitted during rapid crack propagation in brittle crystals. We show that this energy is different for different crack planes and propagation directions and that it is responsible for various phenomena at several length scales: energetically preferred crack systems and crack deflection at the atomic scale, reduced maximum crack speed with volume at the micrometer scale, and the inability of a crack to attain the theoretical limiting speed at the macroscale. We propose to include the contribution of this energy in the Freund equation of motion of a dynamically propagating crack.
Materials Properties of (strained) SiGe layers (2021)

When such a SiGe alloy layer is epitaxially grown on a substrate with a different lattice constant, for instance a Si-substrate, the growing layer will in first instance try to adapt its in-plane lattice constant as to form a coherent interface with the underlying substrate. The term pseudomorphic growth is often used for this type of growth. It can be easily understood that under these conditions a large elastic strain will be built in the commensurate layer. Equilibrium theories are needed to calculate the structure of stable epilayers. If the layers are metastable, strain relaxation by the introduction of dislocations occurs with aging or on heating the layers. The layers tend to approach the final equilibrium configuration. Equilibrium theories are also required to calculate the rate of strain relaxation in metastable layers. The improvement of the theories concerning critical thickness, equilibrium strain relaxation in layers exceeding the critical thickness and strain relaxation rate form the subject.
Caspase Cascades in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Neurodegeneration (2002)

Many patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) develop a syndrome of neurologic deterioration known as HIV-associated dementia (HAD). Neurons are not productively infected by HIV-1; thus, the mechanism of HIV-induced neuronal injury remains incompletely understood. Several investigators have observed evidence of neuronal injury, including dendritic degeneration, and apoptosis in CNS tissue from patients with HAD. Caspase enzymes, proteases associated with the process of apoptosis, are synthesized as inactive proenzymes and are activated in a proteolytic cascade after exposure to apoptotic signals. Here we demonstrate that HAD is associated with active caspase-3-like immunoreactivity that is localized to the soma and dendrites of neurons in affected regions of the human brain. Additionally, the cascade of caspase activation was studied using an in vitro model of HIV-induced neuronal apoptosis. Increased caspase-3 proteolytic activity and mitochondrial release of cytochrome c were observed in cerebrocortical cultures exposed to the HIV coat protein gp120. Specific inhibitors of both the Fas/tumor necrosis factor-alpha/death receptor pathway and the mitochondrial caspase pathway prevented gp120-induced neuronal apoptosis. Caspase inhibition also prevented the dendrite degeneration observed in vivo in transgenic mice with CNS expression of HIV/gp120. These findings suggest that pharmacologic interventions aimed at the caspase enzyme pathways may be beneficial for the prevention or treatment of HAD.
Capsaicin and nonivamide similarly modulate outcome measures of mitochondrial energy metabolism in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells (2017)

Capsaicin, the highly pungent principle of red pepper, has been demonstrated to have anti-obesity properties by affecting energy and lipid metabolism. Recent evidence from human intervention trials shows that also less pungent capsaicin analogs, like nonivamide, may help to reduce total body fat, although mechanistic data comparing the effects of capsaicin and nonivamide on outcome measures of energy metabolism are lacking. Here, the tissue-specific effects of capsaicin and nonivamide on parameters of mitochondrial energy metabolism in 3T3-L1 and HepG2 cells are investigated. Lipid accumulation was reduced to a similar extent after treatment with both test substances during the maturation of 3T3-L1 cells by up to 6.91% for capsaicin and up to 4.89% for nonivamide (p < 0.01) at a concentration of 0.1 μM or 1 μM, respectively. Energy-producing pathways, as indicated by the reduced mitochondrial oxygen consumption and reduced glucose and fatty acid uptake, were diminished after incubation with both capsaicinoids at a concentration of 100 μM. The results from HPLC analyses revealed a reduced cellular energy charge potential after a 4 h treatment with nonivamide. In HepG2 cells, similar effects were demonstrated: the glucose uptake was reduced by 18.7% and 25.8% (p < 0.05), after a 24 h incubation with 100 μM capsaicin and nonivamide, respectively. In addition, the fatty acid uptake and oxygen consumption were decreased and the energy charge potential was diminished. These findings provide evidence that concentrations of capsaicin and nonivamide between 0.1 and 100 μM modulate the mechanisms of cellular energy metabolism to a similar extent, independent of the investigated tissue.
Array of 12 coils to measure the position, alignment, and sensitivity of magnetic sensors over temperature (2012)

A measurement setup is presented that allows one to determine the position, alignment, and sensitivity of magnetic sensors over temperature. To this end, an array of 12 coils is used where the number of coils is larger than the number of unknowns to increase accuracy, and to ensure an adequate measurement signal for an arbitrary orientation of the magnetic sensors. With this coil array, a 3D sensing system is analyzed which is used during the testing of automotive magnetic sensors. In particular, the influence of assembly tolerances, and the variation of temperature are examined.
Correction to: Clinical Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Cebranopadol, a Novel First-in-Class Analgesic (2018)

For each simulation, PK profiles from 1000 subjects were simulated based on a titration scheme.
Single neuron dynamics: noise-enhanced signal processing (1991)

The authors consider a noisy bistable single neuron model in the presence of periodic external modulation. The modulation introduces a correlated switching between states driven by the noise. The information flow through the system from the modulation, or signal, to the output switching events leads to a succession of strong peaks in the power spectrum. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) obtained from this power spectrum is a measure of the information content in the neuron response. With increasing noise intensity, the SNR passes through a maximum, an effect which has been called stochastic resonance. The problem is treated within the framework of a recently developed approximate theory, valid in the limits of weak noise intensity, weak periodic forcing, and low forcing frequency, for both additive and multiplicative noise. The proposed model should be of interest in situations where a single inherently noisy neutron is the receptor of a periodic signal, which is itself noisy, either from the network or from an external source.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Statistical tools for evaluating classification efficacy of feature extraction techniques (2010)

Feature extraction using linguistic abstracts described by field experts, and their pragmatic behavior when tested with an inference engine is of interest to computer vision researchers. Advances in image processing have added to the complexity involved with selecting an appropriate feature extraction method for describing a linguistic feature. In this work, we propose the usage of a set of statistical tools for evaluating the efficacy of a feature extraction technique suitable for expressing a linguistic feature. This set of tools are based on expression of class discrimination strength of features, overlap in their expression, and the density of outliers present in them. The feature extraction techniques are ranked based on the scores obtained by them when tested with these tools. An experimental study for validating these claims, based on classification of two different visual texture, expressed using six different texture quantification techniques is also presented.
Data for publication arXiv:1806.09397 (2019)

Data for figures in publication arXiv:1806.09397.