gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TSPO–PET imaging using [18F]PBR06 is a potential translatable biomarker for treatment response in Huntington’s disease: preclinical evidence with the p75NTR ligand LM11A-31 (2018)

Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder that has no cure. HD therapeutic development would benefit from a non-invasive translatable biomarker to track disease progression and treatment response. A potential biomarker is using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with a translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) radiotracer to detect microglial activation, a key contributor to HD pathogenesis. The ability of TSPO-PET to identify microglial activation in HD mouse models, essential for a translatable biomarker, or therapeutic efficacy in HD patients or mice is unknown. Thus, this study assessed the feasibility of utilizing PET imaging with the TSPO tracer, [18F]PBR06, to detect activated microglia in two HD mouse models and to monitor response to treatment with LM11A-31, a p75NTR ligand known to reduce neuroinflammation in HD mice. [18F]PBR06-PET detected microglial activation in striatum, cortex and hippocampus of vehicle-treated R6/2 mice at a late disease stage and, notably, also in early and mid-stage symptomatic BACHD mice. After oral administration of LM11A-31 to R6/2 and BACHD mice, [18F]PBR06-PET discerned the reductive effects of LM11A-31 on neuroinflammation in both HD mouse models. [18F]PBR06-PET signal had a spatial distribution similar to ex vivo brain autoradiography and correlated with microglial activation markers: increased IBA-1 and TSPO immunostaining/blotting and striatal levels of cytokines IL-6 and TNFα. These results suggest that [18F]PBR06-PET is a useful surrogate marker of therapeutic efficacy in HD mice with high potential as a translatable biomarker for preclinical and clinical HD trials.
Simulation and Design of Passive Polarization Converters on InP (1994)

The growing use of coherent optical systems demands the development of integrated polarization converters. For example, in balanced polarization diversity receivers a 45° rotation is required, and in conjunction with integrated lasers, a polarization rotation of 90° is desired.
Integrated antennas for hand-held telephones with low absorption (2002)

Antennas for hand-held telephones must have high efficiency due to the limited power available, and recent demands call for integrated antennas in hand-held telephones. A full short circuit planar inverted-F antenna (FS-PIFA) is investigated, which concentrates the current near the antenna, and has a relatively higher gain directed away from the user's head thereby reducing the losses in the human body, which is important from the point of view of efficiency and possible health hazards. For design and analysis of the antenna including parts of the human body the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is employed, and measurements of average received power and spatial peak specific absorption rate, SAR, values were performed, to verify simulation results. Measurements of the antenna gain in realistic environments with a person showed a gain about 2 dB less than a half wavelength whip on the same telephone, while the local SAR was typically 0.1-0.2 mW/cm/sup 3/, a factor of ten smaller than present standards and handportables.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy Of Atoms And Molecules (1980)

Resonance ionization spectroscopy (RIS) which is a selective multistep photoionization process using tunable pulsed lasers has provided a new sensitive method for the study of a variety of processes in chemical physics. These include the selective detection of very small numbers of atoms and molecules, thus providing very sensitive probes of trace pollutants, chemical reactions, diffusion, and density fluctuations. Also RIS proved to be far more sensitive than the conventional absorption or fluorescence methods for the study of binary atomic collisions. The extra sensitivity allows the investigation on the far wing of optically thin samples where the high density and high temperature effects (dimer absorption, three body effects, and self broadening), are essentially eliminated. In particular the method will be crucial in studies of S-S and S-D transitions.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Ring‐Opening of Some Enantiomerically Enriched Epoxy Ketones and Epoxy Alcohols Using Trimethylaluminum: Synthesis of (S)‐2‐Arylpropanoic Acids. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Development of System Control for Rapid Warm-up Operation of Fuel Cell (2012)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Cold weather operation has been a major issue for fuel cell hybrid vehicles (FCHV). To counteract the effects of low temperatures on FCHV operation, an approach for rapid warm-up operation based on concentration overvoltage increase and conversion efficiency decrease by limiting oxygen or hydrogen supply was adopted. In order to suppress increases in exhaust hydrogen concentration due to pumping hydrogen during rapid warm-up, dilution control using bypass air and reduction of concentration overvoltage by a minimum voltage guard were implemented. These approaches effectively control waste heat generation and suppress exhaust hydrogen concentrations during cold start and warm-up. These developments were incorporated into the 2008 Toyota FCHV-adv and it was confirmed that the rapid warm-up operation strategy allowed the FCHV-adv to be successfully and repeatedly started at -30°C.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Steroid Hormone May Modulate Hepatic Somatomedin C Production in Newborn Calves (1990)

We have studied the possible influence of steroid hormones and a beta-agonist (clembuterol) on hepatic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) production in young calves. For this purpose nine 20- to 40-day-old Holstein X Friesian male calves were fitted with chronically indwelling catheters in hepatic and portal veins and hepatic artery. Estradiol induced a simultaneous increase in plasma growth hormone (GH nmol/l) and IGF1 (nmol/l) levels (0.35 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.10 +/- 0.01 in control calves; 9.5 +/- 1.0 vs. 5.9 +/- 0.5 in controls, respectively). In the same way, 90 min after starting testosterone treatment, plasma GH levels increased from 0.21 +/- 0.08 to 1.30 +/- 0.40 while plasma IGF1 concentrations began to rise only 240 min after starting infusion (8.4 +/- 1.0) to reach maximal values at 300 min (10.7 +/- 1.1). Cortisol and clembuterol did not significantly modify either plasma GH levels or plasma IGF1 concentrations. Our results indicate that in young calves gonadal steroids exert their anabolic action through GH and IGF1.
Hard lessons (2007)

Interface designers normally strive for a design that minimises the user's effort. However, when the design's objective is to train users to interact with interfaces that are highly dependent on spatial properties (e.g. keypad layout or gesture shapes) we contend that designers should consider explicitly increasing the mental effort of interaction. To test the hypothesis that effort aids spatial memory, we designed a "frost-brushing" interface that forces the user to mentally retrieve spatial information, or to physically brush away the frost to obtain visual guidance. We report results from two experiments using virtual keypad interfaces -- the first concerns spatial location learning of buttons on the keypad, and the second concerns both location and trajectory learning of gesture shape. The results support our hypothesis, showing that the frost-brushing design improved spatial learning. The participants' subjective responses emphasised the connections between effort, engagement, boredom, frustration, and enjoyment, suggesting that effort requires careful parameterisation to maximise its effectiveness.
Order, Disorder, and Composition Fluctuation Effects in Low Molar Mass Hydrocarbon−Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Diblock Copolymers (1996)

Four block copolymer meltstwo poly(isoprene-block-dimethylsiloxane) (PI−PDMS) and two poly(ethylene-alt-propylene-block-dimethylsiloxane) (PEP−PDMS)have been investigated through rheological measurements, SANS, and SAXS. In both systems, lamellar to disorder and Ia3̄d bicontinuous to disorder transitions have been observed. Upon heating, the sequence of phases lamellae, modified layers, bicontinuous Ia3̄d, disorder is observed in the f = 0.65 PEP−PDMS sample. Composition fluctuations dominate the disordered state properties over an unprecedented wide temperature window in the f = 0.49 PEP−PDMS sample. The fluctuations are evident both in SANS measurements and through the temperature dependence of the viscosity. The phase behavior of these relatively low molar mass block copolymer melts, which range from 6 to 10 kg/mol, is qualitatively anticipated by the trends reported earlier for progressively lower molar mass diblock copolymers.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Asymmetric Route to Chiral, Nonracemic cis‐2,6‐Disubstituted Piperidines. Synthesis of (+)‐Pinidinone and (+)‐Monomorine. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Quasi-phase-matching of high harmonic EUV radiation (2003)

We demonstrate that in the EUV we can apply quasi-phase-matching techniques to high-harmonic generation. Using a hollow-core waveguide with a periodically-modulated diameter, we show that the wavelength range over which we can efficiently generate phase-matched high-harmonics can be extended to shorter wavelengths. The periodic structure modulates the generation of high harmonics and restricts HHG to regions with favorable constructive interference. Furthermore, we show that our approach results in bright emission at wavelengths of interest to lithography (13 nm), and we expect that the QPM technique can be extended to shorter wavelengths, allowing the generation of bright phase-matched coherent EUV light at "water window" wavelengths.
CONVINCED -– Enabling privacy-preserving survival analyses using Multi-Party Computation (2020)

Integraal Kankercentrum Nederland (IKNL) maintains the Netherlands Cancer Registry (NCR). The NCR is a comprehensive, population-based registry with data on diagnosis and treatment. However, in an increasing amount of research projects, there is a need for additional data items that can be found in other databases. In particular the setting where the data is vertically partitioned is relevant when considering data that is distributed in the Netherlands: in this case, each party maintains a portion of the attributes, e.g. clinical, demographic and psycho-social variables, of the same group of patients. This is needed to generate a more complete picture of the patient, since not all data necessarily needs to be part of a cancer registry. However, these underlying attributes are privacy-sensitive and cannot be readily shared amongst involved parties.In a joint research project, TNO and IKNL investigated the possibilities to analyze vertically partitioned data without compromising the patient’s privacy, and developed new solutions to do this using Multi-Party Computation (MPC). In particular this project focused on survival analysis: an often-used technique in oncology data research that can be used to indicate how likely someone is to be alive a few years after diagnosis. Additionally, it can give insight in which characteristics might relate to the chances of survival.This report describes the results and conclusions of this project in more detail. In particular, it has been shown that MPC can indeed be employed to perform survival analysis on vertically-partitioned data, without having to reveal any sensitive data. For some survival analysis techniques (Kaplan-Meier and log rank) this can be done while keeping the performance of the secure solution high enough for practical application on realistic data sets. For more complex survival analysis techniques (Cox Proportional Hazards) additional research is needed to improve the performance before it can be applied in practice. Follow-up steps to bring the developed solutions towards operational applications have been identified.
Biomaterials and Biological Structures (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Imaging Adsorbed Biomacromolecules Probing Specific Biomolecular Interactions Mechanics of Individual Biomacromolecules Single-Cell Elasticity Lipid Bilayers as Cell Membrane Mimics References
ChemInform Abstract: Azo Anions in Synthesis. Part 1. t‐Butylhydrazones as Acyl‐Anion Equivalents. (1986)

Abstract The conversion (IIId) ‐ (VIII) exemplifies the use of the title compounds (III) [prepared from (I)] as acyl‐anion equivalents: anions of type (IV) generated from aldehydes (IIId)‐(IIIg) are treated with an electrophile such as (V) to yield (VI); subsequent tautomerization [‐ (VII)] and hydrolysis provides the target compound (VIII).
Quintessential Ideas (2005)

Dark energy may be a form of quintessence, a time-evolving, spatially-varying energy component with negative pressure. This paper reviews current models and discusses the implications of quintessence for the cosmological constant problem, the cosmic coincidence problem, and the history of the universe.
Reaction of n-butyllithium and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine nitroxyl (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReaction of n-butyllithium and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine nitroxylGeorge M. Whitesides and Terry L. NewirthCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 23, 3448–3450Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00911a035https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00911a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views603Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Concept Design of Medium Access Control for Spectrum Access Systems in 3.5 GHz (2018)

The issue of finding a three-tiered spectrum access scheme in the so-called innovation band from 3550 to 3700 MHz for incumbent applications and protection against other priority access licenses (PAL) and general authorized access (GAA) systems has been addressed by the federal communications commission (FCC). The PAL and GAA systems are citizens broadband radio service devices (CBSDs) connected to a spectrum access system (SAS) which controls the spectrum access. The challenge lies in creating an approach, where the CBSDs are able to fulfil interference mitigation (IM) among each other. In this paper, we present the design and results of a hybrid centralized and distributed medium access control (HMAC) scheme for SAS with efficient and self-organized spectrum sharing schemes using machine learning algorithms based on game theory (GT) and reinforcement learning (RL) for GAA CBSDs in an unlicensed spectrum. The system improvement shows how the SAS can assists decision-making algorithms in a minimum intrusive way to fulfill fair interference and channel occupancy compared with state-of-the-art (SoA) schemes, where the SAS uses an interference graph (IG) to solve the channel allocation problem. Moreover, the suggested schemes support the distributed carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) mechanism to handle adjacent-channel and cochannel interference (ACI, CCI), which opens new perspective for decentralized systems in a SAS context and beyond 5G.
Recurrent recessive mutation in deoxyguanosine kinase causes idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension (2016)

Our findings provide new insight into the mechanisms mediating inherited and acquired noncirrhotic portal hypertension, expand the phenotypic spectrum of DGUOK deficiency, and provide a new genetic test for a specific cause of idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension. (Hepatology 2016;63:1977-1986).
Bandit Learning-based Online User Clustering and Selection for Cellular Networks (2022)

Current wireless networks employ sophisticated multi-user transmission techniques to fully utilize the physical layer resources for data transmission. At the MAC layer, these techniques rely on a semi-static map that translates the channel quality of users to the potential transmission rate (more precisely, a map from the Channel Quality Index to the Modulation and Coding Scheme) for user selection and scheduling decisions. However, such a static map does not adapt to the actual deployment scenario and can lead to large performance losses. Furthermore, adaptively learning this map can be inefficient, particularly when there are a large number of users. In this work, we make this learning efficient by clustering users. Specifically, we develop an online learning approach that jointly clusters users and channel-states, and learns the associated rate regions of each cluster. This approach generates a scenario-specific map that replaces the static map that is currently used in practice. Furthermore, we show that our learning algorithm achieves sub-linear regret when compared to an omniscient genie. Next, we develop a user selection algorithm for multi-user scheduling using the learned user-clusters and associated rate regions. Our algorithms are validated on the WiNGS simulator from AT&T Labs, that implements the PHY/MAC stack and simulates the channel. We show that our algorithm can efficiently learn user clusters and the rate regions associated with the user sets for any observed channel state. Moreover, our simulations show that a deployment-scenario-specific map significantly outperforms the current static map approach for resource allocation at the MAC layer.
Stereo Video Deblurring (2016)

Videos acquired in low-light conditions often exhibit motion blur, which depends on the motion of the objects relative to the camera. This is not only visually unpleasing, but can hamper further processing. With this paper we are the first to show how the availability of stereo video can aid the challenging video deblurring task. We leverage 3D scene flow, which can be estimated robustly even under adverse conditions. We go beyond simply determining the object motion in two ways: First, we show how a piecewise rigid 3D scene flow representation allows to induce accurate blur kernels via local homographies. Second, we exploit the estimated motion boundaries of the 3D scene flow to mitigate ringing artifacts using an iterative weighting scheme. Being aware of 3D object motion, our approach can deal robustly with an arbitrary number of independently moving objects. We demonstrate its benefit over state-of-the-art video deblurring using quantitative and qualitative experiments on rendered scenes and real videos.
Automotive requirements for sensors using air quality gas sensors as an example (2010)

This work outlines the requirements of sensors for use in automotive applications and describes the features of automotive air quality gas sensors as an example. Implementing these sensors in an automotive environment poses a number of challenges, due to the wide range of possible temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity and vibration profiles. Additionally, the sensors are required to fulfill substantial reliability, quality and cost requirements. Based on the example of a metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor the technical specification and the qualification criteria for automotive capability are presented.
Advancing Precision Medicine for Prostate Cancer Through Genomics (2013)

Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the United States. The recent surge of high-throughput sequencing of cancer genomes has supported an expanding molecular classification of prostate cancer. Translation of these basic science studies into clinically valuable biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis and biomarkers that are predictive for therapy is critical to the development of precision medicine in prostate cancer. We review potential applications aimed at improving screening specificity in prostate cancer and differentiating aggressive versus indolent prostate cancers. Furthermore, we review predictive biomarker candidates involving ETS gene rearrangements, PTEN inactivation, and androgen receptor signaling. These and other putative biomarkers may signify aberrant oncogene pathway activation and provide a rationale for matching patients with molecularly targeted therapies in clinical trials. Lastly, we advocate innovations for clinical trial design to incorporate tumor biopsy and molecular characterization to develop biomarkers and understand mechanisms of resistance.
Identification of Visual Cues and Quantification of Drivers' Perception of Proximity Risk to the Lead Vehicle in Car-Following Situations (2008)

Longitudinal vehicle control and/or warning technologies that operate in accordance with drivers' subjective perception of risk need to be developed for driver-support systems, if such systems are to be used fully to achieve safer, more comfortable driving. In order to accomplish this goal, it is necessary to identify the visual cues utilized by drivers in their perception of risk when closing on the vehicle ahead in a car-following situation. It is also necessary to quantify the relation between the physical parameters defining the spatial relationship to the vehicle ahead and psychological metrics with regard to the risk perceived by the driver. This paper presents the results of an empirical study on quantification and formulization of drivers' subjective perception of risk based on experiments performed with a fixed-base driving simulator at the Nissan Research Center. Experiments were carried out to investigate the subjective perception of risk relative to the headway distance and closing velocity to the vehicle ahead using the magnitude estimation method. The experimental results showed that drivers' perception of risk was strongly affected by two variables: time headway, i.e., the distance to the lead vehicle divided by the following vehicle's velocity, and time to collision, i.e., the distance to the lead vehicle divided by relative velocity. It was also found that an equation for estimating drivers' perception of risk can be formulated as the summation of the time headway inverse and the time to collision inverse and that this expression can be applied to various approaching situations. Furthermore, the validity of this equation was examined based on real-world driver behavior data measured with an instrumented vehicle.