gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Drilling Fluids Planning and Execution for a World Record Water Depth Well (2005)

Abstract Proper drilling fluids planning and execution play a major role in minimizing the likelihood of drilling difficulties such as those encountered in ultra-deep waters. Deepwater drilling is inherently expensive. Because of this, the proper selection of drilling fluids and other support technologies requires careful evaluation to diminish commonly observed deepwater challenges. These challenges include hydrate suppression, shallow water flows, logistics, lost circulation mitigation, viscosity profiles. Another critical deepwater challenge is properly managing ECD to maintain optimal well site safety and environmental compliance. This paper discusses the planning and execution of a drilling fluids program for a world record ultra-deepwater well. The well was located at a water depth of 10,011 ft. (3,051 m) in the Gulf of Mexico's Alaminos Canyon (Block 951). The well was drilled to TD (22,695 ft. [6,917 m]) using an advanced synthetic-based mud that met all Gulf of Mexico compliance requirements and advanced engineering software and tools.
Long-Haul Transmission of PM-16QAM-, PM-32QAM-, and PM-64QAM-Based Terabit Superchannels Over a Field Deployed Legacy Fiber (2016)

Increase in transmission symbol-rate as well as order of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is identified as the most economical way to reduce cost per transmitted bit. In particular, next generation transponders aim at supporting data-rates up to 1 Tb/s employing superchannels due to electrical components' bandwidth limitations. Furthermore, the introduction of a flexible-grid architecture can maximize throughput by minimizing spectral gaps in available optical spectrum. Keeping in view these design options, we conducted several high capacity experiments with tier1 operator Orange using their field deployed standard single mode fiber (SSMF, G.652), having a total length of 762 km, connecting the cities Lyon and Marseille in France. In particular we employed four subcarriers per Tb/s superchannel, each modulated by PM-16QAM, PM-32QAM, and PM-64QAM with per carrier symbol-rates of 41.2 GBd, 33 GBd, and 34 GBd, respectively. The subcarrier spacing was 50 GHz for the PM-16QAM case and 37.5 GHz for both the PM-32QAM and PM-64QAM cases allowing in total 24 × 1.0, 32 × 1.0, and 32 × 1.2 Tb/s superchannels over C-band and resulting in potential C-band capacities of 24.0, 32.0, and 38.4 Tb/s, respectively. After field transmission the maximum available OSNR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.1 nm</sub> margin compared to the required OSNR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.1 nm</sub> at forward error correction (FEC) threshold was 8.2, 5.4, and 4.2 dB for PM-16QAM, PM-32QAM, and PM-64QAM, respectively. The transmission reach for PM16QAM and PM-32QAM modulated superchannels was extended to ~1571 and ~1065 km using erbium doped fiber amplified SSMF spans of ~101 km length.
Monolithic InGaAs JFET active-pixel tunable image sensor (MAPTIS) (1997)

A new monolithic InGaAs active pixel multispectral image sensor is described. This infrared sensor will utilize high quality InGaAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy on InP substrate for the fabrication of a high speed junction field effect transistor array. In<SUB>1-x</SUB>Ga<SUB>x</SUB>As is a III-V alloy whose cutoff wavelength can be tuned from 0.8 micrometer (GaAs) to 3.5 micrometer (InAs). Due to the spectral windows of 3 - 5 micrometer and 8 - 12 micrometer in atmosphere, this material has not received much attention to date for infrared focal plane arrays even though the responsivities for the 0.8 - 1.0 micrometer, and 2.0 - 2.5 micrometer windows for the water and carbon dioxide molecules in air are excellent. Steady advancements of InGaAs material growth and devices have been made, primarily driven by the optoelectronics industry and the high speed electronics community. Most of this knowledge exists in the public domain and is readily accessible. Detectors at 1.7 micrometer cutoff can be ideally implemented as lattice matched In<SUB>0.53</SUB>Ga<SUB>0.47</SUB>As/InP PIN devices. PIN detectors require high material quality to reduce dark current and decrease bit errors. Additionally, the high intrinsic mobility of In<SUB>0.53</SUB>Ga<SUB>0.47</SUB>As enables very high speed transistors for monolithic microwave integrated circuit applications. The new active pixel sensor technology, a likely successor to charge coupled device, has been successfully developed for low noise, high signal transfer efficiency imaging circuits in silicon at JPL. The silicon active pixel sensor technology is being adapted to InGaAs/InP in this exploratory development effort. In this paper, a preliminary result of the monolithic multispectral (visible/near infrared/short-wavelength infrared) active pixel imaging sensor is discussed for application in transportable shipboard surveillance, night vision and emission spectroscopy.
Toxin/Antitoxin Systems Induce Persistence and Work in Concert with Restriction/Modification Systems to Inhibit Phage (2023)

ABSTRACT Myriad bacterial anti-phage systems have been described and often the mechanism of programmed cell death is invoked for phage inhibition. However, there is little evidence of ‘suicide’ under physiological conditions for these systems. Instead of death to stop phage propagation, we show here that persister cells, i.e., transiently-tolerant, dormant, antibiotic-insensitive cells, are formed and survive using the Escherichia coli C496_10 tripartite toxin/antitoxin system MqsR/MqsA/MqsC to inhibit T2 phage. Specifically, MqsR/MqsA/MqsC inhibited T2 phage by one million-fold and reduced T2 titers by 500-fold. During T2 phage attack, in the presence of MqsR/MqsA/MqsC, evidence of persistence include the single-cell physiological change of reduced metabolism (via flow cytometry), increased spherical morphology (via transmission electron microscopy), and heterogeneous resuscitation. Critically, we found restriction-modification systems (primarily EcoK McrBC) work in concert with the toxin/antitoxin system to inactivate phage, likely while the cells are in the persister state. Phage attack also induces persistence in Klebsiella and Pseudomonas spp. Hence, phage attack invokes a stress response similar to antibiotics, starvation, and oxidation, which leads to persistence, and this dormant state likely allows restriction/modification systems to clear phage DNA.
Antiferromagnetic domain wall control via surface spin flop in fully tunable synthetic antiferromagnets with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (2019)

Antiferromagnetic (AF) domain walls have recently attracted revived attention, not only in the emerging field of AF spintronics, but also more specifically for offering fast domain wall velocities and dynamic excitations up to the terahertz frequency regime. Here, we introduce an approach to nucleate and stabilize an AF domain wall in a synthetic antiferromagnet (SAF). We present experimental and micromagnetic studies of the magnetization reversal in ${[{(\mathrm{Co}/\mathrm{Pt})}_{X\ensuremath{-}1}/\mathrm{Co}/\mathrm{Ir}]}_{N\ensuremath{-}1}{(\mathrm{Co}/\mathrm{Pt})}_{X}$ SAFs, where interface-induced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and AF interlayer exchange coupling (IEC) are completely controlled via the individual layer thicknesses within the multilayer stack. By combining strong PMA with even stronger AF-IEC, the SAF reveals a collective response to an external magnetic field applied normal to the surface, and we stabilize the characteristic surface spin-flop (SSF) state for an even number $N$ of AF-coupled ${(\mathrm{Co}/\mathrm{Pt})}_{X\ensuremath{-}1}/\mathrm{Co}$ multilayer blocks. In the SSF state our system provides a well-controlled and fully tunable vertical AF domain wall, easy to integrate as no single-crystal substrates are required and with uniform two-dimensional magnetization in the film plane for further functionalization options, such as lateral patterning via lithography.
Fabrication method for small-scale structures with non-planar features (2023)

The fabrication of small-scale structures is disclosed. A unit-cell of a small-scale structure with non-planar features is fabricated by forming a membrane on a suitable material. A pattern is formed in the membrane and a portion of the substrate underneath the membrane is removed to form a cavity. Resonators are then directionally deposited on the wall or sides of the cavity. The cavity may be rotated during deposition to form closed-loop resonators. The resonators may be non-planar. The unit-cells can be formed in a layer that includes an array of unit-cells.
A conserved interaction with the chromophore of fluorescent proteins (2011)

The chromophore of fluorescent proteins, including the green fluorescent protein (GFP), contains a highly conjugated imidazolidinone ring. In many fluorescent proteins, the carbonyl group of the imidazolidinone ring engages in a hydrogen bond with the side chain of an arginine residue. Prior studies have indicated that such an electrophilic carbonyl group in a protein often accepts electron density from a main-chain oxygen. A survey of high-resolution structures of fluorescent proteins indicates that electron lone pairs of a main-chain oxygen-Thr62 in GFP-donate electron density into an antibonding orbital of the imidazolidinone carbonyl group. This n→π* electron delocalization prevents structural distortion during chromophore excitation that could otherwise lead to fluorescence quenching. In addition, this interaction is present in on-pathway intermediates leading to the chromophore, and thus could direct its biogenesis. Accordingly, this n→π* interaction merits inclusion in computational and photophysical analyses of the chromophore, and in speculations about the molecular evolution of fluorescent proteins.
Quantifying dispersion of layered nanocomposites via melt rheology (2007)

Rheological measurements are used to compare clay nanocomposites prepared through melt mixing using two different polypropylene matrices. Steady state and transient nonlinear rheological experiments are employed to separate the contributions of flow induced orientation of the tactoids and particulate network build-up. The conditions under which the rheological properties are dominated by the aggregate network are subsequently identified. Under these conditions, the low frequency linear viscoelastic behavior is analyzed using scaling concepts for fractal networks to determine the degree of network formation by exfoliation. Moreover, the high frequency behavior of the moduli can be used to quickly assess the dispersion quality. The results from the analysis of the linear viscoelastic data are compared to structural features extracted from electron microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering data.
Performance modeling of optical interconnection technologies for massively parallel processing systems (2002)

Optical interconnection technologies (OITs) are expected to play an important role in alleviating the technologically induced architectural and algorithmic compromises that have to be made in the design of high-performance, massively parallel processors (MPPs) and their target applications. The vast diversity and relative immaturity of the OITs that have been put forth, however, point to the need for a well-articulated strategy for their inclusion into the design methodology of these systems. In particular, a broad-based study that would categorize OITs according to those architectural and algorithmic paradigms they would most impact is required. To this end, this paper presents the structure of the application-driven optical interconnect technology (ADROIT) modeling framework and summarises on-going work geared toward its full development.
Erratum: “Ultrafast laser generated strain in granular and continuous FePt thin films” [Appl. Phys. Lett. 113, 123101 (2018)] (2020)

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Improving the Frame-Error-Rate of Spatial Multiplexing in Block Fading by Randomly Rotating the Signal Constellation (2004)

We demonstrate that one can improve the coded frame-error-rate of spatial multiplexing in block fading by randomly rotating the signal constellation. Unlike linear precoding, our method: 1) does not require coding over time and 2) brings a performance improvement at essentially no additional computational expense. A discussion of the results is provided.
The Problem of Idleness: An Arendtian Justification of Universal Basic Income in the Face of Mass Automation (2019)

This dissertation is concerned with a fundamental problem at the heart of Arendt’s The Human Condition—namely, ‘the problem of idleness’. This problem is related to the three types of human Arendt identifies as correlated to dominant activities in one’s life, animal laborans, homo faber, and the acting person. It explores Arendt’s predictions of an oncoming automation crisis, and the possibility of a corresponding crisis in the production—consumption cycle. The problem of idleness can be understood as the claim that if people are provided freedom from job-holding so that they may pursue other activities, they would likely turn to consumption to occupy their time. I claim that this problem of idleness is important in any consideration of an oncoming automation crisis, especially in relation to Universal Basic Income (UBI) as a solution to such a crisis. I claim that there is a hole in the UBI literature concerning this problem of idleness, and if left unaddressed it would result in both an ineffective UBI, and in a crisis of meaning for the general populace. This dissertation demonstrates what the problem of idleness is, why it is important, and what possible solutions exist. This contributes to the UBI literature by diagnosing and attempting to solve a gap in the literature which I argue would cause practical challenges in the implementation and stability of a UBI system. I also contribute to the Arendtian literature by problematizing traditional readings of Arendt, and offering a reappraisal of her thought on Marx, art, and the social.
New sulfonamide and sulfonic ester porphyrins as sensitizers for photodynamic therapy (2002)

New sulfonamide and sulfonic ester porphyrins were prepared and their in vitro characteristics as sensitizers for photodynamic therapy were assessed. Fluorescence spectra were characterised by two main peaks, located between 650-680 nm and 705-740 nm, respectively. Some of these new porphyrins (three out of nine) showed good photodynamic properties in the in vitro assays. In the absence of light, these porphyrins are not toxic. With 50 J.cm −2 illumination light (514 nm) they induced mortality in 50% of HT29 cells with 2 to 4.5 μg/ml. Comparison of in vitro phototoxic efficacy of these three compounds with other photosensitizers already described confirms interest in their phototoxic properties.
Size-selective optical forces for microspheres using evanescent wave excitation of whispering gallery modes (2008)

We show that when a microsphere is illuminated by an evanescent wave, the optical forces on- and off-whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonance can differ by several orders of magnitude. Such size-selective force allows one to selectively manipulate the resonating particles, while leaving those particles at off-resonance untouched. As WGM resonances have very high-Q’s, this kind of force could be deployed for size-selective manipulation with a very high accuracy (∼1∕Q), as well as simultaneous particle-sorting according to their size or resonant frequency.
Low polarization microscope objectives (2010)

Low polarization, high numerical aperture microscope objectives ideal for polarization sensitive applications are designed, fabricated, and measured. A microscope objective is designed to meet the application requirements using Code V. Performance of typical AR coatings is examined and determined to be insufficient to meet the polarization performance desired. Custom AR coatings are optimized using an in house polarization ray tracing program to reduce the objectives diattenuation. The resulting microscope objectives perform about 5 times better than our low polarization Nikon objectives.
Optoelectronics of Atomic Metal–Semiconductor Interfaces in Tin-Intercalated MoS2 (2022)

Metal-semiconductor interfaces are ubiquitous in modern electronics. These quantum-confined interfaces allow for the formation of atomically thin polarizable metals and feature rich optical and optoelectronic phenomena, including plasmon-induced hot-electron transfer from metal to semiconductors. Here, we report on the metal-semiconductor interface formed during the intercalation of zero-valent atomic layers of tin (Sn) between layers of MoS<sub>2</sub>, a van der Waals layered material. We demonstrate that Sn interaction leads to the emergence of gap states within the MoS<sub>2</sub> band gap and to corresponding plasmonic features between 1 and 2 eV (0.6-1.2 μm). The observed stimulation of the photoconductivity, as well as the extension of the spectral response from the visible regime toward the mid-infrared suggests that hot-carrier generation and internal photoemission take place.
Short-Chain Polyselenosulfide Copolymers as Cathode Materials for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries (2019)

Copolymerization of sulfur, which forms sulfur-rich polymers, has recently opened a new era in the lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery research as improved battery performances could be achieved compared to pure sulfur (S<sub>8</sub>). By means of organic chemistry, sulfur copolymers with desired features and chemical structures could be rationally designed and synthesized. In this study, sulfur-rich polymers consisting of short-chain tetrasulfide (R-S<sub>4</sub>-R) (PTS) and selenotrisulfide (R-SeS<sub>3</sub>-R) (PTSeS) bonds are suggested as cathode materials for Li-S batteries. Intrinsically short poly(seleno)sulfide bonds along with covalent anchoring effect effectively suppress the parasitic shuttle effect originating from soluble long-chain lithium polysulfides formed from pure S<sub>8</sub>. Furthermore, a comparative study demonstrates the indisputable advantage of the selenium doping, which enhances the electrical conductivity of the polymer and following battery performances. In terms of cycling performance, both PTSeS and PTS with ∼2 mg cm<sup>-2</sup> polymer loading exhibit small capacity decays of 0.078 and 0.052% per cycle until 500 cycles at 0.5C, respectively. However, active material utilization and high rate performance are substantially superior in PTSeS due to the enhanced electron transfer kinetics. This work would provide useful design principles for fabrication of sulfur-based polymers with even greater applicability in future Li-S batteries.
Influence of size, surface area and microporosity on thein vitrocytotoxic activity of amorphous silica nanoparticles in different cell types (2010)

Identifying the physico-chemical characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs) that drive their toxic activity is the key to conducting hazard assessment and guiding the design of safer nanomaterials. Here we used a set of 17 stable suspensions of monodisperse amorphous silica nanoparticles (SNPs) with selected variations in size (diameter, 2-335 nm), surface area (BET, 16-422 m(2)/g) and microporosity (micropore volume, 0-71 microl/g) to assess with multiple regression analysis the physico-chemical determinants of the cytotoxic activity in four different cell types (J774 macrophages, EAHY926 endothelial cells, 3T3 fibroblasts and human erythrocytes). We found that the response to these SNPs is governed by different physico-chemical parameters which vary with cell type: In J774 macrophages, the cytotoxic activity (WST1 assay) increased with external surface area (alphas method) and decreased with micropore volume (r(2) of the model, 0.797); in EAHY926 and 3T3 cells, the cytotoxic activity of the SNPs (MTT and WST1 assay, respectively) increased with surface roughness and small diameter (r(2), 0.740 and 0.872, respectively); in erythrocytes, the hemolytic activity increased with the diameter of the SNP (r(2), 0.860). We conclude that it is possible to predict with good accuracy the in vitro cytotoxic potential of SNPs on the basis of their physico-chemical characteristics. These determinants are, however, complex and vary with cell type, reflecting the pleiotropic interactions of nanoparticles with biological systems.
CCR3 Is Required for Tissue Eosinophilia and Larval Cytotoxicity After Infection with Trichinella spiralis (2002)

The CCR3 binds at least seven different CC chemokines and is expressed on eosinophils, mast cells (MC), and a subset of Th cells (Th2) that generate cytokines implicated in mucosal immune responses. Using mice with a targeted disruption of CCR3 (CCR3(-/-)) and their +/+ littermates, we investigated the role of CCR3 in the amplification of tissue eosinophilia and MC hyperplasia in the mouse after infection with Trichinella spiralis. In CCR3(-/-) mice, eosinophils are not recruited to the jejunal mucosa after infection and are not present in the skeletal muscle adjacent to encysting larvae. In addition, the number of cysts in the skeletal muscle is increased and the frequency of encysted larvae exhibiting necrosis is reduced. The CCR3(-/-) mice exhibit the expected MC hyperplasia in the jejunum and caecum and reject the adult worms from the small intestine at a normal rate. This study is consistent with distinct functions for MC (adult worm expulsion) and eosinophils (toxicity to larvae) in immunity to a helminth, T. spiralis, and defines the essential requirement for CCR3 in eosinophil, but not MC recruitment to tissues.
[Regulation of terpene metabolism]. Annual progress report, March 15, 1989--March 14, 1990 (1989)

Terpenoid oils, resins, and waxes from plants are important renewable resources. The objective of this project is to understand the regulation of terpenoid metabolism using the monoterpenes (C{sub 10}) as a model. The pathways of monoterpene biosynthesis and catabolism have been established, and the relevant enzymes characterized. Developmental studies relating enzyme levels to terpene accumulation within the oil gland sites of synthesis, and work with bioregulators, indicate that monoterpene production is controlled by terpene cyclases, the enzymes catalyzing the first step of the monoterpene pathway. As the leaf oil glands mature, cyclase levels decline and monoterpene biosynthesis ceases. Yield then decreases as the monoterpenes undergo catabolism by a process involving conversion to a glycoside and transport from the leaf glands to the root. At this site, the terpenoid is oxidatively degraded to acetate that is recycled into other lipid metabolites. During the transition from terpene biosynthesis to catabolism, the oil glands undergo dramatic ultrastructural modification. Degradation of the producing cells results in mixing of previously compartmentized monoterpenes with the catabolic enzymes, ultimately leading to yield decline. This regulatory model is being applied to the formation of other terpenoid classes (C{sub 15} C{sub 20}, C{sub 30}, C{sub 40}) within the oil glands. Preliminary investigations on the formation of sesquiterpenes (C{sub 15}) suggest that the corresponding cyclases may play a lesser role in determining yield of these products, but that compartmentation effects are important. From these studies, a comprehensive scheme for the regulation of terpene metabolism is being constructed. Results from this project wail have important consequences for the yield and composition of terpenoid natural products that can be made available for industrial exploitation.