gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Semiconductor Electrodes: XI . Behavior of n‐ and p‐Type Single Crystal Semconductors Covered with Thin Films (1977)

Single crystal semiconductors (n‐Si, p‐Si, , , , , and ) were coated with n‐type by a chemical vapor deposition technique, and the electron and hole transfer properties across the heterojunction so produced were investigated. The quality of the deposited film depended upon several factors including temperature and substrate material. When high quality crack‐free coats were obtained on n‐type substrates, the substrate was stabilized with no dissolution during the photo‐oxidation of water. However, the oxidation was due only to the photoexcitation of the, and any holes produced in the substrate were not transferred through the to the solution. The use of p‐type substrates coated with as photocathodes was limited by band‐bending requirements at the p‐n heterojunction and the interface.
Targeting of Antioxidant and Anti-Thrombotic Drugs to Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecules (2005)

The endothelium represents an important therapeutic target for containment of oxidative stress, thrombosis and inflammation involved in a plethora of acute and chronic conditions including cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases and diabetes. However, rapid blood clearance and lack of affinity to the endothelium compromise delivery to target and restrict medical utility of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., catalase) and fibrinolytics. The use of "stealth" PEG-liposomes prolongs circulation, whereas conjugation with antibodies to endothelial determinants permits targeting. Constitutive endothelial cell adhesion molecules (CAM, such as ICAM-1 and PECAM-1, which are stably expressed and functionally involved in oxidative stress and thrombosis) are candidate determinants for targeting of antioxidants and fibrinolytics. CAM antibodies and compounds conjugated with anti-CAM bind to endothelial cells and accumulate in vascularized organs (preferentially, lungs). Pathological stimuli enhance ICAM-1 expression in endothelial cells and facilitate targeting, whereas PECAM-1 expression and targeting are stable. Endothelial cells internalize 100-300 nm diameter conjugates possessing multiple copies of anti-CAM, but not monomolecular antibodies or micron conjugates. This permits size-controlled sub-cellular targeting of antioxidants into the endothelial interior and fibrinolytics to the endothelial surface. Targeting catalase to PECAM-1 or ICAM-1 protects endothelial cells against injury by oxidants in culture and alleviates vascular oxidative stress in lungs in animals. Anti-CAM/catalase conjugates are active for a few hours prior to lysosomal degradation, which can be delayed by auxiliary drugs. Conjugation of fibrinolytics to monovalent anti-ICAM permits targeting and prolonged retention on the endothelial surface. Therefore, CAM targeting of antioxidants and fibrinolytics might help to contain oxidative and thrombotic stresses, with benefits of blocking CAM. Avenues for improvement and translation of this concept into the clinical domain are discussed.
Differential Kinase Activity Across Prostate Tumor Compartments Defines Sensitivity to Target Inhibition (2022)

Single-cell mass cytometry analyses provide insights into the differences in kinase activities across tumor compartments and cell states, which contribute to heterogeneous responses to targeted therapies.
Enhanced detection of drugs in complex mixtures by derivatization/secondary ion mass spectrometry (1985)

Derivatization/secondary ion (SI) mass spectrometry is a sensitive surface analysis technique. It can detect ppm levels of selected compounds in complex mixtures, as can tandem mass spectrometry. However, unlike tandem mass spectrometry it uses simpler instrumentation, since chemistry is used to select the compound of interest instead of a mass spectrometer. The application of derivatization/SI mass spectrometry is discussed regarding the analysis of drugs in aqueous media, tablets or human urine.
Amino Acid-Derived Cyclic Phosphonamides as Potential HIV-Protease Inhibitors (2000)

Phosphorus containing compounds have gained considerable attention due to their diverse biological and chemical profiles. A number of P-heterocycles have shown potent biological activity, and have become attractive targets as rationally designed small molecules. We are interested in continuing to build a library of highly functionalized heterocyclic phosphorus-containing compounds of varied chemical and biological interests. In out pursuit of novel P-heterocycles, we have recently become interested in the synthesis of amino acid-based phosphorus containing compounds that may have potentials as HIV-1 protease-inhibitors. Our efforts have largely been driven by the development of a number of cyclic urea-based HIV-1 protease inhibitors at Dupont-Merck that gave promising biological activity.
Gliovascular and cytokine interactions modulate brain endothelial barrier in vitro (2012)

The glio‐vascular unit (G‐unit) plays a prominent role in maintaining homeostasis of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) and disturbances in this unit may seriously damage BBB. The direct and indirect effects of cytokines on cellular components of the BBB are not yet clear. The present study compares the effects of cytokines and cytokine‐treated astrocytes on brain endothelial barrier. 3D transwell co‐cultures of brain endothelium and astrocytes were used to investigate gliovascular barrier responses to cytokines during pathological stresses. Gliovascular barrier was measured using trans‐endothelial electrical resistance, a sensitive index of in vitro barrier integrity. We found that neither TNF‐á, IL‐1â or IFN‐ã directly reduced barrier in human or mouse brain endothelium or ECV‐304 barrier, but astrocyte exposure to cytokines in co‐culture significantly reduced endothelial (and ECV‐304) barrier. These results indicate that human and mouse brain endothelial barrier may respond positively to cytokines alone, but that during pathological conditions, cytokines dysregulate the barrier indirectly through astrocyte activation involving reorganization of junctions, matrix, focal adhesion or release of barrier modulating factors (e.g. oxidants, MMPs).
Synthesis of Oligo-enynes Using [Fe(alkene)(CO)n] Scaffolds. Z/E-Selective Wittig- and Horner-type Olefination Reactions of η-Carbonyl Groups in η4-Diene and γ-Carbonyl Groups in η2-Alkene Complexes of Iron (1998)

β-Oxo-dienetricarbonyliron complexes 4 and γ-oxo-alkenecarbene complexes 5 undergo olefinations with a wide range of phosphonates and phosphoranes with high E- or Z-selectivity and give the free oligo-en(yn)es or carbamates, respectively, upon oxidative demetalation.
Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized\n Data (2016)

Modern mobile devices have access to a wealth of data suitable for learning\nmodels, which in turn can greatly improve the user experience on the device.\nFor example, language models can improve speech recognition and text entry, and\nimage models can automatically select good photos. However, this rich data is\noften privacy sensitive, large in quantity, or both, which may preclude logging\nto the data center and training there using conventional approaches. We\nadvocate an alternative that leaves the training data distributed on the mobile\ndevices, and learns a shared model by aggregating locally-computed updates. We\nterm this decentralized approach Federated Learning.\n We present a practical method for the federated learning of deep networks\nbased on iterative model averaging, and conduct an extensive empirical\nevaluation, considering five different model architectures and four datasets.\nThese experiments demonstrate the approach is robust to the unbalanced and\nnon-IID data distributions that are a defining characteristic of this setting.\nCommunication costs are the principal constraint, and we show a reduction in\nrequired communication rounds by 10-100x as compared to synchronized stochastic\ngradient descent.\n
α-MSH production, receptors, and influence on neopterin in a human monocyte/macrophage cell line (1996)

alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), a tridecapeptide derived from pro-opiomelanocortin, has potent antiinflammatory activity in laboratory animals. alpha-MSH inhibits nitric oxide production by murine macrophages, an influence believed to reflect activation of an autocrine circuit in these cells, one that is based on production and release of alpha-MSH and subsequent stimulation of melanocortin receptors. We found that THP-1 cells, human monocytic cells, produced alpha-MSH; this production was increased by interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor a, or concanavalin A. These cells also expressed the gene for the human alpha-MSH receptor MC1. Unlike murine macrophages, THP-1 cells produced little nitrite in response to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and lipopolysaccharide, and a-MSH inhibited this production only slightly. However, production of neopterin, a presumed primate homologue of nitric oxide in lower animals, was increased in THP-1 cells stimulated with INF-gamma plus TNF-alpha and alpha-MSH significantly inhibited this production. The evidence indicates that an autocrine regulatory circuit based on alpha-MSH occurs in human monocyte/macrophages much as in murine macrophages. alpha-MSH-induced modulation of specific inflammatory mediators/cytotoxic agents appears to differ depending on the importance of the mediators in the myelomonocytic cells of different species.
Insertion of the Artificial Disc Replacement (2009)

Surgical computer-assisted navigation may be a useful tool in the hands of a spine surgeon to achieve more accurate placement of the disc prosthesis. Because of the parallax effect, computer-assisted navigation offers more placement accuracy than stan- dard fluoroscopy. Because the accurate placement of total disc prosthesis has been correlated with better clinical outcome, further study regarding the navigation of the TDR is essential.
Genetic Deletion of NR3A Accelerates Glutamatergic Synapse Maturation (2020)

Glutamatergic synapse maturation is critically dependent upon activation of NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs); however, the contributions of NR3A subunit-containing NMDARs to this process have only begun to be considered. Here we characterized the expression of NR3A in the developing mouse forebrain and examined the consequences of NR3A deletion on excitatory synapse maturation. We found that NR3A is expressed in many subcellular compartments, and during early development, NR3A subunits are particularly concentrated in the postsynaptic density (PSD). NR3A levels dramatically decline with age and are no longer enriched at PSDs in juveniles and adults. Genetic deletion of NR3A accelerates glutamatergic synaptic transmission, as measured by AMPAR-mediated postsynaptic currents recorded in hippocampal CA1. Consistent with the functional observations, we observed that the deletion of NR3A accelerated the expression of the glutamate receptor subunits NR1, NR2A, and GluR1 in the PSD in postnatal day (P) 8 mice. These data support the idea that glutamate receptors concentrate at synapses earlier in NR3A-knockout (NR3A-KO) mice. The precocious maturation of both AMPAR function and glutamate receptor expression are transient in NR3A-KO mice, as AMPAR currents and glutamate receptor protein levels are similar in NR3A-KO and wildtype mice by P16, an age when endogenous NR3A levels are normally declining. Taken together, our data support a model whereby NR3A negatively regulates the developmental stabilization of glutamate receptors involved in excitatory neurotransmission, synaptogenesis, and spine growth.
Myelin‐associated glycoprotein modulates expression and phosphorylation of neuronal cytoskeletal elements and their associated kinases (2002)

Decreased phosphorylation of neurofilaments in mice lacking myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) was shown to be associated with decreased activities of extracellular-signal regulated kinases (ERK1/2) and cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (cdk5). These in vivo changes could be caused directly by the absence of a MAG-mediated signaling pathway or secondary to a general disruption of the Schwann cell-axon junction that prevents signaling by other molecules. Therefore, in vitro experimental paradigms of MAG interaction with neurons were used to determine if MAG directly influences expression and phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins and their associated kinases. COS-7 cells stably transfected with MAG or with empty vector were co-cultured with primary dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Total amounts of the middle molecular weight neurofilament subunit (NF-M), microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B), MAP2, and tau were up-regulated significantly in DRG neurons in the presence of MAG. There was also increased expression of phosphorylated high molecular weight neurofilament subunit (NF-H), NF-M, and MAP1B. Additionally, in similar in vitro paradigms, total and phosphorylated NF-M were increased significantly in PC12 neurons co-cultured with MAG-expressing COS cells or treated with a soluble MAG Fc-chimera. The increased expression of phosphorylated cytoskeletal proteins in the presence of MAG in vitro was associated with increased activities of ERK 1/2 and cdk5. We propose that interaction of MAG with an axonal receptor(s) induces a signal transduction cascade that regulates expression of cytoskeletal proteins and their phosphorylation by these proline-directed protein kinases.
Imaging control functions of optical scanners (2014)

For future printing based on multiple patterning and directed self-assembly, critical dimension and overlay requirements become tighter for immersion lithography. Thermal impact of exposure to both the projection lens and reticle expansion becomes the dominant factor for high volume production. A new procedure to tune the thermal control function is needed to maintain the tool conditions to obtain high productivity and accuracy. Additionally, new functions of both hardware and software are used to improve the imaging performance even during exposure with high-dose conditions. In this paper, we describe the procedure to tune the thermal control parameters which indicate the response of projection lens aberration and reticle expansion separately. As new functionalities to control the thermal lens aberration, wavefront-based lens control software and reticle bending hardware are introduced. By applying these functions, thermal focus control can be improved drastically. Further, the capability of prediction of reticle expansion is discussed, including experimental data from overlay exposure and aerial image sensor results.
Repurposing and Rescuing of Mibefradil, an Antihypertensive, for Cancer: A Case Study (2015)

The expanding "valley of death" in drug development is leaving potentially life-saving new chemical entities and molecular targets fallow. This situation is forcing early-stage companies to think creatively about moving their technologies forward, especially as institutional investors show more interest in later stages of development. Drug repurposing, a strategy to examine existing drugs for therapeutic value against different diseases, is an emerging method to bring an off-market drug back onto the market. Tau Therapeutics LLC identified the role of T-type calcium channel blockers (Cav3) in cancer proliferation, but the company was unable to attract funding while having both a nonvalidated drug target and new chemical entities. To change the risk profile of the company, Tau set out to repurpose the known Cav3 drug mibefradil as a proof of concept for the treatment of cancer. Mibefradil was launched for hypertension in the 1990s but withdrawn because of drug-drug interactions. A new sequential combination treatment, termed Interlaced Therapy™, uses short-term administration of mibefradil to enhance the overall therapeutic potential of conventional anticancer agents. Mibefradil is currently in a phase Ib clinical trial with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Adult Brain Tumor Consortium. Mibefradil has been repurposed from an abandoned antihypertensive to a targeted solid tumor treatment, and it has been rescued from drug-drug interactions by using short-term dose exposure. Tau is using the early success of mibefradil as a proof of concept to build a platform technology of Cav3 blockers for broad antitumor applications in combination with new targeted cancer therapies, well-established chemotherapies, and radiation.
Linear and nonlinear optical characterization of self-assembled, large-area gold nanosphere metasurfaces with sub-nanometer gaps: errata (2018)

We correct a nomenclature error for the plasmon ruler equation used to fit the simulation data in Fig. 2(d) [Opt. Express24, 27360 (2016)].
<title /> (1989)

During the decade that has passed since the discovery of the alexandrite laser, many other tunable vibronic sideband lasers based on Cr/sup 3 +/ have been developed. These lasers span the wavelength range from 700 nm to at least 1235 nm. Experimental and theoretical research has provided an understanding of the important factors that influence the performance of these Cr/sup 3 +/ lasers and other solid state vibronic lasers. The intrinsic performance levels of some of the most promising Cr/sup 3 +/ lasers are evaluated from extrapolated slope efficiency measurements. 7 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.
Practical LTE and WiFi Coexistence Techniques Beyond LBT (2017)

Coexistence with WiFi is the key issue for unlicensed band LTE. The main coexistence mechanism is listen-before-talk, whereby radio frequency energy is sensed over a short period and compared to a threshold. Given the default energy thresholds, the energy sensing range is much less than the cell range. Either technology can experience a collision due to transmissions being below energy detection threshold. Currently, WiFi is agnostic to unlicensed band LTE. To improve coexistence, a relay-based communications channel is proposed whereby LTE announces its presence. Legacy WiFi APs may be programmed to interpret and respond by firmware upgrade . Higher performance for both networks is demonstrated via more effective radio frequency channel selection and adaptive energy detection thresholding.
M-Polar: Channel Allocation for Throughput Maximization in SDR Mesh Networks (2010)

In traditional wireless networks, nodes use only a single channel per radio interface, thus limiting the overall channel diversity of the network. This restriction is due to the inherent limitations of commercially-available RF devices. With the advent of high bandwidth software-defined radios (SDRs), we now have the option of assigning multiple contiguous, independent channels to a single wireless interface. This new-found opportunity raises an important question: how do we assign contiguous channels to nodes in order to maximize overall network throughput? This question lies at the often-ignored intersection of single-radio-multi-channel and multi-radio-multi-channel assignment schemes. In this paper, we develop a protocol that assigns contiguous channels with the goal of evenly spreading the load across the multiple channels. Neighboring nodes greedily adjust their channel ranges according to channel conditions to achieve an overall pattern of partially-overlapping bandwidths that maximizes the network throughput. The end-result is a network that can dynamically adapt its bandwidth usage to the network load and the conditions of the different channels. The proposed protocol is evaluated with a prototype built upon the USRP as well as with detailed simulation.
Enzyme-based Labeling of Tumor Boundaries (2007)

We are developing a method for labeling tumor boundaries. An enzyme involved in wound healing covalently links a fluorescent-labeled substrate into the growing tumor boundary. We have performed in vitro assays to study this method.
Multidisciplinary team modeling of a complex sandstone reservoir, Colorado (1995)

A U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) research grant was awarded to Colorado School of Mines to develop a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to characterizing the architecture, behavior and economics of a petroleum reservoir. This approach was intended to provide a development strategy model for application by small to large petroleum companies. A multidisciplinary faculty/student team was formed. A structurally/stratigraphically complex oil/gas producing Cretaceous sandstone was selected because the 1100 wells, several cores, 3D seismic survey, and numerous well performance/test results that were available were ideal for establishing data requirements and procedures for optimal characterization. Well data were entered into a PC-based spreadsheet/analysis system. Statistical treatments were developed to easily identify anomalous well picks from the large database which might be a result of typographical/transcription errors, deviated wells, and miscorrelations, in addition to geologic factors. Computer-generated maps and cross-sections were constructed from this {open_quotes}clean{close_quote} database to develop a basic stratigraphic and structural framework, which was then refined by interpretation of 3D seismic, well test, and performance data. The 3D seismic was particularly useful in detecting faults/fractures that were too small to be recognized from well information, but which proved to be significant in controlling reservoir fluid distributions and flow behavior. Several iterationsmore » of this procedure by the whole team resulted in a comprehensive geologic model of the reservoir which conformed to performance characteristics, and which opened up new opportunities in a {open_quote}mature{close_quote} hydrocarbon basin. This systematic approach can be applied relatively quickly to areas in which a large amount of information is available which might otherwise be avoided owing to time constraints.« less
CD98hc is required for the formation of intimal hyperplasia following arterial injury (2008)

CD98 heavy chain (CD98hc) is a transmembrane protein that mediates integrin signaling and functions as a chaperone for amino acid transporters (CD98 light chains). It is highly expressed in proliferating tissues; hence we hypothesized that CD98hc has a role in intimal hyperplasia that causes restenosis after vascular injury. Using flow cytometry, we found that smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in culture express CD98hc at high levels and that CD98hc is upregulated in the vessel wall after carotid injury in mice. To specifically delete CD98hc in SMCs, CD98hc conditional knock out mice (floxed CD98hc) were crossed with SM22alpha‐Cre mice. CD98hc was deleted in &gt;97% of vascular SMCs. The mice were healthy and the morphology of the vasculature was the same as in littermate controls. Following carotid injury there was a dramatic decrease in neointimal formation in the CD98hc deleted mice (74% reduction). Ex vivo, the number of SMCs growing out from CD98hc deleted aortic explants was reduced with 73%. BrdU and TUNEL analyses showed reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis in the CD98hc deleted explants. In conclusion, deletion of CD98hc in SMCs leads to a dramatic reduction of neointimal formation following vascular injury, but does not affect normal vascular morphology.
Yellow Sea Shallow Water Experiment. (1997)

Abstract : The purpose of this grant is to support the acquisition of both oceanographic and acoustic measurements to assesss reverberation and the backscatter from the sea bottom and surface, propagation loss, and the effects of internal wave soutons on acoustic model coupling. The experiment was conducted in late August in the Yellow Sea at 37 deg N and 124 deg E.
Enantioselective Synthesis of a Phenylalanine Library Containing Alkyl Groups on the Aromatic Moiety: Confirmation of Stereostructure by X‐Ray Analysis. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.