gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
System for providing simultaneous PDT delivery and dual spectroscopic monitoring in clinical basal cell carcinoma therapy (2006)

Photodynamic therapy using 5-aminolevulinic acid is an effective therapy for treating basal cell carcinoma, characterized by high lesion clearance and excellent cosmetic outcomes. Treatment optimization and lesion-tailored treatments making use of real-time treatment assessment promise still greater efficacy and improved comfort for patients. In order to monitor treatment parameters during therapy, instrumentation of our own design delivers a 633 nm treatment beam while simultaneously collecting fluorescence spectra. Fluorescence spectra from 650-800 nm are corrected for the effects of tissue optical properties and report protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) photobleaching as well as photoproduct dynamics in the lesion and in the perilesion margin during therapy. Brief treatment interruptions are made for acquisition of white light reflectance spectra from 420-800 nm that are used to generate corrections to fluorescence spectra and can be used to deduce blood volume and hemoglobin oxygen saturation. LabVIEW and Matlab scripts are used for real-time data analysis. Measurements have been made on 5 patients (7 BCC lesions) with a treatment fluence rate of 150 mW cm-2 and on 5 additional patients (5 BCC lesions) at 10 mW cm-2. Measurements are made for each lesion until greater than 90% photobleaching of PpIX is detected at which point the balance of the prescribed fluence is delivered at 150 mW cm-2 without interruption. PpIX bleaching rates between the two fluence rates varied significantly. These measurements were carried out during ALA-PDT treatment of BCC as part of a pilot study designed to guide treatment fluence and fluence rates in an anticipated clinical trial.
Improved SAT-based bounded reachability analysis (2003)

Symbolic simulation is widely used in logic verification. Previous approaches based on BDDs suffer from space outs, while SAT-based approaches have been found fairly robust. We propose a SAT-based symbolic simulation algorithm using a noncanonical two-input AND/INVERTER graph representation and on-the-fly reduction algorithm on such a graph representation. Unlike previous approaches where circuit is explicitly unrolled, we propagate the symbolic values represented using the simplified AND/INVERTER graph across the time frames. This simplification have significant impact on the performance of SAT-solver. Experimental results on large examples show the effectiveness of the proposed technique over previous approaches. Specifically we were able to find real bugs in pieces of the designs from IBM Gigahertz Processor Project which were previously remained undetected. Moreover, previous heuristics used in BDD-based symbolic simulation can still be applied to this algorithm.
Achromatic grating two-wave mixing in photorefractive BaTiO 3 using an amplitude-modulated laser diode (1994)

Laser diodes are becoming increasingly important in ground and space-based communication systems. The laser power can be modulated at frequencies up to gigahertz to allow extremely high bandwidth communications. Nonlinear optical devices such as photorefractive crystals have been proposed for use in such optical networks for power amplifiers and active beam cleanup devices. One problem with the use of nonlinear optics techniques such as two-and four-wave mixing with laser diodes is that high-frequency modulation of the drive current can widen the laser linewidth enormously.1 Thus a technique is required that will allow wave mixing with a wide bandwidth or multiple-frequency source.
Assessment of global coagulation function under treatment with emicizumab concomitantly with bypassing agents in haemophilia A with inhibitor (UNEBI Study): multicentre open-label non-randomised clinical trial (2022)

jRCTs051190119.
Semiconductor laser amplifier as optical switching gate (1993)

The properties of a semiconductor laser amplifier as optical switching gate are investigated. Particular attention is paid to gain, contrast ratio, and switching time of the device. These properties are studied experimentally and theoretically with respect to the injection current, optical input power, and cavity resonances. The experimental arrangements and the theoretical method are described. As an example of the various applications of semiconductor laser amplifier gates, packet switching experiments with self-routing, employing cascaded switching gates, are reported. In a theoretical analysis the restrictions that the properties of semiconductor laser amplifier gates impose on a larger switching system consisting of many such gates are investigated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Electrostatic Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase in a Weak Acid, Polyelectrolyte Hyperbranched Ultrathin Film on Gold:  Fabrication, Characterization, and Enzymatic Activity (1999)

In this paper we show that hyperbranched polymers can be used as a host matrix for electrostatic entrapment of enzymes. Specifically, amine-functionalized glucose oxidase (GOx+) and horseradish peroxidase, as well as poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-modified horseradish peroxidase, reversibly sorb into polyanionic, hyperbranched poly(sodium acrylate) (PAA-) films that are on the order of a few hundred angstroms thick. The quantity of GOx+ entrapped within the PAA- films depends on the nature of film preparation but is typically on the order of 0.06 unit/cm2. The extent to which entrapped GOx+ retains its activity depends on the film history, but for PAA-/GOx+ composites not exposed to glucose and stored at 4 degrees C, the original activity is retained for up to 68 days and perhaps longer.
Energy-driven surface evolution in beta-MnO2 structures (2017)

Exposed crystal facets directly affect the electrochemical/catalytic performance of MnO2 materials during their applications in supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, and fuel cells. Currently, the facet-controlled synthesis of MnO2 is facing serious challenges due to the lack of an in-depth understanding of their surface evolution mechanisms. Here, combining aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and high-resolution TEM, we revealed a mutual energy-driven mechanism between beta-MnO2 nanowires and microstructures that dominated the evolution of the lateral facets in both structures. The evolution of the lateral surfaces followed the elimination of the {100} facets and increased the occupancy of {110} facets with the increase in hydrothermal retention time. Both self-growth and oriented attachment along their {100} facets were observed as two different ways to reduce the surface energies of the beta-MnO2 structures. High-density screw dislocations with the 1/2<100> Burgers vector were generated consequently. The observed surface evolution phenomenon offers guidance for the facet-controlled growth of beta-MnO2 materials with high performances for its application in metal-air batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, etc.
Model-Based Iterative Reconstruction for One-Sided Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Evaluation (2018)

One-sided ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation (UNDE) is extensively used to characterize structures that need to be inspected and maintained from defects and flaws that could affect the performance of power plants, such as nuclear power plants. Most UNDE systems send acoustic pulses into the structure of interest, measure the received waveform and use an algorithm to reconstruct the quantity of interest. The most widely used algorithm in UNDE systems is the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) because it produces acceptable results in real time. A few regularized inversion techniques with linear models have been proposed which can improve on SAFT, but they tend to make simplifying assumptions that do not address how to obtain reconstructions from large real data sets. In this paper, we propose a model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) algorithm designed for scanning UNDE systems. To further reduce some of the artifacts in the results, we enhance the forward model to account for the transmitted beam profile, the occurrence of direct arrival signals, and the correlation between scans from adjacent regions. Next, we combine the forward model with a spatially variant prior model to account for the attenuation of deeper regions. We also present an algorithm to jointly reconstruct measurements from large data sets. Finally, using simulated and extensive experimental data, we show MBIR results and demonstrate how we can improve over SAFT as well as existing regularized inversion techniques.
Demonstration of in-service wavelength division multiplexing optical-signal-to-noise ratio performance monitoring and operating guidelines for coherent data channels with different modulation formats and various baud rates (2014)

We demonstrated a delay-line interferometer (DLI)-based, optical-signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) monitoring scheme of 100 Gbit/s polarization multiplexed quadrature-phase-shift-keying (PM-QPSK) four-channel WDM at 50-GHz International Telecommunication Union (ITU) grid with <0.5 dB error for signals with up to 26 dB of actual OSNR. We also demonstrated data format transparency and baud rate tunability of the OSNR monitor by measuring the OSNR for a 200 Gbit/s PM-16-QAM (25-Gbaud) signal and a 200 Gbit/s PM-QPSK (50-Gbaud) signal. We also explored and studied different monitor parameters, including the shape of the filter spectrum, the bandwidth of the filter, DLI delay, and DLI phase-detuning to determine the design guidelines for a desired level of accuracy for the OSNR monitor in an optical network.
Towards Environmentally-Friendly Additives for Well Completion and Stimulation Operations (2001)

Abstract The oil and petrochemical industries have unquestionably been key drivers in the development of the complex, modern world we live in. They have helped power our cities, transport our goods and provided the raw materials for the development of countless pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics and consumer products. In fact, many of the advances made in general health, and in improved living standards around the world, can be traced to the wealth generated by the oil industry. However, while few recognise this contribution, many people do worry about the risks posed by the search for, and exploitation of, hydrocarbon deposits. Indeed, despite its importance, the oil industry has, to some extent, been "demon-ized" by certain groups and subjected to disproportionate criticism. However, while the industry has a generally good pollution record, when compared to other major businesses, there is no room for complacency. Oil itself is usually perceived to be the biggest acute environmental threat, due largely to the volumes involved in occasional, highly-publicised spills and their distressing effects on wildlife. On the upstream side of the supply chain, the escape of oil is still a risk but, in addition, there are many wellsite operations that involve the use of chemical additives. In common with many industrial chemicals, some of these materials are toxic and some may not biodegrade at acceptable rates. With an increasing awareness of the potential environmental impact of chemical additives, particularly in the marine environment, there is a continuing need to develop more efficient, less toxic alternatives. We have been actively pursuing this goal since the early 1990's, replacing many additives with environmentally-friendly alternatives. This has been achieved by combining our knowledge of structure-activity relationships with our knowledge of polymer, surfactant and solvent chemistry and ecotoxicology. As a result of these efforts, many potentially harmful chemicals have been removed from active service and replaced with new, field-proven and eco-friendly systems that have been tested in accordance with OSPARCOM guidelines, or their equivalents. Use of such materials offers benefits in terms of health and safety and, ultimately, potential cost reductions when disposal and waste handling charges are factored in. Use of appropriate materials can even improve job results, as witnessed by several operators, and helps to demonstrate what can be achieved when a commitment to "green" principles is made. However, it should be recognised that there are inevitable development costs in the design, testing and manufacture of new additives. Operating companies need to give due consideration to encouraging and rewarding those suppliers and service companies who, ultimately, help them comply with current and future pollution-control regulations.
68Ga-NODAGA-Indole: An Allysine-Reactive Positron Emission Tomography Probe for Molecular Imaging of Pulmonary Fibrogenesis (2019)

Oxidized collagen, wherein lysine residues are converted to the aldehyde allysine, is a universal feature of fibrogenesis, i.e. actively progressive fibrosis. Here we report the small molecule, allysine-binding positron emission tomography probe, <sup>68</sup>Ga-NODAGA-indole, that can noninvasively detect and quantify pulmonary fibrogenesis. We demonstrate that the uptake of <sup>68</sup>Ga-NODAGA-indole in actively fibrotic lungs is 7-fold higher than in control groups and that uptake is linearly correlated ( R<sup>2</sup> = 0.98) with the concentration of lung allysine.
Discovery of Potent and Selective SH2 Inhibitors of the Tyrosine Kinase ZAP-70 (1999)

A series of 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues has been shown to be potent and selective SH2 inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70, a potential therapeutic target for immune suppression. These compounds typically are 200-400-fold more potent than the native, monophosphorylated tetrapeptide sequences. When compared with the high-affinity zeta-1-ITAM peptide (Ac-NQL-pYNELNLGRREE-pYDVLD-NH(2), wherein pY refers to phosphotyrosine) some of the best 1,2, 4-oxadiazole analogues are approximately 1 order of magnitude less active. This series of compounds displays an unprecedented level of selectivity over the closely related tyrosine kinase Syk, as well as other SH2-containing proteins such as Src and Grb2. Gel shift studies using a protein construct consisting only of C-terminal ZAP-70 SH2 demonstrate that these compounds can effectively engage this particular SH2 domain.
MICROWAVE HEATING EFFECTS ON COLLAGEN PROPERTIES (2002)

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the influence of different hyperthemic processes (autoclave and microwave oven) on the morphologic and thermodynamic properties of collagen. Summary and Background Data: The current thinking regarding the treatment of human bone tumors is a radical excision, attempting to preserve the function of the limb. An acceptable method for limb preservation is reimplantation of the affected bone after the debridement of gross tumor tissue and sterilization by means of autoclave. This hyperthermic processing technique provides a perfectly sized graft, but it is associated with a decline in the mechanical and biological properties of the bone. A previous study demonstrated that sterilization using a microwave kills all viable cells with a minimal decrease in the mechanical and biological properties of the bone. Possible explanation of this phenomenon is preservation of matrix protein such as collagen. The current study’s goal was to investigate the effect of different hyperthermic treatments on native collagen. Materials and Methods: In this study we used Heilistat-absorbable collagen sponge (American biomaterials corporation, Plainsboro, NJ 08536). This collagen was divided into three study groups. The first group was processed in the autoclave, the second in a microwave oven and the third which served as the control group received no thermal treatment. The thermodynamic properties of these three groups were checked by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The morphological structure was examined by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Phillips. Accelerating Voltage 30 KV. Results: Thermodynamic properties: The peak temperature and the amount of energy invested showed similar results in the control group and in the microwave group, and differed from the results of the group treated by autoclave. The graphs of TGA, which represent the weight decrease as a function of heating, were also similar in the microwave group and the control group. The morphological structure of the collagen, namely, the architectural structure of the material and single fibers, as shown by the SEM in various magnifications (100, 1200, 2500 and 5000), was much more similar when comparing between the control group and the microwave group than in the autoclave processed group. Conclusion: Hyperthermic treatment using a microwave oven has minimal effect, if any, on the native collagen of bone, causing only minimal damage to the morphological and thermodynamic properties of bone. This observation may explain the biological superiority of the microwave treatment over autoclave treatment of bone.
Spin-MEMS microphone integrating a series of magnetic tunnel junctions on a rectangular diaphragm (2018)

We investigate the enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of spintronic micro-electro mechanical-system (Spin-MEMS) microphones in which spintronic strain-gauge sensors (Spin-SGSs) are integrated on a micro-electro mechanical-system (MEMS) diaphragm by using a large array of N Spin-SGSs connected in series similar to that in a previous report on magnetic tunnel junction magnetic sensors. Since the strain-gauge properties of Spin-SGSs strongly depend on the angle between the applied uniaxial strain and the magnetization direction of the reference layer, in order to obtain the same signals from each Spin-SGS in an array, it is necessary to locate the Spin-SGS array in a region where the uniaxial strain occurs uniformly on the MEMS diaphragm. We theoretically and experimentally investigate the effect of the diaphragm shape on uniaxial strain on the diaphragm surface. As a result, it is found that a rectangular-shaped diaphragm provides a larger region in which a uniform uniaxial strain is applied to the Spin-SGS array compared with the generic circular diaphragm. Finally, an SNR enhancement of 18 dB by connecting N = 62 Spin-SGSs in series is successfully confirmed in a Spin-MEMS microphone with a rectangular diaphragm.
Supplementary Figure 3 from Reducing TNF Receptor 2<sup>+</sup> Regulatory T Cells via the Combined Action of Azacitidine and the HDAC Inhibitor, Panobinostat for Clinical Benefit in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 1153K, TNFR2 levels are positively correlated with CXCR4 expression on Tregs.&lt;/p&gt;
APPLYING BAYESIAN STATISTICS TO ORGANISM-BASED ENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION (2001)

Reconstruction of environmental conditions from biological indicators, such as chironomids, can provide valuable insight into the variance of natural systems and the extent of current environmental problems. Various numerical techniques have been developed for this challenging task, based on different models and assumptions, but ignoring some of the uncertainties inherent in the reconstruction. We study the use of Bayesian modeling and inference in organism-based palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. We propose a Bayesian model, BUM, and compare it empirically with eight other methods, including the widely used weighted averaging (WA) technique. The methods are evaluated on a surface-sediment chironomid training data set from 53 subarctic lakes in northern Fennoscandia by comparing the prediction statistics of these data. The resulting calibration models are also applied to fossil chironomid assemblages in order to evaluate the differences in Holocene temperature reconstructions. The empirical results indicate that BUM is competitive compared with the state-of-the-art methods. We also describe a generic Bayesian framework for reconstruction, to demonstrate Bayesian tools for reasoning with a variety of ecological response models. Bayesian statistics support the “classical” approach to regression and calibration whereas the state-of-the-art methods, including WA, are based on the conceptually more controversial “inverse” approach. Further, the use of probability distributions rather than point estimates for species responses gives a principled method for handling uncertainty in response modeling.
Preparation of Cr-Doped TiO2 Thin Film of P-type Conduction for Gas Sensor Application (2002)

Abstract Titanium dioxide (TiO2) could be doped with as much as 8.7 atom% Cr by means of a sol-gel method. XRD analysis revealed that the powder of Cr (8.7 atom%)-doped TiO2 calcined at 500 °C consisted of small crystallites ascribale to anatase structure. The thin film of doped TiO2 (70 μm) at this composition was found to behave as a p-type semiconductor on exposure to CO and NO2 in air: it responded to dilute NO2 with a sharp decrease in electrical resistance.
Heart rate control in infants at high risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (2002)

The aim of this study was to examine whether and how newborns suffering from bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) differ from their healthy peers with respect to heart rate control. Infants suffering from BPD are more at risk of dying from SIDS. Linear as well as non-linear analysis was performed on sleep stage classified heart rate (IHR) data. A marker of the autonomic balance the LF/HF ratio of the IHR power spectrum was calculated. To characterize non-linear properties the correlation dimension and the Largest Lyapunov Exponent were determined. The results of the analysis may support the role of autonomic dysfunction in the SIDS etiology.
Metabolomic characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients using rapid evaporative ionisation mass spectrometry (2017)

Rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) is a new technique that has been shown to accurately classify yeast and bacteria. Thermal stress is applied onto bacterial colonies which results in evaporation and ionisation of metabolites and structural lipids. The mass spectrometer detects and identifies analytes through spectral database comparison (Strittmatter N, et al. Anal Chem. 2014;86:6555-62). We describe the application of REIMS to cystic fibrosis (CF)-related pathogens and show that the technology can identify P. aeruginosa with 100% accuracy. Differences were observed in the phospholipid and rhamnolipid range; derivatives of quorum sensing molecules (QSM) were also detected. These may provide useful biomarkers for a non-invasive diagnostic tool using ambient mass spectrometric (MS) approaches currently in development.
Supplementary Figure S4 from Predictive Biomarkers for Adjuvant Capecitabine Benefit in Early-Stage Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in the FinXX Clinical Trial (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure S4 shows a Kaplan Meier survival curve of the study cohort&lt;/p&gt;
Placing a low-interaction honeypot in-the-wild: A review of mwcollectd (2010)

With more than 30 000 new malware threats being detected each day the threat of digital pollution continues to grow at pace. In this rapidly evolving climate, the ability to collect samples of malware which are spreading in-the-wild is a must for many different types of organisations, all of which have different aims. For example, at Kaspersky Lab we create signatures from these malware binaries and use them to maintain the protection of the 250 million users of our products around the world. Meanwhile, several non-profit organisations analyse such binaries to identify command and control servers of botnets and monitor them.