gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparing parameter tying methods for multilingual acoustic modelling (2001)

In this paper, we compare the state-level and model-level tying of continuous density hidden Markov models for the multilingual acoustic modelling. Using the model-level tying technique, the number of the language dependent (LD) phoneme models of five European languages were reduced to the desired number. This tying was based on dissimilarity measure between the LD phoneme models in a bottom-up agglomerative clustering technique. This system provided 87.3% word recognition accuracy on the test set, while a comparable multilingual recognition based on the SAMPA phone inventory obtained 84.6% accuracy on the same set. The above model-level tying technique was also used for obtaining an alternative phone inventory to SAMPA such that both inventories have an equal number of phones for these five languages. The multilingual recognition systems trained for the SAMPA and alternative phone invetonries obtained 80.9% and 83.7% word accuracies on the same test set, when state-level tying was used for reducing the number of the parameters from 199k to 76k in both systems. The original LD recognition systems obtained 89.0% recognition rate with the same test set, which contained approximately 200 isolated words from SpeechDat(II) databases for each of the five languages. In this paper, the test set results are also given for the recognition systems after performing MAP language adaptation for the multilingual phone models.
Displaying the supraorbital/nasal plexus for preoperative flap design in complex nasal reconstruction (2023)

Background The paramedian forehead flap is an axial pattern flap with frequent use in plastic reconstruction of complex nasal defects. Its main blood supply is based on the supratrochlear artery as part of the supraorbital/nasal plexus. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate, to what extent the supraorbital/nasal plexus can be determined by a dynamic 4D-CT Angiography (4D-CTA) and might have an influence on the preoperative forehead flap design for nasal reconstruction.
Quantum simulation with natural decoherence (2000)

A quantum system may be efficiently simulated by a quantum information processor as suggested by Feynman and developed by Lloyd, Wiesner, and Zalka. Within the limits of the experimental implementation, simulation permits the design and control of the kinematic and dynamic parameters of a quantum system. Extension to the inclusion of the effects of decoherence, if approached from a full quantum-mechanical treatment of the system and the environment, or from a semiclassical fluctuating field treatment (Langevin), requires the difficult access to dynamics on the time scale of the environment correlation time. Alternatively, a quantum-statistical approach may be taken which exploits the natural decoherence of the experimental system, and requires a more modest control of the dynamics. This is illustrated for quantum simulations of a four-level quantum system by a two-spin NMR ensemble quantum information processor.
Control and reduction of immersion defectivity for yield enhancement at high volume production (2009)

Volume device manufacturing using immersion lithography is widely accepted as the solution for patterning IC features below 40 nm half pitch. In order to ensure high yield and steady productivity tight control of defectivity is essential. A major source of defects and tool contamination is the particles introduced by incoming wafers. Particles can be categorized in two groups: particles attached to wafer surface or residues on the wafer edge. Surface or edge peeling of topcoats can also be a source of particle. Adhesion force between topcoat or topcoat-less (TC-less) resist and wafer is one of the most important parameter for particle reduction. Peeling test results proved that TC-less resist has better adhesion performance than topcoat. One of the most commonly used adhesion promoting material is hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS). Application condition of this material is an important factor in preventing wafer edge and surface topcoat peeling. Studies have shown lower temperature and longer application of HMDS shows better adhesion result. Maintaining a clean wafer surface is also a very important factor for particle reduction. Pre-rinse, which can rinse off particles before exposure, was evaluated and the efficiency was confirmed. Edge particles are more effectively reduced by pre-rinse, because weakly attached topcoat and wafer edge residues were effectively removed by pre-rinse. For further particle reduction, edge residue reduction and cut line roughness improvement were evaluated and their effectiveness was confirmed. Lower cut position achieved improved particle counts on both topcoat and TC-less resist; more frequent contact between water and cut-line can weaken the adhesion and consequently peel off topcoat or TC-less resist. Finally the relationship between defectivity and hydrophobicity is analyzed, high Receding Contact Angle (RCA) showed better defectivity result. Topcoat and TC-less process is compared for each defectivity reduction methodology and for each category TC-less process always showed lower defectivity level and less sensitivity to process conditions, indicating that TC-less process is safer and more robust than topcoat process.
Evolution of Heterogeneity and Chemical Functionality during the Oxidation of Graphite (2022)

A kinetic study of graphite oxidation provided several insights into the mechanism of graphite oxide (GO) synthesis. The oxidation was observed to occur in two distinct stages, with the first stage lasting for 20 to 30 min and including a rapid disruption of the graphene sp2 network, the introduction of oxygen functional groups, and an increase in the spacing between the sheets. The second stage saw a marked decrease in the rate of change in spacing, a significant increase in the homogeneity of the GO, little to no further disruption of the sp2 network, and continuing evolution of the oxygen functionality. The study was based on the analysis by Raman spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TGA of material taken at various times from a modified Hummers oxidation reaction following work up.
Thermoregulation in Yersinia enterocolitica is coincident with changes in DNA supercoiling (1994)

Yersinia enterocolitica is a facultative intracellular parasite, displaying the ability to grow saprophytically or invade and persist intracellularly in the mammalian reticuloendothelial system. The transition between such diverse environments requires the co-ordinated regulation of specific sets of genes on both the chromosome and virulence plasmid. Temperature has a profound pleiotropic effect on gene expression and phenotypically promotes alterations in cell morphology, outer-membrane protein synthesis, urease production, lipopolysaccharide synthesis, motility, and synthesis of genes involved in invasion of eukaryotic host cells. By examining thermoregulated flagella biosynthesis, we have determined that motility is repressed at 25 degrees C (permissive temperature) with subinhibitory concentrations of novobiocin. These conditions also induce virulence gene expression suggesting novobiocin addition simulates, at least partially, a high-temperature environment. Furthermore, temperature-shift experiments, using Y. enterocolitica containing pACYC184 as a reporter plasmid, indicate that thermo-induced alterations of DNA supercoiling coincide with temperature-induced phenotypic changes. A class of putative DNA gyrase mutant (novobiocin resistant) likewise demonstrates the 37 degrees C phenotype when cultured at 25 degrees C; it is non-motile, urease negative, calcium growth dependent, and positive for Yop expression. These results support a model implicating DNA topology as a contributing factor of Y. enterocolitica thermoregulation.
Estimation of parameters of a multivariate time series var model (2018)

Multivariate Time Series model building involves five important steps namely, Identification Specification, Estimation and testing the hypotheses, Diagnostic checking and Forecasting. Estimation of parameters of multivariate Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model is more complicated than that of univariate autoregressive models. Under normality of the errors, Maximum likelihood estimation as well as Likelihood Ratio test can be performed in the context of multivariate VAR models. In the present research article, the parameters of multivariate VAR model have been estimated by using the method of maximum likelihood estimation based on ordinary least squares regression. The dispersion matrix of errors in multivariate VAR model has been estimated by using Internally Studenti zed residuals. A test procedure has been developed is testing number of lags of variable for multivariate VAR model by using the Likelihood Ratio test.
High Average Power, High Energy Short Pulse Fiber Laser System (2007)

Recently continuous wave fiber laser systems with output powers in excess of 500W with good beam quality have been demonstrated [1]. High energy, ultrafast, chirped pulsed fiber laser systems have achieved record output energies of 1mJ [2]. However, these high-energy systems have not been scaled beyond a few watts of average output power. Fiber laser systems are attractive for many applications because they offer the promise of high efficiency, compact, robust systems that are turn key. Applications such as cutting, drilling and materials processing, front end systems for high energy pulsed lasers (such as petawatts) and laser based sources of high spatial coherence, high flux x-rays all require high energy short pulses and two of the three of these applications also require high average power. The challenge in creating a high energy chirped pulse fiber laser system is to find a way to scale the output energy while avoiding nonlinear effects and maintaining good beam quality in the amplifier fiber. To this end, our 3-year LDRD program sought to demonstrate a high energy, high average power fiber laser system. This work included exploring designs of large mode area optical fiber amplifiers for high energy systems as well as understanding the issues associated chirped pulse amplification in optical fiber amplifier systems.
Direct modeling of image keypoints distribution through copula-based image signatures (2013)

Local Image Descriptors (LID) aggregation models such as Bag of Words and Fisher Vectors represent an image based on the distribution of its LIDs given a global model, e.g. a visual codebook or a Gaussian Mixture.
A Parallel Randomized Clinical Trial Examining the Return of Urinary Continence after Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy with or without a Small Intestinal Submucosa Bladder Neck Sling (2016)

The application of an absorbable urethral sling at robot-assisted radical prostatectomy was well tolerated with no increase in obstructive symptoms in this randomized trial. However, the sling failed to show a significant improvement in continence.
Cation Additive Enabled Rechargeable LiOH‐Based Lithium–Oxygen Batteries (2020)

Abstract Lithium–oxygen (Li–O 2 ) batteries have attracted extensive research interest due to their high energy density. Other than Li 2 O 2 (a typical discharge product in Li–O 2 batteries), LiOH has proved to be electrochemically active as an alternative product. Here we report a simple strategy to achieve a reversible LiOH‐based Li–O 2 battery by using a cation additive, sodium ions, to the lithium electrolyte. Without redox mediators in the cell, LiOH is detected as the sole discharge product and it charges at a low charge potential of 3.4 V. A solution‐based reaction route is proposed, showing that the competing solvation environment of the catalyst and Li + leads to LiOH precipitation at the cathode. It is critical to tune the cell chemistry of Li–O 2 batteries by designing a simple system to promote LiOH formation/decomposition.
34.5L: Late‐News Paper : Glasses‐Free 2D/3D Switchable Display Using a Unique Light Guide (2011)

Abstract We achieved a unique light guide that functions as both a parallax barrier and a backlight. We fabricated a LCD using this unique light guide that can be switched between 2D and multi‐view 3D modes. In addition to being based on a simple device that can be switched between 2D and 3D modes, our method provides extremely high‐quality displays of 2D and 3D images.
What to Teach in Small Animal Veterinary Orthopedics: A Survey of Practicing Veterinarians to Inform Curriculum Development (2023)

Competency-based veterinary education focuses on the knowledge and clinical skills required to generate a productive and confident practitioner. Accurate identification of clinically relevant core competencies enables academic institutions to prioritize which new and foundational information to cover in the limited time available. The goal of this study was to aggregate the opinions of veterinary practitioners about small animal core competencies in veterinary orthopedics. An online 20-question survey was distributed with questions regarding respondent demographics, education, practice type, caseload, involvement in orthopedic procedures, access to referral hospitals, frequency of orthopedic condition presentation and procedure performance, and proposed percent allocation of various orthopedic curriculum topics. Responses were included from 721 respondents, largely first-opinion veterinarians (81%, <i>n</i> = 580/721). The majority (58%; <i>n</i> = 418/721) of respondents performed less than 10% of the orthopedic surgeries themselves and, 37% (<i>n</i> = 266/721) reported never performing orthopedic surgery; of those performing surgeries, 78% (<i>n</i> = 354/455) performed less than six orthopedic procedures monthly. The five most common orthopedic conditions seen included generalized osteoarthritis, patellar luxation, cranial cruciate ligament disease, hip dysplasia/arthritis, and muscle/tendon injuries. Median respondent scores for the percentage that a topic should compose in an ideal orthopedic curriculum were 20% each for "orthopedic exam" and for "non-surgical orthopedic knowledge," 15% each for "non-surgical orthopedic skills," "orthopedic imaging (radiographs)," and "surgical orthopedic knowledge," 10% for "surgical orthopedic skills," and 2% for "advanced orthopedic imaging." Based on these results, a curriculum focusing on the most clinically relevant orthopedic conditions with an emphasis on diagnosis establishment and non-surgical treatments is proposed.
Image-based blood flow estimation using a semi-analytical solution to the advection–diffusion equation in cylindrical domains (2021)

Abstract
Neofunctionalization of Duplicated P450 Genes Drives the Evolution of Insecticide Resistance in the Brown Planthopper (2018)

Gene duplication is a major source of genetic variation that has been shown to underpin the evolution of a wide range of adaptive traits [1, 2]. For example, duplication or amplification of genes encoding detoxification enzymes has been shown to play an important role in the evolution of insecticide resistance [3-5]. In this context, gene duplication performs an adaptive function as a result of its effects on gene dosage and not as a source of functional novelty [3, 6-8]. Here, we show that duplication and neofunctionalization of a cytochrome P450, CYP6ER1, led to the evolution of insecticide resistance in the brown planthopper. Considerable genetic variation was observed in the coding sequence of CYP6ER1 in populations of brown planthopper collected from across Asia, but just two sequence variants are highly overexpressed in resistant strains and metabolize imidacloprid. Both variants are characterized by profound amino-acid alterations in substrate recognition sites, and the introduction of these mutations into a susceptible P450 sequence is sufficient to confer resistance. CYP6ER1 is duplicated in resistant strains with individuals carrying paralogs with and without the gain-of-function mutations. Despite numerical parity in the genome, the susceptible and mutant copies exhibit marked asymmetry in their expression with the resistant paralogs overexpressed. In the primary resistance-conferring CYP6ER1 variant, this results from an extended region of novel sequence upstream of the gene that provides enhanced expression. Our findings illustrate the versatility of gene duplication in providing opportunities for functional and regulatory innovation during the evolution of an adaptive trait.
Image Analysis for Magnetic sonance Elastography (1996)

A newly developed magnetic resonance imaging tech- nique can directly visualize propagating acoustic strain waves in tissue-like materials (I). By estimating the local wavelength of the acoustic wave pattern, quantitative values of shear modulus can be calculated and generated that depict tissue eiastic- ity or stiffness. Since tumors are significantly stiffer than normal tissue (the basis of their detection by palpation), this technique may have potential for palpation by imaging, with possible application to the detection of tumors in breast, liver, kidney, and prostate. We describe the local wavelength estimation algo- rithm and show a variety of sample elastograms - of elasticity - for both test phantoms and tissue samples. A new technique that can directly visualize propagating acoustic strain waves in tissue-like materials subjected to harmonic mechanical excitation has recently been developed ( 11. This technique, termed magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), presents the unique opportunity of generating medical that depict tissue elasticity or stiffness. This is significant because palpation, a physical examination that assesses the of tissue, can be an effective method of detecting tumors, but is restricted to parts of the body that are accessible to the physician's hand. MRE shows promise as a potential technique for palpation by imaging, with potential applications in the detection of tumors in breast, liver, kidney, and prostate. The MRE technique incorporates: (i) conventional phase and frequency encoding gradients, (ii) harmonic motion- sensitizing magnetic gradient waveforms, and (iii) synchronous trigger pulses which are fed to a waveform generator driving an electromechanical actuator coupled to the surface of the object being imaged, inducing phase- locked shear waves. MRE have been acquired which provide snapshots of propagating shear waves (200 - 1100 Hz) in gel phantoms and organ specimens. Wave patterns with displacement amplitudes of less than 200 nanometers are clearly observable. Additionally, these allow the calculation of regional mechanical properties. In particular, the shear modulus p of a material is given by v2k2p, where v is the frequency of excitation, p the density of the medium, and h the wavelength of the shear wave in the material. Thus, estimation of the local wavelength (or frequency) of the shear wave propagation pattern at each point in the image allows one to quantitatively calculate local vaiues of shear modulus across the image and generate an image of tissue elasticity. These elastograms or stiffness images clearly depict areas of different elastic moduli in test phantoms, and the calculated values correlate well with moduli calculated independently by mechanical means ( 11. We describe the algorithm we have adopted for performing the local wavelength estimation and show sample elastograms - of elasticity - for both test phantoms and tissue samples. 11. LOCAL WAVELENGTH (OR FREQUENCY) ESTIMATION
Photoactive Blends of Poly(para-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) with Methanofullerenes from a Novel Precursor:  Photophysics and Device Performance (2001)

Homogeneous blends of a processable methanofullerene, [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), with poly(para-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) synthesized using a novel nonionic precursor route were produced. These photoactive blends have been investigated by excited-state spectroscopy and by photocurrent measurements. UV−vis and IR absorption measurements, as well as luminescence spectroscopy, were used to monitor the conversion process of the precursor polymer to the PPV in blends with PCBM. The presence of PCBM did not influence the successful conversion process. The occurrence of photoinduced charge transfer, well-known for blends of substituted PPV with fullerenes, was evidenced in composites of PPV/PCBM by the strong quenching of the PPV luminescence. LESR (light induced electron spin resonance) and PIA (photoinduced absorption) studies confirmed the occurrence of photoinduced electron transfer from the PPV to PCBM within the bulk of solid state composite films. Photovoltaic devices made from PPV/PCBM blends showed power efficiencies of up to 0.25% under intense white light illumination. The spectral-photocurrent excitation profile was observed to follow closely the absorption spectrum of the PPV.
Transition between the 1 x 1 and ({radical}3 x 2{radical}3)R30{degree} surface structures of GaN in the vapor-phase environment (2000)

Out-of-plane structures of the GaN(0001) surface in the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) environment have been determined using in situ grazing-incidence X-ray scattering. The authors measured 11{bar 2}{ell} crystal truncation rod intensities at a variety of temperatures and ammonia partial pressures on both sides of the 1 x 1 to ({radical}3 x 2{radical}3)R30{degree} surface phase transition. The out-of-plane structure of the ({radical}3 x 2{radical}3)R30{degree} phase appears to be nearly independent of temperature below the transition, while the structure of the 1 x 1 phase changes increase rapidly as the phase transition is approached from above. A model for the structure of the 1 x 1 phase with a partially-occupied top Ga layer agrees well with the data. The observed temperature dependence is consistent with a simple model of the equilibrium between the vapor phase and the surface coverage of Ga and N. In addition, the authors present results on the kinetics of reconstruction domain coarsening following a quench into the ({radical}3 x 2{radical}3)R30{degree} phase field.
Present and future interference microscope systems for magnetic head metrology (2000)

Interference microscopy is the primary tool used in the Data Storage industry for air bearing surface (ABS) and pole tip recession (PTR) measurements. ABS parameters include crown, camber and twist (CCT), and affect the behavior of the magnetic head as it flies above the spinning disk. PTR parameters describe the relative height of the writing poles and reading shield. The roadmap for several types of measurements will be discussed in this paper.
Tunable piezoresistance and noise in gate-all-around nanowire field-effect-transistor (2012)

The piezoresistance and noise of n-type gate-all-around nanowire field-effect-transistor (NWFET) is investigated as a function of gate bias. With narrow gate bias span of 0.6 V near threshold region, the piezoresistive coefficient of NWFET enhances up to seven times from 29 × 10−11 Pa−1 to 207 × 10−11 Pa−1 under compressive and tensile strain conditions. Results reveal that the low frequency noise is reduced when operated in subthreshold region. The higher piezoresistive coefficient and reduced noise improve the sensor resolution (minimum detectable strain) by sixteen times. NWFET operates at low bias with higher piezoresistance and signal-to-noise ratio and offers promising applications in strain sensors.