gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metal Oxides as Catalyst/Supporter for CO2 Capture and Conversion, Review (2022)

Various carbon dioxide (CO2) capture materials and processes have been developed in recent years. The absorption-based capturing process is the most significant among other processes, which is widely recognized because of its effectiveness. CO2 can be used as a feedstock for the production of valuable chemicals, which will assist in alleviating the issues caused by excessive CO2 levels in the atmosphere. However, the interaction of carbon dioxide with other substances is laborious because carbon dioxide is dynamically relatively stable. Therefore, there is a need to develop types of catalysts that can break the bond in CO2 and thus be used as feedstock to produce materials of economic value. Metal oxide-based processes that convert carbon dioxide into other compounds have recently attracted attention. Metal oxides play a pivotal role in CO2 hydrogenation, as they provide additional advantages, such as selectivity and energy efficiency. This review provides an overview of the types of metal oxides and their use for carbon dioxide adsorption and conversion applications, allowing researchers to take advantage of this information in order to develop new catalysts or methods for preparing catalysts to obtain materials of economic value.
Stabilization of Perflubron Emulsions with Egg Yolk Phospholipid (1992)

Egg Yolk Phospholipid(EYP) has been used extensively as the primary surfactant in parenteral fat emulsions for many years. The simplicity, functionality and physiologic tolerance of EYP has contributed greatly to its success in the intravenous emulsion arena. The mechanism of stabilization in triglyceride emulsions is well understood; however, this is not the case with perfluorocarbon emulsions. Interfacial models, as well as emulsion stability studies, have been conducted utilizing EYP of varied composition in order to derive a structure/function relationship. Our studies indicate that minor components, total unsaturation, acyl chain length and presence of charged species have significant impact on the functional properties of EYP and the subsequent stability of the emulsion product. These findings contribute to our ability to design and manipulate natural surfactants with superior properties for use in medical applications of perfluorocarbon emulsions.
Using monkey hand exoskeleton to explore finger passive joint movement response in primary motor cortex (2017)

While neurons in primary motor cortex (M1) have been shown to respond to sensory stimuli, exploration of this phenomenon has proven challenging. Accurate and repeatable presentation of sensory inputs is difficult. Here, we describe a novel paradigm to study response to joint motion and fingertip force. We employed a custom exoskeleton to drive index finger metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) of a macaque to follow sinusoid trajectories at 4 different frequencies (0.2, 0.5, 1, 2Hz) and 2 movement ranges (68.4, 34.2 degrees). We highlight results of a specific M1 unit that displayed sensitivity to direction (more active during flexion than extension), frequency (greater firing rate at higher frequencies), and movement amplitude (higher rate at larger amplitude). Joint movement trajectories were accurately reconstructed from this single unit with mean R<sup>2</sup> =0.64 ± 0.13. The exoskeleton holds promise for examination of sensory feedback. In addition, it can be used as an external device controlled by a brain-machine interface (BMI) system. The proprioceptive related units in M1 may contribute to improving BMI control performance.
Efficient Synthesis of 2′-Amino-2′-deoxypyrimidine 5′-Triphosphates (1995)

Abstract The synthesis of 2′-amino-2′-deoxypyrimidine 5′-triphosphates is described. The 2′-amino-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate is obtained from uridine in four steps with 25% overall yield. The 2′-amino-2′-deoxycytidine 5′-triphosphate is obtained from uridine in seven steps with 13% overall yield.
Moderate degradation does not preclude microarray analysis of small amounts of RNA (2003)

Gene expression analysis by microarrays using small amounts of RNA is becoming more and more popular against the background of advances and increasing importance of small-sample acquisition methods like laser microdissection techniques. The quality of RNA preparations from such samples constitutes a frequent issue in this context. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of different extents of RNA degradation on the expression profile of the samples. We induced RNA degradation in human tumor and healthy tissue samples by endogeneous ribonucleases. Next, we amplified 20 ng total RNA degraded to different extents by two rounds of in vitro transcription and analyzed them using Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays. Expression differences for some genes were independently confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR. Our results suggest that gene expression profiles obtained from partially degraded RNA samples with still visible ribosomal bands exhibit a high degree of similarity compared to intact samples and that RNA samples of suboptimal quality might therefore still lead to meaningful results if used carefully.
An improved fast forward-modeling technique for logging while drilling sigma measurements (2017)

A Fast Forward Modeling technique is developed to simulate sigma logging measurements. The technique is based on the Monte Carlo simulations of decay-time spectra and the Flux Sensitivity Functions. These model-based components are calibrated to experimental data and are treated with a technique for accurately scaling the borehole sensitivity. The technique produces accurate and fast simulation results when it is applied to a logging while drilling tool. This approach offers light computational complexity and thus can be used by commercial applications such as Model-Compare-Update (MCU) or multi-physics inversions. Presentation Date: Wednesday, September 27, 2017 Start Time: 3:30 PM Location: 362D Presentation Type: ORAL
Behavior modeling procedure of wideband RF transmitters exhibiting memory effects (2005)

This paper proposes a new identification technique of Wiener or Hammerstein models applied to model the behavior of wideband RF transmitters. A dynamic exponential weighted moving average (DEWMA) algorithm was firstly applied to the raw signals sampled at the transmitter input and output to deduce the static AM/AM and AM/PM curves that are attributed to the memoryless nonlinear behavior. These memoryless curves were then utilized to deduce an intermediate set of data used in the identification of the dynamic linear sub-model. To model the frequency response and/or the memory effects, a finite impulse response (FIR) filter topology could be employed. The validation of the modeling approach was carried out using a 60-Watt GaAs FET push pull amplifier operating between 1930 MHz to 1990 MHz, which was applied by a two-carrier WCDMA.
Adaptive control of variable reluctance motors: a spline function approach (1998)

This paper considers nonlinear adaptive control of a variable reluctance motor (VRM) in a low-velocity high-torque mode of operation. A simple dynamic model for the relationship among electric torque, rotor angular position, and phase currents is proposed. The model incorporates spline functions and a set of "Fourier" sinusoids and captures several experimentally verified VRM characteristics, including flux saturation effects. Based on this model, an adaptive controller is derived using the certainty equivalence principle. The controller provides asymptotic tracking of a desired rotor position trajectory. So-called "torque-sharing functions" are employed to smooth the commutation among phases and to increase the peak torque available from the motor, when compared to "hard" commutation that energizes only one phase at a time. Experimental results from a laboratory VRM provide motivation for the model and illustrate the controller's design and trajectory tracking performance.
Optimized Photovoltaic Energy System for Tier 2 Electricity Access (2023)

In the world, there are more than one billion people who have not accessed to electricity. IEEE Empower a Billion Lives has been initiated. The goal is to provide at least Tier 2 electricity access that is defined by ESMAP (Energy Sector Assistance Program). For a solution, the Solar Off-grid System (SOS) is introduced in this paper. It is the system that has a microinverter and lithium-ion battery pack integrated at the back of photovoltaic (PV) panel. The optimum PV panel power and battery capacity are simulated by considering eight power flow scenarios. As a result, the optimum size for PV panel is 60W and the battery capacity is SOWh. Then, the state-of-charge (SoC) estimation method is explained based on the battery modeling, and its parameters are experimentally extracted. After that, a thermal management strategy is discussed and decided to be PCM (Phase Change Material) by considering a PV temperature model and a battery thermal model. Thus, this paper presents an optimized PV energy system for Tier 2 electricity access by researching its feasibility by adding theoretical and experimental results to make the system safe and cost effective.
A coupled nonlinear circuit for E-field and B-field detection (2014)

Multiferroic materials represent a very attractive class of materials due to the coupling between their electric and magnetic orders. A recent paper has demonstrated that a thin film of BDFO shows a good magnetoelectric coupling. Based on such a peculiarity, multiferroic composites can be successfully used to realize sensors of both electric and magnetic fields. This work reports two different ways to realize an E-field and B-field sensor with a thin layer of BDFO. The first approach shows as a single multiferroic device can be used as sensor, while the second approach exploits a coupled system made by three multiferroic devices. The multiferroic device models are presented together with the electronic circuits used in the simulations.
A Magnetic Coil Suitable for Magneto-Optical Recording with a Large Working Distance (2004)

A first surface magneto-optical (MO) system has a high storage density and a high data-transfer rate. The high-density recording is achieved using a blue laser and lenses that have a high numerical aperture (more than 0.85) and that are integrated with a magnetic-field modulation coil. If the working distance is more than 30 µm, the optical head can be controlled by using a mechanical actuator, for which many existing technologies are available. We have developed a magnetic coil suitable for working distances of up to 30 µm. First, we analyzed the relationship between the properties of a magnetic layer and a magnetic field and then from our analysis derived three design concepts. We then designed a magnetic coil with a fan-shaped magnetic layer composed of stick-shaped magnetic bodies and heat sinks; testing showed that it can be driven at a data transfer rate of 80 Mbps and that it has a wide temperature margin.
Correlating pore size and shape to local disorder in microporous carbon: A combined small angle neutron and X-ray scattering study (2017)

We present a model free analysis of the structure of a microporous carbon (Kynol fiber cloth) with neutrons (SANS) and X-rays (SAXS). SANS with contrast matching is used to analyze the accessible pores. It is shown that the SAXS- and the SANS-intensities agree after correction of the SANS specific background. Moreover, we analyze the scattering contribution due to the finite size and the bending of the carbon sheets. This contribution that scales with q−2 at high q-values (q: magnitude of scattering vector) is subtracted and the remaining intensity that exhibits a q−4 final slope gives the specific inner surface (1090 m2/g) and the porosity (29%) with excellent precision. The spatial distribution of the pores is analyzed in terms of the chord length distribution g(r). This distribution has its maximum below 1 nm and a finite intercept g(0) that indicates pores with sharp edges. The analysis gives furthermore the number and weight-average chord length. Finally, a parameter characterizing the degree of disorder of the carbonaceous structure introduced by Ruland was determined. Its value (25%) indicates a rather disordered structure that is visualized in terms of a detailed model. The entire analysis shows the power of small-angle scattering for a detailed analysis of microporous structures.
A Parametric Study on Overlapping Laser Shock Peening of 4140 Steel via Modeling and Experiments (2008)

Laser shock peening (LSP) under the water confinement regime (WCR) involves several complicated physical phenomena. Among these phenomena, the interaction between laser and coating material during LSP is very important to the laser induced residual stress, which has an important effect on the fatigue and corrosion properties of the substrate material. To gain a better understanding of this interaction, a series of experiments, including single shot, single track overlapping, and multi-track overlapping LSP, have been carried out on 4140 steel with black paint coating. A 3-D finite element model has also been developed to simulate the LSP process. Combining this with a previously developed confined plasma model, which has been verified by the experimental data from literature, the 3-D finite element model is used to predict the residual stresses induced in the substrate material as well as the indentation profile on the substrate surface. The model prediction of indentation profiles are compared with the experimental data and good agreements are obtained. The effect of process parameters on the residual stress has also been investigated both experimentally and theoretically.
Specific capacitance of Nb/AlOx/Nb Josephson junctions with critical current densities in the range of 0.1–18 kA/cm2 (1995)

The specific capacitance Cs of Nb/AlOx/Nb Josephson tunnel junction has been measured by means of the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) resonance technique. We have investigated the junctions with critical current densities Jc in the range of 0.1–18 kA/cm2 and found that 1/Cs linearly depends on a logarithm of Jc. This suggests that the barrier thickness is moderately uniform in the junction area and increases continuously during growth. The results also show that increasing Jc reduces time constants of the junction.
Towards a Strontium Beam Optical Reference Based on the 1S0 to 3P1 Intercombination Line on a Sounding Rocket (2019)

Within the OPUS collaboration, we develop optical frequency references based on spectroscopy of the <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> → <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> intercombination line of <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">88</sup> Sr at 689 nm in thermal and lasercooled strontium beams for operation on sounding rockets. One main objective is to identify suitable experimental setups and core components for a compact and robust strontium beam clock, providing a stepping stone for future spaceborne devices. Recent results demonstrate successful laser stabilization to the intercombination line in a thermal beam breadboard setup.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Pnictide Superconductors Without Iron. (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
High-Power Yb 3+ -Doped Phosphate Fiber Amplifier (2009)

Abstract—We report on the development of novel high-power light sources utilizing a Yb3+-doped phosphate fiber as the gain element. This host presents several key benefits over silica, partic-ularly much higher Yb2O3 concentrations (up to 26 wt%), a 50% weaker stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) gain cross section, and the absence of observable photodarkening even at high popu-lation inversion. These properties result in a greatly increased SBS threshold compared to silica fibers, and therefore, potentially much higher output powers out of either a multimode large mode area or a single-mode fiber, which means in the latter case a higher beam quality. To quantify these predictions, we show through numerical simulations that double-clad phosphate fibers should produce as much as ∼700 W of single-frequency output power in a step in-dex, single-mode core. As a step in this direction, we report a short phosphate fiber amplifier doped with 12 wt % Yb2O3 that emits 16 W of single-frequency single-mode output. We also describe a single-mode phosphate fiber laser with a maximum output power of 57 W. The laser slope efficiency is currently limited by the fairly high fiber loss (∼3 dB/m). Measurements indicate that 77 % of this loss originates from impurity absorption, and the rest from scattering. Index Terms—Fiber lasers and amplifiers, phosphate fiber, ytterbium. I.
Licensed Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) formulations differ markedly in bacterial viability, RNA content and innate immune activation (2020)

Licensed BCG vaccines differ markedly in their content of viable mycobacteria possibly contributing to formulation-dependent activation of innate and adaptive immunity and distinct protective effects.
Microstructural Evolution in Some Silicate Glass–Ceramics: A Review (2008)

Just as the microstructures in glass–ceramics encompass the range from nanocrystalline transparent materials to microcrystalline tough materials, so the paths of microstructural evolution in glass–ceramics vary widely. Evolution can proceed in numerous ways, their genesis being a perturbation of some type, including the surface nucleation used in glass frit processing, crystallization of the primary phase or phases upon distinct crystalline nuclei, and nucleation promoted by nano‐ or microscale amorphous phase separation in the parent glass. Examples of the crystallization history of several glass–ceramic materials are described, with emphasis on how their microstructural evolution influences their ultimate physical and optical properties.
The Structure of the Ternary Complex of Krev Interaction Trapped 1 (KRIT1) Bound to Both the Rap1 GTPase and the Heart of Glass (HEG1) Cytoplasmic Tail (2013)

Loss of function mutation in Krev interaction trapped 1 (KRIT1) causes autosomal dominant familial cerebral cavernous malformations and disrupts cardiovascular development. The biological function of KRIT1 requires that its FERM (band 4.1, ezrin, radixin, moesin) domain physically interact with both the small GTPase Rap1 and the cytoplasmic tail of the Heart of glass (HEG1) membrane anchor. In this study, we show that the KRIT1 FERM domain can bind both Rap1 and HEG1 simultaneously, and we solved the crystal structure of the KRIT1-Rap1-HEG1 ternary complex. Rap1 binds on the surface of the F1 and F2 subdomains, in an interaction that leaves its Switch II region accessible to other potential effectors. HEG1 binds in a hydrophobic pocket at the KRIT1 F1 and F3 interface, and there is no overlap with the Rap1-binding site. Indeed, the affinity of KRIT1 or the KRIT1-Rap1 complex for HEG1 is comparable (Kd = 1.2 and 0.96 μm, respectively) showing that there is no competition between the two sites. Furthermore, analysis of this structure revealed a specific ionic interaction between the F2 lobe of KRIT1 and Rap1 that could explain the remarkable Rap1 specificity of KRIT1. This structural insight enabled design of KRIT1(K570I), a mutant that binds Rap1 with 8-fold lower affinity and exhibits increased binding to HRas. These data show that HEG1 can recruit the Rap1-KRIT complex to the plasma membrane where Rap1's Switch II region remains accessible and reveals an important determinant of KRIT1's specificity for Rap1.
A Virtual Reality Game Suite for Graded Rehabilitation in Patients With Low Back Pain and a High Fear of Movement: Within-Subject Comparative Study (2022)

Lumbar flexion velocity was reduced during Fishality relative to that during Dodgeality and resembled velocity demands more similar to those for a self-paced reaching task (ie, Reachality). Additionally, lumbar motion and target impact location during Fishality were more similar to those during Reachality than to those during Dodgeality, which suggests that this new virtual reality game is an effective tool for shaping movement. These findings are encouraging for future research aimed at developing an individualized and graded virtual reality intervention for patients with low back pain and a high fear of movement.
Expression of Human Endogenous Retrovirus Type K (HML-2) Is Activated by the Tat Protein of HIV-1 (2012)

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) make up 8% of the human genome. The expression of HERV-K (HML-2), the family of HERVs that most recently entered the genome, is tightly regulated but becomes markedly increased after infection with HIV-1. To better understand the mechanisms involved in this activation, we explored the role of the HIV-1 Tat protein in inducing the expression of these endogenous retroviral genes. Administration of recombinant HIV-1 Tat protein caused a 13-fold increase in HERV-K (HML-2) gag RNA transcripts in Jurkat T cells and a 10-fold increase in primary lymphocytes, and the expression of the HERV-K (HML-2) rec and np9 oncogenes was also markedly increased. This activation was seen especially in lymphocytes and monocytic cells, the natural hosts for HIV-1 infection. Luciferase reporter gene assays demonstrated that the effect of Tat on HERV-K (HML-2) expression occurred at the level of the transcriptional promoter. The transcription factors NF-κB and NF-AT contribute to the Tat-induced activation of the promoter, as shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, mutational analysis of the HERV-K (HML-2) long terminal repeat, and treatments with agents that inhibit NF-κB or NF-AT activation. These studies demonstrate that HIV-1 Tat plays an important role in activating expression of HERV-K (HML-2) in the setting of HIV-1 infection.
Rheological and physical properties of in situ composite based on liquid crystalline polymer and poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) blends (1999)

The in situ composites based on poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) and liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) were investigated in terms of thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties, and morphology. Inclusion of LCP enhanced the crystallization rate and tensile modulus of the PEN matrix, although it decreased the tensile strength in the PEN-rich phase. The orientation effect of this blend system was composition and spin draw ratio dependent, which was examined by Instron tensile test. Further, the addition of dibutyltindilaurate (DBTDL) as a reaction catalyst was found to increase the viscosity of the blends, enhance its adhesion between the dispersed LCP phases and matrix, and led to an increase of mechanical properties of two immiscible blends. Hence DBTDL is helpful in producing a reactive compatibilizer by reactive extrusion at the interface of this LCP reinforced polyester blend system. The optimum catalyst amount turned out to be about 500 ppm, when the reaction proceeded in the 75/25 PEN/LCP blend system. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 2448–2456, 1999