gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neural Networks, Hypersurfaces, and the Generalized Radon Transform [Lecture Notes] (2020)

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have long been used as a mathematical modeling method and have recently found numerous applications in science and technology, including computer vision, signal processing, and machine learning [1], to name a few. Although notable function approximation results exist [2], theoretical explanations have yet to catch up with newer developments, particularly with regard to (deep) hierarchical learning. As a consequence, numerous doubts often accompany NN practitioners, such as How many layers should one use? What is the effect of different activation functions? What are the effects of pooling? and many others.
C57BL/6J and C57BL/6NJ Mice Are Differentially Susceptible to Inflammation-Associated Disease Caused by Influenza A Virus (2019)

Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics, and are a major burden on human health. To develop better countermeasures and improve influenza disease outcomes, a clearer understanding of influenza pathogenesis is necessary. Host genetic factors have emerged as potential regulators of human influenza disease susceptibility, and in the mouse model, genetic background has been clearly linked to influenza pathogenicity. Here, we show that C57BL/6J mice are significantly more susceptible to disease caused by a 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus, an H7N9 virus, and a highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus compared to the closely related substrain, C57BL/6NJ. Mechanistically, influenza virus infection in C57BL/6J mice results in earlier presentation of edema, increased immune cell infiltration, higher levels of inflammatory cytokines, greater tissue damage, and delayed activation of regenerative processes in infected lung tissues compared to C57BL/6NJ mice. These differences are not dependent on virus replication levels. Six genes with known coding region differences between C57BL/6J and C57BL/6NJ strains exhibit increased transcript levels in influenza virus-infected mouse lungs, suggesting potential contributions to regulation of disease susceptibility. This work uncovers a previously unappreciated difference in disease susceptibility between the closely related C57BL/6J and C57BL/6NJ mice, which may be exploited in future studies to identify host factors and/or specific genetic elements that regulate host-dependent inflammatory mechanisms involved in influenza virus pathogenicity.
High-Throughput and Energy-Efficient VLSI Architecture for Ordered Reliability Bits GRAND (2022)

Ultrareliable low-latency communication (URLLC), a major 5G new-radio (NR) use case, is the key enabler for applications with strict reliability and latency requirements. These applications necessitate the use of short-length and high-rate channel codes. Guessing random additive noise decoding (GRAND) is a recently proposed maximum likelihood (ML) decoding technique for these short-length and high-rate codes. Rather than decoding the received vector, GRAND tries to infer the noise that corrupted the transmitted codeword during transmission through the communication channel. As a result, GRAND can decode any code, structured or unstructured. GRAND has hard-input as well as soft-input variants. Among these variants, ordered reliability bits GRAND (ORBGRAND) is a soft-input variant that outperforms hard-input GRAND and is suitable for parallel hardware implementation. This work reports the first hardware architecture for ORBGRAND, which achieves an average throughput of up to 42.5 Gb/s for a code length of 128 at a target frame error rate (FER) of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−7</sup> . Furthermore, the proposed hardware can be used to decode any code as long as the length and rate constraints are met. In comparison to the GRAND with ABandonment (GRANDAB), a hard-input variant of GRAND, the proposed architecture enhances decoding performance by at least 2 dB. When compared to the state-of-the-art fast dynamic successive cancellation flip decoder (Fast-DSCF) using a 5G polar code (PC) (128, 105), the proposed ORBGRAND VLSI implementation has <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$49\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> higher average throughput, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$32\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> times more energy efficiency, and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$5\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> more area efficiency while maintaining similar decoding performance.
A Control System Test Bed for Demonstration of Distributed Computational Intelligence Applied to Reconfiguring Heterogeneous Systems (2007)

This paper presents a combined hardware/software simulation framework for testing and evaluating decentralized control methodologies for integrated mechanical and electrical systems on board US Navy ships. Integrated ship system control is a challenging domain as it involves a set of highly complex and inter-dependent systems, including electrical power, HVAC, and an underlying communications network. This control problem is especially difficult when damage events or current operational objectives require collaboration between the individual systems to make intelligent tradeoffs that maximize overall effectiveness.
Evidence for Phenylalanine Zipper-Mediated Dimerization in the X-ray Crystal Structure of a Magainin 2 Analogue (2013)

High-resolution structure elucidation has been challenging for the large group of host-defense peptides that form helices on or within membranes but do not manifest a strong folding propensity in aqueous solution. Here we report the crystal structure of an analogue of the widely studied host-defense peptide magainin 2. Magainin 2 (S8A, G13A, G18A) is a designed variant that displays enhanced antibacterial activity relative to the natural peptide. The crystal structure of magainin 2 (S8A, G13A, G18A), obtained for the racemic form, features a dimerization mode that has previously been proposed to play a role in the antibacterial activity of magainin 2 and related peptides.
Overview of Methods for Battery Lifetime Extension (2021)

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are widely used in transportation, aerospace, and electrical. How to extend their lifetime has become an important topic. In this paper, the methods for battery lifetime extension in terms of thermal management, charging/discharging optimization, and power and energy management control strategies are reviewed. Firstly, this paper summarizes and classifies the methods proposed in recent years to extend battery lifetime. Secondly, the advantages and drawbacks of each method are compared in detail. Finally, the advancement of various methods is summarized and prospect for future research direction on battery lifetime extension is provided.
The parallel decomposition and implementation of an integrated circuit global router (1988)

Better quality automatic layout of integrated circuits can be obtained by combining the placement and routing phases so that routing is used as the cost function for placement optimization. Conventional routers are too slow to make this feasible, and so this paper presents a parallel decomposition and implementation of an integrated circuit global router. The LocusRoute router is divided into three orthogonal “axes” of parallelism: routing several wires at once, routing segments of a wire in parallel, and dividing up the potential routes of a segment among different processors to be evaluated. The implementation of two of these approaches achieve significant speedup - wire-by-wire parallelism attains speedups from 6.9 to 13.6 using sixteen processors, and route-by-route achieves up to 4.6 using eight processors. When combined, these approaches can potentially provide speedups of as much as 55 times.
Noninvasive Field-Scale Characterization of Gaseous-Phase Methane Dynamics in Peatlands using the Ground-Penetrating Radar Method (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Gpr Method Applications and Examples Discussion
Activities of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor revealed by gene transfer and gene knockout studies. (1994)

We used retroviral mediated gene transfer and gene knockout technologies to explore the in vivo functions of murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) [1, 2]. In tumor vaccination experiments, GM-CSF was the most potent molecule of a large number of cytokines, adhesion molecules and other immunomodulators for the induction of specific and long-lasting anti-tumor immunity. Vaccination required activities of both CD4 and CD8 positive lymphocytes, and likely involved the augmentation by GM-CSF of host professional antigen-presenting cell function. Mice engineered by homologous recombination techniques in embryonic stem cells to lack GM-CSF demonstrated no significant perturbations in steady-state hematopoiesis. All mutant animals, however, developed the accumulation of surfactant proteins and lipids in the alveolar space, the defining feature of the idiopathic human disorder pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Surfactant lipid and protein content were increased in the absence of alterations in surfactant protein mRNA, supporting the concept that surfactant clearance or catabolism was perturbed. Extensive lymphoid hyperplasia associated with lung airways and blood vessels was also found, yet no infectious agents could be isolated. These results demonstrate that GM-CSF is not an essential growth factor for basal hematopoiesis and reveal an unexpected, critical role for GM-CSF in pulmonary homeostasis. It is tempting to speculate that the ability of GM-CSF to modulate the uptake and processing of particulate material underlies the mechanisms of immunostimulation and surfactant accumulation.
Biophysical and biological characterisation of collagen/resilin-like protein composite fibres (2015)

Collagen type I, in various physical forms, is widely used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. To control the mechanical properties and biodegradability of collagen-based devices, exogenous cross-links are introduced into the 3D supramolecular structure. However, potent cross-linking methods are associated with cytotoxicity, whilst mild cross-linking methods are associated with suboptimal mechanical resilience. Herein, we assessed the influence of resilin, a super-elastic and highly stretchable protein found within structures in arthropods where energy storage and long-range elasticity are needed, on the biophysical and biological properties of mildly cross-linked extruded collagen fibres. The addition of resilin-like protein in the 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol) ether tetrasuccinimidyl glutarate cross-linked collagen fibres resulted in a significant increase of stress and strain at break values and a significant decrease of modulus values. The addition of resilin-like protein did not compromise cell metabolic activity and DNA concentration. All groups are supported parallel to the longitudinal fibre axis cell orientation. Herein we provide evidence that the addition of resilin-like protein in mildly cross-linked collagen fibres improves their biomechanical properties, without jeopardising their biological properties.
High‐efficacy plasma‐display designs achieving 5 lm/W (2008)

Abstract— Under high‐Xe‐content conditions, the luminous characteristics were evaluated for the sustaining electrode width and the sustaining pulse cycle. It was recognized that the proper designs for them in a high‐Xe‐content gas mixture make it possible to obtain high luminous efficacy. In this research, it was found that narrower electrodes can gain higher luminous efficacy in high‐Xe‐content conditions. The dependency of the luminous characteristics on the electrode width was analyzed and the differences of discharge phenomena from low‐Xe‐content conditions, which explain the dependency on the electrode width, were recognized. In an 8‐in. test panel, 5.2 lm/W of the maximum white efficacy was obtained. The found phenomenon that narrower electrodes are more advantageous for the luminous efficacy is favorable in high‐definition PDPs.
Islet amyloid inhibitors improve glucose homeostasis in a transgenic mouse model of type 2 diabetes (2015)

Increasing evidence points to the cytotoxicity of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) aggregates as a major contributor to the loss of β-cell mass in type 2 diabetes. Prevention of IAPP formation represents a potential treatment to increase β-cell survival and function. The IAPP inhibitory peptide, D-ANFLVH, has been previously shown to prevent islet amyloid accumulation in cultured human islets. To assess its activity in vivo, D-ANFLVH was administered by intraperitoneal injection into a human IAPP transgenic mouse model, which replicates type 2 diabetes islet amyloid pathology. The peptide was a potent inhibitor of islet amyloid deposition, resulting in reduced islet cell apoptosis and preservation of β-cell area leading to improved glucose tolerance. These findings provide support for a key role of islet amyloid in β-cell survival and validate the application of anti-amyloid compounds as therapeutic strategies to maintain normal insulin secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Complete characterization of perfectly secure stego-systems with mutually independent embedding operation (2009)

Without any assumption on the cover source, this paper presents a complete characterization of all perfectly secure stego-systems that employ mutually independent embedding operation. It is shown that for a fixed embedding operation, the only perfectly secure stego-systems are those whose cover distribution is an element of a linear vector space with basis vectors determined by the embedding operation. Moreover, we also prove that such stego-systems are perfectly secure if and only if the Fisher information with respect to the embedding change rate is zero and thus Fisher information can be seen as an equivalent descriptor of steganographic security. This result is important for deriving steganographic capacity of imperfect stego-systems with covers modeled as Markov chains [1]. It also suggests that Fisher information could be used for benchmarking.
<title>Monolithic confocal optical pickup device</title> (1998)

We have succeeded in realizing a monolithic optical pick-up device capable of confocal detection. The jitter was 4.0 ns with a line velocity of 1.2 m/s. The DC offsets were less than 10% for a lens radical displacement of plus or minus 400 mm and a radical skew of plus or minus 2 degrees. These small DC offsets were due to confocal detection.
Voltage dependent calcium channel expression in isolated osteoclasts. (1989)

In this study the expression of voltage-dependent calcium channels on osteoclast plasma membrane has been investigated. We found that osteoclasts were sensitive to KCl-induced depolarization. In this circumstance a 4 fold transient cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) increase was observed. This increase was dose-dependent. Its half maximal effect was achieved at 30 mM KCl. Voltage sensitive calcium channels in osteoclasts were inhibited by specific antagonists. Nicardipine, a dihydropyridine derivative, was the most effective, inducing complete block of the channels at 10(-6) M. Verapamil (phenylalkylamine) and diltiazem (benzodiazepine) were less effective. These results are consistent with the presence, on the osteoclast membrane, of L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels.
Propionic acidemia: neonatal versus selective metabolic screening (2011)

Early diagnosis of PA through NBS seems to be associated with a lower mortality rate. However, no significant benefit could be shown for surviving patients with regard to their clinical course, including the number of metabolic crises, physical and neurocognitive development, and long-term complications.
Sex and Catheter Ablation for Ventricular Tachycardia (2016)

In 12 high-volume ablation centers, women with structural heart disease have worse VT-free survival following ablation than men. Whether this is owing to differences in referral pattern, arrhythmia substrate, or undertreatment requires further study.
Two-Dimensional ITQ-2 Zeolite for Biomass Transformation: Synthesis of Alkyl 5-Benzyl-2-furoates as Intermediates for Fine Chemicals (2016)

A new catalytic process to produce alkyl 5-benzyl-2-furoates has been performed through a two-step process that involves (a) selective oxidative esterification of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 5-hydroxymethyl furoic acid methyl ester (HMFE) using Au/TiO2 as catalyst and oxygen as oxidant and (b) alkylation of benzene derivatives with HMFE using zeolites as acid catalysts. The alkylation process has been carried out using large pore tridimensional zeolites such as Beta and USY, a mesoporous aluminosilicate (MCM-41), and a two-dimensional delaminated ITQ-2 zeolite. The results showed that ITQ-2 zeolite, which combines easy product diffusion and adequate acitidy, was the most active and selective catalyst to produce alkyl 5-benzyl-2-furoates. Finally, we have presented a simple protocol to prepare 5-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2-furyl methyl ketone, a key intermediate in the synthesis of S-1360, an antiviral for the treatment of AIDS, in good yield through a more sustainable method than the existing ones, starting from biomass platform molecules.
Redatumming through a salt canopy — Another salt‐flank imaging strategy (2007)

We describe a new short cut strategy to image the sediments and salt edge around a salt flank through an overburden salt canopy. We demonstrate its performance and capabilities on a synthetic acoustic seismic data from a Gulf of Mexico (GOM) style model. In this strategy, we first redatum the surface shots from a walk away Vertical Seismic Profile (WVSP) survey to be as if the source and receiver pairs had been located in the borehole at the positions of the receivers. This process creates effective downhole shot gathers by completely moving the surface shots through the salt canopy without any knowledge of the overburden velocity structure. After redatumming, we apply reverse time prestack depth migration to the effective downhole shot records using a simple linear v(z) gradient velocity model. This first pass of migration reveals the salt dome edge quite well. Once the salt dome edge is defined, a second pass of reverse time prestack depth migration is performed with an updated velocity model that now consists of the v(z) gradient and the salt dome. The second pass migration brings out the dipping sediments abutting the salt flank because these reflectors were illuminated by energy that bounced off the salt flank forming prismatic reflections. The full, two‐way wave equation migration algorithm images these double bounces correctly. In the new strategy, we do not need to perform the traditional complex process of velocity estimation, model building, and iterative depth migration to remove the effects of the salt canopy and surrounding overburden. The redatumming process eliminates all of that. In terms of computational effort, it takes less than 10% of total computation time and requires virtually no human effort. The reverse time depth migrations are target‐oriented and, for this example, involve only 1/3 of the model. The new strategy provides a simple, target oriented method to image a salt flank and nearby sediments with minimal velocity estimation and model building effort.
1394 Preclinical characterization of biodegradable injectable antigen presenting nanoparticles AIM INJ for in vivo treatment of solid tumors (2022)

<h3>Background</h3> NexImmune’s artificial immune modulation (AIM™) technology is designed to direct T cell function and drive a T cell-mediated response. AIM antigen-specific immunotherapies rely on a nanoparticle-based artificial antigen presenting cell (aAPC) platform. The off-the-shelf injectable nanoparticles (INJ) are developed using biodegradable PLGA-PEG or PLA-PEG core materials and designed to mimic the function of natural APCs. AIM INJ nanoparticles present (i) an antigen-specific recognition signal delivered by an MHC molecule loaded with an antigenic peptide (Signal 1), and (ii) a co-stimulatory signal (anti-CD28, Signal 2) to induce expansion of the T cells activated through Signal 1. <h3>Methods</h3> AIM INJ nanoparticles were synthesized by nanoprecipitation method on the Ignite NanoAssemblr<sup>TM</sup> microfluidic system. Murine AIM INJ nanoparticles were formulated by conjugating murine protein Signal 1 and 2, and then loading with tumor-specific peptides. Physicochemical characterization, stability, and in vitro functional tests were performed to assess antigen-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell proliferation, expansion, and cytokine production upon nanoparticle exposure. In vivo biodistribution and efficacy studies were performed in B16-F10 melanoma model by s.c. injection of AIM INJ nanoparticles. Biodistribution studies were conducted using <sup>89</sup>Zr radiolabeled nanoparticles. For the efficacy study, on day 7 after nanoparticle injection, tumor tissues were harvested and stimulated ex vivo to measure the expression of CD107a and cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 by the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). <h3>Results</h3> PLGA-PEG based AIM INJ nanoparticles, with ~100nm diameter, PDI &lt; 0.2, and close-to-neutral surface charge, have round morphology and were stable in liquid formulation over 6-months. The peptide-loaded murine AIM INJ nanoparticles activated CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in antigen-specific manner by promoting cell proliferation, expansion, and poly-functionality. The biodistribution studies showed a significantly higher amount of AIM INJ nanoparticle accumulation in the tumor (24 hours) and draining lymph node (96 hours) compared to naked nanoparticles (no proteins/peptides). In an in vivo treatment study, we demonstrated that the peptide-loaded AIM INJ nanoparticles induced significant amounts of polyfunctional CD8<sup>+</sup> TILs in a B16-F10 melanoma model. In addition, we will present data from ongoing studies using different sizes and formulations of AIM INJ nanoparticles. <h3>Conclusions</h3> We demonstrated that biodegradable AIM INJ nanoparticles can activate and expand multiple antigen-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in vitro and in vivo to induce anti-tumor activity. These studies along with other in vivo pre-clinical characterization will be used to support multiple INDs and advance AIM INJ into Phase 1 studies for various solid tumors.
Chromatic Dispersion Monitoring of 40-Gb/s RZ-DPSK and 80-Gb/s RZ-DQPSK Data Using Cross-Phase Modulation in Highly-Nonlinear Fiber and a Simple Power Monitor (2008)

We experimentally demonstrate an all-optical chromatic dispersion monitoring technique utilizing cross-phase modulation in highly-nonlinear fiber for 40-Gb/s RZ-DPSK. Maximum monitored power variation of 16.5-dB is achieved in the presence of up to 120-ps/nm chromatic dispersion.