gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of finlet rails and fences for trailing edge noise reduction in NACA0012 aerofoil (2022)

In this paper, two surface treatments have been investigated experimentally for reducing trailing edge noise generated by an aerofoil. The aerofoil surface treatments include a Finlet rail supported by rods (called canopies) and walls (called Finlet fences). The surface treatments were applied near the trailing edge of the NACA0012 aerofoil. Far-field noise, near-field velocity, and surface pressure measurements were made for both the designs and compared with the untreated aerofoil. The far-field noise results show that both the surface treatments provide moderate noise level reductions in different frequency ranges, though huge reductions are seen in the surface pressure measurements. The finlet fences control the mid-and high-frequency noise reductions, while the canopies control the low-frequency noise reductions. Also, the noise reduction provided by the aerofoil with the combined surface design of Finlet fence and canopies treatments didn’t improve further reductions in the noise. Furthermore, the mechanism of pressure shielding hypothesised with the canopy treatment is a local phenomenon and very sensitive to the location of the canopy itself. The results for finlet fences indicate that the top edge of the fence generate localised flow separation which are responsible for the increase in Urms and Vrms at z/h = 1 (top edge), rather than lifting the turbulence structures from the trailing edge of an aerofoil. The work presented in this paper will be further extended in the future, which will include a more detailed parametric study.
Novel Bioassay for the Discovery of Inhibitors of the 2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol 4-Phosphate (MEP) and Terpenoid Pathways Leading to Carotenoid Biosynthesis (2014)

The 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway leads to the synthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate in plastids. It is a major branch point providing precursors for the synthesis of carotenoids, tocopherols, plastoquinone and the phytyl chain of chlorophylls, as well as the hormones abscisic acid and gibberellins. Consequently, disruption of this pathway is harmful to plants. We developed an in vivo bioassay that can measure the carbon flow through the carotenoid pathway. Leaf cuttings are incubated in the presence of a phytoene desaturase inhibitor to induce phytoene accumulation. Any compound reducing the level of phytoene accumulation is likely to interfere with either one of the steps in the MEP pathway or the synthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate. This concept was tested with known inhibitors of steps of the MEP pathway. The specificity of this in vivo bioassay was also verified by testing representative herbicides known to target processes outside of the MEP and carotenoid pathways. This assay enables the rapid screen of new inhibitors of enzymes preceding the synthesis of phytoene, though there are some limitations related to the non-specific effect of some inhibitors on this assay.
Abstract 2559: Reflectance, Fluorescence, and Raman Spectroscopy Identify Features of Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque In Vivo Including a Thin Fibrous Cap, Necrotic Core or Superficial Foam Cells, and Thrombus (2008)

Early detection and treatment of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, the lesions most prone to rupture, is critical to reducing patient mortality associated with cardiovascular disease. The combination of reflectance, fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy - termed multimodal spectroscopy (MMS) - provides complementary and depth-sensitive information about tissue composition. We assessed the hypothesis that MMS can detect morphological features of vulnerable plaque: thin fibrous cap (TFC), necrotic core (NC), superficial foam cells (SFC), intralesional hemorrhage (IH), and thrombus. Methods. In vivo and ex vivo MMS spectra were collected from 12 patients undergoing peripheral vascular surgeries. The data collection was facilitated by means of a novel MMS probe catheter and a portable clinical instrument developed in our laboratory. During carotid endarterectomies, MMS spectra were collected in vivo from the intimal surface of the plaque with the probe held normal to the artery wall. During femoral bypasses, MMS spectra were collected in vivo either through the proximal anastomosis site from the posterior artery wall or adjacent to the incision. A tissue specimen was excised for additional MMS spectral collection ex vivo. Histopathological analysis was performed by a blinded cardiovascular pathologist to assess the vulnerability of each spectrally evaluated tissue site using a quantitative index based on the dimension or severity of the following: TFC, NC, SFC, IH, and thrombus. Across the total set of 76 evaluated tissue locations, MMS is shown to have the ability to detect vulnerability features including a TFC, NC or SFCs, and thrombus. A TFC is detected by measuring the relative amount of collagen assessed by fluorescence, a large NC or SFCs are detected through the combination of beta-carotene absorption and the Raman spectral signature of lipids, and thrombus is detected through its Raman signature. The results indicate that rupture-prone vulnerable plaques could be detected with a sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 72%. In conclusion, these encouraging results will help bring MMS into the clinical arena as a powerful, catheter-based diagnostic technique for early detection of vulnerable plaques.
SON conflict resolution using reinforcement learning with state aggregation (2014)

In future generation networks one of the main focuses is on automating the network optimization. This is done through so called Self Organizing Network (SON) functions. A SON instance is a realization of a SON function that governs one or several cells. Several independent SON instances of one or multiple SON functions are likely to generate conflicts. This raises the need for a SON COordinator (SONCO) meant to solve these conflicts. In this paper we consider that each SON function has one SON instance on every cell and we present the design of a SONCO function for coordinating all these instances. The SONCO solves the conflicts that appear on the update requests arbitrating (i.e. accepting/denying the requests) so that it minimizes a predefined regret. This regret takes into account the weights associated to the SON functions that rank their importance according to the operator policies. We solve the problem in a Reinforcement Learning (RL) framework as it offers the possibility to improve the decisions based on past experiences. We employ a state-aggregation technique to make the state space of our solution scale linearly with the number of cells. We provide a study case for two SON functions: Mobility Load Balancing (MLB) tuning the Cell Individual Offset(CIO) and Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) tuning the CIO together with the handover hysteresis. The proposed SONCO function solves the conflicts on the CIO update requests. Numerical results show how the proposed SONCO is able to favor either MLB or MRO requests according to their associated weights.
Relaxation Processes and Structural Changes in Li- and Na-Doped Fulleranes for Hydrogen Storage (2012)

The anelastic spectra of Li6C60Hx and Na6C60Hx have been measured for the first time. The spectra of composite materials obtained by mixing of LiH and NaH with C60 in a solvent still show the structural phase transition around 260 K and preserve the buckyball dynamics of pure fullerenes but do not show the spectral features of the hydrides. This observation suggests that the composite materials are homogeneous samples in which the hydrides are finely dispersed in the fullerene crystal and therefore lose their features. However, after dehydrogenation and after rehydrogenation both the phase transition and the dynamic process are completely suppressed, indicating a deep modification of the lattice structure, possibly due to polymerization. The present study indicates that Li6C60Hx and Na6C60Hx are homogeneous materials and cannot be considered as constituted by bulk C60Hn and Li(Na)Hx, as suggested by a previous study.
Gallium and indium co-doping of epitaxial zinc oxide thin films grown in water at 90 °C (2011)

Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were intentionally co-doped with group III elements (gallium) in order to investigate and understand the effects of co-doping on the morphological, electrical and optical properties of gallium-doped ZnO (GZO) films. The co-doped films were grown on MgAl 2 O 4 spinel substrates using a low-temperature solution-phase method known as hydrothermal synthesis. Gallium with indium co-doped ZnO (GIZO) films displayed a dramatic improvement in surface morphology as compared with the Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) films due to the compensation effect of gallium and indium doping which reduced the lattice strain. The 0.0033M gallium with 3.3 × 10 −4 M indium co-doped film exhibited an electron concentration of 3.14 × 10 20 cm −3 and resistivity of 7.4 × 10 −4 Ω cm which were both enhancements of 1.5 times over the GZO film. These films were comparable to the films fabricated by more expensive and complicated vapour-phase methods. The figure of merit for this film was determined to be 1.63 × 10 −2 sq/Ω which was very close to the indium tin oxide conducting films currently used commercially. Finally, the GIZO film was hydrothermally grown on a p-GaN film to form an n-ZnO/p-GaN heterojunction light-emitting diode (LED). This LED showed diode I – V characteristics and exhibited strong cool-white light emission which signified the prospect of using GIZO as an effective and low-cost n-type layer in LEDs.
Design and fabrication of low-loss horizontal and vertical interconnect links using air-clad transmission lines and through silicon vias (2012)

In this paper we present the design and fabrication of air-clad planar transmission lines and TSVs that can be used as horizontal and vertical chip-chip interconnects. Performance improvement by using heterogeneous air-clad dielectric is presented for these two types of interconnect structures that establishes the basic motivation for fabricating these structures. The design data is verified by performing simulation using 3D full-wave solver HFSS. We outline the process flow for air-clad transmission lines and TSVs in detail. Several challenges in the fabrication of air-clad structures are also discussed.
Urologic Applications of Botulium Toxin (2002)

2 . 7 zinc atom heavy chain(100 kDa) light chain (50 kDa) disulfide bond dichai n polypeptide
Severe plastic deformation in Gum Metal with composition at the structural stability limit (2009)

Abstract The effects of severe plastic deformation on the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of Gum Metal with a nominal composition of Ti-36Nb-2Ta-3Zr-0.3O (mass.%) were investigated using high-pressure torsion (HPT). Applying the HPT process, the alloy shows ultra-low Young's modulus, high strength, extended elastic limit, high ductility, and very low hardening during HPT. The tensile strength of Gum Metal increases with increasing equivalent strain, while work hardening is much smaller than reported values for other common metallic materials. The deformation structure is composed of ultrafine grains produced by transgranular shear through application of HPT. These results suggest that the strengthening mechanism of Gum Metal is attributable to a unique plastic deformation which operates in the region where the local stress reaches values close to that of ideal strength.
HermesE: A 96-Channel Full Data Rate Direct Neural Interface in 0.13 $\mu$m CMOS (2012)

A power and area efficient sensor interface consumes 6.4 mW from 1.2 V while occupying 5 mm × 5 mm in 0.13 μm CMOS. The interface offers simultaneous access to 96 channels of broadband neural data acquired from cortical microelectrodes as part of a head-mounted wireless recording system, enabling basic neuroscience as well as neuroprosthetics research. Signals are conditioned with a front-end achieving 2.2 μV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rms</sub> input-referred noise in a 10 kHz bandwidth before conversion at 31.25 kSa/s by 10-bit SAR ADCs with 60.3 dB SNDR and 42 fJ/conv-step. Switched-capacitor filtering provides a well-controlled frequency response and utilizes windowed integrator sampling to mitigate noise aliasing, enhancing noise/power efficiency.
Evidence for Nerve Growth Factor‐Potentiating Activities of the Nonpeptidic Compound SR 57746A in PC12 Cells (1995)

SR 57746A (1-[2-(naphth-2-yl)ethyl]-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1,2,5,6- tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride) exhibits neurotrophic activities in vivo and in vitro. We used the rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell line to investigate in vitro cellular changes induced by SR 57746A. A significant increase in the percentage of cells bearing neurite-like processes was obtained in cells treated by SR 57746A and nerve growth factor (NGF) compared with NGF treatment alone. SR 57746A added alone, however, had no effect on morphogenesis or on survival of cells in serum-free medium. In contrast, SR 57746A induced a "priming" effect on PC12 cells for neurite outgrowth within 6 h of addition of the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. An increase in alpha-actinin content resulted from treatment with SR 57746A. Expression of NGF-mediated acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase was enhanced within 5 days by SR 57746A. The molecule also induced rapid F-actin redistribution. Within 2 min of incubation, outgrowth of F-actin-containing filopodia was clearly visible at the cell periphery, as previously shown with NGF. It is interesting that this effect of SR 57746A could be mimicked by protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors and abolished by preincubation with sodium orthovanadate, a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor.
New 68Ga Glu-Urea-Lys(Ahx)-HBED-CC Derivatives as Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) Imaging Agents. (2016)

1366 Objectives Recently, successful PET/CT imaging studies of tumor targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) using 68Ga-Glu-NH-CO-NH-Lys(Ahx)-HBED-CC, [68Ga]1a, (PSMA-11) has demonstrated great potential for clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer. Successful imaging studies using [68Ga]1a, in humans have been widely reported. Methods A series of 68Ga labeled Glu-NH-CO-NH-Lys(Ahx) amide derivatives have been prepared including HBED-CC derivative containing various amino acids, 2-glucosamine and DOTA (1b-f),were prepared. Results The “cold” ligands, 1a-f displayed very good binding affinities (IC50 = 3 -35 nM) to the PSMA binding sites (in vitro binding assay with membrane homogenates of LnCAP cells over expressing PSMA). The new ligands, 1b-g, were labeled with [68Ga]GaCl3 with high yields and excellent radiochemical purity (> 99%). Results of in vivo biodistribution studies in mice after an iv injection of [68Ga]1b-f suggested that they are specifically localized in xenographed LnCAP tumor express the PSMA binding sites. In vivo microPET imaging studies in the same xenographed tumor also indicated that these agents highly concentrated in the tumor after an iv injection. Results suggested that new derivatives, [68Ga]1b-f, displayed PSMA binding properties comparable to that of [68Ga]1a. Conclusions New PSMA tracers, [68Ga]1b-f, are potentially useful as imaging agents for detecting PSMA expression in tumor tissues. They would provide practical in vivo PSMA imaging agents in conjunction with PET without the need of a near-by cyclotron.
Supplementary Figure and Table Legend from Identification of <i>SULF2</i> as a Novel Transcriptional Target of p53 by Use of Integrated Genomic Analyses (2023)

Supplementary Figure and Table Legend from Identification of &lt;i&gt;SULF2&lt;/i&gt; as a Novel Transcriptional Target of p53 by Use of Integrated Genomic Analyses
Spin-orbit torque generated from perpendicularly magnetized Co/Ni multilayers (2020)

We report the existence of a spin-orbit torque generated from charge to spin conversion in perpendicularly magnetized ferromagnetic material through spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR) measurement. We fabricated a trilayer structure consisting of a Cu spacer layer sandwiched between an in-plane magnetized FeB layer and perpendicularly magnetized Co/Ni multilayers. From the ferromagnetic resonance under DC bias current application, we observed a significant linewidth modulation in the FeB layer attributed to the charge to spin conversion generated from Co/Ni multilayers. In-plane angular dependence and the magnetization polarity dependence of the linewidth modulation reveal that two types of charge to spin conversion with different symmetry coexist in the single Co/Ni multilayers.
Use of Dual-Selectivity IC-ESI-MS for the Separation and Detection of Anionic and Cationic Arsenic Species (2007)

There are times when an analytical challenge demands a solution that reaches beyond standard methodolo-gies. The separation and detection of the most common, yet chemically diverse, arsenic species is one such challenge. In the present work, sepa-ration chemistry, system, and method features are discussed that allow the chromatographic retention of both anionic and cationic arsenic species using mobile phases that are compat-ible with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) detection. The requirement is that all of the species be well retained in the separation in order to minimize void volume interferences and be detected with the structural information, as provided by ESI-MS. Arsenic is ubiquitous in the environ-ment, in toxic and nontoxic forms. It occurs in inorganic and organic com-pounds; in trivalent and pentavalent states; and as anions, cations, zwit-terions, and neutral species. In gen-eral, methylated and other organo-arsenicals are less toxic than inorganic arsenic, and pentavalent arsenic is considerably less toxic than the triva-lent state. The speciation of arsenic is important to assess the risk to human health, and since some forms are not considered toxic, the suitability of certain As-containing foods for human consump-tion. The in organic forms of arsenic—arsenite and arsenate—are the usual forms found in drinking water, and the U.S. EPA has set a maximum con-tamination level (MCL) for total arsenic in drink-ing water, which took effect in January 2006, at 10 µg/L.1 Some foods, such as fish and seaweed, can contain organic forms of arsenic resulting from con-tamination and biological processes. One important form, arsenobetaine, is con-sidered stable, metabolically inert, and relatively nontoxic, but is a common form of arsenic in some foods such as seafood.2,3 Currently, there are no regu-lations on the individual arsenic spe-cies, only on the total arsenic found. The five most common arsenic spe-cies include arsenite (AsIII), arse-nate (AsV), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAV), dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV), and arsenobetaine (AsB) (see Table 1). ICP-MS is the most popular detection scheme for arsenic species, but it detects all species as
Productivity gains with signal-apparition enabled parallel multisource acquisition (2017)

Parallel multi-source acquisition is achieved by applying the novel method of signal apparition for decoding wavefields that were acquired simultaneously. The application of periodically varying shot-to-shot modulation functions to the firing times injects energy at predetermined positions along the wavenumber axes which enables a deterministic isolation of individual shots. We demonstrate the method for single vessel operations, first on a marine dual-source configuration extracted from the SEG Advanced Modeling Program (SEAM) Phase I dataset and then successfully extend the methodology to an emulated real data marine triple-source example from the North Sea. The method is applicable both to marine as well as seabed seismic acquisition and offers scope for significant productivity gains which stem from the ability to acquire twice as many unique raypaths in a shorter time frame without compromising the subsurface bin size and fold. In case of marine seismic acquisition, the method offers further the possibility to reduce the numbers of streamers towed, also giving rise to strategic considerations. Presentation Date: Tuesday, September 26, 2017 Start Time: 10:10 AM Location: 371F Presentation Type: ORAL
Nitric Oxide: Potential of NO Donors and NO Synthase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Pain (2002)

This chapter contains sections titled: Known Features of NOS Protein Structure Nitroglycerine - an NO Donor Causing Severe Headache NOS Inhibitors as Potential Analgesics Nitric Oxide Inhibitors and Migraine Targinine (L-NMMA) TRIM ONO-1714
An optical technique based on silicate glass sintering for temperature mapping (2023)

Abstract Thermal paints have been used for decades by the gas turbine engine community to map surface temperature with low resolution. A novel thermal paint based on the sintering of a lead‐silicate glass powder was developed that can map maximum temperature with high resolution (±5°C) over a 60°C range beginning at the glass transition temperature (). The paint exhibited excellent adhesion to nickel‐based superalloy components due to similar coefficients of thermal expansion between the superalloy and glassy ceramic coating. An optical transition was qualitatively and quantitatively observed using scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐VIS) reflectance spectroscopy, and visual inspection. UV‐VIS reflectance spectroscopy was used to confirm the optical transition observed by the naked eye and quantitatively assess the transition of the thermal paint with high resolution. This technique for obtaining high resolution experimental temperature maps can aid the performance, efficiency, and reliability of gas turbine engines.
Metallocorroles as Photocatalysts for Driving Endergonic Reactions, Exemplified by Bromide to Bromine Conversion (2015)

Photochemical oxidation of halide anions by visible light has been suggested for solar energy conversion processes. Post-transition metallocorroles are now disclosed as very efficient catalysts for the photoinduced transformation of bromide to bromine. The advantages of these catalysts are that they are very stable under the reaction conditions and that the energy levels of the oxidizing HOMO and the reducing LUMO are easily tuned. Insights into the mechanism of action obtained in this work is predicted to be very useful for the design of other systems that rely on photocatalysis for driving endergonic reactions.
Paracellular Cl - permeability is regulated by WNK4 kinase: Insight into normal physiology and hypertension (2004)

Paracellular ion flux across epithelia occurs through selective and regulated pores in tight junctions; this process is poorly understood. Mutations in the kinase WNK4 cause pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII), a disease featuring hypertension and hyperkalemia. Whereas WNK4 is known to regulate several transcellular transporters and channels involved in NaCl and K+ homeostasis, its localization to tight junctions suggests it might also regulate paracellular flux. We performed electrophysiology on mammalian kidney epithelia with inducible expression of various WNK4 constructs. Induction of wild-type WNK4 reduced transepithelial resistance by increasing absolute chloride permeability. PHAII-mutant WNK4 produced markedly larger effects, whereas kinase-mutant WNK4 had no effect. The electrochemical and pharmacologic properties of these effects indicate they are attributable to the paracellular pathway. The effects of WNK4 persist when induction is delayed until after tight-junction formation, demonstrating a dynamic effect. WNK4 did not alter the flux of uncharged solutes, or the expression or localization of selected tight-junction proteins. Transmission and freeze-fracture electron microscopy showed no effect of WNK4 on tight-junction structure. These findings implicate WNK signaling in the coordination of transcellular and paracellular flux to achieve NaCl and K+ homeostasis, explain PHAII pathophysiology, and suggest that modifiers of WNK signaling may be potent antihypertensive agents.