gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced barrier seed metallization for integration of high-density high aspect-ratio copper-filled 3D through-silicon via interconnects (2012)

Higher performance, higher operation speed and volume shrinkage require high 3D interconnect densities. A way to meet the density specifications is to further increase the A.R. of the TSV interconnection. This requires the integration of highly conformal thin films deposition techniques in TSV flows, particularly for metallization. In this study, seed layer enhancement is applied to regular PVD Cu seed for metalizing TSV of diameter of 2μm and aspect-ratio 15:1. The results reported in this paper open a new path for process integration of high A.R. TSVs and provide a versatile and reliable building block for achieving the high density interconnects required for tomorrow's 3D electronics devices.
MP12-01 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DAILY WATER INTAKE AND 24-HOUR URINE VOLUME IN ADOLESCENTS WITH KIDNEY STONES (2019)

Estimated blood loss (EBL) [200ml], Hemoglobin change [2.8g/dL] and Hematocrit change [9%]; only 1 patient (3.0%) required one unit transfusion. Median length of stay (LOS) was 2 days. Clavien-Dindo complications were: 0 [21], I [7], II [3], IIIa [1], IIIb [1], IV and V [0]. Median resected prostate weight was 122g. Incidental prostate cancer was found in 3 (9%); one patient required radiotherapy. No patients were catheter-dependent post-operatively; mean post-void residual was 29ml (range 0 to 250ml).
New inorganic nanotube polymer nanocomposites: improved thermal, mechanical and tribological properties in isotactic polypropylene incorporating INT-MoS2 (2012)

Environmentally friendly molybdenum disulfide (INT-MoS2) inorganic nanotubes were introduced into an isotactic polypropylene (iPP) polymer matrix to generate novel nanocomposite materials through an advantageous melt-processing route. The effects of INT-MoS2 content on the thermal, mechanical and tribological properties were investigated. The incorporation of INT-MoS2 generates notable performance enhancements through reinforcement effects, highly efficient nucleation activity and excellent lubricating ability in comparison with other nanoparticle fillers such as nanoclays, carbon nanotubes, silicon nitrides and halloysite nanotubes. It was shown that these INT-MoS2 nanocomposites can provide an effective balance between performance, cost effectiveness and processability, and should be of some interest in the area of multifunctional polymer nanocomposite materials.
Compact Multi Bit Slotted C-Scatterer for Threshold Sensitive Chipless Wireless Temperature Sensor (2018)

This paper presents a novel compact scatterer structure for a passive chipless wireless temperature threshold sensor. The structure is based on a single C-scatterer with multiple embedded slots; each slot forms a sub-scatterer dedicated to resonating in one regulated band. This structure has the advantage of increasing the data capacity without increasing the number of scatterers, which results in a more compact sensor size. The sensing principle is based on the detuning of the resonance frequency peaks of the backscattered signal from the slotted scatterer due to temperature variations. For the first time, this work demonstrates the design of a passive chipless sensor while at the same time respecting the conventional radio frequency (RF) emission regulations. The sensor only exploits the allowed bands: European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM). Sensitivity measurement results show sensitive characteristics in the order of 10−4 GHz/°C in accordance with the theoretical predictions.
Zero-Shot Chinese Character Recognition with Stroke-Level Decomposition (2021)

Chinese character recognition has attracted much research interest due to its wide applications. Although it has been studied for many years, some issues in this field have not been completely resolved yet, e.g. the zero-shot problem. Previous character-based and radical-based methods have not fundamentally addressed the zero-shot problem since some characters or radicals in test sets may not appear in training sets under a data-hungry condition. Inspired by the fact that humans can generalize to know how to write characters unseen before if they have learned stroke orders of some characters, we propose a stroke-based method by decomposing each character into a sequence of strokes, which are the most basic units of Chinese characters. However, we observe that there is a one-to-many relationship between stroke sequences and Chinese characters. To tackle this challenge, we employ a matching-based strategy to transform the predicted stroke sequence to a specific character. We evaluate the proposed method on handwritten characters, printed artistic characters, and scene characters. The experimental results validate that the proposed method outperforms existing methods on both character zero-shot and radical zero-shot tasks. Moreover, the proposed method can be easily generalized to other languages whose characters can be decomposed into strokes.
Why is melanoma so metastatic? (2013)

Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancers and can disseminate from a relatively small primary tumor and metastasize to multiple sites, including the lung, liver, brain, bone, and lymph nodes. Elucidating the molecular and genetic changes that take place during the metastatic process has led to a better understanding of why melanoma is so metastatic. Herein, we describe the unique features that distinguish melanoma from other solid tumors and contribute to the malignant phenotype of melanoma cells. For example, although melanoma cells are highly antigenic, they are extremely efficient at evading host immune response. Melanoma cells share numerous cell surface molecules with vascular cells, are highly angiogenic, are mesenchymal in nature, and possess a higher degree of 'stemness' than do other solid tumors. Finally, analysis of melanoma mutations has revealed that the gene expression profile of malignant melanoma is different from that of other cancers. Elucidating these molecular and genetic processes in highly metastatic melanoma can lead to the development of improved treatment and individualized therapy options.
A review of mentoring deaf and hard-of-hearing scholars (2020)

Diversification of the scientific workforce usually focuses on recruitment and retention of women and underrepresented racial and ethnic minorities but often overlooks deaf and hard-of hearing (D/HH) persons. Usually classified as a disability group, such persons are often members of their own sociocultural linguistic minority and deserve unique support. For them, access to technical and social information is often hindered by communication- and/or language-centered barriers, but securing and using communication access services is just a start. Critical aspects of training D/HH scientists as part of a diversified workforce necessitates: (a) educating hearing persons in cross-cultural dynamics pertaining to deafness, sign language, and Deaf culture; (b) ensuring access to formal and incidental information to support development of professional soft skills; and (c) understanding that institutional infrastructure change may be necessary to ensure success. Mentorship and training programs that implement these criteria are now creating a new generation of D/HH scientists.
XAS photoresists electron/quantum yields study with synchrotron light (2015)

The main roadblock for EUV lithography to be successfully adopted for high-volume manufacturing is the current lack of source power. One way to help mitigate this problem is to optimize the photoresist by increasing both absorbance and quantum yield. The latter represents the ratio between the sums of generated acids and absorbed photons. Yield is also thought to be limited by the number of generated electrons per absorbed photon, or electron yield, that may be generated after a photo absorption event. While absorbance is relatively easy to measure, yields are extremely difficult to quantify, and the debate on upper limits is far from settled. In this paper, we present how, using synchrotron light with tunable energy, we directly measured dispersion curves and electron yield for ArF, KrF and EUV photoresists using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Knowing the electron yield allowed us to better model organic EUV materials: stochastic simulations show how both electron yield and blur are very similar for organic materials, and how the electron blur is not a fixed property of the material, but may vary spatially, depending on a combination of photoresist formulation and local photon absorption density.
Investigation of cyanine dyes for in vivo optical imaging of altered mitochondrial membrane potential in tumors (2014)

Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm ) alteration is an important target for cancer diagnosis. In this study, we designed a series of near-infrared fluorescent cationic cyanine dyes with varying alkyl chain lengths (IC7-1 derivatives) to provide diverse lipophilicities and serum albumin-binding rates, and we evaluated the usefulness of these derivatives for in vivo Δψm imaging. IC7-1 derivatives with side chains from methyl to hexyl (IC7-1-Me to IC7-1-He) were synthesized, and their optical properties were measured. Cellular uptake and intracellular distribution were investigated with depolarized HeLa cells from carbonyl cyanine m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) treatment using a spectrofluorometer and a fluorescence microscope. Serum albumin-binding rates were evaluated using albumin-binding inhibitors. In vivo optical imaging was performed with HeLa cell xenograft mice following intravenous administration of IC7-1 derivatives with or without warfarin and CCCP as in vivo blocking agents. IC7-1 derivatives showing maximum excitation and emission wavelengths at 823 nm and ~845 nm, respectively, were synthesized. IC7-1-Me to -Bu showed fluorescence in mitochondria that decreased with CCCP treatment in a concentration-dependent manner, which showed that IC7-1-Me to -Bu successfully indicated Δψm . Tumors were clearly visualized after IC7-1-Bu administration. Treatment with warfarin or CCCP significantly decreased IC7-1-Bu fluorescence in the tumor region. In summary, IC7-1-Bu exhibited fluorescence localized to mitochondria dependent on Δψm , which enabled clear in vivo tumor imaging via serum albumin as a drug carrier for effective tumor targeting. Our data suggest that IC7-1-Bu is a promising NIR probe for in vivo imaging of the altered Δψm of tumor cells.
Designing for Democratization: Introducing Novices to Artificial Intelligence Via Maker Kits (2018)

Existing research highlight the myriad of benefits realized when technology is sufficiently democratized and made accessible to non-technical or novice users. However, democratizing complex technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) remains hard. In this work, we draw on theoretical underpinnings from the democratization of innovation, in exploring the design of maker kits that help introduce novice users to complex technologies. We report on our work designing TJBot: an open source cardboard robot that can be programmed using pre-built AI services. We highlight principles we adopted in this process (approachable design, simplicity, extensibility and accessibility), insights we learned from showing the kit at workshops (66 participants) and how users interacted with the project on GitHub over a 12-month period (Nov 2016 - Nov 2017). We find that the project succeeds in attracting novice users (40% of users who forked the project are new to GitHub) and a variety of demographics are interested in prototyping use cases such as home automation, task delegation, teaching and learning.
Food Allergies in Public Schools: Toward a Model Code (2010)

Sufferers of food allergies can experience anaphylactic shock, and even death, within minutes of exposure to allergens such as peanuts, soy, wheat, eggs, milk, and fish. This causes unique problems when the food allergy sufferers are children in public schools. The widespread availability of these allergens in school lunchrooms and classrooms places children with food allergies in danger while they are entrusted to the government's care. Since these children, especially young children, cannot be relied upon to be able to avoid allergens on their own, reasonable and logical laws should be in place to ensure that children are safe while in school. However, such laws do not exist. Accordingly, this note provides an overview of the insufficiency of today's disparate federal and state laws, and proposes a model code that is designed to protect children with food allergies.
Manganese-catalyzed hydroboration of carbon dioxide and other challenging carbonyl groups (2018)

Reductive functionalization of the C=O unit in carboxylic acids, carbonic acid derivatives, and ultimately in carbon dioxide itself is a challenging task of key importance for the synthesis of value-added chemicals. In particular, it can open novel pathways for the valorization of non-fossil feedstocks. Catalysts based on earth-abundant, cheap, and benign metals would greatly contribute to the development of sustainable synthetic processes derived from this concept. Herein, a manganese pincer complex [Mn(Ph<sub>2</sub>PCH<sub>2</sub>SiMe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>NH(CO)<sub>2</sub>Br] (1) is reported to enable the reduction of a broad range of carboxylic acids, carbonates, and even CO<sub>2</sub> using pinacolborane as reducing agent. The complex is shown to operate under mild reaction conditions (80-120 °C), low catalyst loadings (0.1-0.2 mol%) and runs under solvent-less conditions. Mechanistic studies including crystallographic characterisation of a borane adduct of the pincer complex (1) imply that metal-ligand cooperation facilitates substrate activation.
High-sensitivity microwave vector detection at extremely low-power levels for low-dimensional electron systems (2004)

We present a high-sensitivity microwave vector detection system for studying the low-dimensional electron system embedded in the gaps of a coplanar waveguide at low temperatures. Using this system, we have achieved 0.005% and 0.001° resolutions in amplitude and phase variations, respectively, at 10GHz in a magnetotransport measurement on a quantum-wire array with an average signal power less than −75dBm into the sample at 0.3K. From the measured phase variation, we can distinguish a very tiny change in the induced dipole moment of each quantum wire.
Jet properties in PbPb and pp collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} =$ 5.02 TeV (2018)

Modifications of the properties of jets in PbPb collisions, relative to those in pp collisions, are studied at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of $\\sqrts_\\mathrmNN =$ 5.02 TeV via correlations of charged particles with the jet axis in relative pseudorapidity ($\\Delta \\eta$), relative azimuth ($\\Delta \\phi$), and relative angular distance from the jet axis $\\Delta \\mathrmr = \\sqrt(\\Delta\\eta)^2+(\\Delta\\phi)^2$. This analysis uses data collected with the CMS detector at the LHC, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 404 $\\mu$b$^-1$ and 27.4 pb$^-1$ for PbPb and pp collisions, respectively. Charged particle number densities, jet fragmentation functions, and jet shapes are presented as a function of PbPb collision centrality and charged-particle track transverse momentum, providing a differential description of jet modifications due to interactions with the quark-gluon plasma.
Consumer preference for mandarins: implications of a sensory analysis (2011)

Although consumption of mandarins has grown steadily in the United States, mandarin cultivars being produced and consumed have been changing. The goal of this research was to identify factors that impact consumer choice of mandarins. In this analysis, consumers were presented with multiple mandarins for taste tests and then asked to identify their willingness to purchase the products. The results from our study suggest that sweetness, shape, acidity, and flavor are the most important factors related to their willingness to try a mandarin, and factors such as seeds, size of fruit, color, and overall appearance were less important. [Econ Lit classifications: Q13]. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biosynthesis of aromatic isoprenoids. Part 5. The preparation of 1-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-L-tryptophan and cyclo-L-aianyl-1-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-L-tryptophan and their non-incorporation into echinulin (1980)

1-([1-3H]-3,3 Dimethylallyl)-L-tryptophan and cyclo-L-alanyl-1-([1-3H]-3,3-dimethylallyl)-L-tryptophan have been synthesised. Neither compound served as a precursor of echinulin in surface cultures of Aspergillus amstelodami. In parallel feeding experiments, DL-[2-14C]-mevalonic acid lactone and [methylene-14C]-L-tryptophan were efficiently incorporated into echinulin.
Application of transport phenomena analysis technique to cerebrospinal fluid. (2013)

The study of hydrocephalus and the modeling of cerebrospinal fluid flow have proceeded in the past using mathematical analysis that was very capable of prediction phenomenonologically but not well in physiologic parameters. In this paper, the basis of fluid dynamics at the physiologic state is explained using first established equations of transport phenomenon. Then, microscopic and molecular level techniques of modeling are described using porous media theory and chemical kinetic theory and then applied to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics. Using techniques of transport analysis allows the field of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics to approach the level of sophistication of urine and blood transport. Concepts such as intracellular and intercellular pathways, compartmentalization, and tortuosity are associated with quantifiable parameters that are relevant to the anatomy and physiology of cerebrospinal fluid transport. The engineering field of transport phenomenon is rich and steeped in architectural, aeronautical, nautical, and more recently biological history. This paper summarizes and reviews the approaches that have been taken in the field of engineering and applies it to CSF flow.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chiral Tetrahydropyrrolo[2,1‐b]thiazol‐5(6H)‐ones. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Validated Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Method for Simultaneous Quantitation of Tris(4-Chlorophenyl)Methane and Tris(4-Chlorophenyl)Methanol in Rat Plasma and Fetus (2021)

Tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (TCPMe) is a byproduct of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane synthesis. TCPMe and its metabolite tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (TCPMOH) are environmentally prevalent and have been detected in wildlife and humans. Due to inadequate data addressing its toxicity, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) is testing TCPMe in Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD (HSD) rats following perinatal exposure. In support of the toxicology studies, a gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was validated to simultaneously quantitate TCPMe and TCPMOH in male Sprague Dawley rat plasma (primary matrix) over calibration standard ranges of 2–200 ng/mL and 1–100 ng/mL, respectively. The method was linear (r2 ≥ 0.9975), accurate (relative error (RE) ≤ ±12.8 (TCPMe) and ±14.5% (TCPMOH), and precise (relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 7.6 (TCPMe) and 3.8% (TCPMOH)). The limits of quantitation were 2 and 1 ng/mL and the limits of detection were 0.73 and 0.07 ng/mL for TCPMe and TCPMOH, respectively. Samples, as high as 2000 ng/mL for TCPMe (RSD ≤ 3.9, RE ≤ ±1.0) and 1000 ng/mL for TCPMOH (RSD ≤ 1.0, RE ≤ ±2.9), were successfully diluted with plasma into the validated concentration range. The method was selective and both TCPMe and TCPMOH were quantified in all secondary matrices (HSD male and female plasma, gestation day (GD)18 plasma, amniotic fluid, and fetus, postnatal day (PND)4 dam and pup plasma) using a primary matrix curve (RE ≤ ±14.4% and 11.5; RSD ≤ 7.6 and 11.8%, respectively). These results demonstrate that the method is suitable for simultaneous quantitation of TCPMe and TCPMOH in rodent plasma and fetuses for the evaluation of gestational and lactational transfer following perinatal exposure of TCPMe in NTP studies.
Some Residually Solvable One-Relator Groups (2013)

This communication records some observations made in the course of studying one-relator groups from the point of view of residual solvability. As a contribution to clas- sification efforts we single out some relator types that render the corresponding one-relator groups residually solvable.
Adaptive voltage control strategy for variable‐speed wind turbine connected to a weak network (2015)

Significant voltage fluctuations and power quality issues pose considerable constraints on the efficient integration of remotely located wind turbines into weak networks. Besides, 3p oscillations arising from the wind shear and tower shadow effects induce further voltage perturbations during continuous operation. This study investigates and analyses the repercussions raised by integrating a doubly‐fed induction generator wind turbine into an ac network of different parameters and very weak conditions. An adaptive voltage control (AVC) strategy is proposed to retain voltage constancy and smoothness at the point of connection (POC) in order to maximise the wind power penetration into such networks. Intensive simulation case studies under different network topology and wind speed ranges reveal the effectiveness of the AVC scheme to effectively suppress the POC voltage variations particularly at very weak grid conditions during normal operation.
Non-Equilibrium Materials Processing using GHZ Split-Ring Resonator Microplasma Resonators (2020)

Previously, we have explored the effects of materials and fabrication methods on microwave, microplasma generation using split-ring resonators (SRRS) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> . The SRRs produce intense electric fields <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(&gt; 10^{7}\ \mathrm{V}/\mathrm{m})$</tex> , which gives them the ability to produce plasmas. By introducing materials into the gap of the split-ring resonator, it may be possible to not only further intensify the electric fields and therefore the plasma breakdown, but also to modify the material through intense electric fields and plasma exposure. Since the volume of the split-ring resonator gap is very small, the material in the gap will also have a relatively high volume to surface area ratio. Therefore, it may be possible to modify such materials with minimal thermal loading. This geometrical feature may allow for the processing of materials through electric fields and plasma exposure without associated thermal effects.