gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Flexible Inorganic Piezoelectric Acoustic Nanosensors for Biomimetic Artificial Hair Cells (2014)

For patients who suffer from sensorineural hearing loss by damaged or loss of hair cells in the cochlea, biomimetic artificial cochleas to remedy the dis­advantages of existing implant systems have been intensively studied. Here, a new concept of an inorganic‐based piezoelectric acoustic nanosensor (iPANS) for the purpose of a biomimetic artificial hair cell to mimic the functions of the original human hair cells is introduced. A trapezoidal silicone‐based membrane (SM) mimics the function of the natural basilar membrane for frequency selectivity, and a flexible iPANS is fabricated on the SM utilizing a laser lift‐off technology to overcome the brittle characteristics of inorganic piezoelectric materials. The vibration amplitude vs piezoelectric sensing signals are theoretically examined based on the experimental conditions by finite element analysis. The SM is successful at separating the audible frequency range of incoming sound, vibrating distinctively according to varying locations of different sound frequencies, thus allowing iPANS to convert tiny vibration displacement of ≈15 nm into an electrical sensing output of ≈55 μV, which is close to the simulation results presented. This conceptual iPANS of flexible inorganic piezoelectric materials sheds light on the new fields of nature‐inspired biomimetic systems using inherently high piezoelectric charge constants.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW SYNTHETIC APPROACH TO PSEUDOGUAIANES (1979)

Abstract 1‐Brom‐propen (I) wird zu (Ib) bromiert und mit Acetessigester zu (II) substituiert.
Bodipy-backboned polymers as electron donor in bulk heterojunction solar cells (2010)

Bodipy-based polymers, which possess a high absorption coefficient with a bandgap of approximately 1.6 eV, have been used as electron donor in solution-processed bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells containing PCBM as acceptor. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) of approximately 2% has been achieved with V(oc) of approximately 0.8 eV and J(sc) of approximately 4.8 mA cm(-2).
Cellulose pyrolysis kinetics in a simulated solar environment (1989)

The instrumentation and methods required to study rapid, radiative decomposition of highly reactive biopolymers are described and used to determine the kinetic parameters for the pyrolysis of Avicel PH105 microcrystalline cellulose. Experiments were carried out at heating rates greater than 2 K/s in a specially fabricated thermogravimetric analyzer system which employed a 30-kWe/2-kWth downward-facing beam, arc-image furnace as a heat source. The thermogravimetric data were interpreted assuming a simple, single-step reaction mechanism and using a nonlinear least-squares kinetic analysis. Based on the results, an apparent activation energy of 100.5 ± 3 kJ/mol, a preexponential factor of In [A (s-1)] = 14 ± 0.5, and nearly a first-order (n = 0.9 ± 0.05) reaction were obtained. The extent of char formation was determined experimentally and found to be in the range 6.6-8.4% by weight of original dry material depending upon the prevailing reaction conditions. © 1989, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
Heat-driven acoustic phonons in lamellar nanoplatelet assemblies (2020)

Colloidal CdSe nanoplatelets, with the electronic structure of quantum wells, self-assemble into lamellar stacks due to large co-facial van der Waals attractions. These lamellar stacks are shown to display coherent acoustic phonons that are detected from oscillatory changes in the absorption spectrum observed in infrared pump, electronic probe measurements. Rather than direct electronic excitation of the nanocrystals using a femtosecond laser, impulsive transfer of heat from the organic ligand shell, excited at C-H stretching vibrational resonances, to the inorganic core of individual nanoplatelets occurs on a time-scale of <100 ps. This heat transfer drives in-phase longitudinal acoustic phonons of the nanoplatelet lamellae, which are accompanied by subtle deformations along the nanoplatelet short axes. The frequencies of the oscillations vary from 0.7 to 2 GHz (3-8 μeV and 0.5-1 ns oscillation period) depending on the thickness of the nanoplatelets-but not their lateral areas-and the temperature of the sample. Temperature-dependence of the acoustic phonon frequency conveys a substantial stiffening of the organic ligand bonds between nanoplatelets with reduced temperature. These results demonstrate a potential for acoustic modulation of the excitonic structure of nanocrystal assemblies in self-assembled anisotropic semiconductor systems at temperatures at or above 300 K.
2450. A data-driven model of the economic burden of healthcare-associated infections as impacted by use of comprehensive genomic analysis of bacteria (2019)

Abstract Background Each year, nearly 2 million patients contract and are affected by healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in the United States alone, resulting in nearly 100K deaths. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more patients die from HAIs in the United States per year than all breast and prostate cancer cases combined (National Vital Statistics Report, 2016). In addition to the mortality burden, the financial impact of HAIs within the hospital ecosystem is estimated to total between $28–45 billion. However, no economic model has demonstrated how early effective identification and mitigation of infection clusters can result in cost savings for hospitals until now. Methods As there is no publicly available data for infection cluster rates, we based our analysis on anonymized real-world retrospective data spanning 18 months (November 2016 to June 2018) from two US-based academic tertiary hospitals with a combined total of about 1,700 beds, then normalized to 800 beds. A cloud-computing platform (Philips IntelliSpace Epidemiology) was used for whole-genome sequence analysis and cluster identification. We determined that an average 800-bed facility would have an occurrence of 46 genetically related infectious clusters involving 2 or more patients (mean of 7.9, median of 3), affecting 180 patients in total. Results Given the average HAI treatment cost of $24,512 (average costs rescaled from literature to 2019 USD using PPI data), this represents a total cost of $4,412,160. If these clusters could have been limited to 2 patients, an additional 96 infections might have been prevented, representing a potentially avoidable economic burden of $2,353,152 for this 800-bed institution. Our data show that a 20% reduction in transmissions would drive a 3% overall reduction in HAIs, but results in savings of over $450,000. Conclusion Active, genomic-based surveillance can inform timely and precise preventative steps to help lower the size of infectious clusters. This health economic modeling shows that such measures can result in significant cost savings. As such, it recommends that prompt, dynamic detection of infectious clusters via genomics and active surveillance offers a relevant and timely strategy for cost savings within the healthcare ecosystem. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
Study of Reformate Hydrogen-Added Combustion in a Gasoline Engine (2015)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A fuel reformer system that uses a steam reforming reaction in the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) line with a catalyst was earlier proposed.(&lt;span class="xref"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;) An analysis of engine test results revealed that not only hydrogen (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) but also a H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; rich reformate additive in the air-fuel mixture was effective in suppressing knocking.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;To improve fuel economy via a high compression ratio, the knock limit is extended through the addition of H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; with its high octane number. In order to produce H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; on-board, we have proposed a fuel reformer for which the additions to the engine are an injector and a catalyst in the existing cooled EGR system. This method produces thicker H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; gas from gasoline by using heat and water vapor in the exhaust gas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The reformate mainly consists of H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CO and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;. The results of a previous study showed that hydrogen's high-speed flame had the effect of extending the EGR limit and that the reformate components besides hydrogen did not inhibit this effect.(&lt;span class="xref"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;) Because the fuel has a higher octane number than ordinary gasoline, it is hypothesized that adding the reformate to the gasoline mixture might not only extend the EGR limit but also have an anti-knocking effect.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In the present study, it was confirmed that RON of the total fuel in the engine was improved by around 2% by the reformate additive in this fuel reformer system. CO contained in the reformate gas had a negligible effect on eliminating H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;'s anti-knocking effect and the reformate gas additive can improve engine torque and fuel consumption like pure H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; under an operating condition with noticeable knocking. Finally, indicated specific fuel consumption was reduced by 1.6% as the anti-knocking effect of reformate H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; extended the knock limit by 6 degrees.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
A Design of Experiments Approach to a Robust Final Deprotection and Reactive Crystallization of IPI-926, A Novel Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitor (2015)

A design of experiments (DoE) approach was taken to optimize purity and reaction yield of the final debenzylation and hydrochloride salt formation of IPI-926. The study involved a careful dissection of the different process steps to enable an independent investigation of these steps while ensuring that process streams were representative. The results enabled a streamlined process from the final chemical transformation to the salting and isolation and led to the elimination of variability in the process as well as a robust control of impurities. The optimized process was applied to production and demonstrated on the kilogram scale.
Occurrence of disc haemorrhages in open‐angle glaucoma treated with pilocarpine or timolol (1991)

1573 examinations were performed on 397 eyes. hh was found in 55 eyes--thromboses included--at 91 examinations. Part of this material qualified for use in a comparative study with pilocarpine in 81 eyes and timolol in 82 eyes. The relative frequency of hh in the treated groups and in the pretreatment group was not significantly different from that of the whole material. No indication of pressure reduction with effect on the occurrence of hh could be detected. The average probability of hh at an examination chosen at random was 6 per cent in this material of ordinary simple and capsular glaucoma cases. The occurrence of haemorrhages in relation to age, sex, general hypertension and diabetes are discussed.
Epitope Recognition of Antibodies against a Yersinia pestis Lipopolysaccharide Trisaccharide Component (2014)

Today, the process of selecting carbohydrate antigens as a basis for active vaccination and the generation of antibodies for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes is based on intuition combined with trial and error experiments. In efforts to establish a rational process for glycan epitope selection, we employed glycan array screening, surface plasmon resonance, and saturation transfer difference (STD)-NMR to elucidate the interactions between antibodies and glycans representing the Yersinia pestis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A trisaccharide epitope of the LPS inner core glycan and different LPS-derived oligosaccharides from various Gram-negative bacteria were analyzed using this combination of techniques. The antibody-glycan interaction with a heptose substructure was determined at atomic-level detail. Antibodies specifically recognize the Y. pestis trisaccharide and some substructures with high affinity and specificity. No significant binding to LPS glycans from other bacteria was observed, which suggests that the epitopes for just one particular bacterial species can be identified. On the basis of these results we are beginning to understand the rules for structure-based design and selection of carbohydrate antigens.
High-Frequency SiGe HBT's with Implanted Emitters (1996)

A method is presented by which the implantation damage induced transient enhanced diffusion of boron and phosphorus is used to fabricate high-frequency SiGe HBT's with implanted emitters. A device with 30 nm basewidth and f T = 44 GHz is demonstrated.
Glass wafer mechanical properties: A comparison to silicon (2011)

Glass wafers derived from extensions of Coming's fusion process have many attributes that make them attractive for use as carrier wafers in semiconductor manufacturing processes. Fusion is a mature manufacturing process that produces extremely high quality glass wafers with very low TTV and low warp. The wafers are cut from sheets, which makes it straightforward to scale up to 450 mm diameter wafers. Coming's glass wafers have a CTE that closely matches that of silicon wafers, which is advantageous in avoiding deformation as the wafer stacks are heated and cooled. The optical properties of the material allow for easy inspection techniques to evaluate the quality of the bonds as well as other light/laser based processing. Since glass is a brittle material like silicon, it is important to carefully manage finishing processes. The glass is formed in thin sheets to a target thickness in the fusion process. Therefore it is not necessary to grind and polish the surface, thus avoiding strength limiting micro-flaws that can remain on the surface. Finally, it was shown that glass edges can be extremely strong when processed correctly. We have shown properties of Coming glass wafers to similar properties of silicon wafers.
Multi-batch micro-self-assembly via controlled capillary forces (2002)

Advances in silicon processing and microelectro-mechanical systems (MEMS) have made possible the production of very large numbers of very small components at very low cost in massively parallel batches. Assembly, in contrast, remains a mostly serial (i.e., non-batch) technique. We argue that massively parallel self-assembly of microparts will be a crucial enabling technology for future complex microsystems. As a specific approach, we present a technique for assembly of multiple batches of microparts based on capillary forces and controlled modulation of surface hydrophobicity. We derive a simplified model that gives rise to geometric algorithms for predicting assembly forces and for guiding the design optimization of self-assembling microparts. Promising initial results from theory and experiments and challenging open problems are presented to lay a foundation for general models and algorithms for self-assembly.
HIV-1 Nef-induced FasL induction and bystander killing requires p38 MAPK activation (2005)

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been reported to target noninfected CD4 and CD8 cells for destruction. This effect is manifested in part through up-regulation of the death receptor Fas ligand (FasL) by HIV-1 negative factor (Nef), leading to bystander damage. However, the signal transduction and transcriptional regulation of this process remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is required for this process. Loss-of-function experiments through dominant-negative p38 isoform, p38 siRNA, and chemical inhibitors of p38 activation suggest that p38 is necessary for Nef-induced activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation, as inhibition leads to an attenuation of AP-1-dependent transcription. Furthermore, mutagenesis of the FasL promoter reveals that its AP-1 enhancer element is required for Nef-mediated transcriptional activation. Therefore, a linear pathway for Nef-induced FasL expression that encompasses p38 and AP-1 has been elucidated. Furthermore, chemical inhibition of the p38 pathway attenuates HIV-1-mediated bystander killing of CD8 cells in vitro.
Electrical conductivity imaging using magnetic resonance tomography (2009)

The electrical conductivity of human tissue could be used as an additional diagnostic parameter or might be helpful for the prediction of the local SAR during MR measurements. In this study, the approach "Electric Properties Tomography" (EPT) is applied, which derives the patient's electric conductivity using a standard MR system. To this goal, the spatial transmit sensitivity distribution of the applied RF coil is measured. This sensitivity distribution represents the positive circularly polarized component of the magnetic field. It can be post-processed utilizing Faraday's and Ampere's law, yielding an estimation of the spatial distribution of the patient's electric conductivity. Thus, EPT does not apply externally mounted electrodes, currents, or RF probes. In this study, phantom experiments underline the principle feasibility of EPT. Furthermore, initial conductivity measurements in the brain allow distinguishing cerebro-spinal fluid from the surrounding grey and white matter.
Significant Inhibition of Spontaneous IgA Secretion by Selective Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Receptor Ligands (1997)

The in vitro effect of benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor ligands on the secretion of immunoglobulin isotypes IgM, IgG, and IgA by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was examined. It was found that the specific peripheral-type BZ receptor (PBR) ligands (Ro5-4864 and PK 11195) inhibit the spontaneous secretion of IgA by human PBMCs in a dose-dependent manner, in the micromolar range. The decreased secretion of IgG and IgM induced by these ligands did not reach significant levels. The mixed BZ ligands (diazepam and flunitrazepam) had no consistent or significant effect on the production of the three immunoglobulin isotypes tested in the current study. The central-type ligand (clonazepam) did not affect IgM, IgG, or IgA secretion. The significant inhibitory effect of PBR ligands was confined to the spontaneous secretion of IgA by human PBMCs, and no such effect was detected in cells stimulated by pokeweed mitogen to produce immunoglobulins. It seems that PBR ligands are capable of suppressing spontaneous IgA secretion, but fail to affect the augmented production induced by mitogen.
Violet light-emitting diodes grown on crack-free AlGaN templates (2009)

This study investigates the violet light-emitting diodes (LEDs) grown on crack-free AlGaN templates, which were prepared on GaN and AlN nucleation layers (NLs) over sapphire substrates by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition using a two-step growth method. Symmetric and asymmetric x-ray diffraction patterns show that the LED structure grown on the AlGaN template with a GaN NL exhibits a better crystalline quality as compared to that with an AlN NL. When observed from the analyses of secondary-ion-mass spectroscopy and transmission-electron microscopy, it is found that the thickness and the indium composition in the InGaN wells of InGaN∕GaN multiquantum wells are slightly different at the growth temperatures of 720 and 750°C. In addition, the LEDs with GaN NL exhibit a narrower full width at half maximum of the excitonic peaks than those with AlN NL.
Novel modification of glycosphingolipids by long-chain cyclic acetals: isolation and characterization of plasmalocerebroside from human brain (1992)

A glycosphingolipid component of human brain, having long-chain cyclic acetals, has been isolated and characterized. This compound incorporates a novel type of natural glycan modification, in which a long-chain aliphatic aldehyde is conjugated through a cyclic acetal (plasmal) linkage to the galactosyl moiety of cerebroside. In addition to components normally observed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) following methanolysis of cerebroside (fatty acid methyl esters, methyl alpha- and beta-galactosides, sphingosine), this compound produced 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1 fatty aldehydes, unequivocally identified as their enol methyl ether derivatives. Results of positive ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) of the native compound, and GC-MS of partially methylated hexitol acetates derived from the permethylated derivative, were consistent with structures of galactocerebroside having 3,4- and 4,6-linked cyclic plasmal substituents, as shown. [formula: see text]
Stopping Anti-TNF Agents in Patients with Crohnʼs Disease in Remission (2014)

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder whose incidence is on the rise. Its relentless course often leads to surgery if the disease is left untreated. CD etiology is unknown and as such, it cannot be cured. As it is often the case with such conditions, the next best option to keep the disease under control is to suppress inflammation.1 Today's therapeutic armamentarium for CD includes steroids, antibiotics, immunomodulators (IM) and biologics. The latter, in most countries, only include tumor necrosis factor (TNF) neutralizing agents (infliximab, adalimumab, and certolizumab), by far the most effective agents. As in other chronic diseases, medical treatment must be life long to keep inflammation under control. Stopping therapy, by definition, is expected to cause quick relapse of inflammation. Yet, recent clinical data have partly challenged this basic assumption in the management of CD. Here, we will first review the original data suggesting that medical therapy with anti-TNF agents must be continuous to be effective in the long term. We will then review more recent data that indicate that anti-TNF agents may be stopped in a proportion of patients in remission without a major impact on disease control; the risk factors associated with relapse on stopping therapy and the likelihood of reinducing remission with the same medication in relapsing patients. Next, we will focus on the potential biological and clinical implications of these observations and discuss possible alternative long-term options in CD management.