gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cycle-to-cycle variability in spark-assisted compression ignition engines near optimal mean combustion phasing (2021)

Stoichiometric spark-assisted compression ignition (SACI) combustion with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) dilution has demonstrated higher part-load thermal efficiencies compared to spark-ignited engines, while maintaining ultra-low tailpipe emissions. However, SACI is often characterized by high cyclic variability in heat release or torque output, which poses a challenge to its implementation in light-duty vehicles. This paper presents an experimental investigation of cyclic variability in stoichiometric SACI combustion under EGR-dilute conditions, while maintaining mean combustion phasing (θ 50 ) near optimal timing for thermal efficiency. The present work focuses on SACI conditions where the flame-based heat release fraction is between approximately 10% and 40% of the overall heat release, and therefore contributes significantly to the combustion process. For the SACI conditions examined, the variability in θ 50 was driven by variability in autoignition timing, which in turn correlated with the start of measurable heat release (θ 02 ). High variability in θ 50 caused unstable work output due to very late combustion with poor or no end-gas autoignition. The use of a high ignition energy dual-coil offset ignition system had negligible impact in reducing θ 50 variability. Analysis of experimental data from close to 1000 operating conditions showed that the magnitude of θ 50 variability correlates with the flame-based heat release fraction ([Formula: see text]), for a large range of intake pressures, spark timings and exhaust gas recirculation levels. For the SACI conditions examined, combustion phasing variability was largely determined by flame-based combustion and particularly the initial flame formation (θ IGN-02 ), and minimally by the end-gas autoignition heat release. The analysis also demonstrated that θ 50 variability is amplified as the contribution of the flame to the overall heat release increases.
Characterisation of recombinant CD23 in the trimeric complex with IgE and allergen (2015)

This article was originally published online on 8 April 2015 CD23, the low affinity receptor for IgE, is mainly expressed on B cells and plays an important role in allergy. Besides its possible role in the regulation of IgE production, CD23 plays an important role in IgE-facilitated allergen presentation to T cells and subsequent activation of allergen-specific T cells. Four CD23 protein versions were recombinantly expressed in SF9 insect cells, human monoclonal IgE was isolated from a hybridoma cell line. The characterisation of CD23 via circular dichroism (CD) spectra and gel filtration showed folded, monomeric proteins. Binding of isolated monomeric human monoclonal IgE and of isolated polyclonal serum IgE as well as of both forms of IgE in complex with birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 to recombinant CD23 was demonstrated by ELISA and by surface plasmon resonance analysis. Next, we performed negative stain electron microscopy of the three molecules alone (i.e., CD23, monoclonal human IgE, Bet v 1) and after complex formation. After addition of Bet v 1 allergen (17 kDa) to monoclonal IgE (190 kDa) we could observe an extension of one or both Fab arms of the antibody. Interestingly, further addition of recombinant CD23 molecules (35 kDa) to the IgE-allergen complex resulted in thickening of the antibody’s Fc structure, possibly because CD23 lies in the same plane as the IgE molecule in these pictures. In summary, we report the in vitro formation of a trimolecular complex consisting of recombinant CD23, a monoclonal human allergen-specific IgE and the corresponding Bet v 1 allergen and take a first step towards the visualization of this complex using negative stain electron microscopy. Furthermore, the in vitro trimolecular interaction model may be useful for the screening of drugs and compounds for their potential to inhibit the IgE CD23 interaction with the goal to develop new therapeutic strategies for allergy.
Low Energy Nuclear Reaction Research at the Naval Research Laboratory (2013)

We have explored the field of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) for about eight years focusing on transmutation, electrochemistry, and gas loading with the latter two being the most fruitful. In electrochemistry, palladium foil is loaded with deuterium in a closed electrochemical cell contained in a calorimeter. Occasionally, excess energy is &#13;\nproduced that is much larger than can be accounted for by chemistry or the electrical input into the system. Unfortunately, the poor reproducibility (&lt;6%) prevented discovery of the trigger for this excess heat. In gas loading, palladium nanoparticles are pressurized with deuterium. While the resultant heat is very reproducible, it is much lower than from electrochemical experiments and therefore harder to characterize as unconventional chemistry. In both approaches to LENR only energy (as heat) is &#13;\nproduced - neither nuclear products nor transmutations have been firmly established. Science is data driven. Once a hypothesis is formed, the most important scientific task is to disprove the hypothesis. Only after failure to find conflicting data is a hypothesis accepted as likely correct, but that acceptance can change on a moments notice when &#13;\nnew data arises. Although simple in concept, LENR experiments have subtle pitfalls to trap the more casual researcher, and much of our effort has gone into uncovering these pitfalls. Through a historical perspective, I will discuss the application of the scientific method to selected results and how incorrect conclusions could have been easily made. In contrast, we can find no artifacts to explain the data for some of our results, and therefore we must conclude that an unknown source of energy exists and is worthy of &#13;\nmore attention.
Using in-situ Fe and Mn K-edge XANES to study a Mn-promoted Fe/Cu/SiO2 catalyst during H2 reduction and during the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (2010)

Despite a great deal of research on Fischer-Tropsch catalysts over the last decades, recent studies have noted the lack of systematic in-situ studies of the working catalyst. Here, we report the results of an in-situ Fe K-edge XANES study to examine the effect of reduction and syngas reactions on a Mn-promoted Fe-based catalyst, carried out at LSU's synchrotron beam line. The results show that Fe reduces in the presence of H , as shown by changes in the pre-edge feature (7.112 KeV), which is indicative of reduction to a lower oxidation state . Additionally, there is evidence of further reduction in the presence of syngas which is indicative of the formation of Fe C in the catalyst. 2 x 2
Effects of Synthetic Ovine Corticotropin-Releasing Factor, Glucocorticoids, Catecholamines, Neurohypophysial Peptides, and Other Substances on Cultured Corticotropic Cells* (1983)

Synthetic ovine corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a 41-residue peptide with high potency and intrinsic activity to stimulate the secretion of ACTH and beta-endorphin-like immunoactivity (beta-End-LI) by cultured adenohypophysial corticotropic cells. The action of CRF in vitro can be potentiated by the weaker secretagogues, vasopressin, oxytocin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and angiotensin II. CRF-mediated secretion of ACTH and beta-End-LI is noncompetitively inhibited by pretreatment of cells with glucocorticoids. Long term exposure of adenohypophysial cells to CRF results in an increase in total medium plus cell ACTH in the cultures, suggesting that CRF can enhance rates of ACTH synthesis as well as release. CRF also stimulates the secretion of beta-End-LI by corticotropic cells cultured from the neurointermediate lobe. Higher concentrations of CRF are required to stimulate secretion by this cell type than by anterior lobe corticotropic cells. These in vitro results are consistent with CRF playing a major physiological role in the neuroregulation of secretion by anterior lobe corticotropic cells, where the peptide may interact with other modulators.
Leu-enkephalin purification from E. coli cells carrying the plasmid with fused synthetic leu-enkephalin gene (1980)

Chemically synthesized leu-enkephalin gene was fused to a large Eco RI-Bam HI fragment of pBR322 along with a Eco RI fragment of Ch4A phage DNA carrying the promoter and most of the E.coli beta-galactosidase gene. The resulting recombinant DNA was used to transform E. coli cells. Transformants were screened for Tc-sensitivity, Am-resistance, and beta-galactosidase constitutional synthesis. Restriction endonuclease analysis combined with DNA sequencing of the plasmid DNAs revealed a complete nucleotide leu-enkephalin sequence and Eco RI lac-operon fragment in two possible orientations. Radioimmunoassay for leu-enkephalin activity in BrCN-treated bacterial extracts showed that in vivo leu-enkephalin is synthesized only in strains carrying plasmids with the proper lac-fragment orientation. About 5.10(4) molecules of the former are synthesized per single E. coli cell. One of the clones was used for leu-enkephalin purification. Using 100 g of cells it is possible to obtain about 2 mg of practically pure leu-enkephalin.Images
Threat Analysis Using Topic Models in Large-Scale Vulnerability Databases and Security Incident Case Documents (2021)

It is crucial to design products bearing security in mind from the initial development stage. Consequently, many threat analysis support tools have been developed. However, it is difficult to determine the inherent threats in various designed documents written in natural language, which is used in the initial development stage. It is not uncommon to find attacks that closely resemble past attacks. In addition, many designs are limited in the number of data they can handle. We propose a method of extracting existing vulnerabilities similar to those used in the attack by collating a large vulnerability database with existing attack cases using Latent Dirichlet Allocation, one of the topic model methods. We apply the proposed method to several cases and verify its effectiveness.
Ultralow Threshold One-Photon- and Two-Photon-Pumped Optical Gain Media of Blue-Emitting Colloidal Quantum Dot Films (2014)

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) offer advantageous properties as an optical gain media for lasers. Optical gain in the QDs has been shown in the whole visible spectrum, yet it has been intrinsically challenging to realize efficient amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and lasing in the blue region of the visible spectrum. Here, we synthesize large-sized core/gradient shell CdZnS/ZnS QDs as an efficient optical gain media in the blue spectral range. In this Letter, we demonstrate for the first time that two-photon-absorption-pumped ASE from the blue-emitting QD is achievable with a threshold as low as 6 mJ/cm(2). Utilizing these QDs, we also report one-photon-absorption-pumped ASE at an ultralow threshold of ∼60 μJ/cm(2), which is comparable to the state-of-the-art red-emitting QD-based gain media. This one-photon-pumped ASE threshold is an order of magnitude better than that of the previously reported best blue-emitting QD-based gain media.
Influence of Short‐Chain Branching of Polyethylenes on the Temperature Dependence of Rheological Properties in Shear (2007)

Abstract This contribution describes the influence of short‐chain branching on the temperature dependence of rheological properties of polyethylene (PE) melts in shear. The materials investigated are linear and short‐chain branched, metallocene‐catalyzed PEs of narrow molecular mass distribution. The linear viscoelastic properties are determined by dynamic‐mechanical analysis. Short‐chain branching (SCB) leads to an increase of the flow activation energy. The activation energy was found to increase linearly with rising weight comonomer content. magnified image
Plasmonic properties of superconducting niobium in the optical part of the spectrum (2017)

We show for the first time that, contrary to common expectations, transition to superconductivity affects plasmonic behaviour of niobium at optical frequencies. This result is unexpected as photon energy is orders of magnitude higher than the binding energy of the Cooper pairs, the superconducting charge carriers.
Second-generation inhibitors of fatty acid synthase for lung cancer treatment (2007)

18185 Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is highly expressed in many human cancers, including lung cancers. Previous work has shown that blocking FAS activity by cerulenin, a natural antibiotic, or C75, a first-generation synthetic small molecule, leads to apoptosis in cells that overexpress this enzyme. However, the use of C75 is limited by the dose-dependent anorexia that appears to be associated with stimulation of fatty acid oxidation. Pharmacokinetics studies show that the activity of C75 peaks within hours of administration and by 24 hours, approximately 80% of activity is lost. Thus, the effectiveness of C75 is limited by this short duration of anti-neoplastic activity and the prolonged anorexic effects.Several second-generation novel FAS-inhibitory compounds have been synthesized that show significant inhibition of FAS, without parallel stimulation of fatty acid oxidation. Among the most promising of the compounds is C93, which inhibits FAS at nearly equal potency as C75, but has significantly less stimulation of fatty acid oxidation. We treated mice with xenografts (orthotopic and subcutaneous) developed from 3 different human lung cancer cell lines (H460, A549, and LX-7) with daily intraperitoneal injections of C93 (5 days/week) at 50 mg/kg for 4 weeks and observed significant (up to 70%) inhibition of tumor growth in all xenograft models tested. Furthermore, no significant weight loss and no organ-specific toxicity were recognized in treated animals. These results suggest that it is possible to pharmacologically uncouple inhibition of FAS from stimulation of fatty acid oxidation, and thus achieve anti-neoplastic activity by inhibition of FAS without significant drug-induced anorexia. Finally, we tested an oral formulation of C93 with the intent of developing a dosing protocol suitable for clinical applications. Similar levels of drug in tumor tissue, and similar inhibition of fatty acid synthase enzyme activity, were seen after oral and intraperitoneal administrations of drug. Furthermore, repeated oral administration of C93 to animals with subcutaneous H460 lung cancer xenografts inhibited tumor growth to a similar level observed after intraperitoneal administration. Thus, fatty acid synthase appears to be a promising target for lung cancer treatment. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Leptin’s metabolic and immune functions can be uncoupled at the ligand/receptor interaction level (2014)

The adipocyte-derived cytokine leptin acts as a metabolic switch, connecting the body's metabolism to high-energy consuming processes such as reproduction and immune responses. We here provide genetic and biochemical evidence that the metabolic and immune functions of leptin can be uncoupled at the receptor level. First, homozygous mutant fatt/fatt mice carry a spontaneous splice mutation causing deletion of the leptin receptor (LR) immunoglobulin-like domain (IGD) in all LR isoforms. These mice are hyperphagic and morbidly obese, but display only minimal changes in size and cellularity of the thymus, and cellular immune responses are unaffected. These animals also displayed liver damage in response to concavalin A comparable to wild-type and heterozygous littermates. Second, treatment of healthy mice with a neutralizing nanobody targeting IGD induced weight gain and hyperinsulinaemia, but completely failed to block development of experimentally induced autoimmune diseases. These data indicate that leptin receptor deficiency or antagonism profoundly affects metabolism, with little concomitant effects on immune functions.
A Novel Method for Synthesis of cis-Zeatin and Its Valuable Precursor (Z)-4-Chloro-2-methyl-but-2-en-1-ol (2019)

Cytokinins are one of the major groups of plant hormones. The vast majority of naturally occurring cytokinins are derivatives of zeatin and isopentenyladenine. Zeatin, 2-methyl-4-(7H-purin-6-ylamin...
Linear filtering for noise reduction and interference rejection (2010)

We study the linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) and the minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) filters when multiple interferers and unknown (ambient) noise coexist with a target speech signal. Precisely, the LCMV is designed to remove all the interference signals while preserving the desired speech and attempting to reduce the ambient noise components. The MVDR is simply formulated such that the overall ambient-noise-plus-interference are reduced while satisfying a distortionless constraint. We provide simplified expressions for both beamformers and show their relationship. Furthermore, we underline the limitations of the LCMV when the ambient noise is present. When the latter is absent, we also prove that the MVDR degenerates to the LCMV. Numerical examples are provided to support our study.
Attention-Based Models for Text-Dependent Speaker Verification (2017)

Attention-based models have recently shown great performance on a range of tasks, such as speech recognition, machine translation, and image captioning due to their ability to summarize relevant information that expands through the entire length of an input sequence. In this paper, we analyze the usage of attention mechanisms to the problem of sequence summarization in our end-to-end text-dependent speaker recognition system. We explore different topologies and their variants of the attention layer, and compare different pooling methods on the attention weights. Ultimately, we show that attention-based models can improves the Equal Error Rate (EER) of our speaker verification system by relatively 14% compared to our non-attention LSTM baseline model.
A Public–Industry Partnership for Enhancing Corn Nitrogen Research and Datasets: Project Description, Methodology, and Outcomes (2017)

Core Ideas The geographic scope, scale, and unique collaborative arrangement warrant documenting details of this work. The purpose of this article is to describe how the research was undertaken, reasons for the research methods, and the project's potential value. The project generated a valuable dataset across a wide array of weather and soils that allows evaluation of N decision tools. Due to economic and environmental consequences of N lost from fertilizer applications in corn ( Zea mays L.), considerable public and industry attention has been devoted to the development of N decision tools. Needed are research and databases and associated metadata, at numerous locations and years to represent a wide geographic range of soil and weather scenarios, for evaluating tool performance. The goals of this research were to conduct standardized corn N rate response field studies to evaluate the performance of multiple public‐domain N decision tools across diverse soils and environmental conditions, develop and publish new agronomic science for improved crop N management, and train new scientists. The geographic scope, scale, and unique collaborative arrangement warrant documenting details of this research. The objectives of this paper are to describe how the research was undertaken, reasons for the methods, and the project's anticipated value. The project was initiated in a partnership between eight U.S. Midwest land‐grant universities, USDA‐ARS, and DuPont Pioneer. Research using a standardized protocol was conducted over the 2014 through 2016 growing seasons, yielding a total of 49 sites. Preliminary observations of soil and crop variables measured from each site revealed a magnitude of differences in soil properties (e.g., texture and organic matter) as well as differences in agronomic and economic responses to applied N. The project has generated a valuable dataset across a wide array of weather and soils that allows investigators to perform robust evaluation of N use in corn and N decision tools.
SHARK 2 (2004)

Zhai and Kristensson (2003) presented a method of speed-writing for pen-based computing which utilizes gesturing on a stylus keyboard for familiar words and tapping for others. In SHARK<sup>2</sup>:, we eliminated the necessity to alternate between the two modes of writing, allowing any word in a large vocabulary (e.g. 10,000-20,000 words) to be entered as a shorthand gesture. This new paradigm supports a gradual and seamless transition from visually guided tracing to recall-based gesturing. Based on the use characteristics and human performance observations, we designed and implemented the architecture, algorithms and interfaces of a high-capacity multi-channel pen-gesture recognition system. The system's key components and performance are also reported.
MEH-PPV Light-Emitting Diodes: Mechanisms of Failure (1996)

Abstract Organic light-emitting diodes show increasing promise for technological application. Polymer based systems, although offering some processing advantages over LEDs based on organic small molecules, have not yet demonstrated sufficient stability for commercial devices. We have therefore undertaken a study aimed at identifying the degradation mechanisms in LEDs fabricated from a single layer of MEH-PPV between ITO as transparent anode and calcium as cathode. Current-voltage, luminance, spectroscopy and in-situ IR measurements were made. The results reveal several processes leading to reduced power conversion efficiency and eventual failure. Chemical degradation of the polymer, even in devices protected from ambient oxygen, both reduces its ability to transport charge and introduces carbonyl moities which quench the luminescence. FTIR spectroscopy provides details of the chemical processes involved and indicates that ITO can act as an oxygen reservoir in the formation of aromatic aldehydes. Additionally, inhomogeneous degradation occurs by the formation of “hot-spots” which shunt current from the remainder of the device area. Such areas may eventually become electrically open, perhaps due to thermal runaway, thereby reducing the active area of the diode.
A novel radial basis function neural network for fault section estimation in transmission network (2000)

In this paper, the application of Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBF NN) to fault section estimation in power systems is addressed. The orthogonal least square algorithm has been extended to optimize the parameters of RBF NN. In order to assess the effectiveness of RBF NN, a classical Back-Propagation Neural Network (BP NN) has been developed to solve the same problem for comparison. Computer test is conducted on a 4-bus test system and the test results show that the RBF NN is quite effective and superior to BP NN in fault section estimation.
Ultra-high efficiency power conversion using cryogenic MOSFETs and HT-superconductors (2002)

Ultra-high efficiency (>99%) power conversion and the corresponding energy savings can be accomplished by combining two new devices: the cryogenic power MOSFET and the high current inductor made with high-temperature (HT) superconductors. Their properties are reviewed. Several possible applications are discussed such as high-power inverters, switchmode amplifiers, and multi-kilowatt RF generators. Design information is presented for the thermal losses of a cryogenic container and the required electrical conductors to a cryogenic circuit. It is investigated if there are potential advantages of cryogenic power conversion such as drastic size, weight, and cost reductions at improved reliability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>