gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploring Deep Learning Approaches to Recognize Handwritten Arabic Texts (2020)

Recognition of cursive handwritten Arabic text is a difficult problem because of context-sensitive character shapes, the non-uniform spacing between words and within a word, diverse placements of dots, and diacritics, and very low inter-class variation among individual classes. In this paper, we review and investigate different deep learning architectures and modeling choices for Arabic handwriting recognition. Further, we address the problem that imbalanced data sets present to deep learning systems. In order to address this issue, we are presenting a novel adaptive data-augmentation algorithm to promote class diversity. This algorithm assigns a weight to each word in the database lexicon. This weight is calculated based on the average probability of each class in a word. Experimental results on the IFN/ENIT and AHDB databases have shown that our presented approach yields state-of-the-art results.
TRPV1 Antagonists as Novel Anti-Diabetic Agents: Regulation of Oral Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Secretion Through Reduction of Low-Grade Inflammation? (2019)

With a global prevalence among adults over 18 years of age approaching 9%, Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has reached pandemic proportions and represents a major unmet medical need. To date, no disease modifying treatment is available for T2DM patients. Accumulating evidence suggest that the sensory nervous system is involved in the progression of T2DM by maintaining low-grade inflammation <i>via</i> the vanilloid (capsaicin) receptor, Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid-1 (TRPV1). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that TRPV1 is directly involved in glucose homeostasis in rodents. TRPV1 receptor knockout mice (<i>Trpv1</i><sup>-/-</sup>) and their wild-type littermates were kept on high-fat diet for 15 weeks. Moreover, Zucker obese rats were given the small molecule TRPV1 antagonist, N-(4-Tertiarybutylphenyl)-4-(3-cholorphyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2H)-carbox-amide (BCTC), <i>per os</i> twice-a-day or vehicle for eight days. Oral glucose tolerance and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was improved by both genetic inactivation (<i>Trpv1</i><sup>-/-</sup> mice) and pharmacological blockade (BCTC) of TRPV1. In the obese rat, the improved glucose tolerance was accompanied by a reduction in inflammatory markers in the mesenteric fat, suggesting that blockade of low-grade inflammation contributes to the positive effect of TRPV1 antagonism on glucose metabolism. We propose that TRPV1 could be a promising therapeutic target in T2DM by improving glucose intolerance and correcting dysfunctional insulin secretion.
PURPLE: Predictive active queue management utilizing congestion information (2004)

Active queue management (AQM) is an attempt to find a delicate balance between two antagonistic Internet queuing requirements: first, buffer space should be maximized to accommodate the possibly huge transient bursts; second, buffer occupation should be minimum so as not to introduce unnecessary end-to-end delays. Traditional AQM mechanisms have been built on heuristics to achieve this balance, and have mostly done so quite well, but often require manual tuning or have resulted in slow convergence. In contrast, the PURPLE approach predicts the impact of its own actions on the behavior of reactive protocols and thus on the short-term future traffic without keeping pre-flow state. PURPLE allows much faster convergence of the main AQM parameters, at least towards a local optimum, thereby smoothing and minimizing both congestion feedback and queue occupancy. To improve the quality of the prediction, we also passively monitor (using lightweight operations) information pertaining to the amount of congestion elsewhere in the network, for example, as seen by flows traversing this router.
Noncontact detection of homemade explosive constituents via photodissociation followed by laser-induced fluorescence (2010)

Noncontact detection of the homemade explosive constituents urea nitrate, nitromethane and ammonium nitrate is achieved using photodissociation followed by laser-induced fluorescence (PD-LIF). Our technique utilizes a single ultraviolet laser pulse (approximately 7 ns) to vaporize and photodissociate the condensed-phase materials, and then to detect the resulting vibrationally-excited NO fragments via laser-induced fluorescence. PD-LIF excitation and emission spectra indicate the creation of NO in vibrationally-excited states with significant rotational energy, useful for low-background detection of the parent compound. The results for homemade explosives are compared to one another and 2,6-dinitrotoluene, a component present in many military explosives.
A Hybrid Silicon–AlGaInAs Phase Modulator (2008)

We demonstrate a carrier depletion phase modulator based on the hybrid silicon evanescent platform. A low temperature and robust bonding process is employed to transfer III-V epitaxial layers to patterned silicon waveguides. An external electric field is applied across the doped multiple quantum wells so that carriers are depleted, resulting in an index change. The device has a voltage-length product, <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pi</sub> L, of 4 V-mm at 1550 nm. An optical bandwidth of 100 nm with an extinction ratio over 10 dB is achieved. The device can handle optical power up to 28 mW.
Human Ribonuclease with a Pendant Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Inhibits Tumor Growth in Mice (2013)

Human pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase 1) is a small secretory protein that catalyzes the cleavage of RNA. This highly cationic enzyme can enter human cells spontaneously but is removed rapidly from circulation by glomerular filtration. Here, this shortcoming is addressed by attaching a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) moiety to RNase 1. The pendant has no effect on ribonucleolytic activity but does increase persistence in circulation. The RNase 1-PEG conjugates inhibit the growth of tumors in a xenograft mouse model of human lung cancer. Both retention in circulation and tumor growth inhibition correlate with the size of the pendant PEG. A weekly dose of the 60-kDa conjugate at 1 µmol/kg inhibited nearly all tumor growth without affecting body weight. Its molecular efficacy is ∼5000-fold greater than that of erlotinib, which is a small molecule in clinical use for the treatment of lung cancer. These data demonstrate that the addition of a PEG moiety can enhance the in vivo efficacy of human proteins that act within cells and highlight a simple means of converting an endogenous human enzyme into a cytotoxin with potential clinical utility.
Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Cardiogenic Shock and Cardiac Arrest (2018)

Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO)-also referred to as extracorporeal life support-is a form of temporary mechanical circulatory support and simultaneous extracorporeal gas exchange. The initiation of VA-ECMO has emerged as a salvage intervention in patients with cardiogenic shock, even cardiac arrest refractory to standard therapies. Analogous to veno-venous ECMO for acute respiratory failure, VA-ECMO provides circulatory support and allows time for other treatments to promote recovery or may be a bridge to a more durable mechanical solution in the setting of acute or acute on chronic cardiopulmonary failure. In this review, we provide a brief overview of VA-ECMO, the attendant physiological considerations of peripheral VA-ECMO, and its complications, namely that of left ventricular distention, bleeding, heightened systemic inflammatory response syndrome, thrombosis and thromboembolism, and extremity ischemia or necrosis.
Microscopic theory of the electrocaloric effect in the paraelectric phase of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (2008)

Here we present a microscopic theory of the electrocaloric effect in potassium dihydrogen phosphate, KH2PO4, based on Slater’s lattice model. The model reproduces the essential features of the experimentally observed behavior and also gives a remarkably accurate description of the electric field dependence of the electrocaloric effect. The basic principle of the theory also gives guidelines for a theoretical analysis of other dielectrics and for the further development of materials with an enhanced electrocaloric effect.
Gel instillation sonohysterography (GIS) and saline contrast sonohysterography (SCSH): comparison of two diagnostic techniques (2010)

The image quality of SCSH is slightly better than that of GIS. This difference is likely to be attributable to the presence of air bubbles in the gel. The small difference in uterine cavity distension in favor of GIS and comparable stable distension during at least 4 min make GIS a suitable alternative for SCSH if air bubbles can be prevented.
High efficiency tandem organic photovoltaics incorporating small molecule blended squaraine donors and a fullerene acceptor (2013)

We demonstrate a high efficiency organic tandem cell based on a pair of sub-cells employing solution and vapor deposited donors and a fullerene acceptor. One sub-cell that absorbs primarily from the green into the near infrared consists of a solution-processed, solvent-vapor-annealed blended squaraine/C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">70</sub> bilayer heterojunction, while the second, visible absorbing sub-cell consists of a vapor-deposited tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP):C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">70</sub> planar-mixed heterojunction. The resulting stacked tandem device harvests photons of λ <; 800 nm while providing an open-circuit voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OC</sub> ) of 1.83 V and η <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</sub> = 7.8 ± 0.4 %.
Structure-Activity Relationships of Amino Acid-Containing lntegrin Antagonists (1999)

Interest in the development of specific antagonists of the 3 family of integrins {platelet aub3 and the vitronectin receptor av3 ) has been principally driven by efforts to design more potent antithrombotic agents than either aspirin or the thienopyridine-type ADP receptor modulators. The platelet fibrinogen receptor (aub3) and the vitronectin receptor (av 3) bind the RGD tripeptide sequence found within adhesive ligands. Because of this, many approaches to antagonists of 3 receptors have utilized an RGD mimetic to identify antagonists. lntegrin antagonists of many structurally diverse classes have been discovered. One of the larger 3 integrin antagonist classes employs -amino acids to mimic the aspartate residue of the RGD mimetic. Structure-activity investigations have revealed the potent activity of agents which have substituents appended to both the a and position of the -amino acid units of these antagonists. Several clinical candidates targeting platelet a11 b3 contain these -amino acid units and are currently being evaluated clinically.
“L’apprentissage de l’écrit, la construction des savoirs, et les disciplines dans le supérieur aux Etats-Unis : Réflexions et questions,” [Learning to write, knowledge construction, and disciplines in higher education in the U.S.: Reflections and questions.] Actes du Colloque on CD ROM, Association Internationale de Recherches en Didactique du Français Conference (2004)

International audience
The Ins and Outs of Integrin Signaling (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: General Overview Integrin Receptors Functions Integrin Activation Definition Platelets Leukocytes Structural Basis of Activation Extracellular Rearrangements Transmembrane Propagation Intracellular Rearrangements Interactions at the Integrin Cytoplasmic Domains Regulation of Integrin Activation Future Research Directions References
Disruption of KEAP1/CUL3/RBX1 E3-ubiquitin ligase complex components by multiple genetic mechanisms: Association with poor prognosis in head and neck cancer (2014)

The KEAP1/CUL3/RBX1 E3-ubiquitin ligase complex is frequently disrupted in HNSCC by multiple mechanisms. NRF2-based prognostics will benefit from integrated analysis of component genes.
Iridium Oxide Nanomonitors for Real-Time Health Monitoring Systems (2009)

An innovative lab-on-a-chip device based on iridium oxide (IrOx) nanowires was designed, fabricated, and developed for real-time “point-of-care” diagnostics. The turnaround time in detection and the need for expensive equipment for analysis have considverably limited rapid and “point-of-care” diagnosis. This research demonstrates the potential of IrOx nanowires toward early disease diagnosis by detecting proteins that are disease markers. The device designed is based on electrical detection of protein biomarkers wherein a single capture immunoassay is built onto a vertically aligned IrOx nanowire platform. Detection of two inflammatory proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) (Calbiochem, La Jolla, CA), that are biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases is demonstrated individually and concurrently. The performance metrics of the device in response to the two biomarkers in pure form and in serum samples were evaluated and compared with standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The methodology that has been adopted is based on measuring real-time impedance changes because of the protein binding event through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and calibrating its change in magnitude with concentration of proteins. We have demonstrated limit of detection up to 500 pg/mL for protein MPO and I ng/mL for CRP with cross-reactivity of less than 8% of selective binding of these two inflammatory biomarkers.
The authors reply (2014)

Ranucci, Marco MD, FESC; Castelvecchio, Serenella MD, FESC; Biondi, Andrea MD; De Vincentiis, Carlo MD; Ballotta, Andrea MD, FESC; Varrica, Alessandro MD; Frigiola, Alessandro MD; Menicanti, Lorenzo MD Author Information
Acute Effects of a Perturbation-Based Balance Training on Cognitive Performance in Healthy Older Adults: A Pilot Study (2021)

Aging is accompanied by an alteration in the capacity to ambulate, react to external balance perturbations, and resolve cognitive tasks. Perturbation-based balance training has been used to induce adaptations of gait stability and reduce fall risk. The compensatory reactions generated in response to external perturbations depend on the activation of specific neural structures. This suggests that training balance recovery reactions should show acute cognitive training effects. This study aims to investigate whether exposure to repeated balance perturbations while walking can produce acute aftereffects that improve proactive and reactive strategies to control gait stability and cognitive performance in healthy older adults. It is expected that an adaptation of the recovery reactions would be associated with increased selective attention and information processing speed. Twenty-eight healthy older adults were assigned to either an Experimental (EG) or a Control Group (CG). The protocol was divided in 2 days. During the first visit, all participants completed the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and the Trail Making Test (TMT). During the second visit, a cable-driven robot was used to apply waist-pull perturbations while walking on a treadmill. The EG was trained with multidirectional perturbations of increasing intensity. The CG walked for a comparable amount of time with cables on, but without experiencing perturbations. Before and after the training, all participants were exposed to diagonal waist-pull perturbations. Changes in gait stability were evaluated by comparing the distance between the heel of the leading leg and the extrapolated Center of Mass (Heel-XCoM Distance-HXD) at perturbation onset (PON) and first compensatory heel strike (CHS). Finally, the cables were removed, and participants completed the SDMT and the TMT again. Results showed that only the EG adapted the gait stability (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in reaction to diagonal perturbations and showed improved performance in the SDMT (<i>p</i> < 0.001). This study provides the first evidence that a single session of perturbation-based balance training produce acute aftereffects in terms of increased cognitive performance and gait stability in healthy older adults. Future studies will include measures of functional activation of the cerebral cortex and examine whether a multi-session training will demonstrate chronic effects.
Design implications of extremely restricted patterning (2014)

Escalating manufacturing cost and complexity is challenging the premise of affordable scaling. With lithography accounting for a large fraction of wafer costs, researchers are actively exploring several cost-effective alternative lithographic techniques, such as directed self-assembly, self-aligned multiple patterning, etc. However, most of the alternative lithographic techniques are restrictive, and it is important to understand the impact of such pattering restrictions on system-on-chip (SoC) design. To this end, we artificially restricted all layers in a 14 nm process to be pure gratings and observed that the pure gratings approach results in an inefficient SoC design with several process integration concerns. To come up with a technology definition that is mindful of designer requirements, it is essential to undertake a holistic design technology co-optimization (DTCO) considering several SoC design elements, such as standard cell logic, static random access memory bitcells, analog blocks, and physical synthesis. Our DTCO on the IBM 14 nm process with additional 10- and 7-nm node-like pattern restrictions leads us to converge on a set of critical pattern constructs that are required for an efficient and affordable SoC design.
<title>Color gamut reduction techniques for printing with custom inks</title> (2001)

Printing with custom inks is of interest both for artistic purposes and for printing security documents such as banknotes. However, in order to create designs with only a few custom inks, a general purpose high-quality gamut reduction technique is needed. Most existing gamut mapping techniques map an input gamut such as the gamut of a CRT display into the gamut of an output device such as a CMYK printer. In the present contribution, we are interested in printing with up to three custom inks, which in the general case define a rather narrow color gamut compared with the gamut of standard CMYK printers. The proposed color gamut reduction techniques should work for any combination of custom inks and have a smooth and predictable behavior. When the black ink is available, the lightness levels present in the original image remain nearly identical. Original colors with hues outside the target gamut are projected onto the gray axis. Original colors with hues inside the target gamut hues are rendered as faithful as possible. When the black ink is not available, we map the gray axis G into a colored curve G' connecting in the 3D color space the paper white and the darkest available color formed by the superposition of the 3 inks. The mapped gray axis curve G'(a) is given by the Neugebauer equations when enforcing an equal amount a of custom inks c1, c2 and c3. Original lightness values are mapped onto lightness values along that curve. After lightness mapping, hue and saturation mappings are carried out. When the target gamut does not incorporate the gray axis, we divide it into two volumes, one on the desaturated side of the mapped gray axis curve G' and the other on the saturated side of the G' curve. Colors whose hues are not part of the target color gamut are mapped to colors located on the desaturated side of the G' curve. Colors within the set of printable hues remain within the target color gamut and retain as much as possible their original hue and saturation.
In-line metrology and inspection for process control during 3D stacking of IC's (2012)

New challenges for wafer metrology solutions have evolved with 3D-IC manufacturing technology. 3D-IC technology allows stacking single chips, electrically connecting them in the vertical direction, and then forming a chip structure with significant advantages over traditional chips. Wafer level 3D integration is a system level architecture in which multiple layers of planar devices are stacked and interconnected through the silicon. The industry is moving past the R&D phase fast. However, before the 3D-stacking of IC's becomes a mainstream process numerous metrology issues need to be solved. In this paper we discuss the critical in-line metrology needs during the manufacture of 3D SIC's. We show how TSV depth variations, glue layer defects and grinding issues require monitoring for a successful 3D integration.
Microstructure of bulk and electro-formed Ni implanted with Ti and C (1997)

The microstructure of high-purity Ni implanted with overlapping concentration profiles of Ti and C was examined with transmission electron microscopy. An amorphous phase forms at concentrations of 15--18 at.% Ti and 22 at.% C, while a two-phase alloy (amorphous + fcc Ni) forms for {le} 16 at.% C. Electroformed layers with sub-micron fcc grains of Ni or Ni{sub 80}Fe{sub 20} were also found to be amorphized by Ti + C implantation, a key requirement for applying this treatment to Ni-based micro-electromechanical systems to reduce their friction and wear.
Activation of Inhibitors by Sortase Triggers Irreversible Modification of the Active Site (2007)

Sortases anchor surface proteins to the cell wall of Gram-positive pathogens through recognition of specific motif sequences. Loss of sortase leads to large reductions in virulence, which identifies sortase as a target for the development of antibacterials. By screening 135,625 small molecules for inhibition, we report here that aryl (beta-amino)ethyl ketones inhibit sortase enzymes from staphylococci and bacilli. Inhibition of sortases occurs through an irreversible, covalent modification of their active site cysteine. Sortases specifically activate this class of molecules via beta-elimination, generating a reactive olefin intermediate that covalently modifies the cysteine thiol. Analysis of the three-dimensional structure of Bacillus anthracis sortase B with and without inhibitor provides insights into the mechanism of inhibition and reveals binding pockets that can be exploited for drug discovery.
Organocatalytic Sequential α-Amination−Horner−Wadsworth−Emmons Olefination of Aldehydes:  Enantioselective Synthesis of γ-Amino-α,β-Unsaturated Esters (2007)

A novel and highly enantioselective method for the synthesis of gamma-amino-alpha,beta-unsaturated esters via tandem alpha-amination-Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) olefination of aldehydes is described. The one-pot assembly has been demonstrated for the construction of functionalized chiral 2-pyrrolidones, subunits present in several alkaloids. [structure: see text]