gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Focused-ion-beam induced grain growth in magnetic materials for recording heads (2002)

It is reported that focused-ion-beam (FIB) processing causes considerable grain growth in magnetic thin films, which may be a concern for the use of this technique in recording head pole trimming. Two magnetic thin films (NiFe and FeCoN) were used to examine FIB-induced grain growth. NiFe showed more significant grain growth with grain size increasing from ∼20 to ∼500 nm after FIB etching with a dose of 0.15 nC/μm2. The grain size in the FeCoN films increased from ∼20 to ∼100 nm at the same dose. It was found that the NiFe films fibbed with the same ion dose (0.15 nC/μm2) and different beam currents (99, 672, and 1500 pA) experienced similar grain growth, suggesting that the grain growth is driven by momentum transfer rather than local heating. Grains in the NiFe films often had an elongated shape rather than circular and many crystallographic twins were observed in the FIB images, and confirmed with transmission electron microscopy. These twins tended to be parallel to the fast axis of beam rastering, while the axis of elongation, if present, tended to be along slow axis of rastering. It was found that the ratio of pixel space to beam diameter controls this behavior. It was revealed that values of this ratio less than 0.5 resulted in elongated or “acicular” grains. For fibbed FeCoN films, no acicular grains or twins were observed. This is believed to be due to the difference in crystal structure and twinning planes of the face-centered-cubic and body-centered-cubic structures. Both fibbed films showed magnetic degradation in the form of reduced moment and/or increased coercivity, as measured by Kerr imaging.
Alternative V kappa gene rearrangements in a murine B cell lymphoma. An explantation for idiotypic heterogeneity. (1988)

Idiotype variants of 38C13, a murine B cell lymphoma, have been isolated by immunoselection with antiidiotype mAbs. The V region genes for the kappa light chains and mu heavy chains expressed by these tumor cells were sequenced and compared. There was no evidence for V region somatic point mutation in this tumor. However, while the heavy chain genes were all identical, the light chain genes were all different. The light chain genes of each variant were derived from the V kappa-Ox1 gene family and joined to J kappa 4, whereas the light chain gene of the parental tumor was derived from the V kappa 9 family and joined to J kappa 2. Two of the variants used the identical V kappa gene but differed by the inclusion of a variable number of additional nucleotides in the V/J joint. Thus, the idiotypic heterogeneity of this B cell lymphoma arises as a consequence of alternative light chain rearrangements rather than point mutation. This process repetitively uses members of the same V kappa gene family. Two of the variants use the identical V kappa and J kappa gene segments but differ by the presence of extra nucleotides at the V kappa/J kappa joint.
Pressure-induced phase transitions and superconductivity in a quasi–1-dimensional topological crystalline insulator α-Bi 4 Br 4 (2019)

Great progress has been achieved in the research field of topological states of matter during the past decade. Recently, a quasi-1-dimensional bismuth bromide, Bi<sub>4</sub>Br<sub>4</sub>, has been predicted to be a rotational symmetry-protected topological crystalline insulator; it would also exhibit more exotic topological properties under pressure. Here, we report a thorough study of phase transitions and superconductivity in a quasihydrostatically pressurized α-Bi<sub>4</sub>Br<sub>4</sub> crystal by performing detailed measurements of electrical resistance, alternating current magnetic susceptibility, and in situ high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction together with first principles calculations. We find a pressure-induced insulator-metal transition between ∼3.0 and 3.8 GPa where valence and conduction bands cross the Fermi level to form a set of small pockets of holes and electrons. With further increase of pressure, 2 superconductive transitions emerge. One shows a sharp resistance drop to 0 near 6.8 K at 3.8 GPa; the transition temperature gradually lowers with increasing pressure and completely vanishes above 12.0 GPa. Another transition sets in around 9.0 K at 5.5 GPa and persists up to the highest pressure of 45.0 GPa studied in this work. Intriguingly, we find that the first superconducting phase might coexist with a nontrivial rotational symmetry-protected topology in the pressure range of ∼3.8 to 4.3 GPa; the second one is associated with a structural phase transition from monoclinic <i>C</i>2<i>/m</i> to triclinic <i>P-</i>1 symmetry.
Analysis of Overlay Accuracy in 0.14 µm Device Fabrication using Synchrotron Radiation Lithography (1997)

We applied synchrotron radiation lithography to the fabrication of a 0.14 µ m rule dynamic random access memory structure using high dielectric film capacitor and trench isolation techniques. An overlay accuracy of 80 nm was obtained. In order to clarify the contributions of the error causes to the overlay accuracy, we mathematically classified the overlay error into four components: rotation, translation, magnification and in-plane deformation (IPD). A rotation and translation error was estimated to be 38 nm. A wafer process-induced error such as a rotation and translation due to a degradation of the alignment mark worsens the overlay error by 33 nm. We have also found that the maximum magnification error including the mask magnification was 4 ppm and the magnification correction was necessary to achieve an overlay accuracy less than 50 nm. The IPD was estimated to be 60 nm, and the major cause was a mask overlay error. The analyzed results suggest that an IPD less than 30 nm and a rotation/translation component less than 30 nm are required to achieve an overlay error less than 50 nm.
IL‐1β and IL‐10 have dual effects on enteric glial cell proliferation (2001)

Inflammatory bowel disease is typically accompanied by functional and structural changes of the enteric nervous system. In pathological studies, cellular loss and axonal degeneration have been described in the myenteric plexus. However, more recent studies suggest that the proliferation rate of myenteric glial cells is enhanced in animal models of intestinal inflammation. Therefore, we have investigated the effect of different cytokines on the proliferative response of enteric glial cells (EGCs), comparing transformed enteric glial cell lines, primary astrocyte cultures and transformed oligodendrocytes. Cells were incubated in serum-free chemically defined medium in the presence or absence of either interleukin (IL)-1beta or IL-10 at concentrations ranging between 0.1 and 100 ng mL(-1) for 48 h. Subsequently, [3H]thymidine was added to each culture dish for an additional 6 h, and the amount of incorporated [3H] was assessed. IL-1beta significantly and dose-dependently suppressed [3H]-uptake by EGCs. In contrast, IL-10 induced a biphasic response; IL-10 at low concentrations (0.1 ng mL(-1)) caused a significant suppression of [3H]-uptake, whereas high concentrations (5-100 ng mL(-1)) significantly enhanced [3H] uptake. These results indicate that EGC proliferation can be modulated by cytokines. The differential effects of IL-1beta and IL-10 suggest that during intestinal inflammation there may be a regulatory interplay between different classes of cytokines modulating EGC proliferation.
Highly functional nano-scale stabilized bismuth oxides via reverse strike co-precipitation for solid oxide fuel cells (2013)

Nano-scale erbia stabilized bismuth oxides (ESBs) were successfully synthesized by a wet chemical reverse strike co-precipitation. Due to homogenous, molecular level mixing, the desired cubic fluorite structure was formed at a dramatically reduced temperature of 500 °C, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, this low calcine temperature led to nano-scale ESB powders with a crystallite size of ∼20 nm and a specific surface area of ∼13.2 m2 g−1. Due to the high surface area, the nano-sized ESB powders show high functionality for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) applications. As an SOFC electrolyte, the high sinterability of the co-precipitated ESB was demonstrated, achieving over 98% density after sintering at only 750 °C for 30 min. Moreover, the total conductivity of the sample was identical to that obtained by conventional methods after sintering at 890 °C (for 16 h), regardless of the different grain boundary densities. In addition, the co-precipitated ESB was used in a composite cathode with lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM), achieving significantly reduced cathodic ASRs, 0.55 and 0.03 Ω cm2, at 550 and 700 °C by extending triple phase boundary (TPB) lengths in the cathode bulk and at the cathode–electrolyte interface.
Efficacy of Different Compositions of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles in Tumor-Stroma Interaction (2017)

The biomedical application of cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) is a focal point of research for a few years. The biochemical effects of nanoceria depend on various factors including particle size, oxidation state of cerium, oxygen vacancies on the surface, use of dispersants or coatings, pH and cell type. Due to their autocatalytic redox-activity, these particles are considered to act as a specific anti-cancer tool with less side effects on healthy cells and tissues, as the particles kill tumor cells, while protecting healthy cells from oxidative damage. In the present study, four different types of nanoceria were investigated with regard to their impact on biochemical parameters in vitro, which play a pivotal role in tumor-stroma interaction. The obtained data and presented in vitro test parameters will be helpful in designing nanoceria compositions, which are ideally suited for anticancer therapy, either as a 'stand alone drug' or in combination with other chemotherapeutics.
Optimizing 3D image quality and performance for stereoscopic gaming (2009)

The successful introduction of stereoscopic TV systems, such as Samsung's 3D Ready Plasma, requires high quality 3D content to be commercially available to the consumer. Console and PC games provide the most readily accessible source of high quality 3D content. This paper describes innovative developments in a generic, PC-based game driver architecture that addresses the two key issues affecting 3D gaming: quality and speed. At the heart of the quality issue are the same considerations that studios face producing stereoscopic renders from CG movies: how best to perform the mapping from a geometric CG environment into the stereoscopic display volume. The major difference being that for game drivers this mapping cannot be choreographed by hand but must be automatically calculated in real-time without significant impact on performance. Performance is a critical issue when dealing with gaming. Stereoscopic gaming has traditionally meant rendering the scene twice with the associated performance overhead. An alternative approach is to render the scene from one virtual camera position and use information from the z-buffer to generate a stereo pair using Depth-Image-Based Rendering (DIBR). We analyze this trade-off in more detail and provide some results relating to both 3D image quality and render performance.
A harsh environment, multi-plasma microsystem with pressure sensor, gas purifier, and chemical detector (2007)

A system for gas phase chemical detection in harsh environments has been developed that utilizes three microplasma-based devices: pressure sensor, gas purifier, and optical emission sensor. The devices all utilize microplasmas between thin-film electrodes and occupy a combined active area of 10.5 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . They are fabricated on glass chips and enclosed in a 0.33 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ceramic package. The optical emission sensor operates by fractionating and exciting gas species for chemical spectral detection. The pressure sensor measures the change in microplasma current distribution with pressure, and achieves a sensitivity of 9800 ppm/Torr at 200degC. The gas-purifying microscale sputter ion pump purifies the environment by selectively removing nitrogen and oxygen, and achieves a 56.5times reduction in nitrogen concentration relative to helium. This purification enhances the ability to detect trace amounts of gases. As a validation of this system, a spectral enhancement of 8times at 200degC for carbon line emission intensity relative to nitrogen has been demonstrated.
Transparent triple-layer oxide TFT for enhanced photo switching characteristics (2018)

We studied transparent thin film transistors with a triple-layer channel structure of aluminium-doped indium zinc tin oxide (Al-IZTO) / indium zinc oxide (IZO) / Al-IZTO to suppress the persistent photoconductivity (PPC). The TFT was fabricated top-gate, bottom-contact structure. The characteristics of Al-IZTO triple-layer exhibited high mobility (μ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sat</sub> ) of3 2 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Vs, V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> of -4V, and sub-threshold swing of 260 mV/dec. We applied a positive gate pulse to Al-IZTO triple-layer TFT and the PPC was shrunk in a short time span of 55 ms with 10 μs gate pulse. Our TFT scheme can be readily applied as photo TFTs where stable operation and electrical manipulations of PPC are desired.
The 3′‐Terminal Nucleotide Sequence of Encephalomyocarditis Virus RNA (1978)

Poly(A)-containing encephalomyocarditis virus RNA functions as an excellent template for cDNA synthesis in vitro with an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in the presence of an oligothymidylate primer. Under appropriate conditions, discrete transcripts of increasing chain length were obtained, suitable for sequence analysis. A limited cDNA fragment of 36 nucleotides, primer (dT)10 included, was synthesized when dGTP was omitted from the reaction mixture and its primary structure was elucidated using direct DNA-sequencing methods. The complement corresponds to the 3' end of encephalomyocarditis RNA. The hexanucleotide (5'-3')(A-A-U-A-A-A) found in this sequence is also present in all 3' non-coding regions of poly(A)-containing eukaryotic mRNAs studied until now, in nearly identical positions relative to the poly(A) tail. The possible biological significance of this structural homology is discussed.
Quantum nanodiamonds for sensing of biological quantities: Angle, temperature, and thermal conductivity (2022)

Measuring physical quantities in the nanometric region inside single cells is of great importance for understanding cellular activity. Thus, the development of biocompatible, sensitive, and reliable nanobiosensors is essential for progress in biological research. Diamond nanoparticles containing nitrogen-vacancy centers (NVCs), referred to as fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs), have recently emerged as the sensors that show great promise for ultrasensitive nanosensing of physical quantities. FNDs emit stable fluorescence without photobleaching. Additionally, their distinctive magneto-optical properties enable an optical readout of the quantum states of the electron spin in NVC under ambient conditions. These properties enable the quantitative sensing of physical parameters (temperature, magnetic field, electric field, pH, etc.) in the vicinity of an FND; hence, FNDs are often described as "quantum sensors". In this review, recent advancements in biosensing applications of FNDs are summarized. First, the principles of orientation and temperature sensing using FND quantum sensors are explained. Next, we introduce surface coating techniques indispensable for controlling the physicochemical properties of FNDs. The achievements of practical biological sensing using surface-coated FNDs, including orientation, temperature, and thermal conductivity, are then highlighted. Finally, the advantages, challenges, and perspectives of the quantum sensing of FND are discussed. This review article is an extended version of the Japanese article, In Situ Measurement of Intracellular Thermal Conductivity Using Diamond Nanoparticle, published in SEIBUTSU BUTSURI Vol. 62, p. 122-124 (2022).
The FGF system has a key role in regulating vascular integrity (2008)

The integrity of the endothelial monolayer is essential to blood vessel homeostasis and active regulation of endothelial permeability. The FGF system plays important roles in a wide variety of physiologic and pathologic conditions; however, its role in the adult vasculature has not been defined. To assess the role of the FGF system in the adult endothelial monolayer, we disrupted FGF signaling in bovine aortic endothelial cells and human saphenous vein endothelial cells in vitro and in adult mouse and rat endothelial cells in vivo using soluble FGF traps or a dominant inhibitor of all FGF receptors. The inhibition of FGF signaling using these approaches resulted in dissociation of the VE-cadherin/p120-catenin complex and disassembly of adherens and tight junctions, which progressed to loss of endothelial cells, severe impairment of the endothelial barrier function, and finally, disintegration of the vasculature. Thus, FGF signaling plays a key role in the maintenance of vascular integrity.
The evaluation of two software watermarking algorithms: Research Articles (2005)

In this paper we analyze the effectiveness of two different software watermarking algorithms. The first is an algorithm proposed by Akito Monden et al. and the second an algorithm proposed by Robert L. Davidson and Nathan Myhrvold of the Microsoft Corporation. We have implemented these techniques within the S ANDM ARK framework, a system designed to study the effectiveness of software protection algorithms on Java bytecode. To the best of our knowledge this is the first implementation and empirical evaluation of these algorithms with respect to a set of properties such as bit-rate, stealth, and resilience to attack. We demonstrate through the use of the S ANDM ARK framework that both of these algorithms have a high bit-rate but are unstealthy and easy to attack. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A pragmatic low carbohydrate diet intervention changes neither carbohydrate consumption nor glycemia in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes in a randomized trial (2022)

This pragmatic LCD intervention did not alter carbohydrate consumption or glycemia. Although this study was unable to evaluate a highly controlled LCD, it indicates that adolescents are unlikely to implement an educational LCD intervention in routine clinic settings. Thus, this approach is unlikely to effectively mitigate hyperglycemia in adolescents.
A Low Power Continuous-Time Zoom ADC for Audio Applications (2019)

This paper presents a continuous-time (CT) zoom ADC for use in audio applications. Compared to previous zoom ADCs, its input impedance is mainly resistive, making it much easier to drive while still maintaining high energy efficiency. The prototype is fabricated in a 0.16 μm CMOS process, occupies 0.27 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and achieves 108.5 dB DR, 108.1 dB SNR, 106.4 dB SNDR in a 20 kHz BW, while consuming 618 μW. This results in a state-of-the-art Schreier FoM of 183.6 dB.
Nanocarriers Targeting Intercellular Adhesion Molecule Enhance Delivery to the Inflamed Brain (2021)

Over 600,000 Americans suffer from ischemic stroke annually. Inflammatory consequences of ischemic stroke include upregulation of adhesion molecules (e.g. intercellular adhesion molecule ‐1, ICAM) by activated endothelial cells. However, drug delivery to the central nervous system remains an emerging challenge. Here we developed anti‐ICAM monoclonal antibody conjugated nanocarriers (ICAM/NCs) to target activated endothelial cells in the pathologically‐altered neurovasculature. In a mouse model similar to post‐stroke neuroinflammation (intra‐striatal injection of Tumor Necrosis Factor‐alpha, TNF), ICAM/NCs injected intravenously 2 hrs‐post TNF injury accumulated in lungs within 30 min (146.7±2.5 % injected dose per gram tissue (%ID/g)). Over 24 hrs, ICAM/NCs slowly accumulated in the brain, resulting in a &gt;4‐fold increase in brain uptake (0.22±0.02%ID/g) vs. 30 minutes (0.05±0.01%ID/g), and significant clearance from lungs (Panel A). In addition, dexamethasone (Dex)‐loaded ICAM/NCs were protective against TNF induced brain edema, as measured by extravasation of radiolabeled albumin, while free Dex had no protective effects at the same dose (1.5mg/kg) (Panel B). Flow cytometry of single cell suspensions from lungs and brain in TNF mice revealed that ~80% of ICAM/NC‐positive cells were leukocytes in the lungs 30 min‐post injection (while in naïve animals, ~40% NC‐positive cells were leukocytes), and that ~98% of ICAM/NC‐positive cells were leukocytes in the brain 24 hr‐post injection (Panel C). The flow cytometry data for the lungs and brain indicated that ICAM/NCs target not only endothelial cells but also leukocytes. Targeting to pulmonary leukocytes is further enhanced following pathological challenges. Altogether, our results suggest that delayed brain delivery of ICAM/NCs was partially due to pulmonary leukocytes ferrying NCs from lungs to brain over time. Future work will focus on elucidating the mechanism of brain delivery.
Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra of Er3+(4f11) in LaF3 (1963)

The absorption, fluorescence, and excitation spectra of Er3+(4f11) in LaF3 have been investigated between 3500 and 10 000 Å. Based on an energy-level scheme consistent with all observed spectral lines, a number of states have been identified. The parameters giving the best over-all agreement between the predicted ``free-ion'' spectrum and the spectrum of Er3+ in LaF3 are F2=428.708 cm-1, F4=67.784 cm-1, F6=6.751 cm-1, and ζ=2389.60 cm-1. The average deviation for 11 of these levels is 35.3 cm-1. The possible use of Er3+ in LaF3 for the generation of coherent green light is also discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Organolanthanoid Complexes for Enantioselective Olefin Hydrogenation. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Determination of activities in membrane processes: The UNIQUAC model expressed in mole and mass fractions (2010)

Abstract The universal quasi‐chemical (UNIQUAC) model is widely used to describe nonideal fluid‐phase equilibria in membrane processes. One way to overcome the problem of an unknown membrane molar mass, is to compute the membrane process performance in terms of mass fractions. Since molar and mass‐based activity coefficients are not the same, the UNIQUAC equation is converted to mass‐based expressions for correct simulation of membrane process performance. This conversion is described in view of general application for the description of mass transport through membranes. A validation of the conversion is performed successfully by calculating literature data by both versions of the UNIQUAC model, and comparing the results. Furthermore, potential applications of the theory are shown. Both liquid and vapor sorption isotherms are calculated. The results show good agreement between the theory described in this article and experimental results. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011