gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of intrachain hydrogen bonding on the cyclization of a polystyrene chain (1994)

Abstract Cyclization of a polystyrene chain ( M n = 10,600; M w /M n = 1.09) both ends labeled with 4‐(1‐pyrenyl)butanoamide groups was studied in cyclohexane between 25 and 95°C. The amide groups (peptide bonds) at both ends can form an intrachain hydrogen bond between the amide hydrogen at one chain end and the carbonyl oxygen at the other. The presence of two sets of conformers, random coils, and chains cyclized through hydrogen bonding, complicates the data analysis. The pyrene excimer kinetics of this polymer is well described by a model composed of two monomers (hydrogen bonded and nonbonded chains) and one excimer, in equilibrium. The cyclization rate constant for hydrogen‐bonded chains is larger than the one for nonhydrogen‐bonded chains. The pyrene excimer binding energy (ca. 1.6 kcal/mol) is lower than the published value for nonhydrogen‐bonded chains (∼ 9 kcal/mol), suggesting that intrachain hydrogen bonding hinders the stabilization of the excimer. © 1994 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Association of overactive bladder and stress urinary incontinence in rats with pudendal nerve ligation injury (2008)

Approximately one-third of patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) also suffer from urgency incontinence, which is one of the major symptoms of overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome. Pudendal nerve injury has been recognized as a possible cause for both SUI and OAB. Therefore, we investigated the effects of pudendal nerve ligation (PNL) on bladder function and urinary continence in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Conscious cystometry with or without capsaicin pretreatment (125 mg/kg sc), leak point pressures (LPPs), contractile responses of bladder muscle strips to carbachol or phenylephrine, and levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) protein and mRNA in the bladder were compared in sham and PNL rats 4 wk after the injury. Urinary frequency detected by a reduction in intercontraction intervals and voided volume was observed in PNL rats compared with sham rats, but it was not seen in PNL rats with capsaicin pretreatment that desensitizes C-fiber-afferent pathways. LPPs in PNL rats were significantly decreased compared with sham rats. The contractile responses of detrusor muscle strips to phenylephrine, but not to carbachol, were significantly increased in PNL rats. The levels of NGF protein and mRNA in the bladder of PNL rats were significantly increased compared with sham rats. These results suggest that pudendal nerve neuropathy induced by PNL may be one of the potential risk factors for OAB, as well as SUI. Somato-visceral cross sensitization between somatic (pudendal) and visceral (bladder) sensory pathways that increases NGF expression and alpha(1)-adrenoceptor-mediated contractility in the bladder may be involved in this pathophysiological mechanism.
Application of ethyl cinnamate based optical tissue clearing and expansion microscopy combined with retrograde perfusion for 3D lung imaging (2020)

The retrograde perfusion combined with trachea ligation technique could be applied in the lung research in mice. 3 D structure of lung vasculature can be visualized by MHI148-PEI perfusion and ECi based OTC in an efficient way. ExM and immunofluorescence staining protocol is highly recommended to perform 3 D imaging of fresh fixed lung as well as paraffin-embedded lung blocks.
Development of transparent ceramic as scintillators (2008)

Scintillators coupled with photon-detectors have played a major role as radiation detectors. Generally, the term "scintillator" means a single crystalline made. Today, our group try to develop transparent ceramic scintillators, as well as single crystalline scintillators. We investigate optical properties (emission and absorption spectra) and gamma-ray responses (light yield, energy resolution, and decay time) of Ce:YAG, (Ce, Nd):YAG, and Ce:GYAG ceramics, coupled with PMT and APD. For Ce:YAG, energy resolution of ~ 6% at 662 keV is achieved when coupled with APD, and this value is better than PMT coupling. In optical properties of codoped material, there are no unexpected middle bands. The stopping power of Ce:GYAG is improved about five times large as that of Ce:YAG in several hundred keV.
Fabrication of FePt Patterned Media with Diblock Copolymer Templates (2006)

We apply self-assembly pattern of diblock copolymers for fabrication of patterned magnetic media. FePt dot arrays with 30 nm center-to-center distance have been fabricated using self-assembled pattern formation of polystyrene-polymethylemethacrylate(PS-PMMA) diblock copolymer. The FePt dot arrays have strong perpendicular anisotropy. Increase of coercive force in easy axis from 4.5 kOe for a film structure to 13 kOe for a dot structure is observed. No significant deterioration of crystal structures is observed on the sidewall of the FePt dots which is possibly attributable to weak damage during ion beam etching. Also fabrication of aligned FePt dot arrays on circumferential lines is also demonstrated using assisted self-assembly of PS-PMMA diblock copolymers by groove guide patterns.
Karhunen-Loeve (PCA) based detection of multiple oscillations in multiple measurement signals from large-scale process plants (2007)

In the perspective of optimizing the control and operation of large scale process plants, it is important to detect and to locate oscillations in the plants. This paper presents a scheme for detecting and localizing multiple oscillations in multiple measurements from such a large-scale power plant. The scheme is based on a Karhunen-Loeve analysis of the data from the plant. The proposed scheme is subsequently tested on two sets of data: a set of synthetic data and a set of data from a coal-fired power plant. In both cases the scheme detects the beginning of the oscillation within only a few samples. In addition the oscillation localization has also shown its potential by localizing the oscillations in both data sets.
Sex Difference in the Kinetics of Triglyceride Metabolism in Normal and Hypertriglyceridaemic Human Subjects (1974)

Abstract. Several years ago we demonstrated in man that increasing plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride (TG) concentrations were associated with increasing VLDL‐TG production rates, and that this relationship described a rectangular hyperbola which could be characterized in terms of enzyme kinetics. Utilizing this approach Nikkila and Kekki confirmed these observations in a large group of normal subjects. Moreover, after analyzing the Km and Vmax values of their subjects they noted a striking and important sex difference: females were found to have significantly lower Km values than men, whereas the Vmax values for the two groups were the same. This indicates that for a given VLDL‐TG production rate, females will have lower plasma TG concentrations. We have now studied 53 subjects with widely varying plasma TG concentrations, and have been able to detect a similar sex difference in subjects with hypertriglyceridaemia. Furthermore, we have noted a highly significant direct relationship between TG concentration and production in both sexes, and have found no relationship between an individual's Km value and his coexisting plasma TG level. These results allow us to conclude that: 1) the sex difference in TG kinetics which Nikkila and Kekki originally note in normals can now be extended to include hypertriglyceridaemic subjects, and 2) in general, overproduction, and not underutilization, is the initiating event in most cases of hypertrigiyceridaemia.
Full-Field Stroboscopic Imaging of Acoustic and Thermal Dynamics in Isolated Nanostructures Using Tabletop EUV Coherent Imaging (2019)

Understanding the mechanical properties of nanostructured systems is critical for accelerating advances in material, nano and bio sciences, as well as various nanostructured electronic, photovoltaic and thermoelectric devices. However, macroscopic models cannot accurately predict nanoscale (<100 nm) transport or mechanical properties Moreover, many nanostructured systems are opaque to visible light. This creates a critical demand for functional microscopes that can image with elemental, chemical and magnetic contrast through opaque materials, as well as with high spatial and temporal resolution. Here we report the first full-field stroboscopic imaging using tabletop high harmonics, where we directly visualize nanoscale thermal and acoustic dynamics in an isolated nanostructure with <0.1nm axial precision, 90nm lateral resolution, and 10fs time resolution.
Mean Field Approach for Configuring Population Dynamics on a Biohybrid Neuromorphic System (2020)

Abstract Real-time coupling of cell cultures to neuromorphic circuits necessitates a neuromorphic network that replicates biological behaviour both on a per-neuron and on a population basis, with a network size comparable to the culture. We present a large neuromorphic system composed of 9 chips, with overall 2880 neurons and 144M conductance-based synapses. As they are realized in a robust switched-capacitor fashion, individual neurons and synapses can be configured to replicate with high fidelity a wide range of biologically realistic behaviour. In contrast to other exploration/heuristics-based approaches, we employ a theory-guided mesoscopic approach to configure the overall network to a range of bursting behaviours, thus replicating the statistics of our targeted in-vitro network. The mesoscopic approach has implications beyond our proposed biohybrid, as it allows a targeted exploration of the behavioural space, which is a non-trivial task especially in large, recurrent networks.
Microtrap interface for on-line mass spectrometric monitoring of air emissions (1999)

One of the problems in on-line mass spectrometric monitoring of air emissions is that whereas organic pollutants are present at trace concentrations (ppm to ppt levels), background gases such as H2O and CO2 may be present at per cent levels. Moisture in particular is a source of serious interference. A sampling interface that eliminates these interferences but allows the continuous introduction of organics into the mass spectrometer is presented. The interface consists of a micro-sorbent trap (referred to as the microtrap) that selectively traps the organics, and then injects them into the mass spectrometer via rapid thermal desorption with an electric pulse of ∽1 s duration. Continuous (or near-continuous) monitoring is achieved by making a series of desorptions while the air flows continuously through the system. The applicability of this approach is demonstrated by monitoring the emissions from a catalytic incinerator. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cascade Synthesis of Chiral Block Copolymers Combining Lipase Catalyzed Ring Opening Polymerization and Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (2004)

The enantioselective polymerization of methyl-substituted epsilon-caprolactones using Novozym 435 as the catalyst was investigated. All substituted monomers could be polymerized except 6-methyl-epsilon-caprolactone (6-MeCL), which failed to propagate after ring opening. Interestingly, an odd-even effect in the enantiopreference of differently substituted monomers was observed. The combination of 4-methyl-epsilon-caprolactone with Novozym 435 showed good enantioselectivity also in bulk polymerization and resulted in enantiomerically enriched P((S)-4-MeCL) (eep up to 0.88). Subsequently, a novel initiator combining a primary alcohol to initiate the ring opening polymerization and a tertiary bromide to initiate atom transfer controlled radical polymerization (ATRP) was synthesized, and showed high initiator efficiencies (> 90%) in the ring opening polymerization of 4-methyl-epsilon-caprolactone in bulk. In addition, the enantioselectivity was retained (E = 11). By using Ni(PPh3)2Br2 as the ATRP catalyst, Novozym 435 could be effectively inhibited at the desired conversion of 4-methyl-epsilon-caprolactone, thus ensuring a high enantiomeric excess in the polymer backbone. At the same time, Ni(PPh3)2Br2 catalyzed the ATRP of methyl methacrylate resulting in the formation of P((S)-4-MeCL-b-MMA) block copolymers. By this combination of two inherently different polymerization reactions, chiral P((S)-4-MeCL-b-MMA) block copolymers can be conveniently obtained in one pot without intermediate workup.
Influence of fiber-type composition on recovery from tourniquet-induced skeletal muscle ischemia–reperfusion injury (2008)

This study was designed to determine if previously reported differences in the functional impairment of muscles composed of predominantly different fiber types occurs following extended periods of ischemia. We hypothesized that the soleus (Sol) muscle, a predominantly slow-twitch muscle, would be less vulnerable to tourniquet-induced ischemia-reperfusion than the plantaris (Plant), a predominantly fast-twitch muscle, as determined by the assessment of isometric contractile function. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of the following groups to undergo tourniquet application (TKA) (n = 6/group): 2 h TKA, 2 d recovery; 4 h TKA, 2 d recovery; 2 h TKA, 14 d recovery; or 4 h TKA, 14 d recovery. In situ isometric contractile properties were assessed in the predominantly slow-twitch Sol and the predominantly fast-twitch Plant; the contralateral muscle served as the internal control. At 2 d, muscle contraction could not be elicited via neural stimulation, but muscles did contract with direct stimulation, which indicates neural injury. This condition was resolved by day 14. At this time point, tetanic tension (Po) in the Plant was reduced by 45% and 69% in the 2 and 4 h groups, respectively. Po for the Sol was unaffected in the 2 h group, but was reduced by 30% in the 4 h group. The fatigue resistance of the Plant was increased 2 fold in the 4 h group and was unchanged in all other groups. These results demonstrate that vulnerability to tourniquet-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury is dramatically different with respect to muscle fiber-type composition.
Machine Learning-Guided Systematic Search of DNA Sequences for Sorting Carbon Nanotubes (2022)

The prerequisite of utilizing DNA in sequence-dependent applications is to search specific sequences. Developing a strategy for efficient DNA sequence screening represents a grand challenge due to the countless possibilities of sequence combination. Herein, relying on sequence-dependent recognition between DNA and single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), we demonstrate a method for systematic search of DNA sequences for sorting single-chirality SWCNTs. Different from previously documented empirical search, which has a low efficiency and accuracy, our approach combines machine learning and experimental investigation. The number of resolving sequences and the success rate of finding them are improved from ∼10<sup>2</sup> to ∼10<sup>3</sup> and from ∼10% to >90%, respectively. Moreover, the resolving sequence patterns determined from 5-mer and 6-mer short sequences can be extended to sequence search in longer DNA subspaces.
Thermal Rating of a Submerged Substation for Wave Power (2015)

The costs of offshore maintenance operations put high reliability-requirements on offshore equipment for ocean energy, especially on submerged ones. Thermal management is thus essential in the design of the prototypes of a marine substation, developed at Uppsala University, for grid interface of wave power parks. The cooling system itself should be efficient as well as reliable. Therefore, the feasibility of a completely passive cooling strategy was evaluated. The studied substation includes various power components, which dissipate heat and are installed in one pressurized vessel. Thermal cross-coupling was investigated with 3-D submodels and a thermal network model. An electric circuit was coupled to determine the rated power of the substation. The results depend mainly on the dc-voltage, the seawater temperature, and the thermal contact between the components and the hull.
Mass Spectroscopy Study on Pyrolysis of Polysilanes. (1998)

Pyrolysis of polysilanes with different molecular weights, solid states and substituents has been studied by quadrupole mass spectroscopy. The analysis of kinetics on the gas evolution spectra of a unit of the polysilanes gives their activation energies having Gaussian distributions. The number reduction of the weak Si-Si bonds with the decrease of the chain length of polysilanes results in the increase of activation energy of decomposition. The activation energy is also affected by the kind of solid states of polysilane. Because of the stronger interaction among the molecules, polysilane film has higher activation energies than powder. Due to the photodegradation and oxidation of polysilanes, photooxidized film has higher activation energies of decomposition and a broader distribution of activation energies than the unoxidized film. Furthermore, substituents give intense effects on the activation energies and the order of the decomposition reactions. It is found that the decomposition reactions occur at the low temperature if the substituents are easy to be disconnected from Si.
Behaviour of dimeric methylrhenium(vi) oxides in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and its consequences for oxidation catalysis (2006)

Avoiding the use of toxic methyltin precursors to synthesize methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) and its mono- and bis-peroxo derivatives, applicable as oxidation catalysts, dimethyl zinc might be considered a promising alternative alkylating agent. However, the methylrhenium(VI) dimers, formed as reduction products alongside MTO during the reaction of dimethyl zinc with Re2O7, are not as straightforwardly transformed into the epoxidation catalysts as MTO itself in the presence of excess H2O2. In the case of red (μ-oxo)bis[trimethyloxorhenium(VI)], the main reaction product with H2O2 is the catalytically inactive trimethyldioxorhenium(VII). In the case of bis[dimethyl(μ-oxo)oxorhenium(VI)], slow conversion to the monomeric mono- and bis-peroxo congenes of MTO occurs. Furthermore, part of the Re(VI) starting complex is transformed into inactive perrhenate. While bis[dimethyl(μ-oxo)oxorhenium(VI)] might be applied (also in a mixture with MTO) as an oxidation catalyst precursor, (μ-oxo)bis[trimethyloxorhenium(VI)] can be applied as a useful precursor for the synthesis of trimethyldioxorhenium(VII), which was previously only accessible by less convenient synthetic pathways.
Internet Access Performance in LTE TDD (2010)

The Time Division Duplex (TDD) uplink-downlink configuration of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) determines how the ten subframes in a radio frame are divided between the downlink and the uplink. The specified configurations cover a wide range of allocations from a downlink-heavy resource distribution ratio (9:1) to an uplink-heavy ratio (2:3). In this paper, we compare the performance of Internet access using the TCP protocol in different downlink-heavy asymmetries. We find that the performance depends on many factors such as the transferred file size, the control channel errors and the downlink/uplink traffic mix. When the file size is small, TDD can not fully utilize its potentially higher downlink capacity because of longer uplink access delays as well as shortage of uplink resources in the chosen configurations. With an increased file size, this effect fades away and TDD provides higher download bit rates than FDD. The realized increase in bit rate is however not as high as the calculated increase in available downlink resources.
A 65nm node strained SOI technology with slim spacer (2004)

A 65 nm node strained SOI technology with high performance is demonstrated, providing drive currents of 1015 and 500 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m for N-FET and P-FET, respectively, at an off-state leakage of 40 nA//spl mu/m using 1 V operation. The technology employs an aggressively scaled slim spacer of 30 nm width to amplify stress benefits for performance improvement, and to reduce by 10-20 % the layout area for SRAM-cell-like circuits, while maintaining excellent hot carrier immunity and well-controlled short-channel effects. For the first time, we demonstrate that FinFET devices, implicitly implemented in this technology, offer a 8-15 % higher inverter speed compared to planar SOI devices at the same drive current.
Visualization of high-speed flows at the peen state gas dynamics laboratory (1988)

This paper reviews a variety of flow visualization techniques and non-intrusive optical diagnostics applied to high-speed viscous/inviscid flow interactions, and compressible vortices. These techniques, developed and applied in the Variable-Mach Number Supersonic Wind Tunnel Facility of the Penn State Gas Dynamics Laboratory, include holographic interferometry, laser light-screen imaging, high-speed schlieren photography, and a dry-transfer surface flow pattern method. Both qualitative and quantitative results are obtained from this array of flow visualization techniques, whose distinguishing characteristic is their ability to function without disturbing the airflow under observation. In particular, density differences which arise naturally in high-speed flows play a key role in our ability to observe such flows non-intrusively. Modern laser-based diagnostics, such as doubled-pulsed Ruby laser holographic interferometry, take advantage of such density differences in order to render visible the three-dimensional features of swept shock wave/boundary layer interactions. Mie scattering of the light from a thin Argon-ion laser sheet by moisture particles in the airflow reveals structural features of the flow at speeds up to Mach 4 in our test facility. A number of variations of the white-light schlieren technique also provide high-speed visualizations of shock wave structures, flow separation, and the strong interaction of a supersonic vortex with a shock wave.
Robust incremental optical flow (1992)

This thesis addresses the problem of recovering 2D image velocity, or optical flow, robustly over long image sequences. We develop a robust estimation framework for improving the reliability of motion estimates and an incremental minimization framework for recovering flow estimates over time.
Attempts to improve the robustness of optical flow have focused on detecting and accounting for motion discontinuities in the optical flow field. We show that motion discontinuities are one example of a more general class of model violations and that by formulating the optical flow problem as one of robust estimation the problems posed by motion discontinuities can be reduced, and the violations can be detected. Additionally, robust estimation provides a powerful framework for early vision problems that generalizes the popular line process approaches.
We formulate a temporal continuity constraint, which reflects the fact that the motion of a surface changes gradually over time. We exploit this constraint to develop a new incremental minimization framework and show how it is related to standard recursive estimation techniques. Within this framework we implement two incremental algorithms for minimizing non-convex objective functions over time; Incremental Stochastic Minimization (ISM) and Incremental Graduated Non-Convexity (IGNC).
With this approach, motion estimates are always available; they are refined over time, the algorithm adapts to scene changes, and the amount of computation between frames is kept fixed. The psychophysical implications of temporal continuity are discussed and the power of the incremental minimization framework is demonstrated by extending image feature extraction over time.