gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Analysis of an Anaerobic Codigestion Facility Processing Dairy Manure and Industrial Food Waste (2015)

Anaerobic codigestion (AcoD) can address food waste disposal and manure management issues while delivering clean, renewable energy. Quantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to implementation of AcoD is important to achieve this goal. A lifecycle analysis was performed on the basis of data from an on-farm AcoD in New York, resulting in a 71% reduction in GHG, or net reduction of 37.5 kg CO2e/t influent relative to conventional treatment of manure and food waste. Displacement of grid electricity provided the largest reduction, followed by avoidance of alternative food waste disposal options and reduced impacts associated with storage of digestate vs undigested manure. These reductions offset digester emissions and the net increase in emissions associated with land application in the AcoD case relative to the reference case. Sensitivity analysis showed that using feedstock diverted from high impact disposal pathways, control of digester emissions, and managing digestate storage emissions were opportunities to improve the AcoD GHG benefits. Regional and parametrized emissions factors for the storage emissions and land application phases would reduce uncertainty.
Space Weather with ESA's PROBA2 Mission (2005)

The European Space Agency’s PROBA2 mission, due for launch in February 2007, will carry onboard two instruments which will enhance greatly ESA's space weather capabilities. The Sun Watcher with APS Detector and Processing SWAP is a full disk imager to monitor the Sun at high temporal cadence and spatial resolution in a single extreme UV passband, while the Large Yield Radiometer LYRA will measure irradiance in four carefully selected UV passbands: all five were selected for their relevance to aeronomy, space weather and solar physics. SWAP can be viewed as ESA's replacement for the ageing EIT [1] instrument onboard the joint ESA/NASA SOHO [2] mission, while LYRA's higher-energy channels will augment the soft X-ray time series observed by NOAA's GOES [3] satellites. Together they will monitor solar output, eruptive events and atmospheric response in real-time.
ChemInform Abstract: Antibiotic Resistance versus Small Molecules, the Chemical Evolution (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Weighted fusion of depth and inertial data to improve view invariance for real-time human action recognition (2017)

This paper presents an extension to our previously developed fusion framework [10] involving a depth camera and an inertial sensor in order to improve its view invariance aspect for real-time human action recognition applications. A computationally efficient view estimation based on skeleton joints is considered in order to select the most relevant depth training data when recognizing test samples. Two collaborative representation classifiers, one for depth features and one for inertial features, are appropriately weighted to generate a decision making probability. The experimental results applied to a multi-view human action dataset show that this weighted extension improves the recognition performance by about 5% over equally weighted fusion deployed in our previous fusion framework.
CRISPR–Cas9-mediated nuclear transport and genomic integration of nanostructured genes in human primary cells (2022)

DNA nanostructures are a promising tool to deliver molecular payloads to cells. DNA origami structures, where long single-stranded DNA is folded into a compact nanostructure, present an attractive approach to package genes; however, effective delivery of genetic material into cell nuclei has remained a critical challenge. Here, we describe the use of DNA nanostructures encoding an intact human gene and a fluorescent protein encoding gene as compact templates for gene integration by CRISPR-mediated homology-directed repair (HDR). Our design includes CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein binding sites on DNA nanostructures to increase shuttling into the nucleus. We demonstrate efficient shuttling and genomic integration of DNA nanostructures using transfection and electroporation. These nanostructured templates display lower toxicity and higher insertion efficiency compared to unstructured double-stranded DNA templates in human primary cells. Furthermore, our study validates virus-like particles as an efficient method of DNA nanostructure delivery, opening the possibility of delivering nanostructures in vivo to specific cell types. Together, these results provide new approaches to gene delivery with DNA nanostructures and establish their use as HDR templates, exploiting both their design features and their ability to encode genetic information. This work also opens a door to translate other DNA nanodevice functions, such as biosensing, into cell nuclei.
Phenomenological aspects of new gravitational forces. I. Rapidly rotating compact objects (1987)

A general phenomenological feature of theories of quantum gravity is the existence of spin-1 and spin-0 partners of the graviton, which are expected to be massive (have finite ranges). In the static limit, the forces associated with these partners could almost cancel for particle-particle interactions and yet still produce dramatic effects for antiparticle-particle interactions (such as the gravitational attraction of antiprotons to Earth). However, at relativistic velocities the new forces could become significant even for particle-particle interactions. In this paper we show how these partners could modify the dynamics of particles at the surface of rotating, compact objects, specifically, rapidly rotating pulsars.
Secure Hardware-based Distributed Authorisation Underpinning a Web Service Framework (2003)

This paper presents a distributed authorisation model suitable for use in a web service framework where multiple parties are involved in performing a particular transaction. The authorisation model uses a third party authorisation service that checks users or services’ credentials against a set of authorisation policies. A traditional service provision model does not scale well for such transactions. The proposed model uses a hardware security appliance to deliver the service to the most appropriate site involved in the transaction. The authorisation model supports a multi-party session so that authorisation policies can be checked and built as part of the web service composition process.
Study of the Impact of E-Machine in Hybrid Dual Clutch Transmission Powertrain (2022)

Recent studies show that hybrid powertrains with dual clutch transmission are becoming more common. This is mainly influenced by the fact that they have higher efficiency, allow power-on shifting, and are more compact. However, the electric motor attached to the primary shaft of the transmission might represent some critical issues in statics and dynamics due to additional torque, inertia, and working irregularities. This paper aims to investigate the influence of the electric motor integration in the transmission on the reliability of the overall system. The focus is on the investigation of potential over stresses of the ICE bearings due to the bending of the gearbox primary shaft. To achieve the aim, the static and the rotor dynamic analysis of the inner and outer primary shafts is performed. The numerical analyses show the potential critical issues that can arise from the excessive manufacturing and assembling tolerances, the interaction of the e-machine torque irregularities and inertia with the bending dynamics of the primary shafts.
CRASH TESTING OF A BULLNOSE GUARDRAIL SYSTEM (2001)

This research aimed to continue development and evaluation of a bullnose guardrail system that meets the Test Level 3 safety performance criteria provided in National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report Number 350, Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features. Phases I and II of the design process were covered in prior reports. Phase III of the bullnose median barrier development continues the progression of the barrier design through a series of 5 further full-scale crash tests and a parallel simulation effort. Data from these 5 crash tests was collected, analyzed, and documented. Computer simulation of the testing using LS-DYNA was successfully used to analyze and predict the performance of the bullnose design. This report documents the Phase III development, computer simulation modeling, testing, and evaluation of the bullnose terminal concept.
1 Visual Prosthesis 2 Microelectronic implants that provide identification of simple objects and motion 3 detection for blind patients have been tested and evaluated; further development is 4 needed for face recognition and reading implants. (2008)

Electronic visual prostheses have demonstrated the ability to restore a rudimentary sense of vision to blind individuals. This review paper will highlight past and recent progress in this field as well as some technical challenges to further advancement. Retinal implants have now been tested in humans by four independent groups. Optic nerve and cortical implants have been also been evaluated in humans. The first implants have achieved remarkable results, including detection of motion and distinguishing objects from a set. To improve on these results, a number of research groups have performed simulations that predict up to 1000 individual pixels may be needed to restore significant functions such as face recognition and reading. In order to achieve a device that can stimulate the visual system in this many locations, issues of power con- sumption and electronic packaging must be resolved.
Ion traps fabricated in a CMOS foundry (2014)

We demonstrate trapping in a surface-electrode ion trap fabricated in a 90-nm CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) foundry process utilizing the top metal layer of the process for the trap electrodes. The process includes doped active regions and metal interconnect layers, allowing for co-fabrication of standard CMOS circuitry as well as devices for optical control and measurement. With one of the interconnect layers defining a ground plane between the trap electrode layer and the p-type doped silicon substrate, ion loading is robust and trapping is stable. We measure a motional heating rate comparable to those seen in surface-electrode traps of similar size. This demonstration of scalable quantum computing hardware utilizing a commercial CMOS process opens the door to integration and co-fabrication of electronics and photonics for large-scale quantum processing in trapped-ion arrays.
Second harmonic generation microscopy reveals altered collagen microstructure in usual interstitial pneumonia versus healthy lung (2015)

Fibrillar collagen's subresolution structure (i.e. "microstructure") is altered in UIP versus COP and healthy lung, which may provide novel insights into the biological reasons why unlike COP, UIP is resistant to therapies, and demonstrates the ability of SHG microscopy to potentially distinguish treatable versus intractable pulmonary fibroses.
Ge-on-Si laser operating at room temperature (2010)

Monolithic lasers on Si are ideal for high-volume and large-scale electronic-photonic integration. Ge is an interesting candidate owing to its pseudodirect gap properties and compatibility with Si complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. Recently we have demonstrated room-temperature photoluminescence, electroluminescence, and optical gain from the direct gap transition of band-engineered Ge-on-Si using tensile strain and n-type doping. Here we report what we believe to be the first experimental observation of lasing from the direct gap transition of Ge-on-Si at room temperature using an edge-emitting waveguide device. The emission exhibited a gain spectrum of 1590-1610 nm, line narrowing and polarization evolution from a mixed TE/TM to predominantly TE with increasing gain, and a clear threshold behavior.
History of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials: Prehistory, Art, Science, and Advanced Applications (2018)

Abstract The rise of organic–inorganic hybrid materials in both academia and industry results from a convergence of diverse expertise and communities and is driven by the curiosity of open‐minded scientists. In this review article, a historical perception on the evolution of hybrid material science is described. The major periods associated with the genesis of hybrid materials are discussed: prebiotic hybrid chemistry, hybrid materials made through know‐how, the rise of silicates and silicon chemistry, modern hybrids: a mushrooming multidisciplinary field of research, and current applications of hybrid materials fully integrated in the society. Finally, the review presents an outlook that summarizes some future prospects related to hybrid materials.
Analysis of Imperfections on Performance of 4-Phase Passive-Mixer-Based High-Q Bandpass Filters in SAW-Less Receivers (2010)

It has been shown that an arrangement of four MOS switches and four baseband lowpass impedances can synthesize on-chip high-Q bandpass filters if the switches are driven by proper clock phases. The technique has been successfully utilized in receivers to replace external SAW filters. This paper analyzes performance of these filters in SAW-less receivers against imperfections such as clock phase-noise, thermal noise of switches, second-order non-linearity of switches and clock phase error. Such receivers deal with out-of-band blockers by utilizing on-chip high-Q 4-phase bandpass filters.
The elanst entrance guard system applied in safety management of computer room (2011)

Summarized the Elanst entrance guard system, introduced its operating principle, communication structure and various functions, and described the extended functions of the client-side/server structure in the system. The result shows that the Elanst entrance guard system is of safety, convenience, easy management and so on, it is an effective protective device at the entrance/exit in important department.
Imaging of soft matter with tapping-mode atomic force microscopy and non-contact-mode atomic force microscopy (2007)

In this work, we take topographic images of DNA molecules and nanometre-sized polystyrene spheres in air as well as in water using an atomic force microscope (AFM). We would like to compare the applied forces and the resolution for images taken with the amplitude-modulation (AM) detection, or the tapping mode, and the frequency-modulation (FM) detection, or the non-contact (NC) mode. Experiments for these two modes are carried out on the same area of the samples, with the same tip, under the same environment, and with the same oscillation amplitude. Our experiments indicate that, in the FM mode, the tip exerts a very gentle force on soft materials and provides a height measurement close to the true value. In the AM mode, the tip exerts a stronger force on soft materials and causes their deformation, especially in the liquid environment. The resolution of the FM mode is about the same as that of the AM mode for operation in air, but the former is significantly superior to the latter in water. We thus conclude that the FM mode can obtain images with a higher resolution and provides a sufficient sensitivity to image the true and fine structure of soft matter on surfaces.
Glucagon Regulates Energy Balance via FGF21 Signaling in the Brain (2020)

Glucagon is an essential regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism that also promotes weight loss. Thus, novel therapeutics that stimulate glucagon‐receptor (GCGR) signaling are promising targets for treatment of obesity and diabetes; however, the mechanism(s) underlying these effects are yet to be fully elucidated. We previously identified that hepatic glucagon signaling increases the secretion of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21), a fasting hormone that regulates energy balance. We have recently observed that mice deficient for liver Fgf21 are partially resistant to the anti‐obesity effects of GCGR agonism, implicating hepatic FGF21 as an essential component of glucagon’s weight‐loss effects. FGF21 signals through the canonical FGF‐receptors coupled with an obligate co‐receptor (bKlotho, Klb ). Expression of KLB, and therefore FGF21 signaling, is limited to adipose tissue, liver, and brain, specifically within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and the hindbrain. The hypothalamus is a critical regulator of energy balance; thus, we hypothesized that the anti‐obesity action of the glucagon‐FGF21 system signals through a central mechanism. To test this hypothesis, we generated mice with neuronal Klb deficiency ( Klb flox x Synapsin1 Cre : Klb ΔCNS ). Klb ΔCNS mice are less susceptible to diet‐induced obesity than control mice (p&lt;0.01), with no differences in food intake or energy expenditure. Following chronic GCGR activation via the selective GCGR agonist IUB288, Klb ΔCNS mice exhibit a partial reduction in body weight (11%) in comparison to control mice (18%) (p&lt;0.001), suggesting that FGF21 mediates glucagon’s anti‐obesity properties through central action. Similar to the congenital knockout, wildtype mice treated with a selective KLB antagonist via intracerebroventricular administration also exhibited partial reductions in body weight following chronic IUB288 treatment. Consistent with GCGR‐stimulated, neuronal FGF21 signaling, we found that neuronal activation, measured via cFos expression, was increased in the SCN following IUB288 injection. To further interrogate SCN‐specific FGF21 signaling, we generated mice with SCN‐specific Klb deficiency ( Klb Δ SCN ) via targeted adenoviral Cre recombinase induction. Klb Δ SCN mice display an increase in food intake, body, and fat mass compared to control mice. Changes in food intake were associated with an increase in both light‐ and dark‐phase feeding for Klb Δ SCN mice compared to controls (p&lt;0.001). Future studies will aim to continue to interrogate SCN‐specific FGF21 signaling via the pharmaceutical antagonist and the Klb ΔCNS model. Taken together, these data suggest that 1) KLB/FGF21 signaling of the SCN is critical for normal energy balance and 2) glucagon mediates part of its anti‐obesity properties through FGF21‐KLB signaling in the CNS. In sum, these findings provide insight for future treatments against obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Support or Funding Information The project described was supported by the NIH grant 1R01DK112934.
Causal Transfer Random Forest: Combining Logged Data and Randomized Experiments for Robust Prediction (2020)

It is often critical for prediction models to be robust to distributional shifts between training and testing data. From a causal perspective, the challenge is to distinguish the stable causal relationships from the unstable spurious correlations across shifts. We describe a causal transfer random forest (CTRF) that combines existing training data with a small amount of data from a randomized experiment to train a model which is robust to the feature shifts and therefore transfers to a new targeting distribution. Theoretically, we justify the robustness of the approach against feature shifts with the knowledge from causal learning. Empirically, we evaluate the CTRF using both synthetic data experiments and real-world experiments in the Bing Ads platform, including a click prediction task and in the context of an end-to-end counterfactual optimization system. The proposed CTRF produces robust predictions and outperforms most baseline methods compared in the presence of feature shifts.
<title>Building bridges between human vision and electronic imaging: a ten-year retrospective</title> (1998)

The Conference on Human Vision and Electronic Imaging had its origins as three sessions in the 1988 SPIE/SPSE Symposium on Electronic Imaging Devices and Systems. These sessions brought together visual psychophysicists and imaging scientists and engineers to explore the relevance of human vision to the design of imaging systems. In the early years of the conference, the focus was on display technology and low-level image coding and rendering. The scope of the conference has grown with the evolution of electronic imaging technology, and the conference today includes papers on visualization, machine vision, digital image libraries, and art. Over the years, the conference has become more focused on truly integrating perception and engineering. We have been proud to see how our community has applied knowledge of perceptual systems to create novel engineering designs, and how knowledge of engineering challenges has led to the identification of novel directions for vision research. This paper will examine the progress of this multidisciplinary field as seen through the lens of this conference, and will speculate on where we are headed.
Automated Antenna Design via Domain Knowledge-Informed Reinforcement Learning and Imitation Learning (2023)

In this study, we propose a novel approach for automating antenna design through the utilization of domain knowledge-informed reinforcement learning (RL) and imitation learning (IL). The proposed method allows the RL agent to learn from its interactions with the environment and to take actions that maximize the reward signal, resulting in the optimal policy. Despite the attractive advantages, the learning process of RL can be challenging and time-consuming, as the agent must explore a vast range of states, actions, and policies. To enhance the efficiency of the design process, we incorporate two key components into the proposed method. First, we utilize domain knowledge, such as the scaling property of antenna, to initialize the antenna parameters. This not only provides interpretability to the design process but also reduces the solution space. Additionally, we employ IL to pretrain the decision-making network within the RL algorithm, which significantly mitigates the data inefficiency issue for RL and reduces the time required to explore feasible solutions. The proposed method has been evaluated using the design of a slot filtering antenna as a case study. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method can achieve the antenna design for different frequencies and bandwidth metrics with at least 50% fewer adjusting steps than the traditional RL method, such as deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG). The combination of RL and IL also results in a considerable performance boost compared to both pure IL and pure RL for antenna designs.
All-Photonic Artificial Neural Network Processor Via Nonlinear Optics (2022)

We propose an all-photonic architecture to accelerate linear matrix processing by encoding information in the amplitudes of frequency states. Our design is unique in providing a unitary, reversible mode of computation at high speeds.
0.5 V ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (2006)

Semiconductor technology scaling has enabled function density increases and cost reductions by orders of magnitudes, but for shrinking device sizes the operating voltages have to be reduced. As we move into the nanoscale semiconductor technologies, power supply voltages well below 1 V are projected. The design of MOS analog circuits operating from a power supply voltage of 0.5 V is discussed in this paper. The scaling of traditional circuit topologies is not possible anymore and new circuit topologies and biasing strategies have to developed. Several design examples are presented. The circuit implementations of gate and body-input 0.5 V operational transconductance ampli.ers and their robust biasing are discussed. These building blocks are combined for the realization of active varactor-tuned RC .lters operating from 0.5 V using standard devices with a ∣VT∣ of 0.5V in a standard 0.18 μm CMOS technology.