gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Controlling the ac-side voltage waveform in a modular multilevel converter with low energy-storage capability (2011)

During nominal operation of a modular multilevel converter the stored energy in the submodule capacitors will vary with time. If the energy storage capability of the capacitors is relatively small compared to the energy variations, this will give large variations in the capacitor voltages. These voltage variations will distort the ac-side voltage waveform and induce harmonic components in the current that is circulating between the dc terminals. The adverse effects on the ac-side voltage can be compensated for by identifying the factors that cause the distortion. It is shown that the compensation can be done by means of feed forward control while maintaining stable operating conditions and thus eliminating the need of additional stabilizing controllers. It is also shown that the voltage controller can be combined with a circulating current controller that removes the harmonics in the current that is circulating between the dc terminals. The functionality of the proposed controller is verified by both simulations and experimental results from a 10 kVA laboratory prototype. The simulations illustrate how the proposed controller successfully removes the distortion from the ac-side voltage waveform. The experimental results demonstrate stable operation during a step transient when the output power is increased by 125%.
A STUDY OF THE HEMADSORPTION VIRUSES (PARA-INFLUENZAE) AND OTHER VIRUSES IN CHILDREN WITH AND WITHOUT RESPIRATORY DISEASE (1960)

In a study of respiratory diseases at the District of Columbia General Hospital from October 1957 to the end of February 1958, the HA viruses were identified significantly more frequently from children (ages 2 months to 4 years) with a respiratory disease than in those without respiratory disease. The HA viruses were also identified in children with respiratory disease more frequently than were the influenza, CA, respiratory syncytial and adenoviruses. The more frequent occurrence of HA viruses than Asian influenza virus during this period was surprising because Asian influenza was reported to be present in epidemic proportions in the District of Columbia and surrounding area during the period covered by the study. The higher percentage of antibody increases in serums over virus isolations suggests an apparently greater sensitivity for serologic testing as a measure of infection in this study. However, this may be attributed, in part, to the occurrence of hospital infections, and therefore the serologic tests may not present a valid estimate of the significance of these viruses as etiologic agents of disease. See table in the PDF file The final diagnosis of illness of patients with HA virus infections showed no specific clinical entity, but rather included most of the common childhood nonbacterial respiratory diseases. Since no specific clinical entity was associated with infection by the hemadsorption viruses, the clinician was unable to make an etiologic diagnosis without the aid of the laboratory.
Ge field-effect transistor with asymmetric metal source/drain fabricated on Ge-on-Insulator: Schottky tunneling source mode operation and conventional mode operation (2019)

Abstract An asymmetric Schottky tunneling source field-effect transistor (STS FET) is a prospective device structure to suppress the short-channel effect. Recently, we succeeded in the fabrication and operation of a Ge-STS n-channel FET with TiN and PtGe asymmetric metal source/drain (S/D) on a bulk Ge substrate. However, the Ge-STS p-channel FET has not been demonstrated yet. In this study, we fabricated an asymmetric metal S/D FET with the same S/D structure on a bulk Ge and a Ge-on-Insulator (GOI) substrate. The GOI was made by using the Smart-Cut TM technique. The device fabricated on a bulk Ge did not operate. On the other hand, the fabricated FET on a GOI, which has a taper-shaped TiN/Ge source interface, showed STS p-FET behavior. These results suggest that the carrier injection can be improved by the optimization of the device structure. As an auxiliary effect, conventional metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) FET operation was also observed, thanks to GOI introduction. We demonstrated both STS mode and MOSFET mode operation in the same device on GOI.
Recombinant Expression and Characterization of Human and Murine ACE2: Species-Specific Activation of the Alternative Renin-Angiotensin-System (2012)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a monocarboxypeptidase of the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) which is known to cleave several substrates among vasoactive peptides. Its preferred substrate is Angiotensin II, which is tightly involved in the regulation of important physiological functions including fluid homeostasis and blood pressure. Ang 1-7, the main enzymatic product of ACE2, became increasingly important in the literature in recent years, as it was reported to counteract hypertensive and fibrotic actions of Angiotensin II via the MAS receptor. The functional connection of ACE2, Ang 1-7, and the MAS receptor is also referred to as the alternative axis of the RAS. In the present paper, we describe the recombinant expression and purification of human and murine ACE2 (rhACE2 and rmACE2). Furthermore, we determined the conversion rates of rhACE2 and rmACE2 for different natural peptide substrates in plasma samples and discovered species-specific differences in substrate specificities, probably leading to functional differences in the alternative axis of the RAS. In particular, conversion rates of Ang 1-10 to Ang 1-9 were found to be substantially different when applying rhACE2 or rmACE2 in vitro. In contrast to rhACE2, rm ACE2 is substantially less potent in transformation of Ang 1-10 to Ang 1-9.
Pericyte-specific vascular expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 – implications for microvascular inflammation and hypercoagulopathy in COVID-19 (2020)

Accumulating clinical observations implicate vascular inflammation as an underlying cause of coagulopathy in severely ill COVID-19 patients and it was recently suggested that SARS-CoV-2 virus particles infect endothelial cells. Here, we show that endothelial cells do not express angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 receptor. Instead, pericytes and microvascular smooth muscle cells express ACE2 in an organotypic manner. Pericyte deficiency leads to increased endothelial expression and release of Von Willebrand factor and intravascular platelet and fibrin aggregation, suggesting that pericytes limit endothelial pro-thrombotic responses. That pericytes and not endothelial cells express ACE2 may provide important clues to the pathology of COVID-19, as pericytes are normally shielded behind an endothelial barrier and may get infected only when this barrier is compromised by COVID-19 risk factors.
A study of noise and spatial resolution for 2D and 3D filtered backprojection reconstruction (2005)

We present an analysis of the benefits of distance-driven backprojection when used as part of a filtered backprojection reconstruction algorithm, and a comparison with pixel-driven backprojection. We simulated phantoms to quantify image noise and spatial resolution, and performed reconstruction using 2D fan-beam FBP and 3D FDK reconstruction. After matching the resolution for pixel-driven and distance-driven for each region, distance-driven driven backprojection resulted in up to 20% noise reduction relative to pixel-driven backprojection at matched spatial resolution, for a 42 cm/spl times/28 cm elliptical water phantom.
Electrical properties of Sb implanted Si1−xGex alloy layers (1992)

Electrical properties of Sb implanted strained Si1−xGex alloy layers are reported. Two sets of Si1−xGex epilayers with compositions of x=0.08 and 0.18, MBE grown on (100)Si substrates, were implanted at room temperature with Sb+ ions at energies of 200 and 100 keV, respectively, and doses of 1013 and 1015 cm−2. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry and spreading resistance profiling measurements show that Sb implantation, with a dose below the critical value for amorphization (1013 cm−2), formed a p-type region upon annealing at 500 °C. Only higher temperature anneals transformed the implanted layer into the expected n-type doping. Maximal values of electrical activity (45±10%) and mobility were obtained in this case only at temperatures around 800–900 °C. For the high dose implantation (1015 cm−2), it was found that the highest activation efficiency at the implantation profile peak was obtained at 500–600 °C, while at the end-of-range region the activation efficiency was very low.
ChemInform Abstract: Homochiral Fluoroorganic Compounds. Part 13. Fluoromethyl‐Substituted Tertiary Alcohols from α‐Fluoro‐α′‐sulfinyl Ketones. (1989)

Abstract Alkylation of the fluorosulfinylketone (I) proceeds with low diastereoselection to give the carbinols (III) and (IV) (X‐ray structure of (IIIb): space group P21, Z=4).
Oligonucleotide Targeting of Long Non-coding RNAs (2019)

In recent years, it has been shown that the central dogma of molecular biology with an underlying “one gene–one protein” concept is no longer viable. Instead, the transcriptome is dominated by non-coding RNA transcripts. Several classes of non-coding RNAs, including ribosomal RNAs, transport RNAs, microRNAs, small nuclear RNAs and a few others have been relatively well characterized. At the same time, there is one family in the non-coding transcriptome, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which, despite being the most abundant, remains structurally and functionally mysterious. Initially considered to be transcriptional noise, lncRNAs have now come under intense scrutiny, and the number of papers on lncRNAs has grown exponentially. Due to their ability to interact with virtually all classes of biomolecules, lncRNAs appear to have unique and enormous functional potential. Such a broad action of lncRNAs promises potential therapeutic implications. It is challenging to target lncRNAs by traditional medicines, such as small molecules and antibodies, but oligonucleotide-based therapies, which have been considerably improved within the last two decades, may be a perfect match. Despite translational studies of lncRNAs being in their infancy, these approaches already appear to be of therapeutic value. Here we discuss basic biology and functions of lncRNAs as well as lncRNA-dependent mechanisms of pathogenesis. We also discuss oligonucleotide-based drugs as a tool to harness those mechanisms for therapeutic purposes.
High-resolution ultrasonic gesture tracking systems for future portable devices (2012)

In the present paper we explore transducer housing designs for high-resolution ultrasonic gesture tracking systems (UGTS) in future portable devices. We show characterization results of two design concepts based on the use of diffractive properties of ultrasound in order to maximize the sensing volume useful for touchless interaction. The designs are described in detail, a validation prototype was constructed and evaluated both using simulations and measurements. In doing so, we develop some simple yet relevant numerica models for the diffractive slits. The proposed design ideas have the potential to be implemented in future UGTS while maintaining sufficiently low friction in the industrial design process, sufficiently low cost and high performance in the user experience.
New Insights into Formation of Trivalent Actinides Complexes with DTPA (2012)

Complexation of trivalent actinides with DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid) was studied as a function of pcH and temperature in (Na,H)Cl medium of 0.1 M ionic strength. Formation constants of both complexes AnHDTPA(-) and AnDTPA(2-) (where An stands for Am, Cm, and Cf) were determined by TRLFS, CE-ICP-MS, spectrophotometry, and solvent extraction. The values of formation constants obtained from the different techniques are coherent and consistent with reinterpreted literature data, showing a higher stability of Cf complexes than Am and Cm complexes. The effect of temperature indicates that formation constants of protonated and nonprotonated complexes are exothermic with a high positive entropic contribution. DFT calculations were also performed on the An/DTPA system. Geometry optimizations were conducted on AnDTPA(2-) and AnHDTPA(-) considering all possible protonation sites. For both complexes, one and two water molecules in the first coordination sphere of curium were also considered. DFT calculations indicate that the lowest energy structures correspond to protonation on oxygen that is not involved in An-DTPA bonds and that the structures with two water molecules are not stable.
Feasibility of elastic and compositional characterization of an arterial plaque by dual mechanical strain and thermal strain imaging using a single ultrasound probe (2011)

Vulnerable plaques are often identified with a lipid pool, which is characterized by its mechanical and compositional contrast to the surrounding water bearing tissues. Ultrasound (US) elasticity imaging (UEI) can assess the elastic property by measuring mechanical strain induced by cardiac pulsation, and US thermal strain imaging (TSI) can determine the lipid contents of the plaque by measuring thermal strain induced by sound speed change due to temperature increase. In this study, the feasibility of dual UEI and TSI using a single US linear array to assess both elasticity and composition of a plaque is demonstrated by in silico simulation and in-vitro water tank experiments.
A YAC contig spanning the blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome and propionic acidemia loci. (1997)

Blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) is an autosomal dominant condition consisting of congenital dysplasia of the eyelids with a reduced horizontal diameter of the palpebral fissures, droopy eyelids and epicanthus inversus. Two clinical entities have been described: type I and type II. The former is distinguished by female infertility, whereas the latter presents without other symptoms. Both type I and type II were recently mapped on the long arm of chromosome 3 (3q22-q23), suggesting a common gene may be affected. The centromeric and the telomeric limits of this region are well defined between loci D3S1316 and D3S1615, which reside approximately 5 cM apart. Here, we present the construction of a YAC contig spanning the entire BPES locus using 17 polymorphic markers, 2 STS and 28 ESTs. This region of approximately 5 Mb was covered by 31 YACs, and was supported by detailed FISH analysis. In addition, we have precisely mapped the propionyl-CoA carboxylase beta polypeptide (PCCB), the gene mutated in propionic acidemia, within this contig. Apart from providing a framework for the identification of the BPES gene, this contig will also be useful for the future identification of defects and genes mapped to this region, and for developing template resources for genomic sequencing.
Investigation of prevalence of free Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)-specific bacteriophages and its correlation with STEC bacterial hosts in a produce-growing area in Salinas, California (2018)

Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) causes approximately 265,000 illnesses and 3,600 hospitalizations annually and is highly associated with animal contamination due to the natural reservoir of ruminant gastrointestinal tracts. Free STEC-specific bacteriophages against STEC strains are also commonly isolated from fecal-contaminated environment. Previous studies have evaluated the correlation between the prevalence of STEC-specific bacteriophages and STEC strains to improve animal-associated environment. However, the similar information regarding free STEC-specific bacteriophages prevalence in produce growing area is lacking. Thus, the objectives of this research were to determine the prevalence of STEC-specific phages, analyze potential effects of environmental factors on the prevalence of the phages, and study correlations between STEC-specific bacteriophages and the bacterial hosts in pre-harvest produce environment. Surface water from 20 samples sites was subjected to free bacteriophage isolation using host strains of both generic E. coli and STEC (O157, six non-O157 and one O179 strains) cocktails, and isolation of O157 and non-O157 STEC strains by use of culture methods combined with PCR-based confirmation. The weather data were obtained from weather station website. Free O145- and O179-specific bacteriophages were the two most frequently isolated bacteriophages among all (O45, O145, O157 and O179) in this study. The results showed June and July had relatively high prevalence of overall STEC-specific bacteriophages with minimum isolation of STEC strains. In addition, the bacteriophages were likely isolated in the area-around or within city-with predominant human impact, whereas the STEC bacterial isolates were commonly found in agriculture impact environment. Furthermore, there was a trend that the sample sites with positive of free STEC bacteriophage did not have the specific STEC bacterial hosts. The findings of the study enable us to understand the ecology between free STEC-specific phages and STEC bacteria for further pre-harvest food safety management in produce environment.
Evolving Role of Tumor Antigens for Future Melanoma Therapies (2014)

Human tumor rejection antigens recognized by T lymphocytes were first defined in the early 1990s and the identification of shared tumor-restricted antigens sparked hopes for the development of a therapeutic vaccination to treat cancer, including melanoma. Despite decades of intense preclinical and clinical research, the success of anticancer vaccines based on these antigens has been limited. While melanoma is a highly immunogenic tumor, the ability to prime immunity with vaccines has not generally translated into objective disease regression. However, with the development of small molecules targeting oncogenic proteins, such as V600-mutated BRAF, and immune checkpoint inhibitors with demonstrable long-lasting clinical benefit, new opportunities for antigen-targeted directed therapies are emerging.
Endocrine-metabolic relationships in patients with leprechaunism. (1982)

Leprechaunism is a rare, heritable syndrome, associated with multiple dysmorphic and pathologic features, suggestive of an endocrine dysfunction. Few endocrine and metabolic studies have been obtained because of the rarity of the syndrome, and the small size and early demise of these infants. The authors present here the clinical, anatomic, and endocrine-metabolic studies of three patients, with a view toward careful delineation of the syndrome and further characterization of the metabolic defect.The most striking and consistent metabolic derangements present in all of these patients were fasting hypoglycemia (less than 20 mg/dL), postprandial hyperglycemia (more than 250 mg/dL), marked hyperinsulinemia (more than 2000 μU/mL), and severe insulin resistance (less than a 20 percent decrease in blood sugar with 0.3 to 1.0 U/kg of regular insulin IV). Hyperinsulinemia was observed in response to oral feedings and glucose infusion, and after tolbutamide. Insulin secretion was less marked with amino acid infusions. Normal increments in blood glucose occurred following alanine, galactose, and glycerol. Glucagon caused a rise in glucose 4 hours after a meal, but no response was seen after a 12-hour fast. Pituitary, gonadal, and adrenal hormone levels were normal, and there was a normal response pattern to GnRH and TRH. Hyperinsulinemia would appear to be the biochemical hallmark of this disease. Our previous studies were suggestive of a postreceptor defect in insulin action. The present endocrine-metabolic studies are compatible with this hypothesis. Interaction of supraphysiologic concentrations of plasma insulin with growth factor receptors, this may provide a partial explanation for some of the dysmorphic features seen in the disorder.
Pyrolysis-based Technology for Recovering Useful Materials from Epoxy Resin Compounds for Molding for Electronic Components. (1999)

A pyrolysis-based technology was applied to recover high purity silica filler from epoxy resin compounds (molding resins) for electronic components, and to reuse it as a filler in the present paper. Molding resins mainly contain epoxy resin, harder, silica filler (70-85 wt %) and flame retardant consisting of brominated epoxy resin and antimony trioxide. Most effective conditions to reduce impurities in the recovered silica were found as heat around 1,000-1,100 °C and to keep oxygen concentration 5-10 vol. %. On the basis of these results, we have developed a practical process for recovering silica filler from molding resins using a roller kiln-type furnace. The recovered silica achieved a purity of C < 0.01 wt %, Sb < 0.4 wt %, and PO43- < 0.002 wt %. A jet-mil treatment was effective to grind the aggregates of recovered silica powder and to increase the reactivity of its surfaces. The recovered silica treated with the jet-mill showed good properties as a filler for a cast insulating epoxy resin compound. A secondary combustion method was successfully applied to the decomposition of the combustion gas. The treatment of the gas by heating at 1,100 °C decreased the toxic organic bromine compounds to a safe level and converted the antimony tribromide to diantimony trioxide, which could be collected by a dry recovery process at high recovery rate.
FSP27 interacts with ATGL to regulate lipolysis and insulin sensitivity in human adipocytes (LB60) (2014)

In adipocytes, lipolysis is a highly regulated process involving hormonal signals, lipid droplet‐associated proteins and lipases. The discovery of new lipid droplet‐associated proteins added complexity to the current model of lipolysis. In the present study, we used cultured human adipocytes to demonstrate that Fat Specific Protein 27 (FSP27), an abundantly expressed protein in adipocytes, regulates both basal and stimulated lipolysis by interacting with adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). We identified a core domain of FSP27, aa 120‐220, that interacts with ATGL to inhibit its lipolytic function and promote triglyceride storage. We also defined the role of FSP27 in free fatty acid‐induced insulin resistance in adipocytes. FSP27 depletion in human adipocytes increased lipolysis and inhibited insulin signaling by decreasing AKT phosphorylation. However, reducing lipolysis by either depletion of ATGL or expression of exogenous full length FSP27 or aa 120‐220 protected human adipocytes against the adverse effects of free fatty acids on insulin signaling. In embryonic fibroblasts derived from ATGL‐KO mice, exogenous free fatty acids did not affect insulin sensitivity. Our results demonstrate a crucial role for FSP27‐ATGL interactions in regulating lipolysis, TG accumulation, and insulin signaling in human adipocytes. Grant Funding Source : Supported by NIH‐NIDDK R56DK094815, NIH‐NIDDK P30DK046200, KL‐2 (8KL2TR000158)