gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Topology optimized design of a transverse electric higher order mode converter (2016)

Summary form only given. The investigation of methods to support the ever increasing demand for data transfer has continued for years; one such method suggested within the field of optical communication, is space division multiplexing (SDM). Simultaneously the field of photonic integrated circuits (PICs) is being investigated due to attractive features such as high device density and low operating power. For PICs it is necessary with a toolbox of devices and one such of importance to the processing of on chip SDM is the mode converter. Several schemes have been used to realize such devices. In this paper we present the possibility of employing topology optimization (TO) to design a device that allows for reversible conversion between the transverse electric fundamental even (TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> ) mode and the second higher order odd mode (TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ). Topology optimization is an iterative inverse design process, where repeated finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations are made in accordance with a sensitivity analysis. This is done using a software package which has been developed in house, and which has shown to deliver low loss designs with a controllable bandwidth in addition to small device footprints. The design is made for fabrication in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) and previous work has shown excellent concordance between simulations and experimental results when employing 3D TO.
Methylformate from CO2: an integrated process combining catalytic hydrogenation and reactive distillation (2019)

Catalyst immobilization in decane and repetitive hydrogenation of CO<sub>2</sub> to HCOOH-amine with subsequent reactive distillation of the resulting methanolic solution.
A Short-Chain Multibranched Perfluoroalkyl Thiol for More Sustainable Hydrophobic Coatings (2018)

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have proven to be very efficient in building up omniphobic surfaces because of the peculiar properties of fluorine atoms. However, due to their environmental impact and bioaccumulative potential, perfluorinated surfactants with chains longer than six carbon atoms have been banned, and other alternatives had to be found. Herein, we demonstrate the possibility to build omniphobic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) using a multibranched fluorinated thiol (BRFT) bearing ultrashort fluorinated alkyl groups, surrounding a hydrocarbon polar core. This unique design allows us to multiply the number of fluorine atoms in the molecule (27 F atoms per molecule), affording a high fluorine density on the surface and a low surface free energy. Moreover, the presence of four ether bonds in the core may hasten molecular degradation in the environment because of the cleavage of such bonds in physiological conditions, thus overcoming bioaccumulation issues. BRFT may effectively represent a valuable substitute of long-chain perfluoroalkyl thiols. In fact, BRFT SAMs show the same hydrophobic and oleophobic performances of standard linear perfluoroalkyl thiols (such as 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecanethiol, PFDT), giving rise to more stable surfaces with a better frictional behavior. Superhydrophobicity was also observed with SAMs grown on nanostructured Cu/Ag surfaces. Our results have proven the ability of short-chain multibranched fluorous molecules to behave as suitable replacements for long-chain perfluoroalkanes in the field of surface coatings. Our molecules may be applied to various surfaces because of the available multiple choice of linker chemistry.
Sorting of P-type ATPases in polarized epithelial cells. (1998)

The Na,K-ATPase and the H,K-ATPase are highly homologous members of the P-type family of ion transporting ATPase. Despite their structural similarity, these two pumps are sorted to different destinations in polarized epithelial cells. While the Na,K-ATPase is restricted to the basolateral surfaces of most epithelial cells types, the H,K-ATPase is concentrated at the apical plasmalemma and in a pre-apical vesicular storage compartment in the parietal cells of the stomach. We have generated molecular chimeras composed of complementary portions of these two pumps' alpha-subunits. By expressing these pump constructs in polarized epithelial cells in culture, we have been able to identify sequence domains which participate in the targetting of the holoenzyme. We find that information embedded within the sequence of the fourth transmembrane domain of the H,K-ATPase is sufficient to account for this protein's apical localization. Stimulation of gastric acid secretion results in insertion of the intracellular H,K-ATPase pool into the apical plasma membrane and inactivation of acid secretion is accompanied by the re-internalization of these pumps. We have identified a tyrosine-based signal in the cytoplasmic tail of the H,K-ATPase beta-subunit which appears to be required for this endocytosis. We have mutated the critical tyrosine residue to alanine and expressed the altered protein in transgenic mice. The H,K-ATPase remains continuously at the apical cell surface in parietal cells from these animals, and they constitutively hypersecrete gastric acid. These results demonstrate that the beta-subunit sequence mediates the internalization of the H,K-ATPase and is required for the cessation of gastric acid secretion. Thus, at least two sorting signals are required to ensure the proper targetting and regulation of the gastric H,K pump.
Tissue Kallikrein Elicits Cardioprotection by Direct Kinin B2 Receptor Activation Independent of Kinin Formation (2008)

Tissue kallikrein exerts various biological functions through kinin formation with subsequent kinin B2 receptor activation. Recent studies showed that tissue kallikrein directly activates kinin B2 receptor in cultured cells expressing human kinin B2 receptor. In the present study, we investigated the role of tissue kallikrein in protection against cardiac injury through direct kinin B2 receptor activation using kininogen-deficient Brown Norway Katholiek rats after acute myocardial infarction. Tissue kallikrein was injected locally into the myocardium of Brown Norway Katholiek rats after coronary artery ligation with and without coinjection of icatibant (a kinin B2 receptor antagonist) and N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methylester (an NO synthase inhibitor). One day after myocardial infarction, tissue kallikrein treatment significantly improved cardiac contractility and reduced myocardial infarct size and left ventricle end diastolic pressure in Brown Norway Katholiek rats. Kallikrein attenuated ischemia-induced apoptosis and monocyte/macrophage accumulation in the ischemic myocardium in conjunction with increased NO levels and reduced myeloperoxidase activity. Icatibant and N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methylester abolished kallikrein's effects, indicating a kinin B2 receptor NO-mediated event. Moreover, inactive kallikrein had no beneficial effects in cardiac function, myocardial infarction, apoptosis, or inflammatory cell infiltration after myocardial infarction. In primary cardiomyocytes derived from Brown Norway Katholiek rats under serum-free conditions, active, but not inactive, kallikrein reduced hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis and caspase-3 activity, and the effects were mediated by kinin B2 receptor/nitric oxide formation. This is the first study to demonstrate that tissue kallikrein directly activates kinin B2 receptor in the absence of kininogen to reduce infarct size, apoptosis, and inflammation and improve cardiac performance of infarcted hearts.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy: Does the Source Matter?* (2018)

Ghanta, Sailaja MD; Kwon, Min-Young PhD; Rosas, Ivan O. MD; Liu, Xiaoli MD, PhD; Perrella, Mark A. MD Author Information
An implantable multichannel ultrasonic pulsed Doppler blood flowmeter (2003)

An optimal architecture for an implantable multichannel ultrasonic pulsed Doppler blood flowmeter, based on power consumption, implant volume, channel isolation, and signal processing, is presented. The theoretical limits are determined by studying the effects of the system variables on the range of measurable blood velocities. A real-time discrete Fourier transform frequency estimator is implemented in the multichannel flowmeter to facilitate faster and more accurate frequency estimates than those obtained by the conventional zero-crossing counter. The design of a prototype three-channel flowmeter is introduced, and the feasibility of simultaneous multichannel flow measurements is demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Adaptable test-bed for characterization of micro-wineglass resonators (2013)

We present an adaptable test-bed for characterization of 3-D micro-wineglass resonators. The test-bed provides two interchangeable modes of excitation: (1) Mechanical pinging using a piezo actuated probe assembly, (2) electrostatic excitation using assembled electrode structures with <; 20 μm capacitive gaps. Two modes of detection is also available: Optical pick-up using laser Doppler vibrometry and capacitive detection. 3-D micro-glassblown wineglass resonators were used to demonstrate the capabilities of the test-bed. Electrostatic excitation and capacitive detection was used to obtain the frequency response of a glass resonator showing a Q-factor of 40,000 at 14.8 kHz. Piezo-pinging was used to obtain the time domain response of a resonator, showing a 28 Hz frequency split (0.1% relative split) between the two degenerate wineglass modes (f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> = 22036 Hz, f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> = 22064 Hz).
The Apoptotic Pathway Contributing to the Deletion of Naive CD8 T Cells during the Induction of Peripheral Tolerance to a Cross-Presented Self-Antigen (2008)

Abstract The maintenance of T cell tolerance in the periphery proceeds through several mechanisms, including anergy, immuno-regulation, and deletion via apoptosis. We examined the mechanism underlying the induction of CD8 T cell peripheral tolerance to a self-Ag expressed on pancreatic islet β-cells. Following adoptive transfer, Ag-specific clone 4 T cells underwent deletion independently of extrinsic death receptors, including Fas, TNFR1, or TNFR2. Additional experiments revealed that the induction of clone 4 T cell apoptosis during peripheral tolerance occurred via an intrinsic death pathway that could be inhibited by overexpression of Bcl-2 or targeted deletion of the proapoptotic molecule, Bim, thereby resulting in accumulation of activated clone 4 T cells. Over-expression of Bcl-2 in clone 4 T cells promoted the development of effector function and insulitis whereas Bim−/− clone 4 cells were not autoaggressive. Examination of the upstream molecular mechanisms contributing to clone 4 T cell apoptosis revealed that it proceeded in a p53, E2F1, and E2F2-independent manner. Taken together, these data reveal that initiation of clone 4 T cell apoptosis during the induction of peripheral tolerance to a cross-presented self-Ag occurs through a Bcl-2-sensitive and at least partially Bim-dependent mechanism.
A Novel False Lock Detection Technique for a Wide Frequency Range Delay-Locked Loop (2006)

A false lock free delay-locked loop(DLL) achieving a wide frequency operation and a fine timing resolution is presented. A novel false lock detection technique is proposed to solve the trade-off between a wide frequency range and false locks. This technique enables a fine timing resolution even at a high frequency. In addition, the duty cycle of the input clock is not required to be 50%. This technique is applied to the DLLs in analog front-end LSIs of digital camera systems, with a range of 4∼65 MHz (×16) and a timing resolution of 9° (40 stages).
Measurement limits in flash thermography (2009)

Although active thermography has traditionally been regarded as a qualitative NDT method, its potential for quantitative measurement of thermophysical properties including wall thickness, flaw size and depth, thermal diffusivity or effusivity has been the subject of numerous investigations. Enabled by improvements in IR camera technology and fast, abundant and inexpensive computing power for advanced signal processing, measurement results have been reported using a variety of excitation and signal processing schemes. Results are often presented as a correlation between thermography data and nominal properties or independent measurements by another "validated" method. However, given the diffusion mechanism that underlies thermography, and the quantization and sampling conditions implicit in using an IR camera as a temperature sensor, there are definite limits to what can be achieved in a thermography measurement. While many benefits can be achieved with improved instrumentation, efficient energy insertion or optimized signal processing, ultimately, the limits imposed by diffusion and instrumentation take precedence, and cannot be circumvented. In this paper, the effects of camera frame rate and sensitivity on measurement of the thickness of a slab are examined, using basic 1-dimensional diffusion approximations.
New technology for rapid molecular diagnosis of bloodstream infections (2010)

Technologies for the correct and timely diagnosis of bloodstream infections are urgently needed. Molecular diagnostic methods have yet to have a major impact on the diagnosis of bloodstream infections; however, new methods are being developed that are beginning to address key issues. In this article, we discuss the key needs and objectives of molecular diagnostics for bloodstream infections and review some of the currently available methods and how these techniques meet key needs. We then focus on a new method that combines nucleic acid amplification with mass spectrometry in a novel approach to molecular diagnosis of bloodstream infections.
UK Research Information Shared Service (UKRISS) Final Report, July 2014 (2014)

The reporting of research information is a complex and expensive activity for research organisations (ROs). There is little alignment between funders of the reporting requests made to institutions and requests made to individual researchers about their research outputs and outcomes. This inevitably results in duplication and increased costs across the sector, whilst limiting the potential sharing and reuse of the information. The UK Research Information Shared Service (UKRISS) project conducted a feasibility and scoping study for the reporting of research information at a national level based on CERIF (Common European Research Information Format), with the objective of increasing efficiency, productivity and quality across the sector. The aim was to define and prototype solutions which are compelling, easy to use, have a low entry barrier, and support innovative information sharing and benchmarking. CERIF has emerged as the preferred format for expressing research information across Europe. To date, CERIF has been piloted for specific applications, but not as a format for reporting requirements across all UK ROs. The final report presents the work carried out by the UKRISS project, including requirements gathering, modelling and prototyping, as well as recommendation for sustainability. UKRISS was divided into two phases. Phase 1, mapping the reporting landscape, ran from March 2012 to December 2012. Phase 2, exploring delivery of potential solutions, began in February 2013 and ended in December 2013.
Golgi localization of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and interaction with furin in cerebral COVID-19 microangiopathy: a clue to the central nervous system involvement? (2023)

In a neuropathological series of 20 COVID-19 cases, we analyzed six cases (three biopsies and three autopsies) with multiple foci predominantly affecting the white matter as shown by MRI. The cases presented with microhemorrhages evocative of small artery diseases. This COVID-19 associated cerebral microangiopathy (CCM) was characterized by perivascular changes: arterioles were surrounded by vacuolized tissue, clustered macrophages, large axonal swellings and a crown arrangement of aquaporin-4 immunoreactivity. There was evidence of blood-brain-barrier leakage. Fibrinoid necrosis, vascular occlusion, perivascular cuffing and demyelination were absent. While no viral particle or viral RNA was found in the brain, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was detected in the Golgi apparatus of brain endothelial cells where it closely associated with furin, a host protease known to play a key role in virus replication. Endothelial cells in culture were not permissive to SARS-CoV-2 replication. The distribution of the spike protein in brain endothelial cells differed from that observed in pneumocytes. In the latter, the diffuse cytoplasmic labeling suggested a complete replication cycle with viral release, notably through the lysosomal pathway. In contrast, in cerebral endothelial cells the excretion cycle was blocked in the Golgi apparatus. Interruption of the excretion cycle could explain the difficulty of SARS-CoV-2 to infect endothelial cells <i>in vitro</i> and to produce viral RNA in the brain. Specific metabolism of the virus in brain endothelial cells could weaken the cell walls and eventually lead to the characteristic lesions of COVID-19 associated cerebral microangiopathy. Furin as a modulator of vascular permeability could provide some clues for the control of late effects of microangiopathy.
Verification of [sup 7]Li enrichment in lithium hydroxide by thermal neutron irradiation (1992)

Lithium hydroxide is used to control the pH of coolant water in the primary loop of pressurized water reactors (PWRs). Natural lithium consists of 93.45 wt% [sup 7]Li and 6.55 wt% [sup 6]Li. However, due to the high thermal neutron cross section of the [sup 6]Li(n,[alpha])[sup 3]H reaction, the LiOH compounds used in PWRs are typically enriched to 99.9 wt% [sup 7]Li to minimize the production of radioactive tritium ([sup 3]H). A simple method to measure the [sup 7]Li content of an enriched LiOH compound has been developed. Enriched LiOH is irradiated in a thermal neutron flux, and its resulting [sup 3]H activity is radioassayed and compared to that of natural LiOH, which has been subjected to an identical irradiation. Since the [sup 3]H activity is a linear function of the [sup 6]Li content of the compound, the percentage of [sup 6]Li in the enriched compound can be calculated based on the well-known [sup 6]Li composition of natural lithium. The percentage of [sup 7]Li in the enriched compound is then readily calculated because the lithium consists only of the [sup 6]Li and [sup 7]Li isotopes. This method has been used to compare the [sup 7]Li contents of three enriched LiOHmore » powders sold by different vendors.« less
Spectral signatures of many-body localization with interacting photons (2017)

Statistical mechanics is founded on the assumption that a system can reach thermal equilibrium, regardless of the starting state. Interactions between particles facilitate thermalization, but, can interacting systems always equilibrate regardless of parameter values\,? The energy spectrum of a system can answer this question and reveal the nature of the underlying phases. However, most experimental techniques only indirectly probe the many-body energy spectrum. Using a chain of nine superconducting qubits, we implement a novel technique for directly resolving the energy levels of interacting photons. We benchmark this method by capturing the intricate energy spectrum predicted for 2D electrons in a magnetic field, the Hofstadter butterfly. By increasing disorder, the spatial extent of energy eigenstates at the edge of the energy band shrink, suggesting the formation of a mobility edge. At strong disorder, the energy levels cease to repel one another and their statistics approaches a Poisson distribution - the hallmark of transition from the thermalized to the many-body localized phase. Our work introduces a new many-body spectroscopy technique to study quantum phases of matter.
A New Family of Extended Baum-Welch Update Rules (2008)

In this paper, we consider a generalization of the state-of-art&#13;\ndiscriminative method for optimizing the conditional likelihood in&#13;\nHidden Markov Models (HMMs), called the Extended Baum-Welch (EBW)&#13;\nalgorithm, that has had significant impact on the speech recognition&#13;\ncommunity. We propose a generalized form of EBW update rules that&#13;\ncan be associated with a weighted sum of updated and initial models,&#13;\nand demonstrate that using novel update rules can significantly&#13;\nspeed up parameter estimation for Gaussian mixtures.
<title>Viability of conventional high-NA KrF imaging for sub-0.25-um lithography</title> (1996)

As the competitive pressures of the semiconductor industry drive to feature sizes below 250 nanometer, unconventional imaging approaches are being considered in order to preserve the cost effectiveness of optical lithography. To achieve minimum feature size with a usable process window, phase shift masks, off-axis illumination, and ArF lithography have been investigated with varying degrees of success. Unfortuanely, the maturity and flexibility of such techniques are questionable at this time. This paper investigates the extendibilty of traditional imaging approaches for use in the sub 250 nanometer regime. Aerial image simulations were used to set expectation levels by increasing lens numerical aperture versus prior state of the art exposure systems. Experimental data was then generated with an advanced 0.6 NA excimer laser based step and scan exposure system. Single point per field comparisons are made between simulations and experimental data covering linearity, depth of focus, and exposure dose window for feature sizes between 250 nanometers and 200 nanometers. In addition, data reviewing the ability to extend such performance across a 25 mm by 33 mm field size is reviewed.
Plug in estimation in high dimensional linear inverse problems a rigorous analysis * (2019)

Abstract Estimating a vector from noisy linear measurements often requires use of prior knowledge or structural constraints on for accurate reconstruction. Several recent works have considered combining linear least-squares estimation with a generic or ‘plug-in’ denoiser function that can be designed in a modular manner based on the prior knowledge about . While these methods have shown excellent performance, it has been difficult to obtain rigorous performance guarantees. This work considers plug-in denoising combined with the recently-developed vector approximate message passing (VAMP) algorithm, which is itself derived via expectation propagation techniques. It shown that the mean squared error of this ‘plug-and-play’ VAMP can be exactly predicted for high-dimensional right-rotationally invariant random and Lipschitz denoisers. The method is demonstrated on applications in image recovery and parametric bilinear estimation.
Recent Developments in the Identification of Chemotherapeutics for Chagas Disease (2005)

Chagas Disease, caused by the T. cruzi parasite, is one of the largest public health problems in the Western hemisphere. Although its spread has diminished due to vector eradication programs, effective chemotherapeutics for the disease itself remain elusive. Many efforts towards the development of antiparasitic agents active against a number of targets have been described recently in the literature. This review summarizes developments in trypanosidal agents from 2000 through 2003.