gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fog Effects on Time-of-Flight Imaging Investigated by Ray-Tracing Simulations (2018)

Time-of-Flight (ToF) sensors are a key technology for autonomous vehicles and autonomous mobile robotics. Quantifying the extent of perturbation induced by atmospheric phenomena on ToF imaging is critical to identify effective correction strategies. Here we present an approach that uses optical ray-tracing to simulate the ToF image, while the distance information is recovered by analyzing the optical path of each ray. Such an approach allows, for example, understanding the effects of different ray paths on the ToF image, or testing various retrieval/correction algorithms upon running a single ray-tracing simulation. By modelling several scattering scenarios, we show that ranging errors arise mostly from light backscattered to the sensor prior reaching the scene. Scattering events close to the sensors (&lt;1 m) have the largest influence, therefore strategies capable of filtering out signals from distances shorter than the range of interest can significantly improve the accuracy of ToF sensors.
- Immunobiotics and Immunity Against Parasites (2013)

Parasitism represents a “win-lose” situation in which one organism benefi ts from the relationship while the other member is harmed by it (Faust and Raes 2012). Actually, parasites could lead from undetectable or minor effects to debilitating or fatal diseases. In addition, it has been demonstrated that interaction with parasites could lead to dramatical modifi cation of the host’s phenotype (Goodman and Johnson 2011).
Note: Heated sample platform for in situ temperature-programmed XPS (2011)

We present the design, fabrication, and performance of the multi-specimen heated platform for linear in situ heating during the Temperature-Programmed XPS (TPXPS). The platform is versatile, compatible with high vacuum (HV) and bakeout. The heater platform is tested under in situ linear heating of typical high surface area sorbent∕catalyst support--nanoporous TiO(2). The platform allows the TPXPS of multiple samples located on specimen disk that can be transferred in and out of the TPXPS chamber. Electric characteristics, temperature and pressure curves are provided. Heating power supply, PID temperature controller, data-logging hardware and software are described.
Immunomagnetic Isolation of Streptococcus suis Serotypes 2 and 1/2 from Swine Tonsils (1999)

Isolation of specific serotypes of Streptococcus suis from the tonsils, nasal cavities, and genital tract is difficult, since low-pathogenic serotypes and untypeable strains also inhabit these sites. An immunomagnetic separation (IMS) technique for the selective isolation of S. suis serotypes 2 and 1/2 was standardized. Superparamagnetic polystyrene beads (immunomagnetic beads or IMB) were coated with either a purified monoclonal antibody (MAb) directed to a capsular sialic acid-containing epitope or purified rabbit immunoglobulin G (polyclonal antibody [PAb]), both specific for S. suis serotypes 2 and 1/2. The amount of antibodies required for optimum coating of the beads, the number of IMB required for optimum bacterial recovery, and the nonspecific carryover were considerably higher with the MAb-IMS technique than with the PAb-IMS technique. The sensitivity of the IMS technique was 10(1) CFU/0.1 g of tonsil. The presence of serotype 1/2 bacteria did not considerably affect the recovery rate of a serotype 2 strain and vice versa. To validate the technique, PAb-coated beads were used to study 192 tonsils from animals from S. suis serotype 2- or 1/2-infected herds. Results showed that significantly more positive tonsils were detected by the IMS technique than by the standard procedure. This method represents an innovative and highly sensitive approach for the isolation of S. suis serotypes 2 and 1/2 from carrier animals.
Growth and characterization of GaAs/InGaP heterostructure for semiconductor laser cooling (2007)

We present the growth and characterization of high quality semiconductor laser cooling material. The structure consists of GaAs passivated by InGaP which has been reported to have a longest surface recombination lifetime. GaAs was grown on 10 degree miscut GaAs substrate and sandwiched between lattice matched In<sub>0.49</sub>Ga<sub>0.51</sub>P. This structure was grown by a low-pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) system. The material was grown in the temperature range of 550 to 700 °C at 60.8 Torr. The morphology of InGaP was improved by the growth on 10 degree miscut substrate along <110> direction, which is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The uninterrupted growth technique and GaP separation layer are employed to prevent the indium segregation and P/As intermixing at the interface between InGaP and GaAs. The effects of V/III ratio, growth temperature and material precursors on material impurities were also studied. The carrier lifetimes were measured using the time resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) technique at cryogenic temperatures. The experimental results show that the carrier lifetime was increased by 5 times with the use of TBA as arsenic source in place of AsH<sub>3</sub>. Recent results show a highest room temperature carrier lifetime of 2 &mgr;sec.
ERAAP Shapes the Peptidome Associated with Classical and Nonclassical MHC Class I Molecules (2016)

The peptide repertoire presented by classical as well as nonclassical MHC class I (MHC I) molecules is altered in the absence of the endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase associated with Ag processing (ERAAP). To characterize the extent of these changes, peptides from cells lacking ERAAP were eluted from the cell surface and analyzed by high-throughput mass spectrometry. We found that most peptides found in wild-type (WT) cells were retained in the absence of ERAAP. In contrast, a subset of "ERAAP-edited" peptides was lost in WT cells, and ERAAP-deficient cells presented a unique "unedited" repertoire. A substantial fraction of MHC-associated peptides from ERAAP-deficient cells contained N-terminal extensions and had a different molecular composition than did those from WT cells. We found that the number and immunogenicity of peptides associated with nonclassical MHC I was increased in the absence of ERAAP. Conversely, only peptides presented by classical MHC I were immunogenic in ERAAP-sufficient cells. Finally, MHC I peptides were also derived from different intracellular sources in ERAAP-deficient cells.
α-Defensin expression during myelopoiesis: identification of cis and trans elements that regulate expression of NP-3 in rat promyelocytes (2003)

Alpha-defensins are antimicrobial peptides that contribute to innate-immune functions of neutrophils and intestinal Paneth cells. Transcription of alpha-defensin genes occurs early in neutrophilic myelopoeisis. To examine the mechanisms that regulate alpha-defensin gene expression, we analyzed transcription of rat neutrophil alpha-defensin NP-3 in D4 cells, a subclone of the promyelocytic cell line IPC-81. Northern blot analysis showed that D4 cells express fivefold higher levels of alpha-defensin mRNA than the parental cell line in a manner relatively independent of passage number. Increased levels of steady-state mRNA in D4 cells correlated with markedly elevated peptide levels detected by immunocytochemical staining. To identify the cis-acting DNA elements involved in tissue-specific expression, D4 cells were transfected with luciferase reporter constructs containing NP-3 gene 5'-flanking sequences. Analyses of transfected D4 cells demonstrated that the proximal 87 base pair (bp) sequence contained cis-acting DNA elements necessary for optimal promoter activity. Mutational analyses within the 87-bp region suggested the involvement of the CAAT box and a putative polyoma enhancer-binding protein 2/core-binding factor (PEBP2/CBF) site in defensin gene transcription. Transient transfection analyses using tandem repeats of oligonucleotides containing these sequences demonstrated that proximity of the CAAT box and PEBP2/CBF site was important for defensin promoter activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that PEBP2/CBF or a PEBP2/CBF-related protein was involved in a specific protein-DNA interaction occurring within a DNA fragment containing the CAAT and PEBP2/CBF sequences. These data identify functional trans- and cis-elements that regulate rat defensin gene expression in high defensin-expressing promyelocytic cells.
Systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome (2007)

Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA Correspondence to Betty Diamond, Chief, Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Ave, New York, NY 10032, USA Tel: +1 212 851 4576; e-mail: [email protected]
Optical coherence tomography and optical coherence domain reflectometry for deep brain stimulation probe guidance (2005)

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is FDA-approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and essential tremor. Currently, placement of DBS leads is guided through a combination of anatomical targeting and intraoperative microelectrode recordings. The physiological mapping process requires several hours, and each pass of the microelectrode into the brain increases the risk of hemorrhage. Optical Coherence Domain Reflectometry (OCDR) in combination with current methodologies could reduce surgical time and increase accuracy and safety by providing data on structures some distance ahead of the probe. For this preliminary study, we scanned a rat brain in vitro using polarization-insensitive Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). For accurate measurement of intensity and attenuation, polarization effects arising from tissue birefringence are removed by polarization diversity detection. A fresh rat brain was sectioned along the coronal plane and immersed in a 5 mm cuvette with saline solution. OCT images from a 1294 nm light source showed depth profiles up to 2 mm. Light intensity and attenuation rate distinguished various tissue structures such as hippocampus, cortex, external capsule, internal capsule, and optic tract. Attenuation coefficient is determined by linear fitting of the single scattering regime in averaged A-scans where Beer’s law is applicable. Histology showed very good correlation with OCT images. From the preliminary study using OCT, we conclude that OCDR is a promising approach for guiding DBS probe placement.
ChemInform Abstract: The Significance of Acid/Base Properties in Drug Discovery (2013)

Abstract Review: 62 refs.
Microheater-integrated silicon coupled photonic crystal microcavities for low-power thermo-optic switching over a wide spectrum (2016)

We design, fabricate and experimentally demonstrate a compact thermo-optic gate switch comprising a 3.78&mu;m-long coupled L0-type photonic crystal microcavities on a silicon-on-insulator substrate. A nanohole is inserted in the center of each individual L0 photonic crystal microcavity. Coupling between identical microcavities gives rise to bonding and antibonding states of the coupled photonic molecules. The coupled photonic crystal microcavities are numerically simulated and experimentally verified with a 6nm-wide flat-bottom resonance in its transmission spectrum, which enables wider operational spectrum range than microring resonators. An integrated micro-heater is in direct contact with the silicon core to efficiently drive the device. The thermo-optic switch is measured with an optical extinction ratio of 20dB, an on-off switching power of 18.2mW, a therm-optic tuning efficiency of 0.63nm/mW, a rise time of 14.8&mu;sec and a fall time of 18.5&mu;sec. The measured on-chip loss on the transmission band is as low as 1dB.
Lamin A/C deficiency causes defective nuclear mechanics and mechanotransduction (2004)

Mutations in the lamin A/C gene (LMNA) cause a variety of human diseases including Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. The tissue-specific effects of lamin mutations are unclear, in part because the function of lamin A/C is incompletely defined, but the many muscle-specific phenotypes suggest that defective lamin A/C could increase cellular mechanical sensitivity. To investigate the role of lamin A/C in mechanotransduction, we subjected lamin A/C–deficient mouse embryo fibroblasts to mechanical strain and measured nuclear mechanical properties and strain-induced signaling. We found that Lmna–/– cells have increased nuclear deformation, defective mechanotransduction, and impaired viability under mechanical strain. NF-κB–regulated transcription in response to mechanical or cytokine stimulation was attenuated in Lmna–/– cells despite increased transcription factor binding. Lamin A/C deficiency is thus associated with both defective nuclear mechanics and impaired mechanically activated gene transcription. These findings suggest that the tissue-specific effects of lamin A/C mutations observed in the laminopathies may arise from varying degrees of impaired nuclear mechanics and transcriptional activation.
Charge Carrier Transport in Red Electrophosphorescent Emitting Layer (2006)

The concentration dependence of bis(2-(2'-benzo[4,5-a]thienyl)pyridinato- N , C 3' )iridium (acetylacetonate) [btp 2 Ir(acac)] in [btp 2 Ir(acac):4,4'- N , N '-dicarbazole-biphenyl] (CBP) thin films has been studied by time-of-flight transient photocurrent measurements. It is found that electron drift mobility is dramatically decreased at low btp 2 Ir(acac) concentrations (&lt;1.5%) and is increased with the further addition of btp 2 Ir(acac) in btp 2 Ir(acac)-doped CBP thin films. The increase in electron drift mobility is due to electron hopping between btp 2 Ir(acac) molecules. In contrast, the hole transit signals of btp 2 Ir(acac)-doped CBP thin films were not observed.
Economic Analysis of Increased Protein and Decreased Yield Due to Delayed Planting of Soybean (1990)

Protein content of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is known to increase as planting date is delayed. A recent decision by the Federal Grain Inspection Service to offer protein and oil testing as official criteria may increase farmer's interest in cultural practices that alter the chemical constituent value of soybean. The objective of this study was to determine if the gross value per acre was increased sufficiently, due to the increased protein of delayed planting date, to economically offset the decreased oil content and grain yield. Three soybean cultivars were evaluated as whole plots in a split‐plot design, in factorial combination with five planting dates and three different sizes of seed planted as split plots. The increased value due to higher protein did not economically compensate for the decreased oil percentage and grain yield from late plantings. Gross value per acre decreased as planting date was delayed for the three protein price to oil price ratios evaluated.
Application of Reversed Silicon Wafer Direct Bonding to Thin-Film SOI Power ICs (1998)

Reversed silicon wafer direct bonding (RSDB) has been applied to Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) power Integrated Circuits (ICs). The RSDB power metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is superior to the power MOSFET using a conventional SOI substrate. In a RSDB power MOSFET, the threshold voltage is independent of the substrate bias because its gate electrode shields the substrate bias from the channel. Moreover, the parasitic bipolar effect is suppressed. RSDB also has a higher production yield. Two-dimensional device simulation results show how to optimize the device parameters enabling us to maximize the breakdown voltage of the RSDB power MOSFET. The electrical characteristics of nMOSFETs fabricated using RSDB are the same as those of nMOSFETs fabricated using the conventional SOI substrate.
Barrier Reduction of Lithium Ion Tunneling through Graphene with Hybrid Defects: First‐Principles Calculations (2018)

Abstract Atomically thin 2D materials such as graphene and hexagonal boron nitride are increasingly explored as a possible platform for atomic diffusion barriers and novel separation technologies. However, a perfectly dense networked lattice structure is impermeable to nearly all ions thereby limiting their application as atomically thin barriers. In this work, climbing image nudged elastic band simulation is applied to identify meaningful strategies to reduce the energy barrier height of Li ions tunneling through monolayer (ML) graphene sheets. Our results reveal that defects such as pore defects, ripples, and some atomic substitutions can effectively reduce the Li ion tunneling barrier and the defects can alter the Li ion adsorption energy to influence the deintercalation process. Furthermore, hybrid defects can balance the energy barrier and potential well to increase the permeability of Li ions through graphene sheets.
Photofragment spectroscopy and dynamics of the visible photodissociation of ozone (1983)

We report collision-free coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectra of the O2 fragment formed in the photodissociation of ozone at 532 and 578 nm. From these spectra we have extracted the nascent electronic, vibrational, rotational, and translational energy distributions of the photofragments. The O2 fragment is produced only in the ground 3Σ−g electronic state, even though the 1Δg excited state is energetically allowed. High (J≊23 to 51) rotational states in the first five vibrational levels of O2(3Σ−g) are populated in the photodissociation. For both photolysis wavelengths most of the available energy, 65%–67%, appears in translation, while 15%–18% is in rotation, and 17%–18% is in vibration. These energy distributions are discussed in terms of simple models of the dissociation dynamics.
Compact spiral antenna for space based applications (2014)

This paper presents printed spiral antennae for use in CubeSats and PocketQubes (Small Satellites). The antenna is designed to operate in the 70 cm HAM band under the maximum return loss of 10 dB. Design of the antenna was conducted through CST Microwave Studio, while the fabrication process was carried out through chemical etching. The resulting frequency was at 503 MHz.
Simulation analysis of the stability mutant R96H of T4 lysozyme (1991)

Free energy simulation methods are used to analyze the effects of the mutation Arg 96----His on the stability of T4 lysozyme. The calculated stability change and the lack of significant structural rearrangement in the folded state due to the mutation are in agreement with experimental studies [Kitamura, S., & Sturtevant, J. M. (1989) Biochemistry 28, 3788-3792; Weaver, L. H., et al. (1989) Biochemistry 28, 3793-3797]. By use of thermodynamic integration, the contributions of specific interactions to the free energy change are evaluated. It is shown that a number of contributions that stabilize the wild type or the mutant partially cancel in the overall free energy difference; some of these involve the unfolded state. Comparison of the results with conclusions based on structural and thermodynamic data leads to new insights into the origin of the stability difference between wild-type and mutant proteins. Of particular interest is the importance of the contributions of more distant residues, solvent water, and the covalent linkage of the mutated amino acid. Also, the analysis of the interactions of Arg/His 96 with the C-terminal end of a helix (residues 82-90) makes it clear that the nearby carbonyl groups (Tyr 88 and Asp 89) make the dominant contribution, that the amide groups do not contribute significantly, and that the helix-dipole model is inappropriate for this case.
Perimetric point density and detection of glaucomatous visual field loss (1993)

Eighty-three patients with high risk ocular hypertension were followed between 9 and 120 months with computerized threshold perimetry every three months in a prospective clinical study. Twenty eyes developed definite glaucomatous visual field defects. Analysis of these cases showed that definite field loss was preceded by increased variability of measured threshold values. Already at this early stage up to the time when a definite diagnosis of field loss first could be made, was, in all eyes, the disturbed area large enough to cover several test locations in the standard test point pattern used during the study. The results indicate that test point density of standard central field automated threshold tests is entirely sufficient, and that early field loss is unlikely to be extremely focal in nature and able to escape detection between tested points. While early recognition of glaucomatous field loss obviously is facilitated by access to large amounts of threshold data, the current results imply that test point density is usually not a limiting factor, but that testing an eye twice using the same standard test point pattern might be as effective as if two interlocking grids were used.
Critical role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in septic lung injury* (2008)

Our data demonstrate that p38 MAPK signaling constitutes a key role in regulating CXC chemokine production in septic lung injury and that inhibition of p38 MAPK activity abolishes pulmonary infiltration of leukocytes as well as lung edema. These novel findings suggest that targeting the p38 MAPK signaling pathway may pave the way for a new therapeutic strategy against lung injury in polymicrobial sepsis.
Factors Affecting Response Quantity, Quality and Speed in Questions Asked via Online Social Networks (2011)

Social networking tools enable people to easily ask ques-tions of large groups of personal acquaintances, but the ef-fectiveness of doing so depends in part on how the question is phrased. In this paper we present a study in which 282 participants posted variants of the same question as their status message on Facebook. We analyze the quantity, quality, and speed of the responses each variant received. We find that by ending an information need with a question mark, explicitly scoping the audience, and being succinct, a person can increase the likelihood of quickly receiving many high-quality answers.
Determining Acceptability of Blood Glucose Meters: Design of Meter Evaluations (1996)

Well-designed evaluations of blood glucose meters are fundamental to determining the acceptability of meters. Unfortunately, no standard guide exists to evaluate these meters. In this article we outline the meter evaluation process from establishing objectives to generating final recommendations with results that are statistically significant. Proper planning and execution of an evaluation can mitigate or even eliminate problems associated with glycolysis, hematocrit, and blood collection, and thus permit valid inter study comparison.
A Four-Dimensional Probabilistic Atlas of the Human Brain (2001)

The authors describe the development of a four-dimensional atlas and reference system that includes both macroscopic and microscopic information on structure and function of the human brain in persons between the ages of 18 and 90 years. Given the presumed large but previously unquantified degree of structural and functional variance among normal persons in the human population, the basis for this atlas and reference system is probabilistic. Through the efforts of the International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM), 7,000 subjects will be included in the initial phase of database and atlas development. For each subject, detailed demographic, clinical, behavioral, and imaging information is being collected. In addition, 5,800 subjects will contribute DNA for the purpose of determining genotype- phenotype-behavioral correlations. The process of developing the strategies, algorithms, data collection methods, validation approaches, database structures, and distribution of results is described in this report. Examples of applications of the approach are described for the normal brain in both adults and children as well as in patients with schizophrenia. This project should provide new insights into the relationship between microscopic and macroscopic structure and function in the human brain and should have important implications in basic neuroscience, clinical diagnostics, and cerebral disorders.