gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SU‐E‐I‐77: X‐Ray Coherent Scatter Diffraction Pattern Modeling in GEANT4 (2012)

This work demonstrates the ability to model coherent scatter diffraction in GEANT4 in an accurate and efficient manner without compromising the accuracy or runtime of the simulation. This work was supported by the Department of Homeland Security under grant DHS (BAA 10-01 F075), and by the Department of Defense under award W81XWH-09-1-0066.
Deceiving Google's Perspective API Built for Detecting Toxic Comments (2017)

Social media platforms provide an environment where people can freely engage in discussions. Unfortunately, they also enable several problems, such as online harassment. Recently, Google and Jigsaw started a project called Perspective, which uses machine learning to automatically detect toxic language. A demonstration website has been also launched, which allows anyone to type a phrase in the interface and instantaneously see the toxicity score [1]. In this paper, we propose an attack on the Perspective toxic detection system based on the adversarial examples. We show that an adversary can subtly modify a highly toxic phrase in a way that the system assigns significantly lower toxicity score to it. We apply the attack on the sample phrases provided in the Perspective website and show that we can consistently reduce the toxicity scores to the level of the non-toxic phrases. The existence of such adversarial examples is very harmful for toxic detection systems and seriously undermines their usability.
Immunosuppression reactivates viral replication long after resolution of woodchuck hepatitis virus infection (2007)

These experimental observations demonstrate the potential of immunosuppression to reactivate HBV after resolution of infection.
GPUs really can fly&#x2026; (2010)

Summary form only given. GPUs have fundamentally changed the playing field of high performance computing. Starting out as devices intended only for the display of 3D images, GPUs are now being used as supercomputers-attached processors used to accelerate computationally intensive applications. In this talk, I'll provide a brief history of the GPU, the evolution of GPUs into computing devices, and the challenges that lie ahead in the evolution of the GPU. I'll also provide my vision of the future of these devices.
Principles and Techniques of Spine Surgery (1998)

JBJS was founded by the American Orthopaedic Association in 1903 and is the Official Journal of the American Orthopaedic Association. EXCELLENCE THROUGH PEER REVIEW The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery (JBJS) has been the most valued source of information for orthopaedic surgeons and researchers for over 125 years and is the gold standard in peer-reviewed scientific information in the field. A core journal and essential reading for general as well as specialist orthopaedic surgeons worldwide, JBJS publishes evidence-based research to enhance the quality of care for orthopaedic patients. Standards of excellence and high quality are maintained in everything we do, from the science of the content published to the customer service we provide. JBJS is an independent, non-profit journal. JBJS.org is the version of record of The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. JBJS is published twice a month on the first and third Wednesday of each month, each time adding to a comprehensive PDF archive dating back to 1889. Additional features online include: article commenting, social sharing links, instructional videos, podcasts, and continuing medical education activities. Contributions from anywhere in the world are welcome and considered on their merits. The manuscript must be written in English and should be submitted as outlined in the Instructions for Authors. Manuscripts are subject to blinded peer review by experts and a final decision by the editor. Papers are judged by the quality and relevance of the work. Our aim is to publish the best material available from anywhere in the world.
Pulsed laser-induced photocatalytic reduction of greenhouse gas CO2into methanol: A value-added hydrocarbon product over SiC (2012)

CO(2) was converted into value-added hydrocarbons (methanol) by laser-induced photocatalytic reduction of CO(2) over commercially available silicon-carbide (SiC) granules as catalyst. The conversion of CO(2) was carried out in a glass reactor having quartz window and equipped with stirring system and was provided with continuous CO(2) flow at ambient conditions. Laser radiations of 355 nm, which were generated by third harmonics of Nd:YAG laser (1060 nm) were applied as an excitation source. The methanol yield as a function of irradiation time and catalysts dosage were monitored by the gas chromatographic analysis (GD-FID) of water samples collected at prescribed intervals. A specific GC column was used which separated hydrocarbons efficiently without any interference from water present in the sample. The study indicated that the commercially available SiC granular material is an excellent catalyst in laser-induced photocatalytic conversion of CO(2) into high value hydrocarbons.
(111)-Faceted Metal Source and Drain for Aggressively Scaled Metal/High- $k$ MISFETs (2008)

We have proposed a (111)-faceted metal source and drain (S/D) with a metal gate and a high-k gate dielectric for aggressively scaled complementary metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MISFETs). The metal S/D is formed by epitaxially grown nickel disilicide. N-type or p-type dopants are segregated in the atomically flat metal/Si interfaces that help to reduce the effective Schottky barrier height between the epitaxial metal and silicon. Therefore, a single type of metal S/D can work for both n-type and p-type MISFETs. The dopant segregation is realized by an ion implantation into the epitaxial silicides and a subsequent low-temperature annealing. Operations of 6-nm-long n-type and p-type silicon-on-insulator MISFETs that came with a fully silicided gate electrode and a high-k gate dielectric were experimentally demonstrated. The excellent short-channel effect immunity due to the trapezoidal channel was also verified by numerical simulation.
Supersonic Shear Imaging (2018)

The supersonic shear imaging (SSI) technique allows quantitative and real-time imaging of elasticity by judiciously using radiation pressure to generate a shear wave and ultrafast imaging for acquisition. The basis of the SSI technique is to use radiation force to excite the medium. The idea of the SSI technique is to use ultrafast imaging by illuminating the medium with ultrasonic plane wave, a method already used in the 2D transient elastography technique. Norm values are respected in the SSI sequence and this allows one to conduct multiple clinical protocols in vivo. The idea of SSI is to focus the ultrasound successively at different depths; the interference of the shear waves generated by each focusing makes it possible to construct a quasi-plane shear wave. Time-of-flight is used to reconstruct a shear wave speed map wherever the shear wave has propagated.
Distributed execution of transmural electrophysiological imaging with CPU, GPU, and FPGA (2013)

One of the main challenges of using cutting edge medical imaging applications in the clinical setting is the large amount of data processing required. Many of these applications are based on linear algebra computations operating on large data sizes and their execution may require days in a standard CPU. Distributed heterogeneous systems are capable of improving the performance of applications by using the right computation-to-hardware mapping. To achieve high performance, hardware platforms are chosen to satisfy the needs of each computation with corresponding architectural features such as clock speed, number of parallel computational units, and memory bandwidth. In this paper we evaluate the performance benefits of using different hardware platforms to accelerate the execution of a transmural electro physiological imaging algorithm, targeting a standard CPU with GPU and FPGA accelerators. Using this cutting edge medical imaging application as a case study, we demonstrate the importance of making intelligent computation assignments for improved performance. We show that, depending on the size of the data structures the application works with, the usage of an FPGA to run certain computations can make a big difference: a heterogeneous system with all three hardware platforms (CPU+GPU+FPGA) can cut the execution time by half, compared to the best result using one single accelerator (CPU+GPU). In addition, our experimental results show that combining CPU, GPU, and FPGA platforms in a single system achieves a speedup of up to 62×, 2×, and 1605× compared to systems with a single CPU, GPU, or FPGA platform respectively.
Highly Effective Propane Dehydrogenation Using Ga–Rh Supported Catalytically Active Liquid Metal Solutions (2019)

Our contribution demonstrates that rhodium, an element that has barely been reported as an active metal for selective dehydrogenation of alkanes becomes a very active, selective, and robust dehydrogenation catalyst when exposed to propane in the form of single atoms at the interface of a solid-supported, highly dynamic liquid Ga-Rh mixture. We demonstrate that the transition to a fully liquid supported alloy droplet at Ga/Rh ratios above 80, results in a drastic increase in catalyst activity with high propylene selectivity. The combining results from catalytic studies, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, IR-spectroscopy under reaction conditions, microscopy, and density-functional theory calculations, we obtained a comprehensive microscopy picture of the working principle of the Ga-Rh supported catalytically active liquid metal solution.
All-optical payload envelope detection for variable length 40-gb/s optically labeled packets (2006)

We demonstrate a new technique to all-optically identify the precise temporal locations and durations of the payloads of optical packets consisting of a variable length 40-Gb/s return-to-zero payload and 10-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero label. The all-optically generated payload envelope signal can be used to erase the original optical label and rewrite a new label. The recovered payload envelope has 300-ps rise time and edge root-mean-square average jitter of 30 ps over a 10-dB dynamic range of input optical packet power. These numbers indicate that this technique enables the use of very short guard bands between payloads. The technique is demonstrated using optical semiconductor devices that are straightforward to monolithically integrate on a single chip.
Maternal Vaccinations Coverage And Reasons For Non-Compliance - A Cross-Sectional Observational Study (2020)

Abstract Background: Maternal influenza and pertussis vaccination has been proven a safe and effective strategy to reduce maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. Though recommended, not all pregnant women receive these important vaccinations. We aimed to evaluate the vaccine coverage of maternal immunization in pregnancy for seasonal influenza and acellular pertussis and elucidate the reasons for non-vaccination among pregnant women. The secondary objective was to describe factors that affect vaccine uptake. Methods: A cross sectional observational study using anonymous questionnaires distributed to women in the maternity ward or pregnant women (&gt;37 weeks) hospitalized in the high-risk ward, thru Nov 2017-June 2018. Results: Of 321 women approached, 313 were eligible and 290 questionnaires were retrieved (92.6%). We found a 75.9% (95% CI 0.71, 0.81) and 34.5% (95% CI 0.29, 0.40) vaccination rate for pertussis and influenza vaccines respectively. The most prominent reason for not receiving the pertussis vaccination was being under-informed (24%). Influenza vaccine was not received mainly due to concerns about vaccine efficacy (28%). Other factors influencing vaccination uptake included education, prior childbirth and vaccine recommendations made by the provider. Conclusion: Although maternal vaccination of pertussis and influenza is officially recommended, vaccine uptake is suboptimal. Our study suggests a central role for medical providers in diminishing the concerns about safety and efficacy, and presents novel factors influencing compliance rates, like seasonality and number of prior births.
Does apoptosis evasion only affect fibroblasts from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (2013)

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that fibroblasts/myofibroblasts from Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) are resistant to apoptosis. However, evidence is weak and comparison with other interstitial lung diseases (ILD) is scanty. AIM: To compare fibroblast apoptosis/autophagy in IPF with other ILD in spontaneous and induced situations. METHODS: Fibroblasts obtained from IPF, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, ILD-autoimmune diseases and controls were studied according cellular size by flow cytometry. TNFα-IFNγ-Fas (TIF) and H2O2 induced apoptosis/autophagy. Human apoptosis antibody array, western blotting (LC3 conversion), α-smooth muscle actin (immunofluorescence) and ultrastructure morphology (electronic microscopy) were examined after cell sorting by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Two types of fibroblasts were observed in all samples: small, “spindle” shaped and large “stellate” fibroblasts (mostly myofibroblasts). Large fibroblasts were significantly more resistant to TIF-induced apoptosis/autophagy compared to small ones, independently of the type of ILD. H2O2 induced apoptosis similarly in both cell types. Non-stimulated large IPF cells showed upregulation of antiapoptotic genes (XIAP and HMOX-1) and downregulation of proapoptotic proteins (TNFR1, TRAIL) and exhibited upregulation of other antiapoptotic genes (HSP70, HSP27 and Claspin) after TIF treatment. Ultrastructural morphology after TIF treatment exhibited profuse mitochondria in large IPF fibroblasts and numerous apoptotic bodies in small ones. CONCLUSION: Large fibroblasts, likely myofibroblasts phenotype, may confer resistance to cell death, independently of the type of ILD. Certain upregulated antiapoptotic proteins may be responsible. Supported by PAPIIT IN214612.
Functional recovery of transected nerves treated with systemic BDNF and CNTF (1998)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of systemic co-injections of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on the functional recovery of transected sciatic nerves repaired by epineurial coaptation (EC) or collagen tubulization (CT). Forty Sprague-Dawley rats underwent transection of their sciatic nerves and repair by either EC or CT. With each repair technique, systemic injections of neurotrophic factors or control injections of lactated Ringer's solution were given. This resulted in four treatment groups: EC, EC + BDNF/CNTF, CT, and CT + BDNF/CNTF. Nerve function was assessed using sciatic functional indices (SFI). Animals whose nerves were repaired by CT (P = 0.01), CT + BDNF/CNTF (P = 0.04), and EC + BDNF/CNTF (P = 0.04) all had better functional recovery than those whose nerves were repaired by EC. There were no significant differences among these three groups, however. Animals in the CT group manifested the most rapid rate of recovery (P = 0.02 compared with EC). Collagen tubulization and systemic co-injections of BDNF/CNTF improve the rate and extent of sciatic functional recovery after nerve repair. The improvement in recovery conferred is not additive.
Control-aware Probabilistic Load Flow for Transmission Systems: An Analytical Method (2022)

Probabilistic load flow (PLF) calculation, as a fundamental tool to analyze transmission system behavior, has been studied for decades. Despite a variety of available methods, existing PLF approaches rarely take system control into account. However, system control, as an automatic buffer between the fluctuations in random variables and the variations in system states, has a significant impact on the final PLF result. To consider control actions' influence, this paper proposes the first analytical PLF method for the transmission grid that takes into account primary and secondary frequency controls. This method is based on a high-precision linear power flow model, whose precision is even further improved in this paper by an original correction approach. This paper also proves that if the joint probability distribution (JPD) of random variables is expressed by a Gaussian mixture model (GMM), then the JPD of system states (e.g., nodal voltages) is an infinite GMM. By leveraging this proposition, the proposed method can generate the joint PLF of the whole system, is applicable to random variables obeying any distributions, and is capable of capturing their correlation. The high accuracy and satisfactory efficiency of this method are verified on test cases scaling from 14 to 1354 buses.
Maximum entropy and time‐domain Kramers–Kronig phase retrieval approaches are functionally equivalent for CARS microspectroscopy (2012)

Phase retrieval methods are used to recover Raman spectra from multiplex and broadband coherent anti‐Stokes Raman spectroscopy signals. Two methods are in widespread use, one based on maximum entropy, and one based on a modified time‐domain Kramers–Kronig method. Here we compare these methods with respect to their ability to faithfully and robustly recover Raman spectra from coherent anti‐Stokes Raman spectroscopy spectra simulated to reproduce a range of scenarios expected for experimental data and their efficiency. We find that the time‐domain Kramers–Kronig and maximum entropy approaches perform in functionally equivalent ways, having only minor differences between them. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Group B Coxsackievirus Diabetogenic Phenotype Correlates with Replication Efficiency (2006)

Group B coxsackieviruses can initiate rapid onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) in old nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Inoculating high doses of poorly pathogenic CVB3/GA per mouse initiated rapid onset T1D. Viral protein was detectable in islets shortly after inoculation in association with beta cells as well as other primary islet cell types. The virulent strain CVB3/28 replicated to higher titers more rapidly than CVB3/GA in the pancreas and in established beta cell cultures. Exchange of 5'-nontranslated regions between the two CVB3 strains demonstrated a variable impact on replication in beta cell cultures and suppression of in vivo replication for both strains. While any CVB strain may be able to induce T1D in prediabetic NOD mice, T1D onset is linked both to the viral replication rate and infectious dose.
Attenuation of Olanzapine-Induced Weight Gain With Reboxetine in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study (2003)

The selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor reboxetine may reduce olanzapine-induced weight gain in schizophrenia patients, and activation of the adrenergic system may attenuate weight gain induced by atypical antipsychotic agents.
Capacity Analysis for LDM-Based Multiple-PLP Configurations in ATSC 3.0 (2019)

This paper analyzes capacities for various layered division multiplexing (LDM)-based multiple-physical layer pipe (M-PLP) configurations in Advanced Television Systems Committee 3.0. Also, this paper proposes transmitter and receiver structures for multi-layer LDM. The proposed multi-layer LDM consists of one core layer and one or more enhanced layer(s) that can be combined with different power levels. The simulation results show that LDM with an appropriate injection level can improve the capacity for M-PLP compared to TDM-based PLP configurations.
Image quality and diagnostic accuracy of inline motion-corrected (moco) first-pass stress myocardial perfusion images (2011)

MOCO, a non-rigid image registration algorithm, can minimize myocardial motion and shape changes caused by respiration, arrhythmia, or imperfect gating. A potential benefit of this technique is to enable automated quantitative analysis. On the other hand, MOCO could introduce artifacts and adversely impact diagnostic image quality.
Self-Accelerating Dirac Electrons in Free-Space (2014)

A recent experiment confirmed the 35-year-old prediction of Airy-shaped electron beams that accelerate in the absence of any potential. Yet many of their intriguing properties remain unclear, namely: can they reach relativistic speeds? We answer this question in the affirmative.
INHIBITION OF ANTI-SKIN ALLOGRAFT IMMUNITY INDUCED BY INFUSIONS WITH PHOTOINACTIVATED EFFECTOR T LYMPHOCYTES—THE CONGENIC MODEL (1991)

We have previously reported the capacity to produce donor-specific tolerance to alloantigens by intravenous exposure to pretreated antidonor T cells. The current study has refined this system by using congenic mice differing only at the H-2 major histocompatibility complex genetic loci. Twelve days after B10 mice received MHC-incompatible B10.D2 skin grafts, their splenocytes that included an expanded population of cells mediating rejection were treated with 100 ng/ml 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) photoactivated by 1 J/cm2 of ultraviolet A prior to infusion into naive B10 recipients. Whereas 8-MOP itself is biologically inert, photoactivated 8-MOP crosslinks DNA by covalently binding to pyrimidine bases. Recipient B10 mice were tested for tolerance to B10.D2 alloantigens in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC), cytotoxicity (CTL), and to in vivo delayed type hypersensitivity assays and challenged with a fresh B10.D2 graft. In vivo, the DTH response of the pretreated B10 mice was specifically suppressed to the relevant alloantigen, correlating with retention of B10.D2 skin grafts for up to 22 days postengraftment without visual evidence of rejection, in comparison to control complete rejection of the skin graft in less than 12 days. In vitro, splenocytes from B10 recipients of pretreated syngeneic splenocytes containing large numbers of B10 anti-B10.D2 T cells proliferated less in MLC and generated lower cytotoxic T cell responses to B10.D2 alloantigens than did controls and suppressed the B10 MLC and CTL responses to B10.D2 alloantigen. These results reveal that, in a highly defined congenic transplantation system, infusions of photoinactivated effector cells resulted in selective inhibition of the in vivo responses that correlated with allograft rejection and permitted prolonged retention of histoincompatible skin grafts. This approach may have significant practical applicability for treatment of human disorders caused by aberrant T cells.
Disorders of sex development: insights from targeted gene sequencing of a large international patient cohort (2016)

Our massively parallel sequencing targeted DSD gene panel represents an economical means of improving the genetic diagnostic capability for patients affected by DSD. Implementation of this panel in a large cohort of patients has expanded our understanding of the underlying genetic etiology of DSD. The inclusion of research candidate genes also provides an invaluable resource for future identification of novel genes.
Chip-package co-design of a 5 GHz RF front-end for WLAN (2002)

Single-package integration of complete transceivers based on a thin-film MCM technology (MCM-D) with integrated passives is demonstrated with a 6.7/spl times/6.5 mm/sup 2/ single-package front-end. This front-end includes the RF blocks and two RF bandpass filters of a 5 GHz WLAN receiver.