gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Discovery of Innovative Therapeutics: Today’s Realities and Tomorrow’s Vision. 2. Pharma’s Challenges and Their Commitment to Innovation (2014)

The pharmaceutical industry is facing enormous challenges, including reduced efficiency, stagnant success rate, patent expirations for key drugs, fierce price competition from generics, high regulatory hurdles, and the industry's perceived tarnished image. Pharma has responded by embarking on a range of initiatives. Other sectors, including NIH, have also responded. Academic drug discovery groups have appeared to support the transition of innovative academic discoveries and ideas into attractive drug discovery opportunities. Part 1 of this two-part series discussed the criticisms that have been leveled at the pharmaceutical industry over the past 3 decades and summarized the supporting data for and against these criticisms. This second installment will focus on the current challenges facing the pharmaceutical industry and Pharma's responses, focusing on the industry's changing perspective and new business models for coping with the loss of talent and declining clinical pipelines as well as presenting some examples of recent drug discovery successes.
Evaluation of Renal Cortical Perfusion by Noninvasive Power Doppler Ultrasound During Vascular Occlusion and Reperfusion (2004)

Noninvasive power Doppler ultrasound image intensity correlated well with invasively measured renal cortical blood flow, and may be useful during resuscitation of injured and critically ill patients.
Analysis of vertical cross-point resistive memory (VRRAM) for 3D RRAM design (2013)

An analysis of 3D VRRAM is presented, taking into account read/write margin, leakage and power consumption. The results give guidelines for array dimensioning (number of layers / in plane array size) and bias conditions. The read margin is more sensitive to the number of layers than the in plane array size in the matrix, while a tradeoff is found between read margin and total leakage/power. Optimized write bias conditions are determined, which improve both write margin and power consumption as compared to the results using the standard bias schemes. A comparison shows that VRRAM is more promising than stacked 3D RRAM, not only from a cost perspective, but also provides better electrical behavior, both for read and write.
Universal Design assessment tool to promote well-being and inclusion in healthcare environment (2020)

Abstract Background Universal Design is a design process that enables people of all ability levels by improving human performance, wellness and social participation. The research aims at developing a performance-based assessment tool adopting Universal Design to enhance users' benefits and positive outcomes such as usability, well-being and social inclusion focusing on healthcare environment. Methods The evaluation framework resulted by different methodologies: a systematic literature review on existing Universal Design tools; workshops with both users and experts and the analysis of hospital case studies. Multi-criteria analysis is adopted as methodology to develop a hierarchical framework able to compare quantitative and qualitative aspects of the same project. A rating system based on a checklist is used to evaluate performance. Results The tool structure is based on a hierarchical framework composed by 3 Categories (Physical/spatial quality; Sensorial/cognitive quality and Social quality); 8 Criteria (Usability, Functionality, Safety and Security, Wayfinding, Understanding, Environmental factors, Well-being and Social Inclusion); 20 Indicators and a plurality of requirements. Since the needs of users (patients, visitors, staff) change in relation to the space setting, the tool assess the quality considering different areas of the hospital: Outdoor Spaces, Entrance, Interior Circulation, Support Spaces (waiting areas, bathrooms, food services), Work Spaces (exam rooms, offices) and Overall Service. Conclusions The proposed tool can foster public health supporting the management of healthcare environment in taking decisions on universal usability and multisensory quality perception through a performance-based approach. The tool has been validated in a hospital of the State of New York, focusing on public areas and outpatient department. Further applications in various healthcare facilities of the Italian context are aimed to implement the tool. Key messages The assessment tool aims to support designers and healthcare management from the beginning of the design project to ensure public health and inclusive design through a performance-based approach. The tool based on Universal Design allows to evaluate spatial, sensory and social quality considering the relation between hospital areas and users’ needs that influence people’s well-being.
Czechoslovakian Crystal in Pavlova Paradise: Vladimir Cacala, 1926-2007 (2008)

N/A
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Transformation of Esters to Analytically Pure Ketones: Methodology and Application in Process Development. (2015)

Abstract The robust and scalable title method is based on the reaction between methyl 1‐benzylpiperidine‐4‐carboxylate and primary Grignard reagents, but fails using secondary Grignard reagents.
Low threshold, wafer fused long wavelength vertical cavity lasers (1994)

We demonstrate electrically injected InGaAsP (1.3 μm) vertical cavity lasers (VCLs) fabricated on GaAs substrates and employing GaAs/AlAs mirrors. The technique of wafer fusion allows for integration of GaAs/AlAs mirrors with InP double heterostructures without degradation of device performance, despite a 3.7% lattice mismatch between the wafers. The wafer fused VCLs have the lowest threshold current (9 mA) and lowest threshold current density (9.5 kA/cm2) and the highest characteristic temperature (T0=67 K) reported to date of any room-temperature long wavelength VCL.
3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Is a Possible Pharmacological Target in the Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (2010)

Prostate cancer usually responds to androgen deprivation therapy, although the response in metastatic disease is almost always transient and tumors eventually progress as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). CRPC continues to be driven by testosterone or dihydrotestosterone from intratumoral metabolism of 19-carbon adrenal steroids from circulation, and/or de novo intratumoral steroidogenesis. Both mechanisms require 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3betaHSD) metabolism of Delta(5)-steroids, including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and Delta(5)-androstenediol (A5diol), to testosterone. In contrast, reports that DHEA and A5diol directly activate the androgen receptor (AR) suggest that 3betaHSD metabolism is not required and that 3betaHSD inhibitors would be ineffective in the treatment of CRPC. We hypothesized that activation of AR in prostate cancer by DHEA and A5diol requires their conversion via 3betaHSD to androstenedione and testosterone, respectively. Here, we show that DHEA and A5diol induce AR chromatin occupancy and AR-regulated genes. Furthermore, we show that Delta(5)-androgens undergo 3beta-dehydrogenation in prostate cancer and that induction of AR nuclear translocation, AR chromatin occupancy, transcription of PSA, TMPRSS2, and FKBP5, as well as cell proliferation by DHEA and A5diol, are all blocked by inhibitors of 3betaHSD. These findings demonstrate that DHEA and A5diol must be metabolized by 3betaHSD to activate AR in these models of CRPC. Furthermore, this work suggests that 3betaHSD may be exploited as a pharmacologic target in the treatment of CRPC.
Electronic structure of KxC60− in the gas phase (1992)

The photoelectron spectra of KxC60− (x=1–3) have been studied in the gas phase, and the electron affinities obtained. These were found to decrease linearly with the number of K atoms. The result is consistent with an ionic description of the K–C60 chemical bonding, with each K atom donating its outer 4s electron to the t1u orbital of C60. Vibrational autodetachment from a weakly bound excited electronic state was discovered in KC60−, and a series of three equally spaced peaks were assigned to a progression in the intermolecular K–C60 stretching vibration with a frequency of 140 cm−1.
Use of intra-arterial nitroglycerin during uterine artery embolization for severe postpartum hemorrhage with uterine artery vasospasm (2015)

Thus, use of intra-arterial nitroglycerin was effective for controlling uterine artery vasospasm during UAE. However, larger studies are required to confirm these findings.
Modulation and Refinement of In–N re-Bonding of InGaN Through in Post-Flow During a Refined Temper Fire Treatment Process (2020)

In this article, we describe a subtle method for modulating and refining the indium-nitrogen (In-N) re-bonding effect of InGaN by employing an In post-flow during temper fire (ΔT = 110°C) treatment. After optimizing the In flow rate and the temper fire treatment process, the In content in InGaN quantum wells (QWs) increased from 12.7 to 22.3% and the (102) epitaxy quality of InGaN improved, as revealed by the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the X-ray diffractometry signal decreasing from 410 to 374 arcsec. In addition, the quality of a five InGaN/GaN multiple-QW epilayer surface also improved greatly when applying this technique. Merely by modulating the In post-flow rate (0, 5.6, 11.2, 16.8, 22.4, or 28.0 μmol/min), the In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> N photoluminescence signal (and FWHM) changed from 449 nm (58 nm) in the absence of In post-flow during the temper fire treatment process, to 523 nm (46 nm) when the In post-flow rate was 11.2 μmol/min, and to 534 nm (55 nm) when the In post-flow rate was 28.0 μmol/min. This technique is, therefore, effective at improving the InGaN quality and compensating for the In-N bond desorption rate.
Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance at 9.4 T (1996)

We present the first results from a new electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer operated at a magnetic field of 9.4 T (i.e. > or = 2.4 T higher than for any prior FTICR instrument). The 9.4 T instrument provides substantially improved performance for large molecules (> or = 50% increase in mass resolving power) and complex mixtures (> or = 100% increase in dynamic range) compared to lower-field (< or = 6 T) instruments. The higher magnetic field makes possible larger trapped-ion population without introduction of significant space--charge effects such as spectral peak shift and/or distortion, and coalescence of closely-spaced resonances. For bovine ubiquitin (8.6 kDa) we observe accurate relative isotopic abundances at a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 1000:1, whereas a complete nozzle-skimmer dissociation electrospray ionization (ESI) FTICR mass spectrum of bovine carbonic anhydrase (29 kDa) is achieved from a single scan with a signal-to-noise ratio of more than 250:1. Finally, we are able to obtain mass resolving power, m/delta m > 200,000, routinely for porcine serum albumin (67 kDa). The present performance guides further modifications of the instrument, which should lead to significant further improvements.
Highly Efficient Encapsulation and Phase Separation of Apolar Molecules by Magnetic Shell‐by‐Shell‐Coated Nanocarriers in Water (2018)

We report on the development of a supramolecular nanocarrier concept that allows for the encapsulation and separation of small apolar molecules from water. The nanocarriers consist of shell-by-shell-coated nanoparticles such as TiO<sub>2</sub> and ferromagnetic Fe<sub>3</sub> O<sub>4</sub> . The first ligand shell is provided by covalently bound hexadecyl phosphonic acid (PAC<sub>16</sub> ) and the second shell by noncovalently assembled amphiphiles rendering the hybrid architecture soluble in water. Agitation of these constructs with water containing the hydrocarbons G1-G4, the fluorescent marker G5, the polychlorinated biphenyl PCB 77, or crude oil leads to a very efficient uptake (up to 411 %) of the apolar contaminant. In case of the hybrids containing a Fe<sub>3</sub> O<sub>4</sub> core, straightforward phase separation by the action of an external magnet is provided. The load can easily be released by a final treatment with an organic solvent.
Direct observation of optical magnons in YBa2Cu3O6.2 (1996)

We have used high-energy inelastic neutron scattering to detect optical magnons directly in antiferromagnetic Y${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6.2}$. The optical magnon gap is 67\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 meV. This implies an intrabilayer superexchange constant perpendicular to the Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ layers of ${J}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=0.08{J}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ where ${J}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ is the in-plane nearest-neighbor superexchange constant.
Pump power reduction of optical feedback controlled EDFA using electrical feedforward control (2006)

Fast gain control of an EDFA to reduce transient power fluctuation is a key issue for optical wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) networks employing WDM add/drop multiplexeres or WDM cross-connect switches [1], [2].
Supplementary Figure 7 from The Expression of Adenosine A2B Receptor on Antigen-Presenting Cells Suppresses CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cell Responses and Promotes Tumor Growth (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 7&lt;/p&gt;
New Method for Typing Staphylococcus aureus Strains: Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis of Polymorphism and Genetic Relationships of Clinical Isolates (2003)

The PCR-based methodology applied to multiple-locus variable numbers of tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis was recently shown to be a useful technique for the molecular typing of clinical isolates of several bacterial species. We have adopted this method for the molecular typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Five staphylococcal VNTR loci (sdr, clfA, clfB, ssp, and spa) were subjected to analysis, and it was shown that the method allows typing of S. aureus strains with the discriminatory power and reproducibility of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis while at the same time being rapid and applicable to analysis of large numbers of isolates.
Supplementary Table 5 from Reorganization of the 3D Genome Pinpoints Noncoding Drivers of Primary Prostate Tumors (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Detected chromatin interactions in all 12 tumour and 5 benign samples.&lt;/p&gt;
Function computation over linear channels (2012)

This paper considers function computation in a network where intermediate nodes perform randomized network coding, through appropriate choice of the subspace codebooks at the source nodes. Unlike traditional network coding for comput- ing functions, that requires intermediate nodes to be aware of the function to be computed, our designs are transparent to the intermediate node operations.
Conductivity Change of SnO2 with CO2 Adsorption (1990)

Abstract Evidence for the electronic interaction of CO2 with the SnO2 surface has been collected for the first time. The adsorption of CO2 at 100 °C resulted in an considerable increase in electric resistance of SnO2, holding a quantitative relation between them. Such interaction became invisible in the presence of H2O because of the interference.
Small Population of One to Three Fused-Aromatic Ring Moieties in Asphaltenes (1996)

The aromatic ring distributions of asphaltenes are examined with emphasis on one- to three-ring moieties by using fluorescence emission spectroscopy: such a nondestructive, bulk analysis of small aromatic moieties in asphaltene has not been achieved by any other method. Asphaltenes are found to lack significant populations of these small rings compared to larger ring systems; increasing relative populations of small ring moieties are found for resins and maltenes, as expected. Additionally, the one asphaltene with higher polarity possesses smaller aromatic ring systems. Potential perturbations of asphaltene spectra by energy transfer effects are ruled out, using analyses based on fluorescence lifetimes. Energy transfer, which yields red-shifted emission, is known to decrease fluorescence lifetimes. Fluorescence lifetimes of dilute asphaltene solutions are shown to be intrinsic by comparison to those of deasphaltened crude oils; thus, fluorescence emissions of dilute asphaltene solutions are unaffected by energy transfer.
Optimization of on-chip ESD protection structures for RF operations (2003)

Diodes are key components in on-chip electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection design. As the operating frequency of the microchip being protected against the ESD continues to increase, the parasitic capacitance associated with the diodes in the ESD structure starts to impose problems for RF operation. This paper presents a systematic approach to optimize the diode structure for minimal parasitic capacitance based on the requirements of breakdown voltage and heat dissipation. The device simulator Atlas, with mix-mode simulation capability, is calibrated against measurement data and used to carry out the optimization. An optimized diode structure with a parasitic capacitance of less than 30 fF at an operating frequency of 10 GHz and ESD charging voltage of 1 kV has been suggested.
A variety of tumours induced by the middle T antigen of polyoma virus in a transgenic mouse family. (1990)

A transgenic mouse family expressing the middle T antigen of polyoma virus under control of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgE) enhancer showed the frequent occurrence of carcinomas in various organs, predominantly in females. Most frequently affected were the salivary and thyroid glands, but mammary tumours, liver haemangiomas and adenocarcinomas of unknown origin were also observed. In all tumours, the middle T antigen was found to be complexed with cellular tyrosine kinases. These results extend the range of tumour types associated with in vivo expression of middle T and with the subsequent deregulation of pp60c-src and related tyrosine kinases.
Dclk1 expression levels were evaluated in mouse models. (2015)

&lt;p&gt;A: Distinct expression of Dclk1 is associated with ADM. Dclk1 immunostaining in pancreas of C57Bl/6 mice treated with caerulein on day 0 (control), 1, 3, and 5 post injection. B: Dclk1 protein levels are upregulated in the serum of pre-cancerous and cancerous KPC mice. The serum of 5-, 15- (pre-cancerous) and 25- (cancerous) week old control (con) and KPC mice (n = 5 for each group) was purified and subjected to SDS-PAGE and immuno-blotted with anti-Dclk1 antibody. Dclk1 levels are upregulated in serum of pre-cancerous and cancerous KPC mice relative to controls (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.01). C: Dclk1 is expressed on the surface of circulating tumor cells in KPCY mice. Whole blood was collected from 4-month old KPCY mice (n = 3), incubated with anti-Dclk1 antibody conjugated with AlexaFluor-546, and subjected to flow cytometry. Among the YFP+ circulating cells, 52% were positive for Dclk1. D: Dclk1 is co-localized with YFP in both primary and metastatic tumors. Immuno-staining demonstrating both primary PDAC tissue and metastatic PDAC tissue (colon) of KPCY mice express Dclk1 (red) co-localized with YFP+ tumor cells (green). Dclk1/YFP double positive cells appear yellow-orange.&lt;/p&gt;
AG3D: Learning to Generate 3D Avatars from 2D Image Collections (2023)

While progress in 2D generative models of human appearance has been rapid, many applications require 3D avatars that can be animated and rendered. Unfortunately, most existing methods for learning generative models of 3D humans with diverse shape and appearance require 3D training data, which is limited and expensive to acquire. The key to progress is hence to learn generative models of 3D avatars from abundant unstructured 2D image collections. However, learning realistic and complete 3D appearance and geometry in this under-constrained setting remains challenging, especially in the presence of loose clothing such as dresses. In this paper, we propose a new adversarial generative model of realistic 3D people from 2D images. Our method captures shape and deformation of the body and loose clothing by adopting a holistic 3D generator and integrating an efficient and flexible articulation module. To improve realism, we train our model using multiple discriminators while also integrating geometric cues in the form of predicted 2D normal maps. We experimentally find that our method outperforms previous 3D- and articulation-aware methods in terms of geometry and appearance. We validate the effectiveness of our model and the importance of each component via systematic ablation studies.
High-Surface-Area-Activated Carbon Derived from Mango Peels and Seeds Wastes via Microwave-Induced ZnCl2 Activation for Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye Molecules: Statistical Optimization and Mechanism (2022)

In this study, Mango (<i>Mangifera indica</i>) seeds (MS) and peels (MP) seeds mixed fruit wastes were employed as a renewable precursor to synthesize high-surface-area-activated carbon (MSMPAC) by using microwave-induced ZnCl<sub>2</sub> activation. Thus, the applicability of MSMPAC was evaluated towards the removal of cationic dye (methylene blue, MB) from an aqueous environment. The key adsorption factors, namely A: MSMPAC dose (0.02-0.1 g), B: pH (4-10), and C: time (5-15 min), were inspected using the desirability function of the Box-Behnken design (BBD). Thus, the adsorption isotherm data were found to correspond well with the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of (232.8 mg/g). Moreover, the adsorption kinetics were consistent with both pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The spontaneous and endothermic nature of MB adsorption on the MSMPAC surface could be inferred from the negative ∆G° values and positive value of ∆H°, respectively. Various mechanisms namely electrostatic forces, pore filling, π-π stacking, and H-bonding govern MB adsorption by the MSMPAC. This study demonstrates the utility of MS and MP as renewable precursors to produce high-surface area MSMPAC with a potential application towards the removal of cationic organic dyes such as MB.