gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Micro-structure Refinement in Low Carbon High Manganese Steels through Ti-deoxidation: Austenite Grain Growth and Decomposition (2009)

This paper investigates the effect of de-oxidation inclusions on micro-structure evolution in low-carbon steels. Low carbon (0.07 wt%), high Mn (0.9 wt%) steel in a Al2O3 or MgO crucible was deoxidized by adding either aluminum (0.05 wt%) or titanium (0.05, 0.03 or 0.015 wt%) in a 400 g-scale vacuum furnace, and cast in a Cu mold at cooling rates between 2.0–6.0 K/s. These cast samples were re-melted and cooled at various cooling rate, 1 through 100 K/s in the hot-stage of a conforcal laser scanning microscope (CSLM) in order to investigate the effect of cooling rate.Oxide inclusion sizes in all the Ti-killed steels were smaller and inclusion densities higher than those in the Al-killed steel. In Ti-killed steel, inclusion size and densities increased with increasing the oxygen content, inclusion size decreased and their densities increased with increasing the cooling rate.A Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope (CSLM) was used to study the differences in solid state micro-structural evolution between the Ti-killed and theAl-killed samples. The growth of austenite grains were studied under isothermal conditions and it was found that both grain-boundary mobility and final grain size were lower in the Ti-killed sample than for the others. With regards to austenite decomposition, during continuous cooling from a comparable austenite grain structure, the resulting austenite decomposition structure was finer for the Ti-killed sample due to a higher Widmanstätten lath density due to precipitation at. The inclusion size was found to have a significant effect on both austenite grain size and austenite decomposition structure. Different orientations of ferrite precipitates originating at inclusions were observed in the Ti-killed samples. The highest lath concentration was obtained for the sample that had the smallest average inclusion size rather than the sample with highest density of sub micro-meter inclusions.
<title>Three-dimensional memory based on birefringent polymeric materials</title> (1993)

A polarization vectorial holographic recording medium has been investigated for the development of high performance three-dimensional optical memory storage architectures. The approach has been to fully characterize the molecular and bulk properties of the polarization vectorial holographic (PVH) recording medium, and to optimize material performance for memory applications. Response time, write/read/erase speed, and fatigue of the PVH medium have been dramatically improved. The response time has been reduced to 80 microsecond(s) . No material fatigue has been observed in over one million read/write/erase cycles. We also demonstrated high-speed (> 1 kHz) write-read-erase cycling. These improvements are the result of a detailed investigation of the molecular photophysics which allowed the optimization of material and recording parameters.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Simulation studies of ultrasonic backscattering and B-mode images of liver using acoustic microscopy data (1992)

Data obtained from a scanning laser acoustic microscope (SLAM) were used to examine several aspects of ultrasonic backscattering from the liver. Phase interferograms from normal and abnormal human-liver specimens were digitized, and a series of algorithms was used to compute images of propagation velocity within the specimens. The propagation velocity images were then employed to simulate A- and B-mode results. These initial simulations were used to investigate how ultrasonic echo signals are related to tissue microstructure. Among the topics examined were B-mode speckling, frequency and beamwidth effects, and angulation dependencies.
Supplementary Figure from The Single-Cell Immunogenomic Landscape of B and Plasma Cells in Early-Stage Lung Adenocarcinoma (2023)

Supplementary Figure from The Single-Cell Immunogenomic Landscape of B and Plasma Cells in Early-Stage Lung Adenocarcinoma
A new topology for an unidirectional galvanic isolated combined converter (2016)

Global warming might be one of the driving forces to develop electrical drive trains due to the ability of being powered 100% renewable. However, cost reasons are still a driving issue. Referring to electrical based powertrains, they rely on two separate power nets. Here electrical power must be transferred from the electrical drive train net to the standard net. This typically is realized employing a dc/dc-converter with wide input and output voltage range. In this paper a new topology employing standard components like the drive train inverter for propulsion is taken. For the first time a direct energy conversion scheme is proposed, reducing the contributing components to the standard power train setup while increasing efficiency due to direct energy conversion. Using this power train configuration, a standard inverter is used in parallel for energy conversion in terms of propulsion demands and power support of the standard net. For the first time power arising from a drive train accumulator is galvanic isolated converted at the same time with one standard power train inverter offering high efficiency and increased reliability.
Single variable based variable step size maximum power point tracker for stand-alone battery storage PV systems (2011)

Recently, maximum power point trackers (MPPTs) that based on single variable (I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PV</sub> or V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PV</sub> ) have a great attention. That is due to their simplicity and easiness in implementation, when compared to the other tracking techniques. In this paper, two methods have been proposed to design a variable step size MPPT using only a single current sensor for stand-alone battery storage PV systems. These methods utilize only the relationship between the PV array measured current and the converter duty cycle (D) in order to adapt automatically the step change in the duty cycle to reach the maximum power point (MPP) of the PV array. A comparison has been held between the proposed methods to investigate their performance in transient and steady state as well using PSIM software. Furthermore, a hardware implementation for one of the proposed methods has presented using field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to verify the performance of the suggested schemes.
A resonant bi-directional dc-dc converter (2014)

This paper presents a novel dual active bridge (DAB) converter suitable for high power bidirectional power transfer. The converter topology comprises full bridge converters on each side linked by a tuned LCL network and a high frequency transformer, which provides galvanic isolation. According to theoretical analysis and simulations the addition of this resonant network significantly improves efficiency as a result of the smaller currents in the bridge semiconductor switches and in the transformer.
In Situ Gravimetric Monitoring of Decomposition Rate from GaN (0001) and (0001) Surfaces Using Freestanding GaN (2001)

Polarity dependence on GaN decomposition has been investigated by an in situ gravimetric monitoring (GM) method using freestanding GaN (0001). In the H 2 carrier gas ambient, the decomposition rate of both GaN (0001) and GaN (0001̄) increased with increasing substrate temperature. The decomposition rate of GaN (0001̄) was faster than that of GaN (0001̄) at temperatures below 820°C, whereas the decomposition rate of GaN (0001) was faster than that of GaN (0001) in the temperature range above 850°C. The decomposition rate as a function of the hydrogen partial pressure ( P H 2 ) has been observed. The rate-limiting reaction of the GaN decomposition on both surfaces is shifted from N(surface) + 3/2H 2 (g)→NH 3 (g) to Ga(surface) + 1/2H 2 (g) →GaH(g) with increase of temperature.
Electro-Optic Tuning of Mid-Infrared Photonic Crystal Cavities using Graphene (2013)

We demonstrate electro-optical modulation of mid-infrared Si photonic crystal cavities by the electrostatic doping of graphene. A wavelength shift of 4 nm is demonstrated around a wavelength of 4.47 µm, demonstrating the feasibility of on-chip electro-optic modulation for the mid-infrared wavelength region.
Fast-scanning reflection-mode integrated photoacoustic and optical-coherence microscopy (2010)

We previously demonstrated that multimodal microscopy combining photoacoustic microscopy and optical coherence tomography can provide comprehensive insight into biological tissue at &#956;m-level resolution by exploiting both optical absorption and scattering contrasts. Recently, we have developed a second-generation integrated photoacoustic and optical-coherence microscope, which can potentially be adapted for clinical applications. In this new system, we can perform photoacoustic and optical-coherence imaging simultaneously at a speed of 5,000 A-lines per second with real-time on-screen display. Also, both modalities now work in reflection mode instead of transmission mode, allowing easy access to various anatomical locations of interest. Imaging of skin and eye has been demonstrated in living small animals.
Modelling and simulation of a Puma 560 manipulator for control system appraisal (1988)

The PUMA 560 Industrial Manipulator is presently controlled using a gain-scheduled PID control strategy. The implementation of adaptive control techniques can improve manipulator performance, [20]. One of the principal drawbacks with adaptive control is the difficulty in guaranteeing robustness over the complete operating range. This is particularly important when the plant is expensive and potentially self-damaging. An accurate, tuned, dynamic model, which includes the systemâs main dynamics is a great asset to the control engineer. A complete model for the Puma 560 has not previously been developed.&#13;\n&#13;\nThe research presented in this thesis derives a tuned and fully tested third order dynamic model for the first three links of the PUMA 560. A mathematical method of specifying the manipulator link structures and inter-relationships is discussed. By treating the manipulator as a connected chain of rigid bodies the Euler-Lagrange method is used to formulate second order dynamic equations and the servo-motor actuators and friction dynamics are incorporated into the model. The resulting third order model is simulated and tested in open and closed loop conditions. The model is then tuned, to provide a better representation of the actual manipulator dynamics, by comparing actual and simulated joint movements for the same actuator voltage input, PID control was implemented in software on each of the model joints independently. Simulated positional joint control resulted in sustained oscillations in joint positions indicating that simple constant gain PID controllers, without dynamic decoupling, were unable to produce satisfactory performance. The PUMA 560 controller board PID parameters were identified for two operating regions of joint 1. These values produced better dynamic performance when implemented in the simulated controller.
Making Modelica Applicable for Formal Methods (2014)

Engineers need to perform many different types of analyses as they design systems.Modelica has become a leading language to support numerical simulation.As a consequence there is widespread understanding of Modelica and a large number of Modelica model libraries available.This paper addresses the task of using formal methods to derive system properties such as whether a design meets its requirements for all possible inputs.We report on our experience building a qualitative reasoner operating on Modelica models.In this paper, we highlight five Modelica modeling practices that impede the application of formal methods.
The Comparison of Four Bioluminometers and Their Swab Kits for Instant Hygiene Monitoring and Detection of Microorganisms in the Brewery (2001)

Four luminometers and their swab units were evaluated for detecting ATP by surface swabbing. Testing included pipetting known quantities of ATP directly onto the swabs; pipetting known levels of bacteria and yeast directly onto the swabs and swabbing samples of bacteria and yeast from a surface. None of these instruments and swab detection kits provided consistent, reproducible detection of ATP standards or ATP from microorganisms even at high concentrations. All of the swab kits/instruments showed poor linearity in measuring known quantities of ATP and showed high variability in ATP readings with replicate swabs containing identical concentrations of microorganisms. Since good linearity and reproducibility could be obtained using a liquid sample assay of ATP standards without swabs, it is suggested that the swab method itself may be unreliable. ATP may not be effectively released from microorganisms on swabs; ATP may adsorb to the swab interfering with detection and/or the swab might block light transmission. Swabs of bacterial/yeast suspensions dried on a sterilized surface, provided the most inconsistent ATP readings and lacked linearity. A reason for the poor detection of microbial ATP by surface swabbing could be the inability to pick up microorganisms effectively.
ChemInform Abstract: The Squalestatins: C‐3 Decarboxylation Studies and Rearrangement to the 6,8‐Dioxabicyclo(3.2.1)octane Ring System. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Comprehension and prediction of astronaut dynamics (2011)

A robot collaborating with astronauts needs to comprehend and predict their movements. We present an approach to perceiving and modeling astronaut movement using a 3D virtual world. The robot's visual data is registered with the virtual world to construct a model of the astronauts' dynamics and predict future motions using a physics engine. This enables the robot to interact more naturally with the humans and to avoid potentially disastrous mistakes.
Transient Response of Thin Film SiGe Micro Coolers (2006)

There are many applications where micro coolers are needed. Telecommunications lasers require a high degree of temperature control because their wavelength and power output are very temperature sensitive. Infrared detectors also need cooling because they have a much greater sensitivity at lower temperatures. One of the main factors that limits speed and miniaturization of very large scale integration (VLSI) circuits is their heat dissipation. Currently, conventional thermoelectric (TE) devices are used in many of these applications. Several features of thin film SiGe micro coolers give them an advantage over conventional bismuth telluride-based TE coolers in optoelectronic and electronic applications. They are better suited for applications where the needed cooling area is small and cost and reliability are important factors. The transient response of thin film SiGe micro coolers is measured using a thremoreflectance technique. Response time on the order of 20-40 s is obtained. The effect of device size and substrate thickness was investigated.
Energy Management of Distribution-Level Integrated Electric-Gas Systems With Fast Frequency Reserve (2023)

This article studies the energy management of distribution-level integrated electric-gas systems (D-IEGSs), considering their frequency support capability via providing the fast frequency reserve (FFR) service. The dynamics of the main grid frequency as well as frequency regulation behaviors of gas-fired turbines (GTs), power-to-gas (P2G) units, wind turbines (WTs) and Photovoltaic (PV) units in the D-IEGS are formulated, including the dead zone, limiting ranges, and the time constant of the governors. The impacts of frequency regulation behaviors of GTs and P2G units on the operation constraints of the D-IEGS are examined through a feasibility check sub-problem. Thus, the overall problem becomes a two-stage one, which is solved by the column-and-constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm. The variable-step difference and the binary variable reduction schemes are devised to decrease the computation burden. Simulation results on the IEGS with a 13-bus power network and a 6-node gas network verify the value of FFR provided by the D-IEGS and the necessity of modeling the operation constraints of the gas network.
The annular groove phase mask coronagraph: an achromatic optical vortex (2007)

The Annular Groove Phase Mask coronagraph (AGPM) is an intrinsically achromatic vectorial vortex. It consists of integrated subwavelength optical elements whose space-variant polarization properties can be engineered and optimized to synthesize one of the theoretically most efficient coronagraphs. This paper briefly recalls the principles of the AGPM, presents the benefit of its implementation inside a polarimetric differential imager, realistic numerical simulations assessing its performances, as well as the current status of the near-infrared and visible prototype manufacturing operations.
A Light Scattering Investigation of Enzymatic Gelation in Self-Assembling Peptides (2023)

Self-assembling peptides (SAPs) have been increasingly studied as hydrogel-former gelators because they can create biocompatible environments. A common strategy to trigger gelation, is to use a pH variation, but most methods result in a change in pH that is too rapid, leading to gels with hardly reproducible properties. Here, we use the urea-urease reaction to tune gel properties, by a slow and uniform pH increase. We were able to produce very homogeneous and transparent gels at several SAP concentrations, ranging from c=1g/L to c=10g/L. In addition, by exploiting such a pH control strategy, and combining photon correlation imaging with dynamic light scattering measurements, we managed to unravel the mechanism by which gelation occurs in solutions of (LDLK)3-based SAPs. We found that, in diluted and concentrated solutions, gelation follows different pathways. This leads to gels with different microscopic dynamics and capability of trapping nanoparticles. At high concentrations, a strong gel is formed, made of relatively thick and rigid branches that firmly entrap nanoparticles. By contrast, the gel formed in dilute conditions is weaker, characterized by entanglements and crosslinks of very thin and flexible filaments. The gel is still able to entrap nanoparticles, but their motion is not completely arrested. These different gel morphologies can potentially be exploited for controlled multiple drug release.
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Effects on the Pool Size of Some Photosynthetic and Photorespiratory Intermediates in Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) (1980)

The levels of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA), glycolate, glycine, and serine were measured in soybean leaflets during photosynthesis in atmospheres ranging from 1 to 60% O(2) and from 0 to 500 microliters per liter CO(2.)The RuBP level remained constant as CO(2) concentration was decreased in atmospheres containing 20 or 60% O(2), but increased as CO(2) concentration was decreased in atmospheres containing 1% O(2.) PGA levels decreased at CO(2) concentrations near or below the CO(2) compensation point under all O(2) concentrations. The glycolate pool at 300 microliters per liter CO(2) increased slightly with increasing O(2) concentration, but remained nearly constant at very low CO(2). The serine pool showed no measurable change over the range of CO(2) or O(2) concentrations tested. The glycine pool did not change significantly with varying CO(2) concentration but increased linearly with increasing O(2) concentration.Measured RuBP levels indicate an RuBP concentration less than the estimated concentration of RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase active sites. The constant RuBP pool size in 20% O(2), however, indicates that RuBP level does not limit photosynthesis or photorespiration any more at 50 microliters per liter CO(2) than at 450 microliters per liter.
Flask sample measurements for CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and CO using cavity ring-down spectrometry (2013)

Abstract. In recent years, cavity ring-down spectrometry (CRDS) has been demonstrated to be a highly sensitive, stable and fast analytical technique for real-time in situ measurements of greenhouse gases. In this study, we propose the technique (which we call flask-CRDS) of analyzing whole air flask samples for CO2, CH4 and CO using a custom gas manifold designed to connect to a CRDS analyzer. Extremely stable measurements of these gases can be achieved over a large pressure range in the flask, from 175 to 760 Torr. The wide pressure range is conducive to flask sample measurement in three ways: (1) flask samples can be collected in low-pressure environments (e.g. high-altitude locations); (2) flask samples can be first analyzed for other trace gases with the remaining low-pressure sample for CRDS analysis of CO2, CH4 and CO; and (3) flask samples can be archived and re-analyzed for validation. The repeatability of this method (1σ of 0.07 ppm for CO2, 0.4 ppb for CH4, and 0.5 ppb for CO) was assessed by analyzing five canisters filled with the same air sample to a pressure of 200 Torr. An inter-comparison of the flask-CRDS data with in-situ CRDS measurements at a high-altitude mountain baseline station revealed excellent agreement, with differences of 0.10 ± 0.09 ppm (1σ) for CO2 and 0.9 ± 1.0 ppb for CH4. This study demonstrated that the flask-CRDS method was not only simple to build and operate but could also perform highly accurate and precise measurements of atmospheric CO2, CH4 and CO in flask samples.
Physical register inlining (2004)

Physical register access time increases the delay between scheduling and execution in modern out-of-order processors. As the number of physical registers increases, this delay grows, forcing designers to employ register files with multicycle access. This paper advocates more efficient utilization of a fewer number of physical registers in order to reduce the access time of the physical register file. Register values with few significant bits are stored in the rename map using physical register inlining, a scheme analogous to inlining of operand fields in data structures. Specifically, whenever a register value can be expressed with fewer bits than the register map would need to specify a physical register number, the value is stored directly in the map, avoiding the indirection, and saving space in the physical register file. Not surprisingly, we find that a significant portion of all register operands can be stored in the map in this fashion, and describe straightforward microarchitectural extensions that correctly implement physical register inlining. We find that physical register inlining performs well, particularly in processors that are register-constrained.
Safety and tolerability of etravirine (ETR; TMC125) in hepatitis B and/or C co-infected patients in DUET-1 and DUET-2: pooled 48-week results (2008)

The 48-week efficacy and safety analysis of the next-generation NNRTI etravirine (ETR) in the DUET studies has recently been completed. We report safety results from a planned pooled analysis, according to baseline hepatitis co-infection status.