gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Using ACL2 in the Design of Efficient, Verifiable Data Structures for High-Assurance Systems (2018)

Verification of algorithms and data structures utilized in modern autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles for land, sea, air, and space presents a significant challenge. Autonomy algorithms, e.g., route planning, pattern matching, and inference, are based on complex data structures such as directed graphs and algebraic data types. Proof techniques for these data structures exist, but are oriented to unbounded, functional realizations, which are not typically efficient in either space or time. Autonomous systems designers, on the other hand, generally limit the space and time allocations for any given function, and require that algorithms deliver results within a finite time, or suffer a watchdog timeout. Furthermore, high-assurance design rules frown on dynamic memory allocation, preferring simple array-based data structure implementations. In order to provide efficient implementations of high-level data structures used in autonomous systems with the high assurance needed for accreditation, we have developed a verifying compilation technique that supports the "natural" functional proof style, but yet applies to more efficient data structure implementations. Our toolchain features code generation to mainstream programming languages, as well as GPU-based and hardware-based realizations. We base the Intermediate Verification Language for our toolchain upon higher-order logic; however, we have used ACL2 to develop our efficient yet verifiable data structure design. ACL2 is particularly well-suited for this work, with its sophisticated libraries for reasoning about aggregate data structures of arbitrary size, efficient execution of formal specifications, as well as its support for "single-threaded objects" -- functional datatypes with imperative "under the hood" implementations. In this paper, we detail our high-assurance data structure design approach, including examples in ACL2 of common algebraic data types implemented using this design approach, proofs of correctness for those data types carried out in ACL2, as well as sample ACL2 implementations of relevant algorithms utilizing these efficient, high-assurance data structures.
E-MRS Fall Symposium K: Solution-Derived Electronic-Oxide Films, Nanostructures and Patterning, from Materials to Devices (2012)

The European Materials Research Society (EMRS) Fall Meeting 2011 Symposium K: Solution-Derived Electronic-Oxide Films, Nanostructures and Patterning, from Materials to Devices brought together the scientific community working in the field of solution-derived electronic-oxide thin films, patterned structures and related devices. The meeting took place on 19–23 September 2011 in Warsaw, Poland. The participants shared their results in 12 sessions and 2 poster sessions. There were 15 invited talks, 31 oral presentations and 28 poster contributions, 74 in total.
Matching rules and growth rules for pentagonal quasicrystal tilings (1990)

We show that finite-range matching rules and growth rules exist for an infinite set of 2D pentagonal tilings other than the original Penrose tilings. There is a natural ordering of these tilings based on the range required for the rules. The results have implications for the determination of the atomic structure of icosahedral alloys.
Influence of temperature and humidity on the mechanical properties of Nafion® 117 polymer electrolyte membrane (2005)

Abstract The dynamic mechanical properties of Nafion® 117 have been measured in‐plane parallel and perpendicular to the lamination direction in a specially designed humidity cell, which allows measurement of the stiffness and mechanic loss under fuel cell relevant temperature and humidity conditions (50–100% relative humidity, 30–120 °C). The results obtained at different temperature–humidity conditions are compared with the mechanical behavior of the dry as well as the membrane saturated with liquid water. Different regimes of change in mechanical properties were found, although in general water acts as a plasticizer in Nafion®. At elevated temperatures it stiffens the membrane by stabilizing the network of hydrophilic clusters. An intermediate increase of mechanical strength at very low humidity levels is attributed to an enforcement by formation of hydrates and hydrogen bridge bonds between vicinal sulfonic acid groups. This increase is significant for the protonated state of the membrane and disappears after ion exchange. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 786–795, 2005
Response to Comment on “Drug Screening for ALS Using Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells” (2013)

Our work and the study of Bilican et al. highlight the need for complementary assays to detect subtle phenotypic differences between control and mutant induced pluripotent stem cell lines.
Soft Mechanochemical Synthesis: A Basis for New Chemical Technologies (2001)

Preface. 1. Introduction to Soft Mechanochemistry. 2. Chemical Bonds, Structure and Preparation of Hydrated Oxides. 3. Some Theoretical Aspects of Mechanochemical Reactions. 4. Apparatus for Mechanochemical Reactions. 5. Mechanical Activation of Hydrated Oxides. 6. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Double Oxides. 7. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Multicomponent Oxide Compounds. 8. Some Features and Possible Mechanisms of Mechanochemical Reactions of Hydrated Oxides. 9. Industrial Applications of Soft Mechanochemical Synthesis. Conclusions. Subject Index. Author Index.
Linear Discriminant Analysis of Single-Cell Fluorescence Excitation Spectra of Five Phytoplankton Species (2012)

Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of single-cell fluorescence excitation spectra (λ em =680 nm) for five species of marine phytoplankton was used to determine whether intra-species variation among single cells precluded discrimination among species. Single-cell spectra were recorded in an optical trap with a custom-built spectral fluorometer. For nitrogen (N)- replete cells, separation of all five species ( Emiliania huxleyi, a coccolithophore, Thalassiosira pseudonana, a diatom, Dunaliella tertiolecta, a chlorophyte, Amphidinium carterae, a dinoflagellate, and Rhodomonas salina, a cryptophyte) was possible using only a portion of the excitation spectra (570–610 nm). This wavelength region gave perfect classification of species with a minimum Fisher ratio of 62. For four species ( E. huxleyi, T. pseudonana, D. tertiolecta, and A. carterae), variations in fluorescence excitation spectra as cells were starved of N did not impact the classification process adversely within the chosen spectral window. R. salina cells grown with and without N showed significant differences in their fluorescence excitation spectra but could still be classified if a different spectral window (490–570 nm) was used. Overall, we conclude that intra-species variation among single-cell fluorescence excitation spectra does not preclude discrimination among species.
Partial right ventricular support in the acute vs the chronic pressure overloaded right ventricle (2013)

status: Published
Dynamic Changes in Striatal mGluR1 But Not mGluR5 during Pathological Progression of Parkinson's Disease in Human Alpha-SynucleinA53TTransgenic Rats: A Multi-PET Imaging Study (2016)

Synaptic signaling by glutamate, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, is modulated by group I metabotropic glutamate receptors, including the mGluR1 and mGluR5 subtypes. In the brain, mGluR1 and mGluR5 have distinct functional roles and regional distributions. Their roles in brain pathology, however, are not well characterized. Using longitudinal PET imaging in a chronic rat model of PD, we demonstrated that expression of mGluR1, but not mGluR5, dynamically changed in the striatum accompanying pathological PD progression. These findings imply that monitoring mGluR1 in vivo may provide beneficial information to further understand central nervous system disorders.
Association Cortex Contributions to the Human P3 (1993)

Event-related potentials (ERPs) assess the timing and neurophysiological basis of cognition in humans. The P3 ERP component (Desmedt et al., 1965; Sutton et al., 1965) has been associated with psychological constructs including orientation, attention, stimulus evaluation, and memory. The functional significance and neural generators of the P3 are under active investigation (Desmedt et al., 1979; Donchin, 1979; Hillyard and Picton, 1987).
A novel recursive partitioning criterion (2002)

Summary form only given, as follows. A data-driven algorithm for partitioning many-class classification problems has been developed. The algorithm generates tree-structured hybrid networks with controller nets at tree branches and local expert nets at the leaves. The controller nets recursively partition the feature space according to a novel misclassification minimization rule designed to create groupings of the classes which simplify the classification task. Each local expert is trained only dn a subset of the training data corresponding to one of the partitions. The advantage of this approach is that the classification task that each local expert performs is greatly simplified. This simplification helps to avoid the curse of dimensionality and scaling problems by allowing the local expert nets to focus their search for structure in a small portion of the input space.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Acidophilic adaptations in the structure ofAcetobacter aceti N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide mutase (PurE) (2004)

The crystal structure of Acetobacter aceti PurE was determined to a resolution of 1.55 A and is compared with the known structures of the class I PurEs from a mesophile, Escherichia coli, and a thermophile, Thermotoga maritima. Analyses of the general factors that increase protein stability are examined as potential explanations for the acid stability of A. aceti PurE. Increased inter-subunit hydrogen bonding and an increased number of arginine-containing salt bridges appear to account for the bulk of the increased acid stability. A chain of histidines linking two active sites is discussed in the context of the proton transfers catalyzed by the enzyme.
Chromatic dispersion monitoring using partial optical filtering and phase-shift detection of bit rate and doubled half bit rate frequency components (2004)

We demonstrate dispersion monitoring technique by comparing the phase of RF components at the bit rate and the doubled half-bit-rate after partial-optical-filtering. This technique enhances the monitoring range by four times compared to conventional phase-shift-detection techniques.
Fault-Tolerance of Binarized and Stochastic Computing-based Neural Networks (2021)

Both binarized and stochastic computing-based neural networks exploit bit-wise operations to replace expensive full-precision multiplications with simple XNOR gates and thus, offer low-cost hardware implementation. In stochastic computing, arithmetic computations are performed on sequences of random bits which can approximate any real values. Stochastic computing-based neural networks benefit from approximate computing and promote fault-tolerant architectures against soft errors in noisy environments. On the other hand, in binarized neural networks, real values are deterministically binarized using the sign function. As a result, any bit-flip in the binarized values dramatically changes the outcome of arithmetic computations and makes binarized neural networks more vulnerable against soft errors. In this paper, we compare these two neural networks against each other in terms of fault-tolerance and hardware complexity (i.e., area and energy efficiency).
Tetraacetonitrilelithium tetraisothiocyanatoborate (2013)

The crystal structure of the title salt, [Li(CH3CN)4][B(NCS)4], is composed of discrete cations and anions. Both the Li and B atoms show a tetra-hedral coordination by four equal ligands. The aceto-nitrile and iso-thio-cyanate ligands are linear. The bond angles at the B atom are close to the ideal tetra-hedral value [108.92 (18)-109.94 (16)°], but the bond angles at the Li atom show larger deviations [106.15 (17)-113.70 (17)°].
Ge-on-Si and Ge-on-SOI thermo-optic phase shifters for the mid-infrared (2014)

Germanium-on-silicon thermo-optic phase shifters are demonstrated in the 5 μm wavelength range. Basic phase shifters require 700 mW of power for a 2π phase shift. The required power is brought down to 80 mW by complete undercut using focused ion beam. Finally an efficient thermo-optic phase shifter is demonstrated on the germanium on SOI platform. A tuning power (for a 2π phase shift) of 105 mW is achieved for a Ge-on-SOI structure which is lowered to 16 mW for a free standing phase shifter.
High-throughput droplet-based microfluidic optical calorimeter (2019)

Calorimetry is a powerful label-free technique for characterizing biochemical interactions. However, conventional calorimeters are limited by large sample requirements and low throughput, relegating their use to a limited number of high-value measurements. To increase the throughput and sensitivity of calorimetry, we have developed a novel microfluidic calorimeter that uses optical methods to measure the temperature change caused by reactions occurring in sub-nanoliter droplets. In this calorimeter, a microfluidic system creates a mixed droplet of reactants, a thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) reporter converts the temperature change to a spectral shift, and a sensitive optical detector measures the spectral shift. Experimental measurements of the temperature change induced in droplets by the exothermic binding of EDTA to Ca<sup>2+</sup> show good agreement with a thermal multiphysics model. Our ongoing work to improve the microfluidic mixing of reactants and increase the temperature resolution of the calorimeter has yielded a temperature resolution for this calorimeter of 2.4 mK, which corresponds to an energy resolution of 16 nJ. This resolution is on the same order as commercial isothermal titration calorimeter (ITC) systems and 10-fold better than most nanocalorimeters.
A disaccharide polyphosphate mimic of 1d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (1997)

A concise route from D-glucose and D-ribose to a potent sugar polyphosphate second messenger mimic related to adenophostin A is described; a role for the adenine base of the adenophostins is suggested.
AN ENDOCRINE CELL CARCINOMA WITH GASTRIC‐AND‐INTESTINAL MIXED PHENOTYPE ADENOCARCINOMA COMPONENT IN THE STOMACH (2009)

A 77-year-old man complained of bodyweight loss, and a Borrmann 3 type lesion was observed endoscopically in the anterior wall of angular region of the stomach. The endocrine cell carcinoma (ECC) having the cytoplasmic staining of chromogranin A (CgA) was detected pathologically in the biopsy samples. The patient underwent distal gastrectomy plus systemic lymph node (LN) dissection (D2 LN dissection), and pathological examination revealed ECC invading the subserosa, and no LN metastasis (pT2N0M0). None of the gastric and intestinal endocrine cell marker expression was apparent in the ECC cells. The lesion also contained a moderately differentiated type tubular adenocarcinoma component, which was judged to be gastric-and-intestinal mixed (GI type) phenotype, using gastric and intestinal exocrine cell markers. After the surgery, he left the hospital and started oral doxifluridine (600 mg/day). The patient now (March 2008, about 19 months since the surgery) continues this chemotherapy with no recurrence. In conclusion, we experienced ECC with a GI type adenocarcinoma component. The ECC cases with the GI type adenocarcinoma component may have a relatively good prognosis, being similar to the results of advanced gastric cancers from the viewpoint of gastric and intestinal phenotypic expression.
Content-Aware Cooperative Multiple Access Protocol for Packet Speech Communications (2007)

A novel cooperative multiple access protocol for packet speech communications is proposed. Cooperation is achieved through a relay node and by exploiting the silence periods during speech communication. The relay forwards packets for the active calls during some of the time slots that are free from those users which are silent. Therefore, no extra channel resources are needed for cooperation and the system encounters no bandwidth losses. A Markov model characterizing the network operation is built and thoroughly analyzed. The throughput and delay performance of the proposed protocol are characterized and compared to a similar non-cooperative protocol for speech communications.
Zn-Cr Layered Double Hydroxides Composites for Methyl Orange (MO) Absorption (2018)

In this study, The Zn-Cr nanocomposite was synthesized using the hydrothermal method show good adsorption property. The as-prepared LDHs absorbent were characterized by Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), BET surface area, and simultaneously UV-visible spectrophotometer. The nanocomposites of Zn-Cr layered double hydroxides, the strong adsorptive adsorbents for anions. Zn-Cr LDHs with various Zn/Cr molar ratios for 2, 3, 4. The nanocomposites quickly adsorbed the anionic dyes such as methyl orange (MO) without the light illumination. The effects of Zn/Cr molar ratio on the adsorption performance of Zn-Cr LDHs were investigated.
Study on the effects of wax in the polyester color toner (2000)

To achieve the oil-less fusing of the color toner, the large amount of the wax is included in the color toner. It is true the wax is useful to improve the fusing ability, however the large amount of the wax makes the durability of the toner worse. So, it is difficult to apply the large amount of the wax to the color toner.In this paper the investigations to apply the various kinds of waxes to the polyester color toner used in the nonmagnetic single component development system are reported. As a result, it was found 1) the wax having the low melting point gives the good fusing ability. 2) The fusing ability is effected not only the melting point of the wax but also the dispersed size of the wax in the toner. 3) The more the wax is contained in the toner, the better the fusing ability is. 4) The bigger the dispersed size of the wax is, the worse the durability of the toner becomes. Consequently, on the non magnetic single component development system, to obtain the good fusing ability and the enough durability, it is necessary to disperse the wax having the low melting point to the proper size.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioorganometallic Chemistry: General Aspects and Selected Applications (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Differentiating Transition Zone Cancers From Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia by Quantitative Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2016)

Apparent diffusion coefficient may play a role in distinguishing TZ cancers from non-encapsulated BPH nodules that closely resemble cancer.
Low Back Pain (2011)

Low back pain is an extremely common presentation in general practice. Most episodes are simple and self-limiting, but the ability to recognize serious underlying pathology is crucial for GPs. Symptoms of low back pain can be a major cause of physical and psychological disability, placing huge demands on society through the loss of working days and demands placed on medical resources.
Special Section Guest Editorial: Positron Emission Tomography: History, Current Status, and Future Prospects (2017)

The <i>Journal of Medical Imaging</i> (JMI) allows for the peer-reviewed communication and archiving of fundamental and translational research, as well as applications, focused on medical imaging, a field that continues to benefit from technological improvements and yield biomedical advancements in the early detection, diagnostics, and therapy of disease as well as in the understanding of normal conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Forty Years of Designing Catalytic and Adsorptive Sites in FAU Type Zeolites at K.U. Leuven (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF CROSSLINKED RESINS BY PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS: PREPARATION OF POLYMER‐BOUND DINITRILES AND DIAMINES (1979)

Abstract Chlormethyliertes, vernetztes Polystyrol (I) liefert mit Malodinitril in Gegenwart von Alkali das Dinitril (II), aus dem durch Reduktion mit Lithiumalanat das Diamin (III) entsteht.
Al Wahbah volcanic explosion crater, Saudi Arabia (1996)

Al Wahbah, on Harrat Kishb, is the most spectacular of several volcanic explosion craters found on the lava fields of western Saudi Arabia. A Quaternary phreatic event drilled out a crater 2 km in diameter through Proterozoic basement rocks and Quaternary lava flows. The crater is rimmed with a tuff ring of debris from the explosion, around which were diverted Holocene basaltic lavas.
ASCT1 (Slc1a4) transporter is a physiologic regulator of brain d -serine and neurodevelopment (2018)

d-serine is a physiologic coagonist of NMDA receptors, but little is known about the regulation of its synthesis and synaptic turnover. The amino acid exchangers ASCT1 (Slc1a4) and ASCT2 (Slc1a5) are candidates for regulating d-serine levels. Using ASCT1 and ASCT2 KO mice, we report that ASCT1, rather than ASCT2, is a physiologic regulator of d-serine metabolism. ASCT1 is a major d-serine uptake system in astrocytes and can also export l-serine via heteroexchange, supplying neurons with the substrate for d-serine synthesis. ASCT1-KO mice display lower levels of brain d-serine along with higher levels of l-alanine, l-threonine, and glycine. Deletion of ASCT1 was associated with neurodevelopmental alterations including lower hippocampal and striatal volumes and changes in the expression of neurodevelopmental-relevant genes. Furthermore, ASCT1-KO mice exhibited deficits in motor function, spatial learning, and affective behavior, along with changes in the relative contributions of d-serine vs. glycine in mediating NMDA receptor activity. In vivo microdialysis demonstrated lower levels of extracellular d-serine in ASCT1-KO mice, confirming altered d-serine metabolism. These alterations are reminiscent of some of the neurodevelopmental phenotypes exhibited by patients with ASCT1 mutations. ASCT1-KO mice provide a useful model for potential therapeutic interventions aimed at correcting the metabolic impairments in patients with ASCT1 mutations.