gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tunable droplet momentum and cavitation process for damage-free cleaning of challenging particles (2008)

Particle removal without damage has been demonstrated for &lt;60nm photomask sub-resolution assist features with droplet momentum cleaning technology that employs NanoDroplet<sup>TM</sup> mixed-fluid jet nozzle. Although 99%+ particle removal efficiency can be achieved for standard Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> particles with broad size distribution, there are some cleaning challenges with small (&lt;100nm) and large contact area (&gt;500nm) particles. It was found that tunable uniform cavitation can provide the additional physical assist force needed to improve cleaning efficiency of these challenging particles while meeting the damage-fee cleaning requirement. An integrated cleaning process was developed that combines both droplet momentum and damage-free cavitation technology. Cleaning tests were performed with different types of challenging particles. The results showed 5-8% particle removal efficiency improvement as compared to momentum based only cleaning. All masks were processed using the Tetra<sup>TM</sup> mask cleaning tool configured with NanoDroplet<sup>TM</sup> mixed fluid jet technology and full face megasonics.
Six-mode scrambler based on cascaded side-wall grating waveguides (2021)

Abstract A six-mode scrambler based on cascaded side-wall long-period-grating waveguides on a silica planar lightwave circuit (PLC) platform is proposed for mode-division-multiplexing (MDM) transmission. The device can be fabricated with only one-step etching since it does not use a surface grating. A mode-dependent loss (MDL) of the system is estimated and the MDL can be reduced with a multiple scrambling operation. Two gratings proposed here and a fiber-pigtailed module containing these gratings are fabricated and the expected proof-of-concept mode scrambling operation is confirmed. It is found that the connection between few-mode fiber (FMF) and PLC chip seems to be the dominant loss of the module. Considering these losses, the measured results are in good agreement with the calculated results.
Lactobacillus paracaseiReduces Intestinal Inflammation in Adoptive Transfer Mouse Model of Experimental Colitis (2011)

Studies showed that specific probiotics provide therapeutic benefits in inflammatory bowel disease. In vitro evidence suggested that Lactobacillus paracasei also called ST11 (CNCM I-2116) is a potent strain with immune modulation properties. However, little is known about its capacity to alleviate inflammatory symptoms in vivo In this context, the main objective of this study was to investigate the role of ST11 on intestinal inflammation using the adoptive transfer mouse model of experimental colitis. Rag2(-/-) recipient mice were fed with ST11 (10(9) CFU/day)a month prior toinduce colitis by adoptive transfer of naive T cells. One month later, in clear contrast to nonfed mice, weight loss was significantly reduced by 50% in ST11-fed mice. Further analysis of colon specimens revealed a significant reduction neutrophil infiltration and mucosal expression of IL1β, IL-6, and IL12 proinflammatory cytokines, whereas no consistent differences in expression of antibacterial peptides or tight junction proteins were observed between PBS and ST11-fed mice. All together, our results demonstrate that oral administration of ST11 was safe and had a significant preventive effect on colitis. We conclude that probiotics such as Lactobacillus paracasei harbor worthwhile in vivo immunomodulatory properties to prevent intestinal inflammation by nutritional approaches.
Growth, crystallization, and room temperature photoluminescence of Er 2 O 3 thin films (2001)

Room temperature photoluminescence (RT PL) has been obtained from Er<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> thin films fabricated via reactive sputtering of Er metal in Ar/O<SUB>2</SUB> and subsequently annealed. Upon annealing, the PL spectra develop maxima at 1549 nm and 1541 nm for films treated at 650 degrees C and 1020 degrees C, respectively. Crystallization at high temperature results in RT PL and a lifetime of approximately 10 ms at 4K.
Cavity cooling to the ground state of an ensemble quantum system (2016)

We describe a method for initializing an ensemble of qubits in a pure ground state by applying collective cavity cooling techniques in the presence of local dephasing noise on each qubit. To solve the dynamics of the ensemble system we introduce a method for dissipative perturbation theory that applies average Hamiltonian theory in an imaginary-time dissipative interaction frame to find an average effective dissipator for the system dynamics. We use SU(4) algebra generators to analytically solve the first-order perturbation for an arbitrary number of qubits in the ensemble. We find that to first order the effective dissipator describes local ${T}_{1}$ thermal relaxation to the ground state of each qubit in the ensemble at a rate equal to the collective cavity cooling dissipation rate. The proposed technique should permit the parallel initialization of high purity states in large ensemble quantum systems based on solid-state spins.
Inhibition of Bacteria by Lactulose Preparations (1980)

Lactulose syrups were similar to sucrose syrups in water activity-lowering effects but were more inhibitory toward test microorganisms. Heat-treated commercial lactulose syrups were most inhibitory, whereas non-heat-treated pure lactulose was only slightly more inhibitory than sucrose.
Real-time internal residual mass estimation for combustion with high cyclic variability (2014)

In this work, a physics-based method of estimating the residual mass in a recompression homogeneous charge compression ignition engine is developed and analyzed for real-time implementation. The estimation routine is achieved through in-cylinder pressure and exhaust temperature measurements coupled with energy and mass conservation laws applied during the exhaust period. Experimental results on a multicylinder gasoline homogeneous charge compression ignition engine and dynamic analysis demonstrate the estimation routine’s ability to perform across a wide range of operating conditions as well as on a cycle-by-cycle basis for highly variable combustion phasing data.
144 HYPERMETHYLATION SILENCES WNT INHIBITORY FACTOR 1 IN NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA. (2006)

<h3></h3> Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an epithelial tumor that is endemic to southern China. Although much is known about its pathology and its association with Epstein-Barr virus infection, the molecular events that lead to the formation of the tumor are not clearly understood. Recently, it was discovered that the up-regulation of the wingless-type (Wnt) signaling pathway may contribute to the pathogenesis of NPC. Wnt inhibitory factor-1 (WIF-1) is an antagonist of Wnt; studies have shown that WIF-1 down-regulation and the subsequent up-regulation of Wnt signaling are found in several human cancers. In order to determine if the down-regulation of WIF-1 plays a role in NPC, the expression of human WIF-1 in NPC cells was first assessed using reverse transcription-PCR. The NPC cell lines used were CNE, HNE-1, and HONE-1. The methylation status of WIF-1 was then determined by sequencing and by using methylation-specific PCR on bisulfite-treated NPC DNA. We find that WIF-1 is not expressed in NPC cells and that CpG island hypermethylation is seen in the promoter region of WIF-1, suggesting that hypermethylation silences WIF-1 expression. These results indicate that the up-regulation of the Wnt pathway due to the methylation silencing of WIF-1 is part of the mechanism that leads to tumor formation in NPC. Discovering ways to either inhibit the Wnt pathway or remove the hypermethylation of WIF-1 can thus be potentially used to therapeutically treat NPC in patients.
Diffusion of nitrogen molecules in amorphous SiO2 (2007)

Nitrogen molecules (N2) are incorporated in interstitial voids in amorphous silica (a-SiO2) thermally annealed in N2 atmosphere. The Raman band associated with the infrared N–N stretching mode of interstitial N2 (Q band) is located at ∼2325cm−1 and is shifted to low energy compared to that of N2 molecules in air (∼2330cm−1). From depth profiling of the Raman band intensity in the samples thermally annealed at 800, 900, or 1000°C, the authors determined the diffusion coefficient and solubility of N2 in a-SiO2 as 1.3×10−4±0.5exp(−1.28±0.1eV∕kT)cm2s−1 and 7.0×1015±0.5exp(0.07±0.1eV∕kT)cm−3atm−1, respectively.
Multi-Stage Pre-training for Low-Resource Domain Adaptation (2020)

Rong Zhang, Revanth Gangi Reddy, Md Arafat Sultan, Vittorio Castelli, Anthony Ferritto, Radu Florian, Efsun Sarioglu Kayi, Salim Roukos, Avi Sil, Todd Ward. Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). 2020.
Onset of three-dimensional shear in granular flow (2005)

The evolution of granular shear flow is investigated as a function of height in a split-bottom Couette cell. Using particle tracking, magnetic-resonance imaging, and large-scale simulations we find a transition in the nature of the shear as a characteristic height $H^*$ is exceeded. Below $H^*$ there is a central stationary core; above $H^*$ we observe the onset of additional axial shear associated with torsional failure. Radial and axial shear profiles are qualitatively different: the radial extent is wide and increases with height while the axial width remains narrow and fixed.
Practical applications of viral fitness in clinical practice (2003)

Much progress has been made in the past year in our understanding of viral fitness and replication capacity. Assays that measure these viral characteristics have the potential to expand the range of clinical strategies employed against HIV-1. Further investigations are needed to firmly establish the clinical utility of these assays.
Novel NZ-DSF for Submarine Transmission Systems without Discrete Dispersion Compensation (2008)

NZ-DSF with negative dispersion and negative dispersion slope was realized by restrict mode excitation method. Residual dispersion compensation free submarine cable system is proposed by combination of standard SMF and fabricated fiber.
Benzyl Viologen-Mediated Counteraction of Diquat and Paraquat Phytotoxicities (1984)

There was reason from bacterial and algal systems to expect that pretreatments with a paraquat analog might confer tolerance against a subsequent paraquat treatment. Thus, a series of compounds were tested for protective activity against bipyridinium herbicides. These included other bipyridinium compounds and derivatives, as well as compounds having similar or more positive redox potentials than paraquat and compounds known to increase or maintain high superoxide dismutase activity levels in plants.Only treatments with benzyl viologen, a benzyl analog of paraquat, protected Spirodela oligorrhiza (Kurz) Hegelm. colonies from otherwise damaging levels of diquat.NADP photoreduction by isolated thylakoids was inhibited by the same concentrations of paraquat, diquat, and benzyl viologen given separately. Thus, the benzyl viologen-mediated tolerance against the bipyridinium herbicides is probably not due to a direct interaction at the thylakoid level.Superoxide dismutase activity was about 50% higher in broken plastids of benzyl viologen-treated plants compared to controls, which may partly explain the observed tolerance.
Development of the inspection system of defects on a CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) pad (2002)

In CMP(Chemical Mechanical Polishing) process, if there are defects on the polishing pad, scratches are generated on the surface of the semiconductor wafer. We developed the inspection system of defects on the chemical mechanical polishing pad. The system uses a white light source and a CCD camera in order to inspect defects. We use the threshold method in order to find defects from images captured by the CCD camera, and the system can sort defects by size.
Synthesis and physicochemical properties of decanucleotides containing (3′→ 5′)‐O‐CH2‐O‐linkages at predetermined positions (1993)

Abstract Synthesis of the modified decadeoxynucleotides 16–20 having the sequence d(G 1 pC 2 pG) 3 pT 4 x 1 T 5 x 2 T 6 x 3 T 7 pG 8 pC 9 pG 10 ) and containing one (x2 = CH 2 , x1 = x3 = p, i.e. , 16 ), two (x1 = x3 = CH 2 , x2 = p, i.e. , 17 , x2 = x3 = CH 2 , x1 = p, i.e. , 18 and x1 = x2 = CH 2 , x3 = p. i.e. , 19 ) or three (x1 = x2 = x3 = CH 2 , i.e. , 20 ) ‐O‐CH 2 ‐O‐ linkages could be accomplished using the respective mono‐, di‐ or tri(‐O‐CH 2 ‐O) 3′‐O‐phosphoramidites 6, 10 and 14 as the incoming synthons. Hybridization of 16–20 with their native complementary strand afforded stable duplexes, which were studied by 1D‐ and 2D‐ 1 H‐NMR and UV‐hyperchromicity techniques.
SB‐269970, a selective 5‐HT7 antagonist, reverses working memory deficits in rats by normalizing glutamate neurotransmission (2009)

5‐HT7 antagonists have been shown to have efficacy in animal models of cognition. However, the mechanism by which these procognitive effects occur is not well understood. The goal of these studies was to evaluate the effects of SB‐269970, a selective 5‐HT7 antagonist, in translational models of cognition and establish whether it modulates glutamate neurotransmission. The effects of SB‐269970 (10 mg/kg, i.p.), were evaluated in the delayed non‐matching to position (DNMTP) task alone and in combination with MK‐801 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.), a non‐competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, and, in separate experiments, with scopolamine (0.06 mg/kg, i.p.), a non‐selective muscarinic antagonist. Also, the ability of SB‐269970 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) to modulate MK‐801 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.)‐induced glutamate and dopamine cortical release was evaluated using microdialysis in freely moving rats. MK‐801 and scopolamine significantly reduced percentage correct responding in the DNMTP task without affecting number of trials. SB‐269970 significantly reversed the deficits induced by MK‐801, but not by scopolamine. SB‐269970 normalized MK‐801‐induced glutamate but not dopamine release in the cortex and these effects were similar to LY379268 , a group II mGluR agonist. These results indicate that blockade of 5‐HT7 receptors selectively normalizes glutamatergic neurotransmission.
Shear-Wave Based Monitoring of Radiofrequency Ablations at Clinically Relevant Depths (2018)

Real-time monitoring of radiofrequency ablation is important to ensure adequate treatment coverage of tumors as well as protection of healthy tissues. The high stiffness contrast between ablated and non-treated tissues has led to the use of ultrasound elastography for coagulation zone visualization but its use has been limited to shallow depths. A shear wave decorrelation mapping approach was developed for ablation boundary detection at clinically relevant depths. The shear wave elastography technique was evaluated using ex vivo bovine liver samples as well as whole livers from fresh cadavers and anesthetized live pigs. Overall the shear wave technique appears feasible for defining and monitoring the progression of thermal lesion boundary.
Tracking humans using prior and learned representations of shape and appearance (2004)

Tracking a moving person is challenging because a person's appearance in images changes significantly due to articulation, viewpoint changes, and lighting variation across a scene. And different people appear differently due to numerous factors such as body shape, clothing, skin color, and hair. In this paper, we introduce a multi-cue tracking technique that uses prior information about the 2D image shape of people in general along with an appearance model that is learned online for a specific individual. Assuming a static camera, the background is modeled and updated online. Rather than performing thresholding and blob detection during tracking, a foreground probability map (FPM) is computed which indicates the likelihood that a pixel is not the projection of the background. Offline, a shape model of walking people is estimated from the FPMs computed from training sequences. During tracking, this generic prior model of human shape is used for person detection and to initialize a tracking process. As this prior model is very generic, a model of an individual's appearance is learned online during the tracking. As the person is tracked through a sequence using both shape and appearance, the appearance model is refined and multi-cue tracking becomes more robust.
Tail Assisted Dynamic Self Righting: Full Derivations (2012)

This technical report is a companion document to the CLAWAR 2012 paper of the same name, for which we explicitly write out a full derivation of the kinematics and dynamics. Please refer to that document for motivation, experimentation, and discussion.
Cytoreductive surgery and post-operative heated pleural chemotherapy for the management of pleural surface malignancy (2013)

Although our study has some of the usual weaknesses of a single institution retrospective study, cytoreductive surgery and HPC are feasible and safe. It is suggested that HPC may have a potential role for local control as adjuvant treatment for cytoreductive surgery in patients with minor pleural spread.
ShamDroid: gracefully degrading functionality in the presence of limited resource access (2015)

Given a program whose functionality depends on access to certain external resources, we investigate the question of how to gracefully degrade functionality when a subset of those resources is unavailable. The concrete setting motivating this problem statement is mobile applications, which rely on contextual data (e.g., device identifiers, user location and contacts, etc.) to fulfill their functionality. In particular, we focus on the Android platform, which mediates access to resources via an installation-time permission model. On the one hand, granting an app the permission to access a resource (e.g., the device ID) entails privacy threats (e.g., releasing the device ID to advertising servers). On the other hand, denying access to a resource could render the app useless (e.g., if inability to read the device ID is treated as an error state). Our goal is to specialize an existing Android app in such a way that it is disabled from accessing certain sensitive resources (or contextual data) as specified by the user, while still being able to execute functionality that does not depend on those resources. We present ShamDroid, a program transformation algorithm, based on specialized forms of program slicing, backwards static analysis and constraint solving, that enables the use of Android apps with partial permissions. We rigorously state the guarantees provided by ShamDroid w.r.t. functionality maximization. We provide an evaluation over the top 500 Google Play apps and report on an extensive comparative evaluation of ShamDroid against three other state-of-the-art solutions (APM, XPrivacy, and Google App Ops) that mediate resource access at the system (rather than app) level. ShamDroid performs better than all of these tools by a significant margin, leading to abnormal behavior in only 1 out of 27 apps we manually investigated, compared to the other solutions, which cause crashes and abnormalities in 9 or more of the apps. This demonstrates the importance of performing app-sensitive mocking.
Efficacy of Tilorone Dihydrochloride against Ebola Virus Infection (2017)

Tilorone dihydrochloride (tilorone) is a small-molecule, orally bioavailable drug that is used clinically as an antiviral outside the United States. A machine-learning model trained on anti-Ebola virus (EBOV) screening data previously identified tilorone as a potent <i>in vitro</i> EBOV inhibitor, making it a candidate for the treatment of Ebola virus disease (EVD). In the present study, a series of <i>in vitro</i> ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity) assays demonstrated the drug has excellent solubility, high Caco-2 permeability, was not a P-glycoprotein substrate, and had no inhibitory activity against five human CYP450 enzymes (3A4, 2D6, 2C19, 2C9, and 1A2). Tilorone was shown to have 52% human plasma protein binding with excellent plasma stability and a mouse liver microsome half-life of 48 min. Dose range-finding studies in mice demonstrated a maximum tolerated single dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight. A pharmacokinetics study in mice at 2- and 10-mg/kg dose levels showed that the drug is rapidly absorbed, has dose-dependent increases in maximum concentration of unbound drug in plasma and areas under the concentration-time curve, and has a half-life of approximately 18 h in both males and females, although the exposure was ∼2.5-fold higher in male mice. Tilorone doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg proved efficacious in protecting 90% of mice from a lethal challenge with mouse-adapted with once-daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) dosing for 8 days. A subsequent study showed that 30 mg/kg/day of tilorone given i.p. starting 2 or 24 h postchallenge and continuing through day 7 postinfection was fully protective, indicating promising activity for the treatment of EVD.
Asymmetric Synthesis of an (R)-Cyanohydrin Using Enzymes Entrapped in Lens-Shaped Gels (2001)

[structure: see text] A novel synthesis of (R)-cyanohydrins is described which is based on the use of cross-linked and subsequently poly(vinyl alcohol)-entrapped (R)-oxynitrilases. These immobilized lens-shaped biocatalysts have a well-defined macroscopic size in the mm range, show no catalyst leaching, and can be recycled efficiently. Furthermore, this immobilization method is cheap and the entrapped (R)-oxynitrilases gave similar good results compared with those of free enzymes. The (R)-cyanohydrin was obtained in good yields and with high enantioselectivities of up to >99% ee.
Occurrence and removal of titanium at full scale wastewater treatment plants: implications for TiO2 nanomaterials (2011)

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles increasingly will be used in commercial products and have a high likelihood of entering municipal sewage that flows to centralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Treated water (effluent) from WWTPs flows into rivers and lakes where nanoparticles may pose an ecological risk. To provide exposure data for risk assessment, titanium concentrations in raw sewage and treated effluent were determined for 10 representative WWTPs that use a range of unit processes. Raw sewage titanium concentrations ranged from 181 to 1233 µg L(-1) (median of 26 samples was 321 µg L(-1)). The WWTPs removed more than 96% of the influent titanium, and all WWTPs had effluent titanium concentrations of less than 25 µg L(-1). To characterize the morphology and presence of titanium oxide nanoparticles in the effluent, colloidal materials were isolated via rota-evaporation, dialysis and lyophilization. High resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis indicated the presence of spherical titanium oxide nanoparticles (crystalline and amorphous) on the order of 4 to 30 nm in diameter in WWTP effluents. This research provides clear evidence that some nanoscale particles will pass through WWTPs and enter aquatic systems and offers a methodological framework for collecting and analyzing titanium-based nanomaterials in complex wastewater matrices.