gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The reliability of disparity signals affects slant anisotropy (2010)

Disparity-defined surfaces with the same physical slant often differ in perceived slant depending on their tilt: Surfaces with tilt 90 (rotated about horizontal axis) appear more slanted than surfaces with tilt 0 (rotated about vertical axis). This slant anisotropy is also observed with disparity-defined sinusoidal corrugations: disparity threshold is lower for low-spatial frequency corrugations when they are horizontal than when they are vertical (Bradshaw & Rogers, 1999). Slant anisotropy is not observed with real surfaces in which other depth cues are consistent with the disparity-defined surface (Bradshaw et al., 2002). This suggests that slant anisotropy is caused by the cue conflicts present in virtual disparity-defined surfaces and/or by differences in the slant prior for tilts 0 and 90. To examine these possibilities, we first made all other depth cues unreliable, thereby reducing their influence. We then varied the reliability of the disparity signal by blurring the dots anisotropically in a random-dot stereogram. Blurring the dots horizontally makes the calculation of horizontal disparity unreliable. Blurring vertically does not affect the calculation of horizontal disparity. In each two-interval trial, observers indicated whether a horizontal or vertical corrugation had more apparent depth. We varied the amplitude of the vertical corrugation to match the apparent amplitude in the horizontal corrugation. When the disparity signal was relatively unreliable (horizontally blurred dots), the vertical corrugation needed greater amplitude to have the same apparent depth as the horizontal corrugation: slant anisotropy was observed. However, when the disparity signal was relatively reliable (vertically blurred dots), the amplitude difference decreased substantially: slant anisotropy was diminished. Thus, the reliability of the horizontal-disparity signal strongly influences slant anisotropy. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the slant priors for tilts 0 and 90 differ, the former being more peaked at 0 deg.
Cosmeceuticals (2004)

Isotretinoin (Accutane®) is an orally active drug for the treatment of severe refractory acne that functions by reducing sebaceous gland size and sebum production. Tazarotene (Tazorac®) is a topical receptor-selective retenoid that normalizes differentiation and proliferation of keratinocytes. Its major metabolite, tazarotenic acid, binds to retinoic acid receptors with high affinity. Minoxidil, 2,4-diamino-6-piperidinopyrimidine-3-oxide, is a potassium channel opener (KCO). It is a prodrug and is activated via sulfation in vivo. It was initially prepared as a potent vasodilator for the treatment of severe hypertension. Now it is a topical application for hair growth. Finasteride (Propecia®) is efficacious at a dose of 5 mg/day for androgenic alopecia. It was found that finasteride lowers levels of DHT without interfering with T levels on scalp skin. Syntheses of isotretinoin, tazoratene, minoxidil, and finasteride are discussed.
Robustness for tracking error in FMF based FSO receiver (2016)

We have numerically analyzed the relaxing effect for required tracking accuracy by the introduction of FMF based FSO receiver, and clarified 6-mode FMF provides a 2.2-times larger tolerance compared to the direct coupling to SMF.
Volume ignition of inertial confinement fusion of deuterium-helium(3) and hydrogen-boron(ll) clean fusion fuel (1992)

Since DT laser fusion with 10-MJ laser pulses for 1000-MJ output now offers the physics solution for an economical fusion energy reactor, the conditions are evaluated assuming that controlled ICF reactions will become possible in the future using clean nuclear fusion fuel such as deuterium-helium(3) or hydrogen-boron(11). Using the transparent physics mechanisms of volume ignition of the fuel capsules, we show that the volume ignition for strong reduction of the optimum initial temperature can be reached for both types of fuels if a compression about 100 times higher than those in present-day laser compression experiments is attained in the future. Helium(3) laser-pulse energies are then in the same range as for DT, but ten times higher energies will be required for hydrogenboron(11).
Mechanical test methodology for environmental exposure testing of biodegradable polymers (1991)

Abstract A test methodology was developed for exposing degradable polymer test specimens to a simulated chemical and mechanical body environment and then testing them periodically to detect changes in stress–strain behavior. Poly(ortho ester) specimens were exposed to cyclic loading in aerated tris‐buffered saline (pH = 7.4) at 37°C. Specimens were removed at various time periods and the mechanical properties determined. To determine the effects of cyclic loading alone, additional specimens were cycled in air for the same cyclic periods and tested in the same manner. To determine the effects of a constant load on degradation rate, other specimens were subjected to a static load while exposed to trisbuffered saline. Additional specimens were subjected to immersion in tris‐buffered saline without loading. Exposure to tris‐buffered saline alone had a small effect on the rate of change of the mechanical properties of the poly(ortho ester) specimens while cyclic loading in air alone had no effect. However a combination of both exposure to tris‐buffered saline and a static load decreased the flexural yield strength by 29% and the modulus of elasticity by 20% after 40 days, and a combination of both exposure to tris‐buffered saline and cyclic loading decreased both the flexural strength and modulus by 75% after 40 days.
Intestinal microbiota influence postnatal thymic T cell development (2016)

Abstract The immune system faces unique challenges in the period immediately following birth. Thrust from a sterile fetal environment, it is abruptly exposed to an immense array of foreign antigens, the major burden of which is in the form of the microbiota newly colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. Adaptive immunity at the post-natal stage is largely immature, and the newborn’s immune system relies initially on innate immune effectors for protection against infections. In the early post-natal period, increasing numbers of innate and adaptive lymphocytes mature in the thymus and migrate to populate peripheral lymphoid organs including intestinal mucosal tissue. Intestinal microbiota regulate the maturation of the immune system at mucosal sites and also influence host physiology and function beyond the mucosal tract such as the brain and the pancreas. However, whether and how intestinal microbial colonization influences immune cell development in the thymus remains unknown. Here we show that the thymus of neonatal mice harbor precursor cells with distinct gene expression profiles compared to adult thymocytes that could potentially favor the development of innate-like lymphocytes. There are discrete patterns of distribution of PLZF and RORgt expressing thymic cell subsets and the prevalence of these cells is influenced by microbial colonization status of the neonatal intestine. Finally, we propose that migratory dendritic cells are one mediator of thymic-intestine crosstalk that transmit microbiota-specific signal to influence development of these thymic subsets. Thus, intestinal microbiota regulate yet another fundamental aspect of immune function- the development of lymphocytes itself in the neonatal thymus.
Generation of microwave-excited atmospheric-pressure line plasma and its application (2017)

A new 2.45 GHz microwave-excited atmospheric-pressure line plasma system was developed. An atmospheric-pressure helium (He) line plasma with a length of ∼350 mm and a width of ∼6 mm was generated in air at a microwave power of 1100 W. The length of the He line plasma was varied in the range of ∼120–350 mm by changing the width of the waveguide in the microwave tube and the position of the short plunger. When a Si wafer was irradiated with the He line plasma for 10 s, the surface of the Si wafer became superhydrophilic in a belt shape. On the basis of these results, the new microwave-excited atmospheric-pressure He line plasma system was found to be effective for dry cleaning large-area surfaces, such as semiconductor substrates and glass plates used in flat-panel displays.
Insights into the H2O2‐driven catalytic mechanism of fungal lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (2021)

Fungal lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) depolymerise crystalline cellulose and hemicellulose, supporting the utilisation of lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for biorefinery and biomanufacturing processes. Recent investigations have shown that H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> is the most efficient cosubstrate for LPMOs. Understanding the reaction mechanism of LPMOs with H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> is therefore of importance for their use in biotechnological settings. Here, we have employed a variety of spectroscopic and biochemical approaches to probe the reaction of the fungal LPMO9C from N. crassa using H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> as a cosubstrate and xyloglucan as a polysaccharide substrate. We show that a single 'priming' electron transfer reaction from the cellobiose dehydrogenase partner protein supports up to 20 H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> -driven catalytic cycles of a fungal LPMO. Using rapid mixing stopped-flow spectroscopy, alongside electron paramagnetic resonance and UV-Vis spectroscopy, we reveal how H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> and xyloglucan interact with the enzyme and investigate transient species that form uncoupled pathways of NcLPMO9C. Our study shows how the H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> cosubstrate supports fungal LPMO catalysis and leaves the enzyme in the reduced Cu<sup>+</sup> state following a single enzyme turnover, thus preventing the need for external protons and electrons from reducing agents or cellobiose dehydrogenase and supporting the binding of H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> for further catalytic steps. We observe that the presence of the substrate xyloglucan stabilises the Cu<sup>+</sup> state of LPMOs, which may prevent the formation of uncoupled side reactions.
Near-field microwave microscopy of high-κ oxides grown on graphene with an organic seeding layer (2013)

Near-field scanning microwave microscopy (SMM) is used for non-destructive nanoscale characterization of Al2O3 and HfO2 films grown on epitaxial graphene on SiC by atomic layer deposition using a self-assembled perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride seeding layer. SMM allows imaging of buried inhomogeneities in the dielectric layer with a spatial resolution close to 100 nm. The results indicate that, while topographic features on the substrate surface cannot be eliminated as possible sites of defect nucleation, the use of a vertically heterogeneous Al2O3/HfO2 stack suppresses formation of large outgrowth defects in the oxide film, ultimately improving lateral uniformity of the dielectric film.
Relative Contributions of B Cells and Dendritic Cells from Lupus-Prone Mice to CD4+ T Cell Polarization (2018)

Mouse models of lupus have shown that multiple immune cell types contribute to autoimmune disease. This study sought to investigate the involvement of B cells and dendritic cells in supporting the expansion of inflammatory and regulatory CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells that are critical for lupus pathogenesis. We used lupus-prone B6.NZM2410.Sle1.Sle2.Sle3 (TC) and congenic C57BL/6J (B6) control mice to investigate how the genetic predisposition of these two cell types controls the activity of normal B6 T cells. Using an allogeneic in vitro assay, we showed that TC B1-a and conventional B cells expanded Th17 cells significantly more than their B6 counterparts. This expansion was dependent on CD86 and IL-6 expression and mapped to the <i>Sle1</i> lupus-susceptibility locus. In vivo, TC B cells promoted greater differentiation of CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells into Th1 and follicular helper T cells than did B6 B cells, but they limited the expansion of Foxp3 regulatory CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells to a greater extent than did B6 B cells. Finally, when normal B6 CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells were introduced into Rag1<sup>-/-</sup> mice, TC myeloid/stromal cells caused their heightened activation, decreased Foxp3 regulatory CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell differentiation, and increased renal infiltration of Th1 and Th17 cells in comparison with B6 myeloid/stromal cells. The results show that B cells from lupus mice amplify inflammatory CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells in a nonredundant manner with myeloid/stromal cells.
HFAG: Hierarchical Frame Affinity Group for video retrieval on very large video dataset (2010)

Content-based video retrieval systems are desired to fast and accurately find the nearest-neighbors of user input examples from very large video datasets. This poses a great challenge since exhaustive and redundant computation of similarities is required. Cluster based index approaches can be used to address this problem, but the similarity computation and clustering methods for videos are very time-consuming, thus preventing it from indexing very large video datasets. In this paper, we propose the Hierarchical Frame Affinity Group (HFAG), which is a hierarchy of frame clusters built using affinity propagation (AP) method, to represent video clusters. Our proposed video similarity metric and AP method guarantee the high performance of forming HFAG. We then build the cluster-based index structure to support retrieval of the nearest-neighbors of video sequences. The experiments on real large video datasets prove the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach.
Back Cover: Discotic Ionic Liquid Crystals of Triphenylene as Dispersants for Orienting Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 34/2012) (2012)

A columnar ionic liquid crystal (LC) can effectively disperse carbon nanotubes, where LC columns spontaneously align homeotropically on a glass substrate. In their Communication on page 8490 ff., Y. Yamamoto, T. Aida, et al. show that when the composite is sheared, both nanotubes and LC columns align along the shear direction (left), and anisotropic electrical conduction is observed. When the sheared composite is annealed, only the LC columns align homeotropically (right).
ChemInform Abstract: A Diastereoselective Synthesis of (S,S)‐α‐Fluoro‐2,2‐dimethyl‐1, 3‐dioxolane‐4‐propanoic Acid Methyl Ester, a Key Intermediate for the Preparation of Anti‐HIV Effective Fluorodideoxynucleosides. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Human robot interaction: application to smart wheelchairs (2003)

Addresses the problem of human robot interaction with application to the design of assistive devices. We describe the design and development of a prototype of a smart wheelchair that can be commanded by a rider. Specifically, we focus on (a) the vision-based human interaction interface; (b) the suite of sensors on the chair, and (c) the software architecture and the control algorithms used to control the chair.
A Comparison of DESI-MS and LC-MS for the Lipidomic Profiling of Human Cancer Tissue (2015)

In this study, we make a direct comparison between desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS) platforms for the profiling of glycerophospholipid (GPL) species in esophageal cancer tissue. In particular, we studied the similarities and differences in the range of GPLs detected and the congruency of their relative abundances as detected by each analytical platform. The main differences between mass spectra of the two modalities were found to be associated with the variance in adduct formation of common GPLs, rather than the presence of different GPL species. Phosphatidylcholines as formate adducts in UPLC-ESI-MS accounted for the majority of differences in negative ion mode and alkali metal adducts of phosphatidylcholines in DESI-MS for positive ion mode. Comparison of the relative abundance of GPLs, normalized to a common peak, revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.70 (P < 0.001). The GPL profile detected by DESI-MS is congruent to UPLC-ESI-MS, which reaffirms the role of DESI-MS for lipidomic profiling and a potential premise for quantification.
Towards the integration of carbon nanotubes in microelectronics (2003)

The outstanding properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) makes them particularly interesting for microelectronic applications such as interconnects and devices. The parallel integration of CNTs using compatible processes is critical for their future application and implies the simultaneous processing of millions of CNTs. In this paper, we present concepts for CNT‐based interconnects for large‐scale integration. In order to realize this we demonstrate the creation of vertical interconnects (vias) consisting of multi‐walled nanotubes and show, for the first time, the growth of single, isolated CNTs at lithographically defined locations.
LBODP024 Successful Adrenal Vein Sampling Using Dexamethasone Premedication In Patients With Iodine Contrast Media Allergy (2022)

Abstract Background Preparation of patients with iodine contrast media (ICM) allergy who require adrenal vein sampling (AVS) to establish source of aldosterone excess in confirmed primary aldosteronism (PA) is controversial. Usual premedication with high dose prednisone can interfere with cortisol determinations, possibly altering the aldosterone-to-cortisol ratios for the identification of lateralized aldosterone excess. Objective Evaluate the efficacy and safety of premedication with high dose dexamethasone to perform AVS in patients with ICM. Methods 177 consecutive patients with confirmed PA who underwent bilateral simultaneous basal and post ACTH bolus AVS at our center between January 2010 and December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed for reported ICM allergy. A total of 7 patients (4%) with history of allergic reactions to ICM were premedicated with three doses of 7.5 mg dexamethasone rather than the usual 50 mg of prednisone. Results No breakthrough allergic reactions were reported in the 7 patients. The mean age at the time of AVS procedure was 55.1 ± 16.8 years. Patients had been hypertensive for a mean of 6.7 ± 5.9 years. The mean systolic blood pressure on the day of the procedure was 137.4 ± 4.2 mmHg and the mean diastolic blood pressure 77.1 ± 12.9 mmHg. Most patients had at least 2 anti-hypertensive medications in their drug regimen prior to AVS procedure, none being mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Dexamethasone suppression effect on AVS: All basal peripheral cortisol levels were suppressed, &amp;lt; 50 nmol/L, confirming lack of meaningful cortisol co-secretion. The basal and post-ACTH selectivity index were respectively &amp;gt;2 and &amp;gt; 5 bilaterally in all patients, confirming adequate cannulation of both adrenal veins. Basal peripheral plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) was also reduced by dexamethasone administration by an average of 66 ± 30% in comparison with PAC measured before AVS. Despite basal suppression, PAC increased following ACTH bolus injection with an average rise of 698.8 ± 644.5% from baseline. AVS results: Four patients had lateralized (A/C ratio &amp;gt; 2 basally and &amp;gt;4 post ACTH), while three had bilateral source according to AVS results. Follow up data for a mean of 58 ± 41.4 months was available for 6 patients. In the three patients who underwent unilateraladrenalectomy for lateralized source, basal and post-ACTH lateralization ratios were concordant. All 3 patients had contralateral suppression, confirmed adrenocortical adenoma at histopathology and clinical (n=3) (normal blood pressure without medication) and/or biochemical cure (n=2) (direct renin concentration &amp;gt; 10 ng/dL) at follow up. Conclusion AVS using dexamethasone premedication is safe and accurate for diagnosing source of aldosterone excess in patients with PA and ICM allergy. Presentation: No date and time listed
Efficacy of Bisphosphonate-Conjugated Sitafloxacin in a Murine Model of S. aureus Osteomyelitis: Evidence of “Target & Release” Kinetics and Killing of Bacteria Within Canaliculi (2022)

<i>S. aureus</i> infection of bone is difficult to eradicate due to its ability to colonize the osteocyte-lacuno-canalicular network (OLCN), rendering it resistant to standard-of-care (SOC) antibiotics. To overcome this, we proposed two bone-targeted bisphosphonate-conjugated antibiotics (BCA): bisphosphonate-conjugated sitafloxacin (BCS) and hydroxybisphosphonate-conjugate sitafloxacin (HBCS). Initial studies demonstrated that the BCA kills <i>S. aureus in vitro</i>. Here we demonstrate the <i>in vivo</i> efficacy of BCS and HBCS versus bisphosphonate, sitafloxacin, and vancomycin in mice with implant-associated osteomyelitis. Longitudinal bioluminescent imaging (BLI) confirmed the hypothesized "target and release"-type kinetics of BCS and HBCS. Micro-CT of the infected tibiae demonstrated that HBCS significantly inhibited peri-implant osteolysis versus placebo and free sitafloxacin (p < 0.05), which was not seen with the corresponding non-antibiotic-conjugated bisphosphonate control. TRAP-stained histology confirmed that HBCS significantly reduced peri-implant osteoclast numbers versus placebo and free sitafloxacin controls (p < 0.05). To confirm <i>S. aureus</i> killing, we compared the morphology of <i>S. aureus</i> autolysis within <i>in vitro</i> biofilm and infected tibiae <i>via</i> transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Live bacteria <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> presented as dense cocci ~1 μm in diameter. <i>In vitro</i> evidence of autolysis presented remnant cell walls of dead bacteria or "ghosts" and degenerating (non-dense) bacteria. These features of autolyzed bacteria were also present among the colonizing <i>S. aureus</i> within OLCN of infected tibiae from placebo-, vancomycin-, and sitafloxacin-treated mice, similar to placebo. However, most of the bacteria within OLCN of infected tibiae from BCA-treated mice were less dense and contained small vacuoles and holes >100 nm. Histomorphometry of the bacteria within the OLCN demonstrated that BCA significantly increased their diameter versus placebo and free antibiotic controls (p < 0.05). As these abnormal features are consistent with antibiotic-induced vacuolization, bacterial swelling, and necrotic phenotype, we interpret these findings to be the initial evidence of BCA-induced killing of <i>S. aureus</i> within the OLCN of infected bone. Collectively, these results support the bone targeting strategy of BCA to overcome the biodistribution limits of SOC antibiotics and warrant future studies to confirm the novel TEM phenotypes of bacteria within OLCN of <i>S. aureus</i>-infected bone of animals treated with BCS and HBCS.
A Low Cost Angular Rate Sensor in Si-Surface Micromachining Technology for Automotive Application (1999)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper reports on a new generation of silicon gyroscopes, which can be used as angular rate sensors for roll-over sensing or navigation control. The sensor is fabricated in standard Si-surface micromachining technology and encapsulated under vacuum conditions using an Si-micromachined cap wafer. The sensor consists of an electrostatically driven oscillating disk, which reacts with a tilt movement when an angular rate is applied due to the conservation law for angular momentums. The tilt movement is then detected capacitively by electrodes on the substrate underneath the oscillating disk. The sensor is packaged in a standard SMD housing (PLCC44).&lt;/div&gt;