gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
1.5-μm GaInAsP planar buried heterostructure lasers grown using chemical-beam-epitaxial base structures (1988)

GaInAsP/InP double heterostructures grown by chemical-beam epitaxy have been used in conjunction with liquid-phase-epitaxial regrowth to fabricate high-performance buried heterostructure lasers operating at a wavelength of 1.5 μm. These lasers show room-temperature threshold currents as low as 12 mA, external quantum efficiencies as high as 0.2 mW/mA per facet, and, in general, linear output power up to ∼10 mW/facet. The 3-dB bandwidth at optimal biasing is about 8 GHz and is believed to be limited by the heatsink stud. The relative intensity noise is low, &amp;lt;−150 dB/Hz at 1 GHz for bias currents from 50 mA to above 150 mA.
Minor-element behavior and iron partition during the cleaning of copper converter slag under reducing conditions (1997)

A mathematical model has been developed to describe the reduction process and the minor-element behavior during the cleaning of copper converter slag under equilibrium conditions. The results of simulation show that large fractions of Pb, Bi, Sb and As, but little of Zn, are absorbed into the recovered copper phase. Generally, the distribution behavior of minor elements is affected by temperature and CO partial pressure, but not by the initial amounts of these elements in the slag or by the activity of FeO. There is a limit to the recovery of copper by reducing Cu2O from the slag because iron oxides are also reduced at low oxygen potentials to form a solid copper-iron alloy which is impossible to separate from the slag. The limit was 90% recovery of copper (0.3% Cu in slag) at 1250°C for the converter slag of typical composition used in this study. The predicted results were compared with the actual observed data from pilot plant operation in which pulverized coal was used as a reductant. Consistent trends between the two cases were obtained. © 1997. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved Résumé On a développé un modéle mathématique décrivant le procédé de réduction et le comportement d' élément mineur lors du nettoyage du laitier de convertisseur du cuivre sous des conditions d'équilibre. Les résultats de la simulation montrent que de grandes quantités de Pb, de Bi, de Sb et d'As, mais peu de Zn, sont absorbées dans la phase de cuivre récupéré. Généralement, le comportement de distribution des éléments mineurs est affecté par la température et par la pression partielle du CO, mais non pas par les quantités initiales de ces éléments dans le laitier ni par l'activité du FeO. Il y a une limite à la récupération de cuivre par réduction du Cu2O à partir du laitier parce que les oxydes de fer sont aussi réduits à de faibles potentials d'oxygéne, formant un alliage solide cuivre-fer qu'il est impossible de séparer du laitier. La limite de récupération était de 90% ddu cuivre (0.3% Cu dans le laitier) à 1250°C pour le laitier de convertisseur de composition typique utilisé dans cette étude. On a comparé les résultats prédits avec les données actuelles observées lors de l'opération d'une usine pilote dans laquelle du charbon pulvérisé était utilisé comme agent réducteur. On a obtenu des tendances concordantes entre les deux cas.
STBVH (2017)

We present the STBVH, a new approach for rendering multi-segment motion blur using a bounding volume hierarchy (BVH) that stores both spatial linearly interpolated bounds and temporal bounds. The approach is designed for different number of time steps per mesh or object. While separating the individual meshes using standard partitioning techniques, it performs temporal splits for locations with large or curved motion inside the meshes. Our approach uses a modified motion blur surface area heuristic (MBSAH) that calculates probabilities in the presence of spatial-temporal bounds and works on linear motion segments of primitives rather than on full motion curves. We show that our approach is able to handle challenging scenes with varying degrees of motion blur per mesh, using significantly less memory and having competitive rendering performance compared to building separate linear motion blur BVHs per global time segment.
A structurally unique Fusobacterium nucleatum tannase provides detoxicant activity against gallotannins and pathogen resistance (2020)

Colorectal cancer pathogenesis and progression is associated with the presence of Fusobacterium nucleatum and the reduction of acetylated derivatives of spermidine, as well as dietary components such as tannin-rich foods. We show that a new tannase orthologue of F. nucleatum (TanBF<sub>nn</sub> ) has significant structural differences with its Lactobacillus plantarum counterpart affecting the flap covering the active site and the accessibility of substrates. Crystallographic and molecular dynamics analysis revealed binding of polyamines to a small cavity that connects the active site with the bulk solvent which interact with catalytically indispensable residues. As a result, spermidine and its derivatives, particularly N<sup>8</sup> -acetylated spermidine, inhibit the hydrolytic activity of TanBF<sub>nn</sub> and increase the toxicity of gallotannins to F. nucleatum. Our results support a model in which the balance between the detoxicant activity of TanBF<sub>nn</sub> and the presence of metabolic inhibitors can dictate either conducive or unfavourable conditions for the survival of F. nucleatum.
177 HYSTEROSCOPIC BLASTOCYST IMPLANTATION—A NOVEL EMBRYO TRANSFER PROCEDURE (2004)

Various techniques using different types of catheters have been advocated to increase pregnancy rates while reducing side effects from the embryo transfer procedure. However, all of these techniques are ‘blind’ procedures of catheter introduction into the uterus, and the problems of ‘lost embryos’ and the occurrence of ectopic pregnancies persist. A novel hysteroscopic-guided direct embryo transfer procedure with visually directed embryo implantation was developed to improve the current ‘blind’ embryo transfer procedures by increasing chances of success while eliminating tubal pregnancies and decreasing high-order multiple pregnancies from IVF related techniques. At West Coast Infertility Medical Clinic, 57 patients with average age of 28.43 ± 4.54 were analyzed. Stimulation method: controlled ovarian hyperstimulation was initiated with Follitropin ß; (Follistim®, Organon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.). Premature endogenous gonadotropin surge (i.e. the prevention of an LH surge) was controlled with ganirelix acitate (AntagonTM, Organon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., West Orange, NJ, USA.). Oocyte retrieval was performed in an office setting under local anesthesia and mild sedation, followed by routine IVF/ICSI, IVC. By Day 5–6, up to 2 best quality blastocyst stage embryos were transferred to patient’s uterus by ‘hysteroscopic embryo implantation’ procedure: a lightweight hybrid (rigid/flexible) mini hysteroscope (Napoli, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA) was used for visualization of the endometrial cavity. The scope incorporates a flexible distal end of 3 mm in diameter with a straight-through operating channel. In addition, the optic filter is directly connected to a light source, decreasing the weight of the scope and giving a better feel for the scope. The transfer catheter (Napoli, Inc.) is polycarbon based with a tapered tip (to 500 µm), beveled to 60°. During embryo transfer procedure, the catheter tip was inserted into a depth of 1 mm from the surface of the endometrium under direct hysteroscopic visualization. The loaded embryos with 10 µL medium was released underneath the endometrium to produce a ‘bubble’ cushion. Luteal phase support was provided (3000 IU of hCG at Day 3 and Day 6 post-retrieval, separately). Pregnancies were determined by serum hCG concentration of 5 IU mL-1 or more at Day 16 post-retrieval. Thirty out of 57 (52.6%) women became pregnant. Multiple pregnancy rate was 4 out of 30 (13.3%) and comprised only of twins, and no ectopic pregnancy was found. In conclusion, a newly developed instrument and embryo transfer procedure by mechanical implantation of the embryo was achieved. By implanting the embryos, we have reduced the number of embryos that are transfered, minimized the chances of ‘losing’ embryos, and eliminated ectopic pregnancies.
Ray-tracing simulation of sound drift effect for multi-path ultrasonic high-velocity gas flow metering (2021)

Ultrasonic flow meters (UFMs) have the advantage of noninvasive flow metering of liquids, gases and multi-phase mixtures with or without particles. However, one challenge is a restricted measurement range of UFMs. The sound drift effect is causing a significant reduction of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) at larger flow velocities. In this paper, we extend our previous work by providing ray-tracing simulation of the sound drift effect for high flow velocities to predict the compensation angles and therefore increase the SNR, allowing measurements, of up to a flow velocity of 100 ms <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−1</sup> in a pipe with a diameter of 31.5 cm, The 3D-ray-tracing calculation for each sound path of a multipath UFM takes into account the flow velocity distribution and the sound velocity within the flow meter. The pre-characterized velocity distribution is used in a boundary value problem, solving each sound ray path for a given compensation angle in flow velocity steps of 0.1 ms <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−1</sup> . For validation, a 3D-printed flowmeter consisting of an 8 x 8, λ/2 phased-array for transmission and 14 individual single receivers for upstream and downstream sound paths are used. The correct steering angle maximizing the received power of the direct sound wave corresponds to the ideal compensation angle for each flow velocity and transducer. In general, the measured and simulated ideal compensation angles are in excellent agreement with a root mean square deviation of 2.88°. In upstream direction, the simulation no longer converges for flow velocities above 34.9 ms <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−1</sup> for the outermost sound path above 78.9 ms <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−1</sup> for the middle sound path.
Progressive improvement in discriminative abilities in adult owl monkeys performing a tactile frequency discrimination task (1992)

1. Adult owl monkeys were trained to detect a difference in the frequency of sequentially applied tactile stimuli presented to a constant, restricted location on the glabrous skin of a single finger. Psychophysical performance functions and thresholds were determined on daily sessions over a 3- to 20-wk-long training period. 2. Thresholds for the trained digit progressively decreased from a 6- to 8-Hz difference to a 2- to 3-Hz difference relative to a 20-Hz standard. These thresholds were similar to those described for macaques and humans determined by the use of a two-alternative forced-choice procedure. 3. Six of the seven studied monkeys showed a continuously progressive improvement in performance with training. Early in the training period, the performance improved at about the same rate for all frequencies. Later in the training period, the performance for frequencies much greater than the comparison frequency improved sooner than did the performances for frequencies more similar to the comparison frequency. This resulted in an increase of the slope of the psychometric function near threshold. In a single monkey, no clear later-component improvements were recorded. 4. Analyses of performances using the theory of signal detection revealed a progressive increase in the measure of d' for all frequencies above threshold. 5. Some improvements in performance were also recorded when stimuli were applied on an adjacent digit, which was trained for 2 or 3 sessions spaced throughout the course of training. However, thresholds on these digits were always greater than those on the trained digit. These findings suggest that there are local changes generated by this training at somatotopically restricted regions of the central somatosensory nervous system. 6. It is concluded that this training resulted in a genuine progressive improvement in temporal acuity specific to the trained skin. The initial rapid improvement was likely due to an improvement in the "strategy" or "cognitive" aspects of the task, whereas more gradual improvements in performance recorded throughout the training period were most probably due to somatotopically localized changes in the neural representations of the behaviorally relevant stimulus.
Cross-linkable styrene-functionalized fullerenes as electron-selective contacts for robust and efficient perovskite solar cells (2016)

Styrene functionalized fullerene derivatives have been designed for use as electron-selective contacts in perovskite solar cells. Unlike films of PC <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">61</sub> BM and C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">60</sub> fullerene, films of these styrene-functionalized fullerenes (SFFs) can be transformed into a solvent resistant material through thermal curing. Conventional-geometry perovskite solar cells utilizing cured and uncured thin films of SFFs on titania were fabricated and tested for PCE and fracture resistance, and compared to cells employing C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">60</sub> . These cells displayed significant improvements in the fracture resistance (> 200 %) while exhibiting only a 7% drop in PCE (13.8 % vs 14.8 % PCE), with larger V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OC</sub> and J <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SC</sub> values in comparison to the C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">60</sub> control cell. Inverted cells fabricated with SFFs displayed an even greater increase in fracture resistance (> 400 %) with only a 6 % reduction in PCE (12.3 % vs 13.1 %) in comparison to those utilizing PC <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">61</sub> BM.
Characterization and Applications of Spatial Variation Models for Silicon Microring-Based Optical Transceivers (2020)

Photonic integrated circuits suffer from large process variations. Effective and accurate characterization of the variation patterns is a critical task for enabling the development of novel techniques to alleviate the variation challenges. In this study, we propose a hierarchical approach that effectively decomposes the spatial variations of silicon microring-based optical transceivers into wafer-level, intra-die, and inter-die components. We then demonstrate that the characterized variation models can be used to generate trustworthy synthetic data for architecture- and system-level solutions for variation alleviation. We further demonstrate the utility of our variation characterization method for accurate yield prediction based on partial measurement data.
High temperature behavior of reactively sputtered AlN films on float glass substrates (1994)

Thin AlN films were deposited on the air side of float glass substrates by reactive direct-current magnetron sputtering of an aluminum target in Ar–N2 gas mixtures, and at 4 kW of power. These films were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For nitrogen partial flow rates fN2, of 0.3 or higher, and for thicknesses of up to 800 Å, the gas composition does not affect the composition and morphology of the as-deposited films significantly. On the other hand, the morphology of films deposited on float glass and heated in air to 700 °C has a strong dependence on the composition of the working gas: films that are formed at low values of fN2 craze, while those deposited at high N2 partial pressures remain continuous upon heating but develop a wavy morphology. XPS/inert gas depth profiling analyses of the coated float glass samples revealed the formation of a thin layer with an N/Al ratio less than that of the as-deposited film at the interface, suggesting the interfacial oxidation of the film by the float glass substrate, as well as strong film–substrate adhesion. While the sputtering conditions influence the morphology of the heated samples, the high thermal expansion coefficient of the soda-lime-silica float glass, and its viscous flow, appear to be the cause of film deformations at high temperatures. Also upon heating, a graded oxy–nitride layer forms on the surfaces of these films. The thickness of both of the above oxidized layers depends on the temperature and duration of the heating schedule.
Additional Data Transmission Based on Sequence Phase Modulation for the ATSC Terrestrial DTV System (2013)

Several previous studies have demonstrated that additional low-rate data can be transmitted in Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) terrestrial digital television (DTV) systems by modulating the polarity of the transmitter identification (TxID) signal. Previously proposed additional-data transmission schemes can offer an additional reliable transmission channel, and thus they have a very large coverage area compared to that of a DTV signal. Unfortunately, as the cost of a reliable transmission, they have a limitation in their maximum data rate. In this paper, we propose a new additional data transmission scheme based on sequence phase modulation (SPM) to increase the data rate. The proposed scheme exploits not only the polarity but also the phase of a TxID signal, and thus it significantly enhances the data rate compared to conventional schemes.
Multiple roads lead to Rome: unique morphology and chemistry of endospores, exospores, myxospores, cysts and akinetes in bacteria (2023)

The production of specialized resting cells is a remarkable survival strategy developed by many organisms to withstand unfavourable environmental factors such as nutrient depletion or other changes in abiotic and/or biotic conditions. Five bacterial taxa are recognized to form specialized resting cells: Firmicutes, forming endospores<i>;</i> Actinobacteria<i>,</i> forming exospores<i>;</i> Cyanobacteria<i>,</i> forming akinetes; the δ-Proteobacterial order Myxococcales, forming myxospores; and Azotobacteraceae, forming cysts. All these specialized resting cells are characterized by low-to-absent metabolic activity and higher resistance to environmental stress (desiccation, heat, starvation, etc.) when compared to vegetative cells. Given their similarity in function, we tested the potential existence of a universal morpho-chemical marker for identifying these specialized resting cells. After the production of endospores, exospores, akinetes and cysts in model organisms, we performed the first cross-species morphological and chemical comparison of bacterial sporulation. Cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections (CEMOVIS) was used to describe near-native morphology of the resting cells in comparison to the morphology of their respective vegetative cells. Resting cells shared a thicker cell envelope as their only common morphological feature. The chemical composition of the different specialized resting cells at the single-cell level was investigated using confocal Raman microspectroscopy. Our results show that the different specialized cells do not share a common chemical signature, but rather each group has a unique signature with a variable conservation of the signature of the vegetative cells. Additionally, we present the validation of Raman signatures associated with calcium dipicolinic acid (CaDPA) and their variation across individual cells to develop specific sorting thresholds for the isolation of endospores. This provides a proof of concept of the feasibility of isolating bacterial spores using a Raman-activated cell-sorting platform. This cross-species comparison and the current knowledge of genetic pathways inducing the formation of the resting cells highlights the complexity of this convergent evolutionary strategy promoting bacterial survival.
Influence of confounding factors on plasma Mid-Regional pro-Adrenomedullin and Mid-Regional pro-A-type Natriuretic Peptide concentrations in healthy individuals (2011)

The interpretation of both peptides is multifaceted due to confounders. Knowledge of these factors will further our understanding of how these peptides behave in health and in disease.
Glass Formation in the Pseudobinary Metallic Selenide Systems M m Se n ‐Ge 1.5 As 0.5 Se 3 (1972)

The glass‐forming regions were investigated for pseudobinary systems of the composition X M m Se n ‐(1– X )Ge 1.5 As 0.5 Se 3 (M m Se n =PbSe, CdSe, BaSe, ZnSe, or La 2 Se 3 ). Systems containing PbSe, CdSe, and BaSe contain substantial regions of glass formation, and differential scanning calorimetry, electron microscopy, and water corrosion tests were used to characterize these glasses. The glasses were generally phase‐separated, and the available data suggest that for PbSe melts the region of liquid‐liquid immiscibility spans almost the entire pseudobinary composition range. A few studies of glass formation were conducted for CdSe‐M m Se n ‐Ge 1.5 As 0.5 Se 3 pseudoternary and M m Se n ‐GeSe 2 binary melts.
Dungeon: A Case Study of Feature-Oriented Programming with Virtual Classes (2007)

A feature is a logically cohesive piece of functionality and is present in all phases of software development. Thus, it is nat-ural to expect that modularization of software into features can provide a lot advantages. This paper presents a Dun-geon case study, which evaluates feature-oriented program-ming (FOP) using virtual classes and propagating mixin composition that are available in the CAESARJ program-ming language. We describe the techniques for feature sep-aration with virtual classes, the process of deriving feature-oriented design from requirements and a gradual refactoring of object-oriented programs to a feature oriented design. Be-sides, reconfirming the already known advantages of FOP for extensibility and reuse, we also evaluate if FOP in gen-eral leads to a better design than OOP and how well it is supported by CAESARJ tools. 1.
A Miniaturized Optical Sensor for Fire Smoke Detection (2019)

We present an innovative optical smoke sensor based on a novel technique that we call `single particle light-scattering imaging'. A diffraction pattern is created by the interaction of a light beam with fire smoke particles [1] [2]. This pattern is then collected by a holed CMOS image sensor and can be interpreted to determine the optical proprieties of fire (or non-fire) particles. This technique allows us to differentiate the type of fires at very low concentration of smoke particles and to avoid the usual false positives.We describe the sensing technique, the architecture and fabrication of this novel sensor as well as characterization results, which are in good accordance with our theory-based predictions. In particular, we show that it is possible to differentiate calibrated particulates of different sizes.