gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cryophotolysis of caged compounds: a technique for trapping intermediate states in protein crystals (2002)

Caged compounds in combination with protein crystallography represent a valuable tool in studies of enzyme reaction intermediates. To date, photochemical triggering of reactions has been performed close to room temperature. Synchronous reaction initiation has only been achieved with enzymes of relatively slow turnover (<0.1 s(-1)) and caged compounds of high quantum yield. Here X-ray crystallography and microspectrophotometry were used to provide evidence that (nitrophenyl)ethyl (NPE) ester bonds can be photolyzed by UV light at cryotemperatures. NPE-caged ATP in flash-cooled crystals of Mycobacterium tuberculosis thymidylate kinase was photolyzed successfully at 100-150 K as assessed by the structural observation of ATP-dependent enzymatic conversion of TMP to TDP after temporarily warming the crystals to room temperature. A new method is proposed in which cryo-photolysis combined with temperature-controlled protein crystallography can be used to trap reaction intermediates even in some of the fastest enzymes and/or when only compounds of low quantum yield are available. Raising the temperature after cryophotolysis may allow a transition barrier to be passed and an intermediate to accumulate in the crystal. A comparable method has only been used so far with proteins displaying endogenous photosensitivity. The approach described here opens the way to studying the reaction mechanisms of a much larger number of crystalline enzymes. Furthermore, it is shown that X-ray-induced radiolysis of caged compounds occurs if high-intensity synchrotron beamlines are used. This caveat should be taken into account when deriving data-collection protocols. It could also be used potentially as a way to trigger reactions.
Patterning precipitates of reactions in paper (2010)

This article describes a method for patterning certain solids—insoluble salts and reduced metals—in sheets of paper. Chemical reactions that produce these solids as precipitates occur when a stamp of patterned paper inked with an aqueous solution of reagent comes into contact with a paper substrate containing a second reagent. The pattern is determined by a hydrophobic barrier on the stamp that restricts delivery of the ink in two dimensions. The technique is one of the few methods available to generate two-dimensional patterns of solids within the bulk of sheets of paper. It can reliably produce features with lateral dimensions only down to 1 mm, but is convenient, inexpensive, and amenable to use in large-area patterning. The method can be used to introduce function to paper-based systems: (i) paramagnetic salts precipitated within paper allow pieces of it to be manipulated or separated from mixtures with a bar magnet, (ii) the precipitation of transition metals or enzymes can be used to position and store catalysts on paper for subsequent use, (iii) catalysts patterned in two dimensions in paper can be used to generate dynamic 3-D structures when exposed to appropriate substrates: for example, a ring of Pd0 deposited on a sheet of paper will generate a cylindrical “cage” of rising oxygen bubbles when exposed to an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide, and (iv) patterns of catalysts or colored precipitates can serve as deterrents to counterfeiting.
ATIM-23. ANTI-CD27 AGONIST ANTIBODY VARLILUMAB IN COMBINATION WITH NIVOLUMAB FOR RECURRENT GLIOBLASTOMA (rGBM): PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL RESULTS (2018)

CD27 is a key immunostimulatory molecule that enhances T cell survival, activation and effector function, as well as proliferation and cytotoxic activity of NK cells. Preclinical studies demonstrate synergistic activity of PD-(L)1 blockade and varlilumab, an anti-CD27 agonist monoclonal antibody. In an open-label Phase 2 study (NCT02335918), patients with bevacizumab-naïve, rGBM following first line chemoradiation received varlilumab (3 mg/kg, up to 16 doses) and nivolumab (240 mg) Q2W. Objectives were to determine preliminary antitumor activity based on 12-month survival rate (OS12; primary), objective response rate (ORR; iRANO), progression-free survival (PFS), as well as tolerability. 22 patients were enrolled: 23% methylated MGMT (mMGMT), 68% unmethylated MGMT (uMGMT), 9% unknown; median age 58 years; 68% male; 36% ECOG performance status 0, 64% ECOG 1; 4/18 (22%) PD-L1+ tumor. Safety profile was consistent with that of each agent alone and generally grade 1–2, without dose-limiting toxicity or drug-related deaths. The most common toxicities were lymphopenia, pruritus, headache, and rash. Two patients experienced treatment-related serious events (grade 2 gait disturbance, headache and personality changes; and grade 4 thrombocytopenia). OS12 was 38.5% (95% CI; 18.6, 58.2) overall and 43.6% (95% CI; 18.2–66.7) for the uMGMT subgroup. Median OS (months) was 9.7 (95% CI; 6.7–14.8) overall and 11.3 (95% CI; 5.3, -) for the uMGMT subgroup. Eight patients (6 uMGMT, 1 mMGMT, 1 unknown) survived 12 months (range: 13.7 - 23+). Two patients (9%; both uMGMT) experienced Partial Responses (63% and 92% shrinkage) continuing at 19 and 16 months. Nine patients experienced stable disease, including 5 for 6 months (range: 7.3 - 20.3). Varlilumab with nivolumab was generally well tolerated in patients with rGBM and achieved durable therapeutic benefit in a subset of patients, although overall ORR and OS12 were similar to historical nivolumab monotherapy data. Outcome among uMGMT rGBM patients may be encouraging.
Decrease in cell size and cell wall components under ectopic expression of the CaRLK1 gene (2020)

<title>Abstract</title> BackgroundThe Capsicum annuum receptor-like kinase 1 (CaRLK1) gene encodes a transmembrane protein with a cytoplasmic kinase domain and an extracellular domain. It functions as a negative regulator of plant cell death. Ectopic expression of CaRLK1 showed the hypoxia-resistance and enhanced cell division and proliferation. In this study, it was investigated which genes were controlled by ectopic expression of CaRLK1 because it decreased its average cell size of transgenic RLK1ox cells compared with that of wild-type cells (BY-2). ResultsThe average diameter (AD) of the protoplast of RLK1ox cells was about 10 µm shorter than the AD of BY-2 cells. The diameter distribution of the circular protoplasts is mainly from 20 to 40 μm (71.7%) in RLK1ox cells, whereas from 30 to 50 μm (73.0%) in BY-2 cells. Furthermore, cell volume of RLK1ox cells is also 2.5-times smaller than that of BY-2 cells. Smaller cell size of the RLK1ox cells may be related with the inhibited cell expansion because expressions of 12 expansin A genes, 6 expansin-like B genes, 2 ACC synthase genes, and 5 ACC oxidase genes were suppressed, but expressions of 7 gibberellin 2-oxidase genes were induced. The cell walls between two RLK1ox cells are approximately 138.83±4.12 nm thick on average, while those between two BY-2 cells are approximately 156.58±4.54 nm thick. Furthermore, the total content of neutral sugars in the cell wall of RLK1ox cells is less than that of BY-2 cells (about 25%). The RLK1ox cells contained 30% less glucose content than did the BY-2 cells. Thinner cell wall of the RLK1ox cells is related with the decreased cellulose biosynthesis and hemicellulose biosynthesis. Expressions of 7 CESA genes, 5 sucrose synthase 1 genes, 3 mannose-1-phosphate guanyltransferase genes, and 6 glucomannan-4-beta-mannosyltransferase genes were suppressed. The suppressed expressions of 14 polygalacturonase genes may also contribute to make the cell wall of RLK1ox cell thinner than that of BY-2 cell. ConclusionOf special emphasis is its impact of CaRLK1 gene on cell size control and cell wall thickness. Smaller cell size of the RLK1ox cells correlates with the inhibited cell expansion.
C—C Bond Formation via C—H Bond Activation: Catalytic Arylation and Alkenylation of Alkane Segments. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A compact adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope with high-efficiency wavefront correction using dual liquid crystal on silicon - spatial light modulator (2011)

This paper describes a compact adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AO-SLO) for high-resolution retinal imaging. The key features of this system are: (1) incorporation of a dual liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulator (LCOS-SLM) as a wavefront compensation device and (2) sequential processing of aberration measurement/compensation and SLO imaging. The dual LCOS-SLM can compensate higher order aberration with high stabilization and realizes high-efficiency wavefront correction without polarization dependence. The sequential processing can fully utilize the power of the light to a retina only for the imaging, so the system produces high-contrast SLO images. The sequential processing also enables the use of lenses in ocular optics, giving a compact optical system with focus correction lenses for an eye with high reflective error. The optical system occupies only 500 mm x 370 mm, which is achieved by axially symmetric aspherical mirrors arranged off-axis and lenses in ocular optics. With this system, it is possible to observe photoreceptors at the parafoveal region of human healthy subjects at 32 or 64 frames per second.
A wavelet based space-time adaptive numerical method for partial differential equations (1992)

avec les conditions gnrales d'utilisation (
Blocking interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor in disease. (1997)

In many ways, studies on inflammatory cytokines follow the same spectrum of experiments as did studies on bacterial products, particularly the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria and the exotoxins of Gram-positive bacteria. Either Staphylococcal exotoxins or Gram-negative endotoxins were known to cause fever, inflammation, tissue destruction and in the case of systemic administration, shock and death. An almost [...]
What Should we do in the Context of Land Use Change Occurring Frequently in China? (2018)

China’s effort to mitigate soil organic carbon (SOC) loss caused by rapid land use changes over the last two decades faces great challenges. Generally, land use change projects in China have been performed without considering the mechanisms involved in the link between land use change and SOC dynamic. Such situation will likely increase the climatic and environmental risks brought by land use changes. In this paper, we illustrate why most studies over the past several decades in China have been unable to provide significant guiding information for what kind of land use can be adopted to benefit the climate and ecological environments. In addition, we recommend the combination of soil organic matter fractionation with radiocarbon assessment, which researchers are working on to better predict the dynamic trends of SOC under land use change and present several proposals in regard to how to sequester more carbon in soils after land use change.
Differences in Pitch Kinematics Between Youth and Professional Baseball Pitchers (2006)

PURPOSE: To compare the youth pitching biomechanics with that of elite adult pitchers and to identify differences that might explain common injuries seen in youth pitcher populations. METHODS: Twenty-five professional and 14 youth baseball pitchers were filmed at 120 Hz using two high-speed video cameras. The locations of 21 body landmarks were digitized and their three-dimensional locations were calculated using the DLT method (Abdel-Aziz & Karara, 1971). Three-dimensional position data were filtered using a fourth order Butterworth filter with a cutoff frequency of 13 Hz. From the marker coordinates, the kinematics of the pitching elbow and shoulder were calculated using a standard technique (Fleisig et al., 1996; Werner et al., 1993). Kinematic data were normalized in time to facilitate comparisons and so group mean values could be calculated. RESULTS: The peak shoulder internal rotation and elbow extension angular velocities of the youth pitchers were greater than those of the professional pitchers. Peak shoulder external rotation in youth pitchers was 166 +/− 9 degrees, compared with 182 +/− 13 degrees in professionals (p<0.001). The most striking difference between the groups was in trunk motion. The peak rotational velocities of both the upper trunk and pelvis were greater in youth baseball pitchers than in professional pitchers. Peak upper trunk rotational velocity was 2102+/− 324 deg/s in youth pitchers and 1193 +/− 176 deg/s in professional pitchers (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The data support the observation that youth baseball pitchers control their trunk motion in a less efficient way than elite pitchers (Ireland & Hutchinson, 1995). Peak pelvis rotation velocity occurred near the time of stride foot contact in the professionals, while it occurred much later in the youth pitchers. Proper timing of pelvis and upper trunk rotation are necessary to effectively transfer energy from the trunk to the throwing arm (Fleisig et al., 1996). Therefore, increased trunk rotational velocity may be a compensation for improper timing of segment rotations or insufficient muscle strength in youth pitchers. Improper energy transfer from the trunk to the upper extremity may lead to the increased shoulder internal rotation and elbow extension velocities in youth pitchers compared to the professionals.
Heat‐Reflecting Systems for automotive glazing (1992)

Special layer systems which reflect infrared radiation but have high transmission in the visible part of the spectrum are being incorporated into automobile windows in order to improve passenger comfort through reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching (and heating) the interior of the vehicle. The materials used, the structure of the multilayer systems, and the techniques used to produce them are discussed and a look is taken at the possibillity for future markets and developments.
Deductions about the Number, Organization, and Evolution of Genes in the Tomato Genome Based on Analysis of a Large Expressed Sequence Tag Collection and Selective Genomic Sequencing (2002)

Analysis of a collection of 120,892 single-pass ESTs, derived from 26 different tomato cDNA libraries and reduced to a set of 27,274 unique consensus sequences (unigenes), revealed that 70% of the unigenes have identifiable homologs in the Arabidopsis genome. Genes corresponding to metabolism have remained most conserved between these two genomes, whereas genes encoding transcription factors are among the fastest evolving. The majority of the 10 largest conserved multigene families share similar copy numbers in tomato and Arabidopsis, suggesting that the multiplicity of these families may have occurred before the divergence of these two species. An exception to this multigene conservation was observed for the E8-like protein family, which is associated with fruit ripening and has higher copy number in tomato than in Arabidopsis. Finally, six BAC clones from different parts of the tomato genome were isolated, genetically mapped, sequenced, and annotated. The combined analysis of the EST database and these six sequenced BACs leads to the prediction that the tomato genome encodes approximately 35,000 genes, which are sequestered largely in euchromatic regions corresponding to less than one-quarter of the total DNA in the tomato nucleus.
Deep Anomaly Analytics: Advancing the Frontier of Anomaly Detection (2023)

Deep anomaly analytics is a rapidly evolving field that leverages the power of deep learning to identify anomalies in various datasets. The use of deep anomaly analytics has increased significantly in recent years due to the growing need to detect anomalies in complex data that traditional methods struggle to handle. Deep anomaly analytics has the potential to transform various industries, including, e.g., healthcare, finance, and cybersecurity, by providing valuable insights and helping to diagnose diseases, prevent fraud, and detect cyber threats. However, there are also many challenges associated with deep anomaly analytics. This editorial provides an overview of the field of deep anomaly analytics, and highlights a few key challenges facing this field, i.e., time series anomaly detection, graph anomaly detection, efficiency (of models), and solving real-world problems. Additionally, it serves as an introduction to this special issue that delves further into these topics.
Die Beteiligung der 2-N,N-Dibenzylaminogruppe bei der Synthese von β-Glycosiden (1999)

Der neuartige Glycosyldonor 1 reagiert mit Glycopyranosiden 2, vermutlich über Intermediate 3, stereoselektiv und in hohen Ausbeuten (78–86 %) zu 1,2-trans-verknüpften Disacchariden 4. Die N-Benzyl-Schutzgruppen lassen sich leicht unter üblichen Hydrierungsbedingungen abspalten; dies erleichtert die Synthese von Oligosacchariden mit freien Aminogruppen.
PHOTOBLEACHING OF A CYANINE DYE IN SOLUTION AND IN MEMBRANES (1987)

Abstract— N,N′‐bis(2‐ethyl‐1,3‐dioxolane)‐kryptocyanine (EDKC), a lipophilic dye with a delocalized positive charge, photosensitizes cells to visible irradiation. In phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), EDKC absorbs maximally at 700 nm (ε= 1.2 × 10 5 M −1 cm −1 ) and in methanol, the absorption maximum is at 706 nm (ε= 2.3 × 10 5 M −1 cm −1 ). EDKC partitions from PBS into small unilamellar liposomes prepared from saturated phospholipids and into membranes prepared from red blood cells (RBC) and binds to human serum albumin (HSA). The EDKC fluorescence maximum red shifts from 713 nm in PBS to 720–725 nm in liposomes and RBC membranes and the fluorescence intensity is enhanced by factors of 14–35 compared to PBS (φ= 0.0046). EDKC is thermally unstable in PBS (T 1/2 = 2 h at 1.3 × 10 −5 M EDKC), but stable in methanol. In liposomes and RBC membranes, EDKC is 10 times more stable than in PBS, indicating that it is only partially exposed to the aqueous phase. Quenching of EDKC fluorescence in liposomes and RBC membranes by trinitrobenzene sulfonate also indicates that EDKC is not buried within the membranes. Photodecomposition of EDKC was oxygen‐dependent and occurred with a low quantum yield (6.4 × 10 −4 in PBS). Singlet oxygen was not detected upon irradiation of EDKC in membranes or with HSA since the self‐sensitized oxidation of EDKC occurred at the same rate in D 2 O as in H 2 O and was not quenched by sodium azide or histidine.
Properties of Waterborne Polyurethane/Clay Nanocomposite Adhesives (2009)

Abstract A series of waterborne polyurethane (WBPU)/clay nanocomposite dispersions using two different organically modified clays, namely Cloisite 15A and Cloisite 30B, were prepared. It was found that the properties of WBPU/clay nanocomposites were highly dependent on both the clay content and the clay surface characteristic (hydrophilic/hydrophobic). A WBPU/clay nanocomposite dispersion with a higher clay content showed a less negative zeta potential. A lower zeta potential for dispersion with Cloisite 30B compared to Cloisite 15A was observed indicating a higher stability of the dispersion. The tensile strength, Young's modulus and adhesive strength of WBPU/clay nanocomposite containing Cloisite 30B were also higher than those of nanocomposite containing Cloisite 15A. The optimum clay contents, with respect to these properties, for nanocomposites with Cloisite 15A and Cloisite 30B were found to be 2 wt% and 3 wt%, respectively. Keywords: POLYURETHANESADHESIVESCLAYNANOCOMPOSITES
Photoscissable Hydrogel Synthesis via Rapid Photopolymerization of Novel PEG-Based Polymers in the Absence of Photoinitiators (1996)

Branched polyethylene glycol (four arms, MW = 15 000) having a cinnamylidene acetyl moiety as a pendant group was synthesized by an esterification reaction between polyethylene glycol and cinnamylidene acetyl chloride. The photosensitive polymer was irradiated with a 450 W medium pressure Hg lamp (λ > 300 nm) from 5 min to 3 h to produce polyethylene glycol hydrogels. These gels were swollen in water and showed characteristic properties of a hydrogel. The degree of swelling was controlled by the content of cinnamylidene acetyl moiety in the polymer and the time of ultraviolet irradiation. A reduced degree of substitution resulted in increased swellability of the synthesized hydrogel. The photoscission of the gel, which was monitored by its UV spectrum, was performed by irradiating the hydrogel with a 150 W Xenon lamp at 254 nm using a bandpass filter. The biocompatibility of the synthesized gel was also determined. The antithrombogenic behavior (99.6% reduction in platelet deposition) of the synthesized b-PEG-CA hydrogel was demonstrated by measuring platelet adhesion onto coverslips which had been coated with PMMA with a second coating film of b-PEG-CA hydrogel.
Anatomiae Universae Icones (1823)

This record includes photographs of the illustrations and outlines from the Winkler Center's copy of this work . The photographs were taken by Dan Davenport, Senior Medical Photographer at the University of Cincinnati.
Hydrogenation of CO2 into hydrocarbons over bifunctional system Cu–ZnO/Al2O3 + HZSM-5: Effect of proximity between the acidic and methanol synthesis sites (2015)

A one-step CO 2 hydrogenation reaction into hydrocarbons (HC) using a bifunctional system constituted by a methanol synthesis catalyst [Cu–ZnO–Al 2 O 3 (CZA)] and a zeolite (HZSM-5) has been studied. The influence of the catalyst bed configuration on activity, selectivity, and HC yield has been evaluated. The results obtained at T R = 623 K, P R = 3.0 MPa and WHSV = 6000 h −1 show that CO 2 hydrogenation and hydrocarbon selectivity were strongly influenced by the proximity between oxide and zeolite, whatever the disposition of the two catalytic active sites. Indeed, the highest conversion and the best yield of hydrocarbons (mainly C 2 ) were obtained with the M1 bifunctional catalysts in which the oxide–zeolite proximity is the lowest. This is ascribed to the hydrogen spillover phenomenon, which does not promote the carbon chain growth.