gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Findings of the AAPM Ad Hoc committee on magnetic resonance imaging in radiation therapy: Unmet needs, opportunities, and recommendations (2021)

The past decade has seen the increasing integration of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging into radiation therapy (RT). This growth can be contributed to multiple factors, including hardware and software advances that have allowed the acquisition of high-resolution volumetric data of RT patients in their treatment position (also known as MR simulation) and the development of methods to image and quantify tissue function and response to therapy. More recently, the advent of MR-guided radiation therapy (MRgRT) - achieved through the integration of MR imaging systems and linear accelerators - has further accelerated this trend. As MR imaging in RT techniques and technologies, such as MRgRT, gain regulatory approval worldwide, these systems will begin to propagate beyond tertiary care academic medical centers and into more community-based health systems and hospitals, creating new opportunities to provide advanced treatment options to a broader patient population. Accompanying these opportunities are unique challenges related to their adaptation, adoption, and use including modification of hardware and software to meet the unique and distinct demands of MR imaging in RT, the need for standardization of imaging techniques and protocols, education of the broader RT community (particularly in regards to MR safety) as well as the need to continue and support research, and development in this space. In response to this, an ad hoc committee of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) was formed to identify the unmet needs, roadblocks, and opportunities within this space. The purpose of this document is to report on the major findings and recommendations identified. Importantly, the provided recommendations represent the consensus opinions of the committee's membership, which were submitted in the committee's report to the AAPM Board of Directors. In addition, AAPM ad hoc committee reports differ from AAPM task group reports in that ad hoc committee reports are neither reviewed nor ultimately approved by the committee's parent groups, including at the council and executive committee level. Thus, the recommendations given in this summary should not be construed as being endorsed by or official recommendations from the AAPM.
Experimental characterization and Monte Carlo simulation of scintillator detectors in online electron FLASH radiotherapy dosimetry (2022)

Abstract Radiotherapy (RT) is a fundamental tool in cancer treatment. Recent technological advances improved considerably radiotherapy techniques, allowing to obtain more precise, effective and most importantly safer treatments. However, RT is not without risks. Ionizing radiation also injures healthy cells, and there is a limit to the amount of radiation an area of the body can safely receive over the course of a lifetime. A new delivery method, called FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) has shown very promising results in in vivo studies, where a significant increase in healthy tissue sparing (FLASH effect) was observed. FLASH-RT consists in delivering the ionizing radiation therapy at dose rates much higher than the ones used in conventional radiotherapy (CONV-RT). Because of the novelty of this method, every aspect of FLASH-RT is under study, such as how the FLASH effect depends on therapy delivery parameters and what exactly are the underlining biological mechanisms. Nonetheless, dosimetry presents a challenge to overcome. The high dose rates cause significant saturation problems which render standard dosimetric equipment inadequate. Therefore, the development of online (active) dosimeters is a priority. In the short term this technology enables more efficient measurements in the experimental context, since it gives immediate feedback. In the long term it provides the basis for future studies on dosimetry in clinical practice. In this work we show the construction and characterization of online FLASH dosimeters based on scintillator materials used in integrating-mode. A GEANT4 based Monte Carlo simulation code is specifically developed to calculate the medium-equivalence correction. The simulation is validated with experimental measurements obtained with a full-fledged FLASH linear accelerator, which produces electron pulsed beams at very high dose per pulse. Measurements suggest that the proposed dosimeters have a linear response in a wide range of dose per pulse values up to 6 Gy/p, while moderate saturation can be observed up to 12.5 Gy/p.
Diagnostics for Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (2005)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Regulatory authorities are actively revising and updating the rules for on board diagnostics of diesel powertrains. Diesel oxidation catalysts are among the parts that will have to be monitored. This paper discusses some of the issues related to the feasibility of monitoring these catalysts. We concentrate on the effect of real world noise factors on the ability to distinguish marginal from threshold catalysts and demonstrate that with current sensor and catalyst technology the separation between the two is poor.&lt;/div&gt;
Global diversity and antimicrobial resistance of typhoid fever pathogens: insights from 13,000 Salmonella Typhi genomes (2022)

Abstract The Global Typhoid Genomics Consortium was established to bring together the typhoid research community to aggregate and analyse Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (Typhi) genomic data to inform public health action. This analysis, which marks twenty-one years since the publication of the first Typhi genome, represents the largest Typhi genome sequence collection to date (n=13,000), and provides a detailed overview of global genotype and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) distribution and temporal trends, generated using open analysis platforms (GenoTyphi and Pathogenwatch). Compared with previous global snapshots, the data highlight that genotype 4.3.1 (H58) has not spread beyond Asia and Eastern/Southern Africa; in other regions, distinct genotypes dominate and have independently evolved AMR. Data gaps remain in many parts of the world, and we show potential of travel-associated data to provide informal “sentinel” surveillance for such locations. The data indicate ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility (&gt;1 resistance determinant) is widespread across geographies and genotypes, with high-level resistance (≥3 determinants) reaching 20% prevalence in South Asia. Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid has become dominant in Pakistan (70% in 2020), but has not yet become established elsewhere. Ceftriaxone resistance has emerged in eight non-XDR genotypes, including a ciprofloxacin-resistant lineage (4.3.1.2.1) in India. Azithromycin resistance mutations were detected at low prevalence in South Asia, including in two common ciprofloxacin-resistant genotypes. The Consortium’s aim is to encourage continued data sharing and collaboration to monitor the emergence and global spread of AMR Typhi, and to inform decision-making around the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) and other prevention and control strategies.
Carrier leakage calibration in DCT (2009)

In this paper, an improved version of the digital calibration method for carrier leakage, which is caused by the DC offset on direct conversion transmitter, is proposed. We have used a power detector for estimating the DC offset. After, we have injected a compensation voltage for eliminating this DC offset. In order to validate our technique, a new direct conversion transmitter that operates at 2 GHz, is proposed. The simulation and the implementation of the calibration were performed using the Agilent - ADS software.
The proteome of clear cell ovarian carcinoma (2022)

Clear cell ovarian carcinoma (CCOC) is the second most common subtype of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Late-stage CCOC is not responsive to gold-standard chemotherapy and results in suboptimal outcomes for patients. In-depth molecular insight is urgently needed to stratify the disease and drive therapeutic development. We conducted global proteomics for 192 cases of CCOC and compared these with other epithelial ovarian carcinoma subtypes. Our results showed distinct proteomic differences in CCOC compared with other epithelial ovarian cancer subtypes including alterations in lipid and purine metabolism pathways. Furthermore, we report potential clinically significant proteomic subgroups within CCOC, suggesting the biologic plausibility of stratified treatment for this cancer. Taken together, our results provide a comprehensive understanding of the CCOC proteomic landscape to facilitate future understanding and research of this disease. © 2022 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Proteomic analysis of mouse brain cortex identifies metabolic down‐regulation as a general feature of ischemic pre‐conditioning (2012)

The molecular mechanisms that lead to ischemic pre-conditioning are not completely understood, and proteins are important players. We compared the mouse brain cortex proteome from different ischemia sets: transient (7 min) middle cerebral artery occlusion (7'MCAo, pre-conditioning stimulus), permanent MCAo (pMCAo, severe ischemia), and pMCAo 4 days after 7'MCAo (7'MCAo/pMCAo, pre-conditioned model). Proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Overall, 28 proteins were expressed differentially from sham controls, and identified. The ischemic pre-conditioning stimulus alone up-regulated the stress protein heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70), possibly activated by the androgen receptor. Western blotting confirmed the increased expression of HSP70 and showed that androgen receptor expression paralleled that of HSP70. In the ischemic-tolerant group (7'MCAo/pMCAo), a number of proteins over-expressed after pMCAo returned to sham levels, seven proteins remained up-regulated as in pMCAo, and five proteins mainly involved in energy metabolism and mitochondrial electron transport and unchanged in pMCAo were down-regulated only in ischemic tolerance, suggesting a role in brain pre-conditioning. Astrocytes participated in ischemic-tolerance induction, as shown by the down-regulation of glutamine synthetase in the 7'MCAo/pMCAo group. The results suggest that metabolic down-regulation was a general feature of ischemic pre-conditioning, playing a pivotal role in neuroprotection.
La tecnología revoluciona la ciencia ciudadana: Tres aplicaciones digitales para dispositivos móviles (2015)

Los tres mil voluntarios que hacen ciencia ciudadana con SEO/BirdLife estrenan este invierno una nueva forma de aportar datos a los programas de seguimiento en los que participan. Tres aplicaciones digitales para dispositivos moviles estan a partir de ahora a su disposicion. Supone, sin duda alguna, un nuevo hito para la organizacion y, por extension, para la conservacion de la naturaleza.
P‐153L: Late‐News Poster : Vacuum Deposition of OLEDs with Feature Sizes ≤ 20um Using a Contact Shadow Mask Patterned In‐situ by Laser Ablation (2012)

Abstract A new RGB patterning method for realizing high resolution Organic Light Emitting Device (OLED) full color displays is proposed. In this method, a plastic film is used as a shadow mask. The film is patterned by laser ablation in situ on the bottom electrode of the device, (e.g. anode), and the organic layers are then deposited on this electrode. Because the film is patterned after being put on the electrode, issues pertaining to the deformation of shadow masks and/or difficulties with aligning them precisely, are eliminated. This present study has been performed as a feasibility study for this approach. In order to assess the capability of the plastic film as a shadow mask and to test if the mounting and removal of the film on the pre‐deposited organic layer may damage to the organic layers, 20um wide OLEDs were fabricated using a pre‐patterned plastic film. Experimental results show that OLEDs can be patterned by using the plastic film mask with reasonable dimensional uniformity and without causing any significant damage to the pre‐deposited organic layer. Additionally, elemental analysis of the anode surface using Energy Dispersive X‐ray Spectroscopy (EDS) shows that anode surfaces that have been subjected to the laser ablation process are free organic contaminants or oxides, indicating that the patterning process is successful in completely removing the plastic film from the electrode surface without leaving any significant organic contaminants on the metal, and/or in causing oxidation of the metal surface in the patterned areas. These preliminary results therefore suggest that this new method is indeed promising for realizing high resolution displays, specifically 300ppi for small sized displays.
MACARONS: Mapping And Coverage Anticipation with RGB Online Self-Supervision (2023)

We introduce a method that simultaneously learns to explore new large environments and to reconstruct them in 3D from color images only. This is closely related to the Next Best View problem (NBV), where one has to identify where to move the camera next to improve the coverage of an unknown scene. However, most of the current NBV methods rely on depth sensors, need 3D supervision and/or do not scale to large scenes. Our method requires only a color camera and no 3D supervision. It simultaneously learns in a self-supervised fashion to predict a "volume occupancy field" from color images and, from this field, to predict the NBV. Thanks to this approach, our method performs well on new scenes as it is not biased towards any training 3D data. We demonstrate this on a recent dataset made of various 3D scenes and show it performs even better than recent methods requiring a depth sensor, which is not a realistic assumption for outdoor scenes captured with a flying drone.
PRO: Endoscopy Is Necessary Before Treating Helicobacter pylori in patients with Dyspepsia (2007)

PRO: Endoscopy Is Necessary Before Treating Helicobacter pylori in patients with Dyspepsia
Evaluation of Senescence and Its Prevention in Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity Using Dynamic Engineered Heart Tissues (2023)

Senescence was observed in the hearts of patients with severe doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, and this phenotype can be modeled in vitro by exposing dyn-EHTs to repeated clinically relevant doses of doxorubicin. The senomorphic drugs 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide and resveratrol prevent senescence but do not result in functional improvements. These findings suggest that preventing senescence by using a senomorphic during doxorubicin administration might not prevent cardiotoxicity.
Ultrafast Interfacial Charge-Transfer Dynamics in a Donor-π-Acceptor Chromophore Sensitized TiO2 Nanocomposite (2013)

The dynamics of interfacial charge transfer across (E)-3-(5-((4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)ethynyl)thiophen-2-yl)-2-cyanoacrylic acid (CT-CA) and TiO2 nanocomposites was studied with femtosecond transient absorption, fluorescence upconversion, and molecular quantum dynamics simulations. The investigated dye, CT-CA is a push–pull chromophore that has an intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) excited state and binds strongly with the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles. Ultrafast transient absorption and fluorescence measurements, in both solution and thin film samples, were carried out to probe the dynamics of electron injection and charge recombination. Multiexponential electron injection with time constants of <150 fs, 850 fs, and 8.5 ps were observed from femtosecond fluorescence measurements in solution and on thin films. Femtosecond transient absorption measurements show similar multiexponential electron injection and confirm that the picosecond electron injection component arises from the excited ICT state of the CT-CA/TiO2 complex. Quantum dynamics calculations also show the presence of a slow component (30%) in the electron injection dynamics although most of the electron injection (70%) takes place in less than 20 fs. The slow component of electron injection, from the local ICT state, is attributed to the energetic position of the excited state, which is close to, or slightly below, the conduction band edge. In addition, the transient bleach of CT-CA on the TiO2 surface is shifted to longer wavelengths when compared to its absorption spectrum and the transient bleach is further shifted to longer wavelengths with charge recombination. These features are attributed to transient Stark shifts that arise from the local electric fields generated at the dye/TiO2 interface due to charge-transfer interactions.
Selective Thermal and Photocatalytic Decomposition of Aqueous Hydrazine to Produce H2 over Ag-Modified TiO2 Nanomaterial (2023)

An Ag-modified TiO<sub>2</sub> nanomaterial was prepared by a one-pot synthesis method using tetra butyl titanate, silver nitrate, and sodium hydroxide in water at 473 K for 3 h. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the structure and morphology of the synthesized Ag-modified TiO<sub>2</sub> nanomaterial. The diffuse reflectance UV-visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy results revealed that metallic Ag nanoparticles decreased the optical band gap and photoluminescence intensity of the TiO<sub>2</sub>. In addition, the Raman peak intensity and absorbance were increased after Ag modification onto TiO<sub>2</sub>. The photocatalytic efficiency of the synthesized samples was tested for decomposition of aqueous hydrazine solution under visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic efficiency of Ag-modified TiO<sub>2</sub> nanomaterials was higher than that of bare TiO<sub>2</sub> and Ag metal NPs due to the synergistic effect between the Ag metal and TiO<sub>2</sub> structures. In addition, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) electron transfer from Ag metal particles to the conduction band of TiO<sub>2</sub> is responsible for superior activity of TiO<sub>2</sub>-Ag catalyst. The Ag-modified TiO<sub>2</sub> nanomaterials offered a 100% H<sub>2</sub> selectivity within 30 min of reaction time and an apparent rate constant of 0.018 min<sup>-1</sup> with an activation energy of 34.4 kJ/mol under visible light radiation.
Defect reduction by periodic SiNx interlayers in gallium nitride grown on Si (111) (2007)

Periodic SiNx interlayers were employed during the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition of epitaxial GaN on AlN buffer layers grown on Si (111) substrates. The growth and the evolution of defects were studied in this paper. A reduction of the threading dislocation density to ∼109cm−2 was observed on the surface of GaN by counting the surface pit density from the atomic force microscopy results. Besides the observation of the continuous bending and subsequent recombination of the threading dislocations related to the periodic conduction of the SiNx interlayer characterized using cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, we observed a different behavior induced by the SiNx interlayers: Si-rich inverted hexagonal pyramids with their base on the (0001) plane and six sidewalls on the (101¯1) plane were found near the top surface of the GaN film at the location of SiNx insertion layer characterized using electron energy loss spectroscopy. The preferential deposition of the SiNx on the sidewalls of the pit defects leads to the subsequently selective growth of the GaN beyond the pit defects, which leads to the burying of the pits and the reduction of the pit defects within the film due to the micromasking effect of the SiNx.
Neurogenesis Deep Learning: Extending deep networks to accommodate new classes (2016)

Neural machine learning methods, such as deep neural networks (DNN), have achieved remarkable success in a number of complex data processing tasks. These methods have arguably had their strongest impact on tasks such as image and audio processing – data processing domains in which humans have long held clear advantages over conventional algorithms. In contrast to biological neural systems, which are capable of learning continuously, deep artificial networks have a limited ability for incorporating new information in an already trained network. As a result, methods for continuous learning are potentially highly impactful in enabling the application of deep networks to dynamic data sets. Here, inspired by the process of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus, we explore the potential for adding new neurons to deep layers of artificial neural networks in order to facilitate their acquisition of novel information while preserving previously trained data representations. Our results on the MNIST handwritten digit dataset and the NIST SD 19 dataset, which includes lower and upper case letters and digits, demonstrate that neurogenesis is well suited for addressing the stability-plasticity dilemma that has long challenged adaptive machine learning algorithms.
ChemInform Abstract: REVERSAL OF STEREOSPECIFICITY DURING ALLYLIC HYDROPEROXIDATION OF 3‐NORCARENE AND BICYCLO(4.2.0)OCT‐3‐ENE DERIVATIVES ARISING FROM STRUCTURALLY ENFORCED QUENCHING OF SINGLET OXYGEN BY THE HYDRAZIDE FUNCTIONALITY (1976)

Abstract Die Epoxidation des Norcarens (I) mit m‐Chlor‐perbenzoesäure in Methylenchlorid ergibt ein syn‐anti‐Produktgemisch, in dem das syn‐Isomere bevorzugt gebildet wird.
Changes in gene expression of the renin???angiotensin system in two-kidney, one clip hypertensive rats (1991)

To investigate the molecular mechanism of sustained hypertension in two-kidney, one clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats, possible changes in renin gene expression in the kidney and angiotensinogen in the liver were studied. In 2K1C rats 4 weeks after clipping, the plasma renin and angiotensin II levels were significantly higher than those in sham-operated rats, but the plasma angiotensinogen levels were similar in the two groups. At this time, expression of the renin gene in the ischaemic kidney of 2K1C rats was 2.6-times that in sham-operated rats (P less than 0.05), but expressions of the angiotensinogen gene were similar in the two groups. Sixteen weeks after clipping, the plasma renin and angiotensin II levels in 2K1C rats were not significantly higher than those in sham-operated controls, but expression of the renin gene in the kidney was still 2.2-times higher in 2K1C rats than in controls (P less than 0.05). The plasma angiotensinogen level was significantly higher in 2K1C rats than in controls (P less than 0.05), and expression of the angiotensinogen gene in the liver was 2.9-times higher in 2K1C rats than in controls (P less than 0.01). These results indicate that the roles of the renin-angiotensin system in maintenance of hypertension in 2K1C rats differ in the acute and chronic phases: in the acute phase, over-expression of the renal renin gene coupled to increased renin secretion plays the major role in elevating the blood pressure; in the chronic phase, a counter-regulatory mechanism may affect the post-transcriptional fate of renin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)