gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The immune response to trauma. (1995)

The response to trauma begins in the immune system at the moment of injury. The loci are the wound, with activation of macrophages and production of proinflammatory mediators, and the microcirculation with activation of endothelial cells, blood elements, and a capillary leak. These processes are potentiated by ischemia and impaired oxygen delivery and by the presence of necrotic tissue, each exacerbating the inflammatory response. Hemorrhage alone may be a sufficient stimulus. Inflammation once was considered to be a host reaction to bacteria or other irritants. This concept was expanded by the discovery of autoimmune diseases, and we are now aware that some illnesses are the result of the body's response to an invader rather than the direct effect of the invader itself. The discoveries about the response to trauma described here add another dimension, showing inflammation to be a fundamental life process that begins at the molecular level at the moment of injury and that, depending on the severity of the stimulus and the effectiveness of initial treatment, may spread to include every cell, tissue, and organ in the body, for good or ill. An important part of these expanding concepts is the notion that all noxious stimuli activate the cytokine system as a final common pathway. Sepsis, hemorrhage, ischemia, ischemia-reperfusion, and soft tissue trauma all share an ability to activate macrophages and produce proinflammatory cytokines that may initiate the SIRS. Second-message compounds and effector molecules mediate the observed clinical phenomena.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Three‐Phase Microemulsion/Sol‐Gel System for Aqueous Catalytic Hydroformylation of Hydrophobic Alkenes (2005)

Abstract We extended the three‐phase transport methodology to the catalytic hydroformylation of alkenes. The method enables to carry out an all‐hydrophobic reaction – substrate, product and catalyst – in water. The alkene is microemulsified in the aqueous medium and the solubilized substrate is assumed to be carried to an organometallic rhodium catalyst entrapped within a partially hydrophobicized silica sol‐gel matrix. The substrate is then spilled into the porous heterogenized catalyst in which the hydroformylation takes place. The products formed are desorbed from the ceramic material and microemulsified by the same surfactant. Upon breaking of the microemulsion the products are separated. The heterogenized catalyst can be easily separated from the reaction mixture by filtration and be recycled. The hydroformylation process was carried out on various alkenes with reaction yields from ca. 62 to 99 %. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Optically Transparent Wood from a Nanoporous Cellulosic Template: Combining Functional and Structural Performance (2016)

Optically transparent wood (TW) with transmittance as high as 85% and haze of 71% was obtained using a delignified nanoporous wood template. The template was prepared by removing the light-absorbing lignin component, creating nanoporosity in the wood cell wall. Transparent wood was prepared by successful impregnation of lumen and the nanoscale cellulose fiber network in the cell wall with refractive-index-matched prepolymerized methyl methacrylate (MMA). During the process, the hierarchical wood structure was preserved. Optical properties of TW are tunable by changing the cellulose volume fraction. The synergy between wood and PMMA was observed for mechanical properties. Lightweight and strong transparent wood is a potential candidate for lightweight low-cost, light-transmitting buildings and transparent solar cell windows.
Generation of megaelectronvolt electron beams by an ultrashort (<30 fs), intense laser pulse (2001)

Ultrafast, megaelectronvolt electron beams with a divergence angle as small as 1° have been generated by an ultrashort (&lt;30 fs), intense laser pulse. The experimental phenomena, related physics, and the development of such an e-source at 1 KHz repetition rate are described.
Salicylic acid‐based poly(anhydride‐ester) nerve guidance conduits: Impact of localized drug release on nerve regeneration (2015)

Nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) can serve as physical scaffolds aligning and supporting regenerating cells while preventing scar tissue formation that often interferes with the regeneration process. Numerous studies have focused on functionalizing NGCs with neurotrophic factors, for example, to support nerve regeneration over longer gaps, but few directly incorporate therapeutic agents. Herein, we fabricated NGCs from a polyanhydride comprised of salicylic acid (SA), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, then performed in vitro and in vivo assays. In vitro studies included cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory response, and NGC porosity measurements. To prepare for implantation, type I collagen hydrogels were used as NGC luminal fillers to further enhance the axonal regeneration process. For the in vivo studies, SA-NGCs were implanted in femoral nerves of mice for 16 weeks and evaluated for functional recovery. The SA-based NGCs functioned as both a drug delivery vehicle capable of reducing inflammation and scar tissue formation because of SA release as well as a tissue scaffold that promotes peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery.
Affinity selection of double-click triazole libraries for rapid discovery of allosteric modulators for GLP-1 receptor (2023)

The recently developed double-click reaction sequence [G. Meng <i>et al.</i>, <i>Nature</i> <b>574</b>, 86-89 (2019)] is expected to vastly expand the number and diversity of synthetically accessible 1,2,3-triazole derivatives. However, it remains elusive how to rapidly navigate the extensive chemical space created by double-click chemistry for bioactive compound discovery. In this study, we selected a particularly challenging drug target, the glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), to benchmark our new platform for the design, synthesis, and screening of double-click triazole libraries. First, we achieved a streamlined synthesis of customized triazole libraries on an unprecedented scale (composed of 38,400 new compounds). By interfacing affinity-selection mass spectrometry and functional assays, we identified a series of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) with unreported scaffolds that can selectively and robustly enhance the signaling activity of the endogenous GLP-1(9-36) peptide. Intriguingly, we further revealed an unexpected binding mode of new PAMs which likely act as a molecular glue between the receptor and the peptide agonist. We anticipate the merger of double-click library synthesis with the hybrid screening platform allows for efficient and economic discovery of drug candidates or chemical probes for various therapeutic targets.
Simulation of visual prosthesis in virtual space (2001)

In developing a visual prosthesis, it is essential for us to determine its specifications which meet the minimal needs in daily lives of patients. For that purpose, we have proposed a prosthetic vision simulator which enables us to experience prosthetic vision in the virtual space. This time, we applied this system to quantitative evaluation of the reading ability. Experimental results suggested that the electric current intensity in stimulation has small effects to the reading ability.
Handbook of Low-Level Laser Therapy (2016)

Traumatic central nervous system injuries (TCNSIs) are not diseases but lesions that concern an ever-growing number of people who are unable to work and have lost their independence. These people need help to regain at least some of their functional abilities. Causes of TCNSIs include traffic accidents, diving in shallow water, falls, gunshots, stab wounds, and natural disasters (earthquakes). The social aspect is highlighted by theWorld Health Organization (WHO) in its definition of health, which is “not the absence of disease or infirmity but a state of complete physical, psychological and social well being.” Right indications are given in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, established by the WHO in 2001. Trauma epidemiology has significant correlation with the economic conditions of a community [1]. In the United States, more than 10% of residents suffered from nonfatal injuries in 2002. Trauma was the leading cause among those aged 1-4 years. In Germany, 40% of those injured in 2002were 20-39 years old (the greatest incidence was between 20 and 24 years).
Highly Efficient Polymer White‐Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Lithium Salts Doped Electron Transporting Layer (2008)

A Li2CO3-doped water/alcohol-soluble neutral conjugated polymer is used as the electron-injection layer in a solution-processed polymer OWLED with very high efficiency. A maximum forward viewing luminous efficiency of 36.1 cd A−1 and a power efficiency of 23.4 lm W−1 were achieved, values comparable to those reported for the state-of-the-art vacuum deposited small -molecule OWLEDs.
Adversarial Attacks on ML Defense Models Competition (2021)

Due to the vulnerability of deep neural networks (DNNs) to adversarial examples, a large number of defense techniques have been proposed to alleviate this problem in recent years. However, the progress of building more robust models is usually hampered by the incomplete or incorrect robustness evaluation. To accelerate the research on reliable evaluation of adversarial robustness of the current defense models in image classification, the TSAIL group at Tsinghua University and the Alibaba Security group organized this competition along with a CVPR 2021 workshop on adversarial machine learning (https://aisecure-workshop.github.io/amlcvpr2021/). The purpose of this competition is to motivate novel attack algorithms to evaluate adversarial robustness more effectively and reliably. The participants were encouraged to develop stronger white-box attack algorithms to find the worst-case robustness of different defenses. This competition was conducted on an adversarial robustness evaluation platform -- ARES (https://github.com/thu-ml/ares), and is held on the TianChi platform (https://tianchi.aliyun.com/competition/entrance/531847/introduction) as one of the series of AI Security Challengers Program. After the competition, we summarized the results and established a new adversarial robustness benchmark at https://ml.cs.tsinghua.edu.cn/ares-bench/, which allows users to upload adversarial attack algorithms and defense models for evaluation.
Acidic Properties of H−β Zeolite As Probed by Bases with Proton Affinity in the 118−204 kcal mol-1 Range:  A FTIR Investigation (1997)

The interaction of Brønsted sites of H−β (AH) with bases B with proton affinity (PA) ranging in the 118 (N2) to 204 (NH3) kcal mol-1 interval leads to the formation of 1:1 adducts. The vibrational manifestations of these adducts change considerably as a function of the proton potential. In 1:1 neutral adducts characterized by weak-medium hydrogen bonds, the shift of the ν(AH) mode (Δν̄) is proportional to the shift caused by the same bases on the Si−OH (weak) Brønsted acid used as a standard. As far as the 1:1 adducts formed with ethers and tetrahydrofuran (THF; PA = 196 kcal mol-1), the situation is more complex owing to high ionicity acquired by the hydrogen bond. When stronger bases are used (pyridine, Py), the true proton transfer is observed. The ν(AH···B) modes of the medium-strong 1:1 adducts are modulated by Fermi resonances with 2δ and 2γ overtones and with internal modes of A and B moieties. A general review of the phenomenon is given. Also the spectra of the ionic 1:1 adducts formed with Py and NH3 are modulated by complex Fermi resonance effects. The situation occurring at higher dosages of B is also examined: it is concluded that in the presence of an excess of H2O (and CH3OH) the originally formed neutral 1:1 adducts are transformed into protonated clusters.
Learning vector quantization with training data selection (2006)

In this paper, we propose a method that selects a subset of the training data points to update LVQ prototypes. The main goal is to conduct the prototypes to converge at a more convenient location, diminishing misclassification errors. The method selects an update set composed by a subset of points considered to be at the risk of being captured by another class prototype. We associate the proposed methodology to a weighted norm, instead of the Euclidean, in order to establish different levels of relevance for the input attributes. The technique was implemented on a controlled experiment and on Web available data sets.
A Nobel 4G and 5G Antenna Solution for Future Smartphones (2018)

A novel integrated antenna solution is proposed for the current 4G and upcoming 5G systems. The proposed antenna configuration can be placed in a small space of the wireless handheld devices. The 5G antenna is a Yagi-Uda antenna array and the 4G antenna is an inverted L-shape antenna. Electromagnetic simulations reveal that both antennas show good performance. The proposed antenna design is expected to be applied to the next generation mobile terminals.
Finding sequence motifs with Bayesian models incorporating positional information: an application to transcription factor binding sites (2008)

Although sequence truncation is a viable strategy when searching for biologically active motifs with a positional preference, a probabilistic model (used reasonably) generally provides a superior and more robust strategy, particularly when the sequence motifs' positional preferences are not well characterized.
Preparation of Ordered Porous Alumina Through-Hole Membranes with Large Hole Periods by Two-Layer Anodization (2020)

Ordered anodic porous alumina through-hole membranes with a hole period larger than 500 nm were fabricated by two-layer anodization. Formation of the ordered anodic porous alumina with a hole period larger than 500 nm was carried out by anodization of Al in phosphoric acid or mixture of malic acid and phosphoric acid. Two-layered structures comprising porous alumina layers with different solubilities were formed by anodization using two electrolytes, one of which was 17.6 M sulfuric acid. The membranes were prepared by selectively etching the lower part of the alumina layer formed in 17.6 M sulfuric acid. The thickness of the membranes was controlled by adjusting the anodization time. The obtained membranes are expected to be used in various applications such as filtration membranes.
Nuclear driven flashlamps (1988)

Due to the low power density of pumping schemes for nuclear-pumped lasers prior to 1978, a method of utilizing the efficient production of narrow band fluorescence from excimers was developed. This method has since been referred to as a nuclear driven flashlamp. It is possible to achieve sufficient power densities, when combining the flashlamp with novel techniques of reactor/laser interfaces, to drive efficient, high power lasers directly with products from nuclear reactions.
Supplementary Figure 1C from Somatic Epigenetic Silencing of <i>RIPK3</i> Inactivates Necroptosis and Contributes to Chemoresistance in Malignant Mesothelioma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Immunoblot analysis demonstrating re-expression of wild type (WT) or kinase dead (KD) RIPK3 in four RIPK3-negative human MM cell lines after infection with lentivirus for 24 h. MM cell lines were infected with pWPI lentivirus that expresses GFP alone or with pWPI lentivirus that expresses both GFP and either RIPK3 WT or RIPK3-KD.&lt;/p&gt;
Binaural auralization of proposed room modifications based on measured omnidirectional room impulse responses (2017)

The auralization of rooms with dynamic binaural synthesis using binaural room impulse responses (BRIRs) is an established approach in virtual audio. The BRIRs can either be obtained by simulations or by measurements. Up to now changed acoustical properties, as they occur when a room is altered in a renovation, cannot easily be considered in a measurement-based approach. The paper presents a new method to auralize modifications of existing rooms. The authors already have shown in a previous publication that such an auralization can be done by appropriately shaping the reverberation tail of an impulse response. Furthermore, the authors have presented an approach to synthesize BRIRs based on one omnidirectional room impulse response (RIR). In this paper both methods are combined: A single measured omnidirectional RIR is enhanced and adapted to create a binaural representation of a modified room. A listening experi-ment has been performed to evaluate the procedure and to investigate differences between synthesized and measured BRIRs. The advantages of this method are obvious: Planned room modifications can be made audible without complex measurements or simulations; just one omnidirectional RIR is required to provide a binaural representation of the desired acoustic treatment.
Outpatient Versus Inpatient Anterior Lumbar Spine Surgery: A Multisite, Comparative Analysis of Patient Safety Measures (2021)

<h3>ABSTRACT</h3> <h3>Background:</h3> The frequency and complexity of spinal surgery performed in an ambulatory surgery center (ASC) is increasing. However, safety and efficacy data of most spinal procedures adapted to the ASC are sparse and have focused on anterior cervical surgery. The purpose of this study was to compare the 90-day complication and readmission rates of anterior lumbar spine surgery performed in an ASC or inpatient setting. <h3>Methods:</h3> We performed a retrospective comparative analysis of 226 consecutive anterior lumbar surgeries (283 levels treated) completed in an ASC (<i>n</i> = 124) or in an inpatient tertiary care hospital (<i>n</i> = 102) over a 3-year period. These included anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF), artificial disc replacement (ADR), and hybrids. Patients undergoing simultaneous or staged posterior procedures within 3 months were excluded. Patient demographics and surgical parameters between the two surgical settings were compared. Ninety-day medical complications and readmission rates were assessed. One-way analysis of variance and Chi-square analysis were used. A <i>P</i> value of less than .05 was considered statistically significant. <h3>Results:</h3> The two study groups had similar baseline characteristics. While there was a trend toward fewer complications, reoperations, and readmissions for the ASC cohort, the differences were not statistically significant. There were 7 intraoperative complications (5.6% minor vascular injury) in the inpatient cohort and 0 in the ASC cohort. The overall 90-day postoperative complication rate was 5.6% for the inpatient cohort and 0.9% for the ASC cohort. The 90-day readmission rate was 1.9% in the ASC cohort and 1.6% in the inpatient cohort. The 90-day reoperation rate was 0.8% for the inpatient cohort and 0% in the ASC cohort. The average hospital stay was 2.3 ± 1.5 days for the inpatient cohort. <h3>Conclusion:</h3> The 90-day readmission rates were lower for outpatients than for inpatients, while the complication and reoperation rates were similar. Our results demonstrate that anterior lumbar procedures, including single-level and multilevel ALIF, ADR, and hybrid procedures, can be performed safely in an ASC. This has significant cost savings implications for the ASC setting.
Pseudomonas Genome Database: improved comparative analysis and population genomics capability for Pseudomonas genomes (2010)

Pseudomonas is a metabolically-diverse genus of bacteria known for its flexibility and leading free living to pathogenic lifestyles in a wide range of hosts. The Pseudomonas Genome Database (http://www.pseudomonas.com) integrates completely-sequenced Pseudomonas genome sequences and their annotations with genome-scale, high-precision computational predictions and manually curated annotation updates. The latest release implements an ability to view sequence polymorphisms in P. aeruginosa PAO1 versus other reference strains, incomplete genomes and single gene sequences. This aids analysis of phenotypic variation between closely related isolates and strains, as well as wider population genomics and evolutionary studies. The wide range of tools for comparing Pseudomonas annotations and sequences now includes a strain-specific access point for viewing high precision computational predictions including updated, more accurate, protein subcellular localization and genomic island predictions. Views link to genome-scale experimental data as well as comparative genomics analyses that incorporate robust genera-geared methods for predicting and clustering orthologs. These analyses can be exploited for identifying putative essential and core Pseudomonas genes or identifying large-scale evolutionary events. The Pseudomonas Genome Database aims to provide a continually updated, high quality source of genome annotations, specifically tailored for Pseudomonas researchers, but using an approach that may be implemented for other genera-level research communities.
Distributed Massive MIMO in Cellular Networks: Impact of Imperfect\n Hardware and Number of Oscillators (2015)

Distributed massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) combines the array\ngain of coherent MIMO processing with the proximity gains of distributed\nantenna setups. In this paper, we analyze how transceiver hardware impairments\naffect the downlink with maximum ratio transmission. We derive closed-form\nspectral efficiencies expressions and study their asymptotic behavior as the\nnumber of the antennas increases. We prove a scaling law on the hardware\nquality, which reveals that massive MIMO is resilient to additive distortions,\nwhile multiplicative phase noise is a limiting factor. It is also better to\nhave separate oscillators at each antenna than one per BS.\n
Inhibition of neointima formation by a nonpeptide ?v?3 integrin receptor antagonist in a rabbit cuff model (2000)

This study was performed to determine whether a highly selective nonpeptide alpha(v)beta(3) antagonist (SH306) would prove effective in inhibiting neointima formation in a rabbit cuff model. The animals were dosed with SH306, 5 mg/kg i.v., followed by 10 mg/kg s. c., 3 times daily for 3 days, or with vehicle (10% DMAC). Rabbits were sacrificed and perfused on days 1, 3, and 21; the vessels were paraffin embedded. A reduction in the intima/media (I/M) of the SH306-treated rabbits, as compared with the vehicle-treated control group, was noted (0.20 vs 0.36 [n = 4]). A significant increase in the area of the media was observed in the SH306-treated group versus the control group (0.20 vs 0.13). No difference was observed in cell proliferation between SH306 and vehicle after 1-day and 3-day dosing. Thrombi were found in 43% of the control vessels and in only 14% of the drug-treated vessels. No anticoagulant was used during the surgical procedure. No increase in inhibition of GPIIb/IIIa was observed in SH306-treated animals, as compared with the vehicle control group. We conclude that selective inhibition of alpha(v)beta(3) reduced neointima formation in a rabbit model at 3 weeks.
Temperature dependence of avalanche multiplication in spiked electric fields (2002)

The temperature dependence of avalanche multiplication in spiked electric fields in silicon is investigated for charge carrier transport across highly doped pn-junctions and across thin gate oxides. Impact ionization events with near-zero to positive temperature coefficients are experimentally observed. A model is proposed that explains the positive temperature coefficient in terms of increased effective electric field due to the decrease of the energy relaxation length for increasing temperature.
Dyad beads and the combinatorial discovery of catalystsIain Linguard, PhD Thesis, University of Southampton, September 2002. (2003)

Dyad beads, bearing both a substrate and a catalyst, were prepared to enable direct split and mix bead based screening for catalysis.