gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lithography for Patterning inside through-Si Vias (2007)

Lithographic patterning inside through Si vias (TSV) requires conformal coating of resist over high topography and exposure with a large gap distance. This paper investigates some parameters that have an effect on the resist pattern definition at the bottom of ~100 μm deep via. The influences of the large gap exposure, resist thickness and resist type to the dimension of resist patterns have been studied. The relation of resist thickness to the size of the Si vias is also reported. Finally, an example of patterned resist inside via as a masking layer for dielectric patterning is presented as well.
Broadband interferometric subtraction of optical fields (2019)

We present a Mach-Zehnder-like interferometer capable of simultaneous super-octave (950 - 2100 nm) destructive interference with an intensity extinction of 4 × 10<sup>-4</sup>. Achromatic nulling is achieved by unbalancing the number of Fresnel reflections off optically denser media in the two interferometer arms. With a methane gas sample in one interferometer arm, we isolate the coherent molecular vibrational emission from the broadband, impulsive excitation and quantitatively examine the potential improvement in detectable concentration, compared to direct transmission geometry. The novel concept will benefit sensing applications requiring high detection sensitivity and dynamic range, including time-domain and frequency-domain spectroscopy.
An Outer Bound to the Capacity Region of the Broadcast Channel (2006)

An outer bound to the capacity region of the two-receiver discrete memoryless broadcast channel is given. The outer bound is tight for all cases where the capacity region is known. When specialized to the case of no common information, this outer bound is shown to be contained in the Korner-Marton outer bound. This containment is shown to be strict for the binary skew-symmetric broadcast channel. Thus, this outer bound is in general tighter than all other known outer bounds on the discrete memoryless broadcast channel
Twinning Commercial Radio Waveforms in the Colosseum Wireless Network Emulator (2023)

Because of the ever-growing amount of wireless consumers, spectrum-sharing techniques have been increasingly common in the wireless ecosystem, with the main goal of avoiding harmful interference to coexisting communication systems. This is even more important when considering systems, such as nautical and aerial fleet radars, in which incumbent radios operate mission-critical communication links. To study, develop, and validate these solutions, adequate platforms, such as the Colosseum wireless network emulator, are key as they enable experimentation with spectrum-sharing heterogeneous radio technologies in controlled environments. In this work, we demonstrate how Colosseum can be used to twin commercial radio waveforms to evaluate the coexistence of such technologies in complex wireless propagation environments. To this aim, we create a high-fidelity spectrum-sharing scenario on Colosseum to evaluate the impact of twinned commercial radar waveforms on a cellular network operating in the CBRS band. Then, we leverage IQ samples collected on the testbed to train a machine learning agent that runs at the base station to detect the presence of incumbent radar transmissions and vacate the bandwidth to avoid causing them harmful interference. Our results show an average detection accuracy of 88%, with accuracy above 90% in SNR regimes above 0 dB and SINR regimes above --20 dB, and with an average detection time of 137 ms.
Development and testing of the pyrotechnic subsystem to the Mariner Mars 1971 spacecraft (1971)

Design, fabrication, and testing of the Mariner Mars 1971 pyrotechnic subsystem are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on those changes from the Mariner Mars 1969 configuration. Major problems occurring in the developmental and testing phases are discussed.
H2S Sensors: Fumarate‐Based fcu‐MOF Thin Film Grown on a Capacitive Interdigitated Electrode (2016)

Herein we report the fabrication of an advanced sensor for the detection of hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub> S) at room temperature, using thin films of rare-earth metal (RE)-based metal-organic framework (MOF) with underlying fcu topology. This unique MOF-based sensor is made via the in situ growth of fumarate-based fcu-MOF (fum-fcu-MOF) thin film on a capacitive interdigitated electrode. The sensor showed a remarkable detection sensitivity for H<sub>2</sub> S at concentrations down to 100 ppb, with the lower detection limit around 5 ppb. The fum-fcu-MOF sensor exhibits a highly desirable detection selectivity towards H<sub>2</sub> S vs. CH<sub>4</sub> , NO<sub>2</sub> , H<sub>2</sub> , and C<sub>7</sub> H<sub>8</sub> as well as an outstanding H<sub>2</sub> S sensing stability as compared to other reported MOFs.
Small imaging overlay metrology targets for advance nodes (2023)

Scribe line width reduction and high-order scanner correctibles are driving overlay (OVL) target size reduction. Shrinking imaging-based overlay (IBO) target size for standard target types, such as AIM® or BiB, is not possible without a performance impact. In this paper, new target layouts and supporting OVL tool setup methods will be explored to enable small OVL targets to meet performance, accuracy, and robustness requirements. Two approaches have been explored: (1) measuring smaller grating pitches utilizing oblique illumination, and (2) measuring targets not obeying 180° rotational symmetry requirement (half-targets). Each of these approaches allows shrinking conventional imaging OVL target area by a factor of two. Evaluation results are reviewed in this paper and further target size reduction is presented.
ATOMIZATION OF NON-NEWTONIAN LIQUIDS (2023)

The changes in the physical processes of atomization as a result of adding a high molecular weight polymer in low concentrations to liquid have been studied. Both Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids were investigated with particular emphasis on the non-Newtonian rheological characteristics. Non-Newtonian viscosities were measured over five decades of shear rates &#947; for 12 solutions of polymeric materials. By using the die-swell technique, the first normal stress difference N<sub>1</sub> was determined for all solutions. It was found that viscoelastic liquids are much more difficult to atomize than viscoinelastic liquids. Viscoinelastic liquids showed a breakup behavior similar to that of water sprays. Viscoelastic materials showed remarkably different breakup patterns. The ligaments were seen to undergo a very large stretching motion before they breakup, resulting in long threads of liquid attached to droplets. The normal stresses developed in viscoelastic materials are much higher than their associated shear stresses. Consequently, the development of the large normal stresses appears to be the most important rheological mechanism that inhibits breakup. For shear thinning viscoinelastic materials it was found that the atomization quality is closely related to the apparent viscosity of the fluid in the limit of infinite shear rates (&#951;<sub>&#8734;</sub>). The functional dependence of the SMD on &#951;<sub>&#8734;</sub> is: SMD &#945; &#951;<sub>&#8734;</sub><sup>0.43</sup> .
Approaches to the study of religion (1999)

It has been argued that religious studies is a polymethodic discipline, and that the student of religion should be familiar with the approaches of the major disciplines concerned with understanding the nature of religion, not least because the approach adopted has profound influence on the phenomena chose for investigation and the conclusions reached.This book is the first textbook, specifically designed for undergraduate students, that provides the essential background on methods of the major relevant disciplines.Presenting each of the significant approaches to religion in an informed manner, the book brings together experienced researchers from feminism, anthropology, sociology, phenomenology, psychology, philosophy, and theology. It presents a consistent approach throughout, with each chapter dealing with the same themes: the historical development of the approach, the characteristics of the approach, and the surrounding issues and debates.
Research for preparation of cation-conducting solids by high-pressure synthesis and other methods (1975)

It was shown that two body-centered-cubic skeleton structures, the Im3 KSbO3 phase and the defect-pyrochlore phase A(+)B2X6, do exhibit fast Na(+)-ion transport. The placement of anions at the tunnel intersection sites does not impede Na(+)-ion transport in (NaSb)3)(1/6 NaF), and may not in (Na(1+2x)Ta2 5F)(Ox). The activation energies are higher than those found in beta-alumina. There are two possible explanations for the higher activation energy: breathing of the bottleneck (site face or edge) through which the A(+) ions must pass on jumping from one site to another may be easier in a layer structure and/or A(+)-O bonding may be stronger in the cubic structures because the O(2-) ion bonds with two (instead of three) cations of the skeleton. If the former explanation is dominant, a lower activation energy may be achieved by optimizing the lattice parameter. If the latter is dominant, a new structural principle may have to be explored.
Application of Omno polymers in PF wood adhesives (2017)

The Plantrose® technology is a promising biorefinery method which enables the production of C5 and C6 sugars from different lignocellulosics using sub- and supercritical water in a two-step process ...
Soft-tissue phase-contrast tomography with an x-ray tube source (2009)

We report the first experimental soft-tissue phase-contrast tomography results using a conventional x-ray tube source, with a millimeter-sized focal spot. The setup is based on a Talbot-Lau grating interferometer operated at a mean energy of 28 keV. We present three-dimensional ex vivo images of a chicken heart sample, fixated in formalin. The results clearly demonstrate the advantageous contrast attainable through phase-contrast imaging over conventional attenuation-based approaches.
Single-Image Noise Level Estimation for Blind Denoising (2013)

Noise level is an important parameter to many image processing applications. For example, the performance of an image denoising algorithm can be much degraded due to the poor noise level estimation. Most existing denoising algorithms simply assume the noise level is known that largely prevents them from practical use. Moreover, even with the given true noise level, these denoising algorithms still cannot achieve the best performance, especially for scenes with rich texture. In this paper, we propose a patch-based noise level estimation algorithm and suggest that the noise level parameter should be tuned according to the scene complexity. Our approach includes the process of selecting low-rank patches without high frequency components from a single noisy image. The selection is based on the gradients of the patches and their statistics. Then, the noise level is estimated from the selected patches using principal component analysis. Because the true noise level does not always provide the best performance for nonblind denoising algorithms, we further tune the noise level parameter for nonblind denoising. Experiments demonstrate that both the accuracy and stability are superior to the state of the art noise level estimation algorithm for various scenes and noise levels.
Improved stopband of a compact 1-cell CRLH-TL UWB bandpass filter by forming additional nulls (2009)

Previously, we suggested the unprecedented design of a very compact UWB bandpass filter, which is based on the 1-cell microstrip Composite Right- and Left-Handed Transmission-line(CRLH-TL)[1]. Though the design result turned out satisfactory in terms of Bandwidth, Insertion Loss, Return Loss, Group Delay variation and so on, it had a narrow stopband beyond the upper passband edge. Therefore, we present the improved design to widen the stopband from ‘10.6 GHz∼12.6 GHz’ to ‘10.6 GHz∼14.6 GHz’ by modifying the original structure to create additional nulls(or poles), and the resultant structure is still as small as ‘guided wavelength( λ g )/9.4’.
A systems biology approach for the analysis of carbohydrate dynamics during acclimation to low temperature in Arabidopsis thaliana (2010)

Low temperature is an important environmental factor affecting the performance and distribution of plants. During the so-called process of cold acclimation, many plants are able to develop low-temperature tolerance, associated with the reprogramming of a large part of their metabolism. In this study, we present a systems biology approach based on mathematical modelling to determine interactions between the reprogramming of central carbohydrate metabolism and the development of freezing tolerance in two accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana. Different regulation strategies were observed for (a) photosynthesis, (b) soluble carbohydrate metabolism and (c) enzyme activities of central metabolite interconversions. Metabolism of the storage compound starch was found to be independent of accession-specific reprogramming of soluble sugar metabolism in the cold. Mathematical modelling and simulation of cold-induced metabolic reprogramming indicated major differences in the rates of interconversion between the pools of hexoses and sucrose, as well as the rate of assimilate export to sink organs. A comprehensive overview of interconversion rates is presented, from which accession-specific regulation strategies during exposure to low temperature can be derived. We propose this concept as a tool for predicting metabolic engineering strategies to optimize plant freezing tolerance. We confirm that a significant improvement in freezing tolerance in plants involves multiple regulatory instances in sucrose metabolism, and provide evidence for a pivotal role of sucrose-hexose interconversion in increasing the cold acclimation output.
Daily set up variation in patients receiving radiation with tomotherapy for lung tumors (2006)

17005 Background: The on-board megavoltage (MV) computed tomography (CT) capabilities of a Tomotherapy unit were used to obtain the daily MVCT images of lung cancer patients. For daily patient alignment, differences between the MVCT scan and planning CT were resolved by calculating the necessary couch shifts in the X = mediolateral, Y = craniocaudal, and Z = anteriorposterior directions. Daily shifts were analyzed. Methods: 583 alignments from 36 patients with lung cancer were available for analysis. The systematic (Σ) and random (σ) errors were calculated and a covariate analysis was performed with tumor size, Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS), and presence of atelectasis. Two error minimization strategies were applied to the data - 1) shifts from fraction 1 were subtracted from subsequent shifts, and 2) the average of shifts 1–3 were subtracted from shifts 4 onward. Σ and σ were calculated for each of the 3 data sets and applied to van Herk’s margin recipe 2.5 Σ + 0.7σ. The mean, standard deviation, and standard error of the magnitude shifts for 13 patients who each received 23 fractions were analyzed by Spearman’s rank correlation test for the relationship between shift magnitude and fraction number. Results: The presence of atelectasis was significantly related to a smaller σ in millimeters, 2.8 ± 0.08 vs. 3.5 ± 0.09 (p = 1.1 × 10 −8 ). The other covariates were not significantly related to set-up error. The 2 nd error minimization strategy decreased Σ in the X, Y, and Z directions from 4.7 ± 0.6, 5.8 ± 0.9, 4.9 ± 0.6 to 2.1 ± 0.1, 4.2 ± 0.5, 3.4 ± 0.3 (p = 2.0 × 10 −5 , 0.13, 0.02) respectively. Calculated margins from van Herk’s equation for all data reported as (x, y, z) in mm were (13.8, 19.6, and 15.9). For strategies 1 and 2 respectively, calculated margins were reduced by (27.2%, 11.5%, 10.6%) and (46.7%, 21.5%, 23.2%). The mean magnitude of isocenter shift and the standard deviation were found to increase with fraction number (p = 1.0 × 10 −6 and 5.0 × 10 −5 respectively). Conclusion: The error correction strategies significantly reduced Σ but did not reduce the margins dramatically. Drift in accuracy during a long treatment course and an inability to identify subgroups of patients based on our covariates who may not need daily imaging suggests that daily image verification + correction will help reduce error and margins. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Editorial (2013)

Near the beginning of 2013, we were asked by Federico Capasso and Dennis Couwenberg to strategize as to what would make for an interesting and compelling Special Issue on Fiber Optic Technology, especially within the framework of the Journal on Nanophotonics.Specifically, we considered how novel fibers with small feature sizes are playing an increasing role in enabling technological advances and potential applications that were not considered viable just a few years ago.Today, submicron/nanometer features are being explored in optical fibers by laboratories around the world.Such fibers have allowed the unique tailoring of optical properties that hold promising applications.By combining fiber optics with near field optics, non linear optics, plasmonics and quantum optics at the micro/nanoscale, there are exciting developments for both fundamental research and technological applications.Small feature sizes in optical fibers open the way to a host of new optical devices for communications, computing, sensing, biology, and chemistry.To highlight these new developments, we have organized this special issue.As guest editors, we are pleased to present the Nanophotonics's Special Issue on Fiber Optic Technology.The special issue consists of 10 invited papers by pioneers from around the world and an opinionated essay written by the guest editors.The invited papers cover exciting recent advances, including: highly bendable nano-and micro-engineered fibers, multicore fibers, photonic crystal fibers for high-power ultrafast lasers, hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers, highly nonlinear photonic crystal fibers, photonic crystal fibers for sensors, photonic lanterns, micro and nano fiber wires, and nanoscale imaging with structured light from optical fibers.We greatly appreciate the keen insight, professionalism, hard work and good cheer of Dennis Couwenberg, the Editor of Nanophotonics.Additionally, we deeply appreciate Federico Capasso for his vision in creating the idea of this special issue and inviting us to be guest editors.Of course, we are indebted to the many outstanding authors and reviewers who ensured high-quality papers.We hope that this special issue will provide useful insight into the present status of submicron fiber technology and its applications, as well as encourage future creative research work in this area.
Experimental Investigation of a Point Design Optimized Arrow Wing HSCT Configuration (1999)

The M2.4-7A Arrow Wing HSCT configuration was optimized for straight and level cruise at a Mach number of 2.4 and a lift coefficient of 0.10. A quasi-Newton optimization scheme maximized the lift-to-drag ratio (by minimizing drag-to-lift) using Euler solutions from FL067 to estimate the lift and drag forces. A 1.675% wind-tunnel model of the Opt5 HSCT configuration was built to validate the design methodology. Experimental data gathered at the NASA Langley Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel (UPWT) section #2 facility verified CFL3D Euler and Navier-Stokes predictions of the Opt5 performance at the design point. In turn, CFL3D confirmed the improvement in the lift-to-drag ratio obtained during the optimization, thus validating the design procedure. A data base at off-design conditions was obtained during three wind-tunnel tests. The entry into NASA Langley UPWT section #2 obtained data at a free stream Mach number, M(sub infinity), of 2.55 as well as the design Mach number, M(sub infinity)=2.4. Data from a Mach number range of 1.8 to 2.4 was taken at UPWT section #1. Transonic and low supersonic Mach numbers, M(sub infinity)=0.6 to 1.2, was gathered at the NASA Langley 16 ft. Transonic Wind Tunnel (TWT). In addition to good agreement between CFD and experimental data, highlights from the wind-tunnel tests include a trip dot study suggesting a linear relationship between trip dot drag and Mach number, an aeroelastic study that measured the outboard wing deflection and twist, and a flap scheduling study that identifies the possibility of only one leading-edge and trailing-edge flap setting for transonic cruise and another for low supersonic acceleration.
A Diels–Alder Macrocyclization Enables an Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of the Antibacterial Natural Product Abyssomicin C (2005)

Eine effiziente und hoch diastereoselektive intramolekulare Diels-Alder-Reaktion bildet die Grundlage einer knappen asymmetrischen Synthese des hoch wirksamen antibakteriellen Naturstoffs Abyssomicin C (siehe Formel). Die komplexe Zielstruktur wurde auf drei Fragmente zurückgeführt, die durch zwei Carbonyladditionen miteinander verknüpft wurden. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2005/z502119_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Partly gain-coupled 1.55 mu m strained-layer multiquantum-well DFB lasers (1993)

1.55- mu m gain-coupled InGaAsP-InP distributed feedback (DFB) lasers which use a strained-layer multi-quantum-well (MQW) active grating for a mixed index and gain coupling have been fabricated and studied. The lasers exhibit distinct longitudinal-mode behaviour due to gain-coupling effects, including a high single-mode yield. Cavity length dependence of the mode behavior has been experimentally studied and simulated using a transfer-matrix method. Both experimental and theoretical results indicate that the shorter cavity lasers with the present structure have higher kappa /sub gain/L/ kappa /sub inde/ ratios and wider Fabry-Perot mode spacing than the longer cavity ones; these features enable the shorter cavity lasers to have a high single-mode yield (90%) and a high side-mode-suppression ratio (55 dB).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Alloying at a Subnanoscale Maximizes the Synergistic Effect on the Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution (2022)

Bonding dissimilar elements to provide synergistic effects is an effective way to improve the performance of metal catalysts. However, as the properties become more dissimilar, achieving synergistic effects effectively becomes more difficult due to phase separation. Here we describe a comprehensive study on how subnanoscale alloying is always effective for inter-elemental synergy. Thirty-six combinations of both bimetallic subnanoparticles (SNPs) and nanoparticles (NPs) were studied systematically using atomic-resolution imaging and catalyst benchmarking based on the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Results revealed that SNPs always produce greater synergistic effects than NPs, the greatest synergistic effect was found for the combination of Pt and Zr. The atomic-scale miscibility and the associated modulation of electronic states at the subnanoscale were much different from those at the nanoscale, which was observed by annular-dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF-STEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively.