gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The supersmall soft processor (2010)

Soft processors have become an increasingly common component of systems that use Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), and are used to implement a wide variety of control and data processing functionality. Often, some additional functionality needs to be added to a system when there is very little space left on the physical device. This functionality may not be performance critical, and so could be implemented on a slow soft processor. For this reason it may be useful to have a processor that is as small as possible yet similar to other commonly-used processors. This paper describes the design, implementation and release of a 32-bit soft processor based on the MIPS-I instruction set and optimized for minimal use of FPGA resources. The `supersmall' soft processor is as much as 2.2 times smaller than Altera's Nios II/e (the smallest of their 3 processors) yet only a factor of 10 times slower.
Walk-over Locating Technology (2000)

This paper describes the walk-over locating technology used in horizontal directional drilling. It covers both the fundamentals of the technology and practical applications. The paper begins with a comparison of the two types of magnetic fields used for in-ground locating. The cylindrical magnetic field is used for locating wires, pipes, and conduits, while the dipole magnetic field is used to track drill heads. Plots show the magnitude of the signal intensity as detected by various receiver antenna configurations for the two types of fields. The paper then goes on to show the flux patterns on the surface of the ground and their importance to locating. A description is given of the various ways that different dipole tracking receivers can process the magnetic field information to locate the in-ground magnetic field source and determine its depth and orientation. The methods described include the use of magnetic field intensity, flux line orientation, and gradients of the field intensity. The ability to predict the location and depth of the boring tool at a point in front of its current position is discussed, including how this feature can be used to guide the drilling process. Finally, the paper describes a novel device that can represent the tracking transmitter’s position on a display much like a radar screen so that the position of the transmitter relative to the receiver can be displayed regardless of the orientation of either device. This device uses both the magnetic flux lines and the intensity of the field for locating the transmitter, and its design appears to be the next major advancement in walk-over locating technology.
Reduced levels of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in the serum and synovial fluid of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients correlates with disease severity. (1999)

The data presented in this paper demonstrate for the first time an association between low androgen levels and disease in JRA patients. The significance of hypoandrogenicity with respect to the pathogenic mechanisms of arthritic disease and the possible therapeutic strategies that these imply warrants further investigation.
Development of Ultrasonic Torsional Fatigue Tester to Evaluate Rolling Bearing Steels (2012)

In rolling bearings, subsurface flaking failures occur under pure rolling contact fatigue conditions. In such failures, one of the crack initiation and its subsequent initial extention factors is believed to be the results of repetitive orthogonal shear stress. Accordingly, we have deemed that it is of critical importance to evaluate the shear fatigue properties, which can be obtained by torsional fatigue testing. However, up until now, it has been all but impossible to establish the shear fatigue properties of giga-cycle regimes because of conventional low loading frequency torsional fatigue testers. This is due primarily to time constraints. By contrast, ultrasonic fatigue testing is employed to assure high loading speeds. Ultrasonic tension-compression testers have been commercially available for more than a decade, and many data are being accumulated. However, there have been scant few investigations into ultrasonic torsional fatigue testing, and as such these limited to only a few low output-type converters of torsional vibration. With these considerations in mind, we have developed an ultrasonic torsional fatigue tester which enables for the rapid evaluation of shear fatigue properties. A loading frequency of 20 000 Hz is quite high, and as such results in a radical reduction of testing duration. It is possible to produce maximum shear stress amplitudes of about 950 MPa at the surface of specimen's minimum diameter. This is sufficient for the evaluation of high strength rolling bearing steels over wide ranges of loading cycles. For example, when loading cycles of 1010 are applied, the ultrasonic torsional fatigue tester requires only about seven days for complete testing, as compared with conventional testers at a loading frequency of about 10 Hz, would require more than 32 years.
Mutual Information and Error Probability of Dual-Polarized Systems (2007)

In this communication, we address the potential benefits of dual-polarized arrays in 2 times 2 MIMO systems. We start with a new and simple analytical model of dual-polarized Rayleigh and Ricean fading channels, which relies on a limited number of physical parameters, such as the spatial correlations, the co-polar gain imbalance and the cross-polar discrimination. Then, we investigate the multiplexing advantage of dual-polarized transmissions through the evaluation of the ergodic mutual information. Finally, the performance of two space-time coding schemes (Alamouti O-STBC and uncoded spatial multiplexing) is evaluated via a detailed analysis of the pairwise error probability.
Semantic Kernels Binarized - A Feature Descriptor for Fast and Robust Matching (2011)

This paper presents a new approach for feature description used in image processing and robust image recognition algorithms such as 3D camera tracking, view reconstruction or 3D scene analysis. State of the art feature detectors distinguish interest point detection and description. The former is commonly performed in scale space, while the latter is used to describe a normalized support region using histograms of gradients or similar derivatives of the grayscale image patch. This approach has proven to be very successful. However, the descriptors are usually of high dimensionality in order to achieve a high descriptiveness. Against this background, we propose a binarized descriptor which has a low memory usage and good matching performance. The descriptor is composed of binarized responses resulting from a set of folding operations applied to the normalized support region. We demonstrate the real-time capabilities of the feature descriptor in a stereo matching environment.
Activated graphene as a cathode material for Li-ion hybrid supercapacitors (2012)

Chemically activated graphene ('activated microwave expanded graphite oxide', a-MEGO) was used as a cathode material for Li-ion hybrid supercapacitors. The performance of a-MEGO was first verified with Li-ion electrolyte in a symmetrical supercapacitor cell. Hybrid supercapacitors were then constructed with a-MEGO as the cathode and with either graphite or Li(4)Ti(5)O(12) (LTO) for the anode materials. The results show that the activated graphene material works well in a symmetrical cell with the Li-ion electrolyte with specific capacitances as high as 182 F g(-1). In a full a-MEGO/graphite hybrid cell, specific capacitances as high as 266 F g(-1) for the active materials at operating potentials of 4 V yielded gravimetric energy densities for a packaged cell of 53.2 W h kg(-1).
A High-Speed FPGA Implementation of an RSD-Based ECC Processor (2015)

In this paper, an exportable application-specific instruction-set elliptic curve cryptography processor based on redundant signed digit representation is proposed. The processor employs extensive pipelining techniques for Karatsuba-Ofman method to achieve high throughput multiplication. Furthermore, an efficient modular adder without comparison and a high-throughput modular divider, which results in a short datapath for maximized frequency, are implemented. The processor supports the recommended NIST curve P256 and is based on an extended NIST reduction scheme. The proposed processor performs single-point multiplication employing points in affine coordinates in 2.26 ms and runs at a maximum frequency of 160 MHz in Xilinx Virtex 5 (XC5VLX110T) field-programmable gate array.
GaN-Diode-Laser-Pumped Optical Parametric Generation in Nonlinear Waveguide (2015)

We demonstrated optical parametric generation (OPG) pumped by GaN diode laser in nonlinear optical waveguide. Mg:SLT-based slab waveguide emits visible photons with RGB spectrum and degenerate photon pairs in 800 nm region with controlled bandwidth.
Allowed modes in anisotropic slab waveguides (1985)

Dielectric slab waveguides are needed in the construction of essentially all integrated optics devices. In practical integrated optical circuits, the direction of propagation must change over the substrate and thus it is essential to understand the allowed modes that can propagate for a particular direction. Rigorous electromagnetic theory is applied to determine the allowed modes (both sustained modes and leaky modes) in a uniaxial crystalline waveguide such as lithium niobate. For an arbitrary direction of propagation, the directions of power flow and phase propagation differ. The sustained modes in this case may be classified as TE-like modes and TM-like modes with coupling occurring between them. For the same waveguide parameters, it is shown that a simple change of propagation direction can cause multiple allowed modes to become cut off. The conditions for cutoff are discussed. Integrated optical polarizing devices based on anisotropic cover layers are discussed.
Incorporation of optimal timeouts into distributed real-time load sharing (1994)

Consideration is given to the problem of designing and incorporating a timeout mechanism into load sharing (LS) with state-region change broadcasts in the presence of node failures in a distributed real-time system. Failure of a node is diagnosed by the other nodes through communication timeouts, and the timeout period used to diagnose whether a node is faulty or not usually depends on the dynamic changes in system load, the task attributes at the node, and the state the node was initially in. We formulate the problem of determining the "best" timeout period T/sub out//sup (i)/ for node i as a hypothesis testing problem, and maximize the probability of detecting node failures subject to a pre-specified probability of falsely diagnosing a healthy node as faulty. The parameters needed for the calculation of T/sub out//sup (i)/ are estimated online by node i using the Bayesian technique and are piggy-backed in its region-change broadcasts. The broadcast information is then used to determine T/sub out//sup (i)/. If node n has not heard from node i for T/sub out//sup (i)/ since its receipt of the latest broadcast from node i, it will consider node i failed, and will not consider any task transfer to node i until it receives a broadcast message from node i again. On the other hand, to further reduce the probability of incorrect diagnosis, each node n also determines its own timeout period T/sub out//sup (n)/, and broadcasts its state not only at the time of state-region changes but also when it has remained within a broadcast interval throughout T/sub out//sup (n)/.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Mo- and W-Fiber Reinforced SiCN Ceramic Matrix Composites: First Results (2018)

Ceramic matrix composites usually utilize carbon or ceramic fibers as reinforcements. However, such fibers often expose a low ductility during failure. In this work, we follow the idea of a reinforcement concept of a ceramic matrix by refractory metal fibers to reach pseudo ductile behavior during failure. Tungsten and molybdenum fibers were chosen as reinforcement in SiCN ceramic matrix composites manufactured by polymer infiltration and pyrolysis process. The composites were investigated with respect to microstructure, flexural- and tensile strength. The single fiber strengths for both tungsten and molybdenum were investigated and compared to the strength of the composites. Tensile strengths of 206 and 156 MPa as well as bending strengths of 427 and 312 were achieved for W/SiCN and Mo/SiCN composites, respectively. The W fiber became brittle across the entire cross section, while the Mo fiber showed a superficial, brittle reaction zone but kept ductile on the inside.
A stackable switched-capacitor DC/DC converter IC for LED drivers with 90% efficiency (2013)

A stackable switched-capacitor (SC) converter IC for a hybrid-SC-resonant LED driver using off-chip ceramic capacitors is presented in this paper. The IC can be configured to handle a range of input voltages through chip-stacking in the voltage domain. The tested driver delivers 17.6W at 470mA to the LED load with 90% peak efficiency from a rectified 120V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AC</sub> line (170V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DC</sub> ) and maintains >85% efficiency over a rectified voltage range from 16V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DC</sub> to 180V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DC</sub> .
Direct Synthesis of Organic Azides from Alcohols Using 2-Azido-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium Hexafluorophosphate (2012)

Direct synthesis of organic azides from alcohols was developed. Azide transfer of 2-azido-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium hexafluorophosphate (ADMP) to alcohols proceeds to give the corresponding azides under mild reaction conditions, which were easily isolated because the byproducts are highly soluble in water.
Macrophage Internalization of Fungal β-Glucans Is Not Necessary for Initiation of Related Inflammatory Responses (2005)

Cell wall beta-glucans are highly conserved structural components of fungi that potently trigger inflammatory responses in an infected host. Identification of molecular mechanisms responsible for internalization and signaling of fungal beta-glucans should enhance our understanding of innate immune responses to fungi. In this study, we demonstrated that internalization of fungal beta-glucan particles requires actin polymerization but not participation of components of caveolar uptake mechanisms. Using fluorescence microscopy, we observed that uptake of 5-([4,6-dichlorotriazin-2-yl] amino)-fluorescein hydrochloride-Celite complex-labeled Saccharomyces cerevisiae beta-glucan by RAW macrophages was substantially reduced in the presence of cytochalasin D, which antagonizes actin-mediated internalization pathways, but not by treatment with nystatin, which blocks caveolar uptake. Interestingly, beta-glucan-induced NF-kappaB translocation, which is necessary for inflammatory activation, and tumor necrosis factor alpha production were both normal in the presence of cytochalasin D, despite defective internalization of beta-glucan particles following actin disruption. Dectin-1, a major beta-glucan receptor on macrophages, colocalized to phagocytic cups on macrophages and exhibited tyrosine phosphorylation after challenge with beta-glucan particles. Dectin-1 localization and other membrane markers were not affected by treatment with cytochalasin D. Furthermore, dectin-1 receptors rather than Toll-like receptor 2 receptors were shown to be necessary for both efficient internalization of beta-glucan particles and cytokine release in response to the fungal cell wall component.
Electrochromic selective filtering of chronodisruptive visible wavelengths (2020)

We present evidence of pupil response modification, as well as differential theoretical melatonin suppression through selective and dynamic electrochromic filtering of visible light in the 400-500 nm range to minimize chronodisruptive nocturnal blue light exposure. A lower activation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), the first step for light to reach a human's internal clock, is related to melatonin secretion therefore avoiding detrimental effects of excessive blue light exposure. Pupillary Light Reflex and Color Naming were experimentally assessed under light filtered by two different coloration states (transmissive and absorptive) of these novel dynamic filters, plus an uncoated test device, in 16 volunteers. Also, different commercial light sources at illuminances ranging from 1 to 1000 lux were differentially filtered and compared in terms of theoretical melatonin suppression. Representative parameters of the pupil responses reflected lower pupil constriction when the electrochromic filters (ECFs) were switched on (absorptive state, blue light is absorbed by the filter) compared to uncoated filters (control sample), but failed to do so under transmissive state (blue light passes through the filter) indicating less activation of ipRGCs under absorptive state (although no significant differences between states was found). Out of eight colors tested, just one showed significant differences in naming between both filter states. Thus, the ECF would have some protecting effect on ipRGC activation with very limited changes in color perception. While there are some limitations of the theoretical model used, the absorptive state yielded significantly lower theoretical melatonin suppression in all those light sources containing blue wavelengths across the illuminance range tested. This would open the way for further research on biological applications of electrochromic devices.
IONIC CONTROL OF SETTLEMENT AND METAMORPHOSIS IN LARVALHALIOTIS RUFESCENS(GASTROPODA) (1984)

An increase in the concentration of K+ in defined sea water medium is demonstrated to induce settlement and metamorphosis in larvae of the marine gastropod mollusc, Haliotis rufescens. A decrease in external K+ ion concentration can inhibit the larval response to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a stereochemically specific inducer of metamorphosis of H. rufescens. Stimulation of the metamorphic response by GABA or by increased K+ may depend on transmembrane movement of ions, since induction is sensitive to neuropharmacological blockers of ion conductance. Sulfonyl isothiocyanostilbene (SITS, an anion exchange blocker) inhibits the larval response to GABA, but does not affect induction by increased external potassium. In contrast, the larval response to potassium is inhibited by tetraethylammonium (TEA, a potassium channel blocker), while induction of metamorphosis by GABA is independent of the presence of TEA. Most manipulations of the concentrations of the other predominant cation components of sea water are not in themselves inductive or inhibitory. However, the actions of GABA and increased K+ as inducers are sensitive to changes in external Ca2+. Potassium may act by directly depolarizing excitable cells involved in the larval perception of inductive stimuli. Activation of metamorphosis by GABA may depend similarly on a depolarizing ion movement at GABA-sensitive cells. Depolarization by manipulation of the ionic environment may offer a general technique for inducing metamorphosis in various marine invertebrate larvae.
Evaluation and management of acromioclavicular joint injuries. (2004)

The acromioclavicular joint is stabilized by the coracoclavicular and acromioclavicular ligaments and by the trapezius and deltoid muscles. Joint dislocation commonly results from a direct blow to the acromion. Injury types I through III are generally treated nonoperatively, whereas types IV through VI are treated operatively. Nonoperative protocols should always begin with ice and immobilization. Operative techniques include acromioclavicular ligament repair, dynamic transfer of the conjoined tendon, coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction, and coracoacromial ligament transfer. The goal with any injury type should always be full return to the patient's preinjury condition.
A radical thia-Brook rearrangement (2014)

Geminal mercapto trialkyl- and trialkoxy-silanes undergo an efficient radical chain rearrangement, whereby the silyl group migrates from carbon to sulfur; the starting materials are readily obtained by exploiting the peroxide initiated radical addition of dithiocarbonates (xanthates) to trialkyl- or trialkoxy-vinylsilanes.
Rotating Hinge Total Knee Arthroplasty in Severely Affected Knees (2000)

A consecutive series of 24 knees in 21 patients who received a Finn rotating hinge for primary (nine knees) or revision (15 knees) total knee arthroplasty between August 1993 and January 1997 was reviewed. The average followup was 33 months (range, 21-62 months) for all patients in the study. Seventeen patients (20 knees) were followed up for more than 2 years. Twenty-four knees (21 patients) were categorized according to Knee Society scoring criteria: 37.5% (nine knees) were Category A, 25% (six knees) were Category B, and 37.5% (nine knees) were Category C. Using the Knee Society knee and function scores, clinical and radiographic results were assessed and outcome analysis was determined. The average Knee Society knee score improved from 44 points (range, 5-64 points) before surgery to 83 points (range, 45-95 points) after surgery; the average functional score according to the Knee Society system improved from 10 points (range, 0-35 points) before surgery to 45 points (range, 0-100 points) after surgery. Pain and function markedly improved after surgery. For treatment of the most severely affected knees with compromised bone and ligamentous instability, the Finn total knee replacement appears to be an acceptable option. As a rotating hinge design, the prosthesis at early followup provides excellent pain relief, restoration of walking capacity, and stabilization, without evidence of early mechanical failure.
Accelerating Internet streaming media delivery using network-aware partial caching (2003)

Internet streaming applications are affected by adverse network conditions such as high packet loss rates and long delays. This paper aims at mitigating such effects by leveraging the availability of client-side caching proxies. We present a novel caching architecture and associated cache management algorithms that turn edge caches into accelerators of streaming media delivery. A salient feature of our caching algorithms is that they allow partial caching of streaming media objects and joint delivery of content from caches and origin servers. The caching algorithms we propose are both network-aware and stream-aware; they take into account the popularity of streaming media objects, their bit-rate requirements, and the available bandwidth between clients and servers. Using realistic models of Internet bandwidth derived from proxy cache logs and measured over real Internet paths, we have conducted simulations to evaluate the performance of various cache management alternatives. Our experiments demonstrate that network-aware caching algorithms can significantly reduce service delay and improve overall stream quality. Our experiments also show that partial caching is particularly effective when bandwidth variability is not very high.
Reaching the Limits of Tuberculosis Prevention among Foreign-Born Individuals: A Tuberculosis-Control Program Perspective (2007)

Analysis of whether assiduous implementation of American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for targeted testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection could have prevented any of 223 cases of active tuberculosis in foreign-born persons in San Francisco during the period 2002-2003. We report that 62% of these cases were not preventable and conclude that a further reduction in the incidence of tuberculosis among foreign-born persons will be modest without modification of current guidelines.