gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthetic Liquid Fuels Obtained by Thermolysis of Animal Waste (2014)

Modern methods of recycling organic waste are not considered viable today. Therefore, an important advantage of the proposed technology is to obtain mineral fuel products as an output. The technologies of high-temperature processing are based on thermal decomposition of waste without oxygen at high temperature. In pyrolysis, wastes are converted into gaseous, liquid and solid fuels. Thereby, the properties and composition of the liquid feedstock obtained by pyrolysis with a boiling temperature in the range of X.I. (38) - 180 Â°C, 180 - 320 Â°C and more than 320 Â°C were investigated. Residue with a boiling temperature over 320Â° C (52.4% vol.) is the main portion of the synthetic liquid fuels (SLF). It can be attributed to fuel oil grade 100 and used as boiler fuel or fuel oil additives according to the studied physicochemical parameters.
Cyclodextrin ion channels (2014)

Seventeen derivatives of α- and β-cyclodextrins were prepared from the cyclodextrin per-6-azide by "click" cyclization with terminal alkynes. Sixteen of these "half-channel" compounds showed significant activity as ion channels in planar bilayer members as assessed by the voltage-clamp technique. Activity ranged from persistent square-top openings to highly erratic conductance; mixed behaviours were evident in virtually all data recorded. Some of the erratic behaviours were shown to follow an apparent power-law distribution of open duration times. The activities observed for the suite were summarized using a model-free activity grid method which displays conductance, duration, and opening behaviour. The overall activity shows the clustering of conductance-duration indicating that activity arises from system properties rather that solely as a property of the compound. The activity grids also support an analysis of structure-activity relationships as they apply to the global behaviour of the compounds and reveal the complexity of a single structure change in controlling the distribution of concurrent conductance behaviours. Transient blockage of channel activity by the hydrophobic guest of the cyclodextrin (1-adamantyl carboxylate) is consistent with the formation of an end-to-end dimer channel among several other competing and interconverting structures.
Short Stature in Partially Corrected X-linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency - Suboptimal Response to Growth Hormone (2008)

The data indicate that the GH/IGF-I axis in these partially corrected XSCID patients with severe short stature is profoundly impaired, and supports previous studies suggesting that the underlying gamma c defect may contribute to the severe growth failure in XSCID. This supports a role for defective gamma c in the extreme short stature of XSCID, and raises the possibility of recombinant IGF-I treatment to bypass this defect.
Expression and regulation of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 in periodontal diseases (2014)

Periodontitis is an inflammatory infectious disease that destroys the tooth-supporting tissues. It is caused by multi-species subgingival biofilms that colonize the tooth surface. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia (i.e. 'red complex' bacteria) are characteristic subgingival biofilm species. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) is a cell surface receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily, with a role in the amplification of proinflammatory cytokine production during infection. This study aimed to investigate TREM-1 mRNA expression in gingival tissues from patients with chronic periodontitis, generalized aggressive periodontitis and healthy subjects and its correlation with the levels of periodontal pathogens in the tissue. A further aim was to investigate the regulation of TREM-1 in human monocytic cells (MM6) challenged with an in-vitro subgingival biofilm model. Gingival tissue TREM-1 expression was increased in both chronic and aggressive periodontitis, compared to health, and correlated with the levels of the 'red complex' species in the tissue. No significant differences were detected between the two forms of periodontitis. Biofilm-challenged MM6 cells exhibited higher TREM-1 expression and secretion compared to controls, with partial involvement of the 'red complex'. Engagement or inhibition of TREM-1 affected the capacity of the biofilms to stimulate interleukin (IL)-1β, but not IL-8, secretion by the cells. In conclusion, this study reveals that TREM-1 tissue expression is enhanced in periodontal disease, and correlates with the level of periodontal pathogens. It also provides a mechanistic insight into the regulation of TREM-1 expression and the associated IL-1β production in biofilm-challenged monocytes.
Imaging above an extended-reach horizontal well using converted shear waves and a rig source (2013)

ABSTRACT We evaluated a method for using 3C vertical seismic profile data to image acoustic interfaces located between the surface source and a downhole receiver array. The approach was based on simple concepts adapted from whole-earth seismology, in which observed compressional and shear wavefields are traced back to a common origin. However, unlike whole-earth and passive seismology, in which physical sources are imaged, we used the observed compressional and shear wavefields to image secondary sources (scatterers) situated between the surface source and the downhole receiver array. The algorithm consisted of the following steps: first, estimating the receiver compressional wavefield; second, using polarization to estimating the shear wavefield; third, deconvolving the shear wavefield using estimates of the source wavelet obtained from the direct compressional wave; fourth, the compressional and shear wavefields were back projected into the volume between the source and receivers; where, finally, an imaging condition was applied. When applied to rig-source VSP data acquired in an extended-reach horizontal well, this process was demonstrated to give images of formation features in the overburden, consistent with surface-seismic images obtained from the same area.
A model of motor learning in closed-loop brain-machine interfaces: Predicting neural tuning changes (2009)

This paper presents a model of the learning process occurring during operation of a closed-loop brain-machine interface (BMI). The learning model updates neuron firing properties based on a feedback-error learning scheme, featuring feedforward and feedback controllers. Our goal is to replicate in simulation experimental results showing functional reorganization of neuronal ensembles during BMI experiments. We show that the proposed model can simulate motor learning, and that the predicted changes in neuronal tuning are consistent with experimental observations. We believe that being able to simulate motor learning in a BMI context will allow designing decoders that would facilitate the learning process in real world experiments.
Regulation of Constitutively Expressed and Induced Cutinase Genes by Different Zinc Finger Transcription Factors inFusarium solani f. sp. pisi(Nectria haematococca) (2002)

Cutin monomers, generated by the low levels of constitutively expressed cutinase, induce high levels of cutinase that can help pathogenic fungi to penetrate into the host through the cuticle whose major structural polymer is cutin. We cloned three highly homologous cutinase genes, cut1, cut2, and cut3, from Fusarium solani f. pisi (Nectria haematococca). Amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of cut1 and cut2/3 matched with that of the peptides from cutinase 1 and cutinase 2, respectively, isolated from F. solani pisi grown on cutin as the sole carbon source. Induction of beta-glucuronidase gene fused to the promoters of the cutinases integrated into F. solani pisi genome indicates that cut2 is constitutively expressed and induced under starvation, whereas cut1 is highly induced by cutin monomers. A palindrome binding protein (PBP) previously cloned binds only to palindrome 1 of cut1 promoter but not palindrome 1 of cut2/3 which contains two base substitutions. PBP is thought to interfere with the binding of CTF1 alpha, the transcription factor involved in induction, to cut1 promoter and thus keep cut1 gene repressed until induced by cutin monomers. Because PBP cannot bind palindrome 1 of cut2, this gene is not repressed. CTF1 alpha does not transactivate cut2 promoter. A new Cys(6)Zn(2) motif-containing transcription factor, CTF1 beta, that binds palindrome 2 was cloned and sequenced. In yeast, CTF1 beta transactivates cut2 promoter but not cut1 promoter unless its palindrome 1 is mutated, unlike CTF1 alpha which transactivates cut1. Thus, CTF1 beta is involved in the constitutive expression of cut2 that causes production of low levels of cutin monomers that strongly induce cut1 using CTF1 alpha as the transcription factor.
Left ventricular lead position for cardiac resynchronization: a comprehensive cinegraphic, echocardiographic, clinical, and survival analysis (2012)

Cardiac resynchronization therapy recipients are profiting from all lead positions. However, LV lead placed in the AL and PL positions is more preferential for achieving optimal CRT benefit than leads placed in the anterior position.
Butyrate mediates anti-inflammatory effects of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in intestinal epithelial cells through Dact3 (2020)

<title>Abstract</title> BackgroundThe commensal bacterium <italic>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</italic> plays a key role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis and serves as a general health biomarker in humans. However, the host molecular mechanisms that underlie its anti-inflammatory effects remain unknown.MethodsA transcriptomic approach on human intestinal epithelial cells (HT-29) that were stimulated with TNF-α and exposed to <italic>F. prausnitzii</italic> culture supernatant (SN) was used. Modulation of the most upregulated gene after <italic>F. prausnitzii</italic> SN contact was validated both <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic>.Results<italic>F. prausnitzii</italic> SN upregulates the expression of <italic>Dact3</italic>, a gene linked to the Wnt/JNK pathway. Interestingly, when we silenced <italic>Dact3</italic> expression, the effect of <italic>F. prausnitzii</italic> SN was lost. Butyrate was identified as the <italic>F. prausnitzii</italic> effector responsible for <italic>Dact3</italic> modulation. <italic>Dact3</italic> upregulation was also validated <italic>in vivo</italic> in both healthy and inflamed mice treated with either <italic>F. prausnitzii</italic> SN or the live bacteria, respectively. Finally, we demonstrated by colon transcriptomics that gut microbiota directly influences <italic>Dact3</italic> expression.ConclusionsOur results provide new clues about the host molecular mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of the beneficial commensal bacterium <italic>F. prausnitzii</italic>.*Contributed equally to this work
PTU-185 Novel techniques for assessing oesophago-pharyngeal reflux in patients with hoarseness and suspected laryngopharyngeal reflux (2012)

Introduction It is suggested that hoarseness along with typical signs on laryngoscopy can be caused by oesophago-pharyngeal reflux, often referred to as LPR. New methods are proposed to assess pharyngeal exposure to gastric contents. They are suggested to measure (1) liquid or mixed gas-liquid acid and non-acid reflux (HMII-pH), (2) aerosolized acid reflux (Dx-pH measuring system, Restech), and (3) presence of pepsin in saliva. We aimed to quantify pharyngeal exposure to gastric contents in patients with hoarseness and healthy controls using the above techniques. Methods 21 patients with hoarseness and a positive laryngoscopy (mean age: 51 range: 23–75) and 10 asymptomatic controls (mean age: 26, range: 21–34) underwent simultaneous HMII-pH monitoring, oropharyngeal pH monitoring and saliva pepsin sampling. The HMII-pH catheter was located with impedance sensors in the oesophageal body, 3–5 cm distal and 0–2 cm proximal to the UOS. The Dx-pH catheter was located posterior to the uvula and pepsin in saliva was measured using an in vitro device utilising two pepsin monoclonal antibodies (PepTest) at five different times during the 24-h period. Patients were studied “off” PPI. Results Healthy controls had (1) no liquid or mixed gas/liquid reflux in the pharynx, (2) two controls had +ve Dx-pH and (3) two controls had more than one saliva sample +ve for pepsin with the other tests negative. Patients were classified into four groups: (a) all tests +ve (n=2); (b) two tests +ve (MII-pH + pepsin (n=5) or MII-pH + Dx-pH (n=3); (c) all tests negative (n=5) and (d) patients with +ve Dx-pH or pepsin without evidence of HMII detected reflux. These patients were considered negative (n=6). Dx-pH drops were poorly associated with HMII-pH reflux. 11% of Dx-pH drops to pH&lt;4, 15% of pH drops to pH&lt;5 and 10% of pH drops to pH&lt;5.5 coincided with HMII detected liquid or gas reflux in the oesophageal body. The detection of pepsin in saliva occurred in 7/10 patients with acid or non-acid HMII detected reflux. Positive pepsin saliva samples were preceded by more reflux events in the previous 60 min 3 (1–4) than negative samples 0 (0–2) p&lt;0.0001. Conclusion We identified a subgroup of patients with hoarseness with objective detection of oesophago-pharyngeal reflux (10/21). (b) the majority of oropharyngeal pH drops detected by Dx-pH do not correlate with retrograde flow (liquid or gas) in the oesophageal body. (c) Detection of pepsin in saliva suggests the likelihood of reflux episodes in the previous 60 min. Competing interests None declared.
Measurements of the write error rate in bit patterned magnetic recording at 100–320 Gb/in2 (2010)

We demonstrate a technique for measuring the intrinsic bit-error-rate as a function of write misregistration in bit patterned media. We examine the recording performance at bit densities of 100, 200, and 320 Gigabits per square inch (Gb/in2) and find that the on-track write misregistration margin for error rates below 10−4 is ∼1/4 of a bit length for all three densities. We demonstrate two-dimensional recording at sub 10−4 bit error rate at 100 and 200 Gb/in2 and with a 10−3 bit error rate at 320 Gb/in2.
Few-Shot Font Generation with Deep Metric Learning (2021)

Designing fonts for languages with a large number of characters, such as Japanese and Chinese, is an extremely labor-intensive and time-consuming task. In this study, we addressed the problem of automatically generating Japanese typographic fonts from only a few font samples, where the synthesized glyphs are expected to have coherent characteristics, such as skeletons, contours, and serifs. Existing methods often fail to generate fine glyph images when the number of style reference glyphs is extremely limited. Herein, we proposed a simple but powerful framework for extracting better style features. This framework introduces deep metric learning to style encoders. We performed experiments using black-and-white and shape-distinctive font datasets and demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Is diabetes knowledge associated with health-related quality of life among subjects with diabetes? A preliminary cross-sectional convenience-sampling survey study among English-speaking diabetic subjects in Singapore. (2009)

Journal of Chinese Clinical Medicine
Selektive Dopamin D‐2 Autorezeptor Agonisten mit 8‐Azaindol Substruktur: Synthese und theoretische Untersuchungen (1994)

Starting from the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition product 6a the peri-fused beta-ketoester 7 is prepared. 7 is employed as a key intermediate for the synthesis of the D-2 autoreceptor agonist 5. Two alternative approaches are used for installing the amino function: electrophilic amination and Curtius rearrangement. The distribution of charge of the aromatic moiety of 5 has been determined by molecular orbital calculations and compared to the respective values of the ergolines. The results of ab-initio calculations and semi-empirical methods have been compared.
Alternatives in Polymerization Contraction Stress Management (2004)

Polymerization contraction stress of dental composites is often associated with marginal and interfacial failures of bonded restorations. The magnitude of stress depends on composite composition (filler content and matrix composition) and its ability to flow before gelation, which is related to the cavity configuration and curing characteristics of the composite. This article reviews variations among studies regarding contraction-stress-testing methods and contraction stress values of current composites, and discusses the validity of contraction stress studies in relation to results from microleakage tests. The effects of lower curing rates and alternative curing routines on contraction stress values are also discussed, as well as the use of low-elastic-modulus liners. Moreover, studies with experimental dimethacrylate-based composites and recent developments in low-shrinkage monomers are described.
J774 Murine Macrophage-like Cell Interactions with Cryptococcus neoformans in the Presence and Absence of Opsonins (1996)

The interaction of Cryptococcus neoformans with the murine macrophage-like cell line J774.16 was studied in the presence and absence of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM). In the absence of MAb 2H1 to GXM, coincubation of J774.16 cells with C. neoformans reduced fungal colony-forming units in only 26.6% of 21 independent experiments. In the presence of MAb 2H1, coincubation of J774.16 cells with C. neoformans reduced fungal colony-forming units in > 95% of experiments. Comparison of the relative efficacy of two IgG1 MAbs revealed that the higher affinity MAb was more effective at low concentrations. Antibody-mediated reductions of C. neoformans colony-forming units by J774.16 cells occurred despite inhibition of nitric oxide synthase, addition of reactive oxygen intermediate scavengers, or the use of a superoxide-deficient J774 mutant line.
Myolysis of Uterine Fibroids: Is There a Role? (2006)

Myolysis is among the new procedures under development for the treatment of symptoms related to uterine leiomyoma. The procedure targets the destruction of fibroids using one of a number of focused energy delivery systems including those based upon radiofrequency electricity, supercooled cryoprobes, and, most recently, focused ultrasound monitored by real time magnetic resonance imaging. For thermomyolysis and cryomyolysis, delivery of the energy requires access to the tissue by laparoscopy, and, in some instances, hysteroscopy. For focused ultrasound, the patient is detached from the energy source, which is delivered by an array of external beams. Clinical evaluation has been confined to case series, but it is evident that the approach results in a variable degree of reduction of the total uterine mass, and, usually, a reduction in uterine bleeding. Clearly, longer term appropriately designed comparative trials are required that evaluate and compare myolysis with myomectomy, uterine artery embolization, and hysterectomy, to name a few.
Structural and Thermal Analysis of Softwood Lignins from a Pressurized Hot Water Extraction Biorefinery Process and Modified Derivatives (2019)

In this work we have analyzed the pine and spruce softwood lignin fraction recovered from a novel pressurized hot water extraction pilot process. The lignin structure was characterized using multiple NMR techniques and the thermal properties were analyzed using thermal gravimetric analysis. Acetylated and selectively methylated derivatives were prepared, and their structure and properties were analyzed and compared to the unmodified lignin. The lignin had relatively high molar weight and low PDI values and even less polydisperse fractions could be obtained by fractionation based on solubility in <i>i</i>-PrOH. Condensation, especially at the 5-position, was detected in this sulphur-free technical lignin, which had been enriched with carbon compared to the milled wood lignin (MWL) sample of the same wood chips. An increase in phenolic and carboxylic groups was also detected, which makes the lignin accessible to chemical modification. The lignin was determined to be thermally stable up to (273⁻302 °C) based on its T<sub>dst 95%</sub> value. Due to the thermal stability, low polydispersity, and possibility to tailor its chemical properties by modification of its hydroxyl groups, possible application areas for the lignin could be in polymeric blends, composites or in resins.
Modeling of a Wedge Clutch in an Automatic Transmission (2010)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A wedge clutch with a wedge ramp transfers the tangential force to an axial force. It has unique features of self-reinforcement and small actuation force, and can be packaged into tight spaces. This wedge clutch can be developed to apply to an automatic transmission (AT) or a hybrid transmission.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper focuses on the simulation of one wedge clutch in AT during shifting. A mathematical formula is given to describe the self-reinforcement principle of the wedge. The dynamic model of a motor actuated wedge clutch during shifting is built to simulate and develop the control algorithm. The model is implemented in Matlab/Simulink, which includes a DC motor model, a dynamic model of the wedge mechanism and clutch pack, and a driveline model of AT which can simulate a gear shift process.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The key characteristics such as variation of normal pressure, response time and energy consumption are evaluated, and the results show a favorable comparison with the traditional hydraulic clutch.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Bacteriophages of Clostridium perfringens (2012)

Bacterial viruses were first reported in 1915 by Fredrick William Twort when he described a transmissible “glassy transformation” of micrococcus cultures that resulted in dissolution of the bacteria (Twort, 1915). Subsequently, Felix Hubert d’Herelle reported a microscopic organism that was capable of lysing Shigella cultures on plates that resulted in clear spaces in the bacterial lawn that he termed “plaques” (d’Herelle, 1917). The term “bacteriophage” was introduced by d’Herelle (1917) as he attributed the replicate nature of this phenomenon to bacterial viruses. During 1919 d’Herelle utilized phages isolated from poultry feces as a therapy to treat chicken typhus and further utilized this approach to successfully treat dysentery among humans (Summers, 2001). Prior to the discovery and widespread use of antibiotics, bacterial infections were treated by administering bacteriophages and were marketed by L’Oreal in France (Bruynoghe & Maisin, 1921). Although Eli Lilly Co. sold phage products for human use up until the 1940’s, early clinical studies with bacteriophages were not extensively undertaken in the United States and Western Europe after the 1930’s and ‘40’s. Bacteriophages were and continue to be sold in the Russian Federation and Eastern Europe as treatments for bacterial infections (Sulakvelidze et al., 2001).