gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
General &#2113;<sup>p</sup> constrained approach for colour constancy (2011)

In this work we seek to advance the state of art of colour constancy by fusing two approaches which have recently been presented in the literature and which we believe are complementary in nature. First, we review and then extend the Minkowski p-norm approach so that it incorporates, in a mathematically rigorous way, a constraint on illumination. Second, we incorporate the idea of image derivatives into the Constrained Minkowski norm problem formulation (since there is evidence that colour constancy on derivatives seems to work better than on the colours themselves). Rather than laboriously tune our algorithm by choosing the kind of derivatives we use (order and scale) we instead propose a simple combination of first and second derivative information. Across five benchmark data sets and in comparison to competing algorithms our new simple algorithm offers generally good and often best-in-class performance.
Effect of Deposition Temperature on the Opto-Electronic Properties of Molecular Beam Epitaxy Grown InAs Quantum Dot Devices for Broadband Applications (2012)

The effect of the quantum dot (QD) deposition temperature is discussed for dot-in-a-well (DWELL) structures with a view to their optimization for broadband applications. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis allows the measurement of the quantum dot and the defective island density. The reduced QD growth temperature results in broad emission spectrum and increased defective island density. Reduced electroluminescence efficiency, higher reverse leakage currents, and lower reverse breakdown voltage could be correlated to the presence of the defective island density. Maximal output power is obtained for devices with a QD growth temperature of 500 °C, whilst the preferred spectral shape and QD density is obtained at the lowest temperature, 470 °C. To benefit from broad emission bandwidth, the growth conditions need to be further optimized to avoid, or at least reduce, the defective island density.
Hypertension in Bo, Sierra Leone. (2011)

The prevalence of hypertension in Sierra Leone is consistent with the rates of hypertension observed in other parts of West Africa.
dGEMRIC T1 IS REDUCED IN HIP CARTILAGE OVERLYING BONE MARROW LESIONS (2022)

Bone marrow lesions are associated with pain and rapidly worsening osteoarthritis. Previous quantitative MRI research of knees with BMLs has found that the cartilage immediately overlying BMLs is less healthy than the adjacent non-overlying cartilage in patients with knee OA. It is not clear how BMLs affect overlying cartilage in the hip or in early OA. Determine whether dGEMRIC T1 (T1Gd) is reduced in hip cartilage overlying BMLs in a cross-sectional sample of adults aged 20-49. dGEMRIC and PD-weighted fat-suppressed (PDw-FS) images were acquired for 128 adults aged 20-49 recruited from a larger population-based study using a 3T MRI. Acetabular and femoral cartilage was segmented manually. BMLs were identified and segmented semi-automatically from the PDw-FS images and were identified as containing cysts or not. Cysts were defined as bright areas on the PDw-FS images within the BML with well-defined borders. Cartilage T1Gd maps and segmented BMLs were aligned using landmark-based registration. Age and sex-matched control subjects (without BMLs) were identified for each BML subject and were aligned using landmark-based registration. The overlying cartilage was defined as the projection of the BML shape onto the adjacent cartilage surface (ace/fem). The surrounding cartilage was defined as the cartilage not included in the overlying region. We compared characteristics between the BML and control group using a two-sample t-test or Wilcoxon sum rank test for continuous variables, and a χ2 or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. We applied a linear mixed-effects model to compare the change score (mean T1Gd of overlying minus surrounding cartilage) between the BML and control group. The model was adjusted for BMI, physical activity (MET), FAI, hip pain, and location (ace/fem). Change scores were compared between cystic and non-cystic BML subjects. BML (n=32) and control (n=32) participants were similar on: mean BMI (27.1 vs 27.0), mean MET (10473 vs 10121), and presence of hip pain (53.1% vs 56.3%). The BML group had significantly higher rates of FAI (65.6% vs 37.5%, p=0.02). The change score was significantly larger for the BML subjects compared to controls: -80ms (95% CI: -158, -2), p=0.04. There was no significant difference between the change scores for cystic and non-cystic BML subjects: -32ms (95% CI: -154, 91), p=0.60. Change scores for each individual group are listed in Table 1. Hip cartilage overlying BMLs has reduced glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentration, consistent with findings in knee OA. A strength of our approach is that we controlled for natural variations in T1Gd in the hip. This work demonstrates that BMLs are associated with osteoarthritis progression in the hip, even at early stages, and that progression is most pronounced overlying BMLs. Canadian Institutes of Health Research (PAF-107513). Arthritis Society (TGP-18-0229). BBF has an equity position in a private imaging clinic which includes MRI in Van BC. The IMPAKT-HiP participants and study team members. CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS: [email protected].
Harnessing Bandit Online Learning to Low-Latency Fog Computing (2018)

This paper focuses on the online fog computing tasks in the Internet-of-Things (IoT), where online decisions must flexibly adapt to the changing user preferences (loss functions), and the temporally unpredictable availability of resources (constraints). Tailored for such human-in-the-loop systems where the loss functions are hard to model, a family of bandit online saddle-point (BanSP) schemes are developed, which adaptively adjust the online operations based on (possibly multiple) bandit feedback of the loss functions, and the changing environment. Performance here is assessed by: i) dynamic regret that generalizes the widely used static regret; and, ii) fit that captures the accumulated amount of constraint violations. Specifically, BanSP is proved to simultaneously yield sub-linear dynamic regret and fit, provided that the best dynamic solutions vary slowly over time. Numerical tests on fog computing tasks corroborate that BanSP offers desired performance under such limited information.
Biomarkers of Cervical Inflammation and Immunity Associated with Cervical Shedding of HIV-1 (2015)

In this study, a specific immune mediator profile was associated with risk of cervical HIV shedding. Higher and increasing levels of RANTES and lower and decreasing levels of SLPI and MIP-3α were associated with increased risk of HIV shedding.
Cytochrome P450-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and coronary artery disease in humans: a targeted metabolomics study (2015)

Cytochrome P450 (CYP)-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) exhibit potent cardiovascular protective effects in preclinical models, and promoting the effects of EETs has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for coronary artery disease (CAD). The relationship between circulating EET levels and CAD extent in humans, however, remains unknown. A panel of free (unesterified) plasma eicosanoid metabolites was quantified in 162 patients referred for coronary angiography, and associations with extent of CAD [no apparent CAD (N = 39), nonobstructive CAD (N = 51), and obstructive CAD (N = 72)] were evaluated. A significant relationship between free EET levels and CAD extent was observed (P = 0.003) such that the presence of obstructive CAD was associated with lower circulating EET levels. This relationship was confirmed in multiple regression analysis where CAD extent was inversely and significantly associated with EET levels (P = 0.013), and with a biomarker of EET biosynthesis (P < 0.001), independent of clinical and demographic factors. Furthermore, quantitative enrichment analysis revealed that these associations were the most pronounced compared with other eicosanoid metabolism pathways. Collectively, these findings suggest that the presence of obstructive CAD is associated with lower EET metabolite levels secondary to suppressed EET biosynthesis. Novel strategies that promote the effects of EETs may have therapeutic promise for patients with obstructive CAD.
Natural quasicrystal with decagonal symmetry (2015)

We report the first occurrence of a natural quasicrystal with decagonal symmetry. The quasicrystal, with composition Al71Ni24Fe5, was discovered in the Khatyrka meteorite, a recently described CV3 carbonaceous chondrite. Icosahedrite, Al63Cu24Fe13, the first natural quasicrystal to be identified, was found in the same meteorite. The new quasicrystal was found associated with steinhardtite (Al38Ni32Fe30), Fe-poor steinhardtite (Al50Ni40Fe10), Al-bearing trevorite (NiFe2O4) and Al-bearing taenite (FeNi). Laboratory studies of decagonal Al71Ni24Fe5 have shown that it is stable over a narrow range of temperatures, 1120 K to 1200 K at standard pressure, providing support for our earlier conclusion that the Khatyrka meteorite reached heterogeneous high temperatures [1100 < T(K) ≤ 1500] and then rapidly cooled after being heated during an impact-induced shock that occurred in outer space 4.5 Gya. The occurrences of metallic Al alloyed with Cu, Ni, and Fe raises new questions regarding conditions that can be achieved in the early solar nebula.
Polarization-independent optical racetrack resonators using rib waveguides on silicon-on-insulator (2004)

In an effort to find low-cost alternatives for components currently used in dense wavelength division multiplexing, optical ring resonators fabricated on silicon on insulator are currently being investigated. Their performance can be further enhanced if they are polarization independent. Herein we use rib waveguides to control the polarization properties of the devices and hence produce polarization-independent racetrack ring resonators. Transverse electric and transverse magnetic resonant peaks are measured to within 2 pm of one another over four cycles of the free spectral range. The racetrack resonators also exhibit measured Q factors of approximately 90 000 and finesse values of 12.
Step Up—Not On—The Step 2 Clinical Skills Exam: Directors of Clinical Skills Courses (DOCS) Oppose Ending Step 2 CS (2017)

Recently, a student-initiated movement to end the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 2 Clinical Skills and the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination Level 2-Performance Evaluation has gained momentum. These are the only national licensing examinations designed to assess clinical skills competence in the stepwise process through which physicians gain licensure and certification. Therefore, the movement to end these examinations and the ensuing debate merit careful consideration. The authors, elected representatives of the Directors of Clinical Skills Courses, an organization comprising clinical skills educators in the United States and beyond, believe abolishing the national clinical skills examinations would have a major negative impact on the clinical skills training of medical students, and that forfeiting a national clinical skills competency standard has the potential to diminish the quality of care provided to patients. In this Perspective, the authors offer important additional background information, outline key concerns regarding the consequences of ending these national clinical skills examinations, and provide recommendations for moving forward: reducing the costs for students, exploring alternatives, increasing the value and transparency of the current examinations, recognizing and enhancing the strengths of the current examinations, and engaging in a national dialogue about the issue.
Particle Responses to Flow Field Oscillations in Heterogeneous Polymerizations Performed in Tank Reactors (2013)

This work analyzes the possible influence of the inevitable temperature and concentration fluctuations that take place inside typical stirred tank heterogeneous polymerization reactors on the evolution of kinetic variables. Preliminary analyses regarding the characteristic time constants for heat and mass transfer inside polymer particles that are suspended in a continuous phase are performed in order to evaluate how fast particles respond to perturbations along a dynamic trajectory inside the reactor. It is concluded that particles of typical heterogeneous systems can respond almost immediately to operation changes. For this reason, simulations are performed to evaluate the influence of the varying temperature and concentration fields on the evolution of kinetic variables. It is concluded that the effects caused by the inevitable fluctuations of temperature and concentration inside the vessel can be neglected in usual conditions of reaction of heterogeneous polymerization systems.
Sealing OS processes to improve dependability and safety (2007)

In most modern operating systems, a process is a hardware-protected abstraction for isolating code and data. This protection, however, is selective. Many common mechanisms---dynamic code loading, run-time code generation, shared memory, and intrusive system APIs---make the barrier between processes very permeable. This paper argues that this traditional open process architecture exacerbates the dependability and security weaknesses of modern systems. As a remedy, this paper proposes a sealed process architecture, which prohibits dynamic code loading, self-modifying code, shared memory, and limits the scope of the process API. This paper describes the implementation of the sealed process architecture in the Singularity operating system, discusses its merits and drawbacks, and evaluates its effectiveness. Some benefits of this sealed process architecture are: improved program analysis by tools, stronger security and safety guarantees, elimination of redundant overlaps between the OS and language runtimes, and improved software engineering. Conventional wisdom says open processes are required for performance; our experience suggests otherwise. We present the first macrobenchmarks for a sealed-process operating system and applications. The benchmarks show that an experimental sealed-process system can achieve performance competitive with highly-tuned, commercial, open-process systems.
Intramolecular Cleavage of the hASRGL1 Homodimer Occurs in Two Stages (2016)

The human asparaginase-like protein 1 (hASRGL1) is a member of the N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) family that hydrolyzes l-asparagine and isoaspartyl-dipeptides. The nascent protein folds into an αβ-βα sandwich fold homodimer that cleaves its own peptide backbone at the G167-T168 bond, resulting in the active form of the enzyme. However, biophysical studies of hASRGL1 are difficult because of the curious fact that intramolecular cleavage of the G167-T168 peptide bond reaches only ≤50% completion. We capitalized upon our previous observation that intramolecular processing increases thermostability and developed a differential scanning fluorimetry assay that allowed direct detection of distinct processing intermediates for the first time. A kinetic analysis of these intermediates revealed that cleavage of one subunit of the hASRGL1 subunit drastically reduces the processing rate of the adjacent monomer, and a mutagenesis study showed that stabilization of the dimer interface plays a critical role in this process. We also report a comprehensive analysis of conserved active site residues and delineate their relative roles in autoprocessing and substrate hydrolysis. In addition to glycine, which was previously reported to selectively accelerate hASRGL1 cleavage, we identified several novel small molecule activators that also promote intramolecular processing. The structure-activity analysis supports the hypothesis that multiple negatively charged small molecules interact within the active site of hASRGL1 to act as a base in promoting cleavage. Overall, our investigation provides a mechanistic understanding of the maturation process of this Ntn hydrolase family member.
Virus-Like Particle Based Vaccines Elicit Neutralizing Antibodies against the HIV-1 Fusion Peptide (2020)

Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) isolated from HIV-infected individuals delineate vulnerable sites on the HIV envelope glycoprotein that are potential vaccine targets. A linear epitope within the N-terminal region of the HIV-1 fusion peptide (FP8) is the primary target of VRC34.01, a bnAb that neutralizes ~50% of primary HIV isolates. FP8 has attracted attention as a potential HIV vaccine target because it is a simple linear epitope. Here, platform technologies based on RNA bacteriophage virus-like particles (VLPs) were used to develop multivalent vaccines targeting the FP8 epitope. Both recombinant MS2 VLPs displaying the FP8 peptide and Qβ VLPs displaying chemically conjugated FP8 peptide induced high titers of FP8-specific antibodies in mice. Moreover, a heterologous prime-boost-boost regimen employing the two FP8-VLP vaccines and native envelope trimer was the most effective approach for eliciting HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies. Given the potent immunogenicity of VLP-based vaccines, this vaccination strategy-inspired by bnAb-guided epitope mapping, VLP bioengineering, and prime-boost immunization approaches-may be a useful strategy for eliciting bnAb responses against HIV.
Reactive resin facilitated preparation of an enantiopure fluorobicycloketone (2004)

A facile preparation of enantiopure ethyl (1S,5S,6S)-6-fluoro-2-oxobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-6-carboxylate is described. The key feature of the synthesis involves copper-catalyzed enantioselective intramolecular cyclopropanation of a diazoketone to form endo-fluorocyclopropane in a single operation. Removal of a problematic chloroketone impurity using a reactive resin treatment enabled a high throughput enantiopurity upgrade by chiral HPLC. The development of a scalable synthesis of is presented, including details of the selection of catalyst and ligand optimization, incorporation of a reactive resin treatment and selection of chiral HPLC media and conditions.
On the safety of low-dose dasatinib in comorbid and non-comorbid patients: what is real-life? (Reply) (2011)

We are writing in response to the Letter of Dr. Guiseppe Visani and colleagues, 'The incidence of pleural and pericardial effusion is not higher in patients receiving dasatinib at low doses'. We also agree that in patients with Ph+ chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) treated with low-dose dasatinib (50-100 mg/day), the incidence of pleural and pericardial effusions is lower (definitively not higher) compared to high-dose dasatinib (140 mg/day). This was also found in our patients. In addition, we agree that in 'chronic phase-patients' without comorbidity the frequency of effusion formation may be lower. 5 Finally, first-line dasatinib at low dose 6 may even be less toxic compared to second-line dasatinib used in pre-treated patients. owever, unfortunately, the 'real-life' to which the authors refer in their letter usually includes both patients without and patients with comorbidities, and in the second-line setting, to which most published data and our data refer, many patients have suboptimal response or even show signs of disease-acceleration 2-5 (then 140 mg dasatinib/day is often recommended). In addition, such patients tend to develop comorbidities such as infections and weight-loss during dasatinib. 4 Therefore, we do not agree with the authors' conclusion that our information is misleading, but would rather argue that their statement 1 is questionable, as it would suggest that real life exists without comorbidities, drug resistance, or diseaseacceleration.
Factoring and eliminating common subexpressions in polynomial expressions (2005)

Polynomial expressions are used to compute a wide variety of mathematical functions commonly found in signal processing and graphics applications, which provide good opportunities for optimization. However existing compiler techniques for reducing code complexity such as common subexpression elimination and value numbering are targeted towards general purpose applications and are unable to fully optimize these expressions. This work presents algorithms to reduce the number of operations to compute a set of polynomial expression by factoring and eliminating common subexpressions. These algorithms are based on the algebraic techniques for multi-level logic synthesis. Experimental results on a set of benchmark applications with polynomial expressions showed an average of 42.5% reduction in the number of multiplications and 39.6% reduction in the number of clock cycles for computation of these expressions on the ARM processor core, compared to common subexpression elimination.
Arctigenin-containing burdock sprout extract prevents obesity in association with modulation of the gut microbiota in mice (2022)

Several studies have suggested that the gut microbiota affect the health of the host. For example, the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio and the proportion of <i>Akkermansia muciniphila</i> in the microbiota have been closely linked to obesity. In this study, we evaluated the effects of an anti-obesity lignan compound, arctigenin (AG), and burdock sprout extract (GSE), which contains AG, on the gut microbiota of an obese mouse model. C57BL/6J mice were fed high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diets containing AG, GSE, or metformin (MF) for 8 weeks. The composition of the gut microbiota and the cecal content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were determined using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Body weight gain was significantly suppressed in mice treated with AG, GSE, and MF. Analysis of the gut microbiota revealed that the F/B ratio was significantly reduced in the AG- and GSE-treated groups. Furthermore, the copy number of <i>A. muciniphila</i> in the feces was significantly increased in obese mice treated with AG and GSE. In addition, the amount of SCFAs (acetic, propionic, and butyric acids) in the cecal content and their fecal excretions were also significantly increased following AG and GSE treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that AG and GSE prevent obesity by improving the composition of the gut microbiota. Moreover, AG promoted the growth of <i>A. muciniphila in vitro</i>. Thus, AG and GSE may function as novel prebiotic supplements to ameliorate obesity, constipation, and intestinal disorders.
Growth Factors (1980)

Humoral regulation of somatic and hematopoietic cell growth has been intensely investigated during the past decade. Growth hormone is unique because it regulates the size of the person within the constraints of the genetic program. The somatomedins and insulin growth factors are low molecular weight polypeptides believed to mediate some functions of growth hormone. Epithelial growth factor and nerve growth factor are well-characterized polypeptides that influence the growth and differentiation of epithelial and neural tissues and interact with specific cell surface receptors. The hematopoietins are a family of polypeptide hormones that specifically regulate the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells giving rise to erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, megakaryocytes, and B and T lymphocytes. Platelet-derived growth factor modulates the proliferation of fibroblasts in vitro and may have a role in the development of atherosclerosis and myelofibrosis. New knowledge on the biochemistry and physiology of growth factors will probably have a substantial impact on our understanding of human diseases involving abnormal cell growth.