gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A GaAs-based field-modulating plate HFET with improved WCDMA peak-output-power characteristics (2003)

A novel GaAs power FET with a field-modulating plate (FP-FET) and operated at a drain bias voltage of 24 V was developed. Regarding the power performance of an FP-FET under wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) operation, its peak output power significantly degraded in the saturated-output-power region when its FP length was short. However, by introducing a sufficiently large FP length, it was demonstrated that the peak-power degradation can be significantly suppressed. In particular, an FP-FET amplifier fabricated with an FP length of 1.5 /spl mu/m exhibited no WCDMA peak-power degradation and delivered an output power of 120 W with a linear gain of 14.2 dB at 2.14 GHz.
ChemInform Abstract: Metathesis in Total Synthesis (2011)

Abstract Review: 58 refs.
Ultrahigh Pore Density Nanoporous Films Produced by the Phase Separation of Eutectic Al–Si for Template‐Assisted Growth of Nanowire Array (2004)

Ultrahigh pore density nanoporous films with cylindrical pores that are perpendicular to the substrate and parallel to each other have been fabricated, and the Al nanocylinders successfully removed (see Figure). The template-assisted growth of ultrahigh density Ni nanowire arrays have also been achieved by direct-current electrodeposition with nearly 100 % of the pores filled with Ni.
T‐cell fate (1998)

Recent studies suggest that lineage commitment steps, which occur during T-cell differentiation, follow principles in common with fate specification in simple invertebrates. Here we review T-cell development from the perspective of developmental biology. We present models for alpha beta vs gamma delta and CD4 vs CD8 lineage commitment that are consistent with previously published and newly presented experiments.
Future regenerative medicine developments and their therapeutic applications (2022)

Although the currently available pharmacological assays can cure most pathological disorders, they have limited therapeutic value in relieving certain disorders like myocardial infarct, peripheral vascular disease, amputated limbs, or organ failure (e.g. renal failure). Pilot studies to overcome such problems using regenerative medicine (RM) delivered promising data. Comprehensive investigations of RM in zebrafish or reptilians are necessary for better understanding. However, the precise mechanisms remain poorly understood despite the tremendous amount of data obtained using the zebrafish model investigating the exact mechanisms behind their regenerative capability. Indeed, understanding such mechanisms and their application to humans can save millions of lives from dying due to potentially life-threatening events. Recent studies have launched a revolution in replacing damaged human organs via different approaches in the last few decades. The newly established branch of medicine (known as Regenerative Medicine aims to enhance natural repair mechanisms. This can be done through the application of several advanced broad-spectrum technologies such as organ transplantation, tissue engineering, and application of Scaffolds technology (support vascularization using an extracellular matrix), stem cell therapy, miRNA treatment, development of 3D mini-organs (organoids), and the construction of artificial tissues using nanomedicine and 3D bio-printers. Moreover, in the next few decades, revolutionary approaches in regenerative medicine will be applied based on artificial intelligence and wireless data exchange, soft intelligence biomaterials, nanorobotics, and even living robotics capable of self-repair. The present work presents a comprehensive overview that summarizes the new and future advances in the field of RM.
Anti-slip re-adhesion control based on speed sensor-less vector control and disturbance observer for electric multiple units, series 205-5000 of East Japan Railway Company (2004)

The improvement of adhesion characteristics is important in electric motor coach. We have already proposed the anti-slip/skid re-adhesion control system based on disturbance observer and sensor-less vector control. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been confirmed by the experiment and the numerical simulation using the tested bogie system of electric motor coach. In this paper, we apply the proposed method to the actual electric multiple units, which is Series 205-5000 of East Japan Railway Company. In the experimental results of Series 205-5000, this paper discusses that the proposed anti-slip/skid re-adhesion control system has the desired driving wheel torque response and the desired anti-slip control performance.
Effect of ventilation on acid-base balance and oxygenation in low blood-flow states (1994)

Objectives: To investigate how minute ventilation affects the partial pressure of end-tidal CO2 and arterial and mixed venous pH, Pco2, Po2, and the concentration of bicarbonate during low blood-flow states. We tested the null hypothesis that acid-base conditions during low rates of blood flow are not significantly different when minute ventilation is doubled or halved. Design: Prospective, experimental, animal study. Setting: University hospital laboratory. Subjects: Domestic swine. Interventions: We studied ten anesthetized and mechanically ventilated swine (weight, 43 to 102 kg) in a new model of controlled systemic and pulmonary blood flow in which each animal was maintained on ventricular assist devices. After electrical induction of ventricular fibrillation, ventricular assist device blood flow was decreased in steps. At each decrease, control minute ventilation, two times the control minute ventilation (hyperventilation), and onehalf the control minute ventilation (hypoventilation) were administered; each ventilatory change was maintained for 6 mins. Measurements and Main Results: Aortic, pulmonary arterial and central venous pressures, ventricular assist device blood flow, and endtidal CO2 were recorded continuously. Acid-base conditions were studied at three different mean blood flow rates: 49%, 30%, and 12% of baseline prearrest cardiac index. Arterial pH and Pao2 and mixed venous pH varied directly (p< .003) with minute ventilation, while Paco2 and mixed venous Pco2, and end-tidal CO2 varied inversely (p< .0001) with minute ventilation. Mixed venous Po2 was not significantly related to minute ventilation (p= .6). Paco2 and arterial bicarbonate; mixed venous pH, mixed venous Po2, and mixed venous bicarbonate, and end-tidal CO2 varied directly (p < .001) with blood flow, while mixed venous Pco2 varied inversely with blood flow (p < .05). Arterial pH was not significantly related to blood flow (p= .3). When minute ventilation changed from hyperventilation to hypoventilation at a mean blood flow rate of 49%, mean arterial pH decreased 0.22 ± 0.06 (p < .05), mean Paco2 increased 28 ± 6 torr (3.7 ± 0.8 kPa) (p < .05), and mean Pao2 decreased 99 ± 77 torr (13.2 ± 10 kPa); mean mixed venous pH decreased 0.11 ± 0.02, mean mixed venous Pco2 increased 16 ± 2.2 torr (2.1 ± 0.3 kPa) (p < .05), and mean mixed venous Po2 did not change; mean endtidal CO2 increased 18 ± 2 torr (2.4 ± 0.3 kPa) (p< .05). The effect of changes in minute ventilation on blood gases and end-tidal CO2 was similar for mean blood flow rates of 30% and 12% of baseline cardiac index. Conclusions: During low rates of blood flow similar to those rates found in shock and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, alterations in minute ventilation significantly influenced end-tidal CO2 and both arterial and mixed venous pH and Pco2. These findings may have clinical importance in improving the treatment of shock and cardiac arrest. (Crit Care Med 1994; 22:1827–1834)
Modeling Tumor Phenotypes In Vitro with Three-Dimensional Bioprinting (2019)

The tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in tumor growth, progression, and therapeutic resistance, but interrogating the role of specific tumor-stromal interactions on tumorigenic phenotypes is challenging within in vivo tissues. Here, we tested whether three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting could improve in vitro models by incorporating multiple cell types into scaffold-free tumor tissues with defined architecture. We generated tumor tissues from distinct subtypes of breast or pancreatic cancer in relevant microenvironments and demonstrate that this technique can model patient-specific tumors by using primary patient tissue. We assess intrinsic, extrinsic, and spatial tumorigenic phenotypes in bioprinted tissues and find that cellular proliferation, extracellular matrix deposition, and cellular migration are altered in response to extrinsic signals or therapies. Together, this work demonstrates that multi-cell-type bioprinted tissues can recapitulate aspects of in vivo neoplastic tissues and provide a manipulable system for the interrogation of multiple tumorigenic endpoints in the context of distinct tumor microenvironments.
VCSEL with multi‐transverse cavities with bandwidth beyond 100 GHz (2021)

Abstract To fulfill the demands of high‐speed photonic applications, researchers, and engineers have been working to improve the modulation bandwidth (MBW) of semiconductor lasers. We extend our prior work on modeling a vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting laser (VCSEL) with multiple transverse‐coupled‐cavities (MTCCs) to evaluate the feasibility of boosting MBW beyond 100 GHz in this study. Because of the strong coupling of slow‐light feedback from nearby lateral transverse coupled cavities (TCCs) into the VCSEL cavity, the laser has a high modulation performance. The intensity modulation response of the VCSEL design using one, two, four, and six TCCs is compared. Due to the optical‐feedback (OFB) from short TCCs, which achieves 3 dB MBW reaching 170 GHz, photon–photon‐resonance (PPR) is projected to occur at ultra‐high frequencies beyond 145 GHz. In terms of the Fourier spectrum of the relative intensity noise (RIN), we characterize the noise features of the MTCC‐VCSEL in the ultra‐high bandwidth domain.
Recent Trials in Critical Care Nephrology (2010)

Several large observational studies or randomized controlled trials in the field of critical care nephrology have been completed and reported, or recently completed or have recently begun recruitment. These studies provide important information to guide our appreciation of current practice and consider new potentially effective intervention for the prevention or attenuation of acute kidney injury or suggest new avenues for the use of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the treatment of sepsis. In particular, two studies, the ATN study and the RENAL study (both multicenter randomized controlled trials of > 1,000 patients) provide, for the first time, level I evidence to guide the practice of RRT in critically ill patients and to better define the optimal intensity of such RRT in this setting. Clinicians practicing in the field of critical care nephrology need to be aware of these trials, their details, their findings or design or current recruitment rate and likely time of completion to continue to offer their patients the highest level of evidence-based medical care.
The JCilk Language for Multithreaded Computing (2005)

JCilk extends the Java language to provide call-return semantics for multithreading, much as Cilk does for C. Java's built-in thread model does not support the passing of exceptions or return values from one thread back to the "parent" thread that created it. JCilk imports Cilk's fork-join primitives spawn and sync into Java to provide procedure-call semantics for concurrent subcomputations. This paper shows how JCilk integrates exception handling with multithreading by defining semantics consistent with the existing semantics of Java's try and catch constructs, but which handle concurrency in spawned methods. JCilk's strategy of integrating multithreading with Java's exception semantics yields some surprising semantic synergies. In particular, JCilk extends Java's exception semantics to allow exceptions to be passed from a spawned method to its parent in a natural way that obviates the need for Cilk's inlet and abort constructs. This extension is "faithful" in that it obeys Java's ordinary serial semantics when executed on a single processor. When executed in parallel, however, an exception thrown by a JCilk computation signals its sibling computations to abort, which yields a clean semantics in which only a single exception from the enclosing try block is handled. The decision to implicitly abort side computations opens a Pandora's box of subsidiary linguistic problems to be resolved, however. For instance, aborting might cause a computation to be interrupted asynchronously, causing havoc in programmer understanding of code behavior. To minimize the complexity of reasoning about aborts, JCilk signals them "semisynchronously" so that abort signals do not interrupt ordinary serial code. In addition, JCilk propagates an abort signal throughout a subcomputation naturally with a built-in CilkAbort exception, thereby allowing programmers to handle clean-up by simply catching the CilkAbort exception. The semantics of JCilk allow programs with speculative computations to be programmed easily. Speculation is essential for parallelizing programs such as branch-and-bound or heuristic search. We show how JCilk's linguistic mechanisms can be used to program a solution to the "queens" problem with speculative computations.
Energy Reduction and Uniformity of Low-Pressure Online Drip Irrigation Emitters in Field Tests (2019)

A promising way of addressing the issue of growing water scarcity is through wider use of drip irrigation, which delivers water and fertilizer to crops in a slow, targeted manner, and has been shown to increase yields and water use efficiency. Yet, drip irrigation system adoption is low, primarily due to the high capital cost of the pressurized piping network and the pump, and operating energy cost. Lowering the water pressure needed for drip emitters to deliver water can reduce both capital and operating costs of drip systems. Here we present the results from field trials of new pressure-compensating online drip emitters that operate with a minimum compensating inlet pressure of 15 kPa (0.15 bar), in comparison to typical commercial emitters with minimum pressures of 50–100 kPa (0.5–1.0 bar). The field trials were carried out on nine farms in Morocco and Jordan over the course of one irrigation season with freshwater and treated wastewater. Low-pressure emitters are shown to reduce hydraulic energy per unit volume of water delivered by 43% on average compared to commercial emitters, without significantly sacrificing water emission uniformity (low-pressure emitters show uniformities of 81–91%, compared to 87–96% for commercial emitters). This energy reduction could lead to savings of 22–31% in the capital cost of a pump and emitters and the energy cost for a typical drip irrigation system. Thus, the low-pressure online emitters can be used as substitutes to commercial emitters that require higher water pressures, leading to reduced environmental impact and lower system costs.
Antiretroviral-naive and -treated HIV-1 patients can harbour more resistant viruses in CSF than in plasma (2014)

In most cases, resistance mutations were present and similar in both studied compartments. However, in 3.4% of ARV-naive and 8.8% of ARV-treated patients, the virus was more resistant in CSF than in plasma. These results support the need for genotypic resistance testing when lumbar puncture is performed.
Ruthenium Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon: An Active Catalyst for the Hydrogenation of Lactic Acid to 1,2-Propanediol (2015)

The hydrogenation of lactic acid to form 1,2-propanediol has been investigated using Ru nanoparticles supported on carbon as a catalyst. Two series of catalysts which were prepared by wet impregnation and sol-immobilization were investigated. Their activity was contrasted with that of a standard commercial Ru/C catalyst (all catalysts comprise 5 wt % Ru). The catalyst prepared using sol-immobilization was found to be more active than the wet impregnation materials. In addition, the catalyst made by sol-immobilization was initially more active than the standard commercial catalyst. However, when reacted for an extended time or with successive reuse cycles, the sol-immobilized catalyst became less active, whereas the standard commercial catalyst became steadily more active. Furthermore, both catalysts exhibited an induction period during the first 1000 s of reaction. Detailed scanning transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure analysis data, when correlated with the catalytic performance results, showed that the high activity can be ascribed to highly dispersed Ru nanoparticles. Although the sol-immobilization method achieved these optimal discrete Ru nanoparticles immediately, as can be expected from this preparation methodology, the materials were unstable upon reuse. In addition, surface lactide species were detected on these particles using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which could contribute to their deactivation. The commercial Ru/C catalysts, on the other hand, required treatment under reaction conditions to change from raft-like morphologies to the desired small nanoparticle morphology, during which time the catalytic performance progressively improved.
Foundation of direct perturbation method for dark solitons (1999)

The foundation of the direct perturbation theory for solitons is a complete set of the squared Jost functions. With a suitable definition of the adjoint functions and inner products which yields orthogonal relations, the expansion of the unity is obtained and the completeness is shown by a generalized Marchenko equation. The direct perturbation method for dark solitons is generalized to the multi-soliton case.
Extraneural rupture of intraneural ganglion cysts. (2011)

Rupture of simple (extraneural) cysts such as popliteal cysts (Baker's cysts) is a well-known occurrence. The purpose of this report is to introduce the similar occurrence of extraneural rupture of peroneal and tibial intraneural cysts in the knee region, describe the associated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and identify risk factors. There was MRI evidence of rupture in 20 of 38 intraneural cases reviewed, mainly in the region of the fibular head and popliteal fossa. Ruptured intraneural cysts and simple cysts share these MRI findings: T2 hyperintense fluid within surrounding intermuscular fascial planes and enhancement with intravenous contrast consistent with inflammation. The mean maximal diameter of the ruptured intraneural cysts was statistically significantly smaller than that of the unruptured cysts. The authors believe that extraneural rupture of an intraneural cyst is due to increased intraarticular pressures transmitted within the cyst and/or elevated extrinsic pressure delivered to the cyst, such as by trauma, akin to the etiology of rupture of extraneural ganglion cysts.
Future Software-Defined Radio Platforms and Mapping Flows (2010)

A software-defined radio (SDR) system is a radio communication system in which physical layer components are implemented on a programmable or reconfigurable platform. The modulation and demodulation is performed in software and thus the radio is able to support a broad ran: of frequencies and functions concurrently. In the ideal SDR transceiver scheme, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) are attached to the antenna. This would imply that a digital signal processor (DSP) is connected to the ADC and the DAC, directly performing signal processing for the streams of data from/to antenna. Today, the ideal SDR transceiver scheme is still not feasible and thus some processing has to happen in the reconfigurable analog front end.
Minimizing risk of hypomethylating agent failure in patients with higher-risk MDS and practical management recommendations (2014)

In Europe, azacitidine is the only hypomethylating agent approved for the treatment of patients with int-2-/high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes, offering significantly improved survival compared with conventional care. However, not all patients treated with azacitidine respond to treatment, and the vast majority of responders subsequently relapse. Currently, no standard care regimens have been established for patients after failure of azacitidine. Here, we discuss treatment options after loss of response or progression on azacitidine. In addition, we briefly consider optimization of first-line treatment along with potential biomarkers for identifying and monitoring response during treatment with azacitidine.
Dose-dependent cross-talk between the transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-1 signaling pathways (2007)

Some tumor cell lines secrete high concentrations of TGFbeta or IL-1. Similarly high concentrations of each of these cytokines cross-activate the other pathway: TGFbeta activates NFkappaB, and IL-1beta activates Smads. The IL-1 signaling components IRAK, MyD88, TRAF6, and TAK1 are all required for cross-activation of NFkappaB by TGFbeta. Knockdown experiments revealed that both TGFbeta receptor subunits are required for IL-1beta to activate Smads, and the IL-1 receptor is required for TGFbeta to activate NFkappaB. Coimmunoprecipitations showed that either TGFbeta or IL-1beta stimulate ligand-dependent association of all three receptor subunits. Furthermore, cross-talk between the TGFbeta and IL-1 signaling pathways leads to dose-dependent cross-control of gene expression. These interactions provide new insight into biological responses to IL-1 and TGFbeta in the proximity of tumors that secrete high concentrations of these factors and probably also at sites of inflammation, where the local concentrations of these cytokines are likely to be high.
Analysis of High Birefringence of Four Types of Photonic Crystal Fiber by Combining Circular and Elliptical Air Holes in Fiber Cladding (2008)

This paper presents a numerical study of high birefringence induced by four types (Type 1–4) of different sizes of elliptical air holes in photonic crystal fibers (PCFs). The numerical simulation is carried out by using the finite element method. The statistical correlations between the birefringence and the various parameters are obtained. Based on our results, the birefringence is found to be largely dependent on the variation of the normalized frequency, size ratio, effective area of the circular and elliptical air holes, and the ring number of cladding. Two of our suggested structures, Type 1 and Type 3, can considerably enhance the birefringence in PCFs leading to values as high as<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>7.697</mml:mn><mml:mo>×</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>10</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>8.002</mml:mn><mml:mo>×</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>10</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>, respectively, which are much higher than that obtained by a conventional step-index fiber.