gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
C - V measurements of micron diameter metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors using a scanning-electron-microscope-based nanoprobe (2007)

The C-V electrical characterization of microstructures on a standard probe station is limited by the magnification of the imaging system and the precision of the probe manipulators. To overcome these limitations, we examine the combination of in situ electrical probing and a dual column scanning electron microscope/focused ion beam system. The imaging parameters and probing procedures are carefully chosen to reduce e-beam damage to the metal oxide semiconductor capacitor device under test. Estimation of shunt capacitance is critical when making femtofarad level measurements. C-V measurements of micron size metal-oxide-silicon capacitors are demonstrated.
Ray tracing analysis of display illumination systems (2005)

Most state-of-the-art commercial, industrial, and military display technologies require some type of backlight illumination. Optimization of such lighting systems with respect to brightness, uniformity, and viewing angle is critical to achieving technical specifications and overall performance of display applications. Considering the substantial cost and risk factors involved in developing advanced displays it becomes important to utilize superior design tools that accurately model the radiometric performance of illumination systems including the behavior of all optical components (quasi-homogeneous sources, optical films, micro-prisms, etc.). To this end, Physical Optics Corporation (POC) has been successfully using an internally developed design platform called R2T to perform radiometric ray tracing (R2T) of backlights and general lighting applications that incorporate non-Lambertian (elliptic) diffusers and other weakly diffracting optical components. For years POC has been involved in the design of illumination systems for advanced displays including manufacturing expertise in large size web replication of optical films and injection molding of microstructures for display technology.
X-Band Low Noise Figure T/R Switch-Module Using a Superconducting T/R Switch (2018)

We have developed an X-band low noise figure (NF) T/R switch-module using a superconducting T/R switch. The superconducting T/R switch was realized by combining a six-port network, two impedance transformers and two varactor diodes. The six-port network consists of oneλ/4 transmission line, two λ/2 transmission lines and one 3λ/4 transmission line. For each λ/2 transmission line, a single varactor diode was connected to the center of a given λ/2 transmission line by using one of the aforementioned impedance transformers. The superconducting T/R switch was fabricated using a high-Tc superconducting material called YBCO. An insertion loss of 0.3 dB was measured in Rx mode. By combining the superconducting T/R switch with a limiter and a low noise amplifier (LNA), a low NF T/R switch-module was designed. Measurements performed at X-band show an NF of 0.7 dB, which confirms the design procedure of a low NF T/R switch-module.
Atomic-Scale Choreography of Vapor–Liquid–Solid Nanowire Growth (2017)

Functional materials and devices require nanoscale control of morphology, crystal structure, and composition. Vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) crystal growth and its related growth modes enable the synthesis of 1D nanostructures, commonly called "nanowires", where the necessary nanoscale heterogeneity can be encoded axially. During the VLS process, a seed particle collects atoms and directs the nucleation of crystalline material. Modulating the delivery of growth species or conditions permits compositional and/or structural encoding. A range of materials and devices (e.g., for electronics, photonics, thermal transport, and bioprobes) have been produced by VLS growth, but plenty of challenges remain: many desirable structures cannot currently be made, and even for those structures that can be made, the parameter window-in terms of, e.g., temperatures and pressures-is often narrow. Moreover, we are quite far from ab initio determination of which growth conditions should be used or even if a desired structure is fundamentally achievable within the VLS framework. To fully understand the challenges and promises of VLS growth, the governing physicochemical processes must be explored and understood at the atomic scale. This final level of detail is being unraveled with the help of in situ characterization techniques. The picture that is emerging is of a highly dynamical process with several deeply interconnected and highly fundamental components that are difficult to detect with postgrowth ex situ interrogation. For example, recent in situ microscopy and spectroscopy studies have shown that the growth front can undergo cyclical reshaping involving dissolution as well as crystallization and that the state of the nanowire surface, which changes with growth conditions as a result of a competition between adsorption and desorption of passivating species, plays a crucial role in determining the transport to/from and the stability of the seed particle. The available in situ observations currently constitute a somewhat disparate list, but if they can be connected to each other and to the outstanding challenges, they promise meaningful advances in our understanding of VLS growth. In this Account, we review the state of the art regarding the atomic-scale thermodynamic and kinetic phenomena that control VLS growth. Rather than cataloging all of the outstanding contributions to the field, we give priority to in situ observations that have revealed unexpected effects as well as those that hint at incongruities in our current knowledge. As such, our discussion should be viewed as an opportunity to gain deeper understanding and control of the fundamental processes at play, which will be crucial in future scale-up efforts and expansion to completely new materials systems and application areas.
Highly Birefringent Index-Guiding Photonic Crystal Fiber with Squeezed Differently Sized Air-Holes in Cladding (2008)

We propose a novel high-birefringence index-guiding photonic crystal fiber (PCF). This PCF is composed of a solid silica core and a cladding with two differently sized squeezed elliptical air-holes. The mode birefringence of a fundamental mode in such PCFs is analyzed numerically by the finite-element method. Numerical results reveal that an extraordinarily high modal birefringence at the excitation wavelength of λ=1550 nm, 2.6×10-2, is acquired. The contributions of the cladding with two different sizes of air-hole ellipticity, the center-to-center distance between the air-holes, and the the number of cladding rings as well as the confinement loss to the birefringence are systematically evaluated. The evolution of birefringence with the structural variations shows that our highly birefringent fiber can be designed in a controlled manner.
Analysis of the early stage of coalescence of helium drops (2003)

We analyze the growth of the neck that forms between two liquid drops that have come into contact. The analysis is for a fluid in which the velocity of each point on the surface is proportional to the local curvature and directed normal to the interface. For this system, we show that the radius of the neck is proportional to t(1/3), where the time t is measured from the moment at which coalescence commences. We are able to find a simple expression for the shape of the interface in the vicinity of the neck.
Finding perceptually closed paths in sketches and drawings (2003)

Closed or nearly closed regions are an important form of perceptual structure arising both in natural imagery and in many forms of human-created imagery including sketches, line art, graphics, and formal drawings. We present an effective algorithm especially suited for finding perceptually salient, compact closed region structure in hand-drawn sketches and line art. We start with a graph of curvilinear fragments whose proximal endpoints form junctions. The key problem is to manage the search of possible path continuations through junctions in an effort to find paths satisfying global criteria for closure and figural salience. We identify constraints particular to this domain for ranking path continuations through junctions, based on observations of the ways that junctions arise in line drawings. In particular, we delineate the roles of the principle of good continuation versus maximally turning paths. Best-first bidirectional search checks for the cleanest, most obvious paths first, then reverts to more exhaustive search to find paths cluttered by blind alleys. Results are demonstrated on line drawings from several sources including line art, engineering drawings, sketches on whiteboards, as well as contours from photographic imagery.
Complex cardiac implantable electronic device infections in Alberta, Canada: An epidemiologic cohort study of validated administrative data (2023)

There is a slightly lower overall rate of CIED infections Alberta, Canada compared to previously described epidemiology. Implants after 2014, and generator replacements showed a decreased burden of infection. Patients with younger age, and 2 or more comorbidities are at greatest risk of CIED infection. The burden of hospitalization and mortality is substantially higher in infected patients.
Genes That Prolong Life: Relationships of Growth Hormone and Growth to Aging and Life Span (2001)

Mutant mice with a combined deficiency of growth hormone (GH), prolactin, and thyrotropin, and knockout mice with GH resistance, live longer than their normal siblings. The extension of life span in these animals is very large (up to 65%), reproducible, and not limited to any particular genetic background or husbandry conditions. In addition to demonstrating that genes control aging in mammals, these findings suggest that GH actions, growth, and body size may have important roles in the determination of life span. We describe the key phenotypic characteristics of long-living mutant and knockout mice, with an emphasis on those characteristics that may be related to delayed aging in these animals. We also address the broader topic of the relationship between GH, growth, maturation, body size, and aging, and we attempt to reconcile the well-publicized antiaging action of GH with the evidence that suppression of GH release or action can prolong life.
Seismic ratcheting of eccentric gravity loaded moment‐resisting frame buildings (2022)

Abstract Structures may predominantly inelastically deform in a single direction during earthquakes and incur greater damage. This behavior is known as seismic ratcheting and can be caused by eccentric gravity loads. Code clauses were introduced in Canada and New Zealand to amplify displacements obtained from static analysis methods to consider seismic ratcheting effects. However, such clauses are based on analyses of reinforced concrete (RC) wall or single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) structures, and methods to mitigate seismic ratcheting behavior were not explicitly provided. In this study, parametric analyses of steel and RC moment resisting frame buildings were performed to evaluate the adequacy of code clauses, identify parameters which influence seismic ratcheting behavior, and propose methods to mitigate such behavior. It was found that the New Zealand code underestimated the displacement increase for RC buildings, though it was able to envelope the displacement increase for steel buildings while the Canadian code was conservative. Additionally, the displacement increase was found to be sensitive to the building's post‐yield behavior and ground motion properties. However, assumptions of these properties during design may not be reflective of the actual building and seismic conditions, indicating that a reliable estimate of the increase in displacement is difficult to obtain. Instead, employing mitigation measures to reduce seismic ratcheting effects, such as designing to higher seismic demands, adding a secondary structural system to increase the building's post‐elastic stiffness, or providing more balanced lateral strengths after adjusting for eccentric gravity load effects are better measures to counter seismic ratcheting effects caused by eccentric gravity loads.
All‐Inorganic Nanocrystals as a Glue for BiSbTe Grains: Design of Interfaces in Mesostructured Thermoelectric Materials (2014)

Nano- and mesostructuring is widely used in thermoelectric (TE) materials. It introduces numerous interfaces and grain boundaries that scatter phonons and decrease thermal conductivity. A new approach has been developed for the rational design of the interfaces in TE materials by using all-inorganic nanocrystals (NCs) that serve as a "glue" for mesoscopic grains. For example, circa 10 nm Bi NCs capped with (N2H5)4Sb2Te7 chalcogenidometallate ligands can be used as an additive to BiSbTe particles. During heat treatment, NCs fill up the voids between particles and act as a "glue", joining grains in hot-pressed pellets or solution-processed films. The chemical design of NC glue allowed the selective enhancement or decrease of the majority-carrier concentration near the grain boundaries, and thus resulted in doped or de-doped interfaces in granular TE material. Chemically engineered interfaces can be used as to optimize power factor and thermal conductivity.
Supplementary Table 2 from LY2606368 Causes Replication Catastrophe and Antitumor Effects through CHK1-Dependent Mechanisms (2023)

&lt;p&gt;upplementary Table S2. Protein kinases sensitive to LY2606368 with an IC50 less than 10,000 nM&lt;/p&gt;
Table S2 from Rhabdoid Tumors Are Sensitive to the Protein-Translation Inhibitor Homoharringtonine (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Sources and catalog numbers of compounds&lt;/p&gt;
Normal X-inactivation mosaicism in corneas of heterozygous Flna Dilp2/+ female mice-a model of human Filamin A (FLNA) diseases (2012)

Mosaic analysis identified no major effect of the mouse FlnaDilp2 mutation on corneal epithelial maintenance or the balance of X-inactivation mosaicism in the corneal epithelium or liver.
Tensor Decompositions for Identifying Directed Graph Topologies and Tracking Dynamic Networks (2017)

Directed networks are pervasive both in nature and engineered systems, often underlying the complex behavior observed in biological systems, microblogs and social interactions over the web, as well as global financial markets. Since their structures are often unobservable, in order to facilitate network analytics, one generally resorts to approaches capitalizing on measurable nodal processes to infer the unknown topology. Structural equation models (SEMs) are capable of incorporating exogenous inputs to resolve inherent directional ambiguities. However, conventional SEMs assume full knowledge of exogenous inputs, which may not be readily available in some practical settings. This paper advocates a novel SEM-based topology inference approach that entails factorization of a three-way tensor, constructed from the observed nodal data, using the well-known parallel factor (PARAFAC) decomposition. It turns out that second-order piecewise stationary statistics of exogenous variables suffice to identify the hidden topology. Capitalizing on the uniqueness properties inherent to high-order tensor factorizations, it is shown that topology identification is possible under reasonably mild conditions. In addition, to facilitate real-time operation and inference of time-varying networks, an adaptive (PARAFAC) tensor decomposition scheme that tracks the topology-revealing tensor factors is developed. Extensive tests on simulated and real stock quote data demonstrate the merits of the novel tensor-based approach.
Simulation of dilatancy-controlled gas migration processes in saturated bentonite using a coupled multiphase flow and elastoplastic H2M model (2022)

Dilatancy-controlled gas flow in preferential pathways plays a key role in the safety analysis of radioactive waste repositories. This is particularly the case for bentonite, an often-preferred barrier material. Gas flow in preferential pathways is characterized by localization and spontaneous behavior, which is challenging to simulate in numerical models due to strong hydro-mechanical coupling. To analyze a laboratory experiment in the framework of the DECOVALEX-2023 project, this study introduced a new approach of combining continuous modelling methods with spatial material properties derived from material heterogeneities and experimental observations. The proposed model utilized hydro-mechanical spatial distributions, namely Young's modulus and gas entry pressure, and elastoplasticity combined with a linear swelling model. A conceptual strain-dependent permeability approach simulated dilatancy-controlled gas flow based on hydro-mechanical coupling. To test the effectiveness of the presented approach, a gas injection test in a compacted, saturated bentonite sample was simulated using the open-source code OpenGeoSys 5.8 and compared with experimental observations. The presented methodology is capable of simulating localized gas flow in preferential pathways. The spatial distributions of Young's modulus and gas entry pressure affect the swelling pressure, relative permeability and, in combination with the strain-dependent permeability model, also the intrinsic permeability.
Room Temperature Solid-State Lithium Polymer Battery with Polyionic Liquid Pentablock Terpolymer Electrolyte (2019)

Lithium ion batteries are currently the leading commercial technology for portable electronic devices and electric vehicles. However, new solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) that comprehensively possess the preferred properties of high ion conductivity, high electrochemical stability, robust mechanical properties, flexibility, and good film forming properties, are required to improve the safety and lifetime of lithium ion batteries. Although diblock copolymers have been explored as SPEs and can potentially provide the orthogonal properties of high ion conduction and high mechanical strength simultaneously in a solid-state material, there are limitations to diblock copolymer-salt mixture systems, such as a limited set of morphologies, and a lack of means to achieve simultaneous combination of more than two properties ( e.g. , conductivity, strength, flexibility). Compared to diblock copolymers, multiblock polymers involve more than two polymer chemistries and therefore enable the possibility to conjoin many of the desired properties, such as high ion conductivity, mechanical strength, flexibility, good film forming properties, processability, and high electrochemical stability all into a single materials platform. In this study, a lithium ion conducting polyionic liquid pentablock terpolymer (PILPTP) was investigated as a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) for lithium ion batteries.The morphology, chemical, thermal, mechanical, and electrochemical properties were examined as function of ionic liquid composition, cation chemistry, and film processing conditions. Coin cell Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 /SPE/LiCoO 2 batteries were fabricated with the lithium ion conducting PILPTP as the SPE and room temperature battery performance was demonstrated at high capacity and high cycle life. Overall, this work suggests, for the first time, that lithium conducting polyionic liquid multiblock polymers can be promising electrolyte candidates for developing safe and high performing room temperature solid-state lithium ion batteries.
Opportunities and challenges for optical CD metrology in double patterning process control (2008)

We review early challenges and opportunities for optical CD metrology (OCD) arising from the potential insertion of double patterning technology (DPT) processes for critical layer semiconductor production. Due to the immaturity of these new processes, simulations are crucial for mapping performance trends and identifying potential metrology gaps. With an analysis methodology similar in spirit to the recent NIST OCD extendability study1, but with aperture and noise models pertinent to current or projected production metrology systems, we use advanced simulation tools to forecast OCD precision performance of key structural parameters (eg., CD, sidewall angle) at litho (ADI) and etch (ACI) steps for a variety of mainstream optical measurement schemes, such as spectroscopic or angle-resolved, to identify strengths and weaknesses of OCD metrology for patterning process control at 32 and 22nm technology nodes. Test case geometries and materials for the simulated periodic metrology targets are derived from published DPT process flows, with ITRS-style scaling rules, as well as rather standard scanner qualification use cases. Consistent with the NIST study, we find encouraging evidence of OCD extendability through 22nm node dense geometries, a surprising and perhaps unexpected result, given the near-absence of published results for the inverse optical scattering problem for periodic structures in the deep sub-wavelength regime.
Impact of Surface Hydrophilicization prior to Atomic Layer Deposition for HfO2/Si Direct-Contact Gate Stacks (2008)

We developed a novel technique of surface hydrophilicization that changes the nature of hydrogen- (H-) terminated surfaces from hydrophobic to hydrophilic prior to the formation of high-k gate stacks by atomic layer deposition (ALD). We confirmed that the poor electrical film quality in ALD-grown HfO2/Si direct-contact gate stacks fabricated on H-terminated surfaces can be improved by changing the initial chemical nature of the surface to be hydrophilicized. By using this method, the equivalent oxide thicknesses of the HfO2/Si direct-contact gate stacks fabricated on hydrophilicized surfaces were reduced to 0.56 nm, and a leakage current of 0.74 A/cm2 at a gate voltage of VFB-1 V was obtained.
Empirische Erhebungen (2004)

Entsprechend den zwei Wirkungsebenen des CPM-Modells, der Anbieter- und der Nachfragersichtweise, wurde die empirische Überprüfung des Ansatzes zweistufig durchgeführt, um beide Anspruchsgruppen entsprechend zu berücksichtigen. Mittels einer halbstrukturierten Expertenbefragungen von e-Business Managern im Utility- Sektor wurde einerseits die Relevanz der einzelnen Erfolgsdimensionen auf Anbieterseite überprüft. Im Rahmen einer strukturierten telefonischen Kundenbefragung, entwickelt auf Basis desCPM-Kausalmodells, wurden andererseits die Zusammenhänge im Rahmen der Nachfragersichtweise getestet.
Hydrolysis of GTP by Sec4 Protein Plays an Important Role in Vesicular Transport and Is Stimulated by a GTPase-Activating Protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1992)

Sec4, a GTP-binding protein of the ras superfamily, is required for exocytosis in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To test the role of GTP hydrolysis in Sec4 function, we constructed a mutation, Q-79----L, analogous to the oncogenic mutation of Q-61----L in Ras, in a region of Sec4 predicted to interact with the phosphoryl group of GTP. The sec4-leu79 mutation lowers the intrinsic hydrolysis rate to unmeasurable levels. A component of a yeast lysate specifically stimulates the hydrolysis of GTP by Sec4, while the rate of hydrolysis of GTP by Sec4-Leu79 can be stimulated by this GAP activity to only 30% of the stimulated hydrolysis rate of the wild-type protein. The decreased rate of hydrolysis results in the accumulation of the Sec4-Leu79 protein in its GTP-bound form in an overproducing yeast strain. The sec4-leu79 allele can function as the sole copy of sec4 in yeast cells. However, it causes recessive, cold-sensitive growth, a slowing of invertase secretion, and accumulation of secretory vesicles and displays synthetic lethality with a subset of other secretory mutants, indicative of a partial loss of Sec4 function. While the level of Ras function reflects the absolute level of GTP-bound protein, our results suggest that the ability of Sec4 to cycle between its GTP and GDP bound forms is important for its function in vesicular transport, supporting a mechanism for Sec4 function which is distinct from that of the Ras protein.