gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Closure to “Discussions of ‘A Contribution to the Numerical Solution of Developing Laminar Flow in the Entrance Region of Concentric Annuli With Rotating Inner Walls’” (1975, ASME J. Fluids Eng., 97, pp. 392–394) (1975)

in which -q = y/5, f = 8/r 0 .Second, as depicted in Figs. 3 and6, the significant variations of u* and A occur only in the very entrance of about x/D < 7.5.However, within this range, the agreement of the analytical results and the calculated data from measurements are reasonably good .Therefore, to the writers' point of view, the deviation in the predicted and measurement data beyond x/D = 12 should not be significantly attributed to the assumption of deriving equation ( 17).The writers agree that the free stream turbulence at the very entrance will affect the length of transition from laminar to turbulent boundary layer.As pointed out by Mr. Powe, the writers consent that measurements of parameters such as turbulent intensity and Reynolds stresses are needed in addition to mean velocity profile in order to completely establish the starting point of the turbulent boundary layer and the entrance length for turbulent flow in the rough pipe.
Difference in the Incidence of Cough Induced by Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: a Comparative Study Using Imidapril Hydrochloride and Enalapril Maleate. (1999)

To compare the incidence of cough between two angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, imidapril and enalapril, comparative crossover study was performed in 489 patients (228 men and 261 females) with essential or renal parenchymal hypertension. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups, a group receiving imidapril for 12 wk (Period I) followed by enalapril for 12 wk (Period II), and a group in which the order of drugs was reversed. The occurrence of cough during treatment was monitored by questionnaire in all cases. There were no differences in background characteristics between the two groups. The incidence of cough during Period I was 15.2% (32/210) in the group initially treated with imidapril (Group IE) and 38.6% (85/220) in the group initially treated with enalapril (Group EI), the difference being statistically significant (p < 0.001). During Period I, decrease in blood pressure was observed in 63.9% (115/180) of Group IE and 64.6% (115/178) of Group EI patients. In approximately half of the patients in Group EI who developed cough during Period I and in whom the treatment was subsequently switched to imidapril, cough subsequently disappeared. It was concluded that the incidence of cough was significantly less under imidapril than under enalapril treatment, while there was no difference in the antihypertensive effects of the two ACE inhibitors.
Field dependence of T1 for hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate (2012)

In vivo metabolism of hyperpolarized pyruvate has been demonstrated to be an important probe of cellular glycolysis in diseases such as cancer. The usefulness of hyperpolarized (13)C imaging is dependent on the relaxation rates of the (13)C-enriched substrates, which in turn depend on chemical conformation and properties of the dissolution media such as buffer composition, solution pH, temperature and magnetic field. We have measured the magnetic field dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation time of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate using field-cycled relaxometry. [1-(13)C]pyruvate was hyperpolarized using dynamic nuclear polarization and then rapidly thawed and dissolved in a buffered solution to a concentration of 80 mmol l(-1) and a pH of ~7.8. The hyperpolarized liquid was transferred within 8 s to a fast field-cycling relaxometer with a probe tuned for detection of (13)C at a field strength of ~0.75 T. The magnetic field of the relaxometer was rapidly varied between relaxation and acquisition fields where the sample magnetization was periodically measured using a small flip angle. Data were recorded for relaxation fields varying between 0.237 mT and 0.705 T to map the T(1) dispersion of the C-1 of pyruvate. Using similar methods, we also determined the relaxivity of the triarylmethyl radical (OX063; used for dynamic nuclear polarization) on the C-1 of pyruvate at field strengths of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 0.5 T using 0.075, 1.0 and 2.0 mmol l(-1) concentrations of OX063 in the hyperpolarized pyruvate solution.
Micromobility protocols performance in differentiated services networks (2003)

This work analyses and compares the performance of the recently proposed micro-mobility protocols HAWAII and Hierarchical MIP when submitted to several levels of traffic load and scenarios that effectively degrade the low packet loss feature of these protocols. Furthermore, it is shown that the use of differentiated services within a given domain infrastructure results in a considerable increase of performance for mobile nodes. The preferential treatment offered to such mobile nodes protects micro-mobility protocols traffic from the fluctuations of background traffic with losses only occurring as a result of handoff events.
Stimulation of trigeminal motoneurons by in vivo implantation of glutamate‐impregnated microspheres (1992)

Abstract The objective of this study was to alter biomechanical forces generated by the muscles of mastication that affect the growth of the craniofacial skeleton through the implantation of neurotransmitter microspheres to stimulate trigeminal motoneurons (TMNe) in vivo. Polyanhydride microspheres containing L‐glutamate were stereotaxically implanted 170–920 μm rostral to the left‐side trigeminal motor nucleus (TMNu) in 17 Sprague–Dawley rats at 33–38 days old. Seven rats received blank‐microsphere implants and two rats had empty delivery system penetration as controls. All rats were killed 10–14 days postsurgical for dissection, brain histology, osteometric data, and SEM analyses. Dimensions of the facial skeletons of glutamate‐microsphere rats showed significant (P&lt;0.01, P&lt;0.05) differences when compared to control animals. Glutamate‐microsphere animals also demonstrated significant (P&lt;0.01) differences between the dimensions of their implant‐and nonimplant‐side facial skeletons. SEM analyses indicated that glutamate‐microsphere rats had greater implant‐side wear of their mandibular incisors compared to blank‐microsphere or delivery system controls. The skeletal alterations in the glutamate‐microsphere rats are hypothesized to be due to increased implant‐side TMNe and masticatory muscle activity patterns.
PET Brain Imaging of Neuropeptide Y2 Receptors UsingN-11C-Methyl-JNJ-31020028 in Pigs (2014)

N-(11)C-methyl-JNJ-31020028 has several suitable properties for PET neuroimaging of NPY2 receptors. First, it is metabolized slowly in the bloodstream of pigs. Second, using cyclosporine, the target-to-background ratio of N-(11)C-methyl-JNJ-31020028 is sufficient for estimating pharmacokinetic parameters. Third, N-(11)C-methyl-JNJ-31020028 binds reversibly and competitively to cerebral sites known to contain relatively high numbers of NPY2 receptors, such as the hippocampus, thalamus, caudate nucleus, and cerebellum. Fourth, white matter such as corpus callosum, known to contain negligible numbers of NPY2 receptors, can serve as a reference region for estimating binding potentials in brain regions. To our knowledge, there is no other radioligand with these favorable properties and with this specificity for NPY2 receptors, which makes N-(11)C-methyl-JNJ-31020028 the first candidate radioligand for PET investigations of NPY2 receptors in the living brain.
Simple Learning Method to Guarantee Operational Range of Optical Monitors (2018)

It is necessary to guarantee the range of machine learning (ML)-based optical physicallayer monitors (OPMs). To declare high-level monitoring objectives and obtain their values from OPMs, finding a methodology to accurately estimate the value of a target quantity and ensure their range is necessary. We introduce a deep neural network (DNN) with a digital coherent receiver to ML-based OPMs to deal with the abundance of training data needed for convergence and the preprocessing of input data by human engineers needed for feature (representation) extraction. However, guaranteeing the range of trained models on DNN-based OPMs was left for another investigation. To address this issue with DNN-based OPMs, we propose an operational range expander, a simple treatment of the link between pre-processing training datasets and their specified range. We assess the range expander by performing simulation and experimentation using a DNNbased optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) estimator. We select a laser frequency offset between a signal and a local oscillator in digital coherent receivers as an example quantity for a practical range expander in this study. This is because the OPMs need to work before digitally compensating frequency offset despite the difficulty in fully controlling frequency offset in practical situations. We evaluate bias errors and standard deviations of OSNR estimation from different frequency offsets ranging from -3.5 to 3.5 GHz and confirm that the provided range expander specified the range of DNNbased OSNR estimators through their training phase.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Potent Anticonvulsant Activities of 4‐Oxo‐imidazo[1,2‐a]indeno[1,2‐e]pyrazin‐8‐ and ‐9‐carboxylic (Acetic) Acid AMPA Antagonists. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Measurement of Forces between Supported Cationic Bilayers by Colloid Probe Atomic Force Microscopy: Electrolyte Concentration and Composition (2018)

The interactions between supported cationic surfactant bilayers were measured by colloidal probe atomic force spectroscopy, and the effect of different halide salts was investigated. Di(alkylisopropylester)dimethylammonium methylsulfate (DIPEDMAMS) bilayers were fabricated by the vesicle fusion technique on muscovite mica. The interactions between the bilayers were measured in increasing concentrations of NaCl, NaBr, NaI, and CaCl<sub>2</sub>. In NaCl, the bilayer interactions were repulsive at all concentrations investigated, and the Debye length and surface potential were observed to decrease with increasing concentration. The interactions were found to follow the electrical double layer (EDL) component of DLVO theory well. However, van der Waals forces were not detected; instead, a strong hydration repulsion was observed at short separations. CaCl<sub>2</sub> had a similar effect on the interactions as NaCl. NaBr and NaI were observed to be more efficient at decreasing surface potential than the chloride salts, with the efficacy increasing with the ionic radius.
Polyimide film based RF MEMS capacitive switches (2003)

A new type of RF MEMS capacitive switch using polyimide film as the structural membrane layer has been developed. The dimensions of these switches range from a few hundred microns to a few millimeters and are convenient for integration with printed antennas. Fabrication and assembly of the polyimide film based switches are discussed. Electromechanical switch designs with actuation voltages as low as 73 V are presented. RF performance of the shunt-mounted switches on a CPW line has been demonstrated in the L-band with an insertion loss of less than 0.32 dB.
Calculation of three‐dimensional left ventricular strains from biplanar tagged MR images (1992)

The noninvasive measurement of time-resolved three-dimensional (3D) strains throughout the myocardium could greatly improve the clinical evaluation of cardiac disease and the ability to mathematically model the heart. On the basis of orthogonal arrays of tagged magnetic resonance (MR) images taken at several times during systole, such strains can be determined, but only after heart motion through the image planes is taken into account. An iterative material point-tracking algorithm is presented to solve this problem. It is tested by means of mathematical models of the heart with cylindric and spherical geometries that undergo deformations and bulk motions. Errors introduced by point-tracking interpolation were found to be negligible compared with those due to marker identification on the images. In a human heart studied with this technique, the corrected radial strains at the left ventricular base were approximately 2.5 times the two-dimensional estimates derived from the fixed image planes. The authors conclude that material point tracking allows accurate, time-resolved 3D strains to be calculated from tagged MR images, and that prior correction for motion of the heart through image planes is necessary.
[(dpp‐bian)GaGa(dpp‐bian)] and [(dpp‐bian)ZnGa(dpp‐bian)]: Synthesis, Molecular Structures, and DFT Studies of These Novel Bimetallic Molecular Compounds (2007)

1,2-Bis[(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene) (dpp-bian) stabilizes gallium-gallium and zinc-gallium bonds (compounds 1-3). The compound [(dpp-bian)Ga-Ga(dpp-bian)] (2) was prepared by the reaction of GaCl3 with K3[dpp-bian] and the heterometallic [(dpp-bian)Zn-Ga(dpp-bian)] (3) was prepared by a simple one-pot reaction of [{(dpp-bian)ZnI}(2)] with GaCl3 and K4[dpp-bian]. In contrast to [(dpp-bian)Zn-Zn(dpp-bian)] (1) and 3, compound 2 is ESR silent, thus proving the dianionic character of both dpp-bian ligands. The solution ESR spectrum of 3 reveals the coupling of an unpaired electron with the gallium nuclei (69)Ga and (71)Ga (A((69)Ga)=0.97, A((71)Ga)=1.23 mT), thus confirming the presence of Zn-Ga bonds in solution. According to the results of the X-ray crystal structure analyses the metal-metal bond lengths in 2 (2.3598(3) A) and 3 (2.3531(8) A) are close to that found in 1 (2.3321(2) A). The electronic structures of compounds 2 and 3 were studied by DFT (B3 LYP/6-31G* level). The metal-metal pi bond in 2 is mainly formed by overlap of the p orbitals of Ga in the HOMO and HOMO-1, the latter showing a stronger interaction. The s and p orbitals of Ga overlap in the deeper located HOMO-17 producing a Ga-Ga sigma bond. In contrast to the Zn-Zn bond in 1, which has 95 % s character, the NBO (natural bond order) analysis of 2 reveals 67.8 % s, 32.0 % p, and 0.2 % d character for the Ga-Ga bond. Compound 3 has a doublet electronic ground state. The unpaired electron occupies the alpha HOMO-1 localized at the Zn-containing fragment. The Ga-Zn bond is mainly formed by overlap of the metal orbitals in the alpha HOMO-6 and beta HOMO-5. According to the results of the NBO analysis, the Zn wave functions are responsible for 28.7 % of the Zn-Ga bond, with 96.7 % s, 1.0 % p, and 2.3 % d character.
A Model for Friction in Metal Forming (1994)

The role of hydrostatic stress on the plastic deformation of asperities is examined in the context of the adhesion theory of friction. A lower bound analysis gives the frictional shear strength to be proportional to the normal component of the deviatoric stress, rather than the total stress as is currently held in the Coulomb friction model. When applied to specific regimes, the new model is shown to agree qualitatively with various existing models for friction, including the Coulomb and Prandtl rules.
Two is Greater than One. (2012)

In this paper we highlight the benefits of using genus-2 curves in public-key cryptography. Compared to the standardized genus-1 curves, or elliptic curves, arithmetic on genus-2 curves is typically more involved but allows us to work with moduli of half the size. We give a taxonomy of the best known techniques to realize genus-2 based cryptography, which includes fast formulas on the Kummer surface and efficient 4-dimensional GLV decompositions. By studying different modular arithmetic approaches on these curves, we present a range of genus-2 implementations. Our implementation on the Kummer surface breaks the 120 thousand cycle barrier which sets a new software speed record at the 128-bit security level for side-channel resistant scalar multiplications compared to all previous genus-1 and genus-2 implementations.
Reflectance and texture of real-world surfaces (2002)

In this work we investigate the visual appearance of real world surfaces and the dependence of appearance on scale viewing direction and illumination direction At fine scale\nsurface variations\ncause local intensity variation or image texture The appearance of this texture depends on both\nillumination and viewing direction and can be characterized by the BTF bidirectional texture\nfunction At sufficiently coarse scale\nlocal image texture is not resolvable and local image intensity\nis uniform The dependence of this image intensity on illumination and viewing direction is described\nby the BRDF bidirectional reflectance distribution function We simultaneously measure the BTF\nand BRDF of over \t different rough surfaces\neach observed with over \n\t\t different combinations of\nviewing and illumination direction The resulting BTF database is comprised of over \n\n\n\t\t image\ntextures To enable convenient use of the BRDF measurements\nwe t the measurements to two\nrecent models and obtain a BRDF parameter database These parameters can be used directly in\nimage analysis and synthesis of a wide variety of surfaces The BTF\nBRDF\nand BRDF parameter\ndatabases have important implications for computer vision and computer graphics and and each is\nmade publicly available.
Piton: A Manycore Processor for Multitenant Clouds (2017)

The shared cloud-based computing paradigm has experienced enormous growth. Multitenant clouds are conventionally built atop datacenters that utilize commodity hardware connected hierarchically with standard network protocols. Piton is a 25-core manycore processor that takes a different perspective, rethinking the architecture of datacenters and specializing processor architecture for Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) clouds. The tile-based manycore processor is designed not only as a single chip, but as a large-scale system. Up to 8,192 chips (204,800 cores) can be seamlessly connected in a flat topology, maintaining a packet-switched network fabric both on and off chip. Shared memory is supported across arbitrary cores in the system, both intrachip and interchip, enabling flexibility and fine-grained resource allocation in shared systems. Piton also targets energy efficiency, critical to datacenters, using a modified multithreaded OpenSPARC T1 core enhanced with an energy-efficient drafting mode. To further facilitate sharing and increase utility for IaaS users and providers, a novel memory traffic shaper partitions bandwidth among cores or applications. Piton reimagines the datacenter architecture, breaking down barriers between chips, nodes, and racks, and enables flexibility, performance, and energy efficiency at scale. Piton has also been open sourced as a research platform called OpenPiton to enable practical full-system manycore research.
Spatial-Spectral-Temporal Fusion for Remote Heart Rate Estimation (2020)

In this paper, we propose a novel heart rate (HR) estimation method using simultaneously recorded RGB and near-infrared (NIR) face videos to improve the robustness of camera-based remote HR estimation against illumination fluctuations and head motions. The key to robust HR estimation is constructing the histogram of HRs for a considered time window by voting candidate HRs that are estimated using different spatial face patches, spectral modalities (i.e., RGB and NIR), and temporal short-time sub-windows. The histogram voting is performed only for the candidate HRs that pass through a reliability check of HR estimation. The final HR estimate for the considered time window is then obtained by detecting the most frequently voted HR bin and performing parabola fitting using its neighboring bins. By spatially, spectrally, and temporally fusing the candidate HRs for majority voting, our method can automatically exploit suitable video sub-regions less affected by illumination fluctuations and head motions to enable robust HR estimation. Through the experiments on 168 RGB-NIR video recordings, we demonstrate that our fusion-based method achieves improved HR estimation accuracy compared with existing methods.
Batch fabrication of a double-layer metamaterial resonator using scalloping structures (2013)

We propose a batch fabrication method for a double-layer microscale metamaterial resonator operating in the terahertz (THz) region. The proposed method takes advantage of scalloping structures formed by a general deep etching process. The scalloping structures function as a shadow mask. The shadow mask structure allows for the simultaneous fabrication of multiple metal layers with only a one-time evaporation step. The evaporated metal layers are electrically isolated from each other. In this paper, we fabricated a double-layer split-ring resonator (SRR) on a silicon substrate. The typical length of an arm of the SRRs was 40 µm, and the interlayer distance was 4 µm. Using energy-dispersive x-ray analysis, we confirmed that there was a nonevaporation area between the two SRR layers. We also confirmed that the fabricated sample functioned as a metamaterial in the THz region by transmittance measurements and simulation. These results prove that our method could lead to the realization of multilayer metamaterials.
Multiresolution transforms in modern image and video coding systems (2004)

This paper presents a brief overview of the multiresolution transform designs used in a few image and video compression systems, namely H.264, PTC (progressive transform coder), and JPEG2000. The first two use hierarchical transforms, and the third uses wavelet transforms. We review the basis constructions for the hierarchical transforms, and compare some of their characteristics with those of wavelet transforms. In terms of compression performance as measured by peak-signal to noise ratio, H.264 provides the best performance, but at much higher computational complexity. In terms of visual quality, the multiresolution transforms provide an improvement over block (single resolution) transforms.
Acoustic intensity vector probes (2011)

Modern acoustic intensity measurement techniques began in the early 1980's with the realization that the imaginary part of the cross-spectral density was directly related to the active intensity component along the axis between two closely-spaced pressure microphones. Since acoustic intensity is a vector quantity, it was obvious that one would like to measure all three orthogonal components and to graphically represent acoustic power flow through space. Needing an interesting topic for a Ph.D. thesis at Penn State (and a way of funding it ..., thank-you US Navy), the task of investigating and developing the estimation of the acoustic intensity vector field fortunately came my way. This talk will present some of the early interesting and fun things that came out of working on in-air acoustic vector sensors. It will conclude with some more recent developments that have direct connections to the early acoustic vector probes that were built, tested, and used at Penn State.
Demonstration of high efficiency cascaded blue and green micro-light-emitting diodes with independent junction control (2021)

We demonstrate efficient cascaded blue/green micro-size light-emitting diodes (μLEDs) with independent junction control. The cascaded μLEDs, consisted of blue μLEDs, a tunnel junction, and green μLEDs, were fully grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Blue, green, and blue/green emissions can be independently controlled in the same device. The blue μLEDs (60 × 60 μm2) and green μLEDs (40 × 40 μm2) exhibit a forward voltage of 4.1 and 3.1 V at 20 A/cm2 and a high peak external quantum efficiency of 42% and 14%, respectively. This demonstration paves the way for monolithic integration of full color cascaded μLEDs.