gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Non-invasive measurement of pressure gradients in pulsatile flow using ultrasound (2013)

This paper demonstrates how pressure gradients in a pulsatile flow environment can be measured non-invasively using ultrasound. The proposed method relies on vector velocity fields acquired from ultrasound data. 2-D flow data are acquired at 18–23 frames/sec using the Transverse Oscillation approach. Pressure gradients are calculated from the measured velocity fields using the Navier-Stokes equation. Velocity fields are measured during constant and pulsating flow on a carotid bifurcation phantom and on a common carotid artery in-vivo. Scanning is performed with a 5 MHz BK8670 linear transducer using a BK Medical 2202 UltraView Pro Focus scanner. The calculated pressure gradients are validated through a finite element simulation of the constant flow model. The geometry of the flow simulation model is reproduced using MRI data, thereby providing identical flow domains in measurement and simulation. The proposed method managed to estimate pressure gradients that varied from 0 kPa/m–7 kPa/m during constant flow and from 0 kPa/m–200 kPa/m in the pulsatile flow environments. The estimator showed, in comparison to the simulation model, a bias of −9% and −8% given in reference to the peak gradient for the axial and lateral gradient component, respectively.
<p>Seroprevalence of Rift Valley Fever and West Nile Fever in Cattle in Gambella Region, South West Ethiopia</p> (2020)

The detection of IgG antibody to RVF and WNF virus infections in the Gambella region warrants further study of active case findings and the dynamics of transmission.
Platinum solubility in phosphate laser glass (1991)

Microscopic platinum inclusions ({approximately} 10--20 {mu}m), that originate from the melt containers, have been a major cause of optical damage in phosphate laser glasses. One way to eliminate such inclusions is to dissolve them in the glass matrix. The relative solubility of platinum in three commercial phosphate laser glasses is reported. The results show that the lowest Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-containing phosphate glass has the highest Pt solubility. Moreover, the Pt solubility decreases linearly with increasing, Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} content. Activation energies for Pt dissolution are found to be nearly equivalent for the three glasses. Laser-excited fluorescence of the Pt-ion is reported. 6 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.
Environmental noise degrades hippocampus-related learning and memory (2020)

The neural mechanisms underlying the impacts of noise on nonauditory function, particularly learning and memory, remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that rats exposed postnatally (between postnatal days 9 and 56) to structured noise delivered at a sound pressure level of ∼65 dB displayed significantly degraded hippocampus-related learning and memory abilities. Noise exposure also suppressed the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). In parallel, the total or phosphorylated levels of certain LTP-related key signaling molecules in the synapses of the hippocampus were down-regulated. However, no significant changes in stress-related processes were found for the noise-exposed rats. These results in a rodent model indicate that even moderate-level noise with little effect on stress status can substantially impair hippocampus-related learning and memory by altering the plasticity of synaptic transmission. They support the importance of more thoroughly defining the unappreciated hazards of moderately loud noise in modern human environments.
Technical Note: Stored grain volume measurement using a low density point cloud (2017)

The mass of stored grain is often determined from volume measurements by crop insurers, government auditors, and stored grain managers conducting inventories. Recent increases in bin size have accentuated the difficulty of accounting for irregularities and variations in surface conditions in calculating the volume of the grain. This study developed a new apparatus and data processing method to accurately estimate the volume of stored grain in a bin. This new method accounts for the variability in surface topography that occurs in large diameter bins when partially unloaded. A laser distance meter was used to create a low-density point cloud, from which a surface was interpolated using ArcMap geoprocessing tools. The manually controlled and portable system was designed to hold the laser distance meter and provided a common reference point. The data from the laser distance meter was transmitted to a tablet PC via Bluetooth. Measurement of an empty hopper bottom bin (4.6 m in diameter and 6.5m tall) demonstrated the system was able to measure a known volume within 0.02%. Two applications are presented that highlight the system’s ability to capture complex surfaces, as well as limitations that result from fill scenarios where the field of view is limited.
NANCY: Next-generation All-sky Near-infrared Community surveY (2023)

The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope is capable of delivering an unprecedented all-sky, high-spatial resolution, multi-epoch infrared map to the astronomical community. This opportunity arises in the midst of numerous ground- and space-based surveys that will provide extensive spectroscopy and imaging together covering the entire sky (such as Rubin/LSST, Euclid, UNIONS, SPHEREx, DESI, SDSS-V, GALAH, 4MOST, WEAVE, MOONS, PFS, UVEX, NEO Surveyor, etc.). Roman can uniquely provide uniform high-spatial-resolution (~0.1 arcsec) imaging over the entire sky, vastly expanding the science reach and precision of all of these near-term and future surveys. This imaging will not only enhance other surveys, but also facilitate completely new science. By imaging the full sky over two epochs, Roman can measure the proper motions for stars across the entire Milky Way, probing 100 times fainter than Gaia out to the very edge of the Galaxy. Here, we propose NANCY: a completely public, all-sky survey that will create a high-value legacy dataset benefiting innumerable ongoing and forthcoming studies of the universe. NANCY is a pure expression of Roman's potential: it images the entire sky, at high spatial resolution, in a broad infrared bandpass that collects as many photons as possible. The majority of all ongoing astronomical surveys would benefit from incorporating observations of NANCY into their analyses, whether these surveys focus on nearby stars, the Milky Way, near-field cosmology, or the broader universe.
A novel approach to eliminate valvular insufficiency in heart valve tissue engineering (2008)

Our group is currently focussing on the tissue engineering of heart valves based on an autologous fibrin scaffold. A limitation of using fibrin as a heart valve scaffold is valve insufficiency caused by tissue shrinkage. The current study aims to evaluate the hypothesis that vasoactive drugs can modulate cell-mediated contraction of fibrin gels.
ChemInform Abstract: EFFICIENT COUPLING REACTIONS OF β‐AMINO AND β‐ACETAMIDO RADICALS WITH ELECTRON DEFICIENT ALKENES. AZA‐CARBOFUNCTIONALIZATION OF OLEFINS. A PROMISING NEW TOOL FOR ALKALOID SYNTHESIS (1983)

Abstract Die Reduktion der Organo‐Quecksilberverbindungen (I) liefert radikalische Zwischenstufen, die mit Olefinen (III) zu den Additionsverbindungen (IV) führen.
The residual polarization of coherent orthogonal multiplexed data streams (2002)

We demonstrate that the 'residual polarization' of two coherent orthogonally polarized channels can be used as an all optical, bit rate and format independent feedback signal to control the two underlying signal polarizations.
A model for etching of three-dimensional high aspect ratio silicon structures in pulsed inductively coupled plasmas (2018)

A coupled plasma???feature scale model is employed to investigate the etching of high aspect ratio (HAR) silicon (Si) structures using a cyclic multi-step pulsed plasma process in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) reactor. This process sequence includes an oxidation step to help protect the Si sidewalls, a main Si etch step where the ion energy and angular distribution (IEAD) and ion/neutral flux ratio are controlled through power pulsing, and a clean step prior to repeating the multi-step process. Two-dimensional plasma models are used to compute the IEAD as well as the fluxes of relevant ions and neutral radicals at the wafer. These plasma models are coupled to a three-dimensional feature scale model, where multiple cycles of the three-step etch sequence are simulated. The paper focuses on evaluation of several pulsing modes during the main Si etch step including separate pulsing of the ICP source or RF bias power, and their synchronized pulsing (with phase control). Process performance has been quantitatively evaluated by examining etch rates for Si and the SiO2-like mask, Si/mask etch selectivity, and CDs within the HAR features. When only the RF bias power is pulsed, Si and mask etch rates scale with pulse duty cycle (DC). As a result, if Si is etched to the same depth, the HAR trenches are wider at higher DCs due to less total oxidation time and less protection of the sidewalls. ICP source power pulsing provides higher Si etch rate because of RF bias power being on continuously, but suffers from poor mask selectivity. Synchronized pulsing of both the ICP source and RF bias powers in conjunction with phase control provides additional flexibility in modulating the IEAD and the ion/neutral flux ratio. RF bias pulsing and in-phase synchronized pulsing yield the best selectivity for the conditions explored.
Genomic Analysis of Highly Virulent Georgia 2007/1 Isolate of African Swine Fever Virus (2011)

African swine fever is widespread in Africa but has occasionally been introduced into other continents. In June 2007, African swine fever was isolated in the Caucasus Region of the Republic of Georgia and subsequently in neighboring countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and 9 states of the Russian Federation). Previous data for sequencing of 3 genes indicated that the Georgia 2007/1 isolate is closely related to isolates of genotype II, which has been identified in Mozambique, Madagascar, and Zambia. We report the complete genomic coding sequence of the Georgia 2007/1 isolate and comparison with other isolates. A genome sequence of 189,344 bp encoding 166 open reading frames (ORFs) was obtained. Phylogeny based on concatenated sequences of 125 conserved ORFs showed that this isolate clustered most closely with the Mkuzi 1979 isolate. Some ORFs clustered differently, suggesting that recombination may have occurred. Results provide a baseline for monitoring genomic changes in this virus.
Spread-spectrum MRI: acceleration of image acquisition using locally modulated magnetic fields (2019)

We introduce the principles of a novel approach for the acceleration of signal acquisition that is based on a rapid and unique modulation of localized magnetic fields superimposed to the conventional linear gradient-based spatial encoding.
Modified Oxide Sol-Precipitation (MOSP) Approach for Synthesizing Borophosphosilicate Glasses and Glass−Ceramics (1996)

A modified oxide sol-precipitation process (MOSP) was used to synthesize borophosphosilicate glasses and glass−ceramics utilizing boron oxide and phosphorous pentoxide precursors. The oxide precursors were used to form alkoxides in situ, which were then partially hydrolyzed. Excess ammonium hydroxide was added to initiate a precipitation reaction. The resultant precipitate was centrifuged and separated from the supernatant liquid. The thermal properties of the dried precipitates were analyzed and the precipitates were accordingly heat treated to 800 °C, in order to crystallize the boron phosphate phase. Pressureless sintering was used to sinter the powders and form glass−ceramics. Microstructures of the sintered samples were then characterized using electron microscopy, and the dielectric properties were measured. Dielectric measurements indicate that the sintered glass−ceramics possess dielectric constants less than 4.0 and dissipation factors less than 0.001 at a frequency of 1 MHz. Results of these studies show that the modified oxide sol-precipitation is a viable approach for synthesizing borophosphosilicate glass−ceramics for use as substrate materials in microelectronic packaging.
Synthesis and characterization of the 47‐residue heterodimeric antimicrobial peptide distinctin, featuring directed disulfide bridge formation (2012)

Distinctin, a 47-residue heterodimeric peptide with potent antimicrobial activity, comprises two monomeric units linked covalently by a disulfide bond between Cys19 from the 22-residue A chain and Cys23 from the 25-residue B chain. Previous synthetic strategies involved assemblies of the two individual chains, followed by their co-oxidation to form the connecting disulfide bridge, and resulted in a mixture of three species: two homodimers and one heterodimer. Here, we report synthesis of exclusively heterodimeric distinctin, using recently developed tactics for directed disulfide bridge formation. Material prepared this way was characterized and found to be suitable for more detailed structural studies.
Heterologous erythromycin production across strain and plasmid construction (2017)

The establishment of erythromycin production within the heterologous host E. coli marked an accomplishment in genetic transfer capacity. Namely, over 20 genes and 50 kb of DNA was introduced to E. coli for successful heterologous biosynthetic reconstitution. However, the prospect for production levels that approach those of the native host requires the application of engineering tools associated with E. coli. In this report, metabolic and genomic engineering were implemented to improve the E. coli cellular background and the plasmid platform supporting heterologous erythromycin formation. Results include improved plasmid stability and metabolic support for biosynthetic product formation. Specifically, the new plasmid design for erythromycin formation allowed for ≥89% stability relative to current standards (20% stability). In addition, the new strain (termed LF01) designed to improve carbon flow to the erythromycin biosynthetic pathway provided a 400% improvement in titer level. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:271-276, 2018.
Recent Progress in Inorganic Solar Cells Using Quantum Structures (2007)

Thermalization of photogenerated carriers in bulk materials is the main bottleneck for the conversion efficiency of conventional inorganic solar cells. Furthermore, despite extensive research, the achieved conversion efficiency is nearly saturated during the last decade. Therefore, new device concepts to break through the efficiency barrier are highly requested. Nanotechnologies are the building blocks for next-generation solar cells, because low-dimensional quantum structures can possibly reduce thermalization and extend the light absorption range. Hereafter, recently invented inorganic solar cells using quantum structures will be reviewed.
1-Chloromethyl-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane tetrafluoroborate deuterochloroform solvate (2005)

The title structure, C7H14ClN2+·BF4−·CDCl3, comprises 1-chloro­methyl-4-aza-1-azoniabi­cyclo­[2.2.2]­octane cations, BF4− anions and CDCl3 solvent mol­ecules, each having Cs crystallographic symmetry. The cation has a staggered conformation and the anion and solvent mol­ecule are connected via a C—D⋯F interaction.
Generic and dense distributional chaos with shadowing (2021)

For continuous self-maps of compact metric spaces, we consider the notions of generic and dense chaos introduced by Lasota and Snoha, and their variations for the distributional chaos, under the assumption of shadowing. We give some equivalent properties to generic uniform (distributional) chaos in terms of chains and prove their equivalence to generic (distributional) chaos under the shadowing. Several examples illustrating the main results are also given.
Real-world Performance Estimation of Liquid State Machines for Spoken Digit Classification (2023)

Liquid State Machine (LSM) is a brain-inspired neural network architecture for solving temporal classification problems like speech recognition. The simple structure of LSM with a reservoir and single-layer classifier is attractive from a hardware implementation perspective. When the LSM is considered for low-power hardware implementation in real-world command word recognition tasks, challenges like nonidealities in sensor filter response and ambient noise become critical concerns. In this work, we evaluate the performance of LSM based on two aspects (1) ambient noise and (2) sensor/preprocessing circuit nonidealities. For Ambient noise, we use additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) and ambient noise using the iNoise Indian Noise dataset that covers various natural indoor, outdoor, and travel-related environmental sounds. To understand the impact of input hardware nonidealities, we analyzed the impact of the audio preprocessing filter's quality factor, order, center frequency variations, and output nonlinearity on LSM performance. We use the spoken digits classification in the TI-46 dataset. This paper's findings present design guidelines for the system designers intending to use liquid-state machines for speech classification tasks. In terms of filter design, first, there is a broad Q, order space for filter design where performance is high. We use the hardware-friendly parallel 4th order Butterworth bandpass filter model to provide a baseline 98% accuracy in speech classification tasks. Second, the performance of LSM degrades proportionally to the variation in the center frequency of the bandpass filters in the filter bank. Third, nonlinearity with the third-order harmonic of 50 dBc can be tolerated. Regarding ambient noise, our study shows that a 40 dB SNR for AWGN is sufficient for ideal performance. Second, the best case of “home” noise leads to a performance of 91.4%. Outdoor and travel noise reduce the classification performance to 78.8% and 62.4%, respectively. However, ideal performance is recovered if the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is increased, particularly by 10 dB in indoor conditions and 30 dB in outdoor conditions. Thus, our study presents an engineering evaluation for real-world spoken digit recognition using LSMs.
Automated assessment of paramagnetic rim lesions in multiple sclerosis patients with 3T and 7T MP2RAGE (2021)

Paramagnetic rim lesions (PRL) in multiple sclerosis are chronic inflammatory lesions depicted in susceptibility-based MRI where high PRL lesion burden has been associated with a more aggressive disease course. As their visual detection is subjective and time-consuming, a convolutional neural network (RimNet) has recently been developed and applied to 3T susceptibility contrast MR images. In this work, we evaluate a unimodal RimNet architecture based on either the MP2RAGE uniform contrast or the concurrently obtained T1 map at both 3T and 7T. Results show that prediction improves considerably at 7T, suggesting that 7T MP2RAGE might be helpful for automatically identifying PRL.
The Spectrum of Dilated Cardiomyopathy: The Johns Hopkins Experience with 1,278 Patients (1999)

This report describes the evaluation of 1,278 patients referred to The Johns Hopkins Hospital with dilated cardiomyopathy. After a careful history and physical examination, selected laboratory tests, and endomyocardial biopsy, a specific diagnosis was made in 49% of cases. In 16% of cases the biopsy demonstrated a specific histologic diagnosis. Myocarditis and coronary artery disease were the most frequent specific diagnoses; 51% of patients were classified as idiopathic. Thus a rigorous and systematic search can demonstrate an underlying cause for approximately one-half of patients with unexplained cardiomyopathy. Endomyocardial biopsy plays a crucial role in this evaluation. Six cases are presented which demonstrate the utility of endomyocardial biopsy in specific clinical situations. In addition to its routine use in monitoring rejection in heart transplant recipients, endomyocardial biopsy is indicated in the evaluation of possible infiltrative cardiomyopathy, in differentiating restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis, and in diagnosing and monitoring doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. The importance of diagnosing myocarditis remains controversial, and disagreement persists about the utility of immunosuppressive therapy in these patients. A combination of clinical and histologic features can divide patients with myocarditis into 4 subgroups--acute, fulminant, chronic active, and chronic persistent. This classification provides prognostic information and may identify those patients who may respond to immunosuppression, as well as those likely to have adverse outcomes from such treatment. The continued development of novel molecular techniques may allow endomyocardial biopsy to provide greater prognostic and therapeutic information in the future.
Architecting the Network Cloud for High Availability (2017)

Driven by the need to maintain the reliability of the nation's critical communications infrastructure, the telecommunications industry has a long tradition of designing for high availability, sometimes referred to as “carrier grade availability” or loosely quantified as “five-nines availability” (Lancaster, 1986). Significant service disruptions must be reported to the FCC (Healy, 2016) by wireline, wireless, paging, cable, satellite, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and Signaling System 7 service providers. Communications providers must also report information regarding communications disruptions affecting Enhanced 9-1-1 facilities and airports that meet the thresholds in the FCC's rules. Detailed best practices for maintaining network continuity have been developed,* and switching, transport, and 68network infrastructures have been designed to meet these very stringent requirements. High availability has been attained using custom hardware, fault-tolerant software design, and extensive testing to ensure that the production software has few defects (Giloth, 1987). Excellent examples of highly reliable designs date back to digital switching systems such as the 4ESS (K. E. Martersteck, 1981) and 5ESS (Martersteck and Spencer, 1985), and networks have been designed with survivability as a core objective (Wu, 1992; Krishnan, 1994; Choudhury, 2004; Klincewicz, 2013; Ramesh Govindan, 2016).
Feasibility of a Supporting‐Salt‐Free Nonaqueous Redox Flow Battery Utilizing Ionic Active Materials (2017)

Nonaqueous redox flow batteries (NAqRFBs) are promising devices for grid-scale energy storage, but high projected prices could limit commercial prospects. One route to reduced prices is to minimize or eliminate the expensive supporting salts typically employed in NAqRFBs. Herein, the feasibility of a flow cell operating in the absence of supporting salt by utilizing ionic active species is demonstrated. These ionic species have high conductivities in acetonitrile (12-19 mS cm<sup>-1</sup> ) and cycle at 20 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> with energy efficiencies (>75 %) comparable to those of state-of-the-art NAqRFBs employing high concentrations of supporting salt. A chemistry-agnostic techno-economic analysis highlights the possible cost savings of minimizing salt content in a NAqRFB. This work offers the first demonstration of a NAqRFB operating without supporting salt. The associated design principles can guide the development of future active species and could make NAqRFBs competitive with their aqueous counterparts.