gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of B Cells in the Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (43.3) (2012)

Abstract The role of humoral immunity in the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is poorly defined. B cells form aggregates with features of germinal centers and are prominent components of the lung granuloma in Mtb-infected humans, mice and macaques. Using muMT B cell-deficient mice, we showed that B cells were required for optimal granulomatous response and protection upon aerosol infection. muMT mice were more susceptible to Mtb with increased mortality and elevated lung bacterial burden. B cell-deficiency also resulted in exacerbated immunopathology with increased neutrophil influx and IL-10 production independent of tissue bacterial load. Transfer of B cells reversed the phenotypes of the muMT mice. This occurred in the presence of immunoglobulins (Igs) in the serum but without the presence of lung B cells. We showed that engagement of distinct Fcγ receptors (FcγR) divergently affected susceptibility to Mtb. Mice lacking activating FcγR showed increased mortality and bacterial load with enhanced lung neutrophil influx and IL-10 expression compared to wildtype, whereas mice lacking inhibitory FcγRIIB exhibited an augmented lung Th1 response. Thus, B cells via their ability to produce Igs may regulate T cell responses by immune complex engagement of FcγR on antigen presenting cells. The mechanisms by which B cells modulate the immune response to Mtb are being characterized by testing the immune response of transgenic mice deficient in B cells or Igs to infection.
Barrier Properties of Blends Based on Liquid Crystalline Polymers and Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (2001)

Abstract Blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETP) and two different thermotropic liquid crystalline (LC) polymers of the Vectra-type were prepared by melt mixing. Oxygen and water vapor permeability, light transmission and welding properties were measured on compression-molded and film-blown specimens. SEM showed that the LC polymers were the disperse phase with a good phase adhesion to the PETP matrix in the majority of the compression-molded blends. The 50/50 blend based on the low melting point LC polymer showed possibly a continuous LC polymer phase. The film-blown specimens showed LC polymer spheres at low LC polymer content. Above a certain LC polymer content (10-30% LC polymer), fibrous and ellipsoidal LC polymer particles was the dominant morphological feature of the blends. Density measurements showed that the void content in the blends was low. The compression-molded blends based on the high melting point LC polymer showed permeabilities conforming to the Maxwell equation assuming low permeability (LC polymer) spheres in a high permeability (PETP) matrix. The compression-molded blends based on the low melting point Vectra showed lower permeabilities than predicted by the Maxwell equation, particularly at high LC polymer content. The film-blown blends showed extensive scattering in the permeability data. The blend with 30% low melting LC polymer exhibited a 96% lower oxygen permeability than PETP. This was due to a reduction in both oxygen diffusivity and solubility. Ellipsoidal and fibrous LC polymer particles increased the diffusional path and lowered the diffusivity. The transparency of the compression-molded samples was lost already at 1% LCP. The blends showed welding properties superior to those of PETP.
Copper Oxide ALD from a Cu(I) <beta>-Diketonate: Detailed Growth Studies on SiO2 and TaN (2009)

The atomic layer deposition (ALD) of copper oxide films from [(nBu3P)2Cu(acac)] and wet oxygen on SiO2 and TaN has been studied in detail by spectroscopic ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy. The results suggest island growth on SiO2, along with a strong variation of the optical properties of the films in the early stages of the growth and signs of quantum confinement, typical for nanocrystals. In addition, differences both in growth behavior and film properties appear on dry and wet thermal SiO2. Electron diffraction together with transmission electron microscopy shows that nanocrystalline Cu2O with crystallites &lt; 5 nm is formed, while upon prolonged electron irradiation the films decompose and metallic copper crystallites of ~ 10 nm precipitate. On TaN, the films grow in a linear, layer-by-layer manner, reproducing the initial substrate roughness. Saturated growth obtained at 120{degree sign}C on TaN as well as dry and wet SiO2 indicates well-established ALD growth regimes.
Editorial (2017)

As my second term as Editor-in-Chief draws to a close, it is time to hand on the baton to another to lead IEEE Photonics Technology Letters (PTL). I am delighted to be able to announce that my successor will be Prof. Jianping Yao, from the University of Ottawa, Canada. I have no doubt he will serve the community excellently in this role. He has a strong relationship with PTL, having in the last fifteen years published over 90 papers in PTL and reviewed 180 papers for the journal.
Scratch Test for Strength and Toughness of Oil Well Cement with Nanoclay as an Additive (2019)

Abstract The mechanical properties are determined to measure the sustainability and long-lasting behavior of cement slurry under wellbore conditions. Different measurement methods were adopted in the past to study the mechanical behavior of a cement slurry. The most commonly used methods applied in oil and gas sector are cement crushing and acoustic velocities measurements. Both techniques have some limitations and additional techniques are warranted. Scratch test technique is commonly used for characterization of mechanical properties of metals, coatings and other materials. Advances in scratch testing of materials has resulted in its application to cohesive material such as rocks and cement. Recently, scratch test has been successfully applied for the strength evaluation of oil well cement. In this paper, we present the results of scratch tests carried out on oil well cement using type G cement and the specimens modified using nanoclay as an additive. The compressive strength test results from scratch test was compared to the macro level testing of cement cores loaded in compression up to failure. The dynamic elastic parameters of cement mix, elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio, were also determined using the scratch test. The scratch test based strength measurement technique will serve as a very handy tool for drilling and geomechanics engineers to study the mechanical properties of the cement slurry aged under different wellbore conditions with high level of certainty.
Development of a real-time flexible multiphoton microendoscope for label-free imaging in a live animal (2015)

We present a two-photon microendoscope capable of in vivo label-free deep-tissue high-resolution fast imaging through a very long optical fiber. First, an advanced light-pulse spectro-temporal shaping device optimally precompensates for linear and nonlinear distortions occurring during propagation within the endoscopic fiber. This enables the delivery of sub-40-fs duration infrared excitation pulses at the output of 5 meters of fiber. Second, the endoscopic fiber is a custom-made double-clad polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber specifically designed to optimize the imaging resolution and the intrinsic luminescence backward collection. Third, a miniaturized fiber-scanner of 2.2 mm outer diameter allows simultaneous second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon excited autofluorescence (TPEF) imaging at 8 frames per second. This microendoscope's transverse and axial resolutions amount respectively to 0.8 μm and 12 μm, with a field-of-view as large as 450 μm. This microendoscope's unprecedented capabilities are validated during label-free imaging, ex vivo on various fixed human tissue samples, and in vivo on an anesthetized mouse kidney demonstrating an imaging penetration depth greater than 300 μm below the surface of the organ. The results reported in this manuscript confirm that nonlinear microendoscopy can become a valuable clinical tool for real-time in situ assessment of pathological states.
Biodegradation of trichloroethylene byMycobacterium vaccae (1995)

Nonproliferating cells of Mycobacterium vaccae that were grown on propane could mineralize limited amounts of trichloroethylene. Intermediates in the biodegradation of trichloroethylene were 2,2,2-trichloroethanol and 2,2,2-trichloroacetaldehyde. Trichloroethanol was completely degraded when added to a nonproliferating cell suspension of Mycobacterium vaccae. Addition of toluene to the reaction mixtures effected a 50% increase in the mineralization of [14C]trichloroethylene.
Plant Responses to Seven Russian Wheat Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Biotypes Found in the United States (2009)

The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a serious wheat, Triticum aestivum L., and barley, Hordeum vulgare L., pest throughout the small grain-producing areas in the western United States. The virulency and classification of recently described Russian wheat aphid biotypes 1-7 (RWA1-7) were clarified using 24 plant differentials. These seven biotypes had been described previously using various methods and test environments; therefore, the purpose of this study was to test them all under uniform environmental conditions. RWA1 was the least virulent of the biotypes tested, with susceptible ratings observed in five plant differentials and intermediate ratings observed in four plant differentials. RWA4, RWA5, RWA6, and RWA7 had intermediate virulence. RWA4, RWA5, and RWA7 share similar responses, with susceptible responses in six plant differentials and intermediate responses in five plant differentials. Small differences within a few plant differentials separate RWA4, RWA5, and RWA7. RWA6 has susceptible responses with only four plant differentials, but 10 plant differentials had intermediate responses. RWA3 was highly virulent, with susceptible responses in 10 plant differentials and intermediate responses in five plant differentials. RWA2 was the most virulent strain tested with susceptible responses to 12 plant differentials and intermediate responses to five plant differentials. This study has demonstrated that RWA1-7 have different combinations of virulence to the plant differentials tested, thereby confirming previous Russian wheat aphid biotype designations.
Quantitative Retinal Venular Caliber and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Older Persons (2006)

Larger retinal venular caliber is independently associated with risk of cardiovascular disease in elderly persons.
3′-Deoxy-3′-[18F]-Fluorothymidine PET Imaging Reflects PI3K-mTOR-Mediated Pro-Survival Response to Targeted Therapy in Colorectal Cancer (2014)

Biomarkers that predict response to targeted therapy in oncology are an essential component of personalized medicine. In preclinical treatment response studies that featured models of wild-type KRAS or mutant BRAF colorectal cancer treated with either cetuximab or vemurafenib, respectively, we illustrate that [(18)F]-FLT PET, a non-invasive molecular imaging readout of thymidine salvage, closely reflects pro-survival responses to targeted therapy that are mediated by PI3K-mTOR activity. Activation of pro-survival mechanisms forms the basis of numerous modes of resistance. Therefore, we conclude that [(18)F]-FLT PET may serve a novel and potentially critical role to predict tumors that exhibit molecular features that tend to reflect recalcitrance to MAPK-targeted therapy. Though these studies focused on colorectal cancer, we envision that the results may be applicable to other solid tumors as well.
Precision requirements for digital color reproduction (1992)

An environment was established to perform device-independent color reproduction of full-color pictorial images. In order to determine the required precision for this environment, an experiment was performed to psychophysically measure colorimetric tolerances for six images using paired comparison techniques. These images were manipulated using 10 linear and nonlinear functions in the CIELAB dimensions of lightness, chroma, and hue angle. Perceptibility tolerances were determined using probit analysis. From these results, the necessary precision in number of bits per color channel was determined for both the CIELAB and the CRT rgb device color spaces. For both the CIELAB color space and the CRT rgb device space, approximately eight color bits per channel were required for imperceptible color differences for pictorial images, and 10 bits per channel were required for computational precision.
Genital and Systemic Immune Responses in a Murine Model of Tritrichomonas foetus Infection (1998)

A reliable laboratory animal model would be useful for the study of immune responses to trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted disease of human beings and cattle. Murine models are available, but pretreatment with estrogen is used, which may influence immune responses. To evaluate whether vaginal trichomoniasis could be established in nonestrogenized mice and to define the immune responses associated with the infection, CD1 and BALB/c mice were studied with or without estrogen treatment prior to inoculation with Tritrichomonas foetus. Tritrichomonas Foetus was cultured from the vagina and uterus of both estrogen-treated and untreated control mice for up to 26 wk. The infection was sustained better in BALB/c than in CD1 mice, suggesting that the former strain was most susceptible. In CD1 mice, infection was sustained less well in estrogen-treated than in untreated control mice, but there was no difference between treatment groups of BALB/c mice. IgA and IgG antibodies in vaginal secretions, uterine secretions, and serum specific for a surface antigen of T. foetus (TF1.17) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In infected CD1 mice, vaginal IgA and IgG antibodies were detected by 8 wk postinoculation (PI). In infected BALB/c mice, vaginal IgA and IgG antibodies were detected by 12 wk PI. Uterine IgG responses predominated over IgA in estrogen-treated and untreated CD1 and BALB/c mice. There were high levels of IgG, but relatively no IgA in the sera of CD1 and BALB/c mice. Overall, the highest IgA response was in the vaginal secretions of infected CD1 mice, and some animals of this strain cleared the infection. These results show that a chronic trichomonad infection was established in mice without prior treatment with estrogen. The infection was associated with antibody responses in reproductive secretions and serum. This animal model will be useful in studying immunization to protect against trichomoniasis in mice not immunocompromised by estrogen.
Signal-to-noise ratio and signal-to-noise efficiency in SMASH imaging (1999)

A general theory of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics (SMASH) imaging is presented, and the predictions of the theory are verified in imaging experiments and in numerical simulations. In a SMASH image, multiple lines of k-space are generated simultaneously through combinations of magnetic resonance signals in a radiofrequency coil array. Here, effects of noise correlations between array elements as well as new correlations introduced by the SMASH reconstruction procedure are assessed. SNR and SNR efficiency in SMASH images are compared with results using traditional array combination strategies. Under optimized conditions, SMASH achieves the same average SNR efficiency as ideal pixel-by-pixel array combinations, while allowing imaging to proceed at otherwise unattainable speeds. The k-space nature of SMASH reconstructions can lead to oscillatory spatial variations in noise standard deviation, which can produce local enhancements of SNR in particular regions.
Zika Virus Infection in Mice Causes Panuveitis with Shedding of Virus in Tears (2016)

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus that causes congenital abnormalities and Guillain-Barré syndrome. ZIKV infection also results in severe eye disease characterized by optic neuritis, chorioretinal atrophy, and blindness in newborns and conjunctivitis and uveitis in adults. We evaluated ZIKV infection of the eye by using recently developed mouse models of pathogenesis. ZIKV-inoculated mice developed conjunctivitis, panuveitis, and infection of the cornea, iris, optic nerve, and ganglion and bipolar cells in the retina. This phenotype was independent of the entry receptors Axl or Mertk, given that Axl(-/-), Mertk(-/-), and Axl(-/-)Mertk(-/-) double knockout mice sustained levels of infection similar to those of control animals. We also detected abundant viral RNA in tears, suggesting that virus might be secreted from lacrimal glands or shed from the cornea. This model provides a foundation for studying ZIKV-induced ocular disease, defining mechanisms of viral persistence, and developing therapeutic approaches for viral infections of the eye.
Zero-bias resonant sensor with an oxide-nitride layer as charge trap (2010)

We report on a capacitive resonant sensor with an oxide-nitride (ON) layer used as charge trap. The main idea is that we intentionally inject charges into the ON layer by biasing the device for 30 s with 160% of the pull-in voltage. We use a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) to demonstrate this idea. The CMUT is fabricated via high temperature assisted direct wafer bonding after a local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS) to form evacuated cavities (vacuum gaps), and, thus, the device inherently has the ON layer beneath single crystal silicon plates and vacuum gaps. Therefore, this device is ideal for this work. It allows us to test an elegant charge injection mechanism. By simply pulling in the plate a high electric field strength (~ 8.9 MV/cm) is created in the ON layer for a designated time, which results in charge injection. These charges stay trapped in the ON layer and create an intrinsic electric field in the vacuum gaps, which would otherwise require an external dc bias voltage of 44% of the pull-in voltage. We successfully implemented a 5.3-MHz oscillator with this zero bias resonator and achieved excellent noise performance of 0.06 Hz of Allan deviation.
NVCell: Standard Cell Layout in Advanced Technology Nodes with Reinforcement Learning (2021)

High quality standard cell layout automation in advanced technology nodes is still challenging in the industry today because of complex design rules. In this paper we introduce an automatic standard cell layout generator called NVCell that can generate layouts with equal or smaller area for over 90% of single row cells in an industry standard cell library on an advanced technology node. NVCell leverages reinforcement learning (RL) to fix design rule violations during routing and to generate efficient placements.
Proportional share scheduling of operating system services for real-time applications (2002)

While there is currently great interest in the problem of providing real time services in general purpose operating systems, the issue of real time scheduling of internal operating system activities has received relatively little attention. Without such real time scheduling, the system is susceptible to conditions such as receive livelock-a situation in which an operating system spends all its time processing arriving network packets, and application processes, even if scheduled with a real time scheduler, are starved. We investigate the problem of scheduling operating system activities such as network protocol processing in a proportional share manner. We describe a proportional share implementation of the FreeBSD operating system and demonstrate that it solves the receive livelock problem. Packets are processed within the operating system only at the cumulative rate at which the destination applications are prepared to receive them. If packets arrive at a faster rate then they are discarded after consuming minimal system resources. In this manner the performance of "well behaved" applications is unaffected by "misbehaving" applications. We demonstrate this effect by running a set of multimedia applications under a variety of network conditions on a set of increasingly sophisticated proportional share implementations of FreeBSD and comparing their performance. This work contributes to our knowledge of the engineering of proportional share real time systems.
Whole-body and whole-organ 3D imaging of hypoxia using activatable covalent fluorescent probe compatible with tissue clearing (2023)

Elucidation of biological phenomena requires imaging of microenvironments in vivo. Although the seamless visualization of in vivo hypoxia from the level of whole-body to single-cell has a great potential to discover unknown phenomena in biological and medical fields, no methodology for achieving it has been established thus far. Here, we for the first time report the whole-body and whole-organ imaging of hypoxia, an important microenvironment, at single-cell resolution using activatable covalent fluorescent probes compatible with tissue clearing. We initially focused on overcoming the incompatibility of fluorescent dyes and refractive index matching solutions (RIMSs), which has greatly hindered the development of fluorescent molecular probes in the field of tissue clearing. The fluorescent dyes compatible with RIMS were then incorporated into the development of activatable covalent fluorescent probes for hypoxia. We combined the probes with tissue clearing, achieving comprehensive single-cell-resolution imaging of hypoxia in a whole mouse body and whole organs.
A New Daylight Light Source (1974)

A new light source developed by OSRAM GmbH, originally for remote television lighting, is now also being applied to film applications. The lamps high efficacy, daylight quality, full spectrum, compact size, ease of ballasting and rugged construction make them ideal for this service. They are available in 575-, 1200-, 2500-, and 4000-W sizes to meet the needs of various television and film lighting requirements. This new lamp family is an answer to the industry's search for advancements in lighting systems, especially heightened by the energy crisis.
Quality Characteristics of Glyphosate‐Tolerant Canola Cultivars Containing a Glyphosate Acetyltransferase Transgene (Event DP‐Ø73496‐4) (2016)

Canola ( Brassica napus L.) was transformed with an insert that expresses the GAT4621 protein, conferring tolerance to the nonselective herbicidal ingredient glyphosate. Event DP‐Ø73496‐4 (trade name Optimum GLY Canola) was introgressed into additional female inbred genetic backgrounds and hybrid seed lots were created to evaluate canola quality characteristics for cultivar registration in Canada. Field trials were conducted in 2012 and 2013 across several locations in appropriate maturity zones for the cultivars. Results indicated no difference for key canola quality parameters across genetic backgrounds and locations. The oil content (at 8.5% moisture) for Optimum GLY canola cultivars in these trials ranged from 40.6 to 50.3% and was within the industry range (35.6–51.2%) for samples graded Canola, No. 1 Canada from 2012 and 2013. The international standard for erucic acid in canola is &lt;2% total fatty acids. The range of erucic acid values observed in Optimum GLY canola cultivars was lower at 0.01 to 0.14% total fatty acids. The glucosinolate content of the Optimum GLY canola cultivars ranged from 2.7 to 15.9 μmol g −1 on a whole‐seed basis (at 8.5% moisture) and was comparable with the industry range (3.0–26.0 μmol g −1 ) for samples graded Canola, No. 1 Canada from 2012 and 2013. These findings are consistent with regulatory study results and submissions made globally in support of authorization for canola containing event DP‐Ø73496‐4. Optimum GLY canola is within established ranges for key industry composition parameters and will maintain canola quality standards.
Fluorinated (Hetero)cycles via Ring‐Closing Metathesis of Fluoride‐ and Trifluoromethyl‐Functionalized Olefins. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.