gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
FETA: Towards Specializing Foundation Models for Expert Task Applications (2022)

Foundation Models (FMs) have demonstrated unprecedented capabilities including zero-shot learning, high fidelity data synthesis, and out of domain generalization. However, as we show in this paper, FMs still have poor out-of-the-box performance on expert tasks (e.g. retrieval of car manuals technical illustrations from language queries), data for which is either unseen or belonging to a long-tail part of the data distribution of the huge datasets used for FM pre-training. This underlines the necessity to explicitly evaluate and finetune FMs on such expert tasks, arguably ones that appear the most in practical real-world applications. In this paper, we propose a first of its kind FETA benchmark built around the task of teaching FMs to understand technical documentation, via learning to match their graphical illustrations to corresponding language descriptions. Our FETA benchmark focuses on text-to-image and image-to-text retrieval in public car manuals and sales catalogue brochures. FETA is equipped with a procedure for completely automatic annotation extraction (code would be released upon acceptance), allowing easy extension of FETA to more documentation types and application domains in the future. Our automatic annotation leads to an automated performance metric shown to be consistent with metrics computed on human-curated annotations (also released). We provide multiple baselines and analysis of popular FMs on FETA leading to several interesting findings that we believe would be very valuable to the FM community, paving the way towards real-world application of FMs for practical expert tasks currently 'overlooked' by standard benchmarks focusing on common objects.
3D Microstructure Effects in Ni-YSZ Anodes: Prediction of Effective Transport Properties and Optimization of Redox Stability (2015)

This study investigates the influence of microstructure on the effective ionic and electrical conductivities of Ni-YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia) anodes. Fine, medium, and coarse microstructures are exposed to redox cycling at 950 °C. FIB (focused ion beam)-tomography and image analysis are used to quantify the effective (connected) volume fraction (Φ<sub>eff</sub>), constriction factor (β), and tortuosity (τ). The effective conductivity (σ<sub>eff</sub>) is described as the product of intrinsic conductivity (σ₀) and the so-called microstructure-factor (<i>M</i>): σ<sub>eff</sub><i>=</i> σ₀*<i>M</i>. Two different methods are used to evaluate the M-factor: (1) by prediction using a recently established relationship, <i>M<sub>pred</sub></i><i>=</i> εβ⁰<sup>.36</sup>/τ<sup>5.17</sup>, and (2) by numerical simulation that provides conductivity, from which the simulated M-factor can be deduced (<i>M</i><sub>sim</sub>). Both methods give complementary and consistent information about the effective transport properties and the redox degradation mechanism. The initial microstructure has a strong influence on effective conductivities and their degradation. Finer anodes have higher initial conductivities but undergo more intensive Ni coarsening. Coarser anodes have a more stable Ni phase but exhibit lower YSZ stability due to lower sintering activity. Consequently, in order to improve redox stability, it is proposed to use mixtures of fine and coarse powders in different proportions for functional anode and current collector layers.
Regulation of anabolic and catabolic gene expression in normal and osteoarthritic adult human articular chondrocytes by osteogenic protein-1. (2004)

Osteoarthritic chondrocytes are not hypo-responsive to anabolic stimulation by OP-1. Thus, human recombinant OP-1 could be a suitable anabolic activator of osteoarthritic chondrocytes. This might be of particular interest as chondrocytes themselves showed very low levels of OP-1 expression.
Effect of depth dependent spherical aberrations in 3D structured illumination microscopy (2012)

We model the effect of depth dependent spherical aberration caused by a refractive index mismatch between the mounting and immersion mediums in a 3D structured illumination microscope (SIM). We first derive a forward model that takes into account the effect of the depth varying aberrations on both the illumination and the detection processes. From the model, we demonstrate that depth dependent spherical aberration leads to loss of signal only due to its effect on the detection response of the system, while its effect on illumination leads to phase shifts between orders that can be handled computationally in the reconstruction process. Further, by using the model, we provide guidelines for optical corrections of aberrations with different complexities, and explain how the proposed corrections simplify the forward model. Finally, we show that it is possible to correct both illumination and detection aberrations using a deformable mirror only on the detection path of the microscope.
Three-dimensional coupled-wave theory for triangular-lattice photonic-crystal lasers (2013)

We develop a three-dimensional coupled-wave theory to model triangular-lattice photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers. Unlike previous theories, our presented theory is able to treat non-Γ-point modes. We compare our theoretical results with experiments and find good agreement.
Comprehensive model for the electronic transport in Pt/SrTiO3 analog memristive devices (2020)

The presented study considers the electronic conduction across a $\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}\text{/}\mathrm{Pt}$ Schottky electrode in a resistive switching cell. It is generally accepted that the resistive switching effect is based on the migration of oxygen vacancies, which can be understood as mobile donors. In the experimental approach, a $\mathrm{Nb}:\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}\text{/}\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}\text{/}\mathrm{Pt}$ resistive switching cell is fabricated and tested for its electronic and resistive switching characteristics. Using different voltage stimuli, several analog resistance states are realized. Afterwards, the electrical transport properties under different applied voltages and temperatures are measured for each analog resistive state. To gain physical insight into the analog resistive switching a numerical simulation model is developed. The electronic conduction is calculated based on the single band transport theory and a phonon scattering theory accounting for polar material systems. The simulation model allows testing of the conduction in these resistive switching cells by using different doping (oxygen vacancy) concentrations. Combining the simulation model and the experiment, it delivers a comprehensive physical description for the conduction. By means of simulation, the energy resolved current transport across the Schottky barrier is analyzed. It forms a peaklike distribution, originating from the limited thermal excitation and tunneling probability across the $\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}\text{/}\mathrm{Pt}$ Schottky barrier. Thus, the conduction processes in all states are identified as a balance between a thermally assisted tunneling effect and a phonon dominated bulk transport. Applying this understanding, the resistive switching effect is reduced to a modification of the Schottky tunnel barrier, based on the rearrangement of oxygen vacancies. Thus a low vacancy concentration leads to a high and wide tunneling barrier, which is reduced and shortened for higher concentrations. All resistance states in between are understood as an adjustment of intermediate tunneling barriers. The physical insights leading to the realization of analog resistance states is mandatory to realize new types of neuromorphic computing circuits based on resistive switching devices. Furthermore, the obtained results could be easily transferred to other systems where a static doping concentration applies. This makes the results highly interesting to other applications in the field of electronic oxides and Schottky barrier dominated systems.
Oxidative dehydrogenation of dimethyl ether to 1,2-dimethoxyethane over oxide catalysts (2017)

Catalysts based on silica-supported Ga2O3, In2O3, La2O3 possess higher activity in oxidative dehydrogenation of dimethyl ether to dimethoxyethane than co-precipitated CaO–SnO2, SrO–SnO2, BaO–SnO2 catalysts.
Hepatitis C Virus IRES RNA—Induced Changes in the Conformation of the 40S (2001)

Initiation of protein synthesis in eukaryotes requires recruitment of the 40S ribosomal subunit to the messenger RNA (mRNA). In most cases, this depends on recognition of a modified nucleotide cap on the 59 end of the mRNA. However, an alternate pathway uses a structured RNA element in the 59 untranslated region of the messenger or viral RNA called an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). Here, we present a cryo-electron microscopy map of the hepatitis C virus (HCV ) IRES bound to the 40S ribosomal subunit at about 20 A resolution. IRES binding induces a pronounced conformational change in the 40S subunit and closes the mRNA binding cleft, suggesting a mechanism for IRES-mediated positioning of mRNA in the ribosomal decoding center. Initiation of protein synthesis in eukaryotes requires the ordered assembly of ribosomal preinitiation complexes. The ribosome dynamics that accompany this process are not understood, although recent progress in determining the structure of ribosomes and functional ribosomal complexes by x-ray crystallography (1‐4) and cryo‐ electron microscopy (cryo-EM ) (5‐8) has revealed
Stable and Efficient Fluorescent Red and Green Dyes for External and Internal Conversion of Blue OLED Emission (2003)

We have synthesized a series of diphenylamine-substituted coumarin, (dicyanomethylene)pyran, and benzophenoxazone dyes and report on their optical and electroluminescent properties, thermal and photooxidative stabilities, and potential as red and green dopants for organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays or down-conversion fluorescent dyes for external color-converters. Incorporation of the bulky phenyl groups in these dyes delays the onset of concentration quenching when they are dissolved in polymer films. Their improved photoluminescent efficiency and photooxidative stability make them excellent candidates for external color-conversion. The improved electroluminescence and power efficiencies and enhanced thermal stability of 3-(2'-benzimidazolyl)-7-(diphenylamino)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (C7S) as well as its Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates suggests its use as a green dopant in OLED devices.
Charge injection at interfaces between molecularly doped polymer thin films (2007)

Charge injection between the active layers in organic semiconducting devices is a key determinant of device function. Accordingly, understanding the effect of intermixing between the layers at these interfaces is of fundamental importance. In this letter, via the use of the time-of-flight method, a comparison is made between the charge injection across discrete versus intermixed interfaces of N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine and 1,1-bis((di-4-tolylamino)phenyl)-cyclohexane doped polycarbonate, semiconducting thin-film layers. No perturbation to the overall charge transport was observed with the discrete interface; however, in contrast the rate of charge transport was clearly reduced through the intermixed interface.
A modular approach to easily processable supramolecular bilayered scaffolds with tailorable properties (2014)

Engineering of anisotropic tissues demands extracellular matrix (ECM) mimicking scaffolds with an asymmetric distribution of functionalities. We here describe a convenient, modular approach based on supramolecular building blocks to form electrospun bilayered scaffolds with tailorable properties. Polymers and peptides functionalized with hydrogen-bonding ureido-pyrimidinone (UPy) moieties can easily be mixed-and-matched to explore new material combinations with optimal properties. These combinatorial supramolecular biomaterials, processed by electrospinning, enable the formation of modular fibrous scaffolds. We demonstrate how UPy-functionalized polymers based on polycaprolactone and poly(ethylene glycol) enable us to unite both cell-adhesive and non-cell adhesive characters into a single electrospun bilayered scaffold. We furthermore show that the non-cell adhesive layer can be bioactivated and made adhesive for kidney epithelial cells by the incorporation of 4 mol% of UPy-modified Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide in the electrospinning solution. These findings show that the UPy-based supramolecular biomaterial system offers a versatile toolbox to form modular multilayered scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications such as the formation of membranes for a living bioartificial kidney.
Use of optical coherence tomography otoscopy to overcome cerumen and other view obstructions during ear examination and assessment (2022)

Abstract Childhood ear infections are highly prevalent and diagnosed with the otoscope, a simple tool that illuminates and magnifies the eardrum to subjectively assess color, translucency and presence of any middle ear fluid. Frequently, however, this view is obstructed by cerumen, complicating clinician assessment and appropriate and effective management. An optical coherence tomography (OCT)‐otoscope capable of capturing both depth‐resolved OCT images and digital color surface images was used to compare OCT against otoscopy for imageability and readability despite cerumen obstruction. Image data were collected from 26 human subjects and read by 12 blinded clinicians and 5 blinded OCT experts. An average of 64.6% of otoscopy views were obstructed. For cases with &gt;75% otoscopy view obstruction, OCT imageability was 84.6%, while otoscopy imageability was 37.5%, excluding complete obstruction cases. OCT‐otoscopy is a promising technology to improve practical middle ear assessment despite the presence of obstructions that frequently render current diagnostic assessments ineffective.
Understanding the Cancer Biology Universe: Enigmas, Context and Future Prospects (2002)

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Domino Conversions of Allyl Tetronates and 4‐Allyloxycoumarins to all‐trans 1,3,4,5‐Tetrasubstituted γ‐Butyrolactams. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Exporting storage systems in a scalable manner with pNFS (2005)

To meet enterprise and grand challenge-scale performance and interoperability requirements, a group of engineers—initially ad-hoc but now integrated into the IETF—is designing extensions to NFSv4 that provide parallel access to storage systems. This paper gives an overview of pNFS, an emerging NFSv4 extension that promises file access scalability plus operating system and storage system independence. pNFS bypasses the server bottleneck by enabling direct access to storage by NFSv4 clients and by providing a framework for the co-existence of NFSv4 with other file access protocols. In this paper, we describe an implementation that demonstrates and validates pNFS ’ potential. The I/O throughput of our prototype matches that of its exported file system and far exceeds standard NFSv4. 1.
Electrostatic Assembly of Conjugated Polymer Thin Layers on Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Biosensors (2004)

We report a new fabrication approach to highly sensitive optical sensors by combining the techniques of electrospinning and electrostatic layer-by-layer adsorption. A fluorescent probe, hydrolyzed poly[2-(3-thienyl) ethanol butoxy carbonyl-methyl urethane] (H-PURET), was electrostatically assembled onto the surface of cellulose acetate (CA) electrospun nanofibrous membranes. The fluorescence of these membranes can be quenched by extremely low concentrations (ppb) of methyl viologen (MV2+) and cytochrome c (cyt c) in aqueous solutions. This high sensitivity is attributed to the high surface-area-to-volume ratio of the electrospun membranes and efficient interaction between the fluorescent conjugated polymer and the analytes.
Tutorials - MAR Tutorial 1 (half day)&amp;ISMAR Tutorial 2 (half day) (2006)

Provides an abstract for each of the presentations and a brief professional biography of each presenter. The complete presentations were not made available for publication as part of the conference proceedings.
Guest Editorial: Non-Euclidean Machine Learning (2022)

Over the past decade, deep learning has had a revolutionary impact on a broad range of fields such as computer vision and image processing, computational photography, medical imaging and speech and language analysis and synthesis etc. Deep learning technologies are estimated to have added billions in business value, created new markets, and transformed entire industrial segments. Most of today’s successful deep learning methods such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) rely on classical signal processing models that limit their applicability to data with underlying Euclidean grid-like structure, e.g., images or acoustic signals. Yet, many applications deal with non-Euclidean (graph- or manifold-structured) data. For example, in social network analysis the users and their attributes are generally modeled as signals on the vertices of graphs. In biology protein-to-protein interactions are modeled as graphs. In computer vision & graphics 3D objects are modeled as meshes or point clouds. Furthermore, a graph representation is a very natural way to describe interactions between objects or signals. The classical deep learning paradigm on Euclidean domains falls short in providing appropriate tools for such kind of data. Until recently, the lack of deep learning models capable of correctly dealing with non-Euclidean data has been a major obstacle in these fields. This special section addresses the need to bring together leading efforts in non-Euclidean deep learning across all communities. From the papers that the special received twelve were selected for publication. The selected papers can naturally fall in three distinct categories: (a) methodologies that advance machine learning on data that are represented as graphs, (b) methodologies that advance machine learning on manifold-valued data, and (c) applications of machine learning methodologies on non-Euclidean spaces in computer vision and medical imaging. We briefly review the accepted papers in each of the groups.
A multiprocessor self-reconfigurable JPEG2000 encoder (2009)

This paper presents a multiprocessor architecture prototype on a field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) with support for hardware and software multithreading. Thanks to partial dynamic reconfiguration, this system can, at run time, spawn both software and hardware threads, sharing not only the general purpose soft-cores present in the architecture but also area on the FPGA. While on a standard single processor architecture the partial dynamic reconfiguration requires the processor to stop working to instantiate the hardware threads, the proposed solution hides most of the reconfiguration latency through the parallel execution of software threads. We validate our framework on a JPEG 2000 encoder, showing how threads are spawned, executed and joined independently of their hardware or software nature. We also show results confirming that, by using the proposed approach, we are able to hide the reconfiguration time.
Comparative Fungicidal Activities of N-Chlorotaurine and Conventional Antiseptics against Candida spp. Isolated from Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (2022)

N-chlorotaurine (NCT), the N-chloro derivative of the amino acid taurine, is a long-lived oxidant produced by stimulated human leucocytes. NCT has antimicrobial activities which are generally enhanced in the presence of organic material. The aim of this study was to investigate fungicidal effects of NCT and conventional antiseptics against <i>Candida</i> isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Chlorhexidine (CHX, 1.6%), octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT, 0.08%), povidone iodine (PVP-I, 8%), boric acid (8%), and NCT (0.1% (5.5 mM)) were evaluated against forty-four <i>Candida</i> isolates, according to European Standard methods, at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min and 24 h in the presence of skim milk as an organic material. CHX, OCT, and PVP-I showed rapid fungicidal activity against all <i>Candida</i> isolates with 5-6 log<sub>10</sub> reduction of viable counts after 30 min, whereas boric acid and NCT needed 1 h against <i>Candida albicans</i> and 2 h against <i>non-albicans Candida</i> for a significant 3 log<sub>10</sub> reduction. NCT showed fungicidal activity (defined as ≥4 log<sub>10</sub> reduction) against <i>C. albicans</i> within 90 min and <i>C. non-albicans</i> within 24 h. Based upon all presently available data, including our results, NCT could be used as a new agent for treatment of local fungal infections such as VVC.
Effects of preheating on the coating process in low‐pressure plasma spraying (1995)

The effect of preheating on coating process was investigated in low pressure plasma spraying. In this study, microstructure, bonding strength and blast erosion property were examined for the coating which consists of Ni based superalloy as a substrate and CoNiCrAlY spraying material. The results are summarized as follows.(1) High bonding strength over 72 MPa of coating to the substrate by low pressure plasma spraying, is derived from the diffusion zone formed adjacent to the coating interface.(2) 1073 K preheating coupled with the plasma spraying causes short-time diffusion adjacent to the coating interface that is equivalent to the vacuum-furnace heating at approximately 1373K.(3) The blast erosion property of low pressure plasma sprayed CoNiCrAlY is close to the stainless steel rather than the atomospheric plasma sprayed coating.(4) Low pressure plasma sprayed coating which is preheated over 873 K, consists of the top layer with higher blast erosion rate and excellent layers with low blast erosion rate under it. It is considered that in-situ sintering phenomenon caused by sufficient preheating and the subsequent spraying would improve combining strength between sprayed particles.(5) Plasma flame treatment just after spraying improves the blast erosion property of the top layer in low pressure plasma coating.
Autonomous Vehicle Application for Improving Traffic Sign Learning near Ramps (2020)

The state-of-the-art traffic sign recognition (TSR) algorithms are designed to recognize the textual information of a traffic sign at over 95% accuracy. Even though, they are still not ready for complex roadworks near ramps. In real-world applications, when the vehicles are running on the freeway, they may misdetect the traffic signs for the ramp, which will become inaccurate feedback to the autonomous driving applications and result in unexpected speed reduction. The misdetection problems have drawn minimal attention in recent TSR studies. In this paper, it is proposed that the existing TSR studies should transform from the point-based sign recognition to path-based sign learning. In the proposed pipeline, the confidence of the TSR observations from normal vehicles can be increased by clustering and location adjustment. A supervised learning model is employed to classify the clustered learned signs and complement their path information. Test drives are conducted in 12 European countries to calibrate the models and validate the path information of the learned sign. After model implementation, the path accuracy over 1,000 learned signs can be increased from 75.04% to 89.80%. This study proves the necessity of the path-based TSR studies near freeway ramps and the proposed pipeline demonstrates a good utility and broad applicability for sensor-based autonomous vehicle applications.