gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Amygdala inputs to prefrontal cortex guide behavior amid conflicting cues of reward and punishment (2017)

Orchestrating appropriate behavioral responses in the face of competing signals that predict either rewards or threats in the environment is crucial for survival. The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) and prelimbic (PL) medial prefrontal cortex have been implicated in reward-seeking and fear-related responses, but how information flows between these reciprocally connected structures to coordinate behavior is unknown. We recorded neuronal activity from the BLA and PL while rats performed a task wherein competing shock- and sucrose-predictive cues were simultaneously presented. The correlated firing primarily displayed a BLA→PL directionality during the shock-associated cue. Furthermore, BLA neurons optogenetically identified as projecting to PL more accurately predicted behavioral responses during competition than unidentified BLA neurons. Finally photostimulation of the BLA→PL projection increased freezing, whereas both chemogenetic and optogenetic inhibition reduced freezing. Therefore, the BLA→PL circuit is critical in governing the selection of behavioral responses in the face of competing signals.
Pyrazol-1-yl-propanamides as SARD and Pan-Antagonists for the Treatment of Enzalutamide-Resistant Prostate Cancer (2020)

We report herein the design, synthesis, and pharmacological characterization of a library of novel aryl pyrazol-1-yl-propanamides as selective androgen receptor degraders (SARDs) and pan-antagonists that exert broad-scope AR antagonism. Pharmacological evaluation demonstrated that introducing a pyrazole moiety as the B-ring structural element in the common A-ring-linkage-B-ring nonsteroidal antiandrogens' general pharmacophore allowed the development of a new scaffold of small molecules with unique SARD and pan-antagonist activities even compared to our recently published AF-1 binding SARDs such as UT-155 (<b>9</b>) and UT-34 (<b>10</b>). Novel B-ring pyrazoles exhibited potent AR antagonist activities, including promising distribution, metabolism, and pharmacokinetic properties, and broad-spectrum AR antagonist properties, including potent <i>in vivo</i> antitumor activity. <b>26a</b> was able to induce an 80% tumor growth inhibition of xenografts derived from the enzalutamide-resistant (Enz-R) VCaP cell line. These results represent an advancement toward the development of novel AR antagonists for the treatment of Enz-R prostate cancer.
Robot-assisted needle placement in open MRI: System architecture, integration and validation (2007)

In prostate cancer treatment, there is a move toward targeted interventions for biopsy and therapy, which has precipitated the need for precise image-guided methods for needle placement. This paper describes an integrated system for planning and performing percutaneous procedures with robotic assistance under MRI guidance. A graphical planning interface allows the physician to specify the set of desired needle trajectories, based on anatomical structures and lesions observed in the patient's registered pre-operative and pre-procedural MR images, immediately prior to the intervention in an open-bore MRI scanner. All image-space coordinates are automatically computed, and are used to position a needle guide by means of an MRI-compatible robotic manipulator, thus avoiding the limitations of the traditional fixed needle template. Automatic alignment of real-time intra-operative images aids visualization of the needle as it is manually inserted through the guide. Results from in-scanner phantom experiments are provided.
A Highly Accurate Machine Learning Approach to Modelling PVT Variation Aware Leakage Power in FinFET Digital Circuits (2019)

Due to the advent of deep sub-micron technologies, statistical (in addition to temperature and supply voltage) variations aware estimation of leakages power has become prominent. Also, estimation of leakage currents at SPICE level guarantees the most accurate results, however not feasible means in high complexity ICs. This performs adversely for Monte-Carlo iterations for statistical analysis. In this paper we introduced an accurate machine learning technique to model statistical and operating variation aware estimation from Artificial Neural Network and regression based Multivariate Polynomial Regression which exhibits innately faster computation and attained error less than 1% for the targeted 16nm FinFET technology node although model is black box for any technology. The accuracy of the proposed technique has been tested over several basic cells and estimation of the complex circuits have been carried out utilizing the pre-modelled basic cells.
Methanol oxidation in acid on ordered NiTi (1992)

A 50–50 ordered NiTi alloy is shown to form a passivating layer that makes it electrochemically stable in acid solution and to be an electrocatalyst for the methanol oxidation reaction. To elucidate the reaction pathways, the electrochemical properties of Ti and Ni electrodes were compared with those of NiTi and Pt electrodes. Alloying Ti with Ni suppresses the corrosion reaction on Ni electrodes in acid by shifting the potential for Ni2+ion dissolution to a value above that at which the Ni2+ ions at the surface are converted to Ni3+ ions. NiTi electrodes, like Ni and Ti electrodes, form oxyhydroxide films at anodic potentials, and the thickness of the film increases with applied anodic voltage. Methanol oxidation occurs on the oxyhydroxide films. Dissociative chemisorption requires a potential sufficiently anodic of the flat-band potential of the film composition at the surface, or threshold potential Eth for the creation of surface Ni3+ ions, for electron transfer to take place via tunnelling across a Schottky barrier to either a conduction band, in the case of Ti, or an Ni3+/2+ redox band in the case of Ni. In the case of NiTi, the former mechanism appears to be operative at lower potentials, the latter at higher potentials. The reaction is completed with an attack by water on a surface carboxy group, which also requires electron tunnelling across a depletion layer. Methanol oxidation on NiTi is more active than on Ti or Ni, and it is completed at a potential E < 1.23 V. A distinction was found between p-type and n-type oxyhydroxide layers. The n-type layers, formed only occasionally, gave cyclic voltammograms which resembled those obtained on elemental platinum.
Supplemental Methods and References from Grapefruit-Derived Nanovectors Use an Activated Leukocyte Trafficking Pathway to Deliver Therapeutic Agents to Inflammatory Tumor Sites (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplemental Methods and References. Description of additional methods and procedures used in the study. Also includes Supplemental References.&lt;/p&gt;
Band-limited 2D Cartesian behavioral modeling of concurrent dual-band RF transmitters (2016)

This paper reports a novel band-limited two dimensional (2D) Cartesian behavioral model for concurrent dual-band radio frequency (RF) transmitters. The proposed model is based on using a band-limited technique in order to control the bandwidth of the transmitter. This new approach eliminates the bandwidth requirements in wideband concurrent dual-band transmitters in the presence of in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) modulator imperfections. In order to validate this idea, a broadband class AB PA driven concurrently by two independent LTE signals. The results prove that this approach has significant advantage when modeling the band-limited systems.
Osteopontin-Igm as a Marker for the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2009)

Introduction Biomarkers for early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) detection are still a clinical need. Recent data indicate that cancer-associated antigens lead to the formation of circulating IgM-linked immune complexes as the result of natural IgM production by the innate immune response. The SCCA-IgM immune complex has already been described for primary liver cancer detection. Osteopontin (OPN) is a member of the SIBLING family of proteins recently shown to be related to tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis in various cancer types. Aim To evaluate the serum levels of the OPN-IgM complex in comparison to the SCCA-IgM complex in patients with HCC. Patients A total of 256 patients were analyzed including 151 patients with HCC (M/F 115/36; mean age ± SD: 67 ± 12 years) and 106 patients with cirrhosis (M/F 68/38; mean age ± SD: 62 ± 12 years). HCC, tested before any therapeutic approach, was mainly of viral etiology (58% HCV, 11% HBV), while alcohol abuse (22%) was the main risk factor for the remaining cases. A similar distribution was found in patients with cirrhosis (46% HCV, 15% HBV, 38% alcohol). Methods Serum levels of OPN-IgM were measured using a homemade ELISA assay with a polyclonal anti-human OPN antibody (Biodesign Int, USA). SCCA-IgM was detected in serum using an ELISA assay kit (Hepa-IC, Xeptagen). Results OPN-IgM was positive in 64/151 (42%) patients with HCC and in 45/106 (42%) patients with cirrhosis (specificity 58%), while the reference biomarker SCCA-IgM showed 35% sensitivity (49/139) and 71 % specificity. When patients were stratified on the basis of etiology, the sensitivity values for OPN-IgM and SCCA-IgM were 51% vs 44% in HCV patients, and 36% vs 23% in the other patients, while the specificity was lower for OPN-IgM (55% vs 69% in HCV patients; 62% vs 72% in the other patients). Combination of the two biomarkers resulted in an increase in sensitivity to 63% for viral etiology and to 40% for nonviral etiology. Conclusion Different IgM-linked biomarkers are detectable in primary liver cancer. OPN-IgM and SCCA-IgM showed a similar behavior, while the combination of these biomarkers increased the diagnostic performance for primary liver cancer.
DTQDB: A Fair and Fully Utilized Media Access Protocol for Dual Bus Networks (1995)

The distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) protocol with bandwidth balancing (the IEEE 802.6 standard for metropolitan area networks) achieves fairness by sacrificing a fraction of the bandwidth. Many existing protocols indicate that fairness and full utilization might be incompatible in highspeed-high-latency MANs or LANs. The main purpose of this research is to design a protocol called distributed total queue dual bus (DTQDB) that combines the two features together. In addition, the protocol provides bounded access delay that is linear in the round trip propagation delay. The basic concept is to compute, for each station, the latest estimate on the number of active downstream stations, according to the information available, and serve them in a round robin scheme.
Enantiopure 4- and 5-Aminopiperidin-2-ones:  Regiocontrolled Synthesis and Conformational Characterization as Bioactive β-Turn Mimetics (2000)

Starting from aspartic acid, we synthesized lactam-bridged beta- and gamma-amino acid equivalents. Using the 1,4-bis-electrophile 1b as a central intermediate, the 4- and 5-aminopiperidin-2-ones 4 and 8, respectively, were approached by regioselective functionalization and subsequent lactamization. Diastereoselective C-alkylation was performed after N-protection of the lactam functionality when exclusive trans configuration resulting in the formation of 5a-f was observed in the 4-amino series. On the other hand, cis selectivity was typical for the alkylations of the 5-amino lactams 5a,b. To investigate the ability of the lactam building blocks to induce reverse-turn structures by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, the model peptidomimetics 12 and 14 representing Homo-Freidinger lactams of type II and III were prepared from 4a and 8a, respectively. Conformational analyses in dilute solution (1 mM) by IR and NMR spectroscopy at room temperature clearly indicated that the 4-aminopiperidin-2-one derivative 12 predominantly adopts a reverse-turn structure stabilized by a CO-HN hydrogen bond in an 11-membered ring. VT NMR experiments showed a substantial temperature dependency of the terminal NH when Deltadelta(NH)/DeltaT = -6.5 indicated that the amount of intramolecular hydrogen bonding is higher at low temperature. An application in the field of medicinal chemistry was demonstrated. Thus, starting from the Homo-Freidinger lactam 11c and the enantiomer ent-11c, we synthesized the peptidomimetics 15c and 16c and investigated them as lactam-bridged analogues of the dopamine receptor modulating peptide Pro-Leu-Gly-NH(2) (PLG). Both test compounds turned out to enhance significantly the agonist binding of dopamine D2 receptors, when the isomer 15c revealed a potency comparable to the genuine ligand PLG.
Rate-adaptive multipath routing: Distributed, centralized, and hybrid architectures (2015)

With the increasing volume and volatility of Internet traffic, the need for adaptive routing algorithms has become compelling lately. An adaptive routing algorithm controls the rate at which traffic is placed on forwarding paths in concert with the actual user demands, making it possible to avoid congestion even when no information on expected traffic is available. In this article, we present a new model for rate-adaptive multipath routing, which allows one to analyze distributed, centralized, and hybrid routing architectures within a single framework, and to develop quantitative as well as qualitative arguments regarding their optimality, stability, and realizability. By a novel generalization of oblivious routing, we present a centralized algorithm with provable optimality, and we arrive at the conclusion that congestion can be completely eliminated even if routing decisions are completely precomputed. We find, although, that the complexity of the centralized scheme can become exponential. Therefore, we develop a hybrid distributed-centralized algorithm that combines the simplicity of distributed algorithms with the efficiency of centralized ones, and we provide numerical studies demonstrating that the hybrid scheme performs well in a broad selection of realistic scenarios. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.NETWORKS, Vol. 66(2), 118–135 2015
Thermally optimized demagnetization of inductive loads [power IC load switching] (2004)

Switching inductive loads, without free-wheeling diodes, to achieve fast switch-off times, is an important application for integrated smart power circuits. It requires an integrated overvoltage protection and the ability of the integrated circuit to dissipate the energy stored in the inductive load within short periods of time. In this paper, an optimized demagnetization strategy is introduced which allows for switching off large inductive loads quickly without exceeding the critical junction temperature. It is shown that for a given power transistor, the energy capability can be increased by approximately 50% compared to the state-of-the-art switch-off procedure. A circuit implementation is presented which has been implemented on a testchip. Measurement results are shown which demonstrate the advantages of the new approach.
<title>Methodology and sample results of retrieving aerosol parameters by combined multiwavelength lidar and Sun-sky scanning measurements</title> (2004)

Scientific groups engaged within the frame of the observation networks AERONET and EARLINET perform this work. The methodology of coordinated multi-frequency lidar and radiometric investigation of atmospheric aerosols is being developed for using in network observations. The method to process data of a comprehensive experiment utilizes the approach<sup>1,2</sup> designed to process CIMEL data. The retrieval of altitude profiles of aerosol parameters is based on solving a common equation set including lidar equations, equations for the whole atmospheric depth, and constraints on the smoothness of the solutions. The results of numerical experiments are given in the paper to estimate errors while retrieving aerosol parameters. The measurement procedure and algorithms for data processing were refined during the summer-autumn, 2002 at the stations of the Institute of Physics (Minsk, Belarus) and Institute of Geophysics (Belsk, Poland). The stations were equipped by devices CIMEL and three-frequency lidars (532, 694, and 1064 nm). The CIMELs operated according to the routine AERONET program during the measurements. To provide gathering the data on the whole areosol layer, a series of lidar observations was made at different elevation angles. A pro9cedure to successively approach to an optimal estimation of aerosol parameters is proposed in this work to enable data processing with real measurement errors. The results of retrieving vertical profiles of aerosol fraction concentrations are presented for different quality of measurement information.
Estimation of kinetic model parameters in fluorescence optical diffusion tomography (2005)

We present a technique for reconstructing the spatially dependent dynamics of a fluorescent contrast agent in turbid media. The dynamic behavior is described by linear and nonlinear parameters of a compartmental model or some other model with a deterministic functional form. The method extends our previous work in fluorescence optical diffusion tomography by parametrically reconstructing the time-dependent fluorescent yield. The reconstruction uses a Bayesian framework and parametric iterative coordinate descent optimization, which is closely related to Gauss-Seidel methods. We demonstrate the method with a simulation study.
Defect-mediated creep of structured materials (2001)

Low-stress creep measurements on a nematic liquid crystal polymer indicate that it is a viscoelastic solid, with a modulus of 100dynes/cm2 and a yield stress of 50dynes/cm2. Both smectics and nematics are viscoelastic solids at very low stress levels, with a modulus that is related to their defect texture. At stress levels somewhat above the yield stress, there is a yielding regime where the deformation rate and defect spacing are power laws in the applied stress. We understand these power laws using the ideas developed long ago by Orowan for the motion of line defects in crystalline solids. The exponents of these power laws are different for nematics and smectics, but the nematic universality class also appears to apply to superplastic metals and ceramics.
Characterizing the Learning Curve and Accuracy of Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Interpretation amongst Digestive Healthcare Practitioners (2016)

Goals: To prospectively evaluate the accuracy and learning curve of trainees to interpret wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE). Background: Trainees and mid-level providers are often used as first-line readers to earmark WCE images that are subsequently reviewed by an attending gastroenterologist. This practice has been demonstrated to be cost-effective and highly accurate, but the learning curve of trainees and physician extenders has not been well described. Study: Each WCE trainee individually reviewed and interpreted 48 fulllength de-identified WCE studies and recorded significant findings, time required to interpret each study, and confidence of the interpretation. After every 10 studies, each trainee reviewed WCE findings with the expert. The first 10 studies were considered the training period with the next 19 studies considered study period 1 and last 19 studies considered study period 2. Reading times were compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Results: The median time for WCE interpretation improved significantly from the training period to the first study period for each trainee; GI fellow (41 min vs. 21 min, p<0.002), CRNP fellow (67 min vs. 33 min, p<0.002), RN (82 min vs. 30 min, p<0.001). Median reading times appeared to plateau for the GI fellow and CRNP fellow after 10 and 20-25 studies, respectively. This finding suggests that additional studies are unlikely to improve reading efficiency. The GI nurse never plateaus during the study. Confidence improved for all trainees during the study; however, in the final study period, the GI fellow reported higher confidence than the CRNP fellow, who reported higher confidence than the GI nurse. After the training period of 10 capsule studies, the MD fellow was found to have a higher sensitivity (89%), specificity (95%) and accuracy (92%) compared to other trainees. Conclusion: Reading time, self-reported confidence, and accuracy appear to be good markers for assessing learning. Twenty-five capsule studies appear to be sufficient for trainees enrolled in a GI fellowship program who are actively performing endoscopy; however physician extenders who do not perform endoscopy appear to require interpretation of more than 25 WCE studies before adequate proficiency is achieved.
Introduction to Supramolecular Catalysis (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Design Approaches to Supramolecular Catalysis Molecular Receptors that Place a Binding Site Close to a Catalytic Center Molecular Receptors that Promote the Reaction of two Simultaneously Complexed Reactants Preparation of the Catalyst Backbone via Supramolecular Interactions Artificial Biomacromolecules for Asymmetric Catalysis Summary and Outlook
NRGNN (2021)

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved promising results for semi-supervised learning tasks on graphs such as node classification. Despite the great success of GNNs, many real-world graphs are often sparsely and noisily labeled, which could significantly degrade the performance of GNNs, as the noisy information could propagate to unlabeled nodes via graph structure. Thus, it is important to develop a label noise-resistant GNN for semi-supervised node classification. Though extensive studies have been conducted to learn neural networks with noisy labels, they mostly focus on independent and identically distributed data and assume a large number of noisy labels are available, which are not directly applicable for GNNs. Thus, we investigate a novel problem of learning a robust GNN with noisy and limited labels. To alleviate the negative effects of label noise, we propose to link the unlabeled nodes with labeled nodes of high feature similarity to bring more clean label information. Furthermore, accurate pseudo labels could be obtained by this strategy to provide more supervision and further reduce the effects of label noise. Our theoretical and empirical analysis verify the effectiveness of these two strategies under mild conditions. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in learning a robust GNN with noisy and limited labels.
<title>How to get light out of silicon: molecular design of precursors for MOCVD of Si:Er</title> (1998)

Erbium {tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)]amide} has been employed as a dopant material for incorporation of the rare earth element erbium into a silicon host lattice for fabrication of monochromatic and temperature-independent optoelectronic devices. Electronic characteristics, including room temperature electroluminescence and glancing angle X-ray diffraction, have been obtained from deposited Si:Er films. The utilized erbium amide precursor has been compared to alternative erbium sources as hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon containing (beta) -diketonates (tmhd and fod).