gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Self calibrating circuit design for variation tolerant VLSI systems (2005)

Increasing leakage current and aggravating process variations are showing impact on dynamic circuit performance and robustness as technology scales into the nanometer regime. This paper describes a self-calibrating process compensating dynamic (PCD) circuit technique for maintaining the performance benefit of dynamic circuits and reducing the variation in delay and robustness. A variable strength keeper that is optimally programmed based on the die leakage enables 10% faster performance, 35% reduction in delay variation, and 5/spl times/ reduction in the number of robustness failing dies compared to conventional designs. A new leakage current sensor design is also presented that can detect leakage variation and generate the keeper control signals for the PCD technique. The proposed 6-channel leakage current sensor enables high-resolution on-chip leakage measurements from multiple locations of a die, saving testing cost and realizing both die-to-die and within-die process compensation. Results based on measured leakage data show 1.9-10.2/spl times/ higher signal-to-noise ratio and reduced sensitivity to supply and P/N skew variations compared to prior leakage sensor designs. The PCD technique with the on-die leakage current sensor is applied to a 2-read, 2-write ported 128 /spl times/ 32b register file and a test chip is fabricated in 1.2V, 90nm dual-V, CMOS process.
Prolactin Receptor Levels on Lymphocytes Vary with Menstrual Cycle in Women (1994)

Prolactin exerts effects on the immune system, potentiating T-cell growth in response to various stimuli. These effects are felt to be mediated by specific receptors present on lymphocytes for prolactin. While the presence of prolactin receptors (PRLRs) on lymphocytes is well accepted, potential fluctuations in these receptor levels in individuals have not been studied. Here we present evidence that lymphocyte prolactin levels vary throughout the menstrual cycle in females. Lymphocyte PRLR levels varied up to 10-fold as determined by radioreceptor assay on the different days of the menstrual cycle. A semi-quantitative PCR technique was used to measure message levels, and these generally correlated with radioreceptor results. We conclude that lymphocyte PRLR levels vary throughout the menstrual cycle and that these variations are due at least in part to variations in PRLR mRNA levels.
Electrochemical Reduction Using Glassy Carbon Electrode in Aqueous Medium of a Potential Anti-Chagas Drug: NFOH (2009)

Nitrofurazone NF presents activity against Chagas' disease, yet it has a high toxicity. Its analog, hydroxymethylnitrofurazone NFOH, is more potent against Trypanosoma cruzi and much less toxic than the parent drug, NF. The electrochemical reduction of NFOH in an aqueous medium using a glassy carbon electrode GCE is presented. By cyclic voltammetry in anacidic medium, one irreversible reduction peak related to hydroxylamine derivative formation was registered, being linearly pH dependent. However, from pH 7, a reversible reduction peak at a more positive potential appears and corresponds to the formation of a nitro radical anion. The radical-anion kinetic stability was evaluated by Ip a /Ip c the current ratio of the R-NO 2 /R-NO 2
Proteolytic processing of endogenous and recombinant beta 4 integrin subunit. (1992)

The alpha 6 beta 4 integrin is a receptor involved in the interaction of epithelial cells with basement membranes. This integrin is unique among the known integrins in that its beta 4 subunit has a large cytoplasmic domain. The function of this cytoplasmic domain is not known. In this paper we show that the beta 4 subunit undergoes proteolytic processing in cultured cells and provide evidence that this also happens in tissues. Immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that the cytoplasmic domain of beta 4 is susceptible to a calcium-dependent protease present in cellular extracts. In vitro assays with purified calpain showed that this enzyme can cleave beta 4 at two distinct sites in the cytoplasmic domain, generating truncated molecules of 165 and 130 kD. Immunoblotting experiments performed on cultured epithelial cells using an antibody to a peptide modeled after the COOH-terminus of the beta 4 subunit showed 70-kD fragments and several fragments of molecular masses between 185 and 115 kD. Similar fragments were detected in CHO cells transfected with the full-length beta 4 cDNA, but not in control transfected cells or in cells transfected with a mutant cDNA lacking the epitope of the cytoplasmic peptide antibody. The sizes of the fragments indicated that both the intracellular and extracellular domains of beta 4 are proteolytically processed. To examine the processing of the beta 4 subunit in epithelial tissues in vivo, human skin frozen sections were stained with antibodies to the ectodomain or the cytoplasmic domain of beta 4. The distinct staining patterns obtained with the two types of antibodies provided evidence that beta 4 is proteolytically processed in vivo in skin. Analogous experiments performed on sections of the cornea suggested that beta 4 is not proteolytically processed at a detectable level in this tissue. Thus, cleavage of the beta 4 subunit occurs in a tissue-specific fashion. These results suggest a potential mechanism of modulating the activities of the alpha 6 beta 4 integrin.
Protection from Lethal Irradiation by the Combination of Stem Cell Factor and Tempol (1994)

Cytokines that stimulate growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells have been used as protectors in vivo against ionizing radiation. Recently, we have shown that the nitroxide tempol is also an effective radiation protector in vivo. The purpose of the present study was to determine if the combination of tempol with stem cell factor (SCF, c-kit ligand) would provide enhanced radiation protection in C57 mice compared with the protection afforded by either agent alone. Mice were exposed to whole-body irradiation and assessed for survival at 30 days after irradiation. No control mice survived doses of more than 9 Gy. Treatment of mice before and after radiation with SCF alone (100 micrograms/kg at -20 h, -4 h and +4 h) protected mice from radiation at doses of as high as 10 Gy (76% survival). Tempol (350 mg/kg) given 10 min prior to radiation was a radioprotector at 9 Gy (55% survival). The combination of SCF and tempol increased the survival of mice exposed to radiation doses up to 11 Gy (32% survival for the combination vs 4% for SCF alone and 0% for tempol alone; P < 0.001 for the combination vs either agent alone). Lower doses of SCF alone (1 microgram/kg) or tempol alone (275 mg/kg) did not protect mice from radiation. However, the combination of these reduced doses of SCF and tempol protected mice from lethal irradiation at 10 Gy. Stem cell factor and tempol given either singly or together were well tolerated by the animals. These data show that SCF and tempol are radiation protectors and that their radioprotective effects are more than additive when the agents are given together.
Clonal and Variable Properties of Neisseria meningitidis Isolated from Cases and Carriers During and After an Epidemic in The Gambia, West Africa (1989)

A representative collection of meningococci was isolated from cases and healthy carriers in The Gambia between 1982 and 1988, during and after an epidemic of meningococcal meningitis. These bacteria were subjected to a clonal analysis. All serogroup A bacteria from both cases and carriers were of one clone (A IV-1). Several unrelated clones were observed among serogroup 29E and serogroup Y carrier strains. The serogroup A strains were uniform for serotype and subtype antigens (serotype 4, subtype P1.7) and antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Occasional strains varied in their lipopolysaccharide (LPS), DNA fingerprint pattern, and/or the quantitative expression of the class 1 protein. A high degree of strain-specific variation was found for the expression of class 5 proteins, pili, and sulfonamide sensitivity. The frequency of strains expressing reduced amounts of the class 1 protein, altered LPS, and/or increased amounts of capsular polysaccharide rose among case strains obtained after the epidemic had ceased. These strains seem to be generally resistant to antibody-mediated bactericidal activity.
Evidence for normal extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume in autistic males from middle childhood to adulthood (2021)

Autism spectrum disorder has long been associated with a variety of organizational and developmental abnormalities in the brain. An increase in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume in autistic individuals between the ages of 6 months and 4 years has been reported in recent studies. Increased extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume was predictive of the diagnosis and severity of the autistic symptoms in all of them, irrespective of genetic risk for developing the disorder. In the present study, we explored the trajectory of extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume from childhood to adulthood in both autism and typical development. We hypothesized that an elevated extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume would be found in autism persisting throughout the age range studied. We tested the hypothesis by employing an accelerated, multi-cohort longitudinal data set of 189 individuals (97 autistic, 92 typically developing). Each individual had been scanned between 1 and 5 times, with scanning sessions separated by 2-3 years, for a total of 439 T1-weighted MRI scans. A linear mixed-effects model was used to compare developmental, age-related changes in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume between groups. Inconsistent with our hypothesis, we found no group differences in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume in this cohort of individuals 3 to 42 years of age. Our results suggest that extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume in autistic individuals is not increased compared with controls beyond four years of age.
Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II in Aging Rat Prefrontal Cortex Impairs Working Memory Performance (2021)

Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) expression in brain is increased by inflammation, and reduces NAAG (N-acetyl aspartyl glutamate) stimulation of mGluR3 signaling. Genetic insults in this signaling cascade are increasingly linked to cognitive disorders in humans, where increased GCPII and or decreased NAAG-mGluR3 are associated with impaired prefrontal cortical (PFC) activation and cognitive impairment. As aging is associated with increased inflammation and PFC cognitive deficits, the current study examined GCPII and mGluR3 expression in the aging rat medial PFC, and tested whether GCPII inhibition with 2-(3-mercaptopropyl) pentanedioic acid (2-MPPA) would improve working memory performance. We found that GCPII protein was expressed on astrocytes and some microglia as expected from previous studies, but was also prominently expressed on neurons, and showed increased levels with advancing age. Systemic administration of the GCPII inhibitor, 2-MPPA, improved working memory performance in young and aged rats, and also improved performance after local infusion into the medial PFC. As GCPII inhibitors are well-tolerated, they may provide an important new direction for treatment of cognitive disorders associated with aging and/or inflammation.
Surface-imaged silicon polymers for 193-nm excimer laser lithography (1992)

A negative-tone surface-imaged resist process based upon the area-selective oxidation of silicon-backbone polymers is described. A bromine-based plasma is the resist developer, where the oxidized polymer inhibits the bromine-initiated etching to yield a negative-tone image. Using either polysilanes or polysilynes, resist sensitivities in the range of 50 mJ/cm2 have been obtained and resolutions to 0.2 micrometers achieved. Photosensitizers can be added to further accelerate the photo-oxidation, resulting in sensitivities less than 20 mJ/cm2. The latent image formation is reciprocal with respect to fluence in the range 0.05 to 1.5 mJ/cm2 per pulse and with respect to repetition rate. The photo-oxidation contrast is one, whereas the bromine-based etch step can have a contrast as high as 5. In addition, the exposure, focus, and development latitudes have all been characterized and compared to other surface-imaged 193 nm resist systems.
Partially Coherent Transducers: The Random Phase Transducer Approach (1990)

Ultrasound speckle is a consequence of the stochastic nature of the reflectivity of scattering media (e.g., biological tissue) and of the coherent nature of piezoelectric transducers. This speckle noise can be reduced by the use of incoherent processing techniques (e.g., spatial compounding, incoherent summation, random phase and phase insensitive transducers.). We present a unified framework that explains the limitations of incoherent processing in terms of the information grain theory. This theory predicts the gains in SNR as well as the losses in directivity. We also present the random phase transducer approach to incoherent processing. This approach allows continuous control of the coherence from total incoherence to total coherence. We present applications to speckle reduction, detection of specular reflectors, attenuation estimation and ultrasound imaging. We show that totally incoherent transducers completely remove diffraction effects. They might be used in attenuation estimation, in which case, correction for diffraction is no longer required, in order to obtain unbiased estimates. Partially coherent transducers might also be useful in imaging to reduce speckle noise.
Propagation of ultrashort laser pulses in optically ionized gases (2010)

Propagation of 800 nm, 120 fs laser pulses with intensities of 4×1016 W/cm2 in supersonic gas jets of N2 and H2 is studied using a shear-type interferometer. The plasma density distribution resulting from photoionization is resolved in space and time with simultaneously measured initial neutral density distribution. A distinct difference in laser beam propagation distance is observed when comparing propagation in jets of H2 and N2. This is interpreted in terms of ionization induced refraction, which is stronger when electrons are produced from states of higher ionization potential. Three dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, based on directly solving the Maxwell–Lorentz system of equations, show the roles played by the forward Raman and ionization scattering instabilities, which further affect the propagation distance.
GAS Elements: A Few Nucleotides with a Major Impact on Cytokine-Induced Gene Expression (1997)

Gamma interferon activation site (GAS) elements are short stretches of DNA, originally defined as a requirement for the rapid transcriptional induction of genes in response to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). The protein complex binding to GAS sequences in IFN-gamma-treated cells, the gamma interferon activation factor (GAF), is a dimer of Stat1, the prototype of a family of cytokine-responsive transcription factors, the signal transducers and activators of transcription. To date, seven different Stats are known (excluding alternatively spliced or processed forms), six of which recognize the same small palindromic consensus sequence TTCN2-4 GAA that defines a GAS element. Because one or several Stats take part in nuclear signaling in response to most cytokines or growth factors, the GAS sequence has changed from being viewed as a specific site for IFN-activated GAF to becoming the general nuclear end of the Jak-Stat signaling pathways. This review focuses on the identification and definition of GAS elements, their interaction with Stat transcription factors, and their contribution to the specificity of cytokine-induced gene expression.
Power Absorption of a Wave Energy Converter (2008)

A wave energy converter has been constructed and its function and operational characteristics have been thoroughly investigated and published. The wave energy converter was installed in March of 2006 approximately two kilometers off the Swedish west coast in the proximity of the town Lysekil. Since then the converter has been submerged at the research site for over two and a half years and in operation during three time periods for a total of 12 months, the latest being during five months of 2008. Throughout this time the generated electricity has been transmitted to shore and operational data has been recorded. The wave energy converter and its connected electrical system has been continually upgraded and each of the three operational periods have investigated more advanced stages in the progression toward grid connection. The wave energy system has faced the challenges of the ocean and initial results and insights have been reached, most important being that the overall wave energy concept has been verified. Experiments have shown that slowly varying power generation from ocean waves is possible.Apart from the wave energy converter, three shorter studies have been performed. A sensor was designed for measuring the air gap width of the linear generator used in the wave energy converter. The sensor consists of an etched coil, a search coil, that functions passively through induction. Theory and experiment showed good agreement.The Swedish west coast wave climate has been studied in detail. The study used eight years of wave data from 13 sites in the Skagerrak and Kattegatt, and data from a wave measurement buoy located at the wave energy research site. The study resulted in scatter diagrams, hundred year extreme wave estimations, and a mapping of the energy flux in the area. The average energy flux was found to be approximately 5.2 kW/m in the offshore Skagerrak, 2.8 kW/m in the near shore Skagerrak, and 2.4 kW/m in the Kattegat.A method for evaluating renewable energy technologies in terms of economy and engineering solutions has been investigated. The match between the technologies and the fundamental physics of renewable energy sources can be given in terms of the technology’s utilization. It is argued that engineers should strive for a high utilization if competitive technologies are to be developed.
Resonance Raman Evidence that Photodissociation of Nitric Oxide from the Non-Heme Iron Center Activates Nitrile Hydratase from Rhodococcus sp. N-771 (1996)

Nitrile hydratase (NHase) from Rhodococcus sp. N-771, which contains a non-heme iron center in the catalytic site, has been known to be activated by light illumination. Recently, endogenous nitric oxide (NO) was found in this enzyme by FTIR spectroscopy [Noguchi et al. (1995) FEBS Lett. 358, 9-12]. In order to directly detect the bonding between NO and the iron atom and the reaction of NO upon photoactivation, resonance Raman spectra of the NHase were measured with 413 nm excitation at 85 K. Two prominent bands at 592 and 570 cm-1 were observed in the inactive from, and both of them were completely lost upon photoactivation. Upon subsequent introduction of 15NO, the active NHase was converted to the inactive form again and the above two bands were restored with downshifts by 10 and 12 cm-1, respectively. Also, the excitation profiles of these bands in the 350-500 nm region mostly followed the absorption spectrum arising from the iron center. From these isotopic shifts and the excitation profiles, the two Raman bands were assigned to the Fe-NO stretching and bending vibrations that are probably coupled with each other. The results provided solid evidence that NO is bound to the non-heme iron in the inactive NHase and its photodissociation activates the enzyme.
A Circular Buffering Algorithm for Hiding Channel Zapping Delay in a Digital Television (2008)

In this paper, we propose a new method for hiding the channel change delay by efficiently utilizing multiple tuners. One tuner is used to capture a channel being watched and the others are used to buffer other channels. In order to raise tuner usage efficiency, each buffering tuner circulates multiple channels and buffers the A/V stream. The channel change delay is hidden by displaying a buffered A/V stream during the channel change delay. Experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm gave higher user satisfaction results when compared with other methods.
Deploying IP and MPLS QoS for Multiservice Networks: Theory & Practice (2007)

QoS, short for quality of service, is one of the most important goals a network designer or administrator will have. Ensuring that the network runs at optimal precision with data remaining accurate, traveling fast, and to the correct user are the main objectives of QoS. The various media that fly across the network including voice, video, and data have different idiosyncrasies that try the dimensions of the network. This malleable network architecture poses an always moving potential problem for the network professional.

The authors have provided a comprehensive treatise on this subject. They have included topics such as traffic engineering, capacity planning, and admission control. This book provides real world case studies of QoS in multiservice networks. These case studies remove the mystery behind QoS by illustrating the how, what, and why of implementing QoS within networks. Readers will be able to learn from the successes and failures of these actual working designs and configurations.

*Helps readers understand concepts of IP QoS by presenting clear descriptions of QoS components, architectures, and protocols
*Directs readers in the design and deployment of IP QoS networks through fully explained examples of actual working designs
*Contains real life case studies which focus on implementation
Stereo video compression for mobile 3D services (2009)

This paper presents a study on different techniques for stereo video compression and its optimization for mobile 3D services. Stereo video enables 3D television, but as mobile services are subject to various limitations, including bandwidth, memory, and processing power, efficient compression is required. Three of the currently available MPEG coding standards are applicable for stereo video coding, namely H.264/AVC with and without stereo SEI message and H.264/MVC. These methods are evaluated with respect to the limitations of mobile services. The results clearly indicate that for a certain bitrate inter-view prediction as well as temporal prediction with hierarchical B pictures lead to a significantly increased subjective and objective quality. Although both techniques require more complex processing at the encoder side, their coding efficiency offers the chance to realize 3D stereo at the bitrate of conventional video for mobile services.
Peripheral Nerve Compound Action Potentials And Fiber Diameter Histograms. (1973)

PhD
Triptolide-Mediated Inhibition of Interferon Signaling Enhances Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Based Oncolysis (2013)

Preclinical and clinical trials demonstrated that use of oncolytic viruses (OVs) is a promising new therapeutic approach to treat multiple types of cancer. To further improve their viral oncolysis, experimental strategies are now combining OVs with different cytotoxic compounds. In this study, we investigated the capacity of triptolide - a natural anticancer molecule - to enhance vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) oncolysis in OV-resistant cancer cells. Triptolide treatment increased VSV replication in the human prostate cancer cell line PC3 and in other VSV-resistant cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, triptolide (TPL) inhibited the innate antiviral response by blocking type I interferon (IFN) signaling, downstream of IRF3 activation. Furthermore, triptolide-enhanced VSV-induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent fashion in VSV-resistant cells, as measured by annexin-V, cleaved caspase-3, and B-cell lymphoma 2 staining. In vivo, using the TSA mammary adenocarcinoma and PC3 mouse xenograft models, combination treatment with VSV and triptolide delayed tumor growth and prolonged survival of tumor-bearing animals by enhancing viral replication. Together, these results demonstrate that triptolide inhibition of IFN production sensitizes prostate cancer cells to VSV replication and virus-mediated apoptosis.