gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of N2-Anneal Temperature on Silicon Nitride Film: (I) Time-Dependent Dielectric Breakdown and ESR Evaluations (2022)

Silicon Nitride (SiN) film has been used as insulating material in many electronic devices such as capacitors and memories . In this report, the effect of N 2 anneal temperature on charge break down (Qbd) of LP-CVD SiN film was electrically evaluated using the time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) test method, and the variation and the density of defects which exist in SiN film, in the oxide layer between SiN and Si substrate, and at the surface of Si substrate, were investigated using an Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) to reveal the defect behavior related to the trigger of Qbd. SiN metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors were fabricated to evaluate TDDB. A 54 nm dielectric layer of SiN film was deposited at 700 degree-C, using a mixture of dichlorosilane（SiH 2 Cl 2 ）and ammonia (NH 3 ) gasses, by a LP-CVD vertical furnace. For the lower and upper electrode, a 400 nm polycrystalline silicon films were deposited using a LP-CVD. In order to evaluate the effect of anneal temperature on SiN film breakdown frequency, these samples were annealed in nitrogen atmosphere at temperatures between 700 and 1150 degree-C for 1 hour, using a vertical furnace. Breakdown voltage was measured with a current-voltage tester (HP4071A, Hewlett Packard) for each SiN MIM capacitor. The breakdown frequency was defined as the ratio of failed capacitors to tested capacitors. For the TDDB measurements, a constant current stress of 1.33 A/cm 2 was applied to the MIM capacitors with the area of 0.00375cm 2 , 0.0075cm 2 , 0.015cm 2 and 0.03cm 2 . For each area, 100 chips were made from one wafer and measured. In Fig.1, SiN film breakdown frequency increases toward a peak at around the N 2 anneal temperature of 900 degree-C, then decreases at 1000 degree-C, and at more than 1100 degree-C, the frequency increases again drastically at 1150 degree-C. SiN films for ESR study were fabricated on Si wafer in the same LP-CVD process, and annealed in nitrogen atmosphere at temperatures between 700 and 1150 degree-C for 1 hour, using a vertical furnace. The ESR measurements were performed at room temperature using an X-band spectrometer (JES-RE1X). To improve the signal-to-noise ratio of an ESR signal waveform, we set the accumulation number of magnetic-field (H) sweep about 300 times. Mn 2+ / MgO hyperfine lines were used for the g marker, and spin densities were determined by using the standard of known spin content. In Fig.2, Dangling bond density at silicon interface (Pb center) has a peak at 900 degree-C, and those in SiO 2 (E’ center) and SiN film (K center) increase with increasing temperature from 1000 to 1150 degree-C. The former phenomena of Pb center coincides with the peak of SiN film breakdown frequency at 900 degree-C, and the latter one of E’ center and K center coincides with the tendency of increasing Qbd frequency at more than 1000 degree-C. Figure 1
A phosphor sheet and a backlight system providing wider color gamut for LCDs (2014)

Abstract SrGa 2 S 4 :Eu and CaS:Eu phosphors are useful to provide a wider color gamut to LCDs since their emissions are narrower, but they easily react with moisture. The phosphor sheet containing them was developed. The moisture barrier layers on it can separate them from a humid atmosphere. The LCD with the phosphor sheet could realize the wider color gamut of 90% NTSC‐xy, while the color gamut of the original LCD with the white LEDs containing YAG:Ce phosphor was 71% NTSC‐xy. The improvement of the brightness of the LCD with the phosphor sheet was studied. Encapsulates with a greater curvature on blue LEDs used with the phosphor sheet can increase the brightness. The brightness of the LCD with the phosphor sheet and blue LEDs with the spherical encapsulates of which the curvature = about 0.7 was estimated to reach to 85% of that of the original LCD. The simpler phosphor sheet with the aluminum film edge seals was also developed. It was confirmed that it has sufficient reliability during storage and operation at high temperature and high humidity and there is no difference in its reliability between the edge area and the center area. The importance of the moisture barrier layers which protect the SrGa 2 S 4 :Eu and CaS:Eu phosphors was confirmed. The phosphor sheet with the moisture barrier layers had better reliability than that with the PET layers.
Impact of COVID-19 on Initial Management and Evaluation of Prostate Cancer (2021)

In a multi-institutional assessment of surgical and diagnostic delay for prostate cancer, we found a non-uniform decline in procedural volume across sites. Future analyses within this cohort are needed to further discern the effects of care delays related to COVID-19.
T cell long‐term hyporesponsiveness follows antigen receptor engagement and results from defective signal transduction (1994)

T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated stimulation of T hybridomas leads to cell activation and lymphokine production that is followed by a long-term hyporesponsiveness. To investigate the biochemical events involved in the induction and maintenance of this antigen receptor hyporesponsiveness or anergy, we have expressed a G protein/PLC beta 1-coupled muscarinic subtype 1 acetylcholine receptor in a murine T cell hybrid. Transfected cells were capable of responding to both muscarinic agonists and TCR ligands by inducing interleukin-2 secretion that was sensitive to cyclosporin A and dexamethasone. Both receptors induced tyrosine kinase (TK) activity, but muscarinic stimulation did not affect tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC gamma 1, nor did the TK inhibitor, herbimycin, block muscarinic receptor-mediated calcium mobilization. These data indicate that in T cells, the muscarinic receptor mediates T cell effector functions by regulating a TK-independent proximal pathway which later converges with the TCR pathway. Using these cells, we have explored the long-term consequences of T cell stimulation via antigen or muscarinic receptors. Our results show that hyporesponsiveness specifically follows TCR engagement and appears to result from a defect in the early signal transduction initiated by TCR cross-linking. A study of TCR-mediated signaling supports this model by showing that tyrosine phosphorylation and calcium mobilization are deficient in hyporesponsive T cells.
L-asparaginase loaded red blood cells (RBC) in pancreatic cancer: A phase I clinical study. (2012)

e14650 Background: L-asparaginase (L-asp) efficacy is based on sensitivity of tumoral cells to asparagine deprivation due to a lack of asparagine synthethase (ASNS). However its use is hampered by significant toxicities of which allergic reaction, coagulation disorders and pancreatic impairment take a prominent place. Deficiency in ASNS and therefore potential sensitivity to L-asp treatment has been reported in multiple tumor cell lines including pancreatic cancer, however tentative to use L-asp in solid tumor, and especially in pancreatic cancer is reported in the literature but all attempts so far have failed due to toxicity. Recently, a new formulation of L-asp loaded inside RBC (GRASPA) has shown a very promising safety profile in leukemic patients. Methods: GRASPANC is the first phase I clinical study with GRASPA in patients with pancreatic carcinoma. Primary objective was to find the Dose Limiting Toxicity (DLT) of this cell-based formulation in this setting. Secondary objectives were to assess overall safety profile and activity (defined as serum asparagine depletion) of GRASPA. Patients with non resectable, relapsed pancreatic cancer were included by cohort of 3 and treated with one injection of increasing dose (25, 50, 100 or 150 IU/kg) of GRASPA. An independent Safety Monitoring Board assessed toxicities at the end of follow-up of each cohort to decide for next dose. Results: Twelve patients were included between Dec 2009 and Feb 2011 by 3 centres in France. Mean age was 60.4 years (min: 42.6; max: 71.9) with 9 Male and 3 female. No limiting toxicity has been found up to the GRASPA highest dose (150 IU/kg) planned in the study and the DLT was not reached. No specific other unexpected non limiting toxicity was evidenced. In addition, at all doses GRASPA was shown to be effective at depleting serum asparagine with a trend toward longer activity with increasing dose. Conclusions: Preliminary conclusion is that the dose of 150 IU/kg of GRASPA is safe and appears suitable for further clinical development in patients with pancreatic carcinoma. In order to maximise potential efficacy of this new therapy, selection of patients should be made according to their screening for a none or low expression of ASNS in their tumour cells.
Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for Identification and Quantitation of Transplant-Related DNA Viruses (2019)

Infections with DNA viruses are frequent causes of morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients. This study describes the analytical and clinical performance characteristics of the Arc Bio Galileo Pathogen Solution, an all-inclusive metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) reagent and bioinformatics pipeline that allows the simultaneous quantitation of 10 transplant-related double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses (adenovirus [ADV], BK virus [BKV], cytomegalovirus [CMV], Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], human herpesvirus 6A [HHV-6A], HHV-6B, herpes simplex virus 1 [HSV-1], HSV-2, JC virus [JCV], and varicella-zoster virus [VZV]). The mNGS 95% limit of detection ranged from 14 copies/ml (HHV-6) to 191 copies/ml (BKV), and the lower limit of quantitation ranged from 442 international units (IU)/ml (EBV) to 661 copies/ml (VZV). An evaluation of 50 residual plasma samples with at least one DNA virus detected in prior clinical testing showed a total percent agreement of mNGS and quantitative PCR (qPCR) of 89.2% (306/343), with a κ statistic of 0.725. The positive percent agreement was 84.9% (73/86), and the negative percent agreement was 90.7% (233/257). Furthermore, mNGS detected seven subsequently confirmed coinfections that were not initially requested by qPCR. Passing-Bablok regression revealed a regression line of <i>y</i> = 0.953<i>x</i> + 0.075 (95% confidence interval [CI] of the slope, 0.883 to 1.011; intercept, -0.100 to 0.299), and Bland-Altman analysis (mNGS - qPCR) showed a slight positive bias (0.28 log<sub>10</sub> concentration; 95% limits of agreement, -0.62 to 1.18). In conclusion, the mNGS-based Galileo pipeline demonstrates analytical and clinical performance comparable to that of qPCR for transplant-related DNA viruses.
A non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in SIRT6 predicts neurological severity in Friedreich ataxia (2022)

<b>Introduction:</b> Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is a recessive neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive ataxia, dyscoordination, and loss of vision. The variable length of the pathogenic GAA triplet repeat expansion in the <i>FXN</i> gene in part explains the interindividual variability in the severity of disease. The GAA repeat expansion leads to epigenetic silencing of <i>FXN;</i> therefore, variability in properties of epigenetic effector proteins could also regulate the severity of FRDA. <b>Methods:</b> In an exploratory analysis, DNA from 88 individuals with FRDA was analyzed to determine if any of five non-synonymous SNPs in <i>HDAC</i>s/<i>SIRT</i>s predicted FRDA disease severity. Results suggested the need for a full analysis at the rs352493 locus in <i>SIRT6</i> (<i>p</i>.Asn46Ser). In a cohort of 569 subjects with FRDA, disease features were compared between subjects homozygous for the common thymine <i>SIRT6</i> variant (TT) and those with the less common cytosine variant on one allele and thymine on the other (CT). The biochemical properties of both variants of SIRT6 were analyzed and compared. <b>Results:</b> Linear regression in the exploratory cohort suggested that an SNP (rs352493) in <i>SIRT6</i> correlated with neurological severity in FRDA. The follow-up analysis in a larger cohort agreed with the initial result that the genotype of <i>SIRT6</i> at the locus rs352493 predicted the severity of disease features of FRDA. Those in the CT <i>SIRT6</i> group performed better on measures of neurological and visual function over time than those in the more common TT <i>SIRT6</i> group. The Asn to Ser amino acid change resulting from the SNP in <i>SIRT6</i> did not alter the expression or enzymatic activity of SIRT6 or frataxin, but iPSC-derived neurons from people with FRDA in the CT <i>SIRT6</i> group showed whole transcriptome differences compared to those in the TT <i>SIRT6</i> group. <b>Conclusion:</b> People with FRDA in the CT <i>SIRT6</i> group have less severe neurological and visual dysfunction than those in the TT <i>SIRT6</i> group. Biochemical analyses indicate that the benefit conferred by T to C SNP in <i>SIRT6</i> does not come from altered expression or enzymatic activity of SIRT6 or frataxin but is associated with changes in the transcriptome.
Raman Spectral Band Oscillations in Large Graphene Bubbles (2018)

Raman spectra of large graphene bubbles showed size-dependent oscillations in spectral intensity and frequency, which originate from optical standing waves formed in the vicinity of the graphene surface. At a high laser power, local heating can lead to oscillations in the Raman frequency and also create a temperature gradient in the bubble. Based on Raman data, the temperature distribution within the graphene bubble was calculated, and it is shown that the heating effect of the laser is reduced when moving from the center of a bubble to its edge. By studying graphene bubbles, both the thermal conductivity and chemical reactivity of graphene were assessed. When exposed to hydrogen plasma, areas with bubbles are found to be more reactive than flat graphene.
A comparison between isolated blood dendritic cells and monocyte‐derived dendritic cells in pigs (2009)

Various dendritic cell (DC) populations exist that differ in phenotype and ability to present antigen to T cells. For example, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) are less potent T cell activators compared with conventional DCs (cDCs). Here, we compared porcine blood DCs (BDCs), containing pDCs and cDCs, and monocyte-derived DCs (MoDC), consisting of cDCs, in their phenotype, ability to uptake antigen, activation and maturation and their ability to present antigen to autologous T cells. Pigs represent an important animal model, whose immune system in many respects closely resembles that of humans. For example, the distribution of Toll-like receptors is similar to that of humans, in contrast to that of mice. Here we demonstrate that both populations endocytose foreign material. Following lipopolysaccharide stimulation, CD80/86 and chemokine receptor (CCR)7 expression was increased in both populations as was the expression of the chemokine ligands (CCL)-2, CCL-4, CCL-20 and CXCL-2. Although basal and post-stimulation protein concentrations of interleukins 6 and 8 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha were higher in MoDCs, protein concentrations showed a higher fold increase in BDCs. Antigen-specific proliferation of autologous T cells was induced by MoDCs and BDCs. Interestingly, while MoDCs induced stronger proliferation in naive T cells, no difference in proliferation was observed when primed T cells were studied. These results demonstrate that isolated porcine BDCs are highly responsive to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and are functionally able to drive primed T-cell proliferation to the same extent as MoDCs.
Evidence-based consensus guidelines on patient selection and trial stimulation for spinal cord stimulation therapy for chronic non-cancer pain (2023)

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has demonstrated effectiveness for neuropathic pain. Unfortunately, some patients report inadequate long-term pain relief. Patient selection is emphasized for this therapy; however, the prognostic capabilities and deployment strategies of existing selection techniques, including an SCS trial, have been questioned. After approval by the Board of Directors of the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, a steering committee was formed to develop evidence-based guidelines for patient selection and the role of an SCS trial. Representatives of professional organizations with clinical expertize were invited to participate as committee members. A comprehensive literature review was carried out by the steering committee, and the results organized into narrative reports, which were circulated to all the committee members. Individual statements and recommendations within each of seven sections were formulated by the steering committee and circulated to members for voting. We used a modified Delphi method wherein drafts were circulated to each member in a blinded fashion for voting. Comments were incorporated in the subsequent revisions, which were recirculated for voting to achieve consensus. Seven sections with a total of 39 recommendations were approved with 100% consensus from all the members. Sections included definitions and terminology of SCS trial; benefits of SCS trial; screening for psychosocial characteristics; patient perceptions on SCS therapy and the use of trial; other patient predictors of SCS therapy; conduct of SCS trials; and evaluation of SCS trials including minimum criteria for success. Recommendations included that SCS trial should be performed before a definitive SCS implant except in anginal pain (grade B). All patients must be screened with an objective validated instrument for psychosocial factors, and this must include depression (grade B). Despite some limitations, a trial helps patient selection and provides patients with an opportunity to experience the therapy. These recommendations are expected to guide practicing physicians and other stakeholders and should not be mistaken as practice standards. Physicians should continue to make their best judgment based on individual patient considerations and preferences.
Perception and Adoption of Mobile Accessibility Features by Older Adults Experiencing Ability Changes (2019)

To investigate how older adults perceive ability changes (e.g., sensory, physical, cognitive) and how attitudes toward those changes affect perception and adoption of built-in mobile accessibility features (such as those found on Apple iOS and Google Android smartphones and tablets), we conducted an interview study with 14 older adults and six of their family members. Accessibility features were difficult for participants to find and configure, which were issues compounded by a reluctance to use trial-and-error. At 4-6 weeks after the interview, however, some participants had adopted new accessibility features that we had showed them, suggesting a willingness to adopt once features are made visible. The older adults who did already use accessibility features had experienced a disability earlier in life, suggesting that those experiencing progressive ability changes later in life might not be as aware of accessibility features, or might not have the know-how to adapt technologies to their changing needs. Our findings provide support for creating technologies that can detect older adults' abilities and recommend or enact interface changes to match.
Special Issue: Organic User Interfaces (2013)

Until recently, the ways in which we interacted with computers were limited by the flat, rigid and rectangular form factors of cathode-ray tubes and liquid crystal displays. Technical limitations forced user interfaces into boxes, limiting interactions to 2D pointing and keyboard input. With technological advances in flexible sensor and display technologies, we are experiencing a new revolution in human–computer interaction (HCI): one in which user interfaces can be worn on the body as if they were cloth, used in the office as if they were paper and used in architecture as if they were wallpapers (Co and Pashenkov, 2008; Buechley and Mellis, 2010; Lahey et al., 2011). Rather than being rigid and static, the user interfaces of tomorrow will be able to have a shape that accommodates the user’s context and fits the data on display. For instance, if a user wants to explore geographic information, they can use a spherical display that does not require distortion of the earth projection (Stevenson, 2010). When reading an interactive map, users can extend their mobile’s screen real estate by unfolding their pocket-size flexible e-paper display.
The Long-term Relation among Retinal Arteriolar Narrowing, Blood Pressure, and Incident Severe Hypertension (2008)

The authors assessed associations between retinal vascular signs and incident severe hypertension in an older population-based cohort. At baseline (1992-1994), 3,654 residents aged 49-97 years living in the Blue Mountains area west of Sydney, Australia, were examined; respectively, 2,335 (75.1%) and 1,952 (76%) survivors were reexamined 5 and 10 years later. Retinal arteriolar and venular calibers were measured, and average central retinal artery and central retinal vein equivalents for that eye were estimated. Severe hypertension was defined by previous diagnosis of hypertension plus antihypertensive medication use or by systolic blood pressure > or =160 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure > or =100 mmHg at examinations. Of the 1,424 participants at risk, 618 developed severe hypertension over 10 years (cumulative incidence = 47.7%, 95% confidence interval: 44.9, 50.5). Participants who subsequently developed severe hypertension had significantly narrower mean central retinal artery equivalents than those who did not (187.0 vs. 191.9 mum, p < 0.0001). After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, mean arterial blood pressure, and plasma glucose and triglyceride levels, baseline narrowing central retinal artery equivalent was associated with increased risk of severe hypertension (per standard deviation reduction, odds ratio = 1.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 1.2; narrowest vs. widest quintile, odds ratio = 1.6, 95% confidence interval: 1.2, 2.1). These findings support structural narrowing in small arteries and arterioles antecedent to clinical onset of severe hypertension.
Day of injury CT scan as an index to pre-injury brain morphology (1994)

This study compared the ventricle-to-brain ratio (VBR) of the day-of-injury (DOI) computerized tomogram (CT) in traumatic brain-injured (TBI) patients with post-injury (2 months or greater) magnetic resonance (MR) VBRs in the same patients and in medical control subjects. The DOI VBR did not differ significantly from the medical controls, but both (DOI and medical control VBR) differed significantly from post-injury VBR. Additionally, a case study is presented wherein MR imaging studies were obtained prior to TBI so that a direct comparison of pre-injury to DOI to post-injury changes could be made. In this case the pre-injury and DOI VBRs were within approximately 9% of each other. In contrast, the post-injury VBR demonstrated over a 100% increase in comparison to either the pre-injury or DOI scan. This case and another case are illustrated using three-dimensional image analysis to represent ventricular change over time. These cases, along with the similarity of the DOI VBR with the medical controls, suggests that the DOI VBR can be utilized as an estimate or index of pre-injury ventricle/brain morphology. This will permit the use of DOI CT data for within-subject designs in TBI research that examines the course of degenerative changes over time.