gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional silicon integration (2008)

Three-dimensional (3D) silicon integration of active devices with through-silicon vias (TSVs), thinned silicon, and silicon-to-silicon fine-pitch interconnections offers many product benefits. Advantages of these emerging 3D silicon integration technologies can include the following: power efficiency, performance enhancements, significant product miniaturization, cost reduction, and modular design for improved time to market. IBM research activities are aimed at providing design rules, structures, and processes that make 3D technology manufacturable for chips used in actual products on the basis of data from test-vehicle (i.e., prototype) design, fabrication, and characterization demonstrations. Three-dimensional integration can be applied to a wide range of interconnection densities (<10/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> to 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sup> /cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ), requiring new architectures for product optimization and multiple options for fabrication. Demonstration test structures, which are designed, fabricated, and characterized, are used to generate experimental data, establish models and design guidelines, and help define processes for future product consideration. This paper 1) reviews technology integration from a historical perspective, 2) describes industry-wide progress in 3D technology with examples of TSV and silicon-silicon interconnection advancement over the last 10 years, 3) highlights 3D technology from IBM, including demonstration test vehicles used to develop ground rules, collect data, and evaluate reliability, and 4) provides examples of 3D emerging industry product applications that could create marketable systems.
Accelerating Correlated Quantum Chemistry Calculations Using Graphical Processing Units and a Mixed Precision Matrix Multiplication Library (2009)

Two new tools for the acceleration of computational chemistry codes using graphical processing units (GPUs) are presented. First, we propose a general black-box approach for the efficient GPU acceleration of matrix-matrix multiplications where the matrix size is too large for the whole computation to be held in the GPU's onboard memory. Second, we show how to improve the accuracy of matrix multiplications when using only single-precision GPU devices by proposing a heterogeneous computing model, whereby single- and double-precision operations are evaluated in a mixed fashion on the GPU and central processing unit, respectively. The utility of the library is illustrated for quantum chemistry with application to the acceleration of resolution-of-the-identity second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory calculations for molecules, which we were previously unable to treat. In particular, for the 168-atom valinomycin molecule in a cc-pVDZ basis set, we observed speedups of 13.8, 7.8, and 10.1 times for single-, double- and mixed-precision general matrix multiply (SGEMM, DGEMM, and MGEMM), respectively. The corresponding errors in the correlation energy were reduced from -10.0 to -1.2 kcal mol(-1) for SGEMM and MGEMM, respectively, while higher accuracy can be easily achieved with a different choice of cutoff parameter.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyrochlore‐Free 0.9Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐0.1PbTiO3 Ceramics via a Soft Mechanochemical Route. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
HREM, EXAFS and MD Studies on Size-dependent Crystallinity of Pt Nanoparticles Supported on Gamma-Al2O3 (2009)

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2009 in Richmond, Virginia, USA, July 26 – July 30, 2009
GeoDI: Geoscientific Data Integration (2013)

This report summarises the findings of the GeoDI project. Large volumes of geoscientific (i.e., geological and geophysical) datasets have been gathered by the Marine Institute and its partners over the past number of years, A key challenge now exists to derive maximum value from these very costly and valuable products by integrating these geoscientific datasets together, and with other resources such as biological, chemical, and environmental data. The project aimed to address this challenge by examining the critical issues involved in the integration of Irish marine geoscientific datasets, and by assessing tools and services for enhanced management, discovery, access, and analyses of geoscientific data.
Effect of tetragonal distortion on the diffusion of hydrogen in vanadium studied with ab initio molecular dynamics (2016)

In this thesis, first-principles calculations based on density functional theory have been employed to investigate metal hydrogen interaction in transition, p-block and rare earth metals. Furthermore, the accuracy of the stochastic quenching method was tested in describing the structure of amorphous Fe(1-x)Zrx.The investigated systems of transition metal hydrides are V-H and ScZr(CoNi)2-H. For V-H, the main focus of the studies is the effect that strain has on the potential energy landscape which governs the metal hydrogen interactions. The investigation has focused on how the properties of hydrogen occupancy in the interstitial sites changes with strain and also how the hydrogen atoms themselves exert strain on the vanadium structure to lower the energy. Results on diffusion, induced strain and zero-point energy are presented which all reveal the considerable difference between tetrahedral and octahedral site occupancy. Diffusion was studied by employing ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to obtain diffusion coefficients and to map the movement of the hydrogen atom. A description of hydrogen in vanadium is provided from a fundamental basis that is expected to be applicable to any lattice gas system. For ScZr(CoNi)2-H, the difference of hydrogen occupancy in various interstitial sites and the hydrogen-induced strain was also investigated through calculations of the change in total volume as a function of hydrogen concentration.The fundamental properties of metal hydrogen bonding were investigated by studying the Zintl phase hydrides that are constituted of the electropositive metal of Nd or Gd and the electronegative metal Ga. Mixing metals of very different electronegativity gives rise to an intricate potential energy landscape in which the incorporation of hydrogen will have a big effect on both the electronic and atomic structure. From the theoretical side of the investigation, structural parameters are presented along with the density of states and Bader charge analysis to describe the hydrogen induced changes to the atomic and electronic structures.Finally, the accuracy of the stochastic quenching method in describing amorphous Fe(1-x)Zrx was evaluated by comparing simulated and measured EXAFS spectra. Once the structural agreement had been established the simulated structures were characterized through radial distribution functions and an analysis of the short-range order from Voronoi tessellation. The structural changes with respect to the composition parameter x were also evaluated.
III–V Multijunction Solar Cell Integration with Silicon: Present Status, Challenges and Future Outlook (2014)

Abstract Achieving high-efficiency solar cells and at the same time driving down the cell cost has been among the key objectives for photovoltaic researchers to attain a lower levelized cost of energy (LCOE). While the performance of silicon (Si) based solar cells have almost saturated at an efficiency of ~25%, III–V compound semiconductor based solar cells have steadily shown performance improvement at ~1% (absolute) increase per year, with a recent record efficiency of 44.7%. Integration of such high-efficiency III–V multijunction solar cells on significantly cheaper and large area Si substrate has recently attracted immense interest to address the future LCOE roadmaps by unifying the high-efficiency merits of III–V materials with low-cost and abundance of Si. This review article will discuss the current progress in the development of III–V multijunction solar cell integration onto Si substrate. The current state-of-the-art for III–V-on-Si solar cells along with their theoretical performance projections is presented. Next, the key design criteria and the technical challenges associated with the integration of III–V multijunction solar cells on Si are reviewed. Different technological routes for integrating III–V solar cells on Si substrate through heteroepitaxial integration and via mechanical stacking approach are presented. The key merits and technical challenges for all of the till-date available technologies are summarized. Finally, the prospects, opportunities and future outlook toward further advancing the performance of III–V-on-Si multijunction solar cells are discussed. With the plummeting price of Si solar cells accompanied with the tremendous headroom available for improving the III–V solar cell efficiencies, the future prospects for successful integration of III–V solar cell technology onto Si substrate look very promising to unlock an era of next generation of high-efficiency and low-cost photovoltaics.
Effects of Cationic Charge on Three-Dimensional Structures of Intercalative Complexes Structure of a bis-Intercalated DNA Complex Solved by MAD Phasing (2000)

We characterize intercalative complexes as either "high charge" and "low charge". In low charge complexes, stacking interactions appear to dominate stability and structure. The dominance of stacking is evident in structures of daunomycin, nogalamycin, ethidium, and triostin A/echinomycin. By contrast in a DNA complex with the tetracationic metalloporphyrin CuTMPyP4 [copper (II) meso-tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin], electrostatic interactions appear to draw the porphyrin into the duplex interior, extending the DNA along its axis, and unstacking the DNA. Similarly, DNA complexes of tetracationic ditercalinium and tetracationic flexi-di show significant unstacking. Here we report x-ray structures of complexes of the tetracationic bis-intercalator D232 bound to DNA fragments d(CGTACG) and d(BrCGTABrCG). D232 is analogous to ditercalinium but with three methylene groups inserted between the piperidinium groups. The extension of the D232 linker allows it to sandwich four base pairs rather than two. In comparison to CuTMPyP4, flexi-di and ditercalinium, stacking interactions of D232 are significantly improved. We conclude that it is not sufficient to characterize intercalators simply by net charge. One anticipates strong electrostatic forces when cationic charge is focused to a small volume or region near DNA and so must consider the extent to which cationic charge is focused or distributed. In sum, ditercalinium, with a relatively short linker, focuses cationic charge more narrowly than does D232. So even though the net charges are equivalent, electrostatic charges are expected to be of greater structural significance in the ditercalinium complex than in the D232 complex.
<title>Polyplanar optic display for cockpit application</title> (1998)

The Polyplanar Optical Display (POD) is a high contrast display screen being developed for cockpit applications. This display screen is 2 inches thick and has a matte black face which allows for high contrast images. The prototype being developed is a form, fit and functional replacement display for the B-52 aircraft which uses a monochrome ten-inch display. The new display uses a long lifetime, (10,000 hour), 200 mW green solid-state laser (532 nm) as its optical source. In order to produce real-time video, the laser light is being modulated by a Digital Light Processing (DLP<SUP>TM</SUP>) chip manufactured by Texas Instruments, Inc. A variable astigmatic focusing system is used to produce a stigmatic image on the viewing face of the POD. In addition to the optical design and speckle reduction, we discuss the electronic interfacing to the DLP<SUP>TM</SUP> chip, the opto-mechanical design and viewing angle characteristics.
Plasmonic metadevices by vertical split ring resonator (2016)

Split-ring resonator (SRR), one kind of building block of metamaterials, has attracted wide attentions due to the resonance excitation of electric and magnetic dipolar response. Fundamental plasmon properties and potential applications in novel three dimensional vertical split-ring resonators (VSRRs) are designed and investigated. The resonant properties arose from the electric and magnetic interactions between the VSRR and light are theoretically and experimentally studied. Tuning the configuration of VSRR unit cells is able to generate various novel coupling phenomena in VSRRs, such as plasmon hybridization and Fano resonance. The magnetic resonance plays a key role in plasmon coupling in VSRRs. The VSRR-based refractive-index sensor will be demonstrated, as shown in Figs. 1. Due to the unique structural configuration, the enhanced plasmon fields localized in VSRR gaps can be lifted off from the dielectric substrate, allowing for the increase of sensing volume and enhancing the sensitivity. We perform a VSRR based metasurface for light manipulation in optical communication frequency, as shown in Fig. 1 as well. By varying the prong heights, the 2π phase modulation can be achieved in VSRR for the design of metasurface. Because the phase shift is changed via the upright configuration rather than the one parallel to the substrate, it can be used for high areal density integration of metal nanostructures and opto-electronic devices. Fabrication of three dimensional VSRR by stress-driven assembly method for uniaxial-isotropic metamaterials is demonstrated as well.
Structured light in scattering media (2008)

Virtually all structured light methods assume that the scene and the sources are immersed in pure air and that light is neither scattered nor absorbed.Recently, however, structured lighting has found growing application in underwater and aerial imaging, where scattering effects cannot be ignored.In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of two representative methods -light stripe range scanning and photometric stereo -in the presence of scattering.For both methods, we derive physical models for the appearances of a surface immersed in a scattering medium.Based on these models, we present results on (a) the condition for object detectability in light striping and (b) the number of sources required for photometric stereo.In both cases, we demonstrate that while traditional methods fail when scattering is significant, our methods accurately recover the scene (depths, normals, albedos) as well as the properties of the medium.These results are in turn used to restore the appearances of scenes as if they were captured in clear air.Although we have focused on light striping and photometric stereo, our approach can also be extended to other methods such as grid coding, gated and active polarization imaging.
Anti-fibrogene Wirkung des Gallensäure-Phospholipid-Konjugates Ursodeoxycholyl Lysophosphatidylethanolamid durch Inhibition des TGFβ1/Smad-Signalweges (2011)

Ursodeoxycholyl Lysophosphatidylethanolamid (UDCA-LPE) ist ein neues Gallensäure-Phospholipid-Konjugat mit anti-apoptotischen und anti-inflammatorischen Eigenschaften in vitro und in vivo. In dieser Arbeit wurde die anti-fibrogene Wirkung von UDCA-LPE in Modellen der Sternzellaktivierung, sowie im in vivo Modell der nicht-alkoholische Steatohepatitis (NASH) mit Fibrose untersucht. Ergebnisse: CL48 Leberzellen wurden nach Behandlung mit UDCA-LPE mit Methionin-Cholin-defizientem (MCD) Medium oder TNFα/CHX inkubiert. Hepatische LX2 Sternzellen wurden im Anschluss mit dem konditioniertem Medium der CL48 Zellen behandelt. UDCA-LPE reduzierte die Expression zentraler Fibrosemarker wie TGFβ1, α1Collagen, Vimentin und αSMA um 50–90%, zusätzlich zeigten LX2 Zellen eine Abnahme von αSMA auf Proteinebene. Als nächstes wurde der Einfluss von UDCA-LPE auf den TGFβ1/Smad-Signalweg untersucht. Das Konjugat unterdrückte die Aktivierung von Smad3 in MCD- oder TNFα/CHX-behandelten CL48 Zellen, sowie in LX2 Zellen, die mit konditioniertem Medium inkubiert wurden. Weiterhin war in UDCA-LPE behandelten Zellen auch ein geringerer Proteingehalt an Smad2 nachweisbar. Analog führte UDCA-LPE auch in TGFβ1-behandelten CL48 und LX2 Zellen zur Reduktion von pSmad3 und Smad2. Um die anti-fibrogenen Eigenschaften von UDCA-LPE in vivo zu verifizieren, wurden C57BL/6 Mäuse für 11 Wochen mit einer Methionin-Cholin-defizienten (MCD) Diät gefüttert, welche eine fortgeschrittene NASH mit Fibrose induzierte. Diese wurde für 2,5 Wochen 2x/Woche mit 30mg/kg UDCA-LPE behandelt. UDCA-LPE minderte die MCD-induzierte NASH mit nahezu vollständiger Normalisierung der GPT und Verbesserung der Histologie. qRT-PCR aus Lebergewebe bestätigte eine reduzierte Expression von TGFβ1, α1Collagen und αSMA um 60–80%. Schlussfolgerung: UDCA-LPE zeigte deutliche anti-fibrogene Effekte durch Blockade der TGFβ1/Smad2/3 Signalkaskade und ist damit eine vielversprechende Substanz zur Behandlung chronischer Lebererkrankungen.
Rapid Changes in the Expression of Inhibin α-, βA-, and βB-Subunits in Ovarian Cell Types During the Rat Estrous Cycle (1988)

Distributions of inhibin alpha-, beta A-, and beta B-subunits in different ovarian compartments were studied in cycling female rats by in situ hybridization with complementary RNA probes and using immunohistochemical localization with antibodies selective for each inhibin subunit. Consistent with earlier studies showing inhibin production by granulosa cells of maturing follicles, we also detected mRNAs for inhibin alpha-, beta A-, and beta B-subunits in granulosa cells of these follicles. However, based on immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, we found that inhibin alpha- is not only expressed in granulosa cells of mature follicles but in follicles at all stages of maturation, including primary to tertiary follicles. A number of primordial follicles also contained alpha mRNA and immunodetectable alpha-subunit. Interestingly, theca interna and interstitial gland cells contained inhibin alpha mRNA and alpha-subunit. Low levels of inhibin alpha immunoreactivity as well as specific hybridization to the complementary inhibin alpha mRNA probe were observed in newly formed luteal tissue. beta-Subunits, on the other hand, were detected exclusively in granulosa cells of healthy tertiary follicles. The changes in expression of inhibin alpha-, beta A-, and beta B-subunits were more pronounced during the follicular phase of the cycle: inhibin alpha reached its highest level in granulosa cells, theca interna, and interstitial gland cells a few hours after the LH/FSH surge, while at the same time the beta-subunits decreased dramatically in granulosa cells of mature follicles. Immediately before ovulation (estrus 0200 h), the alpha-subunit sharply declined in preovulatory follicles and was present mainly in granulosa cells from nonovulatory follicles at various stages of maturation. At that time, the beta A- and beta B-subunits could not be detected in preovulatory follicles but were localized mainly in small tertiary follicles (less than 300 microns). Unlike for the alpha- and beta B-subunits, beta A mRNA and immunoreactivity was present in large tertiary follicles (approximately 600 microns) immediately before ovulation. The present findings support the hypothesis that a decrease in inhibin production could be responsible for the secondary FSH surge observed early on estrus. This could be initiated by a change in the ratios of activin-inhibin production by decreasing first, the levels of beta-subunits, second, the levels of alpha-subunit, and third, by a resurgence of activin A produced mainly by granulosa cells from large tertiary follicles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Experimental classification of surface waves in optical coherence elastography (2016)

Various types of waves are produced when a harmonic force is applied to a semi-infinite half space elastic medium. In particular, surface waves are perturbations with transverse and longitudinal components of displacement that propagate in the boundary region at the surface of the elastic solid. Shear wave speed estimation is the standard for characterizing elastic properties of tissue in elastography; however, the penetration depth of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is typically measured in millimeters constraining the measurement region of interest to be near the surface. Plane harmonic Rayleigh waves propagate in solid-vacuum interfaces while Scholte waves exist in solid-fluid interfaces. Theoretically, for an elastic solid with a Poisson’s ratio close to 0.5, the ratio of the Rayleigh to shear wave speed is 95%, and 84% for the Scholte to shear wave. Our study demonstrates the evidence of Rayleigh waves propagating in the solid-air boundary of tissue-mimicking elastic phantoms. Sinusoidal tone-bursts of 400Hz and 1000 Hz were excited over the phantom by using a piezoelectric actuator. The wave propagation was detected with a phase-sensitive OCT system, and its speed was measured by tracking the most prominent peak of the tone in time and space. Similarly, this same experiment was repeated with a water interface. In order to obtain the shear wave speed in the material, mechanical compression tests were conducted in samples of the same phantom. A 93.9% Rayleigh-shear and 82.4% Scholte-Shear speed ratio were measured during experiments which are in agreement with theoretical results.
The significance of blood pressure variation and metabolic risk factors in patients with different stages of hypertension (2017)

Objectives Blood pressure variation (BPV) and metabolic syndrome is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. Ambulatory blood Pressure (ABP) has been shown to be more closely related to cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients than conventional office BP (OBP). Using both OBP and ABP, 4 groups of patients were identified: (1) normotensive patients (NT); (2) white coat hypertensives (WCHT); (3) masked hypertensives (MHT); and (4) sustainedhypertensives (SHT). We investigated the significance of BPV and metabolic risks of these 4 groups. Methods This study is a retrospective analysis of patients between January 2008 and May 2013. Echocardiography and 24 hour ABP monitoring were performed. Results BMI was significantly higher in the MHT compared with the NT. There were progressive increases in fasting glucose level from NT to WCHT, MHT, and SHT.MHT and SHT had higher 24h and nighttime BPV than NT.MHT was significantly related with BMI (r = 0.139, P = 0.010), creatinine (r = 0.144, P = 0.018), fasting glucose (r = 0.128, P = 0.046), daytime systolic BPV (r = 0.130, P = 0.017), and daytime diastolic BPV (r = 0.130, P = 0.017). Dyslipidemia (r = 0.110, P = 0.043), nighttime systolic BPV (r = 0.241, P &amp;lt; 0.001) and nighttime diastolic BPV (r = 0.143, P = 0.009) shown correlation with SHT. In multivariate logistic regression, MHT was independently associated with Body mass index (OR 1.086, 95% CI 1.005–1.174, P = 0.038) and creatinine (OR 1.005, 95% CI 1.001–1.010, P = 0.045). Conclusions BPV and metabolic risk factors were found to be greater in MHT and SHT compared with NT and WCHT. This suggests that BPV and metabolic risks may contribute to the elevated cardiovascular risk observed in patients with MHT and SHT.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of a Novel Potent Inhibitor of Methylthioadenosine Nucleosidase. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.