gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Establishment of a Robust and Reproducible Model of Radiation-Induced Skin and Muscle Fibrosis (2022)

Radiation-induced skin fibrosis (RISF) can result from a plethora of scenarios including cancer therapy, accidental exposure, or acts of terrorism. Radioactive beams can penetrate through the skin and affect the structures in their path including skin, muscles, and internal organs. Skin is the first structure to get exposed to radiation and is susceptible to develop chronic fibrosis, which is challenging to treat. Currently, limited treatment options show moderate efficacy in mitigating radiation-related skin fibrosis. A key factor hindering the development of effective countermeasures is the absence of a convenient and robust model that could allow for translation of the experimental findings to humans. Here, a robust and reproducible murine hind limb skin fibrosis model has been established for prophylactic and therapeutic evaluation of possible agents for functional and molecular recovery. The right hind limb was irradiated using a single dose of 40 (Gray) Gy to induce skin fibrosis. Subjects developed edema and dermatitis in the early stages proceeded by visible skin constriction. Irradiated limbs showed a significantly reduced limb range of motion in the following weeks. In late stages, acute side effects subsided, yet chronic fibrosis persisted. A gait index was performed as an additional functional assay, which demonstrated the development of functional impairment. These non-invasive methods demonstrated reliable measurements for tracing fibrosis progression, which is supported by histological analyses. The radiation dose, application, and post-irradiation analyses employed in this model offer a vigorous and reproducible method for studying radiation-induced skin fibrosis and testing the efficacy of therapeutical agents.
Integrating energy storage with renewable energy systems (2008)

It is recognized that renewable energy sources need to be part of the energy mix for a sustainable future. However, intermittent renewable sources such as solar and wind need to be supported with other utility generation resources. In order to increase the renewable energy content of the generation, utilities need to have costly reserve capacity online. Instead of this central reserve, many researchers have proposed energy storage solutions that can be associated with the renewable source. Energy storage dramatically increases the availability of the renewable source and makes this energy dispatchable as needed, resulting in a dramatic increase in the renewable energy value proposition.
Detection of seven species of pathogenic leptospires by PCR using two sets of primers (1993)

Two sets of primers derived from genomic DNA libraries of Leptospira serovars icterohaemorrhagiae (strain RGA) and bim (strain 1051) enabled the amplification by PCR of target DNA fragments from leptospiral reference strains belonging to all presently described pathogenic Leptospira species. The icterohaemorrhagiae-derived primers (G1/G2) enabled amplification of DNA from L. interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, L. weilii, L. noguchii, L. santarosai and L. meyeri, whereas the bim-derived primers (B64-I/B64-II) enabled the amplification of L. kirschneri. Southern blot and DNA sequence analysis revealed inter-species DNA polymorphism within the region spanned by primers G1 and G2 between L. interrogans and various other Leptospira species. Using a mixture of primer sets G1/G2 and B64-I/B64-II, leptospires of serovars icterohaemorrhagiae, copenhageni, hardjo, pomona, grippotyphosa and bim were detected in serum samples collected from patients during the first 10 days after the onset of illness.
Optically switchable, rapidly relaxing cholesteric liquid crystal reflectors (2010)

Reversible, fast, all-optical switching of the reflection of a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) is demonstrated in a formulation doped with push-pull azobenzene dyes. The reflection of the photosensitive CLC compositions is optically switched by exposure to 488 and 532 nm CW lasers as well as ns pulsed 532 nm irradiation. Laser-directed optical switching of the reflection of the CLC compositions occurs rapidly, within a few hundred milliseconds for the CW laser lines examined here. Also observed is optical switching on the order of tens of nanoseconds when the CLC is exposed to a single nanosecond pulse with 0.2 J/cm(2) energy density. The rapid cis-trans isomerization typical of push-pull azobenzene dye is used for the first time to rapidly restore the reflection of the CLC from a photoinduced isotropic state within seconds after cessation of light exposure.
Discovery of a selective, state-independent inhibitor of NaV1.7 by modification of guanidinium toxins (2020)

The voltage-gated sodium channel isoform Na<sub>V</sub>1.7 is highly expressed in dorsal root ganglion neurons and is obligatory for nociceptive signal transmission. Genetic gain-of-function and loss-of-function Na<sub>V</sub>1.7 mutations have been identified in select individuals, and are associated with episodic extreme pain disorders and insensitivity to pain, respectively. These findings implicate Na<sub>V</sub>1.7 as a key pharmacotherapeutic target for the treatment of pain. While several small molecules targeting Na<sub>V</sub>1.7 have been advanced to clinical development, no Na<sub>V</sub>1.7-selective compound has shown convincing efficacy in clinical pain applications. Here we describe the discovery and characterization of ST-2262, a Na<sub>V</sub>1.7 inhibitor that blocks the extracellular vestibule of the channel with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 72 nM and greater than 200-fold selectivity over off-target sodium channel isoforms, Na<sub>V</sub>1.1-1.6 and Na<sub>V</sub>1.8. In contrast to other Na<sub>V</sub>1.7 inhibitors that preferentially inhibit the inactivated state of the channel, ST-2262 is equipotent in a protocol that favors the resting state of the channel, a protocol that favors the inactivated state, and a high frequency protocol. In a non-human primate study, animals treated with ST-2262 exhibited reduced sensitivity to noxious heat. These findings establish the extracellular vestibule of the sodium channel as a viable receptor site for the design of selective ligands targeting Na<sub>V</sub>1.7.
AlGaN Resonant Tunneling Diodes Grown by rf-MBE (2001)

AlGaN resonant tunneling diodes (RTD) have been successfully grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Two kinds of RTD samples were fabricated; one is a double barrier type RTD which has 1 nm AlN barriers and a 0.75 nm GaN well, and the other is a superlattice barrier type RTD which has six 1 nm AlN barriers and five 1 nm GaN wells. The negative differential resistance (NDR) effect in the current–voltage characteristics was clearly observed at room temperature. For the double barrier RTD sample, the NDR was observed at 2.4 V with a peak current density of 930 mA/cm2 and a peak-to-valley ratio of 3.1. For the superlattice barrier RTD sample, the NDR was observed at 1.6 V. The peak current density and peak-to-valley ratio were 142 A/cm2 and 9.7, respectively.
Design and performance of the mesh-type high-speed silicon optical position-sensitive devices (1991)

A high speed optical position-sensitive device (PSD) which was fabricated using a certain structure of the mesh-type resistive layer for reducing the junction capacitance is discussed. Its performance is compared with the conventional type of PSD (CPSD) fabricated by the same technology. The mesh-type high speed PSD (MEPSD) is based on an ion-implanted Si p-i-n structure and has an area of 14*14 mm/sup 2/ with 30- mu m strip-width and 125- mu m pitch. The temporal response of the MEPSD is found to be improved by a factor of 1.83 times compared to the CPSD. A photosensitivity comparable to that of the CPSD is obtained. Its position linearity for detection is also comparable with that of the CPSD. The performance of the laboratory demonstration devices illustrates the feasibility of the concept for high-speed PSD.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Rethinking biased estimation [Lecture Notes] (2008)

In this lecture note we discuss methods to improve the accuracy of unbiased estimators used in many signal processing problems. Our approach is based on introducing a bias as a means of reducing the mean-squared error (MSE). The important aspect of our framework is that the reduction in MSE is guaranteed for all values of the unknown parameter.
3D Characterization Study of High-k Dielectric on GaN Using Atom Probe Tomography (2013)

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Strongly linearly polarized low threshold lasing of all organic photonic quasicrystals (2012)

Lasing is obtained from a two-dimensional (2D) Penrose photonic quasicrystal made of a low index contrast material of holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals (H-PDLCs) that enables a substantial reduction in the optical pumping threshold. This lasing architecture further allows for excellent linear polarization characteristics as well as wide directional dependence. The pumping threshold is fivefold lower than that obtained from the 2D defect-free photonic crystals fabricated under similar conditions. These properties make H-PDLC photonic quasicrystal promising for a new type of all organic miniature lasers.
The parasubthalamic nucleus refeeding ensemble delays feeding initiation (2023)

Abstract The parasubthalamic nucleus (PSTN) is responsive to refeeding after food deprivation and PSTN subpopulations can suppress feeding. However, no study directly addressed the role of PSTN neurons activated upon food access resumption. Here we show that the ensemble of refeeding-activated PSTN neurons drastically increases the latency to initiate refeeding with both familiar and novel food but exerts limited control over the amount of food consumed by hungry mice. This ensemble also delays sucrose consumption but accelerates water consumption in thirsty mice. We next sought to identify which subpopulations of PSTN neurons might be driving these effects. We discovered that PSTN Tac1 neurons projecting to the CeA selectively suppress feeding initiation while PSTN Crh neurons surprisingly promote the consumption of novel, palatable substances. Our results demonstrate the key role of endogenous PSTN activity in the control of feeding initiation and identify PSTN subpopulations counteracting each other’s influence on consummatory behaviors.
Molecular architecture effects in two-photon absorption: from octupolar molecules to polymers and hybrid polymer nanoparticles based on 1,3,5-triazine (2013)

The two-photon absorption properties of a set of linear copolymers based on the regular alternation of a 2,4,6-tris(thiophen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine electron-accepting unit with different electron-donating groups attached to two of the thiophen ends were investigated. Comparison of these data with those of the analogous octupolar monomers and hyperbranched polymers allows us to understand the role of the triazine-thiophen core and its molecular architecture in the nonlinear optical properties of these polymeric materials. It is concluded that the arrangement of the push-pull unit into a unidimensional array, as it is the case of the linear copolymer, favours the two-photon absorption cross-section. Hybrid nanoparticles dispersed in water were prepared from selected polymers with two-photon excited fluorescence emission comparable with those of the best performing quantum dots.
Modeling and optimizing eye vergence response to stereoscopic cuts (2014)

Sudden temporal depth changes, such as cuts that are introduced by video edits, can significantly degrade the quality of stereoscopic content. Since usually not encountered in the real world, they are very challenging for the audience. This is because the eye vergence has to constantly adapt to new disparities in spite of conflicting accommodation requirements. Such rapid disparity changes may lead to confusion, reduced understanding of the scene, and overall attractiveness of the content. In most cases the problem cannot be solved by simply matching the depth around the transition, as this would require flattening the scene completely. To better understand this limitation of the human visual system, we conducted a series of eye-tracking experiments. The data obtained allowed us to derive and evaluate a model describing adaptation of vergence to disparity changes on a stereoscopic display. Besides computing user-specific models, we also estimated parameters of an average observer model. This enables a range of strategies for minimizing the adaptation time in the audience.
Decision Making for Self-Driving Vehicles in Unexpected Environments Using Efficient Reinforcement Learning Methods (2022)

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) enables autonomous vehicles to perform complex decision making using neural networks. However, previous DRL networks only output decisions, so there is no way to determine whether the decision is proper. Reinforcement learning agents may continue to produce wrong decisions in unexpected environments not encountered during the learning process. In particular, one wrong decision can lead to an accident in autonomous driving. Therefore, it is necessary to indicate whether the action is a reasonable decision. As one such method, uncertainty can inform whether the agent’s decision is appropriate for practical application where safety must be guaranteed. Therefore, this paper provides uncertainty in the decision by proposing DeepSet-Q with Gaussian mixture (DwGM-Q), which converges the existing DeepSet-Q and mixture density network (MDN). Calculating uncertainty with the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) produced from MDN made it possible to calculate faster than the existing ensemble method. Moreover, it verified how the agent responds to the unlearned situation through the Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO) simulator and compared the uncertainty of the decision between the learned and nontrained situation.
DICTIONARY OF THE ECONOMIC PRODUCTS OF INDIA pages 308 to 461 (2014)

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Quantitative Modulation of PpIX Fluorescence and Improved Glioma Visualization (2019)

5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) induced fluorescence to augment surgical resection for high grade glioma has become a standard of care. Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) visibility is however subject to the variability of the single tumor expression and to the interobserver interpretation. We therefore hypothesized that in different glioma cell lines with variable 5-ALA induced fluorescence, the signal can be pharmacologically increased. We therefore analyzed in three different GBM cell lines, with different expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the variability of 5-ALA induced PpIX fluorescence after the pharmacological blockade at different steps of PpIX breakdown and influencing the outbound transport of PpIX. Using flow cytometry, fluorescence microplate reader, and confocal microscopy the PpIX fluorescence was analyzed after exposure to tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP), deferoxamine (DFO), and genistein. We furthermore constructed a microscope (Qp9-microscope) being able to measure quantitatively the concentration of PpIX. These values were compared with the extraction of PpIX in tumor biopsy taken during the GBM surgery. Although all three cell lines showed an increase to 5-ALA induced fluorescence their baseline activity was different. Treatment with either SnPP, DFO and genistein was able to increase 5-ALA induced fluorescence. Qp9-microscopy of tumor sample produced a color coded PpIX concentration map which was overlaid on the tumor image. The PpIX extraction from tumor sample analyzed using the plate reader gave lower values of the concentration, as compared to the expected values of the Qp9-microscope, however still in the same decimal range of μg/mL. This may be due to homogenization of the values during extraction and cell disaggregation. In conclusion pharmacological augmentation in GBM cell lines of PpIX signal is possible. A quantitative PpIX map for surgery is feasible and may help refine surgical excision. Further correlations of tumor tissue samples and Qp9-microscopy is needed, prior to develop an intraoperative surgical adjunct to the already existing 5-ALA induced surgery.
Assessment of Low-Grade Focal Cartilage Lesions in the Knee With Sodium MRI at 7 T (2020)

In vivo Na-MRI is a robust and reproducible method that allows to differentiate between low-grade, focal cartilage lesions and normal-appearing articular cartilage, which supports the concept that compositional cartilage changes can be found early, before the development of advanced morphological changes visible at clinical 3-T MRI.
ChemInform Abstract: Conjugate Addition of Organocuprates to Chiral Bicyclic δ‐Lactams. Enantioselective Synthesis of cis‐3,4‐Disubstituted and 3,4,5‐Trisubstituted Piperidines. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Timing-based mutual exclusion (2003)

The benefits that can be obtained by using timing information in mutual exclusion algorithms are examined. A simple and efficient timing-based mutual exclusion algorithm is given. This algorithm always guarantees mutual exclusion (i.e. even when run asynchronously) and also avoids deadlock in case certain (realistic) inexact timing constraints are met. The algorithm uses only two shared read/write registers (a total of log n+1 bits), thus overcoming the n register lower bound for asynchronous algorithms. It is proved that the problem cannot be solved with only one shared register, so that this algorithm is optimal in terms of the number of registers. A lower bound is proved for the time complexity of any deadlock-free mutual exclusion protocol, as a function of the number of shared registers it employs. This bound shows that the algorithm described is near optimal, in terms of time complexity. It is shown that two natural ways of weakening the timing assumptions lead (unfortunately) to an n register lower bound.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Supercharging Recommender Systems using Taxonomies for Learning User\n Purchase Behavior (2012)

Recommender systems based on latent factor models have been effectively used\nfor understanding user interests and predicting future actions. Such models\nwork by projecting the users and items into a smaller dimensional space,\nthereby clustering similar users and items together and subsequently compute\nsimilarity between unknown user-item pairs. When user-item interactions are\nsparse (sparsity problem) or when new items continuously appear (cold start\nproblem), these models perform poorly. In this paper, we exploit the\ncombination of taxonomies and latent factor models to mitigate these issues and\nimprove recommendation accuracy. We observe that taxonomies provide structure\nsimilar to that of a latent factor model: namely, it imposes human-labeled\ncategories (clusters) over items. This leads to our proposed taxonomy-aware\nlatent factor model (TF) which combines taxonomies and latent factors using\nadditive models. We develop efficient algorithms to train the TF models, which\nscales to large number of users/items and develop scalable\ninference/recommendation algorithms by exploiting the structure of the\ntaxonomy. In addition, we extend the TF model to account for the temporal\ndynamics of user interests using high-order Markov chains. To deal with\nlarge-scale data, we develop a parallel multi-core implementation of our TF\nmodel. We empirically evaluate the TF model for the task of predicting user\npurchases using a real-world shopping dataset spanning more than a million\nusers and products. Our experiments demonstrate the benefits of using our TF\nmodels over existing approaches, in terms of both prediction accuracy and\nrunning time.\n
Scintillation and Dosimetric Properties of Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline Li2B4O7 (2020)

We have performed a comparative study on the scintillation and dosimetric properties of monocrystalline and polycrystalline Li 2 B 4 O 7 samples. The scintillation light yield of the monocrystalline Li 2 B 4 O 7 sample was higher than that of the polycrystalline Li 2 B 4 O 7 sample. In contrast, the thermoluminescence (TL) intensity of the polycrystalline Li 2 B 4 O 7 sample was higher than that of the monocrystalline Li 2 B 4 O 7 sample. These results can be explained by the difference in trap concentration between the monocrystalline and polycrystalline Li 2 B 4 O 7 samples. It has been assumed that the monocrystalline Li 2 B 4 O 7 sample shows a higher scintillation light yield owing to its lower trap concentration, and the polycrystalline Li 2 B 4 O 7 sample shows a higher TL intensity owing to its higher trap concentration.
Hormone requirements of the pregnancy-dependent mammary tumor of GR/A mice: an in vitro study. (1982)

The hormones required for cell replication and structural integrity of the inbred GR/A mouse strain-derived, pregnancy-dependent mammary tumor (PDT) were studied with the use of explant organ culture. Through 6 days of culture, a combination of insulin (I), progesterone (P), and prolactin was sufficient to maintain continued cell replication, tissue architecture, and cell integrity. In contrast, the GR/A pregnancy-independent mammary tumors (PIT) required only I to sustain cell replication. Syngeneic transplants of PDT explants after culture yielded predominantly ductal outgrowths with no PIT. These findings are consistent with data obtained in vivo and suggest that the extreme dependence of this tumor on the hormones of pregnancy is best accounted for by considering P to be the pivotal control hormone which, in turn, acts with constitutively present I and pregnancy-stimulated pituitary and placental prolactin activities to promote tumor growth.