gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neutron Production from Feedback Controlled Thermal Cycling of a Pyroelectric Crystal Stack (2007)

The LLNL Crystal Driven Neutron Source is operational and has produced record ion currents of {approx}10 nA and neutron output of 1.9 ({+-}0.3) x 10{sup 5} per thermal cycle using a crystal heating rate of 0.2 C/s from 10 C to 110 C. A 3 cm diameter by 1 cm thick LiTaO{sub 3} crystal with a socket secured field emitter tip is thermally cycled with feedback control for ionization and acceleration of deuterons onto a deuterated target to produce D-D fusion neutrons. The entire crystal and temperature system is mounted on a bellows which allows movement of the crystal along the beam axis and is completely contained on a single small vacuum flange. The modular crystal assembly permitted experimental flexibility. Operationally, flashover breakdowns along the side of the crystal and poor emitter tip characteristics can limit the neutron source. The experimental neutron results extend earlier published work by increasing the ion current and pulse length significantly to achieve a factor-of-two higher neutron output per thermal cycle. These findings are reviewed along with details of the instrument.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Pharmacological Properties of Novel 8‐Substituted Imidazobenzodiazepines: High‐Affinity, Selective Probes for α5‐ Containing GABAA Receptors. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Novel Mouse Models for Understanding HIV-1 Pathogenesis (2009)

Small animal models in which in vivo HIV-1 infection, pathogenesis, and immune responses can be studied would permit both basic research on the biology of the disease, as well as a system to rapidly screen developmental therapeutics and/or vaccines. To date, the most widely-used models have been the severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)-hu (also known as the thy/liv SCID-hu) and the huPBL-SCID mouse models. Recently three new models have emerged, i.e., the intrasplenic huPBL/SPL-SCID model, the NOD/SCID/IL2Rgamma(null) mouse model, and the Rag2(-/-)gamma(c) (-/-) mouse model. Details on the construction, maintenance and HIV-1 infection of these models are discussed.
Blockade of NF-κB ameliorates myocardial hypertrophy in response to chronic infusion of angiotensin II (2005)

Blockade of NF-kappaB activation attenuated myocardial hypertrophy without deteriorating cardiac function. NF-kappaB may play an important role in cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling besides promoting inflammation.
Imaging Multi-Order Fabry-Perot Spectrometer (IMOFPS) for spaceborne measurements of CO (2003)

An instrument concept for an Imaging Multi-Order Fabry-Perot Spectrometer (IMOFPS) has been developed for measuring tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO) from space. The concept is based upon a correlation technique similar in nature to multi-order Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometer or gas filter radiometer techniques, which simultaneously measure atmospheric emission from several infrared vibration-rotation lines of CO. Correlation techniques provide a multiplex advantage for increased throughput, high spectral resolution and selectivity necessary for profiling tropospheric CO. Use of unconventional multilayer interference filter designs leads to improvement in CO spectral line correlation compared with the traditional FP multi-order technique, approaching the theoretical performance of gas filter correlation radiometry. In this implementation, however, the gas cell is replaced with a simple, robust solid interference filter. In addition to measuring CO, the correlation filter technique can be applied to measurements of other important gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane. Imaging the scene onto a 2-D detector array enables a limited range of spectral sampling owing to the field-angle dependence of the filter transmission function. An innovative anamorphic optical system provides a relatively large instrument field-of-view for imaging along the orthogonal direction across the detector array. An important advantage of the IMOFPS concept is that it is a small, low mass and high spectral resolution spectrometer having no moving parts. A small, correlation spectrometer like IMOFPS would be well suited for global observations of CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, and CH<sub>4</sub> from low Earth or regional observations from Geostationary orbit. A prototype instrument is in development for flight demonstration on an airborne platform with potential applications to atmospheric chemistry, wild fire and biomass burning, and chemical dispersion monitoring.
In-die overlay metrology method using defect review SEM images (2013)

As device dimensions shrink, the measurement of layer-to-layer overlay is becoming increasingly important. Overlay is currently measured using target patterns fabricated within scribe lines. However, there are residual errors between the measurement values at the scribe lines and the actual values at the circuit pattern regions. Therefore, in-die overlay measurements using circuit patterns are required for precise overlay control. We have developed an in-die overlay measurement method based on SEM images. The overlay is directly measured by comparing a golden image and a test image captured at the circuit pattern region. Each layer is automatically recognized from the images, and the placement error between the two images is determined and used to calculate the overlay. This enables measurement without a specially designed target pattern or the setting up of measurement cursors. In the simulation experiments, the proposed method has linearity and sensitivity for the sub-pixel-order overlay even if the patterns have size variations. The basic performance of this method was evaluated using a defect review SEM. For advanced memory devices, a measurement repeatability of less than 1.0 nm was achieved, and a reasonable wafer map of the overlay was obtained.
A Combination Therapy Targeting Endoglin and VEGF-A Prevents Subretinal Fibro-Neovascularization Caused by Induced Müller Cell Disruption (2018)

Our findings offer a potentially novel combination approach to concurrently managing subretinal neovascularization and fibrosis in nAMD.
Effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate acid on meat performance traits and selected indicators of humoral immunity in goats. (2016)

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate acid, on parameters of meat performance in goats as well as on selected parameters of non-specific humoral defense. An experiment was performed on 24 Alpine kids divided into two equal groups: I - control and II - experimental. Over a period of 60 days, the animals were fed an HMB-supplemented diet. The following meat performance parameters were determined: body weight, daily gains, growth rate, the dimensions of musculus longissimus dorsi (m.l.d.) sections and fat thickness over the loin "eye". Selected indicators of non-specific humoral immunity were determined in the blood serum of kids: lysozyme activity, ceruloplasmin activity and gamma globulin content. It was found that the kids administered HMB had a significantly higher body weight on days 30 and 60 of the experiment compared to the control group. The kids in this group also had a significantly more favorable musculature development. Simultaneously, a significant impact of HIMB on the examined immunological indices was found. The significance of differences in relation to the control group was confirmed statistically for lysozyme activity and ceruloplasmin activity on days 30 and 60, while the content of gammaglobulins was confirmed statistically on days 15, 30 and 60 of the study. It was also found that the addition of HMB had a stimulating impact on immunity and growth rate as well as on the development of muscles. It is thus justified to administer HMB to early-weaned kids to enhance their rearing parameters.
23.6 A 2pA/√Hz Transimpedance Amplifier for Miniature Ultrasound Probes with 36dB Continuous-Time Gain Compensation (2020)

Miniature ultrasound probes, such as the intra-cardiac echography (ICE) probe shown in Fig. 23.6.1, increasingly employ in-probe ASICs to interface with the elements of an ultrasound transducer array to improve signal quality and reduce cable count [1]-[4]. For each transducer element, such an ASIC contains a pulser that drives the element to generate a pressure wave, a low-noise amplifier (LNA) that amplifies the resulting echo signal, and a time-gain compensation (TGC) circuit that compensates for the time-varying echo-signal amplitude due to propagation attenuation of the acoustic wave. Without TGC, the first echoes, from shallow tissue, are much larger than later echoes from deeper tissue. The TGC circuit corrects for this, ideally by providing a gain that increases exponentially with time, thus reducing the dynamic range (DR) by as much as 40dB and strongly relaxing the requirements of subsequent blocks. In conventional ultrasound systems, TGC is typically performed after the LNA, implying that a power-hungry LNA is required that can handle the full DR of the echo signal [5], [6]. In recent in-probe ASICs, programmable-gain LNAs have been employed that provide a step-wise TGC approximation [1]-[3]. While this saves power, the associated gain-switching transients lead to imaging artefacts. In this paper, we present an LNA with a built-in continuous TGC function that mitigates this problem. The LNA is a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) optimized to amplify the signal current of a capacitive micro-machined ultrasound transducer (CMUT). We demonstrate its integration into a 64-channel ASIC for a CMUT-based ICE probe.
(Invited) Enzymatic Metal Oxide Electrolyte-Gated Field-Effect Transistors for Non-Invasive Glucose Biosensor (2020)

Fabrication of nano-scaled biosensors with high sensing performance is essential demand for a future biological sensing system. Detection of biomolecules is conducted in terms of change in electrical properties of the biosensor so that the consideration of semiconductor material becomes more crucial. Although a lot of attractive attentions are attempted such as utilizing silicon nanowire or carbon nanotube, studies for investigating the highly reliable and biocompatible materials still have been progressed. Metal oxide material for biosensing application has an advantages of relatively high electrical characteristics and provides environmental condition for immobilizing an enzyme. InGaZnO (IGZO) has high electron mobility and reliability which leads a high sensitivity for detecting biomolecules. Adapting field effect transistor (FET) structure is additional approach to enhance the signal response of the sensor. The fundamental principle of the FET biosensor relies on its sensitive response to the variation of electric field or potential at the sensor surface resulting from the electrical interaction between the semiconductor and glucose molecules captured at the glucose oxidase (GOx). The FET biosensor also could be effectively integrated with other application circuits through conventional photolithography technologies. In addition, electrolyte-gated FET structure, utilizing an electrolyte as a gate insulator, shows a high sensitivity to the glucose concentration originated from a large capacitance of the electrolyte. IGZO based electrolyte-gated FET (IGZO-EGFET) biosensor is fabricated. The pH sensing is tested for predicting the biosensing performance of IGZO-EGFET. The pH sensitivity is measured as 52.5 mV/pH within 3 to 9 pH range, which is comparable to other nano material pH sensors. Immobilization of GOx on the IGZO surface is conducted via crosslinking modification with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and glutaraldehyde treatment. Finally, the variation of glucose concentration is successfully identified on the GOx immobilized IGZO-EGFET. This study shows the IGZO-EGFET biosensor could lead to the applications of portable and real-time detecting sensor.
ULTRAPERMEABLE MEMBRANES FOR BATCH DESALINATION: MAXIMUM DESALINATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY, AND COST ANALYSIS (2017)

Reducing the energy consumption of membrane desalination is critical to reducing its cost of water and minimizing desalination’s CO₂ emissions. Hybrids of reverse osmosis (RO) with ul trapermeable membranes promise to address the efficiency, rejection, and fouling issues. In a batch reverse osmosis (BRO) process, salinity is varied over time so that the applied pressure better matches osmotic pressure, increasing efficiency. In this paper, the impact of ultrapermeable membranes in BRO are modelled, and a cost analysis is performed. The results show energetic advantages for the BRO over the best continuous RO configurations. Batch RO systems offer significant cost savings, and saves more energy than the use of ultrapermeable membranes in continuous RO systems. The two combined, BRO and ultrapermeable membranes, has the potential for the most efficient desalination systems yet proposed. However, low membrane cost is needed for ultrapermeable membranes to be viable.
Pressure activated interconnection of micro transfer printed components (2016)

Micro transfer printing and other forms of micro assembly deterministically produce heterogeneously integrated systems of miniaturized components on non-native substrates. Most micro assembled systems include electrical interconnections to the miniaturized components, typically accomplished by metal wires formed on the non-native substrate after the assembly operation. An alternative scheme establishing interconnections during the assembly operation is a cost-effective manufacturing method for producing heterogeneous microsystems, and facilitates the repair of integrated microsystems, such as displays, by ex post facto addition of components to correct defects after system-level tests. This letter describes pressure-concentrating conductor structures formed on silicon (1 0 0) wafers to establish connections to preexisting conductive traces on glass and plastic substrates during micro transfer printing with an elastomer stamp. The pressure concentrators penetrate a polymer layer to form the connection, and reflow of the polymer layer bonds the components securely to the target substrate. The experimental yield of series-connected test systems with &amp;gt;1000 electrical connections demonstrates the suitability of the process for manufacturing, and robustness of the test systems against exposure to thermal shock, damp heat, and mechanical flexure shows reliability of the resulting bonds.
Cost Space Evolution for PDN Synthesis (2018)

Power Delivery Network synthesis requires optimal capacitor selection criteria to achieve an impedance for devices. We break the definition of “optimal” into Acceptability (impedance target) and Desirability (manufacturing), exploiting cost properties for rapid optimization convergence.
Thermodynamics of Stress and Electric Field Induced Phase Transition in Relaxor Ferroelectric Crystals (2006)

A thermodynamics based analysis of measured material behavior in (110) orientated (PMN-32%PT) and (PZN-4.5%PT) crystals under combined stress, electric field and temperature loading leads to a determination of the relative energy levels of phases. The approach is to perform path integrals to determine external work done by electrical and mechanical loads at constant temperature and to remove the effect of heat generated by irreversible strain and electric displacement increments. This yields relative internal energy density levels of phases. It also yields Gibbs energy density, a measure of the driving force for the phase transformation. The approach is used to analyze two types of phase transition, a jump type transition from rhombohedral to orthorhombic with associated hysteresis in (011) loaded PZN-4.5%PT, and a continuous transition from rhombohedral to orthorhombic with rotation through an intermediate monoclinic phase in (001)loaded PMN-32%PT.
Ethical issues in DNA testing (2000)

Molecular tests for single gene disorders have become the "gold standard," surpassing in sensitivity and specificity other ancillary tests such as imaging or neurophysiologic tests. Although direct technical problems are rare for DNA tests, few outcomes studies have been reported that examine sensitivity, specificity, and usage of tests outside the setting of academic medical centers. Ethical problems of DNA testing are mainly discussed in a theoretical framework and few published studies or case reports deal with real-life situations. Among neurologists, ethical dilemmas and attempts at their resolution are communicated mainly on a verbal basis, and even then relatively little follow-up is available. The potential use of information obtained through DNA testing by other family members, employers, insurance companies, and governmental agencies deserves scientific investigation and societal discussion. A major educational effort is needed to inform patients, providers, and third parties that the presence of a particular allele in an individual is only one piece in a complex puzzle of environmental and genetic interactions that may ultimately result in disease.
Nanoimmunoassays for malaria diagnosis (2018)

The development of Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) for malaria diagnosis is an area of intense research. Here, we describe two nanoimmunoassays for malaria parasite detection; one based on agarose gel electrophoresis; and another employing lab-onpaper technology. Both nanoimmunoassays use gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) or with the pentapeptide CALNN, and further conjugated with a monoclonal antibody (anti- PfHRP2) that specifically recognizes Plasmodium falciparum Histidine Rich Protein 2 (PfHRP2) antigen. The formation of AuNP-anti-PfHRP2 bionanoconjugates was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis, demonstrating that AuNP functionalization and mode of conjugation (by physiosorption or by chemical cross-linking) control antibody binding to AuNP. The agarose gel-based nanoimmunoassay showed that AuNP-MUA-anti- PfHRP2 bionanoconjugates could detect an antigen concentration of 12 μg/mL, one order of magnitude less than that detected by AuNPCALNN- anti-PfHRP2 bionanoconjugates (700 μg/mL). AuNP-MUA-anti-PfHRP2 bionanoconjugates were also shown to be effective for direct colorimetric detection of the antigen by Western Blot, eliminating the need for a secondary antibody. The lab-on-paper technology-based RDT was developed on a filter cellulose filter paper-based strip, eliminating the traditional plastic casing. The amount of bionanoconjugates, and the components in test and control lines were optimized. In the future, our goal is to apply this RDT in the analysis of clinical samples.
Chemical and physical interface studies of the atomic-layer-deposited Al2O3 on GaAs substrates (2008)

In this work, we study the chemical and physical properties of the interface between Al2O3 and GaAs for different surface treatments of GaAs. The interfacial layer between the high-κ layer and GaAs substrate was studied using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The reduction in native oxide layer was observed upon atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 on nontreated GaAs using trimethyl aluminum precursor. It was also observed that the sulfide treatment effectively mitigates the formation of the interfacial layer as compared to the surface hydroxylation using NH4OH. The electrical characteristics of GaAs capacitors further substantiate the XPS and TEM results.
Process monitoring via independent components (2004)

We propose a method for process monitoring of a semiconductor manufacturing process. Independent component analysis (ICA) is applied to characterize E-test parameter data. We calculate angular confidence intervals for the model, eliminate marginally significant components and implement control charts for significant components of interest. Alarms are generated off of deviations in the charted components. Alarms are easily used in process diagnosis based on the interpretation of the independent components.
The commensal Escherichia coli CEC15 reinforces intestinal defences in gnotobiotic mice and is protective in a chronic colitis mouse model (2019)

Escherichia coli is a regular inhabitant of the gut microbiota throughout life. However, its role in gut health is controversial. Here, we investigated the relationship between the commensal E. coli strain CEC15 (CEC), which we previously isolated, and the intestine in homeostatic and disease-prone settings. The impact of CEC was compared to that of the probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 (Nissle) strain. The expression of ileal and colonic genes that play a key role in intestinal homeostasis was higher in CEC- and Nissle-mono-associated wild-type mice than in germfree mice. This included genes involved in the turnover of reactive oxygen species, antimicrobial peptide synthesis, and immune responses. The impact of CEC and Nissle on such gene expression was stronger in a disease-prone setting, i.e. in gnotobiotic IL10-deficient mice. In a chronic colitis model, CEC more strongly decreased signs of colitis severity (myeloperoxidase activity and CD3<sup>+</sup> immune-cell infiltration) than Nissle. Thus, our study shows that CEC and Nissle contribute to increased expression of genes involved in the maintenance of gut homeostasis in homeostatic and inflammatory settings. We show that these E. coli strains, in particular CEC, can have a beneficial effect in a chronic colitis mouse model.
Structure-Based Design of High-Affinity and Selective Peptidomimetic Hepsin Inhibitors (2022)

In many solid tumors, increased upregulation of transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) leads to an overactivation of growth factors, which promotes tumor progression. Here, we have used a combinatorial methodology to develop high-affinity tetrapeptidic inhibitors. A previous virtual screening of 8000 peptide combinations against the crystal structure of the TTSP hepsin identified a series of recognition sequences, customized for the non-prime substrate binding (P) sites of this serine protease. A combination of the top recognition sequences with an electrophilic warhead resulted in highly potent inhibitors with good selectivity against coagulation proteases factor Xa and thrombin. Structure-activity relationships of two selected compounds were further elucidated by investigation of their stability in biological fluids as well as the influence of the warhead and truncated inhibitors on the inhibitory potency. Overall, this methodology yielded compounds as selective inhibitors for potential cancer drug development, where hepsin is overexpressed.