gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Problems With Inhaler Use: A Call for Improved Clinician and Patient Education (2005)

Patient education is a critical factor in the use and misuse of medication inhalers. Inhalers represent advanced technology that is considered so easy to use that many patients and clinicians do not receive adequate training in their use. Between 28% and 68% of patients do not use metered-dose inhalers or powder inhalers well enough to benefit from the prescribed medication, and 39-67% of nurses, doctors, and respiratory therapists are unable to adequately describe or perform critical steps for using inhalers. Of an estimated 25 billion dollars spent for inhalers annually, 5-7 billion dollars is wasted because of inhaler misuse. Reimbursement and teaching strategies to improve patient education could substantially reduce these wasted resources. Problems with inhaler use, the cost of inhalers, and myths associated with inhalers are reviewed, with recommendations for strategies and techniques to better educate patients in inhaler use.
Facile synthesis of L-kynurenine (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFacile synthesis of L-kynurenineFrancesco G. Salituro and Ian A. McDonaldCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 26, 6138–6139Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00261a036https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00261a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views607Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Amputee socks (2013)

Our findings suggest three 1-ply socks to be 20% greater in thickness than one 3-ply sock, and one 3-ply + two 1-ply socks to be 30% greater in thickness than one 5-ply sock.
Inhibition of growth and induction of apoptosis in human breast cancer by transfection of gef gene (2003)

The gef gene has cell-killing functions in Escherichia coli. To evaluate the feasibility of using this gene as a new strategy for cancer therapy, we transfected it in MCF-7 cells derived from breast cancer (MCF-7TG). The gef gene was cloned in a pMAMneo vector under the control of a mouse mammary tumour virus promoter, inducible by dexamethasone (Dex), and was transfected with liposomes. After selection and induction, expression of the gef gene was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) and Western blot. Cell viability was determined with a haemocytometre and the sulphorodamine B colorimetric assay, and the cell cycle was studied by propidium iodide (PI) staining. Annexin V-FITC and PI assays were used to evaluate apoptosis, which was confirmed by electron microscopy. In comparison with MCF-7 parental cells and MCF-7 cells transfected with an empty vector, MCF-7TG cells induced with Dex showed a significant decrease in proliferation rate, which was associated with evidence of apoptosis. Morphological findings confirmed apoptosis and showed a typical pattern of mitochondrial dilation. Furthermore, the cell cycle was characterised by premature progression from G(1) to S phase and G(2) delay. Our results show that the gef gene was able to decrease proliferation in a breast cancer cell line, and induce apoptosis. These findings suggest that the gef gene is a potential candidate for tumour therapy.
Efficient Excitation of Micro/NanoResonators and Their Higher OrderModes (2019)

We demonstrate a simple and flexible technique to efficiently activate micro/nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) resonators at their fundamental and higher order vibration modes. The method is based on the utilization of the amplified voltage across an inductor, L, of an LC tank resonant circuit to actuate the MEMS/NEMS resonator. By matching the electrical and mechanical resonances, significant amplitude amplification is reported across the resonators terminals. We show experimentally amplitude amplification up to twelve times, which is demonstrated to efficiently excite several vibration modes of a microplate MEMS resonator and the fundamental mode of a NEMS resonator.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of oriented bicyclic systems containing heteroatom(s): the spectrum of 2-thiocoumarin (1986)

From the proton nmr studies of 2-thiocoumarin and coumarin, it is concluded that the relative interproton distances in the two oxygen heteroatom bicyclic systems are similar. The values for the phenyl ring protons do not deviate significantly from the regular hexagonal geometry, unlike bicyclic systems with nitrogens as the heteroatoms, such as diazanaphthalenes. Larger values of the indirect spin–spin couplings within the protons of the ring containing the oxygen heteroatom, compared to the values between the ortho protons in the phenyl rings in coumarin and 2-thiocoumarin, correspond to the olefinic nature of these protons. This is in contrast to results for the nitrogen heterocycles where both the rings are aromatic.
Computer-Aided Diagnosis in Mammography (2010)

In this chapter we discuss rationale and methods for computer-aided diagnosis in mammography. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) is a diagnosis made by a clinician who uses the output from a computerized analysis of medical images as a "second opinion" in detecting lesions and in making diagnostic decisions. The final diagnosis is rendered by the clinician, e.g., the radiologist. Computer vision and artificial intelligence techniques are developed and customized to accommodate lesions such as cancer and their radiographic presentations on the normal parenchymal background of the breast. Mammography, x-ray imaging of the breast, is currently the best method for the early detection of breast cancer. Between 10 and 30% of women who have breast cancer and undergo mammography have negative mammograms, however. In approximately two-thirds of these false-negative mammograms, the radiologist failed to detect a cancer that was evident retrospectively. The missed detections may be due to the subtle nature of the radiographic findings (i.e., low conspicuity of the lesion), poor image quality, eye fatigue, or oversight by the radiologists. It has been suggested that double reading (by two radiologists) may increase sensitivity. Thus, one aim of CAD is to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of screening procedures by using a computer system, as a "second reader" (like a "spell checker"), to indicate locations of suspicious abnormalities in mammograms as an aid to the radiologist leaving the final decision regarding the likelihood of the presence of a cancer and patient management to the radiologist. The interpretation of screening mammograms lends itself to CAD since it is a repetitive task involving mostly normal images. Figure 15.1 shows a schematic diagram of a computerized detection method for use in screening mammography. If a suspicious region is detected, the radiologist then decides if the abnormality is likely to be malignant or benign, and what course of action should be recommended (i.e., return to screening, return for short term follow-up, or return for biopsy). Many patients are referred for surgical biopsy on the basis of a radiographically detected mass lesion or cluster of microcalcifications. Although general rules for the differentiation between benign and malignant breast lesions exist, considerable variability occurs in the interpretation of findings by radiologists with current radiographic techniques. On average, only 10-20% of masses referred for surgical breast biopsy are actually malignant. Thus, another aim of CAD is to extract and analyze the characteristics of benign and malignant lesions seen at mammography in an objective manner in order to aid the radiologist. This has the potential for increasing diagnostic accuracy and reducing the numbers of false-positive diagnoses of malignancies, thereby decreasing patient morbidity by reducing the number of surgical biopsies performed and their associated complications. Figure 15.2 shows a schematic diagram of a computerized diagnosis method for use in the mammographie workup of a suspect lesion.
Detection of Inhibition of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus by Aromatic Cationic Molecules (2003)

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an economically significant pathogen of cattle and a problematic contaminant in the laboratory. BVDV is often used as an in vitro model for hepatitis C virus during drug discovery efforts. Aromatic dicationic molecules have exhibited inhibitory activity against several RNA viruses. Thus, the purpose of this research was to develop and apply a method for screening the aromatic cationic compounds for in vitro cytotoxicity and activity against a noncytopathic strain of BVDV. The screening method evaluated the concentration of BVDV in medium and cell lysates after 72 h of cell culture in the presence of either a 25 or 5 microM concentration of the test compound. Five of 93 screened compounds were selected for further determination of inhibitory (90 and 50%) and cytotoxic (50 and 10%) concentration endpoints. The screening method identified compounds that exhibited inhibition of BVDV at nanomolar concentrations while exhibiting no cytotoxicity at 25 microM concentrations. The leading compounds require further investigation to determine their mechanism of action, in vivo activity, and specific activity against hepatitis C virus.
Sub-60 nm deeply-scaled channel length extremely-thin body In<inf>x</inf>Ga<inf>1&#x2212;x</inf>As-on-insulator MOSFETs on Si with Ni-InGaAs metal S/D and MOS interface buffer engineering (2012)

We report the first demonstration of sub-60 nm deeply-scaled InGaAs- and InAs-on-insulator MOSFETs on Si substrates with MOS interface buffer engineering and Ni-InGaAs metal source/drain (S/D). The devices provide 400 % I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> enhancement, when comparing to that of an In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.53</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.47</sub> As control device with the same drain-induced-barrier-lowering (DIBL) of 100 mV/V, which is attributable to the mobility enhancement and the S/D parasitic resistance (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SD</sub> ) reduction. In addition, InAs-OI MOSFETs with the MOS interface buffer show excellent electrostatic characteristics. A MOSFET with channel length (L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ch</sub> ) of 55 nm shows small DIBL of 84 mV/V and subthreshold slope (S.S.) of 105 mV/dec, both of which do not significantly degrade with a decrease of L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ch</sub> , because of the extremely-thin channel thickness.
Aqueous Phase Reforming of Glycerol Over Nanosize Cu–Ni Catalysts (2013)

In this work, hydrogen production from glycerol by aqueous phase reforming (APR) is studied by using nanosize Ni-Cu catalysts supported on LaAlO3 perovskite in order to investigate the effects of the copper loading amount and the reaction conditions. Nanosize copper-promoted nickel-based catalysts were prepared by the precipitation method. The structure of the nanosize catalysts is characterized by XRD analysis. The surface area, morphology, dispersion and reducibility of the nanosize catalysts is examined by BET, TEM and TPR, respectively. It was found that 15Ni-5Cu/LaAlO3 catalyst showed the highest glycerol conversion and hydrogen selectivity. The highest activity found in the 15Ni-5Cu/LaAlO3 was attributed to it having the proper copper loading amount. It also has the lowest metal crystal size and the highest surface area, which have an effect on the catalytic activity and hydrogen selectivity. The 15Ni-5Cu/LaAlO3 catalyst showed the best performance for hydrogen production at a reaction temperature of 250 degrees C, a reaction pressure of 20 bar and a feed rate of 5 ml/h.
Interventional Behavior Prediction: Avoiding Overly Confident Anticipation in Interactive Prediction (2022)

Conditional behavior prediction (CBP) builds up the foundation for a coherent interactive prediction and plan-ning framework that can enable more efficient and less conser-vative maneuvers in interactive scenarios. In CBP task, we train a prediction model approximating the posterior distribution of target agents' future trajectories conditioned on the future trajectory of an assigned ego agent. However, we argue that CBP may provide overly confident anticipation on how the autonomous agent may influence the target agents' behavior. Consequently, it is risky for the planner to query a CBP model. Instead, we should treat the planned trajectory as an intervention and let the model learn the trajectory distribution under intervention. We refer to it as the interventional behavior prediction (IBP) task. Moreover, to properly evaluate an IBP model with offline datasets, we propose a Shapley-value-based metric to verify if the prediction model satisfies the inherent temporal independence of an interventional distribution. We show that the proposed metric can effectively identify a CBP model violating the temporal independence, which plays an important role when establishing IBP benchmarks.
Abstract LB-241: Silencing of microRNA-31 prevents esophageal neoplasia in zinc deficient rats. (2013)

Abstract Dietary zinc deficiency (ZD) is implicated in the pathogenesis of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). microRNA-31 (miR-31) is overexpressed in human ESCC. In the rat a ZD diet promotes esophageal carcinogenesis by inducing cellular proliferation and changes in the expression of microRNA and mRNA, including overexpression of miR-31 and cancer-related proinflammation genes. Here we report that treatment of ZD rats with locked nucleic acid (LNA)-modified inhibitor of miR-31 (LNA-antimiR) prevents the development of a precancerous esophageal phenotype. Weanling rats were fed ZD or zinc-sufficient (ZS) diet for 5 weeks. Simultaneously, ZD rats were administered intravenously (twice a week) LNA-antimiR, LNA-scramble miR-31 or the vehicle saline. ZS rats received saline. Compared to ZS rats, LNA-scramble miR-31-treated or saline-treated ZD rats overexpressed miR-31 and displayed a highly proliferative and inflammatory esophageal phenotype. Treatment of ZD rats with LNA-antimiR reduced miR-31 expression in esophageal epithelia and circulating blood by ~60% and reversed the ZD-induced esophageal pathology, as evidenced by a thinned esophageal epithelium with reduced cell proliferation by PCNA immunohistochemistry and increased apoptosis by caspase-3/7 activity. Transcriptome analyses of esophageal epithelia demonstrated derepression of target mRNAs with miR-31 seed sites. In particular, Stk40 (a negative regulator of NF-κ? signaling) was demonstrated to be a bona fide miR-31 target. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, miR-31 overexpression in ZD esophageal sections correlated with downregulation of STK40 protein, as well as with upregulation of an NF-κ? p65 - RAGE-S100A9 inflammatory pathway that in turn, was normalized by miR-31 silencing. Thus, silencing miR-31 prevents esophageal neoplasia. Overexpression of miR-31 promotes ESCC initiation by enhancing inflammation via STK40 - NF-κ? signaling. The data indicate that miR-31 may be a promising therapeutic target for improved ESCC diagnosis and prevention. Funding: National Institutes of Health grants U01 CA152758 to CMC and R01CA118560 &amp; R21CA152505 to LYYF. Citation Format: Cristian Taccioli, Hongping Chen, Michela Garofalo, Yubao Jiang, Gianpiero Di Leva, Hansjuerg Alder, Justin Middleton, Karl J. Smalley, Arianna Bottoni, Stefan Costinean, John L. Farber, Carlo M. Croce, Louise Y Y Fong. Silencing of microRNA-31 prevents esophageal neoplasia in zinc deficient rats. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-241. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-241
Fabrication And Characterization Of PbS Quantum Dots (2005)

Synthesis, structural characterization and optical properties of narrow size distribution and high photoluminescence efficiency PbS colloidal quantum dots are described. They display at least five distinguishable excitonic peaks in the absorption spectra, a half‐width at half‐maximum of the first absorption peak as narrow as ∼27 meV and a near IR photoluminescence quantum yield as high as 42%. The relationship between synthesis conditions and optical properties of these enhanced PbS quantum dots is discussed.
The anti-inflammatory effect of A3adenosine receptor agonists: a novel targeted therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (2007)

Targeting the A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) to combat inflammation is a new concept based on two findings. First, A(3)AR is highly expressed in inflammatory cells, whereas low expression is found in normal tissues. This receptor was also found to be overexpressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, reflecting receptor status in the remote inflammatory process. Second, A(3)AR activation with a specific agonist induces de-regulation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in inflammatory cells, as well as initiation of immunomodulatory effects. The A(3)AR agonist CF-101 (known generically as IB-MECA) induces anti-inflammatory effects in experimental animal models of collagen- and adjuvant-induced arthritis. Combined therapy with CF-101 and methotrexate in adjuvant-induced arthritis rats yielded an additive anti-inflammatory effect. Methotrexate induced upregulation of A(3)AR, rendering the inflammatory cells more susceptible to CF-101. In Phase I and in Phase IIa human studies, CF-101 was safe, well tolerated and showed strong evidence of an anti-inflammatory effect in rheumatoid arthritis patients. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells withdrawn from the patients at base line, a statistically significant correlation between A(3)AR expression level and response to the drug was noted. It is suggested that A(3)AR may serve as a biologic marker to predict patient response to the drug. Taken together, this information suggests that A(3)AR agonists may be a new family of orally bioavailable drugs to be developed as potent inhibitors of autoimmune-inflammatory diseases.
Laser-Assisted Machining of a Fiber Reinforced Metal Matrix Composite (2010)

Metal matrix composites, due to their excellent properties of high specific strength, fracture resistance, and corrosion resistance, are highly sought after over their nonferrous alloys, but these materials also present difficulty in machining. Excessive tool wear and high tooling costs of diamond tools make the cost associated with machining of these composites very high. This paper is concerned with the machining of high volume fraction long-fiber metal matrix composites (MMCs), which has seldom been studied. The composite material considered for this study is an Al–2% Cu aluminum matrix composite reinforced with 62% by volume fraction alumina fibers (Al–2% Cu/Al2O3). Laser-assisted machining (LAM) is utilized to improve the tool life and the material removal rate while minimizing the subsurface damage. The effectiveness of the laser-assisted machining process is studied by measuring the cutting forces, specific cutting energy, surface roughness, subsurface damage, and tool wear under various material removal temperatures. A multiphase finite element model is developed in ABAQUS/STANDARD to assist in the selection of cutting parameters such as tool rake angle, cutting speed, and material removal temperature. The multiphase model is also successful in predicting the damage depth on machining. The optimum material removal temperature is established as 300°C at a cutting speed of 30 m/min. LAM provides a 65% reduction in the surface roughness, specific cutting energy, tool wear rate, and minimum subsurface damage over conventional machining using the same cutting conditions.
A fiber-optic-based protocol for manufacturing system networks (1989)

This research work presents the development and analysis of a novel fiber-optic-based medium access control (MAC) protocol for integrated factory and office communications over a common transmission medium. The heterogeneous traffic in such a network can be broadly classified into two types for real-time and non-real-time data communications. The physical topology for the proposed MAC protocol has a unidirectional dual-bus architecture. The protocol execution is divided into two parts: one for the execution in the real-time mode and the other in the non-real-time mode. Within each mode the access to the medium is collision free, and the access right is established by an implicit token passing scheme. The protocol enables a selective preemption scheme whereby the non-real-time transmission mode can be terminated by a station with a real-time message. The preemption and controlled access scheme within the real-time mode ensures that the real-time messages meet the requirements of the data latency bound. The non-real-time message transmissions are permitted when the channel is not used by the real-time data. An acknowledgement scheme would ensure integrity of the non-real-time messages.
The details of the protocol are represented by a finite-state-machine model and a timed Petri net model. Correctness of the protocol has been verified from this Petri net model by use of the global state generation technique. A statistical model is formulated for the performance evaluation of the proposed protocol. The statistical model derives the Laplace-Stieltjes transforms of the queueing delay distribution for both real-time and non-real-time messages. A discrete-event simulation model has been developed from the Petri net model to analyze the performance (e.g., network-induced delays for different classes of messages) of the protocol under various operational scenarios of the network. This simulation model has also been used to verifying the statistical model and vice versa.