gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Internal fluorescence labeling with fluorescent deoxynucleotides in two-label peak-height encoded DNA sequencing by capillary electrophoresis (1994)

Fluorescently labeled deoxynucleotides were used for internal labeling of DNA sequencing fragments generated in a two-color peak-height encoded protocol. Sequenase and a manganese-containing buffer were used to generate uniform peak heights. Tetramethyl rhodamine - dATP was used in a labeling step, followed by termination with ddATP and ddCTP in a 3:1 ratio. Fluorescein - dATP was used in a second reaction, followed by termination with ddGTP and ddTTP in a 3:1 ratio. The fragments were pooled and separated by capillary gel electrophoresis. The results were compared with peak-height encoded sequencing based on fluorescently labeled primers. The dye-labeled primers produced higher resolution separations for shorter fragments. However, dye-labeled primer fragments suffered from an earlier onset of biased reptation and produced shorter sequencing reads. Fragments from 50 to at least 500 bases in length could be sequenced with the internal labels.
Occurrence of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli Isolates from Different Aquatic Ecosystems within the St. Clair River and Detroit River Areas (2007)

Although the number of Escherichia coli bacteria in surface waters can differ greatly between locations, relatively little is known about the distribution of E. coli pathotypes in surface waters used as sources for drinking or recreation. DNA microarray technology is a suitable tool for this type of study due to its ability to detect high numbers of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes simultaneously. Pathotype, phylogenetic group, and antimicrobial resistance gene profiles were determined for 308 E. coli isolates from surface water samples collected from diverse aquatic ecosystems at six different sites in the St. Clair River and Detroit River areas. A higher frequency (48%) of E. coli isolates possessing virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes was observed in an urban site located downstream of wastewater effluent outfalls than in the other examined sites (average of 24%). Most E. coli pathotypes were extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) pathotypes and belonged to phylogenetic groups B2 and D. The ExPEC pathotypes were found to occur across all aquatic ecosystems investigated, including riverine, estuarine, and offshore lake locations. The results of this environmental study using DNA microarrays highlight the widespread distribution of E. coli pathotypes in aquatic ecosystems and the potential public health threat of E. coli pathotypes originating from municipal wastewater sources.
Room temperature negative differential resistance in AlN/GaN double barrier resonant tunneling diodes grown by RF-plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (2003)

AlN/GaN double-barrier resonant tunneling diodes (DB-RTD) have been successfully fabricated on (0001) Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ substrates by molecular beam epitaxy, using RF plasma nitrogen source (RF-MBE). The AlN/GaN DB-RTDs were designed to have 3 monolayers (ML)-thick GaN quantum well and two 4 ML-thick AlN barriers sandwiched by n-GaN contact layers. Clear room temperature negative differential resistance (NDR) with a high peak-to-valley current ratio, as high as 32, was observed.
Isotopic evidence of nitrate sources and its transformations in a human-impacted watershed (2019)

The considerable spatial and temporal variabilities of nitrogen (N) processing introduce large uncertainties for quantifying N cycles on a large scale, particularly in plain river network regions with complicated hydrographic connections and mixed multiple N sources. In this paper, the dual isotopes δ15N and δ18O and dissolved anions in regularly collected samples (n = 10) from the studied river, which is one of the most seriously polluted rivers in the plain river network regions of the Taihu Lake catchment, were analyzed to ascertain the main nitrate (NO3-) sources and watershed N processing in the context of monsoon climate. The seasonal variations in precipitation, temperature, and hydrology play key roles in the regulation of the river NO3- concentration, NO3- sources, and watershed N processing. Nitrification of N-containing materials in the soil was possibly the major source of NO3- all year round, especially in the rainy season, whereas manure and sewage significantly contributed to the NO3- load in the Taige River in the dry season. Nitrification and denitrification processes within the area were closely related. The significant negative relationship between the water temperature and δ18O-NO3- values indicated the occurrence of nitrification in the soil throughout the year. By contrast, seasonal variations of denitrification were apparent from May to July with the high soil temperature and moisture, thereby indicating the occurrence of denitrification (22.9%) within the watershed. After the assessment of temporal variations of NO3- sources and watershed N processing, improved environmental management practices can be implemented to protect water resources and prevent further water quality deterioration in human-impacted watersheds.
Genetic manipulation of stationary‐phase genes to enhance recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli (1996)

Genetic manipulation of the host strain, by which cell physiology could be modulated, was exploited to enhance recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli. The effects of an inactivated stationary-phase gene (rmf or katF) on recombinant protein production in strains with two different expression systems (the pH-inducible and the lac promoters) were investigated. An improvement of recombinant protein production in the katF mutant at low growth rates was observed for both expression systems. A fourfold and a 30% increase in the volumetric recombinant protein activity were observed for the pH-inducible and the lac promoter system, respectively. The effect of the rmf mutation, on the other hand, depends on the expression system. A twofold increase in the volumetric recombinant protein activity was found for the pH-inducible promoter system, but there was no improvement for the lac promoter system. Improvement in culture performance for slow-growing cultures may have an impact on the design strategy of the host/vector system used in fed-batch cultures, where the specific growth rate is usually slow. The information may also be useful for developing optimal host/vector gene expression systems for recombinant protein production. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Studies on the Biosynthesis of Phomoidride B (CP-263,114):  Evidence for a Decarboxylative Homodimerization Pathway (2002)

[reaction: see text]. Feeding experiments using a deuterium labeled C16 maleic anhydride and whole cell culture of ATCC 74256 led to the isolation of phomoidride B with deuterium incorporation at C(7) and C(19) as determined by 2H NMR and electrospray mass spectrometry. This result is in accord with a decarboxylative homodimerization of the C16 maleic anhydride as a key biosynthetic step leading to phomoidride B.
OX48, a monoclonal antibody against a 70,000 MW rat activation antigen expressed by T cells bearing the high-affinity interleukin-2 receptor. (1990)

The monoclonal antibody (mAb) OX48 recognizes a 70,000 MW cell-surface protein present in a small percentage of activated rat T cells and in CD8+ rat x BW5147 interleukin-2 (IL-2)-dependent T-cell hybridomas, but not in resting spleen cells or in IL-2-independent T-cell hybrids. OX48 antibody added simultaneously with concanavalin A (Con A) to resting spleen cells inhibits the cell proliferation and reduces the IL-2 production. However, addition of IL-2 does not restore the mitogenic response. Growth of rat blast T cells or IL-2-dependent hybrids is not affected by the OX48 antibody. There is a close correlation between the expression of high-affinity IL-2 receptors (IL-2R) and the OX48 antigen in T-cell hybridomas. In spite of this striking correlation, OX48 mAb does not inhibit the binding of 125I-IL-2 to the IL-2-dependent hybrids, and is unable to immunoprecipitate any of the proteins chemically cross-linked to 125I-IL-2. Therefore, the OX48 molecule represents a new rat activation antigen, undefined in other species, and probably involved in the early steps of T-cell activation.
COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES BETWEEN CELLULOSE NANOFIBRILS MADE FROM BANANA, SUGAR BEET, HEMP, SOFTWOOD AND HARDWOOD PULPS (2015)

Cellulose nanofibrils were produced from various biobased raw materials by grinding and high pressure homogenization. Films were produced by Erichsen lab-scale coater from banana, sugar beet, hemp, softwood and hardwood pulps, and plasticized with 30 wt% of sorbitol. Water vapor transmission, grease penetration, oxygen transmission, and mechanical properties including tensile strength and strain were measured and compared against each other. All films had high water vapor transmission rates varying between 2024 g×mm/m 2 /day. Due to high number of polar hydrogen bonds in CNF, the films were impermeable to grease. All films had excellent oxygen barrier properties (<0.01 cc×mm/m 2 /day) at dry conditions, whereas at 80% relative humidity (RH) the transmission rates increased rapidly. There was not much difference between the oxygen transmission rates (OTR) of different films, thus, all OTRs were ranging between 2.9-5.2 cc×mm/m 2 /day at 80% RH. All films were strong, translucent and easy-to-handle. Unbleached softwood CNF films had the best mechanical properties (tensile strength of 150 MPa and strain of 16%).
Multimedia-friendly server and communication design (1999)

We report on a set of projects to: design, implement, and evaluate software frameworks for providing performance assurances in emerging Internet services and real-time applications with a focus on multimedia; and design and evaluate video-on-demand (VOD) servers as an application. First we describe the Adaptware project, which investigates adaptive software for server platforms. A complementary project addresses reliable transmission of QoS-sensitive data over packet switched networks. Together, these two prongs compose an end-to-end approach to achieving flexible QoS guarantees for future Internet applications. We discuss VOD servers as a potential application of this two-pronged approach.
Chemicals from lignin: an interplay of lignocellulose fractionation, depolymerisation, and upgrading (2018)

In pursuit of more sustainable and competitive biorefineries, the effective valorisation of lignin is key. An alluring opportunity is the exploitation of lignin as a resource for chemicals. Three technological biorefinery aspects will determine the realisation of a successful lignin-to-chemicals valorisation chain, namely (i) lignocellulose fractionation, (ii) lignin depolymerisation, and (iii) upgrading towards targeted chemicals. This review provides a summary and perspective of the extensive research that has been devoted to each of these three interconnected biorefinery aspects, ranging from industrially well-established techniques to the latest cutting edge innovations. To navigate the reader through the overwhelming collection of literature on each topic, distinct strategies/topics were delineated and summarised in comprehensive overview figures. Upon closer inspection, conceptual principles arise that rationalise the success of certain methodologies, and more importantly, can guide future research to further expand the portfolio of promising technologies. When targeting chemicals, a key objective during the fractionation and depolymerisation stage is to minimise lignin condensation (i.e. formation of resistive carbon-carbon linkages). During fractionation, this can be achieved by either (i) preserving the (native) lignin structure or (ii) by tolerating depolymerisation of the lignin polymer but preventing condensation through chemical quenching or physical removal of reactive intermediates. The latter strategy is also commonly applied in the lignin depolymerisation stage, while an alternative approach is to augment the relative rate of depolymerisation vs. condensation by enhancing the reactivity of the lignin structure towards depolymerisation. Finally, because depolymerised lignins often consist of a complex mixture of various compounds, upgrading of the raw product mixture through convergent transformations embodies a promising approach to decrease the complexity. This particular upgrading approach is termed funneling, and includes both chemocatalytic and biological strategies.
Leslie Lamport: The Specification Language TLA+ (2016)

This is a “review” of a chapter by Stephan Merz in the same book. It is mainly a brief account of the history behind TLA and TLA+. It includes an interesting quote from Brannon Battson. (See [146].)
Scattering by deformed swollen gels: butterfly isointensity patterns (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTScattering by deformed swollen gels: butterfly isointensity patternsJ. Bastide, L. Leibler, and J. ProstCite this: Macromolecules 1990, 23, 6, 1821–1825Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00208a044https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00208a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views576Altmetric-Citations180LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Micelle formation, structures, and metrology of functional metal nanoparticle compositions (2021)

<abstract> Micelles are self-assembled aggregates that are formed, in many different structures, from surfactants and have a wide range of applications. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) is the concentration of surfactant above which the micelle formation becomes appreciable. This paper reviews techniques that measure the CMC during the formation of micelles involving metal nanoparticles (NPs) with an emphasis on silver NPs. Specifically this review collects and compares such techniques in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. In doing that, this review identifies the useful experimental data on the CMC that each technique yields, but also points out the limitations of each technique. Furthermore, the authors propose an <italic>in situ</italic> method by using contact angle determination on a substrate/system to measure the CMC in real time. Thus, the goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive list of the most commonly used techniques for the CMC measurement so that future researchers may make informed decisions on what method(s) to use to best meet their needs. </abstract>
Results from an International Measurement Round Robin of III-V Triple Junction Solar Cells under Air Mass Zero (2006)

This paper reports the results of an international measurement round robin of monolithic, triple-junction, GaInP/GaAs/Ge space solar cells. Eight laboratories representing national labs, solar cell vendors and space solar cell consumers, measured cells using in-house reference cells and compared those results to measurements made where each lab used the same set of reference cells. The results show that most of the discrepancy between laboratories is likely due to the quality of the standard cells rather than the measurement system or solar simulator used.
Conversion of (Ligno)Cellulose Feeds to Isosorbide with Heteropoly Acids and Ru on Carbon (2013)

The catalytic valorization of cellulose is currently subject of intense research. Isosorbide is among the most interesting products that can be formed from cellulose as it is a potential platform molecule and can be used for the synthesis of a wide range of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and polymers. A promising direct route from cellulose to isosorbide is presented in this work. The strategy relies on a one-pot bifunctional catalytic concept, combining heteropoly acids, viz. H(4)SiW(12)O(40), and redox catalysts, viz. commercial Ru on carbon, under H(2) pressure. Starting from pure microcrystalline cellulose, a rapid conversion was observed, resulting in over 50% isosorbide yield. The robustness of the developed system is evidenced by the conversion of a range of impure cellulose pulps obtained by organosolv fractionation, with isosorbide yields up to 63%. Results were compared with other (ligno)cellulose feedstocks, highlighting the importance of fractionation and purification to increase reactivity and convertibility of the cellulose feedstock.
Dataset for 110 W High-Efficiency Er-Nanoparticle-Doped Fiber Laser (2018)

This dataset supports the article entitled "110 W High-Efficiency Er-Nanoparticle-Doped Fiber Laser", published at Conference on Lasers and Electro-optics 2018, San Jose, United States, 13-18 May 2018.
Anion⋅⋅⋅Anion Interactions Involving σ‐Holes of Perrhenate, Pertechnetate and Permanganate Anions (2021)

In this communication experimental and theoretical results are reported affording strong evidence that interactions between electron rich atoms and the metal of tetroxide anions of group 7 elements are a new case of attractive and σ-hole interactions. Single crystal X-ray analyses, molecular electrostatic potentials, quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules, and noncovalent interaction plot analyses show that in crystalline permanganate and perrhenate salts the metal in Mn/ReO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> anion can act as electron acceptors, the oxygen of another Mn/ReO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> anion can act as the donor and supramolecular anionic dimers or polymers are formed. The name matere bond (MaB) is proposed to categorize these noncovalent interactions and to differentiate them from the classical metal-ligand coordination bond.
PLANARIZATION AND INTEGRATION OF SHALLOW TRENCH ISOLATION (1998)

STI process flow and planarization requirements are reviewed. An STI planarization mask was designed and utilized for test wafer patterning to investigate STI CMP planarization. Test wafers were processed through a typical STI process sequence, including trench etch, trench liner oxidation, trench-fill, and CMP. Two different CVD techniques, ozone TEOS thermal CVD and HDPCVD, were investigated for trench-fill. CMP experiments were carried out with different process parameters and consumables. Extensive CMP characterization was carried out utilizing multiple metrology techniques. The results fit the previously reported “CMP dielectric planarization” model [1, 2] quite well.
Keynote: Variation-tolerant adaptive and resilient designs in nanoscale CMOS (2013)

Summary form only given, as follows. Process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations pose major challenges to achieving energy-efficient performance in multi-core & many-core processors and SoC designs in nanoscale CMOS. Aging-induced transistor and interconnect degradations limit power and performance. Impacts of variations and aging are further aggravated in the Near-Threshold Voltage (NTV) operating regime where energy efficiency peaks. Interconnect delays are becoming bottlenecks to efficient global communications across the die. We will discuss variation-tolerant logic and memory design techniques that enable robust operation in nanoscale CMOS. We will present voltage-frequency adaptation and resiliency schemes that can mitigate impacts of dynamic variations and aging. Many-core processor designs that use a mesochronous Network-on-Chip (NoC) mesh to overcome clock distribution and global interconnect challenges will be presented. Opportunities offered by fully asynchronous designs to further improve tolerance to extreme variations will be discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fluorinated Tricyclic Scaffolds by Intramolecular [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition Reactions. (2013)

Abstract The title reaction using fluorinated alkene substrates allows the access to various tricyclic systems.
Multi-scale approaches for high-speed imaging and analysis of large neural populations (2017)

Progress in modern neuroscience critically depends on our ability to observe the activity of large neuronal populations with cellular spatial and high temporal resolution. However, two bottlenecks constrain efforts towards fast imaging of large populations. First, the resulting large video data is challenging to analyze. Second, there is an explicit tradeoff between imaging speed, signal-to-noise, and field of view: with current recording technology we cannot image very large neuronal populations with simultaneously high spatial and temporal resolution. Here we describe multi-scale approaches for alleviating both of these bottlenecks. First, we show that spatial and temporal decimation techniques based on simple local averaging provide order-of-magnitude speedups in spatiotemporally demixing calcium video data into estimates of single-cell neural activity. Second, once the shapes of individual neurons have been identified at fine scale (e.g., after an initial phase of conventional imaging with standard temporal and spatial resolution), we find that the spatial/temporal resolution tradeoff shifts dramatically: after demixing we can accurately recover denoised fluorescence traces and deconvolved neural activity of each individual neuron from coarse scale data that has been spatially decimated by an order of magnitude. This offers a cheap method for compressing this large video data, and also implies that it is possible to either speed up imaging significantly, or to "zoom out" by a corresponding factor to image order-of-magnitude larger neuronal populations with minimal loss in accuracy or temporal resolution.
Gas sensing by graphene/silicon hetrostructure (2013)

Graphene, a two-dimensional material with a very high charge carrier concentration, is ideal for sensing chemical species based upon charge exchange. The sensitivity of graphene is shown to improve many folds by using graphene/semiconductor heterostructure. A new amperometric chemical sensing paradigm based upon transport across graphene/p-Si Schottky diode under reverse bias is demonstrated in this work. The reported very high sensitivity of graphene/p-Si heterostructure is in direct agreement with small change in Schottky barrier height due to molecular adsorption on graphene causing large change in reverse saturation current due to exponential dependence of later on the former.