gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nondisplay Applications of Liquid Crystals (1998)

The prelims comprise: Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulation Optical Correlation Optical Interconnects Wavelength Tuneable Filters and Lasers Optical Neural Networks and Smart Pixels Other Applications References
Equine Arteritis Virus Has Specific Tropism for Stromal Cells and CD8+T and CD21+B Lymphocytes but Not for Glandular Epithelium at the Primary Site of Persistent Infection in the Stallion Reproductive Tract (2017)

Equine arteritis virus (EAV) has a global impact on the equine industry as the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory, systemic, and reproductive disease of equids. A distinctive feature of EAV infection is that it establishes long-term persistent infection in 10 to 70% of infected stallions (carriers). In these stallions, EAV is detectable only in the reproductive tract, and viral persistence occurs despite the presence of high serum neutralizing antibody titers. Carrier stallions constitute the natural reservoir of the virus as they continuously shed EAV in their semen. Although the accessory sex glands have been implicated as the primary sites of EAV persistence, the viral host cell tropism and whether viral replication in carrier stallions occurs in the presence or absence of host inflammatory responses remain unknown. In this study, dual immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques were employed to unequivocally demonstrate that the ampulla is the main EAV tissue reservoir rather than immunologically privileged tissues (i.e., testes). Furthermore, we demonstrate that EAV has specific tropism for stromal cells (fibrocytes and possibly tissue macrophages) and CD8<sup>+</sup> T and CD21<sup>+</sup> B lymphocytes but not glandular epithelium. Persistent EAV infection is associated with moderate, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic ampullitis comprising clusters of B (CD21<sup>+</sup>) lymphocytes and significant infiltration of T (CD3<sup>+</sup>, CD4<sup>+</sup>, CD8<sup>+</sup>, and CD25<sup>+</sup>) lymphocytes, tissue macrophages, and dendritic cells (Iba-1<sup>+</sup> and CD83<sup>+</sup>), with a small number of tissue macrophages expressing CD163 and CD204 scavenger receptors. This study suggests that EAV employs complex immune evasion mechanisms that warrant further investigation.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> The major challenge for the worldwide control of EAV is that this virus has the distinctive ability to establish persistent infection in the stallion's reproductive tract as a mechanism to ensure its maintenance in equid populations. Therefore, the precise identification of tissue and cellular tropism of EAV is critical for understanding the molecular basis of viral persistence and for development of improved prophylactic or treatment strategies. This study significantly enhances our understanding of the EAV carrier state in stallions by unequivocally identifying the ampullae as the primary sites of viral persistence, combined with the fact that persistence involves continuous viral replication in fibrocytes (possibly including tissue macrophages) and T and B lymphocytes in the presence of detectable inflammatory responses, suggesting the involvement of complex viral mechanisms of immune evasion. Therefore, EAV persistence provides a powerful new natural animal model to study RNA virus persistence in the male reproductive tract.
106 Gb/s PAM-4 Transmitter With 2.1 Vppd Swing in 7nm FinFET Process (2021)

This paper demonstrates a high swing 106Gb/s PAM-4 transmitter in 7nm FinFET process. The 7-bit DAC based transmitter is designed to directly drive a range of TOSAs in either single ended or differential configuration eliminating the cost and power of an additional laser driver IC. Using a 2.4V supply, it achieves 2.1V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pp</inf> differential and 1.05V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pp</inf> single-ended swing across a 50Ω load. Total power consumption of the transmitter was found to be 2.63 pJ/bit with 2.4V supply and 2.23 pJ/b with 1.5 V supply and external bias-T.
Effect of Ceramics on the Physical and Thermo-physiological Performance of Warm-up Suit (2009)

The purpose of this study was to develop a warm-up suit that is comfortable as well as having a good thermal performance. Heat-insulating water vapor-permeable fabrics for warm-up suit were developed by applying ceramic powders to hydrophilic polyurethane films, which were then incorporated into textiles. Two types of ceramic compounds were used in this study: MU-4N and RT-3. The infrared emissivity was 92.6 for MU-4N and 94.8 for RT-3. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of using ceramics in a warm-up suit, we examined the effects of ceramics on selected variables: thermo-physiological properties of the clothing systems (using thermal manikin), and thermo-physiological responses and subjective sensations of human subjects. The infrared emissivity of textiles increased when ceramics were added to the film laminate. Ceramics slightly increased the thermal insulation value and decreased the water vapor transmission rate. The thermal manikin test also showed that ceramics enhanced the thermal insulation of the clothing system without increasing the evaporative resistance. The microclimate temperature was kept higher when subjects wore the warm-up suit with ceramics.
Synthesis of Functionalized Cyclic Carbonates through Commodity Polymer Upcycling (2020)

Functionalized cyclic carbonates are attractive monomers for the synthesis of innovative polycarbonates or polyurethanes for various applications. Even though their synthesis has been intensively investigated, doing so in a sustainable and efficient manner remains a challenge. Herein, we propose an organocatalytic procedure based on the depolymerization of a commodity polymer, bisphenol A based polycarbonate (BPA-PC). Different carbonate-containing heterocycles are obtained in good to excellent yields employing BPA-PC as a sustainable and inexpensive source of carbonate, including functionalized six-membered cyclic carbonates.
Integrating Transactional Memory into C (2007)

Presented at The Second ACM SIGPLAN Workshop on Transactional Computing (TRANSACT 07), Portland, Oregon, August 16, 2007.
Waveguide combiners for mixed reality headsets: a nanophotonics design perspective (2020)

Abstract This paper is a review and analysis of the various implementation architectures of diffractive waveguide combiners for augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR) headsets, and smart glasses. Extended reality (XR) is another acronym frequently used to refer to all variants across the MR spectrum. Such devices have the potential to revolutionize how we work, communicate, travel, learn, teach, shop, and are entertained. Already, market analysts show very optimistic expectations on return on investment in MR, for both enterprise and consumer applications. Hardware architectures and technologies for AR and MR have made tremendous progress over the past five years, fueled by recent investment hype in start‐ups and accelerated mergers and acquisitions by larger corporations. In order to meet such high market expectations, several challenges must be addressed: first, cementing primary use cases for each specific market segment and, second, achieving greater MR performance out of increasingly size‐, weight‐, cost‐ and power‐constrained hardware. One such crucial component is the optical combiner. Combiners are often considered as critical optical elements in MR headsets, as they are the direct window to both the digital content and the real world for the user’s eyes. Two main pillars defining the MR experience are comfort and immersion. Comfort comes in various forms: wearable comfort —reducing weight and size, pushing back the center of gravity, addressing thermal issues, and so on visual comfort —providing accurate and natural 3‐dimensional cues over a large field of view and a high angular resolution vestibular comfort —providing stable and realistic virtual overlays that spatially agree with the user’s motion social comfort —allowing for true eye contact, in a socially acceptable form factor. Immersion can be defined as the multisensory perceptual experience (including audio, display, gestures, haptics) that conveys to the user a sense of realism and envelopment. In order to effectively address both comfort and immersion challenges through improved hardware architectures and software developments, a deep understanding of the specific features and limitations of the human visual perception system is required. We emphasize the need for a human‐centric optical design process, which would allow for the most comfortable headset design (wearable, visual, vestibular, and social comfort) without compromising the user’s sense of immersion (display, sensing, and interaction). Matching the specifics of the display architecture to the human visual perception system is key to bound the constraints of the hardware allowing for headset development and mass production at reasonable costs, while providing a delightful experience to the end user.
Light‐Triggered Myosin Activation for Probing Dynamic Cellular Processes (2011)

Durch Proteinsemisynthese wurde eine Schutzgruppe am essenziellen Phosphoserinrest von Myosin eingebaut, die die Photoaktivierung des Proteins möglich macht (siehe Bild). Mit der Gruppe ist Myosin inaktiv, doch Licht der Wellenlänge 365 nm löst die Funktion auf nativem Niveau aus. Das geschützte Protein kann auch für einfachere Studien von Myosin mit genauer räumlicher und zeitlicher Auflösung in Zellen genutzt werden. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Developing new lifetime prolongation SVM algorithm for multilevel inverters with thermally aged power devices (2017)

Research concerns have grown towards precede diagnosis and prognosis of faults in power converters that result from thermal overheating problems of semiconductor devices. These problems directly affect the overall system availability and reliability as well. Many papers in the literature have addressed these problems. However, almost all of them suffer from major challenges such as increased components count, reduced output current ratings, reduced output voltage levels, and unbalanced voltages over the DC‐link capacitors. These challenges impede the maximum energy harvesting, especially in renewable energy systems. A novel space vector modulation (SVM) algorithm has been proposed for lifetime prolongation of thermally aged power semiconductor devices in multilevel inverters. The proposed SVM algorithm functions to alleviate the affected device and to prevent the harmful consequences such as short‐open circuit faults. The feasibility of the proposed method has been verified by simulation and experimental results on the three‐phase three‐level T‐type inverter and compared with the previously addressed approaches. It can be concluded that the proposed algorithm provides a significant reduction of thermal stresses on the thermally aged power devices in addition to maintaining the same components count, the same output ratings, the same output levels, and balanced capacitors’ voltages as well.
1-to-32 H-tree Optical Distribution on Adhesively Bonded Silicon Nanomembrane (2014)

We developed an adhesive bonding process to integrate silicon nanomembranes onto silicon chips. A grating-coupled 1-to-32 H-tree optical distribution is experimentally demonstrated with an excess loss of 2.2 dB and a uniformity of 0.72 dB.
EGRA: A Coarse Grained Reconfigurable Architectural Template (2010)

Reconfigurable arrays combine the benefit of spatial execution, typical of hardware solutions, with that of programmability, present in microprocessors. When mapping software applications (or parts of them) onto hardware, however, fine-grain arrays, such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), often provide more flexibility than is needed, and do not implement coarser-level operations efficiently. Therefore, coarse grained reconfigurable arrays (CGRAs) have been proposed to this aim. Most CGRA design emerged in research present ad-hoc solutions in many aspects; in this paper we propose an architectural template to enable design space exploration of different possible CGRA designs. We called the template expression-grained reconfigurable array (EGRA), as its ability to generate complex computational cells, executing expressions as opposed to single operations, is a defining feature. Other notable EGRA characteristics include the ability to support heterogeneous cells and different storage requirements through various memory interfaces. The performed design explorations, as shown trough the experimental data provided, can effectively drive designers to further close the performance gap between reconfigurable and hardwired logic by providing guidelines on architectural design choices. Performance results on a number of embedded applications show that EGRA instances can be used as a reconfigurable fabric for customizable processors, outperforming more traditional CGRA designs.
The dynamics of infrared photodissociation of van der Waals molecules containing ethylene: An experimental study (1983)

Infrared (∼950 cm−1) predissociation of ethylene clusters has been studied using a crossed laser beam–molecular beam apparatus equipped with a moveable detector. van der Waals molecules undergo dissociation following absorption of a single infrared photon. Angular distributions, obtained for product molecules (C2H4)n, n=1–3, all show nearly exponentially decreasing product flux with increasing scattering angle. A product flux contour map has been generated for the photolysis reaction (C2H4)2 → C2H4+C2H4. Two isotropic center-of-mass distribution functions yield excellent agreement with experimental results. One is a function of reaction kinetic energy E, with P(E)=exp(−E/80 cm−1); the other is a function of product velocity (momentum) u, with U(u) =u exp(−u/9×103 cm/s). The latter distribution is characteristic of a dissociation pathway with a barrier in the exit channel. Such a barrier could result from centrigufal effects. It is argued that isotropic product scattering can be consistent with a direct dissociation reaction occurring on the subpicosecond time scale. It is not possible to determine, unambiguously, if dissociation is direct or if the reaction proceeds through a long-lived intermediate. Experimental results indicate that only a small fraction of the energy available to products appears as translation, with the remainder appearing as rotational excitation of C2H4. Results are compared with other experimental studies on infrared predissociation of van der Waals cluster as well as a recent theoretical analysis of (C2H4)2 dissociation.
An IoT based Vitals Monitoring System for Babies in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (2022)

The neonatal period represents the initial 28 days of delivery. This period is the most critical time for a child's survival. Usually, the doctors monitor these babies in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) if the babies develop any infections, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), hypoglycemia, or maternal chorioamnionitis. This paper proposes a sensing system that monitors heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and blood oxygenation levels for a newborn baby admitted to a NICU. The system also tracks supplementary information, such as the baby's movement, cry, or orientation, which are helpful for clinical analysis. The system employs IoT technology to wirelessly collect the data from the sensors and relay the information to doctors or nurses. The doctors can use a mobile application or a web-based dashboard to monitor the status of all the babies in the NICU. The proposed system is low cost and energy-efficient compared to the existing baby monitoring systems used in NICUs. For proof of concept development, we categorised the babies into three categories and developed an algorithm to optimise the sensor activation. This paper describes the system architecture and algorithms for the proposed system and discusses the energy and cost optimisation.
A Particulate Gel Based System for Water Shut-Off Applications (2018)

Abstract Water production is a major concern for oil companies because it involves not only a high cost for handling the water on surface, but also issues related to scale and corrosion in tubulars, and an overall decrease of hydrocarbon production. Finding the right solutions for each case is a challenge because there is no one solution that fits all. Chemical treatments for water shutoff are cheaper than mechanical treatments and can offer more targeted and customized design, but they often come with higher operational risks. A new water control system based on a single particulate additive was extensively evaluated under laboratory conditions and then successfully implemented in the field. The fluid is easy to prepare using traditional field mixers and does not need curing after it is pumped into the formation, thus saving time and cost compared to most conventional water shutoff systems. The fluid was evaluated in the laboratory with a wide range of formation permeabilities and injection conditions using the fluid loss apparatus, permeameter, and formation response tester. The viscosity and stability of the fluid in different water salinity and concentrations were also investigated. Overall, it was found that the new fluid system was very efficient in shutting-off formations greater than 50 md up to a few darcies. Those results were consistent with the nature of the plugging mechanism, which relies on physical pore plugging alone. The system could be further tuned depending on the formation permeability. In the presence of oil saturation, the penetration of the particulate system was found limited as compared to a single-phase, water-saturated core.
Characterization of Changes in `Gala' Apple Aroma during Storage Using Osme Analysis, a Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry Technique (2000)

Changes in the odor-active volatile compounds produced by `Gala' apples [ Malus × sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf. `Gala'] were measured after 4, 10, and 20 weeks storage at 1 °C in regular atmosphere (RA) or controlled atmosphere (CA), and 16 weeks in CA followed by 4 weeks in RA. Aroma was evaluated using the gas chromatography-olfactometry method Osme. Production of volatile esters decreased along with corresponding fruity aromas during CA storage. Hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate were emitted in the largest amounts and perceived with the strongest intensities from RA-stored fruit. While hexyl acetate and butyl acetate concentrations and aroma intensities decreased during CA storage, 2-methylbutyl acetate remained at the RA concentration until apples had been stored 16 weeks in CA. Perception intensities of methylbutyrate esters with apple or berrylike odors decreased less than straight chain esters in CA-stored fruit. 4-Allylanisole, ß-damascenone, and 1-octen-3-ol, as well as an unknown compound with a watermelon descriptor, were perceived more in RA-stored fruit than in CA-stored apples. Factor analysis indicated the importance of these compounds in `Gala' apples stored 4 weeks in RA. Even though these compounds do not have an apple odor, they contribute to fresh `Gala' aroma.
High-speed three-dimensional measurements with a fringe projection-based optical sensor (2014)

An optical three-dimensional (3-D) sensor based on a fringe projection technique that realizes the acquisition of the surface geometry of small objects was developed for highly resolved and ultrafast measurements. It realizes a data acquisition rate up to 60 high-resolution 3-D datasets per second. The high measurement velocity was achieved by consequent fringe code reduction and parallel data processing. The reduction of the length of the fringe image sequence was obtained by omission of the Gray code sequence using the geometric restrictions of the measurement objects and the geometric constraints of the sensor arrangement. The sensor covers three different measurement fields between 20 mm×20 mm and 40 mm×40 mm with a spatial resolution between 10 and 20 μm, respectively. In order to obtain a robust and fast recalibration of the sensor after change of the measurement field, a calibration procedure based on single shot analysis of a special test object was applied which works with low effort and time. The sensor may be used, e.g., for quality inspection of conductor boards or plugs in real-time industrial applications.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Carbocycles from ω‐Substituted α,β‐Unsaturat ed Esters via Radical‐Induced Cyclizations. (1988)

Abstract Intramolecular radical cyclization of the ω‐bromo unsaturated esters (I) yields the cyclohexanes (II).
Influence of stoichiometry on the dielectric properties of sputtered strontium titanate thin films (2003)

The dielectric permittivity, dielectric quality factor (inverse dielectric loss), and lattice parameter of 140 nm sputtered SrTiO3 films were dependent on the oxygen partial pressure and total chamber pressure (O2+Ar) during film growth. Films were grown at 25 and 75 mTorr (mT) in an oxygen rich and oxygen deficient sputtering gas environment concurrently on (100) SrTiO3 and (111) Pt/(0001) Al2O3 substrates. Films were deposited on platinized sapphire for electrical characterization and the homoepitaxial films were used as a structural and chemical standard. High resolution triple axis x-ray diffraction results showed an increase in mismatch between the film and substrate (200) peak in homoepitaxial SrTiO3 films with higher total growth and lower oxygen pressures. Dielectric quality factors of the SrTiO3 films on platinized sapphire at 1 MHz for the 25 mT (50 sccm Ar/50 sccm O2), 25 mT (90 sccm Ar/10 sccm O2), 75 mT (50 sccm Ar/50 sccm O2), and 75 mT (90 sccm Ar/10 sccm O2) film growths were 320, 251, 209, and 102, respectively; likewise, the dielectric constants follow as 241, 230, 220, and 170, respectively. Improved film dielectric properties were observed for films closer to stoichiometric SrTiO3.
On-chip separation of magnetic particles with different magnetophoretic mobilities (2007)

Recent integrations of giant magnetoresistive sensor into laboratory-on-a-chip systems enable the direct detection of biological entities such as cells coated with magnetic particles on chip. However, before detection the different biological entities need to be separated. As a model system, we investigated the separation of two types of magnetic particles (4.5 and 2μm in diameter). The motion of the particles was studied when actuated using an alternating traveling magnetic field produced by four-phase conductors on chip. Different magnetic particles migrate with different speeds in the same traveling magnetic field. By carefully choosing the frequency of the magnetic field, different magnetic particles can be separated in a microfluidic system.
Cover Picture: Substrates for Investigation of DNA Polymerase Function: Synthesis and Properties of 4′‐C‐Alkylated Oligonucleotides (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 10/2003) (2003)

Abstract The cover picture shows the design and structures of 4′‐ C ‐alkylated thymidines. These modified nucleosides were synthesized and subsequently incorporated into oligonucleotides to probe inherent properties of the DNA double helix (left‐hand) side) and DNA polymerases in their interplay with their DNA substrates (right‐hand side). Details are discussed in the article by I. Detmer, D. Summerer and A. Marx on p. 1837 ff.