gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silicon Angular Rate Sensor for Automotive Control with Open Beam Structure (2005)

An angular rate sensor of SOI (silicon on insulator) has been developed for automotive control. The sensor detects yaw rate of automobiles. The concept of the sensor design is the open beam structure (OBS). In the OBS, excitation and detection electrodes are open toward exterior bonding pads in a plane. The OBS has high independency between excitation and detection modes. The FEM analysis was carried out and the results showed the OBS was highly independent compared to other structures. This good feature contributed to the stability of vibration mode for the sensor. The OBS also made it possible to wire from the electrodes besides the mass to the exterior bonding electrodes with mono-layer silicon of the SOI. By means of the easy wiring, the process and the packaging became simple. The sensor was fabricated by surface micro machining process to miniaturize the size. The measured characteristics show the OBS is suitable for angular rate sensor to be small, highly precise, and low cost.
Similar floor plan retrieval featuring multi-task learning of layout type classification and room presence prediction (2018)

In this paper, a new framework for real estate property searches is presented in which a floor plan image is used as a query. In similar property searches, appearance-based similar image retrieval does not work well because similar properties have totally different floor plan images. Therefore, a multitask learning method using deep neural networks to solve this problem is presented. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are trained to solve the two tasks: layout type classification and room presence classification. The feature vectors obtained from the CNNs are then applied to the retrieval task. Experiments using 22,140 floor plan images in Tokyo, Japan were conducted, and the proposed method achieved the best performance (15.7% with precision@5) compared to other possible approaches.
Immune response to human papillomavirus 16 L1E7 chimeric virus‐like particles: Induction of cytotoxic T cells and specific tumor protection (1999)

Expression of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV 16) fusion proteins L1ΔCE71–55 and L1ΔCE71–60 (carboxy-terminal deletion of L1 replaced by 55 or 60 amino-terminal amino acids of E7) leads to formation of chimeric papillomavirus-like particles (CVLPs). After “infection” of cells by CVLPs, the chimeric proteins can be detected in the cytosol and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), suggesting that they are intracellularly processed via the MHC class I pathway and, therefore, able to activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). To investigate the cytotoxic immune response against HPV 16 L1ΔCE71–60 and L1ΔCE71–55 CVLPs, we immunized C57Bl/6 mice with various CVLP doses without adjuvant. Two weeks after immunization, spleen cells were prepared and stimulated in vitro using HPV 16 E7-expressing transfectants of the tumor cell line RMA. In 51Cr-release cytotoxicity assays, spleen cells of mice vaccinated with L1ΔCE71–60 CVLPs specifically lysed the RMA-E7 transfectants as well as RMA cells loaded with the peptide E749–57, which represents an H2-Db-restricted CTL epitope. This demonstrates that CVLPs induce an E7-specific CTL response in mice in the absence of an adjuvant. Furthermore, immunization with CVLPs prevented outgrowth of E7-expressing tumor cells even if inoculation of cells was performed 2 weeks before vaccination. We conclude from our data that CVLPs show promise for therapy of HPV-associated lesions. Int. J. Cancer 81:881–888, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Coupling of PbS quantum dots to photonic crystal cavities at room temperature (2006)

We demonstrate the coupling of PbS quantum dot emission to photonic crystal cavities at room temperature. The cavities are defined in 33% Al, AlGaAs membranes on top of oxidized AlAs. Quantum dots were dissolved in Poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) and spun on top of the cavities. Quantum dot emission is shown to map out the structure resonances, and may prove to be viable sources for room temperature cavity coupled single photon generation for quantum information processing applications. These results also indicate that such commercially available quantum dots can be used for passive structure characterization. The deposition technique is versatile and allows layers with different dot densities and emission wavelengths to be re-deposited on the same chip.
Immobilization of radioactive waste in glass matrices (1978)

A promising process for long-term management of high-level radioactive waste is to immobilize the waste in a borosilicate glass matrix. Among the most important criteria characterizing the integrity of the large-scale glass-waste forms are that they possess good chemical stability (including low leachability), thermal stability, mechanical integrity, and high radiation stability. Fulfillment of these criteria ensures the maximum margin of safety of glass-waste products, following solidification, handling, transportation, and long-term storage.
An oblique-angle infrared circular polarization filter using a Bezier surface representation (2015)

This paper proposes a method to determine CO2 concentration by measuring relative circular polarization using 2D periodic unit cells of Bezier surfaces optimized using the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy. The CO2 absorption spectrum has a peak which can be useful for measurement at 4.3 μm. A filter was designed to separate circularly polarized components of light at this frequency using the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolutionary Strategy (CMA-ES). The filter presented is capable of blocking the effects due to nearby absorption bands such as the N2O band at 4.5 μm.
Earthshine and the Earth's albedo: 2. Observations and simulations over 3 years (2003)

Since late 1998, we have been making sustained measurements of the Earth's reflectance by observing the earthshine from Big Bear Solar Observatory. Further, we have simulated the Earth's reflectance for both the parts of the Earth in the earthshine and for the whole Earth. The simulations employ scene models of the Earth from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment, simulated snow/ice cover, and near‐real‐time satellite cloud cover data. Broadly, the simulations and observations agree; however, there are important and significant differences, with the simulations showing more muted variations. During the rising phase of the Moon we measure the sunlit world to the west of California, and during the declining lunar phase we measure the sunlit world to the east. Somewhat surprisingly, the one third of the Earth to the west and that to the east have very similar reflectances, in spite of the fact that the topographies look quite different. The part to the west shows less stability, presumably because of the greater variability in the Asian cloud cover. We find that our precision, with steady observations since December 1998, is sufficient to detect a seasonal cycle. We have also determined the annual mean albedos both from our observations and from simulations. To determine a global albedo, we integrate over all lunar phases. Various methods are developed to perform this integration, and all give similar results. Despite sizable variation in the reflectance from night to night and from season to season (which arises from changing cloud cover), we use the earthshine to determine annual albedos to better than 1%. As such, these measurements are significant for measuring climate variation and are complementary to satellite determinations.
Effect of Water Deficits on Seed Development in Soybean (1989)

Water deficits during seed filling decrease seed size in soybean (Glycine max L.). This may result from a reduction in the supply of assimilates from the maternal plant and/or an inhibition of seed metabolism. To determine whether maternal or zygotic factors limited seed growth, we examined the effects of a plant water deficit on the supply of sucrose to and its utilization by developing embryos. Plants were grown in the greenhouse, and water deficits were imposed by withholding water for a period of 6 days during linear seed fill. When water was withheld, leaf water potential decreased rapidly, inhibiting canopy photosynthesis completely within 3 days. However, seed dry weight (nodes 7-11) continued to increase at or near the control rate. The level of total extractable carbohydrates in leaf, stem, and pericarp tissue decreased by 70, 50, and 45%, respectively, indicating that reserves were mobilized to support seed growth. Cotyledon sucrose content decreased from about 60 milligrams per gram dry weight to 30 milligrams per gram dry weight. Similarly, the concentration of sucrose in the interfacial apoplast of the cotyledons decreased from approximately 100 millimolar to 50 millimolar. However, the rate of sucrose accumulation by excised embryos, measured in a short-term in vitro assay, increased in response to the water deficit. These results indicate that both source and sink activity in soybean are altered by water deficits to maintain the flux of assimilates to the developing embryos. This may explain why seed growth is maintained, albeit for a shorter duration, when soybean is exposed to water deficits during the seed filling period.
Effects of changing speed on knee and ankle joint load during walking and running (2014)

Joint moments can be used as an indicator of joint loading and have potential application for sports performance and injury prevention. The effects of changing walking and running speeds on joint moments for the different planes of motion still are debatable. Here, we compared knee and ankle moments during walking and running at different speeds. Data were collected from 11 recreational male runners to determine knee and ankle joint moments during different conditions. Conditions include walking at a comfortable speed (self-selected pacing), fast walking (fastest speed possible), slow running (speed corresponding to 30% slower than running) and running (at 4 m · s(-1) ± 10%). A different joint moment pattern was observed between walking and running. We observed a general increase in joint load for sagittal and frontal planes as speed increased, while the effects of speed were not clear in the transverse plane moments. Although differences tend to be more pronounced when gait changed from walking to running, the peak moments, in general, increased when speed increased from comfortable walking to fast walking and from slow running to running mainly in the sagittal and frontal planes. Knee flexion moment was higher in walking than in running due to larger knee extension. Results suggest caution when recommending walking over running in an attempt to reduce knee joint loading. The different effects of speed increments during walking and running should be considered with regard to the prevention of injuries and for rehabilitation purposes.
Synthesis of Flavonoids in Scutellaria baicalensis. (1) (1987)

2', 5, 7-Trihydroxy-(1), 2', 3', 5', 7-tetrahydroxy-(2), 2', 5-dihydroxy-6, 7, 8-trimethoxy-(4), 2', 5, 5'-trihydroxy-6, 7, 8-trimethoxyflavone (5) and 2', 5, 6', 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (3), isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, were synthesized to confirm their proposed structures. The respective synthetic flavonoids were in good agreement with the corresponding natural flavonoids.
Complete Blood Count Reference Interval Diagrams Derived from NHANES III: Stratification by Age, Sex, and Race (2004)

There are age-dependent trends for many of the tests, notably in RDW, MCMV, platelet count, and granulocyte and lymphocyte percentages. Sex-dependent changes involved hemoglobin values, and race-related trends centered around mononuclear and lymphocyte percentages, hematocrit, MCHC, MCH, and hemoglobin. This study reveals the potential for using data mining of large samples to yield potentially useful reference ranges.
Single-shot time-resolved magnetic x-ray absorption at a free-electron laser (2019)

Ultrafast dynamics are generally investigated using stroboscopic pump-probe measurements, which characterize the sample properties for a single, specific time delay. These measurements are then repeated for a series of discrete time delays to reconstruct the overall time trace of the process. As a consequence, this approach is limited to the investigation of fully reversible phenomena. We recently introduced an off-axis zone plate based x-ray streaking technique, which overcomes this limitation by sampling the relaxation dynamics with a single femtosecond x-ray pulse streaked over a picosecond long time window. In this article we show that the x-ray absorption cross section can be employed as the contrast mechanism in this novel technique. We show that changes of the absorption cross section on the percent level can be resolved with this method. To this end we measure the ultrafast magnetization dynamics in CoDy alloy films. Investigating different chemical compositions and infrared pump fluences, we demonstrate the routine applicability of this technique. Probing in transmission the average magnetization dynamics of the entire film, our experimental findings indicate that the demagnetization time is independent of the specific infrared laser pump fluence. These results pave the way for the investigation of irreversible phenomena in a wide variety of scientific areas.
Chalcogenide glass-on-2D-materials photonics (2018)

Two-dimensional (2-D) materials are of tremendous interest to silicon photonics given their singular optical characteristics spanning light emission, modulation, saturable absorption, and nonlinear optics. To harness their optical properties, these atomically thin materials are usually attached onto prefabricated devices via a transfer process. Here we present a new route for 2-D material integration with silicon photonics. Central to this approach is the use of chalcogenide glass, a multifunctional material which can be directly deposited and patterned on a wide variety of 2-D materials and can simultaneously function as the light guiding medium, a gate dielectric, and a passivation layer for 2-D materials. Besides achieving improved fabrication yield and throughput compared to the traditional transfer process, our technique also enables unconventional multilayer device geometries optimally designed for enhancing light-matter interactions in the 2-D layers. Capitalizing on this facile integration method, we demonstrate a series of high-performance glass-on-graphene devices including ultra-broadband on-chip polarizers, energy-efficient thermo-optic switches, as well as mid-infrared (mid-IR) waveguide-integrated photodetectors and modulators based on graphene and black phosphorus.
Experimental Evaluation of Depth-of-Interaction Correction in a Small-Animal Positron Emission Tomography Scanner (2010)

Human and small-animal positron emission tomography (PET) scanners with cylindrical geometry and conventional detectors exhibit a progressive reduction in radial spatial resolution with increasing radial distance from the geometric axis of the scanner. This "depth-of-interaction" (DOI) effect is sufficiently deleterious that many laboratories have devised novel schemes to reduce the magnitude of this effect and thereby yield PET images of greater quantitative accuracy. Here we examine experimentally the effects of a particular DOI correction method (dual-scintillator phoswich detectors with pulse shape discrimination) implemented in a small-animal PET scanner by comparing the same phantom and same mouse images with and without DOI correction. The results suggest that even this relatively coarse, two-level estimate of radial gamma ray interaction position significantly reduces the DOI parallax error. This study also confirms two less appreciated advantages of DOI correction: a reduction in radial distortion and radial source displacement as a source is moved toward the edge of the field of view and a resolution improvement detectable in the central field of view likely owing to improved spatial sampling.
Homodyne light beating spectroscopy of o-terphenyl in the supercooled liquid state (1981)

The laser light scattering intensity fluctuations of supercooled liquid o-terphenyl at temperatures between 12 and −15 °C have been studied using the photon-correlation technique. The time correlation functions obtained using the VV and VH scattering configurations at 90° scattering angle show a wide distribution of relaxation times. Angular-dependent measurements at 45°, 90° and 135° scattering angles show that the time correlation functions for VH and for VV are independent of scattering angles. The VV and VH correlation functions cannot be fit to a bimodal distribution function; neither can they be fit to a cumulant expansion expression with less than four cumulants, but they can be satisfactorily fit to the William–Watts distribution function. The mean relaxation times derived for both isotropic and anisotropic scattering processes from the VV and VH correlation functions are nearly equal. The temperature dependence of the relaxation times cannot be described by an Arrhenius equation with a constant activation energy. The average orientational relaxation times change by more than ten orders of magnitude in the temperature range between 147 and −16 °C but the temperature dependence of the orientational relaxation times over this wide dynamic range can be excellently correlated with the modified Debye–Stokes–Einstein equation. The closeness of the mean orientational relaxation time to the mean structural relaxation time is interpreted as due to strong rotation–translation coupling in the viscoelastic state. It is found that within the dynamic range of the autocorrelator, the collective shear wave plays no role in the time dependence of the VV and VH correlation functions. Quentrec’s theory of viscoelasticity based on the coupling of the shear wave to local translational order and orientational order is found to disagree with the experimental result. Comparison with the dielectric relation time data shows that in o-terphenyl the dielectric relaxation and the present light beating techniques probe different types of motions.
Stimulating music supports attention in listeners with attentional difficulties (2021)

ABSTRACT Background music is widely used to sustain attention, but little is known about what musical properties aid attention. This may be due to inter-individual variability in neural responses to music. We test the hypothesis that music can sustain attention by affecting oscillations via acoustic amplitude modulation, differentially for those with varying levels of attentional difficulty. We first show that heavily-modulated music improves sustained attention for participants with more ADHD symptoms. FMRI showed this music elicited greater activity in attentional networks in this group only, and EEG showed greater stimulus-brain coupling for this group in response to the heavily-modulated music. Finally, we parametrically manipulated the depth and rate of amplitude modulations inserted in otherwise-identical music, and found that beta-range modulations helped more than other frequency ranges for participants with more ADHD symptoms. Results suggest the possibility of an oscillation-based neural mechanism for targeted music to support improved cognitive performance.
Liquid biopsy technologies based on membrane microfluidics: High‐yield purification and selective quantification of biomarkers in nanocarriers (2020)

Liquid biopsy, screening cancer non-invasively and frequently by detecting and quantifying molecular markers in physiological fluids, would significantly improve cancer survival rate but it remains a distant goal. The key obstacles presented by the highly heterogeneous samples are rapid/high-yield purification and precise/selective marker capture by their antibody and oligo probes. As irregular expressions of these molecular biomarkers are the key signals, quantifying only those from the cancer cells would greatly enhance the performance of the screening tests. The recent discovery that the biomarkers are carried by nanocarriers, such as exosomes, with cell-specific membrane proteins suggests that such selection may be possible, although a new suite of fractionation and quantification technologies would need to be developed. Although under-appreciated, membrane microfluidics has made considerable contributions to resolving these issues. We review the progress made so far, based on ion-selective, track-etched, and gel membranes and advanced electrophoretic and nano-filtration designs, in this perspective and suggest future directions.
Multivalent rubber-like RNA nanoparticles for targeted co-delivery of paclitaxel and MiRNA to silence the drug efflux transporter and liver cancer drug resistance (2020)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Analogous to the border customs, liver mainly functions as a filter to detoxify chemicals and metabolite administered orally or intravenously. Besides, the liver cancer cells overexpress the drug exporters which cause high drug effluxion from liver cancer cells, leading to chemoresistance and a diminished chemotherapeutic effect on liver cancer. Recently, we found that RNA nanoparticles display rubber-like property that can rapidly deliver therapeutics to tumor site efficiently and the rest of the RNA nanoparticle were cleared by renal excretion within half hour after systemic injection. Therefore, we designed a new multivalent RNA nanoparticle harboring three copies of hepatocyte targeting-ligands, one copy of miR122, and 24 copies of Paclitaxel to overcome the drug effluxion and chemoresistance thus, synergistically treating HCC. The hepatocyte targeting ligands introduce tumor specificity to the RNA nanoparticles as they selectively bind and internalize into liver cancer cells. The rubber-like RNA nanoparticles allow for enhanced targeting ability to the HCC tumors. The RNA nanoparticles carrying miR122 and PTX were delivered to the liver cancer cells efficiently due to their rubber-like property to enhance their EPR as well as the receptor-mediated endocytosis by hepatocyte targeting-ligands. The miR122 efficiently silenced the drug exporters and the oncogenic proteins. The synergistic effect between miR122 and PTX was confirmed by HSA (Highest Single Agent) synergy model. IC<sub>50</sub> was determined to be 460 nM. In vivo studies on mice xenografts revealed that the RNA nanoparticle predominantly accumulated in HCC tumor sites and efficiently inhibited the tumor growth after multiple IV injection. This demonstrates the potential of the rubber-like multivalent RNA nanoparticles to conquest the liver cancer, a currently incurable lethal disease.
FIGURE 5 from A Novel Class of Ribosome Modulating Agents Exploits Cancer Ribosome Heterogeneity to Selectively Target the CMS2 Subtype of Colorectal Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;ZKN-157 demonstrates synergy with DNA-intercalating agents in CMS2 cell lines. &lt;b&gt;A,&lt;/b&gt; Matrices showing BI scores for combinations of ZKN-157 with actinomycin D and doxorubicin on SW948 cells. Dose combinations demonstrating synergy are highlighted in blue. &lt;b&gt;B,&lt;/b&gt; Matrices showing BI scores for combinations of ZKN-157 with mitoxantrone on two cell lines: SW948 and SW403. Single-agent concentrations (in μmol/L) in all first columns and bottom rows for all matrices. &lt;b&gt;C,&lt;/b&gt; Percent response bar graph showing ZKN-157′s efficacy enhanced in combination with actinomycin D (Act-D) and doxorubicin (Doxo) in SW948 cells. Bars are color coded as follows: DMSO (black), ZKN-157 (30 μmol/L, red), Act-D (10 nmol/L, blue), Doxo (330 nmol/L, blue), ZKN-157+Act-D and ZKN-157+Doxo (purple). &lt;b&gt;D,&lt;/b&gt; Percent response bar graph showing ZKN-157’s efficacy enhanced in combination with mitoxantrone (Mitox) in SW948 and SW403 cells. Bars are color coded as follows: DMSO (black), ZKN-157 (30 μmol/L, red), Mitox (6 nmol/L, blue; SW948), Mitox (5.56 nmol/L, blue; SW403), and ZKN-157+Mitox (purple).&lt;/p&gt;