gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Post-weaning social isolation increases ΔFosB/FosB protein expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in mice (2020)

Abstract Social isolation is a growing public health concern across the lifespan. Specifically, isolation early in life, during critical periods of brain development, increases the risk of psychiatric disorders later in life. Previous studies of isolation models in mice have shown distinct neurological abnormalities in various regions of the brain, but the mechanism linking the experience of isolation to these phenotypes is unclear. In this study, we show that ΔFosB, a long-lived transcription factor associated with chronic stress responses and drug-induced neuroplasticity, is upregulated in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of adult C57BL/6J mice isolated for two weeks post-weaning. Additionally, a related transcription factor, FosB, is also increased in the medial prefrontal cortex in socially isolated females. These results show that short-term isolation during the critical post-weaning period has long-lasting and sex-dependent effects on gene expression in brain.
The Link Between Tau and Insulin Signaling: Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Tauopathies (2019)

The microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) is mainly identified as a tubulin binding protein essential for microtubule dynamics and assembly and for neurite outgrowth. However, several other possible functions for Tau remains to be investigated. Insulin signaling is important for synaptic plasticity and memory formation and therefore is essential for proper brain function. Tau has recently been characterized as an important regulator of insulin signaling, with evidence linking Tau to brain and peripheral insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. In line with this notion, the hypothesis of Tau pathology as a key trigger of impaired insulin sensitivity and secretion has emerged. Conversely, insulin resistance can also favor Tau dysfunction, resulting in a vicious cycle of these events. In this review article, we discuss recent evidence linking Tau pathology, insulin resistance and insulin deficiency. We further highlight the deleterious consequences of Tau pathology-induced insulin resistance to the brain and/or peripheral tissues, suggesting that these are key events mediating cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies.
Instantaneous phase-shift point-diffraction interferometer (2004)

We demonstrate an instantaneous phase-shift, point diffraction interferometer that achieves high accuracy and is capable of measuring a single pulse of light at NA greater than 0.8.
Studies of the Processing of Single Words Using Positron Tomographic Measures of Cerebral Blood Flow Change. (1987)

Abstract : Language is an essential characteristic of the human species, and as such has been a focal point for study in disciplines ranging from philosophy to neurology. Cognitive and neurological investigations of language often narrow the focus of study to the processing of individual words (lexical items). Lexical processing involves a network of several levels of internal coding that can be isolated by experiment. Examples of some of these separate codes include a visual image of the form of a spoken word (visual code), pronunciation of the word (phonological code) or the association of related words (semantic codes). Studies of the time course of activation of these internal codes of words and the roles they play in performance has been a central topic in the cognitive psychology of reading and listening. Behavioural neurologists have been concerned as well with issues in lexical processing, but the focus has been in correlating the internal stages of processing with different brain regions. Recent advances in activation techniques and data analysis strategies using position emission tomographic (PET) measurements of blood flow (BF) change have made it possible to address concerns relevant to both cognitive science and behavioral neurology. In this paper, we take advantage of these techniques to study words in normal subjects.
Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Long Chain l-2-Hydroxy Acid Oxidase Reduced Blood Pressure in DOCA Salt-Treated Rats (2011)

l-2-Hydroxy acid oxidase (Hao2) is a peroxisomal enzyme with predominant expression in the liver and kidney. Hao2 was recently identified as a candidate gene for blood pressure quantitative trait locus in rats. To investigate a pharmacological role of Hao2 in the management of blood pressure, selective Hao2 inhibitors were developed. Optimization of screening hits 1 and 2 led to the discovery of compounds 3 and 4 as potent and selective rat Hao2 inhibitors with pharmacokinetic properties suitable for in vivo studies in rats. Treatment with compound 3 or 4 resulted in a significant reduction or attenuation of blood pressure in an established or developing model of hypertension, deoxycorticosterone acetate-treated rats. This is the first report demonstrating a pharmacological benefit of selective Hao2 inhibitors in a relevant model of hypertension.
Cytokine Responses in Young and Old Rhesus Monkeys: Effect of Caloric Restriction (2002)

Caloric restriction (CR) is the only known intervention demonstrated to retard a great variety of aging processes, extend median and maximum life-span, and decrease the incidence of age-associated diseases in mammals. Paralleling findings from rodent studies, studies in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) suggest that CR may retard many age-sensitive parameters in primates. A recent study in rhesus monkeys showed age-related dysregulation of cytokine levels. Specifically, age-related increases in interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-6 proteins were observed in supernatants from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) protein exhibited an age-related decrease in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated PBMCs. To investigate effects of CR on age-related changes in cytokine production, we obtained PBMCs from control and CR rhesus monkeys aged 6-7 and 22-25 years. We evaluated IL-10 and IL-6 protein and gene expression after exposure to LPS and IFN-gamma protein and gene expression after PHA stimulation. The results revealed significantly higher levels of IFN-gamma protein and gene expression in aged monkeys on CR for 2 years compared with controls. No significant CR effects were observed on IL-10 and IL-6 protein levels. IFN-gamma plays an important role in the initial defense mechanism against viral and microbial disease and cancer. Altered regulation of IFN-gamma in old CR rhesus monkeys may be a key factor in reducing cancer incidence and other age-associated diseases.
<title>Visual eccentricity models in face-based video compression</title> (1999)

One of the largest sources of compression in vision is the sensitivity and resolution reduction as a function of eccentricity. However, utilization of this visual property has been limited to system that directly measure the viewer's gaze position. We have applied visual eccentricity models to videophone compression applications without using eye tracking by combining the visual model with a face tracking algorithm. In lieu of a gaze-detector, we assume the gaze will be directed to the faces appearing in images. The incorporation of both resolution as well as sensitivity- based eccentricity models in a low bitrate video compression standard will be discussed. For videophone applications, the reduction in bitrate while retaining similar image quality is up to 50 percent. Problems arising from the improved temporal sensitivity of the periphery, despite its reduced spatial bandwidth, will be discussed.
P2‐054: Tau antibodies lacking effector function minimize inflammatory responses while effectively blocking spread of tau pathology (2015)

Spatial spread of tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease correlates with cognitive decline. Recent studies provide growing evidence that the spread of tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease is mediated through the extracellular environment. Tau antibodies can potentially intercept extracellular tau and block cell-to-cell spread. Conventional full effector function tau antibodies may promote tau clearance via microglia engulfment, which may enhance microglial activity. We investigated whether effector function is required for blocking the spread of pathological tau through antibody treatment. Effector function is mediated by antibody interactions with immune cells via Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) and complement that can be modulated by mutations in the IgG Fc region. We compared the effects of two antibodies directed against tau phosphorylated on serine 409 (pS409-Tau), one with full effector function and the other effectorless, on tau pathology, neuron health and microglial function. Both antibodies blocked the spread of tau pathology in Tau-P301L transgenic (Tg) mice in vivo as measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Similarly, both antibodies protected cultured neurons against extracellular tau-induced toxicity. However, in cultured microglia only the full-effector antibody enhanced tau uptake, and promoted release of proinflammatory cytokines. In neuron-microglia co-cultures, only effectorless anti-tau protected neurons, suggesting full-effector tau antibodies can induce indirect toxicity via microglia. We conclude that effector function is not required for efficacy in vivo, and that effectorless tau antibodies may represent a safer approach to targeting the spread of tau pathology by bypassing potential deleterious inflammatory consequences of antibody treatment, while still preserving the ability to limit the spread of toxic proteins in vivo.
Imaging and Image Analysis Applications for Plastics (1999)

Visible Optical Methods * Scanning * Electron Microscopy * X-Ray * Thermal Wave Infrared * Atomic Force Microscopy * Extrusion * Injection Molding * Foam Production * Film Manufacture * Compression Molding * Blow Molding * Vulcanization * Melt Spinning * Reactive Blending * Welding * Conveying * Composite Manufacture * Compounding * Thermosetting.
Optimized cloud placement of virtual clusters using biased importance sampling (2012)

We introduce an algorithm for the placement of constrained, networked virtual clusters in the cloud, that is based on importance sampling (also known as cross-entropy). Rather than using a straightforward implementation of such a technique, which proved inefficient, we considerably enhance the method by biasing the sampling process to incorporate communication needs and other constraints of placement requests to yield an efficient algorithm that is linear in the size of the cloud. We investigate the quality of the results of using our algorithm on a simulated cloud.
Three‐dimensional printing of extracellular matrix (ECM)‐mimicking scaffolds: A critical review of the currentECMmaterials (2020)

The loss of tissues and organs through injury and disease has stimulated the development of therapeutics that have the potential to regenerate and replace the affected tissue. Such therapeutics have the benefit of reducing the reliance and demand for life-saving organ transplants. Of the several regenerative strategies, 3D printing has emerged as the forerunner in regenerative attempts due to the fact that biologically and anatomically correct 3D structures can be fabricated according to the specified need. Despite the progress in this field, improvement is still limited by the difficulty in fabricating scaffolds that adequately mimic the native cellular microenvironment. In response, despite the complexities of the native extracellular matrix (ECM), the inclusion of ECM components into bioinks has emerged as a cutting-edge research area in terms of providing possible ECM-mimicking abilities of the 3D printed constructs. Furthermore, the development of ECM-mimicking scaffolds can potentially assist in improving personalized patient treatments. This review provides a critical analysis of selected naturally occurring ECM components as well as synthetic self-assembling peptides in their ability to provide the required ECM microenvironment for tissue regeneration. The success and possible short comings of each material, as well as the specific characteristics of each bioink, are evaluated.
Performance Evaluation of Safety Grates For Cross-Drainage Culverts (2008)

Cross-drainage culverts create numerous roadside hazards along our nation's highways. Further, these culverts can produce serious accidents when struck by an errant vehicle. Safety treatments for roadside cross-drainage culverts include extending the culvert out of the clear zone, shielding the culvert with guardrail, and making the culvert traversable. The objective of this study was to investigate the safety performance of traversable culvert safety grates recommended by the AASHTO Roadside Design Guide (RDG) when installed on slopes as steep as 3:1. LS-DYNA modeling was used to identify critical impact conditions for roadside culvert grates installed on 3:1 slopes. Two full-scale vehicle crash tests were conducted under the NCHRP Report No. 350 guidelines on a 6.1-m (20-ft) x 6.1-m (20-ft) culvert safety grate installed on a 3:1 slope. The full-scale crash tests demonstrated that the AASHTO RDG recommended safety grates provide acceptable safety performance when installed on 3:1 slopes.
Layered reactive particles with controlled geometries, energies, and reactivities, and methods for making the same (2023)

An energetic composite having a plurality of reactive particles each having a reactive multilayer construction formed by successively depositing reactive layers on a rod-shaped substrate having a longitudinal axis, dividing the reactive-layer-deposited rod-shaped substrate into a plurality of substantially uniform longitudinal segments, and removing the rod-shaped substrate from the longitudinal segments, so that the reactive particles have a controlled, substantially uniform, cylindrically curved or otherwise rod-contoured geometry which facilitates handling and improves its packing fraction, while the reactant multilayer construction controls the stability, reactivity and energy density of the energetic composite.
Data from Targeting APLN/APLNR Improves Antiangiogenic Efficiency and Blunts Proinvasive Side Effects of VEGFA/VEGFR2 Blockade in Glioblastoma (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Antiangiogenic therapy of glioblastoma (GBM) with bevacizumab, a VEGFA-blocking antibody, may accelerate tumor cell invasion and induce alternative angiogenic pathways. Here we investigate the roles of the proangiogenic apelin receptor APLNR and its cognate ligand apelin in VEGFA/VEGFR2 antiangiogenic therapy against distinct subtypes of GBM. In proneural GBM, apelin levels were downregulated by VEGFA or VEGFR2 blockade. A central role for apelin/APLNR in controlling GBM vascularization was corroborated in a serial implantation model of the angiogenic switch that occurs in human GBM. Apelin and APLNR are broadly expressed in human GBM, and knockdown or knockout of &lt;i&gt;APLN&lt;/i&gt; in orthotopic models of proneural or classical GBM subtypes significantly reduced GBM vascularization compared with controls. However, reduction in apelin expression led to accelerated GBM cell invasion. Analysis of stereotactic GBM biopsies from patients as well as from &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; experiments revealed increased dissemination of APLNR-positive tumor cells when apelin levels were reduced. Application of apelin-F13A, a mutant APLNR ligand, blocked tumor angiogenesis and GBM cell invasion. Furthermore, cotargeting VEGFR2 and APLNR synergistically improved survival of mice bearing proneural GBM. In summary, we show that apelin/APLNR signaling controls GBM angiogenesis and invasion and that both pathologic features are blunted by apelin-F13A. We suggest that apelin-F13A can improve the efficiency and reduce the side effects of established antiangiogenic treatments for distinct GBM subtypes.&lt;/p&gt;Significance:&lt;p&gt;Pharmacologic targeting of the APLNR acts synergistically with established antiangiogenic treatments in glioblastoma and blunts therapy resistance to current strategies for antiangiogenesis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;See related commentary by Amoozgar et al., p. 2104&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Validity of Computer Based Administration of Cognitive Assessments compared to Traditional Paper-based Administration (2020)

Traditional pen and paper based neuropsychological tests (NPT) for cognition assessment have several challenges limiting their use. They are time consuming, expensive, and require highly trained specialists to administer. This leads to testing being available to only a small portion of the population and often with wait times of several months. In clinical practice, we have found results tend not to be integrated effectively into assessment and plans of the ordering provider. Here we compared several tests using BrainCheck (BC), a computer-based NPT battery, to traditional paper-based NPT, by evaluating individual tests as well as comparing composite scores to scores on traditional screening tools. 26 volunteers took both paper-based tests and BC. We found scores of four assessments (Ravens Matrix, Digit Symbol Modulation, Stroop Color Word Test and Trails Making A&amp;B Test) were highly correlated. The Balance Examination and Immediate/Delayed Hopkins Verbal Learning, however, were not correlated. The BC composite score was correlated to results of the Saint Louis University Mental Status (SLUMS) exam [1], the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) [2], and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Our results suggest BC may offer a computer-based avenue to address the gap between basic screening and formal neuropsychological testing.
How Can Automatic Feedback Help Students Construct Automata? (2015)

In computer-aided education, the goal of automatic feedback is to provide a meaningful explanation of students' mistakes. We focus on providing feedback for constructing a deterministic finite automaton that accepts strings that match a described pattern. Natural choices for feedback are binary feedback (correct/wrong) and a counterexample of a string that is processed incorrectly. Such feedback is easy to compute but might not provide the student enough help. Our first contribution is a novel way to automatically compute alternative conceptual hints. Our second contribution is a rigorous evaluation of feedback with 377 students. We find that providing either counterexamples or hints is judged as helpful, increases student perseverance, and can improve problem completion time. However, both strategies have particular strengths and weaknesses. Since our feedback is completely automatic, it can be deployed at scale and integrated into existing massive open online courses.
T1, T2 and T2* mapping following acute myocardial infarction in a porcine model: Regional and serial alterations during infarct healing (2013)

Background Quantitative T1 and T2 cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) approaches have been utilized to detect edema post acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, a systematic comparison between the two measures is currently lacking. Furthermore, these relaxation measurements may also be confounded by opposing effects of intramyocardial hemorrhage that is typically not taken into account. The purpose of our study was to compare regional and serial fluctuations in T1 and T2 post-AMI and additionally quantify T2* that is a more specific marker of hemorrhage. Methods A porcine model of myocardial infarction was employed involving a 90 min LAD occlusion followed by reperfusion. Pigs (N=3) were imaged on a 1.5T scanner (GE Healthcare) in a healthy state (control) and at day 2 and week 4 post-AMI. The following sequences were utilized for quantification: T2 with multi-echo fast-spin-echo (4 echo’s; TE=5.6-105 ms); apparent T1 by modified look-locker with saturation recovery (TI=50-3000 ms); T2* by gradient echo (2 echo’s; TE=1.4, 15 ms; TR=18ms). Measurements were reported in two regionsof-interest (ROI): 1) infarct zone defined from late gadolinium enhancement images; and 2) remote uninfarcted myocardium. Two short-axis slices were analyzed for each study; the anatomical location was identical for all three sequences. Results Fig. 1 a shows the linear regression between T1 and T2 values when taken across all ROI’s and time points. Both T1 and T2 were significantly elevated at day 2 (p=0.0003, p=0.0001) and week 4 (p=0.01, p=0.005) post-AMI compared to control, respectively; see Fig. 1b and 1c. Reduced T2* at day 2 (p=0.05) suggested the presence of hemorrhage in all animals; see Fig. 1d. Percent change in T2 (relative to control) was significantly greater than that for T1 at both day 2 (25±12 vs. 13±3 %, p=0.05) and week 4 (62±36 vs. 20±13 %, p=0.03). A lower apparent change at day 2m ay be suggestive of influence from hemorrhage on both T1 and T2. Conclusions T1 and T2 are highly correlated in AMI; however, T2 is a more sensitive parameter to detect the underlying alterations following AMI. In the early sub-acute phase, both T1 and T2 may be affected by counteracting effects of edema and hemorrhage, unlike T2*. Furthermore, in the late phase when hemorrhage has resolved, sensitivity of T2 towards edema appears to be greater in comparison to T1; T1 may possibly be reduced due to chronic remodeling. Simultaneous characterization of these relaxation parameters may potentially offer useful insights into the complex remodeling processes that follow AMI.
A rat model of chronic respiratory infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (1979)

Chronic, nonlethal, pulmonary infection of rats by Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be initiated by intratracheal inoculation of 10(4) bacteria enmeshed in agar beads. The number of bacteria recoverable from the lung increased to approximately 10(6) within 3 days and remained at that number during 35 days of observation. Histologic examination of the infected lungs revealed lesions resembling those seen in lung tissue of humans with acute or chronic nonbacteremic, Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia, including the presence of goblet-cell hyperplasia, focal areas of necrosis, and acute and chronic inflammatory infiltrate. This model should be useful for investigating the interactions between microbial virulence factors and host defense mechanisms.
Probing Assessment Framework and Evaluation of Antiprobing Solutions (2019)

Probing attacks against integrated circuits has become a serious concern, especially for security-critical applications. With the help of modern circuit editing tools, an attacker could remove layers of materials and expose wires carrying sensitive on-chip assets, such as cryptographic keys and proprietary firmware, for probing. Most of the existing protection methods use an active shield that provides tamper-evident covers at the top-most metal layers to the circuitry below. However, they lack formal proofs of their effectiveness as some active shields have already been circumvented by hackers. In this paper, we investigate the problem of protection against front-side probing attacks and propose a framework to assess a design's vulnerabilities against probing attacks. Metrics are developed to evaluate the resilience of designs to bypass an attack and reroute the attack, the two common techniques used to compromise an antiprobing mechanism. Exemplary assets from a system-on-chip layout are used to evaluate the proposed flow. The results show that long net and high layer wires are vulnerable to a probing attack equipped with high aspect ratio focused ion beam. Meanwhile, nets that occupy small area on the chip are probably compromised through rerouting shield wires. On the other hand, the multilayer internal orthogonal shield performs the best among common shield structures.