gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Some Physical Properties of 1-Cyclohexyl-phenyl-2-Methyl Ethylenes (1986)

Abstract A series of trans-1-{4′-(trans-4”-n-alkylcyclohexyl)phenyl}-2-methylethylenes, which show nematic phases, were prepared. Their transition temperatures, enthalpies and entropies were measured. The phase diagrams for their binary mixtures were made and the birefringences and flow-aligned viscosities were measured. Five nematic mixtures were prepared to compare the properties of the ethylenes with those of other cyclohexylbenzenes having other terminal groups. The 1-cyclohexyl-phenyl-2-methylethylenes have wide nematic ranges with high N-I transition temperatures and high birefringences. Their photochemical stabilities were tested.
Compressive CFAR radar detection (2012)

In this paper we develop the first Compressive Sensing (CS) adaptive radar detector. We propose three novel architectures and demonstrate how a classical Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) detector can be combined with l <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -norm minimization. Using asymptotic arguments and the Complex Approximate Message Passing (CAMP) algorithm we characterize the statistics of the l <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -norm reconstruction error and derive closed form expressions for both the detection and false alarm probabilities. We support our theoretical findings with a range of experiments that show that our theoretical conclusions hold even in non-asymptotic setting. We also report on the results from a radar measurement campaign, where we designed ad hoc transmitted waveforms to obtain a set of CS frequency measurements. We compare the performance of our new detection schemes using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves.
Design, fabrication and characterization of three-dimensional patterned microstructured surfaces with self-cleaning properties from hydrophilic materials (2012)

The generation of self-cleaning surfaces requires strong water repellence, which is usually realized by either fabricating a rough surface from low-surface-energy material, or modifying a rough surface with microstructures. The advancement of the ultra-precision machining technology enables the later approach to be a more prospective and flexible method to produce microstructured self-cleaning surfaces. This article presents a study for the design, fabrication and characterization of three-dimensional patterned microstructured surfaces with self-cleaning properties by using ultra-precision machining technology. The study starts with the design of three-dimensional microstructured surfaces based on the derivation and simplification of some microstructures possessing self-cleaning properties in nature, and theoretical analysis for water contact angle of the designed structures. According to the scales and patterns of the three-dimensional microstructures, an appropriate ultra-precision machining method is selected to fabricate the microstructures. The machined surface is then examined and characterized. A series of experiments have been undertaken to produce patterned microstructures by an ultra-precision raster milling process, and the micro-structured surfaces were measured and characterized in terms of their geometrical form accuracy and water repellence performance. The experimental results indicate that such kind of three-dimensional patterned microstructures can achieve a large static water contact angle, which is near 150°, by modifying the structural scales and patterns of hydrophilic materials. This provides an important means to generate surfaces with self-cleaning properties in mass production by precision injection moulding.
Indoor and Outdoor 90 GHz LOS-to-NLOS Channel Transition Characteristics (2022)

Millimeter wave (mmWave) communication systems can offer unprecedented amounts of spectrum and multi-Gigabit-per-second (Gbps) data rates. Directional antennas are typically used to ensure adequate link range, and in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) regions, transceivers must often "search" in the angular domain for a signal of significant strength. This paper presents millimeter-wave propagation measurement results for both outdoor and indoor office scenarios at 90 GHz, focusing on LOS-to-NLOS transitions. Our results are based upon measurements using a 500-MHz bandwidth chirp signal. We first estimate propagation path loss, and model this using a single-frequency close-in (CI) free space reference distance model. Pathloss exponents are less than that for free space path: 1.6 for outdoor and 1.8 for indoors. The channel transitions can present some of the most challenging conditions to link reliability: large ranges and rapid rates of change of the strongest multipath component angle of arrival (AoA), root mean-square delay spread, and stationarity distance. We found abrupt path loss changes of over 13 dB for indoor and 17 dB for outdoor scenarios, and abrupt changes of the strongest-component AoA of up to 60 degrees over receiver travel distances of a few cm.
Source radiation characteristics (1986)

On cherche a determiner la variabilite de l'impedance de rayonnement pour diverses configurations de sources. Etude de la reponse en directivite et de la reponse en frequence axiale
Direct-laser-written integrated mid-IR directional couplers in a BGG glass (2021)

The development of coherent sources and other optical components for the mid-infrared has been hampered by the lack of sturdy materials that can withstand high power radiation or exposition to harsh environment. BGG glasses are robust materials transmitting over the 2.5–5 <em>μ</em>m region. We report here the direct femtosecond laser fabrication of efficient directional couplers integrated in a BGG glass chip. The photonic components are characterized from 2.1 to 4.2 <em>μ</em>m and compared to similar structures inscribed in silica glass samples. At 2.85 <em>μ</em>m, a 99% relative cross transmission is reported in BGG glass. The experimental measurements are in good agreement with the coupled mode theory for wavelengths up to 3.5 <em>μ</em>m.
A waveguide imaging platform for live‐cell TIRF imaging of neurons over large fields of view (2020)

Large fields of view (FOVs) in total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) via waveguides have been shown to be highly beneficial for single molecule localisation microscopy on fixed cells [1,2] and have also been demonstrated for short-term live-imaging of robust cell types [3-5], but not yet for delicate primary neurons nor over extended periods of time. Here, we present a waveguide-based TIRFM set-up for live-cell imaging of demanding samples. Using the developed microscope, referred to as the ChipScope, we demonstrate successful culturing and imaging of fibroblasts, primary rat hippocampal neurons and axons of Xenopus retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The high contrast and gentle illumination mode provided by TIRFM coupled with the exceptionally large excitation areas and superior illumination homogeneity offered by photonic waveguides have potential for a wide application span in neuroscience applications.
A new MOSFET output conductance measurement technique (1993)

A new technique is presented for accurate measurement of the output conductance of a metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). This technique allows the measurement of output conductance down to the sub mu S region with an accuracy of better than 1%. Measurements in this range of output conductance are plagued by stray capacitances and noise. The new technique effectively combats these sources of error. The above-mentioned accuracy is maintained even when the susceptance due to the stray capacitance is as much as five times the conductance being measured.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Field‐scale observations of a transient geobattery resulting from natural attenuation of a crude oil spill (2017)

Abstract We present evidence of a geobattery associated with microbial degradation of a mature crude oil spill. Self‐potential measurements were collected using a vertical array of nonpolarizing electrodes, starting at the land surface and passing through the smear zone where seasonal water table fluctuations have resulted in the coating of hydrocarbons on the aquifer solids. These passive electrical potential measurements exhibit a dipolar pattern associated with a current source. The anodic and cathodic reactions of this natural battery occur below and above the smear zone, respectively. The smear zone is characterized by high magnetic susceptibility values associated with the precipitation of semiconductive magnetic iron phase minerals as a by‐product of biodegradation, facilitating electron transfer between the anode and the cathode. This geobattery response appears to have a transient nature, changing on a monthly scale, probably resulting from chemical and physical changes in subsurface conditions such as water table fluctuations.
Focused Ion Beam (FIB) Modification of Topology Optimized Polysilicon Microgrippers (2008)

In this paper, we present the preliminary results of the modification of topology optimized polysilicon microgrippers by focused ion beam (FIB) milling. The main aim of the experiments we performed is to functionalize a faulty microgripper by separating the merged end-effectors with a sub-micron gap and reshaping them to achieve a smaller contact area with the manipulated object. However, the method proposed is also rather important for recovery of the dimensional accuracy or missing features during fabrication. Furthermore, it will enable realization of the inverse microgripper concept, which is not possible with conventional UV lithography.
Polymorphism in Lithium Amides:  A Structural and Theoretical Study. Synthesis, Mechanism, and NMR Studies of the Lithiation of N,N‘-Di-tert-butylethylenediamine (1996)

The lithiation of N,N'-di-tert-butylethylenediamine by MeLi in benzene has been shown by (1)H NMR spectroscopy to proceed via the partially lithiated species [cis-{Li[&mgr;-N(t-Bu)CH(2)CH(2)N(H)t-Bu]}(2)], 2, and [{Li[N(t-Bu)CH(2)CH(2)N(H)t-Bu]}(2)Li{N(t-Bu)CH(2)CH(2)Nt-Bu}Li], 3, prior to the formation of the dilithiated species {Li[N(t-Bu)CH(2)CH(2)Nt-Bu]Li}, 4. The solid state structures of 2, 3, and a dimeric form of 4 (4a) have been determined. A sparingly soluble form of 4 (4b) has also been isolated which has a proposed polymeric ladder structure. These structures are discussed with respect to the alternatives available for the aggregation of the dilithiated species; stacking to form dimeric Li(4)N(4) cages and laddering to form Li(n)()N(n)() ladders. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations give insight into the energetics of these aggregates and the possible structures adopted by solvated and unsolvated dilithium ethylenediamide complexes. Crystals of 2 are monoclinic, of space group C2/c (No. 15), a = 19.222(7), b = 8.734(2), c = 17.149(5) Å, beta = 119.40(1) degrees, Z = 4. Crystals of 3are monoclinic, of space group P2(1)/c (No. 14), a = 9.836(8), b = 17.821(3), c = 21.78(2) Å, beta = 101.57(4) degrees, Z = 4. Crystals of 4a are monoclinic, of space group P2(1)/c (No. 14), a = 15.990(7), b = 10.0162(9), c = 16.42(1) Å, beta = 104.49(2) degrees, Z = 4. Crystals of 6 are monoclinic, of space group P2(1)/c (No. 14), a = 10.124(8), b = 17.861(3), c = 22.21(2) Å, beta = 102.05(4) degrees, Z = 4.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (R)‐BINOL‐Derived (Cyclopentadienone)Iron Complexes and Their Application in the Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones. (2015)

Abstract Chiral (cyclopentadienone)iron complexes, featuring an (R)‐BINOL‐derived backbone, are prepared and their application in the asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones is described.
Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics: a guide for annotation, quantification and best reporting practices (2021)

Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approaches can enable detection and quantification of many thousands of metabolite features simultaneously. However, compound identification and reliable quantification are greatly complicated owing to the chemical complexity and dynamic range of the metabolome. Simultaneous quantification of many metabolites within complex mixtures can additionally be complicated by ion suppression, fragmentation and the presence of isomers. Here we present guidelines covering sample preparation, replication and randomization, quantification, recovery and recombination, ion suppression and peak misidentification, as a means to enable high-quality reporting of liquid chromatography- and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics-derived data.
Universal Quantum Computation with Spin-1/2Pairs and Heisenberg Exchange (2002)

An efficient and intuitive framework for universal quantum computation is presented that uses pairs of spin-1/2 particles to form logical qubits and a single physical interaction, Heisenberg exchange, to produce all gate operations. Only two Heisenberg gate operations are required to produce a controlled pi-phase shift, compared to nineteen for exchange-only proposals employing three spins. Evolved from well-studied decoherence-free subspaces, this architecture inherits immunity from collective decoherence mechanisms. The simplicity and adaptability of this approach should make it attractive for spin-based quantum computing architectures.
Experimental Demonstration of Holey Silicon-Based Thermoelectric Cooling (2022)

Here, we demonstrate holey silicon-based thermoelectric cooling devices using simple fabrication processes and evaluate their cooling performance using infrared thermography. While lateral thermoelectric coolers require a suspended structure and thermal isolation for optimal performance, our design simply combines a silicon device layer with an insulating Pyrex substrate and enables demonstration of thermoelectric cooling by holey silicon even on a bulk heating stage instead of a local hot spot. Our work shows that holey silicon with <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.9~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> wide necks and 21 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> deep trenches provides a temperature reduction of 1.2 °C over a 300 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}\,\,\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 300 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> area when the underlying heating stage is set to keep the background at <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$100~^{\circ }\text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . Our model attributes the cooling performance to the unique thermal anisotropy of holey silicon and predicts greater performance with deeper holey silicon trenches, smaller holey silicon necks, and higher background temperatures or stronger heating. These findings indicate holey silicon-based thermoelectric cooling can be very useful for thermal management of various electronic devices and handling on- chip hot spots.
Direct Ex Vivo Measurement of CD8+T-Lymphocyte Responses to Human Parvovirus B19 (2001)

Parvovirus B19 is a common human pathogen which can cause severe syndromes, including aplastic anemia and fetal hydrops. The mapping of the first parvovirus B19-derived CD8(+) T-lymphocyte epitope is described. This HLA-B35-restricted peptide derives from the nonstructural (NS1) protein and is strongly immunogenic in B19 virus-seropositive donors.
Competitive Adsorption of Glycine and Water on the Fluorapatite (100) Surface (2009)

The atomic structure of the aqueous glycine-fluorapatite (100) interface was investigated using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. Experimental data analysis of crystal truncation rod intensities revealed detailed information on lateral as well as perpendicular ordering of the adsorbate molecules and the nature of atomic relaxations in the fluorapatite (FAp) (100) surface. Glycine and water molecules are arranged in two periodically ordered layers at the aqueous glycine-mineral interface. The adsorption process on the mineral surface is site competitive as both the glycine and water molecules show equal affinity toward surface Ca2+ cations. The glycine molecules interact directly with the FAp (100) surface, where one of their carboxylate groups coordinates with the surface Ca2+ cations. From the surface structure refinement, atomic positions of one glycine and four water molecules per unit cell were determined, along with the atomic relaxations in the FAp (100) surface. Molecular dynamic simulations were used to determine the long-range order of the adsorbate layers by investigating the hydrogen bonds.
Serum Apolipoproteins Are Associated With Systemic and Retinal Microvascular Function in People With Diabetes (2012)

Serum apolipoprotein (apo)AI and -B have been shown to be associated with diabetic retinopathy, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We investigated whether apoAI and apoB levels are associated with measures of systemic and retinal microvascular function in patients with diabetes. We recruited 224 diabetic patients (85 type 1 and 139 type 2) and assessed serum lipids and lipoproteins from fasting blood, skin responses to sodium nitroprusside (endothelium independent) and acetylcholine (ACh) (endothelium dependent) iontophoresis, flicker-light–induced retinal vasodilatation, and retinal vascular tortuosity. After adjustment for age and sex, every SD increase in apoAI level was associated with ACh-induced skin perfusion (mean change 1.27%; P &amp;lt; 0.001 for apoAI) and flicker-light retinal arteriolar vasodilatation (0.33%; P = 0.003) and was associated inversely with arteriolar tortuosity (−2.83 × 10−5; P = 0.044). Each SD increase in apoB was associated with arteriolar tortuosity only (1.75 × 10−5; P = 0.050). These associations, except for apoB, remained in multivariate models. Serum apoAI was associated with increased vasomotor responsiveness to ACh and flickering light and inversely related to retinal vessel tortuosity—a characteristic that has both structural and functional dimensions. These findings provide additional insights into the potential mechanisms of apos in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and other diabetic microvascular complications.
A Waveguide Biosensors Local Evanescent Field Response to an Immunoassay Complex (2007)

A compact photonic immunoassay biosensor that can simultaneously sense multiple analytes has been implemented. NSOM results indicate 8% modulation of the local evanescent field due to an 18 nm biological adlayer on the waveguide's surface.
Rapid biocatalytic polytransesterification: Reaction kinetics in an exothermic reaction (1998)

Biocatalytic polytransesterification at high concentrations of monomers proceeds rapidly and is accompanied by an increase in the temperature of the reaction mixture due to liberation of heat of reaction during the initial phase. We have used principles of reaction calorimetry to monitor the kinetics of polymerization during this initial phase, thus relating the temperature to the extent of polymerization. Rate of polymerization increases with the concentration of monomers. This is also reflected by the increase in the temperature of the reaction mixture. Using time-temperature-conversion contours, a differential method of kinetic analysis was used to calculate the energy of activation (∼15.1 Kcal/mol). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:428–437, 1998.
Ramped-amplitude NOVEL (2017)

We present a pulsed dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) study using a ramped-amplitude nuclear orientation via electron spin locking (RA-NOVEL) sequence that utilizes a fast arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) to modulate the microwave pulses together with samples doped with narrow-line radicals such as 1,3-bisdiphenylene-2-phenylallyl (BDPA), sulfonated-BDPA (SA-BDPA), and trityl-OX063. Similar to ramped-amplitude cross polarization in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, RA-NOVEL improves the DNP efficiency by a factor of up to 1.6 compared to constant-amplitude NOVEL (CA-NOVEL) but requires a longer mixing time. For example, at τ<sub>mix</sub> = 8 μs, the DNP efficiency reaches a plateau at a ramp amplitude of ∼20 MHz for both SA-BDPA and trityl-OX063, regardless of the ramp profile (linear vs. tangent). At shorter mixing times (τ<sub>mix</sub> = 0.8 μs), we found that the tangent ramp is superior to its linear counterpart and in both cases there exists an optimum ramp size and therefore ramp rate. Our results suggest that RA-NOVEL should be used instead of CA-NOVEL as long as the electronic spin lattice relaxation T<sub>1e</sub> is sufficiently long and/or the duty cycle of the microwave amplifier is not exceeded. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a time domain DNP experiment that utilizes modulated microwave pulses. Our results also suggest that a precise modulation of the microwave pulses can play an important role in optimizing the efficiency of pulsed DNP experiments and an AWG is an elegant instrumental solution for this purpose.
Resolution and Re-ossification of Orbital-Wall Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Following Stereotactic Needle Biopsy (2022)

<b>Introduction</b> Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease that encompasses a spectrum of clinical syndromes. It is characterized by the proliferation and infiltration of white blood cells into organs or organ systems. Reports of management of these lesions have included biopsy, resection, curettage, radiation, and/or chemotherapy. <b>Case Presentation</b> A 40-year-old man presented with a history of right proptosis and retro-orbital pain and was found to have a lytic mass involving the greater wing of the sphenoid extending into the right orbit. A stereotactic needle biopsy using neuronavigation demonstrated this to be LCH. After no further treatment, the mass spontaneously resolved, with virtual normalization of the orbital magnetic resonance imaging at 10 months following the needle biopsy. The bony defect of the temporal bone caused by the mass also re-ossified following the needle biopsy. <b>Discussion</b> This report highlights the potential for an isolated LCH lesion to regress after simple needle biopsy, an outcome only rarely reported previously. Thus, expectant management of such lesions following biopsy or initial debridement should be considered prior to proceeding with additional treatment.
Energy-conserving reception protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (2003)

The importance of conserving the limited battery energy available in mobile tactical communication systems is well appreciated in their design. Radio transceivers are major energy consumers in such systems, however fundamental advancements to increase battery capacity and/or reduce transceiver power requirements are not expected in the near future; therefore, energy-conserving techniques are the main avenue for extending system life. In this paper, we propose a suite of reception protocols that support episodic powering down of the radio receiver during periods of low communication activity. The suite covers a range of varying implementation complexion, control-traffic overhead, and energy-saving capability, thus an appropriate solution can be selected according to the particular tactical application. The protocols are considered in the framework of asynchronous (e.g. CSMA) channel access but can be easily adapted to synchronous channel access methods as well. We evaluate the performance of two protocols from the suite in the context of a proactive link-state routing protocol and show that they are capable of significantly reducing energy consumption with little additional complexity and acceptable performance penalties.