gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep learning for pneumothorax detection and localization using networks fine-tuned with multiple institutional datasets (2020)

Pneumothorax, presenting as a fine line at the edge of the lung and a change in texture outside the lung, is a particularly difficult condition to detect on chest radiographs due to its wide range of sizes and subtle visual signs. Deep learning methods can be applied to chest radiographs to assist in the detection and localization of pneumothorax. The visual signs of pneumothorax are usually unable to be seen at typical neural network input sizes (256 x 256 or 224 x 224); therefore, increasing the resolution of the input images is expected to be beneficial for deep learning detection of pneumothorax. In this work, chest radiographs were separated into two apex images (top third of lung) and then 256 x 256 patches were extracted from the apex images. VGG19 neural networks were fine-tuned for the task of distinguishing between images with and without pneumothorax. One network was fine-tuned with the apex images (downsized to 256 x 256) and another fine-tuned with 256 x 256 patches within the apex images. These fine-tuned networks were tested on an independent test set and ROC analysis performed. The apex-based network yielded an AUC of 0.80 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.79, 0.81) and the patch-based network yielded an AUC of 0.73 (95% CI: 0.71, 0.74) in the task of distinguishing between images with and without pneumothorax. When the outputs from the two networks were merged via soft voting, a statistically significant increase in performance was observed as compared to either network alone (AUC=0.83, p&lt;0.001).
Ellipse Loss for Scene-Compliant Motion Prediction (2021)

Motion prediction is a critical part of self-driving technology, responsible for inferring future behavior of traffic actors in autonomous vehicle’s surroundings. In order to ensure safe and efficient operations, prediction models need to output accurate trajectories that obey the map constraints. In this paper, we address this task and propose a novel ellipse loss that allows the models to better reason about scene compliance and predict more realistic trajectories. Ellipse loss penalizes off-road predictions directly in a supervised manner, by projecting the output trajectories into the top-down map frame using a differentiable trajectory rasterizer module. Moreover, it takes into account actor dimensions and orientation, providing more direct training signals to the model. We applied ellipse loss to a recently proposed state-of-the-art joint detection-prediction model to showcase its benefits. Evaluation on large-scale autonomous driving data strongly indicates that the method allows for more accurate and more realistic trajectory predictions.
ChemInform Abstract: Trifluoromethyl Ketones from Enolizable Carboxylic Acids via Enediolate Trifluoroacetylation/Decarboxylation. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Application of Silicomanganese Fume as a Novel Bridging Material for Water-Based Drilling Fluids (2022)

Steelmaking industrial waste, that is, silicomanganese fume (SMF), is one of the byproducts obtained during the steelmaking process in an electric submerged arc furnace at 1500 °C. Millions of tons of such wastes are generated yearly and used in different applications such as road construction, cement mortar, recycling into sinter plant, and so forth. In this study, the application of SMF in the drilling operations was investigated by employing SMF as a bridging material (BM) in water-based drilling fluid (WBF). The SMF samples were collected and dry-sieved, and then, the retained particles on each mesh were examined for elemental analysis. Thereafter, a battery of tests was performed using the WBF-SMF system comprising different SMF grades and mixed grades to investigate their bridging performance. The commercial BM (marble) was used as a reference fluid (WBF-marble system) for comparative investigation. The bridging performance of WBF-SMF and WBF-marble systems was tested and compared at 190 °F and 300 psi testing conditions using 10, 12, 20, and 50 μm ceramic discs. The processing techniques have shown that raw SMF does not require prolonged processing steps like the other waste material requires. All the SMF grades have shown homogenous chemical composition in oxides of manganese, silicon, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, and iron. Moreover, the WBF-SMF system have shown substantial improvement in bridging and sealing performance with average 47, 42, 84, and 75% superior fluid loss performance against 10, 12, 20, and 50 μm ceramic discs, respectively, compared to the WBF-marble system. While comparing the filter cake thickness, the WBF-SMF system has deposited a filter cake with more than 50% reduction in thickness compared to the WBF-marble system for different ceramic-disc sizes. Consequently, this study has introduced SMF as a novel BM with a unique particle size distribution that can be used in WBFs to plug formation pores effectively. In addition, this waste material (SMF) has been investigated as an economical, effortless, readily available, and high-performance material compared to other commonly used BMs.
Narrow Intrinsic Line Widths and Electron–Phonon Coupling of InP Colloidal Quantum Dots (2023)

InP quantum dots (QDs) are the material of choice for QD display applications and have been used as active layers in QD light-emitting diodes (QDLEDs) with high efficiency and color purity. Optimizing the color purity of QDs requires understanding mechanisms of spectral broadening. While ensemble-level broadening can be minimized by synthetic tuning to yield monodisperse QD sizes, single QD line widths are broadened by exciton-phonon scattering and fine-structure splitting. Here, using photon-correlation Fourier spectroscopy, we extract average single QD line widths of 50 meV at 293 K for red-emitting InP/ZnSe/ZnS QDs, among the narrowest for colloidal QDs. We measure InP/ZnSe/ZnS single QD emission line shapes at temperatures between 4 and 293 K and model the spectra using a modified independent boson model. We find that inelastic acoustic phonon scattering and fine-structure splitting are the most prominent broadening mechanisms at low temperatures, whereas pure dephasing from elastic acoustic phonon scattering is the primary broadening mechanism at elevated temperatures, and optical phonon scattering contributes minimally across all temperatures. Conversely for CdSe/CdS/ZnS QDs, we find that optical phonon scattering is a larger contributor to the line shape at elevated temperatures, leading to intrinsically broader single-dot line widths than for InP/ZnSe/ZnS. We are able to reconcile narrow low-temperature line widths and broad room-temperature line widths within a self-consistent model that enables parametrization of line width broadening, for different material classes. This can be used for the rational design of more spectrally narrow materials. Our findings reveal that red-emitting InP/ZnSe/ZnS QDs have intrinsically narrower line widths than typically synthesized CdSe QDs, suggesting that these materials could be used to realize QDLEDs with high color purity.
A Design Framework to Improve the Dynamic Characteristics of Double Planet Planetary Gearsets (2016)

Double planet planetary gear sets have significantly more design options than their single planetary counterparts as the addition of the second planet set allows for greater flexibility in sizing and synthesizing transmission kinematic chains. Generally, the primary design constraints for these systems are based on transmitted load, speed ratio, and availability of space. However, once these specifications are met, few attempts are made to optimize the design any further as manual design techniques fail to assess all performance related aspects of the system. In this paper, a methodology to improve existing double planetary gear sets through adjustment of limited set of feasible design constraints is proposed. The improvement will be achieved through modifying the values of gear tooth profile shift, tooth thickness, and planet gear center distances. Design of experiments (DOE) approach is implemented to generate a finite set of models that accurately represent the entire design space. In order to investigate if the proposed alternative designs are an improvement from the baseline system, a finite element tool is used to model all of the potential configurations. The parameters that are used for the fundamental measurement of system performance in this study are bearing forces, gear mesh forces and transmission error spectra.
Printed wiring board with coaxial wirings for high speed signal transmission (2004)

The clock frequency in digital electronic systems is exceeding the GHz range. A high-speed signal transmission ability of over Gbps is required for a signal transmission line of even a printed wiring board (PWB). We developed a new coaxial PWB technology. The coaxial PWB with coaxial wiring lines was designed for a test system of low-temperature electronic devices. It was fabricated by buildup PWB technology, using a drill to make a vertical shielding wall electrode. The electrical results of the fabricated coaxial PWB were carried out by the time domain reflectometry (TDR) measurement and the vector impedance measurement. The characteristic impedances of the coaxial wiring lines were evaluated using a TDR waveform analyzer. The average characteristic impedance was controlled within 50 /spl Omega/ /spl plusmn/ 10 %. The vector impedance measurements were evaluated using a vector network analyzer. The insertion loss was measured to be less than 0.39 dB/cm at 5 GHz.
P043 LONG-TERM STEROID-FREE REMISSION IN CROHN'S PATIENTS RECEIVING ADALIMUMAB: THE CHARM TRIAL (2008)

creases laboratory tests and retains constant outpatient visits and the usage of other drugs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Enantiopure cis‐α,β‐Epoxy Acids. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Biomechanics of Ambulation Following Partial Foot Amputation: A Prosthetic Perspective (2007)

From a clinical perspective, interventions following partial foot amputation (PFA) can be conveniently divided into high-profile devices that extend proximally onto the tibia and low-profile designs that terminate inferior to the malleoli. However, not all proximal amputations require a high-profile design and not all distal levels can be managed with low-profile alternatives. It appears from the evidence reviewed by Dillon and colleagues that ankle power generation during level ground walking is not significantly compromised in those levels of PFA that retain the metatarsal heads. Although the best available evidence suggests that high-profile devices that restrict ankle dorsiflexion are the only prosthetic option capable of partially restoring the missing anterior lever arm, patients frequently reject such bulky designs. Selection of the best configuration for a specific patient with PFA remains a clinical judgment, informed by experience, training, and the best available scientific evidence.
Preclinical Testing of Tissue-Engineered Heart Valves Re-Endothelialized Under Simulated Physiological Conditions (2006)

In vitro re-endothelialization of detergent-decellularized valves with autologous ECs under simulated physiological conditions significantly improves total EC valve coverage 3 months after implantation, whereas the valve repopulation with interstitial cells in vivo occurs most likely by cell migration inside the scaffold.
WEBTop: interactive 3D optics simulations on the Web (2000)

The Objects Project (TOP) is a 3D, interactive computer graphics system that was developed at Mississippi State University to help students learn optics. TOP runs on Silicon Graphics workstations. We describe our initial progress on WebTOP, the Web version of TOP.
Radiofrequency ablation of adrenal tumors and adrenocortical carcinoma metastases (2003)

Percutaneous, image-guided RFA is a safe and well tolerated procedure for the treatment of unresectable primary or metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma. The procedure is effective for the short-term local control of small adrenal tumors, and is most effective for tumors less than 5 cm. The survival rate for patients with adrenocortical carcinoma improves when radical excision is performed in selected patients. Aggressive local disease control may potentially influence survival as well. However, further study is required to evaluate survival impact, document long-term efficacy, and to determine if RFA can obviate repeated surgical intervention in specific clinical scenarios.
Core algorithms in the CLEVER system (2006)

This article describes the CLEVER search system developed at the IBM Almaden Research Center. We present a detailed and unified exposition of the various algorithmic components that make up the system, and then present results from two user studies.
Performance evaluation of MIND demons deformable registration of MR and CT images in spinal interventions (2016)

Accurate intraoperative localization of target anatomy and adjacent nervous and vascular tissue is essential to safe, effective surgery, and multimodality deformable registration can be used to identify such anatomy by fusing preoperative CT or MR images with intraoperative images. A deformable image registration method has been developed to estimate viscoelastic diffeomorphisms between preoperative MR and intraoperative CT using modality-independent neighborhood descriptors (MIND) and a Huber metric for robust registration. The method, called MIND Demons, optimizes a constrained symmetric energy functional incorporating priors on smoothness, geodesics, and invertibility by alternating between Gauss-Newton optimization and Tikhonov regularization in a multiresolution scheme. Registration performance was evaluated for the MIND Demons method with a symmetric energy formulation in comparison to an asymmetric form, and sensitivity to anisotropic MR voxel-size was analyzed in phantom experiments emulating image-guided spine-surgery in comparison to a free-form deformation (FFD) method using local mutual information (LMI). Performance was validated in a clinical study involving 15 patients undergoing intervention of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine. The target registration error (TRE) for the symmetric MIND Demons formulation (1.3 ± 0.8 mm (median ± interquartile)) outperformed the asymmetric form (3.6 ± 4.4 mm). The method demonstrated fairly minor sensitivity to anisotropic MR voxel size, with median TRE ranging 1.3-2.9 mm for MR slice thickness ranging 0.9-9.9 mm, compared to TRE = 3.2-4.1 mm for LMI FFD over the same range. Evaluation in clinical data demonstrated sub-voxel TRE (<2 mm) in all fifteen cases with realistic deformations that preserved topology with sub-voxel invertibility (0.001 mm) and positive-determinant spatial Jacobians. The approach therefore appears robust against realistic anisotropic resolution characteristics in MR and yields registration accuracy suitable to application in image-guided spine-surgery.
Current distribution and internal impedance of interconnect (2012)

A novel volume integral equation for the current distribution over interconnects with arbitrary cross-sectional geometry is presented based on the free space Green's function without approximation. For very low frequency, it can be reduced to the widely-used quasi-static approximation. The quasi-static volume integral equation is not accurate enough for the calculation of current distribution. A comparison is made with the different methods known in literature to calculate the per unit length internal impedance. Detailed discussion is given for the different current distributions and the definitions with their effects to the internal impedance, either for a high frequency range or a low frequency range.
First observation of the thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect with kinetic inductance detectors (2014)

Context. Clusters of galaxies provide valuable information on the evolution of the Universe and large scale structures. Recent cluster observations via the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) effect have proven to be a powerful tool to detect and study them. In this context, high resolution tSZ observations (tens of arcsec) are of particular interest to probe intermediate and high redshift clusters. Aims. Observations of the tSZ effect will be carried out with the millimeter dual-band NIKA2 camera, based on kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) to be installed at the IRAM 30-m telescope in 2015. To demonstrate the potential of such an instrument, we present tSZ observations with the NIKA camera prototype, consisting of two arrays of 132 and 224 detectors that observe at 140 and 240 GHz with a 18.5 and 12.5 arcsec angular resolution, respectively. Methods. The cluster RX J1347.5-1145 was observed simultaneously at 140 and 240 GHz. We used a spectral decorrelation technique to remove the atmospheric noise and obtain a map of the cluster at 140 GHz. The efficiency of this procedure has been characterized through realistic simulations of the observations. Results. The observed 140 GHz map presents a decrement at the cluster position consistent with the tSZ nature of the signal. We used this map to study the pressure distribution of the cluster by fitting a gNFW model to the data. Subtracting this model from the map, we confirm that RX J1347.5-1145 is an ongoing merger, which confirms and complements previous tSZ and X-ray observations. Conclusions. For the first time, we demonstrate the tSZ capability of KID based instruments. The NIKA2 camera with 5000 detectors and a 6.5 arcmin field of view will be well-suited for in-depth studies of the intra cluster medium in intermediate to high redshifts, which enables the characterization of recently detected clusters by the Planck satellite.
The Effect of Glucola, Diet Cola and Water Ingestion on Blood Glucose and Plasma Insulin (1969)

A study was undertaken to investigate the effect of neurogenic influences on carbohydrate metabolism. Four normal subjects were given a cola flavored glucose preparation, a diet cola containing saccharin, and water. Only the glucose preparation produced significant changes in blood glucose and plasma insulin levels.
Neuropilin-1 (Nrp-1) as a prognostic biomarker and potential drug target for pediatric medulloblastoma. (2013)

2056 Background: Medulloblastoma survival rates have significantly improved over the last decades due to surgery and chemoradiation regimens. However, pediatric patients with high-risk disease and those with recurrence often succumb to their disease. The majority of children suffer from severe adverse effects of intense therapy regimens. We recently demonstrated the role of the Placental Growth Factor (PlGF)/Nrp-1 signaling pathway in medulloblastoma progression in preclinical models (Snuderl et al., Cell 2013). The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of Nrp-1 as a biomarker and therapeutic target in medulloblastoma patients. Methods: Thirty-two surgical samples of pediatric medulloblastoma were analyzed for expression of Nrp-1 and its ligand PlGF by immunohistochemistry, array-comparative genomic hybridization and deep gene sequencing. On an independent, clinically annotated cohort of 42 medulloblastoma samples, we evaluated the correlation between Nrp-1 expression and 5-year overall survival. The therapeutic relevance of Nrp-1 signaling was tested in a D283 orthotopic human xenograft mouse model using shRNA and a monoclonal antibody against Nrp-1. Results: Nrp-1 expression was detectable in 100% and PlGF in 90% of all medulloblastoma samples. No significant differences in expression could be detected between known histological or molecular medulloblastoma subtypes. Patients with high Nrp-1 expression had a significantly worse 5-year overall survival compared to patients with a low or moderate expression (40% vs. 86%, p = 0.0058). Treatment with an antibody against Nrp-1 or genetic silencing of Nrp-1 with shRNA significantly prolonged survival in a D283 orthotopic human xenograft mouse model (for both experiments: p &lt; 0.01). Conclusions: Nrp-1 is widely expressed across all molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma and its expression levels are inversely associated with survival of patients. Targeting Nrp-1 leads to a significant survival benefit in an orthotopic human xenograft mouse model. This data support the hypothesis that targeting the PlGF/Nrp-1 signaling pathway may be a novel therapy approach for pediatric medulloblastoma.
Is NOMA Efficient in Multi-Antenna Networks? A Critical Look at Next\n Generation Multiple Access Techniques (2021)

In this paper, we take a critical and fresh look at the downlink\nmulti-antenna NOMA literature. Instead of contrasting NOMA with OMA, we\ncontrast NOMA with two other baselines. The first is conventional Multi-User\nLinear Precoding (MULP). The second is Rate-Splitting Multiple Access (RSMA)\nbased on multi-antenna Rate-Splitting (RS) and SIC. We show that there is some\nconfusion about the benefits of NOMA, and we dispel the associated\nmisconceptions. First, we highlight why NOMA is inefficient in multi-antenna\nsettings based on basic multiplexing gain analysis. We stress that the issue\nlies in how the NOMA literature has been hastily applied to multi-antenna\nsetups, resulting in a misuse of spatial dimensions and therefore loss in\nmultiplexing gains and rate. Second, we show that NOMA incurs a severe\nmultiplexing gain loss despite an increased receiver complexity due to an\ninefficient use of SIC receivers. Third, we emphasize that much of the merits\nof NOMA are due to the constant comparison to OMA instead of comparing it to\nMULP and RS baselines. We then expose the pivotal design constraint that\nmulti-antenna NOMA requires one user to fully decode the messages of the other\nusers. This design constraint is responsible for the multiplexing gain erosion,\nrate loss, and inefficient use of SIC receivers in multi-antenna settings. Our\nresults confirm that NOMA should not be applied blindly to multi-antenna\nsettings, highlight the scenarios where MULP outperforms NOMA and vice versa,\nand demonstrate the inefficiency, performance loss and complexity disadvantages\nof NOMA compared to RS. The first takeaway message is that, while NOMA is not\nbeneficial in most multi-antenna deployments. The second takeaway message is\nthat other non-orthogonal transmission frameworks, such as RS, exist which\nfully exploit the multiplexing gain and the benefits of SIC to boost the rate\nin multi-antenna settings.\n