gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Herbicide Resistance: Toward an Understanding of Resistance Development and the Impact of Herbicide-Resistant Crops (2012)

Development of herbicide-resistant crops has resulted in significant changes to agronomic practices, one of which is the adoption of effective, simple, low-risk, crop-production systems with less dependency on tillage and lower energy requirements. Overall, the changes have had a positive environmental effect by reducing soil erosion, the fuel use for tillage, and the number of herbicides with groundwater advisories as well as a slight reduction in the overall environmental impact quotient of herbicide use. However, herbicides exert a high selection pressure on weed populations, and density and diversity of weed communities change over time in response to herbicides and other control practices imposed on them. Repeated and intensive use of herbicides with the same mechanisms of action (MOA; the mechanism in the plant that the herbicide detrimentally affects so that the plant succumbs to the herbicide; e.g., inhibition of an enzyme that is vital to plant growth or the inability of a plant to metabolize the herbicide before it has done damage) can rapidly select for shifts to tolerant, difficult-to-control weeds and the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds, especially in the absence of the concurrent use of herbicides with different mechanisms of action or the use of mechanical or cultural practices or both.
Physical- and link-layer modeling of packet-radio network performance (1991)

An analytical model of packet-radio network performance which takes into account the properties of realistic link-layer mechanisms such as the unreliable nature of acknowledgements is presented. The methodology and the derivation of the model are discussed. Computer implementation of this model, which shows that failing to account for the nonideal behavior of acknowledgements overstates throughput by a factor of two, that allowing too many transmission attempts causes throughput to suffer, and that throughput is a strong function of the desired packet reliability and neighborhood size, is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The mutual exclusion problem has been solved (1991)

“A common assumption underlying mutual exclusion algorithms in shared memory systems is that: b. A memory reference to an individual word is mutually exclusive.”
Deposition of Nanosized Soot Particles in Various EGR Coolers Under Thermophoretic and Isothermal Conditions (2012)

This study investigates the performance of various types of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) coolers, that is, smooth tube, corrugated tube, and plate–fin, when subjected to particulate fouling by soot particles. Experiments were carried out for different temperature gradients of 170 and 320°C (thermophoretic) and 0°C (isothermal). Soot particles with an average diameter of 130 nm were produced by a soot generator. Experimental results showed that generally soot deposition under isothermal conditions is negligible compared to thermophoresis for any given cooler geometry, but is not universal. It may become appreciable when complex coolers with extended surfaces, that is, plate–fin type, are used due to impaction and settlement of soot particles onto the extended surfaces, which act as barrier to the flow. Contrariwise, under thermophoretic conditions, the plate–fin cooler performed best, followed by the corrugated tube and smooth tube cooler. Coolers with larger heat transfer surface area are also found to be less sensitive to the loss in effectiveness, but show a higher pressure drop.
Isolation and anti-cancer evaluation of two anti-proliferative constituents from the chloroform fraction of leaves of Conyza Sumatrensis (Retz.) E. H. Walker, Asteraceae (2021)

The plant Conyza sumatrensis, is reputed for anticancer activities in most parts of Nigeria. Our previous study on the anticancer evaluation of the extract and fractions of the plant on breast (MCF-7) and lung (NCI-H460) cell lines, revealed a higher sensitivity of the Chloroform (CHCl3) -fraction against the cell lines. The present study involved the bioassay guided fractionation of the active chloroform (CHCl3) fraction of the leaves of Conyza sumatrensis which yielded two known compounds coded as C110 and C219 and were subjected to MS,1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as well as anti-proliferative studies. The identities of the compounds were revealed via NMR and MS as Stigmast-5, 22-dien-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and 2, 3-dihydroxylpropyl hexacosanoate (2) whose GI50 were 40.83 ± 0.1, 22.67 ± 1.33 % and 58.83 ± 11.2 and 34 ± 5.6 % against MCF-7 and NCI-H460 cell lines respectively.The anti-proliferative activities of the compounds showed a considerable cell growth-inhibitory activity against human breast (MCF-7) and lung (NCI-H460) cell lines. These compounds are isolated from the plant for the first time and could serve as lead compounds for further investigation as anti-proliferative agents which could explain the rationale for its use in ethno-medicinal practice.
Interactions of Amphipathic CPPs with Model Membranes (2010)

Due to the poor permeability of the plasma membrane, several strategies are designed to enhance the transfer of therapeutics into cells. Over the last 20 years, small peptides called Cell-Penetrating Peptides (CPPs) have been widely developed to improve the cellular delivery of biomolecules. These small peptides derive from protein transduction domains, chimerical constructs, or model sequences. Several CPPs are primary or secondary amphipathic peptides, depending on whether the distribution of their hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains occurs from their amino-acid sequence or through α-helical folding. Most of the CPPs are able to deliver different therapeutics such as nucleic acids or proteins in vitro and in vivo. Although their mechanisms of internalization are varied and controversial, the understanding of the intrinsic features of CPPs is essential for future developments. This chapter describes several protocols for the investigation of biophysical properties of amphipathic CPPs. Surface physics approaches are specifically applied to characterize the interactions of amphipathic peptides with model membranes. Circular dichroism and infra-red spectroscopy allow the identification of their structural state. These methods are exemplified by the analyses of the main biophysical features of the cell-penetrating peptides MPG, Pep-1, and CADY.
Sphingomyelin cycle revisited (1998)

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a vital role in maintaining the survivability of circulating erythrocytes. Here we have investigated whether NO depletion associated with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is responsible for the reduced survival of erythrocytes observed during the disease.Infected hamsters were treated with standard anti-leishmanial sodium stibogluconate (SAG) and NO donor isosorbide dinitrate (ISD). Erythrophagocytosis by macrophages was determined by labelling the cells with FITC followed by flow cytometry. Aggregation of band3 was estimated from band3 associated EMA fluorescence. Caspase 3 activity was measured using immunosorbent assay kit. Phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization and cell shrinkage were determined using annexin V. Aminophspholipid translocase and scramblase activities were measured following NBD-PS and NBD-PC internalization, respectively.Impairment of both synthesis and uptake of NO resulted in decreased bioavailability of this signaling molecule in erythrocytes in VL. NO level was replenished after simultaneous treatment with ISD and SAG. Combination treatment decreased red cell apoptosis in infected animals by deactivating caspase 3 through s-nitrosylation. Drug treatment prevented infection-mediated ATP depletion and altered calcium homeostasis in erythrocytes. Improved metabolic environment effectively amended dysregulation of aminophospholipid translocase and scramblase, which in turn reduced cell shrinkage, and exposure of phosphatidylserine on the cell surface under the diseased condition.In this study, we have identified NO depletion to be an important factor in promoting premature hemolysis with the progress of leishmanial infection. The study implicates NO to be a possible target for future drug development towards the promotion of erythrocyte survival in VL.
Novel circular DNA viruses in stool samples of wild-living chimpanzees (2009)

Viral particles in stool samples from wild-living chimpanzees were analysed using random PCR amplification and sequencing. Sequences encoding proteins distantly related to the replicase protein of single-stranded circular DNA viruses were identified. Inverse PCR was used to amplify and sequence multiple small circular DNA viral genomes. The viral genomes were related in size and genome organization to vertebrate circoviruses and plant geminiviruses but with a different location for the stem-loop structure involved in rolling circle DNA replication. The replicase genes of these viruses were most closely related to those of the much smaller (approximately 1 kb) plant nanovirus circular DNA chromosomes. Because the viruses have characteristics of both animal and plant viruses, we named them chimpanzee stool-associated circular viruses (ChiSCV). Further metagenomic studies of animal samples will greatly increase our knowledge of viral diversity and evolution.
A Study on Quadratic Curves in Polar Taxicab Geometry (2013)

In this paper, we studied geometric properties and classifications of circles, ellipses, hyperbolas, Apollonius circles, and lemniscates in the plane with polar taxicab distance, a distance function which is a generalization of taxicab distance, in curvilinear coordinate system .
THE HEDGEHOG PATHWAY AND NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS (2006)

The hedgehog pathway is a major regulator of embryonic development, and mutations that decrease its activity are known to be associated with severe defects in nervous system development. Recent evidence suggests hedgehog continues to function in adult tissue, normal as well as diseased, by regulating both cell proliferation and the production of growth and angiogenic factors. In the adult nervous system, this dual ability is especially important in regulating the behavior of neural stem and progenitor cells. This review summarizes information connecting hedgehog signaling and neural diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and brain tumors, particularly medulloblastoma. We also describe the discovery and utility of small molecule agonists and antagonists of this pathway and their potential as novel types of therapeutics.
Spectrum of driver mutations and clinical impact of circulating tumor DNA analysis in non–small cell lung cancer: Analysis of over 8000 cases (2020)

Comprehensive ctDNA analysis detected the presence of therapeutically targetable driver and resistance mutations at the frequencies and distributions predicted for the study population. These findings add support for comprehensive ctDNA testing in patients who are incompletely tested at the time of diagnosis and as a primary option at the time of progression on targeted therapies.
(Invited) ALD Materials for the Integration of III-V Based Transistors (2015)

III-V compound semiconductors are promising transistor channel materials to enable scaling beyond Si technology due to their high bulk electron mobility values. Engineering the III-V / high-k gate stack remains one of the main technical challenges to integration of these materials in CMOS technology, with Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) continuing to play an enabling role. In this work, multiple approaches for interfacial sulfur passivation prior to high-k gate stack deposition are explored, with passivated samples exhibiting improved C-V characteristics and reduced D it values for planar MOSCAPS. Various III-V channel / high-k metal oxide interface layers (ILs) deposited by ALD have also been evaluated in order to reduce the impact of oxide traps while also maintaining a low D it . A novel ALD interfacial layer material has been developed which demonstrates the potential to meet challenging requirements for III-V channel transistor integration.
Superconducting bandpass ΔΣ modulator with 2.23 GHz center frequency and 42.6 GHz sampling rate (2003)

A superconducting bandpass /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator employing a 2.23 GHz microstrip resonator and a single flux quantum comparator clocked at 42.6 GHz achieves 49 dB peak SNR over a 20.8 MHz bandwidth. At 40.2 GHz clock rate, in-band noise over a 19.6 MHz bandwidth is -57 dBFS. The test chip with integrated acquisition memory contains 4065 Josephson junctions and dissipates 1.9 mW at T=4.2K.
Security and Privacy in the Internet of Things (2019)

Although the Internet of Things (IoT) computing paradigm is promising new applications, it introduces unprecedented security and privacy threats to individuals and their environments. The interactions within the IoT make it more challenging to protect users and their devices against these threats.
ALD on High Mobility Channels: Engineering the Proper Gate Stack Passivation (2010)

High mobility channels are currently being explored to replace the Si channel in future technology nodes. However, until now the promising bulk properties are very difficult to translate into reality due to a bad passivation of the interface between the gate stack and the substrate. In this paper we want to emphasize that gate stack passivation is the result of a complex interplay between the surface treatment and the ALD deposition. During ALD deposition on GaAs, the removal of surface oxides is observed. However, this effect does not lead to a good passivation. For Ge, the S-passivation of the interface is studied in combination with different high-κ. It is clear that the Ge/S/Al2O3 interface is superior to the Ge/S/ZrO2 interface.
A Diagnostic Technique for Particle Characterization Using Laser Light Extinction (2016)

Increased operations of aircraft, both commercial and military in hostile desert environments have increased the risk of micro-sized particle ingestion into engines. The probability of increased sand and dust ingestion results in increased life cycle costs in addition to increased potential for performance loss. Thus, the ability to accurately assess the amount of inlet debris would be useful for engine diagnostics and prognostic evaluation. Previous engine monitoring studies were based on the particle measurements performed a posteriori. Thus, there exists a need for in situ quantification of ingested particles. This paper describes the initial development of a line-of-sight optical technique to characterize the ingested particles at concentrations similar to those experienced by aircraft in brownout conditions using laser extinction with the end goal of producing an onboard aircraft diagnostic sensor. By measuring the amount of light that is transmitted due to the effects of scattering and absorption in the presence of particles over a range of concentrations, a relationship between particle diameters and the laser light extinction was obtained. This relationship was then used to obtain information on diameters and number densities of ingested particles. The particle size range of interest was chosen to be between 1 and 10 μm and the size distribution function was assumed to be lognormal. Tests were performed on polystyrene latex spheres of sizes 1.32 μm, 3.9 μm, and 5.1 μm in water dispersions to measure diameters and concentrations. Measurements were performed over multiple wavelengths to obtain information on the size distribution and number density of particles. Results of tests presented in this paper establish the validity of the laser extinction technique to provide real time information of ingested particles and will serve as an impetus to carry out further research using this technique to characterize particles.
First-in-human Study of ATB200/AT2221 in Patients with Pompe Disease: Preliminary Results From the ATB200-02 Trial (S22.003) (2018)

Describe interim results from ATB200-02 (Phase 1/2 study; NCT02675465) in patients with late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD).
Fabrication of tapered air-core defects in 3D photonic crystals for multifunctional scanning-probe NSOM tips (2006)

We propose a fabrication method to realize tapered defects in three-dimensional photonic crystals. This process utilizes a combination of electron-beam lithography and ultraviolet interference lithography to create embedded defects within the photonic crystal lattice. We exploit the natural scattering profile of the electron beam within the thick resist film to create conical defects, where the angle of the cone can be tuned by adjusting the electron beam's accelerating voltage. The process begins by exposing a dot with e-beam, which generates a latent cone structure. This is followed by an exposure to an interference pattern formed by four coherent UV laser beam, which generates a 3D lattice surrounding the defects. Upon post-exposure bake, the areas that have received greater than threshold dose are crosslinked, yielding after developer treatment a 3D polymer photonic crystal with conical embedded defect. Subsequently, this structure is used as a template for backfilling with silicon via chemical vapor deposition. Further processing with standard silicon micormachining places the structure at the end of a cantilever that can be used in an instrument similar to an atomic force microscope or scanning probe microscope. We anticipate that these structures will find applications in multifunctional nanoprobe microscopy, because photonic-crystal defects can confine optical modes to smaller regions, with low propagation loss, than is possible with conventional tapered-fiber NSOM tips.
Room-temperature weak collinear ferrimagnet with symmetry-driven large intrinsic magneto-optic signatures (2023)

Here we present a magnetic thin film with a weak ferrimagnetic (FIM) phase above the N\'eel temperature (${T}_{N}=240\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$) and a noncollinear antiferromagnetic (AFM) phase below, exhibiting a small net magnetization due to strain-associated canting of the magnetic moments. A long-range ordered FIM phase has been predicted in related materials, but without symmetry analysis. We now perform this analysis and use it to calculate the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) spectra in the AFM and FIM phases. From the good agreement between the form of the measured and predicted MOKE spectra, we propose the AFM and FIM phases share the magnetic space group $C{2}^{\ensuremath{'}}/{m}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and that the symmetry-driven magneto-optic and magneto-transport properties are maximized at room temperature in the FIM phase due to the nonzero intrinsic Berry phase contribution present in these materials. A room temperature FIM with large optical and transport signatures, as well as sensitivity to lattice strain and magnetic field, has useful prospects for high-speed spintronic applications.
Suboptimality of nonlocal means on images with sharp edges (2011)

We conduct an asymptotic risk analysis of the non-local means image denoising algorithm for Horizon class images that are piecewise constant with a sharp edge discontinuity. We prove that the mean-square risk of nonlocal means is suboptimal and in fact is within a log factor of the mean square risk of wavelet thresholding.
Performance Improvement of Quantum Dot-Light-Emitting Diodes Enabled by an Alloyed ZnMgO Nanoparticle Electron Transport Layer (2014)

Since the introduction of inorganic ZnO, typically in the form of nanoparticles (NPs), as an electron transport layer (ETL) material, the device performance of electrically driven colloidal quantum dot-light-emitting diodes (QLEDs), in particular, with either Cd-based II–VI or non-Cd-based III–V (e.g., InP) quantum dot (QD) visible-emitters, has been rapidly improved. In the present work, three Zn1–xMgxO (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1) NPs that possess different electronic energy levels are applied as ETLs of solution-processed, multilayered I–III–VI type QLEDs that consist of a Cu–In–S, Cu–In–Ga–S, or Zn–Cu–In–S QD emitting layer (EML) plus a common organic hole transport layer of poly(9-vinlycarbazole). The luminance and efficiency of those QLEDs are found to be strongly dependent on the type of ZnMgO NP ETL, resulting in the substantial improvements by means of alloyed ZnMgO ETL versus pure ZnO one. Ultraviolet photoelectron and absorption spectroscopic measurements on a series of ZnMgO NP films reveal that their conduction band minimum (CBM) levels are systematically closer to the vacuum level with increasing Mg content. Therefore, such beneficial effects of alloyed NPs on QLED performance are primarily ascribed to the reduced electron injection barrier between ETL and QD EML that is enabled by the upshift of their CBM levels.
The Effect of Smoking on Individuals With Minimal Periodontal Destruction (1998)

Recent studies have demonstrated that smoking is associated with periodontal destruction. The majority of these studies have focused on periodontal disease groups with moderate or severe periodontal destruction. Additionally, there have been few reports investigating the relationship between smoking and gingival recession. The goal of this report was to investigate the effect of smoking on periodontal destruction and recession in subjects with minimal or no interproximal attachment loss. This is a cross-sectional study of 142 non-smoking subjects and 51 smoking subjects. Subjects could have no more than one tooth with a site of interproximal attachment loss > or =2 mm. Subjects could, however, have attachment loss associated with recession. For three different methods of summarizing attachment loss measurements at a subject level, including average attachment loss, percentage of teeth with one site of 2 mm of attachment loss, and the percentage of teeth with one site of 5 mm of attachment loss, smoking subjects had approximately twice as much attachment loss than their non-smoking counterparts. Smoking subjects also had significantly greater recession (P < 0.05) [0.056+/-0.017 mm] than non-smoking subjects (0.025+/-0.005 mm). Recession sites occurred primarily on the facial surface of maxillary molars and bicuspids and mandibular central incisors and bicuspids. The results suggest a strong association between smoking and both attachment loss and recession in subjects who have minimal or no periodontal disease.
Synthesis of thin wall multi-walled carbon nanotubes by catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbon using metallophthalocyanine as catalyst (2002)

Temperature dependence on synthesis of carbon nanotube by thermal catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbon was investigated. Benzene, thiophene, and iron(III)phthalocyanine are used for synthesis. As a result, the thickness of 20 nm, 5 to 10 layers solid structured carbon nanotube was obtained.
Mo2Cap2 : Real-time Mobile 3D Motion Capture with a Cap-mounted Fisheye Camera (2019)

We propose the first real-time system for the egocentric estimation of 3D human body pose in a wide range of unconstrained everyday activities. This setting has a unique set of challenges, such as mobility of the hardware setup, and robustness to long capture sessions with fast recovery from tracking failures. We tackle these challenges based on a novel lightweight setup that converts a standard baseball cap to a device for high-quality pose estimation based on a single cap-mounted fisheye camera. From the captured egocentric live stream, our CNN based 3D pose estimation approach runs at 60 Hz on a consumer-level GPU. In addition to the lightweight hardware setup, our other main contributions are: 1) a large ground truth training corpus of top-down fisheye images and 2) a disentangled 3D pose estimation approach that takes the unique properties of the egocentric viewpoint into account. As shown by our evaluation, we achieve lower 3D joint error as well as better 2D overlay than the existing baselines.