gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Risk-based prioritization method for the classification of groundwater pesticide pollution from agricultural regions (2017)

Agricultural regions are a significant source of groundwater pesticide pollution. To ensure that agricultural regions with a significantly high risk of groundwater pesticide contamination are properly managed, a risk-based ranking method related to groundwater pesticide contamination is needed. In the present paper, a risk-based prioritization method for the classification of groundwater pesticide pollution from agricultural regions was established. The method encompasses 3 phases, including indicator selection, characterization, and classification. In the risk ranking index system employed here, 17 indicators involving the physicochemical properties, environmental behavior characteristics, pesticide application methods, and inherent vulnerability of groundwater in the agricultural region were selected. The boundary of each indicator was determined using K-means cluster analysis based on a survey of a typical agricultural region and the physical and chemical properties of 300 typical pesticides. The total risk characterization was calculated by multiplying the risk value of each indicator, which could effectively avoid the subjectivity of index weight calculation and identify the main factors associated with the risk. The results indicated that the risk for groundwater pesticide contamination from agriculture in a region could be ranked into 4 classes from low to high risk. This method was applied to an agricultural region in Jiangsu Province, China, and it showed that this region had a relatively high risk for groundwater contamination from pesticides, and that the pesticide application method was the primary factor contributing to the relatively high risk. The risk ranking method was determined to be feasible, valid, and able to provide reference data related to the risk management of groundwater pesticide pollution from agricultural regions. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:1052-1059. © 2017 SETAC.
Are acoustically induced flows relevant in fish hearing? (2006)

The fluid-filled fish ear contains an irregularly shaped, dense, bony otolith that influences the acoustically induced motion of the adjacent hair cells and thus what fish ‘‘hear.’’ Because incident sound causes the otolith to oscillate with respect to its surroundings, acoustically induced fluid flows are generated near the otolith. A series of experiments was performed using oscillating spheroids as model otoliths to study the induced steady streaming and periodic flows. The studies focused on how the flows change with spheroid (or otolith) geometry and orientation, as well as oscillation (or sound) frequency ω and amplitude s. Experiments were conducted for Reynolds numbers Re ≡ωL2/ν&amp;lt;102 and amplitude ratios ε≡s/L=0.05−0.2, where L is the product of the spheroid aspect ratio and equivalent radius. Results will be presented for oblate and prolate spheroids oscillating at angles up to 45° relative to the spheroid’s axis of symmetry and for flows induced by spheroids driven simultaneously at different frequencies. Understanding these flows may give insight into how fish localize sound sources and lead to new acoustic sensor designs. [Work supported by ONR.]
Segment Routing IPv6 for Mobile User Plane (2020)

This document shows the applicability of SRv6 (Segment Routing IPv6)
to the user-plane of mobile networks. The network programming nature
of SRv6 accomplish mobile user-plane functions in a simple manner. The
statelessness of SRv6 and its ability to control both service layer
path and underlying transport can be beneficial to the mobile user-
plane, providing flexibility, end-to-end network slicing and SLA
control for various applications. This document describes the SRv6
mobile user plane.
Leukocyte adhesion in local versus hemorrhage-induced ischemia (1992)

The objective of this study was to compare the leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesive interactions elicited in postcapillary venules by either local ischemia-reperfusion or hemorrhage-reperfusion. Leukocyte rolling, adherence, and emigration were monitored in cat mesenteric venules exposed to an 85% reduction in blood flow (induced by either hemorrhage or local restriction of arterial inflow) for 1 h, followed by 1 h reperfusion. Leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions, venular diameter, and red blood cell velocity were measured during baseline, ischemia, and reperfusion periods. Both local and hemorrhage-induced ischemia reperfusion caused a reduction in leukocyte rolling velocity and increases in leukocyte adherence and emigration. Quantitatively, the adherence and emigration responses in both ischemia models were nearly identical. However, the two models differed in their response to immunoneutralization of the leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein CD11/CD18 with monoclonal antibody (MAb) IB4. The MAb had a more profound effect in attenuating leukocyte adherence and emigration in the local ischemia model. These results indicate that different factors may contribute to leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesive interactions observed in local vs. systemic models of ischemia-reperfusion.
Inhibition of Ribonucleotide Reductase by Nitric Oxide Derived from Thionitrites: Reversible Modifications of Both Subunits (1995)

Thionitrites are spontaneous nitric oxide (NO) donors in neutral aqueous solutions. Consequently, they inhibit ribonucleotide reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in DNA synthesis, from Escherichia coli and murine adenocarcinoma TA3 cells. They also inhibit tumor cell proliferation. Reaction of thionitrites with protein R1, the large subunit, results in the nitrosation of cysteines, as shown from the formation of a chromophore with a characteristic absorption at 340 nm. EPR spectroscopy both on whole murine R2-overexpressing L1210 cells and on the pure protein showed that the tyrosyl radical of protein R2, the small subunit, reversibly couples to the NO radical, presumably leading to nitrosotyrosine adducts. Both molecular events might be at the origin of the inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase by NO, since a number of cysteines and the tyrosyl radical are essential for catalysis. These results identify NO donors as a new class of inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase with potential applications as anticancer or antiviral chemotherapy agents.
Breast-Cancer Risk in Families with Mutations in PALB2 (2014)

Loss-of-function mutations in PALB2 are an important cause of hereditary breast cancer, with respect both to the frequency of cancer-predisposing mutations and to the risk associated with them. Our data suggest the breast-cancer risk for PALB2 mutation carriers may overlap with that for BRCA2 mutation carriers. (Funded by the European Research Council and others.).
Contribution of Proline Residues in the Membrane-spanning Domains of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator to Chloride Channel Function (1996)

Proline residues located in membrane-spanning domains of transport proteins are thought to play an important structural role. In the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the predicted transmembrane segments contain four prolines: Pro99, Pro205, Pro324, and Pro1021. These residues are conserved across species, and mutations of two (P99L and P205S) are associated with cystic fibrosis. To evaluate the contribution of these prolines to CFTR Cl- channel function, we mutated each residue individually to either alanine or glycine or mutated all four simultaneously to alanine (P-Quad-A). We also constructed the two cystic fibrosis-associated mutations. cAMP agonists stimulated whole cell Cl- currents in HeLa cells expressing the individual constructs that resembled those produced by wild-type CFTR. However, the amount of current was decreased in the rank order: wild-type CFTR = Pro324 > Pro1021 > Pro99 >/= Pro205 mutants. The anion selectivity sequence of the mutants (Br- >/= Cl- > I-) resembled wild-type except for P99L (Br- >/= Cl- = I-). Although the Pro99, Pro324, and Pro1021 mutants produced mature protein, the amount of mature protein was much reduced with the Pro205 mutants, and the P-Quad-A made none. Because the Pro99 constructs produced mature protein but had altered whole cell currents, we investigated their single-channel properties. Mutant channels were regulated like wild-type CFTR; however, single-channel conductance was decreased in the rank order: wild-type CFTR >/= P99G > P99L >/= P99A. These results suggest that proline residues in the transmembrane segments are important for CFTR function, Pro205 is critical for correct protein processing, and Pro99 may contribute either directly or indirectly to the Cl- channel pore.
Timing estimation in multiple-antenna systems over Rayleigh flat-fading channels (2005)

The use of multiple transmit and receive antennas can offer substantial performance improvement to a wireless communication system by providing spatial diversity and supporting high data rate services. Many of the current space-time coding schemes proposed for multiple-antenna systems assume perfect timing information to achieve the expected performance gain. The lack of timing synchronization between the transmit and receive signals could degrade the system performance. In this paper, we investigate the problem of timing estimation in multiple-antenna systems with the aid of training signals. A slow, independent and identically distributed Rayleigh flat-fading channel model is considered. We derive two maximum likehood timing estimators based on two different approaches, namely, treating the channel deterministic and random and present the corresponding Crame/spl acute/r-Rao bounds (CRBs). Then, the optimal designs of training signals based on some figures of merit associated with the CRBs are discussed.
Reversible Isothermal Twist–Bend Nematic–Nematic Phase Transition Driven by the Photoisomerization of an Azobenzene-Based Nonsymmetric Liquid Crystal Dimer (2016)

The liquid crystal nonsymmetric dimer, 1-(4-butoxyazobenzene-4'-yloxy)-6-(4-cyanobiphenyl-4'-yl) hexane (CB6OABOBu), shows enantiotropic twist-bend nematic, NTB, and nematic, N, phases. The NTB phase has been confirmed using polarized light microscopy, freeze fracture transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The helicoidal pitch in the NTB phase is 18 nm. The NTB-N (TNTBN) and N-I (TNI) transition temperatures are reduced upon UV light irradiation, with the reduction in TNTBN being much larger than that in TNI. An isothermal, reversible NTB-N transition may be driven photochemically. These observations are attributed to a trans-cis photoisomerization of the azobenzene fragment on UV irradiation, with the cis isomers stabilizing the standard nematic phase and the trans isomers stabilizing the NTB phase. The dramatic changes in TNTBN provide evidence that the transition between the normal nematic and twist-bend nematic with spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry is crucially dependent on the shape of molecular dimers, which changes greatly during the trans-cis isomerization.
Dietary Toxins, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress and Diabetes (2008)

The incidence of Type 1 diabetes has been increasing at a rate too rapid to be due to changes in genetic risk. Instead changes in environmental factors are the likely culprit. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays an important role in the production of newly synthesized proteins and interference with these processes leads to ER stress. The insulin-producing beta cells are particularly prone to ER stress as a result of their heavy engagement in insulin production. Increasing evidence suggests ER stress is central to initiation and progression of Type 1 diabetes. An early environmental exposure, such as toxins and viral infections, can impart a significant physiological load on beta cells to initiate abnormal processing of proinsulin, ER stress and insulin secretory defects. Release of altered proinsulin from the beta cells early in life may trigger autoimmunity in those with genetic susceptibility leading to cytokine-induced nitric oxide production and so exacerbating ER stress in beta cells, ultimately leading to apoptosis of beta cells and diabetes. Here we suggest that ER stress is an inherent cause of beta cell dysfunction and environmental factors, in particular dietary toxins derived from Streptomyces in infected root vegetables, can impart additional stress that aggravates beta cell death and progression to diabetes. Furthermore, we propose that the increasing incidence of Type 1 diabetes may be accounted for by increased dietary exposure to ER-stress-inducing Streptomyces toxins.
Impact of Blood Pressure Control on Cardiovascular Events in 26,512 Japanese Hypertensive Patients: The Japan Hypertension Evaluation with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan Therapy (J-HEALTH) Study, a Prospective Nationwide Observational Study (2008)

The Japan Hypertension Evaluation with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan Therapy (J-HEALTH) study was performed to investigate the relationship between blood pressure (BP) and development of stroke or myocardial infarction (MI) in Japanese hypertensive patients. A total of 26,512 hypertensive patients (mean age: 62.2 years, 43.9% men) were analyzed. All patients received open-labelled losartan for a maximum of 5 years. Endpoints were stroke, MI including sudden cardiac death, and all cardiovascular (CV) events (stroke and MI). The mean observation period was 3.0 years. The mean baseline systolic/diastolic BP was 165.8/94.8 mmHg and decreased to 141.6/82.0 mmHg during treatment. The incidences of stroke, MI, and total CV events were 3.90, 1.02, and 4.92 per 1,000 patient-years, respectively. Aging, diabetes, a history of CV disease, and smoking were independent risk factors for CV events. The risk of all CV events was positively related to BP level during treatment, and increased significantly when the BP exceeded 140/90 mmHg. Age was a strong contributor to CV events, but about a half of the very elderly patients (>or=85 years, n=692) had a BP below 140/90 mmHg during treatment and significantly fewer events occurred in these patients than in those with a BP of 140/90 mmHg or higher. These results suggest that BP should be below 140/90 mmHg in Japanese patients with hypertension for reducing the risk of CV events. BP was controlled below 140/90 mmHg in a half of the very elderly hypertensive patients in this study, and these patients also had a lower incidence of CV events.
Regulatory Mechanisms for Adipose Tissue M1 and M2 Macrophages in Diet-Induced Obese Mice (2009)

M1 and M2 ATMs constitute different subsets of macrophages. Insulin resistance is associated with both the number of M1 macrophages and the M1-to-M2 ratio. The increased expression of IL-10 after an HFD might be involved in the increased recruitment of M2 macrophages.
Osteoclast bone resorption is enhanced in the presence of osteoblasts. (1990)

Bone resorption activity by osteoclasts has been evaluated in a co-culture system in which osteoclasts have been plated in the presence of osteoblasts. The system prevents cell-cell contact but permits diffusion of molecules through the pores of a millipore membrane that separates the two compartments in which the two cell types have been plated. Results demonstrated that osteoblasts exert a stimulatory effect over osteoclast bone resorption due to soluble molecules capable of passing through the membrane pores. The effect is specific since periosteal cells, which do not express osteoblastic characteristics, fail to induce changes in the osteoclast activity. PTH does not affect osteoblast-mediated enhancement of bone resorption, indicating that the stimulatory effect that the hormone exert in vivo occurs via a different cellular system.
Efficient epoxidation of propene using molecular catalysts (2014)

The epoxidation of propene to propene oxide at mild conditions using molecular rhenium and molybdenum catalysts is presented.
Small‐Molecule Inhibitors of MicroRNA miR‐21 Function (2008)

Kurz, aber wichtig: microRNAs (miRNAs) spielen bei der Genregulierung eine bedeutende Rolle. Moleküle wie 1, die die miRNA-Funktion verändern (siehe Schema), wurden in einem Zellscreening nach Inhibitoren des miRNA-Wegs identifiziert. Solche Verbindungen sollten bei der Aufklärung detaillierter Mechanismen der miRNA-Wirkung hilfreich sein und könnten als Leitstrukturen für die Entwicklung neuer Therapeutika dienen.
Synthesis and Anti-proliferative Activity of Substituted-Anilinoquinazolines and Its Relation to EGFR Inhibition (2012)

4-Anilinoquinazoline is a privileged scaffold in developing small molecule inhibitors of tyrosine kinases (TK) especially epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 2 series belonging to 3'-substituted-4-anilinoquinazoline scaffold were synthesized and screened in vitro on isolated and a breast cancer cell line. The research aims at exploring the activity of compounds having diverse substituents at 3' position of the aniline moiety. Generally, the meta-substituted-anilinoquinazolines exhibited significant inhibitory activity against isolated enzyme as well as MCF-7 cancer cell line. For instance, compound 10b inhibited >99% of EGFR activities at 10 µM concentration. 6 of the tested compounds exhibited range of anti-proliferative activity below 10 µM potency. In particular, compounds 6e and 10b displayed the highest activity among the tested compounds with IC50 values equal to 8.6 and 4.84 µM, respectively. Structure-based tools were utilized to rationalize EGFR-TK binding of compound 10b since it is the most active compound in the enzyme inhibition test.
Parity–Time Symmetric Cavities (2017)

This chapter explores a new class of distributed feedback (DFB) and distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) structures that employ the concept of parity-time (PT) symmetry in optics. The approach is based on using the so-called unidirectional Bragg gratings that are nondiffractive (transparent) when illuminated from one side and diffracting (Bragg reflection) when illuminated from the other side, thus providing a unidirectional Bragg functionality. Such unusual property is achieved through diffraction through a grating having periodic variations in both phase and amplitude. One can use the transfer matrix method to perform a theoretical analysis of PT-Symmetric Bragg Grating. In DFB lasers, the mirrors are formed by reflective Bragg gratings, which act also as spectral filters, and provide the cavity feedback over a specific wavelength range to form the resonator. There is no incident light reflection for the PT-symmetric grating provided the light is launched from the nonreflective side.
Direct torque control of two-phase induction motors fed by two- and three-leg inverters (2012)

In this paper, direct torque control of two-phase induction motors fed by two- and three-leg inverters is analyzed. Essential equations for controlling electromagnetic torque and stator flux are presented and switching tables are derived. It's demonstrated that basic method is unable to control the electromagnetic torque properly. The way of changing the switching table for improving torque control is presented. Simulation results, confirm the effectiveness of modified direct torque control of two-phase induction motors.
Athermal silica-based interferometer-type planar light-wave circuits realized by a multicore fabrication method (2003)

Athermal silica-based interferometer-type planar light-wave circuits were realized by a newly developed multicore fabrication method. In this method, inductively coupled chemical-vapor deposition and polishing technologies are adopted on a silica substrate with a trench-type waveguide pattern prepared by reactive ion etching. Two kinds of deposited core material, 10GeO2-90SiO2 (mol. %) and 8GeO2-5B2O3-87SiO2 (mol. %), which show wavelength temperature dependence of 9.7 and 8.1 pm/degree C, respectively, were used to prepare the waveguide sections in a device. By adjustment of the lengths of waveguide sections with these two different core materials, athermal characteristics of less than 0.5 pm/degree C were achieved for Mach-Zehnder interferometer filter devices at the 1.55-microm wavelength range while the temperature varied from -20 to 80 degrees C. The new method is also applicable for the preparation of many other kinds of functional devices.
Introduction (2018)

In 1965, David M. Goldenberg and Freedman published two papers which were to have a remarkable impact on cancer immunology, diagnosis, detection, and, progression and therapy. These reports described a new cancer antigen, named carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), which was purported to be specific for fetal and malignant gastrointestinal tissues. A National Institutes of Health consensus development conference concluded that CEA could not be used to screen for cancer, or even as a diagnostic for gastrointestinal or other cancers particularly in colorectal carcinoma. Despite its limitation as a true cancer marker increase of CEA in malignant tissue relative to adjacent tissues stimulated Gold and colleagues to speculate that this oncofetal antigen could serve as a target for radiolabeled antibodies. Cervical cancer, which can be identified even before local invasion, how successful early diagnosis has changed the morbidity and mortality of this tumor type.
240 Hz OLED technology properties that can enable improved image quality (2014)

Abstract Large screen Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) technology is finally emerging as a technology ready for consumer use. OLED has a number of areas in which it can in principle be better than Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs); two ways in particular are that OLED technology can achieve black levels that are much darker than LCDs, and the OLED pixels can switch extremely rapidly. These differences can permit OLED displays to outperform LCD under a number of conventional scenarios, but it can also enable some dramatically improved stereoscopic 3D (s3D) displays, including full‐resolution temporal multiplexing with more than two views. In this paper, we review a set of experiments evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of OLED technology in general with a particular emphasis on understanding how the strengths of OLED technology can be leveraged to maximize the performance of an s3D display system.
Data from PDCD4 Is an Androgen-Repressed Tumor Suppressor that Regulates Prostate Cancer Growth and Castration Resistance (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity contributes to prostate cancer development and castration resistance. The growth and survival pathways driven by AR remain incompletely defined. Here, we found PDCD4 to be a new target of AR signaling and a potent regulator of prostate cancer cell growth, survival, and castration resistance. The 3′ untranslated region of PDCD4 is directly targeted by the androgen-induced miRNA, miR-21. Androgen treatment suppressed PDCD4 expression in a dose responsive and miR-21–dependent manner. Correspondingly, AR inhibition dose-responsively induced PDCD4 expression. Using data from prostate cancer tissue samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we found a significant and inverse correlation between miR-21 and PDCD4 mRNA and protein levels. Higher Gleason grade tumors exhibited significantly higher levels of miR-21 and significantly lower levels of PDCD4 mRNA and protein. PDCD4 knockdown enhanced androgen-dependent cell proliferation and cell-cycle progression, inhibited apoptosis, and was sufficient to drive androgen-independent growth. On the other hand, PDCD4 overexpression inhibited miR-21–mediated growth and androgen independence. The stable knockdown of PDCD4 in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells enhanced subcutaneous tumor take rate &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;, accelerated tumor growth, and was sufficient for castration-resistant tumor growth.&lt;/p&gt;Implications:&lt;p&gt;This study provides the first evidence that PDCD4 is an androgen-suppressed protein capable of regulating prostate cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and castration resistance. These results uncover miR-21 and PDCD4-regulated pathways as potential new targets for castration-resistant prostate cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;