gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Block Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection of Dendritic Cells and Transmission to T Cells (1998)

Prevention of the initial infection of mucosal dendritic cells (DC) and interruption of the subsequent transmission of HIV-1 from DC to T cells are likely to be important attributes of an effective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine. While anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies have been difficult to elicit by immunization, there are several human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that effectively neutralize virus infection of activated T cells. We investigated the ability of three well-characterized neutralizing MAbs (IgG1b12, 2F5, and 2G12) to block HIV-1 infection of human DC. DC were generated from CD14(+) blood cells or obtained from cadaveric human skin. The MAbs prevented viral entry into purified DC and the ensuing productive infection in DC/T-cell cultures. When DC were first pulsed with HIV-1, MAbs blocked the subsequent transmission to unstimulated CD3(+) T cells. Thus, neutralizing antibodies can block HIV-1 infection of DC and the cell-to-cell transmission of virus from infected DC to T cells. These data suggest that neutralizing antibodies could interrupt the initial events associated with mucosal transmission and regional spread of HIV-1.
The synthesis of 4,6,8-trimethylazulene: an organic laboratory experiment (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe synthesis of 4,6,8-trimethylazulene: an organic laboratory experimentMichael E. Garst , Jill Hochlowski , III Douglass James G., and Scott Sasse Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 6, 510Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1983Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 June 1983Published inissue 1 June 1983https://doi.org/10.1021/ed060p510Request reuse permissions Article Views616Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Muddling management: heterogeneity of blue catfish anglers (2017)

Hyman AA, DiCenzo VJ, Murphy BR. 2017. Muddling management: heterogeneity of blue catfish anglers. Lake Reserve Manage. 33:23–31.A world-record blue catfish was caught from Kerr Reservoir in 2011; since then, the state has experienced an influx of tournaments and trophy anglers. As a result, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (VDGIF) has sought a holistic management approach for the blue catfish fishery. In a pilot study, we surveyed 61 catfish anglers on Kerr Reservoir, which spans the Virginia–North Carolina state line, to examine their angling habits, harvest behavior, and management preferences. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, we identified 4 distinct angler groups that, on a broad scale, parallel other specialization studies: Tournament Specialists, Consumptive Specialists, Avid Generalists, and Occasional Anglers. Results from this study depict a dualistic angler population, with many anglers seeking trophy catfish while others wish to harvest many catfish. The most-specialized anglers had a tendency to support stricter harvest limits and setline regulations, whereas the least-specialized opposed stricter regulations. With such polarized attitudes, we suggest that VDGIF and North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission work with anglers to avoid disputes regarding gear and harvest regulations in the future. Specifically, we suggest state agencies test the use of spatial regulation of setlines (i.e., the agencies limit setline use in portions of the reservoir). Results from this research could help fisheries managers regulate trophy fisheries by understanding their anglers and in turn help to set management goals and objectives that best meet the desires of their stakeholders.
Mining democracy (2014)

Switzerland has a long tradition of direct democracy, which makes it an ideal laboratory for research on real-world politics. Similar to recent "open government" initiatives launched worldwide, the Swiss government regularly releases datasets related to state affairs and politics. In this paper, we propose an exploratory, data-driven study of the political landscape of Switzerland, in which we use opinions expressed by candidates and citizens on a web platform during the recent Swiss parliamentary elections, together with fine-grained vote results and parliament votes.
Boosting Adversarial Attacks with Momentum (2017)

Deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples, which poses security concerns on these algorithms due to the potentially severe consequences. Adversarial attacks serve as an important surrogate to evaluate the robustness of deep learning models before they are deployed. However, most of existing adversarial attacks can only fool a black-box model with a low success rate. To address this issue, we propose a broad class of momentum-based iterative algorithms to boost adversarial attacks. By integrating the momentum term into the iterative process for attacks, our methods can stabilize update directions and escape from poor local maxima during the iterations, resulting in more transferable adversarial examples. To further improve the success rates for black-box attacks, we apply momentum iterative algorithms to an ensemble of models, and show that the adversarially trained models with a strong defense ability are also vulnerable to our black-box attacks. We hope that the proposed methods will serve as a benchmark for evaluating the robustness of various deep models and defense methods. With this method, we won the first places in NIPS 2017 Non-targeted Adversarial Attack and Targeted Adversarial Attack competitions.
Effect of adsorbed H atoms on the Fe electronic states ofFe3O4(001)film surfaces (2015)

We report the presence of OH groups on the surfaces of ultrahigh-vacuum-prepared ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}(001)$ films by means of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, the variations of Fe electronic states induced by H atoms adsorbed on a Jahn-Teller distorted ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}(001)$ surface have been studied using in situ scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). The obtained XPS spectra of the films have demonstrated the presence of surface OH groups. The STS spectra measured on Fe sites with and without neighboring OH groups have indicated that adsorbed H and their neighboring Fe atoms behave as electron-donor and electron-trapping sites, respectively. This phenomenon changes the Fe atoms from a semiconducting to a metalliclike nature. These local electronic state modifications are related to the occupation of Fe 3d states just below the Fermi level, corresponding to an ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{2+}$-like state. The orbital occupation can be explained by the gain of electrons from the adsorbed H atoms.
Long-Term Combined Treatment With Thiazide and Potassium Citrate in Nephrolithiasis Does Not Lead to Hypokalemia or Hypochloremic Metabolic Alkalosis (2005)

No AccessJournal of UrologyUrological Survey: Urolithiasis, Endourology and Laparoscopy1 Apr 2005Long-Term Combined Treatment With Thiazide and Potassium Citrate in Nephrolithiasis Does Not Lead to Hypokalemia or Hypochloremic Metabolic Alkalosis Ralph V. ClaymanM.D. Ralph V. ClaymanRalph V. Clayman More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)61045-2AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Long-Term Combined Treatment With Thiazide and Potassium Citrate in Nephrolithiasis Does Not Lead to Hypokalemia or Hypochloremic Metabolic Alkalosis." The Journal of Urology, 173(4), p. 1200 © 2005 by American Urological Association, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 173Issue 4April 2005Page: 1200 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2005 by American Urological Association, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Ralph V. Clayman More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Classification of nonstationary narrowband signals using segmented chirp features and hidden Gauss-Markov models (2004)

A method is provided for classifying finite-duration signals with narrow instantaneous bandwidth and dynamic instantaneous frequency (IF). In this method, events are partitioned into nonoverlapping segments, and each segment is modeled as a linear chirp, forming a piecewise-linear IF model. The start frequency, chirp rate, signal energy, and noise energy are estimated in each segment. The resulting sequences of frequency and rate features for each event are classified by evaluating their likelihood under the probability density function (PDF) corresponding to each narrowband class hypothesis. The class-conditional PDFs are approximated using continuous-state hidden Gauss-Markov models (HGMMs), whose parameters are estimated from labeled training data. Previous HGMM algorithms are extended by dynamically weighting the output covariance matrix by the ratio of the estimated signal and noise energies from each segment. This covariance weighting discounts spurious features from segments with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), making the algorithm more robust in the presence of dynamic noise levels and fading signals. The classification algorithm is applied in a simulated three-class cross-validation experiment, for which the algorithm exhibits percent correct classification greater than 97% as low as -7 dB SNR.
Particle Swarm Optimization Versus Genetic Algorithms for Phased Array Synthesis (2004)

Particle swarm optimization is a recently invented high-performance optimizer that is very easy to understand and implement. It is similar in some ways to genetic algorithms or evolutionary algorithms, but requires less computational bookkeeping and generally only a few lines of code. In this paper, a particle swarm optimizer is implemented and compared to a genetic algorithm for phased array synthesis of a far-field sidelobe notch, using amplitude-only, phase-only, and complex tapering. The results show that some optimization scenarios are better suited to one method versus the other (i.e., particle swarm optimization performs better in some cases while genetic algorithms perform better in others), which implies that the two methods traverse the problem hyperspace differently. The particle swarm optimizer shares the ability of the genetic algorithm to handle arbitrary nonlinear cost functions, but with a much simpler implementation it clearly demonstrates good possibilities for widespread use in electromagnetic optimization.
Riboswitch RNAs: Regulation of gene expression by direct monitoring of a physiological signal (2010)

Riboswitches are cis-encoded, cis-acting RNA elements that directly sense a physiological signal. Signal response results in a change in RNA structure that impacts gene expression. Elements of this type play an important role in bacteria, where they regulate a variety of fundamental cellular pathways. Riboswitch-mediated gene regulation most commonly occurs by effects on transcription attenuation, to control whether a full-length transcript is synthesized, or on translation initiation, in which case the transcript is constitutively synthesized but binding of the translation initiation complex is modulated. An overview of the role of riboswitch RNAs in bacterial gene expression will be provided, and a few examples are described in more detail to illustrate the types of mechanisms that have been uncovered.
Partial Pre-Emphasis for Pluggable 400 G Short-Reach Coherent Systems (2019)

Pre-emphasis filters are used to pre-compensate for the transmitter frequency response of coherent systems to mitigate receiver noise enhancement. This is particularly essential for low-cost, low-power coherent transceivers due to having an extremely bandlimited transmitter. However, the pre-emphasis filter also increases the signal peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), thus posing a higher effective number of bits (ENoB) requirement for the arbitrary waveform generator (AWG). In this paper, we first numerically study the PAPR impact of partial pre-emphasis filters. We show that with partial pre-emphasis, an ENoB reduction from 5 to 4.5 bits is attainable at the same signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) out of the AWG. Next, we experimentally investigate the overall performance penalty of partial pre-emphasis in a 50 Gbaud 16QAM coherent system. A manageable Q factor penalty of around 0.5 dB is found for both single-polarization and dual-polarization systems with a 0.8 dB PAPR reduction.
Junction temperature measurement of light-emitting diodes by voltage-temperature relation method (2007)

The voltage-temperature relation of a light-emitting diode is adopted to determine the junction temperature. This study compares two different methods for junction temperature measurement. Both methods yield results are consistent with the largest difference being only 3.5 K.
A Novel Wide Field-of-View Imaging System for Real-Time, Intra-Operative Tumor Bed Assessment (2010)

A fluorescence-based imaging system has been developed for real-time, in vivo tumor margin assessment with microscopic sensitivity. Intra-operative imaging results have matched post-surgical histo-pahtological margin assessment in all the sarcoma mice cases tested so far.
Temperature and Light Modulated Open‐Circuit Voltage in Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells with Different Effective Bandgaps (2020)

Abstract The relationship of the temperature–light intensity dependence of open‐circuit voltage V oc in nonfullerene‐based organic solar cells with their material characteristics and multimechanism recombination parameters is described. The systematic variation of the effective bandgap E g,eff and the electrode layers allows the observation of different relative contributions of bimolecular, bulk, and surface trap‐assisted recombination mechanisms. The complementary advantages of the analytical model and the established voltage‐impedance spectroscopy technique provide a useful tool to quantify multimechanism recombination parameters, effective density of states N c , and energetic disorder σ in organic solar cells under operating conditions. The validity of the proposed model to understand the temperature and light intensity dependent of V oc is shown by applying it to four different donor:nonfullerene acceptor blend systems with conventional or inverted device architectures.
Effects of FSH and testosterone on intratesticular insulin-like growth factor-I and specific germ cell populations in rats treated with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist (1993)

Evidence derived predominantly from a series of in-vitro studies indicates that insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) plays an important role as a paracrine and autocrine regulator within the testis. We investigated the effects of FSH substitution on spermatogenesis and testicular IGF-I content in rats treated with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist (ANT) and injected with ethane dimethane sulphonate (EDS), a Leydig cell toxin. FSH treatment partially prevented the marked decrease in intratesticular IGF-I in rats treated with only GnRH antagonist but not in GnRH antagonist+EDS-treated animals (controls, 191.0 +/- 4.5; ANT, 80.1 +/- 5.6; ANT+EDS, 81.6 +/- 3.4; ANT+EDS+FSH, 86.3 +/- 1.4; ANT+FSH, 137.7 + 7.3 (S.E.M.) ng/testis). Correlation analysis of testicular IGF-I content with the number of pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids per cross-section revealed r values of 0.77 and 0.74 respectively (P < 0.001). We then analysed the same parameters in GnRH antagonist-treated rats which, in addition, received daily injections of the anti-androgen flutamide, in order to investigate the potential role of testosterone, as opposed to other Leydig cell products, in the regulation of spermatogenesis and testicular IGF-I. FSH treatment prevented regression of spermatogenesis in rats treated with GnRH antagonist alone but not in GnRH antagonist- and flutamide-treated rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching on the confocal laser-scanning microscope: generalized model without restriction on the size of the photobleached disk (2011)

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) carried out on a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLSM) performs well for photobleached disks that are large compared to the resolution of the bleaching beam. For smaller disks approaching this resolution, current FRAP models providing a closed-form solution do not allow one to extract the diffusion coefficient accurately. The new generalized disk model we present addresses this shortcoming by bringing into account the bleaching resolution and the total confocal imaging resolution. A closed-form solution is obtained under the assumption of linear photobleaching. Furthermore, simultaneous analysis of FRAP data collected at various disk sizes allows for the intrinsic determination of the instrumental resolution parameters, thereby obviating the need for an extrinsic calibration. A new method to estimate the variance of FRAP data is introduced to allow for proper weighting in this global analysis approach by nonlinear least squares. Experiments are performed on two independent CLSMs on homogeneous samples providing validation over a large range of diffusion coefficients.
Microwaves generated by a laser induced, pulsed, picosecond, E-M source (LIPPES) (2002)

Two configurations of photoconductive source/antenna activated by short duration laser pulses are described. The nonlinear characteristics of the radiated fields as well as the dielectric nature of the individual elements suggest that a non-interactive 3-D array can be constructed with the designs described.
Targeted depletion of PIK3R2 induces regression of lung squamous cell carcinoma (2016)

Oncogenic mutations in the PI3K/AKT pathway are present in nearly half of human tumors. Nonetheless, inhibitory compounds of the pathway often induce pathway rebound and tumor resistance. We find that lung squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC), which accounts for ~20% of lung cancer, exhibits increased expression of the PI3K subunit PIK3R2, which is at low expression levels in normal tissues. We tested a new approach to interfere with PI3K/AKT pathway activation in lung SQCC. We generated tumor xenografts of SQCC cell lines and examined the consequences of targeting PIK3R2 expression. In tumors with high PIK3R2 expression, and independently of PIK3CA, KRAS, or PTEN mutations, PIK3R2 depletion induced lung SQCC xenograft regression without triggering PI3K/AKT pathway rebound. These results validate the use PIK3R2 interfering tools for the treatment of lung squamous cell carcinoma.
Genetic Incorporation of Multiple Unnatural Amino Acids into Proteins in Mammalian Cells (2013)

Ein verbessertes Suppressionssystem ermöglicht die Proteinexpression in Säugerzellen unter Einbau einer nichtnatürlichen Aminosäure (UAA) an mehreren Stellen sowie zwei verschiedener UAAs an spezifischen Stellen in einem Protein. Der Nutzen dieser Technik wurde durch den Aufbau eines kompletten Antikörpers mit ortsspezifischer Konjugation zu einem Wirkstoff und einem Fluorophor sowie dessen In-vitro-Charakterisierung gezeigt (siehe Bild).
A 1.5-W single-chip MPEG-2 MP@ML video encoder with low power motion estimation and clocking (1997)

A 1.5-W single-chip MPEG-2 MP@ML real-time video encoder large scale integrated circuit (LSI) has been developed. To form an MPEG-2 encoder system, we employ two 16-Mb synchronous DRAM's, a microprocessor unit (MPU), and an audio encoder LSI. Owing to a two-step hierarchical search scheme and a novel adaptive search window scheme, the search range of motion estimation is -48/+47 horizontal and -96/+15.5 vertical, and the pseudo search range, which is the size when the location of the search window is adaptively shifted, is -96/+95 horizontal and -32/+31.5 vertical. We have also developed low-power clocking techniques, i.e., demand-clock controller, local-clock controller, and low-power flip-flops, which can eliminate waste of power in clocking. We have successfully fabricated these new designs as a low-power single-chip MPEG-2 encoder LSI. The operating frequency except for a synchronous DRAM interface unit and a video in/out unit is 54 MHz. The supply voltage to the first and second search engines in a motion estimation unit can be successfully lowered to 2.5 V and the others are 3.3 V. Into a 12.45/spl times/12.45 mm/sup 2/ chip with 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS and triple-metal layer technology are integrated 3.1 M transistors.
Effect of Bacillus spp. Having Gelatin Decomposing Activity on Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita on Pepper (2016)

내장산 토양에서 분리한 미생물들의 젤라틴 및 고구마뿌리혹선충의 난낭 분해활성을 평가하였다. 활성이 우수한 3종의 균주는 16S rRNA 염기서열을 이용하여 분석하였으며, Bacillus subtilis KRB-5와 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KRB-9, 10이 분리동정되었다. 고구마뿌리혹선충에 20일간 노출시킨 고추모종에 분리동정된 3종의 미생물을 90일동안 처리하고 난낭과 고추모종의 지상부 생육에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 실험결과 B. subtilis KRB-5을 처리한 군에서는 미생물 무처리 군 및 다른 미생물 처리 군과 비교하여 고구마뿌리혹선충의 난낭 수가 현저하게 감소하였으며, 고추의 지상부 생육도 개선되는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 B. subtilis KRB-5 균주를 이용한 박과 작물에 대한 확대 효능 평가와 시설 재배지 현장 시험 등의 추가적인 연구는 활용할 필요할 것으로 사료된다. This study investigated the decomposing activities on gelatin and egg sac of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). Ten Bacillus isolates (KRB-1~10) isolated from the soils of Mt. Naejang. Among them, KRB-5, 9, and 10 showed decomposing activities, and identified as Bacillus subtilis KRB-5, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KRB-9, and KRB-10 by 16S rRNA sequence analysis, respectively. Under pot experiments using pepper, 100-fold diluted culture broth of three isolates reduced the number of egg sac on roots collected 60 days and 90 days and increased the growth of aerial part compared with the group only treated with Meloidogyne incognita. Especially, the group treated B. subtilis KRB-5 was superior in the growth of pepper. These results suggest that the B. subtilis KRB-5 can be used to control the root-knot nematode on pepper.
Single-photon detection using a quantum dot field effect transistor (2000)

Summary form only given. Single photon detectors find a diverse range of applications for measurement of very weak optical signals at the shot noise limit. Future applications such as quantum cryptography and computing also require devices for detection of single photons. Conventionally single photons are detected by multiplying a photo-generated electron using an avalanche process, either in a vacuum photomultiplier tube (PMT), or, in the case of the semiconductor avalanche photodiode (APD), a reverse biased p-n junction. We propose and demonstrate a novel device for detection of single photons based on a GaAs/AlGaAs modulation doped field effect transistor (MODFET) which does not rely on avalanche processes.