gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
4 Gbps direct modulation of 450 nm GaN laser for high-speed visible light communication (2015)

We demonstrate high-speed data transmission with a commercial high power GaN laser diode at 450 nm. 2.6 GHz bandwidth was achieved at an injection current of 500 mA using a high-speed visible light communication setup. Record high 4 Gbps free-space data transmission rate was achieved at room temperature.
Isobar (in Mass Spectrometry) (2016)

This document contains recommendations for terminology in mass spectrometry. Development of standard terms dates back to 1974 when the IUPAC Commission on Analytical Nomenclature issued recommendations on mass spectrometry terms and definitions. In 1978, the IUPAC Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy updated and extended the recommendations and made further recommendations regarding symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations. The IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy’s Subcommittee on Mass Spectroscopy revised the recommended terms in 1991 and appended terms relating to vacuum technology. Some additional terms related to tandem mass spectrometry were added in 1993 and accelerator mass spectrometry in 1994. Owing to the rapid expansion of the field in the intervening years, particularly in mass spectrometry of biomolecules, a further revision of the recommendations has become necessary. This document contains a comprehensive revision of mass spectrometry terminology that represents the current consensus of the mass spectrometry community.
Synthetic Training Data Generator for Hand Gesture Recognition Based on FMCW RADAR (2022)

Hand gesture recognition has attracted a lot of attention recently. However, gesture recognition based on machine learning (ML) requires a huge training data set in order to achieve high recognition accuracy. Creating this training data set requires a significant effort. In order to solve this problem, a synthetic frequency modulated continuous waves (FMCW) RADAR data generator for hand gestures is proposed. This generator can produce a large amount of data that can be used for training the ML model, without collecting real data involving multiple people. For evaluation, 3600 synthetic samples for six hand gestures are generated with rich variations in hand size, speed and position. Those synthetic data are utilized to train the ML models for hand gesture recognition. Further, the models are tested by real data set acquired by an AWR 1642 RADAR. The results indicate that a convolutional neural network with 19 layers (VGG19) pre-trained model in conjunction with the XGBoost classifier can achieve an average accuracy of 87.53% on the test set. If only 2% of the real data is used for training, the XGBoost classifier alone achieves an average accuracy of 56.31%. But if the synthetic data set and 2% of the real data set are combined, the average recognition accuracy of the XGBoost classifier on the test data set is increased to 94.63%.
Accelerated electrons application for chemical reactions stimulation (1997)

Different electron beam applications in electronics, chemistry and environmental control are presented. Particular attention is paid to the physical description and the mathematical model for the novel type of plasma chemical reactor for the processing of thin films based on the heating of plasma electrons with the power of the electron beam. A electron beam plasma discharge at room temperature operates in a wide range of parameters and reactor geometry including planar geometry. The gas pressure can be varied in the range 10−4−30 Torr. Plasma densities achieve the values of 1011−1012 cm−3 and degree of ionization α≈10−2 in the optimal operating conditions (the range of α variation is 10−4−1). The results of theoretical and experimental investigations of SO2 oxidation in an air flow by a high current pulse electron beam are under consideration. The role of the chain character of the chemical processes and the plasma catalytic activity in chemical reactions in reducing energy expenses of oxidation is shown. Air flow purification from NOx and VOC is also discussed.
Economic benefit analysis of retrofitting a fixed-speed pumped storage hydropower plant with an adjustable-speed machine (2017)

For pumped storage hydropower plants with fixed-speed electrical machines, turbines typically operate between 70 and 100 percent of rated power whereas pumps usually run at constant load. If the fixed-speed machine is replaced with an adjustable-speed machine, the operating range of the pump increases, thereby increasing flexibility and enabling the provision of ancillary services in pump mode. This paper estimates the economic benefits of converting an existing fixed-speed pumped storage hydropower plant to adjustable speed. We consider the test case of the Grimsel 2 pumped storage hydropower plant, located in Switzerland. We implement a mixed-integer linear program to optimize operations at Grimsel 2 considering the structure of Swiss energy and ancillary service markets. Our results show that upgrading a fixed-speed plant to adjustable speed could increase total revenue up to 58 percent.
BACON: A tool for reverse inference in brain activation and alteration (2021)

Over the past decades, powerful MRI-based methods have been developed, which yield both voxel-based maps of the brain activity and anatomical variation related to different conditions. With regard to functional or structural MRI data, forward inferences try to determine which areas are involved given a mental function or a brain disorder. A major drawback of forward inference is its lack of specificity, as it suggests the involvement of brain areas that are not specific for the process/condition under investigation. Therefore, a different approach is needed to determine to what extent a given pattern of cerebral activation or alteration is specifically associated with a mental function or brain pathology. In this study, we present a new tool called BACON (Bayes fACtor mOdeliNg) for performing reverse inference both with functional and structural neuroimaging data. BACON implements the Bayes' factor and uses the activation likelihood estimation derived-maps to obtain posterior probability distributions on the evidence of specificity with regard to a particular mental function or brain pathology.
An Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse imaging SNR upper bound with numerical validation and 1.5D ARFI transducer design (2010)

Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) imaging techniques have utility in a number of clinical applications, such as lesion detection or diagnosis of liver or prostate disease. In modern ultrasound systems possessing high electronic signal to noise (SNR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ε</sub> ) levels, the major limiting factor in ARFI image signal to noise (SNR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ARF</sub> ) performance is echo decorrelation arising from differential motion across the point spread function. In this paper, we present an analytical model for an upper bound on SNRARF beginning with previous work describing theoretical echo decorrelation and a lower bound on displacement estimation variance. Using information gained from this analysis, we propose a new optimized 1.5D ARFI transducer array design that increases the ratio of pushing to tracking beam widths, reduces echo decorrelation and increases SNRARF in comparison with conventional ID arrays currently used for ARFI imaging. The performance of the ID conventional and optimized 1.5D ARFI transducers are compared using a FIELD II and finite element model (FEM) numerical simulation framework. Our simulation framework confirms our analytical expression for an upper bound on SNRARF. Lesion images from our numerical simulations produce a 4.5dB contrast to noise (CNR) improvement with the proposed 1.5D ARFI array.
Mechanisms of membrane potential sensing with second-harmonic generation microscopy (2003)

We characterize the transmembrane voltage response of a novel second-harmonic generation (SHG) marker using a screening protocol with giant unilamellar vesicles. Two mechanisms are found to contribute to the voltage response: (1) an electro-optic-induced alteration of the molecular hyperpolarizability and (2) an electric-field-induced alteration of the degree of molecular alignment. We quantify the relative weights and of these contributions and provide an upper limit to their response time, which is found to be submillisecond. The identification of two voltage response mechanisms leads to new strategies for the molecular design of membrane potential markers.
Extreme Mechanical Behavior of Nacre-Mimetic Graphene-Oxide and Silk Nanocomposites (2018)

Biological materials have the ability to withstand extreme mechanical forces due to their unique multilevel hierarchical structure. Here, we fabricated a nacre-mimetic nanocomposite comprised of silk fibroin and graphene oxide that exhibits hybridized dynamic responses arising from alternating high-contrast mechanical properties of the components at the nanoscale. Dynamic mechanical behavior of these nanocomposites is assessed through a microscale ballistic characterization using a 7.6 μm diameter silica sphere moving at a speed of approximately 400 m/s. The volume fraction of graphene oxide in these composites is systematically varied from 0 to 32 vol % to quantify the dynamic effects correlating with the structural morphologies of the graphene oxide flakes. Specific penetration energy of the films rapidly increases as the distribution of graphene oxide flakes evolves from noninteracting, isolated sheets to a partially overlapping continuous sheet. The specific penetration energy of the nanocomposite at the highest graphene oxide content tested here is found to be significantly higher than that of Kevlar fabrics and close to that of pure multilayer graphene. This study evidently demonstrates that the morphologies of nanoscale constituents and their interactions are critical to realize scalable high-performance nanocomposites using typical nanomaterial constituents having finite dimensions.
Flexible Polymer Colloidal‐Crystal Lasers with a Light‐Emitting Planar Defect (2007)

Flexible polymer laser devices excited by low-threshold optical light are fabricated from colloidal crystals (CCs; see figure). The laser-cavity structure consists of a light-emitting layer sandwiched between two polymer CC films. Optical excitation with a green beam brings about emission with a red beam. This process allows the production of ultralightweight, low-cost, flexible, and easily processible all-plastic lasers.
Monoclonal Antibodies in Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma (2000)

The modern era of cancer immunology began in 1943 with Ludwig Gross’ (1) observation that inbred mice could be immunized against tumor transplants from syngeneic animals. Subsequently, Prehn and Main (2) demonstrated that immunization with normal tissue did not afford protection implying that cancers possessed tumor-related or tumor-specific antigens that were responsible for inducing the protective effect. Integrating the evolving knowledge, Burnet coined the term “immune surveillance” (3). He proposed that cancers expressed aberrant antigens that would allow their detection and elimination by the host’s immune system. Attempts followed to define the recognized tumor antigens and to discern the reasons why immune surveillance sometimes fails and allows the development of a cancer.
A Digital RNA Signature of Circulating Tumor Cells Predicting Early Therapeutic Response in Localized and Metastatic Breast Cancer (2018)

The multiplicity of new therapies for breast cancer presents a challenge for treatment selection. We describe a 17-gene digital signature of breast circulating tumor cell (CTC)-derived transcripts enriched from blood, enabling high-sensitivity early monitoring of response. In a prospective cohort of localized breast cancer, an elevated CTC score after three cycles of neoadjuvant therapy is associated with residual disease at surgery (<i>P</i> = 0.047). In a second prospective cohort with metastatic breast cancer, baseline CTC score correlates with overall survival (<i>P</i> = 0.02), as does persistent CTC signal after 4 weeks of treatment (<i>P</i> = 0.01). In the subset with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive disease, failure to suppress ER signaling within CTCs after 3 weeks of endocrine therapy predicts early progression (<i>P</i> = 0.008). Drug-refractory ER signaling within CTCs overlaps partially with presence of <i>ESR1</i> mutations, pointing to diverse mechanisms of acquired endocrine drug resistance. Thus, CTC-derived digital RNA signatures enable noninvasive pharmacodynamic measurements to inform therapy in breast cancer.<b>Significance:</b> Digital analysis of RNA from CTCs interrogates treatment responses of both localized and metastatic breast cancer. Quantifying CTC-derived ER signaling during treatment identifies patients failing to respond to ER suppression despite having functional ESR1. Thus, noninvasive scoring of CTC-RNA signatures may help guide therapeutic choices in localized and advanced breast cancer. <i>Cancer Discov; 8(10); 1286-99. ©2018 AACR.</i> <i>This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1195</i>.
P1–205: Development of novel assay panels for the detection of Alzheimer's and Parksinson's disease biomarkers in human matrices (2013)

Accurate and reproducible measurement of neurodegenerative disease biomarkers is required for biomarker validation and for the development of assays suitable for clinical studies. We describe the feasibility of a multiplexed immunoassay panel designed to measure both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) biomarkers, including Abeta 42, Abeta 40, Abeta 38, Tau, alpha-synuclein, and DJ-1, in clinically relevant human matrices. The assays were built using MSD's MULTI-ARRAY ® electrochemiluminescence technology. Antibody selection was based on sensitivity, specificity, analytical characteristics, and functional performance in human matrices. Protocol format was evaluated to achieve optimal signal and assay sensitivity. Matrix tolerance was assessed using dilution linearity and spike and recovery. The multiplexed assays for AD and PD biomarkers demonstrated reproducible standard curves with quantitative ranges that support the accurate measurement of endogenous levels of each analyte. We present AD and PD biomarker levels measured in human cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with AD and PD and from normal controls. Differences in biomarkers levels were observed between normal and disease populations for many of the assays developed. The development of multiplexed assays to measure several protein biomarkers associated with AD and PD is an important goal in the neurodegenerative biomarker field. Such assays would be particularly advantageous given that some biomarkers are relevant for multiple disease types; therefore, multiplexing allows measurement of biomarkers for multiple, related diseases while conserving sample. The panel described is anticipated to aid researchers in defining the relationship between disease progression and the relative abundance of specific neurodegenerative disease biomarkers.
<title>Photorefractive phased-array-radar processor dynamics</title> (1993)

We derive, and experimentally verify the dynamic and steady state behavior of a high- bandwidth, large degree-of-freedom adaptive phased-array-radar optical processor. The large number of adaptive weights necessary for processing in a complex radar signal environment with large arrays are computed in the form of dynamic three-dimensional volume holograms in a photorefractive crystal. The processor computes the angles-of-arrival of multiple interfering narrowband radar jammers and adaptively steers nulls in the antenna pattern in order to extinguish the jammers. The theoretical model developed provides analytical expressions relating system parameters such as feedback gain and phase to suppression depth and convergence rates for multiple narrowband jammers of arbitrary spatial profile. We have obtained experimental verification of the system behavior showing excellent agreement with the theoretical model and experimental jammer suppression as high as -35 dB.
CapNet: A Real-Time Wireless Management Network for Data Center Power Capping (2014)

Data center management (DCM) is increasingly becoming a significant challenge for enterprises hosting large scale online and cloud services. Machines need to be monitored, and the scale of operations mandates an automated management with high reliability and real-time performance. Existing wired networking solutions for DCM come with high cost. In this paper, we propose a wireless sensor network as a cost-effective networking solution for DCM while satisfying the reliability and latency performance requirements of DCM. We have developed Cap Net, a real-time wireless sensor network for power capping, a time-critical DCM function for power management in a cluster of servers. Cap Net employs an efficient event-driven protocol that triggers data collection only upon the detection of a potential power capping event. We deploy and evaluate Cap Net in a data center. Using server power traces, our experimental results on a cluster of 480 servers inside the data center show that Cap Net can meet the real-time requirements of power capping. Cap Net demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of wireless sensor networks for time-critical DCM applications.
An efficient design technique for direction-finding antenna arrays (2014)

This paper illustrates the application of an original conductor track routing technique for the efficient computer-aided design of circuits in microstrip technology using the example of the feed networks of some customer-specific direction-finding antenna arrays. The approach is characterized by the composition of the layout of the circuit to be realized of quarter-circular rings. A grid of ring-shaped segments is used as an aid.
42/#466 Tissue-specific methylated DNA marker discriminate among endometrial, ovarian, and cervical cancers (2022)

<h3>Objectives</h3> DNA methylation occurs early in carcinogenesis and differ among cancer subtypes, suggest that these biomarkers might be useful in early detection and in defining site of origin in liquid biopsies. <h3>Methods</h3> Endometrial (EC), ovarian (OC) and cervical (CC) cancer MDMs were identified through methylome sequencing of primary tumor and benign gynecologic tissue DNA and independently validated in DNA from formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues representing the same cancers and benign histologies. Twenty-five MDMs representing each organ site were selected as previously reported; DNA extracted from independent primary tissues was assayed by quantitative methylation specific PCR. MDMs were normalized to β-actin. MDM distributions were displayed using boxplots and intensity maps. <h3>Results</h3> 82 EC (16 serous, 18 carcinosarcoma, 7 clear cell, 17 endometrioid grade 1/2, 24 endometrioid grade 3), 82 OC (36 serous, 21 clear cell, 4 mucinous, 21 endometrioid), and 64 CC (36 squamous cell, 28 adenocarcinoma) were compared to controls of benign epithelium (29 cervicovaginal, 29 fallopian tube, 14 benign endometrial tissues). While CDO1 discriminated any cancer type from benign control tissue, cancer specificity was evident for most MDMs (figure 1). Overlap of MDMs, such as c18orf18 among EC and OC clear cell and endometrioid histologies, is compatible with the origin of these OCs from endometriosis (figure 2). <h3>Conclusions</h3> MDMs discovered and independently validated in EC, OC, and CC tissues discriminate among GC site origin. MDM testing in vaginal fluid and/or blood is warranted to assess GC detection and site-specificity via non-invasive liquid biopsy.
Lovastatin, a Cholesterol Biosynthesis Inhibitor, Inhibits the Growth of Human H-ras Oncogene Transformed Cells in Nude Mice (1991)

Post-translational modification of oncogenic p21ras proteins with farnesyl, a lipid intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis, is required for p21ras membrane association and for the ability of p21ras to transform cultured cells. We have tested the ability of lovastatin, a specific inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis, to inhibit the growth of ras oncogene-transformed cells in vivo. Balb/c mouse 3T3 cells, transfected with H-ras oncogene from human EJ bladder carcinoma, were highly tumorigenic in nude mice. Immunoprecipitation studies with transformed EJ cells showed that lovastatin (1-100 microM) inhibited p21ras membrane association in a concentration-dependent manner and that a 10 microM concentration reduced the amount of p21ras bound to the membrane by 50%. Lovastatin also inhibited EJ cell growth in a concentration range that closely paralleled that required for inhibition of p21ras membrane association. Treatment of nude mice bearing subcutaneous (s.c.) EJ tumors with lovastatin (50 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the abilities of these tumors to grow as early as four days and, by day 12, the lovastatin treated group of animals had tumors with an average size that was 3-fold smaller than those in the saline treated group. Western blotting studies showed that lovastatin (50 mg/kg) was also able to inhibit p21ras membrane association in EJ tumors implanted s.c. in nude mice. These results demonstrate that lovastatin, an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis, inhibited in vivo tumor growth of H-ras oncogene transformed cells. The results also suggest that inhibition of p21ras membrane association, an essential step in ras oncogene neoplastic transformation, is one mechanism by which lovastatin may express its antitumor activity.
Ni(0)-Catalyzed Synthesis of Polycyclic α,β-Unsaturated γ-Lactams via Intramolecular Carbonylative Cycloaddition of Yne-imines with CO (2020)

Abstract A Ni(0)-catalyzed intramolecular carbonylative cycloaddition between 1,5-yne-imines and carbon monoxide (CO) is disclosed. When Ni(CO)3PCy3 was employed as a pre-catalyst, a variety of polycyclic α,β-unsaturated γ-lactams were prepared in up to 78% yield with 100% atom efficiency. Aza-nickelacycles, generated by the oxidative cyclization of yne-imines on the Ni(0) center, were experimentally confirmed as key intermediates. Moreover, diastereoselective transformations of the obtained products to afford highly substituted polycyclic γ-lactams with three contiguous carbon stereocenters are reported.
Scaling of the Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) for near-term thrusters and future fusion propulsion (1998)

Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) is a unique approach to fusion and plasma energy systems that was conceptualized in the 1960s (Hirsch 1967) and has been the focus of recent development in the 1990s (Miley et al. 1995a). In the interests of space power and propulsion systems, conceptual rocket design studies (Bussard and Jameson 1994, Miley et al. 1995b) using the IEC have predicted excellent performance for a variety of space missions, since the power unit avoids the use of magnets and heavy drives resulting in a very high, specific impulse compared to other fusion systems. In their recent survey of prior conceptual design studies of fusion rockets, Williams and Borowski (1997) found that the Bussard IEC conceptual study (the “QED” engine) offered a thrust-to-weight ratio of 10 milli-g’s, a factor of five higher than conventional magnetic confinement concepts and even slightly above anti-proton micro fission/fusion designs. Thus there is considerable motivation to study IEC concepts for eventual space applications. However, the physics feasibility of the IEC still requires experimental demonstration, and an expanded data base is needed to insure that a power unit can in fact be built.