gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antigen-specific IGG2A production in response to prostaglandin E2, immune complexes, and IFN-gamma (1991)

Immune complexes (IC) can inhibit the differentiation of B lymphocytes into IgM secreting plasma cells in both Ag-specific and polyclonal systems. This report describes the ability of IC and IFN-gamma, or IFN-gamma and PGE2 to regulate the class of Ig produced in an Ag-specific system. In an in vitro model system using fluorescein (FL)-Brucella abortus as Ag, we previously showed that IC composed of an anti-FL antibody and FL-Ag inhibited the ability of FL-specific B cells to develop into IgM plaque-forming cells. In addition, PGE2 sensitized resting B cells to IC, whereas pretreatment with IL-4 alleviated the IC-mediated decrease in the IgM anti-FL response. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that IFN-gamma has antagonistic effects compared to IL-4, and potentiates the IC-induced decrease in the IgM antibody response. Interestingly, we discovered that the virtual ablation of the anti-FL IgM response exhibited by B cells treated with IC and IFN-gamma was accompanied by a dramatic increase in the anti-FL IgG2a response. Furthermore, resting B lymphocytes pulsed with IFN-gamma and PGE2, but not PGF2 alpha, exhibited augmented IgG2a production. This effect was also observed when IFN-gamma-pulsed B cells were stimulated with other agents, such as dibutyryl cAMP and cholera toxin, that elevate intracellular levels of cAMP. In addition, RpcAMP, the R-isomer of a sulfur-modified cAMP and a cAMP antagonist, inhibited anti-FL IgG2a responses. The ability of cAMP elevators such as PGE2 to promote IgG2a production, as well as to increase the frequency of IgG2a secreting cells, was demonstrated in B lymphocytes treated with IFN-gamma and polyclonally activated by LPS. Overall, our results demonstrate that IFN-gamma and PGE2-treated B lymphocytes challenged with antigen or LPS generate elevated levels of IgG2a via a cAMP-dependent pathway. These observations suggest that in vivo, PGE2 secreted by cells such as macrophages potentiates the ability of IFN-gamma to promote an IgG2a response, the predominant murine antiviral Ig.
Dehydration of Alcohols in Dimethyl Sulfoxide1,2 (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDehydration of Alcohols in Dimethyl Sulfoxide1,2Vincent J. Traynelis, William L. Hergenrother, Joel R. Livingston, and John A. ValicentiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1962, 27, 7, 2377–2383Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1962https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01054a022RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views805Altmetric-Citations80LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (787 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Plant Hormones (2017)

Abstract Plant hormones coordinate physiology and development between organ systems, which can often be separated by large distances. In this article, we focus on the set of nine small molecule plant hormone families that are present throughout land plants: auxins, gibberellins, jasmonates, salicylates, brassinolides, strigolactones, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. We cover the basic aspects of their physiological roles, biosynthesis, signal transduction and agricultural relevance. We note commonalities in the molecular mechanisms of plant hormone perception and signal transduction; for example, hormone‐stabilised protein–protein interactions, that are often linked directly to ubiquitylation of downstream effector proteins are prevalent. Plant hormone signalling pathways preferentially exploit soluble receptors over transmembrane receptors; brassinosteroids are the only hormone family known to act through a classical plasma membrane‐anchored receptor kinase, a modality common in animal signal transduction pathways. Plant hormones provide a complementary set of molecular solutions to the biological problem of communicating information over long distances in multicellular organisms. Key Concepts Plant hormones are small organic molecules that can act at a distance from their site of synthesis with high potency. At least nine hormones are present throughout most land plants and function in long‐distance communication. Most plant hormones are perceived by soluble receptors. Synthetic plant hormone mimics and inhibitors have been developed for agriculture.
Professional H.264/AVC CODEC chip-set for high-quality HDTV broadcast infrastructure and high-end flexible CODEC systems (2007)

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on NTT's H.264/AVC CODEC chip-set for high quality HDTV broadcast infrastructures and high end flexible CODEC systems. Some of the specific topics discussed include: the special features of NTT's video CODEC chips; system specifications, and system design for these products; system architectures; applications for use; platforms supported; processing capabilities; chip implementations; SARA chip deployment; and targeted markets.
Experimental study of neutron induced background noise on gated x-ray framing cameras (2010)

A temporally gated x-ray framing camera based on a proximity focus microchannel plate is one of the most important diagnostic tools of inertial confinement fusion experiments. However, fusion neutrons produced in imploded capsules interact with structures surrounding the camera and produce background to x-ray signals. To understand the mechanisms of this neutron induced background, we tested several gated x-ray cameras in the presence of 14 MeV neutrons produced at the Omega laser facility. Differences between background levels observed with photographic film readout and charge-coupled-device readout have been studied.
Theranostic applications of stimulus-responsive systems based on carbon dots (2019)

Over recent years, many different nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems (NDDSs) have been developed. Recently the development of stimulus-responsive NDDSs has come into sharper focus. Carbon dots (CDs) possess outstanding features such as useful optical properties, good biocompatibility, and the ability for easy surface modification. Appropriate surface modification can allow these NDDSs to respond to various chemical or physical stimuli that are characteristic of their target cells or tissue (frequently malignant cells or tumors). The present review covers recent developments of CDs in NDDSs with a particular focus on internal stimulus response capability that allows simultaneous imaging and therapeutic delivery (theranostics). Relevant stimuli associated with tumor cells and tumors include pH levels, redox potential, and different enzymatic activities can be used to activate the CDs at the desired sites.
Collaborative Multi-Target Detection in Radar Sensor Networks (2007)

In many military and civilian applications, estimating the number of targets in a region of interest plays a primary role in performing important tasks such as target localization, classification, recognition, tracking, etc. Such an estimation problem is however very challenging since the number of targets is time-varying, targets' states are fluctuating, and various kinds of targets might appear in the field of interest. In this paper, we develop a framework for estimating the number of targets in a sensing area using Radar Sensor Networks (RSN): (1) the multi-target detection problem is formulated; (2) signals, interference (e.g., clutter, jamming, and interference between radars), and noise at radar sensors are modeled; and (3) a Maximum Likelihood Multi-Target Detection (ML-MTD) algorithm is proposed to combine received measurements and estimate the number of targets present in the sensing area. We evaluate multi-target detection performance using RSN in terms of the probability of miss-detection Pmd and the root mean square error (RMSE). Simulation results show that multi-target detection performance of the RSN is much better than that of single radar systems.
The B-cell response in lymphoid tissue of mice immunized with various antigenic forms of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (1995)

Protection of BALB/c (H-2d) mice against secondary challenge with influenza A viruses is primarily dependent on appropriate recognition of the hemagglutinin (HA) molecule by effectors of humoral immunity, the B lymphocytes and their product the immunoglobulin molecules. The influence of the antigenic form of the HA in eliciting protective antibodies is not clearly defined. We directly monitored the kinetics, character, localization, and helper T-cell dependence of the primary antibody-forming cell (AFC) response and the development of B-cell memory in lymphoid tissues associated with the upper and lower respiratory tracts, and in the spleen and bone marrow, to three forms of HA with various degrees of antigenic organization. Our results show that the antigenic organization of HA substantially influences B-cell immunity, namely, the capacity to generate both primary AFCs and memory B cells responsive to lethal challenge. Immunization by infection is the most efficient means of generating protective memory B cells, in contrast to subunit vaccine. The data also indicate that memory AFCs are predominantly localized to the regional lymphoid tissue where challenge HA is found, unlike primary AFCs, which are restricted to the priming site and which require in vivo CD4+ T-cell help.
High resolution determination of radii of curvature using Fabry–Perot interferometry (2009)

A spectroscopic approach to measuring the radius of curvature of a concave mirror is presented. The mirror is incorporated into a plano-concave Fabry?Perot cavity and the radius of curvature of the concave mirror is inferred from the mode spacing of the transverse modes relative to the longitudinal modes. No mechanical displacement is entailed and the measurement is easily performed in vacuum. The spectroscopic resolution of the technique is better than 1 ?m for a nominal radius of curvature of 1 m, but the accuracy is limited by the figure of the plane mirror in the cavity to approximately 1 mm in the present work. The optical spot size on the mirror under test is of the order of 0.3 mm, so the method should allow the radius of curvature of a mirror to be mapped out spatially with very high resolution.
Regulation of Blood Pressure by Dopamine Receptors (2003)

Dopamine is an important regulator of blood pressure. Its actions on renal hemodynamics, epithelial transport and humoral agents such as aldosterone, catecholamines, endothelin, prolactin, pro-opiomelanocortin, renin and vasopressin place it in central homeostatic position for regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure. Dopamine also modulates fluid and sodium intake via actions in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract, and by regulation of cardiovascular centers that control the functions of the heart, arteries and veins. Abnormalities in dopamine production and receptor function accompany a high percentage of human essential hypertension and several forms of rodent genetic hypertension. Some dopamine receptor genes and their regulators are in loci linked to hypertension in humans and in rodents. Furthermore, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes that regulate dopamine receptors, alone or via the interaction with SNPs of genes that regulate the renin-angiotensin system, are associated with human essential hypertension. Each of the five dopamine receptor subtypes (D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5) participates in the regulation of blood pressure by mechanisms specific for the subtype. Some receptors (D2 and D5) influence the central and/or peripheral nervous system; others influence epithelial transport and regulate the secretion and receptors of several humoral agents (e.g., the D1, D3 and D4 receptors interact with the renin-angiotensin system). Modifications of the usual actions of the receptor can produce blood pressure changes. In addition, abnormal functioning of these dopamine receptor subtypes impairs their antioxidant function.
Innovative substrate solutions for wide band gap materials: The smart cut approach (2003)

Wide Band Gap (WBG) materials such as SiC and GaN are today the most attractive materials for out of silicon world applications such as high power, high frequency, high temperature and short wavelength optoelectronic applications. These applications are today pushing bulk material developments required to trigger their use at an industrial level. In this article, we propose new innovative substrates solutions using the Smart Cut process, dedicated to above listed Wide Band Gap applications. These substrates are fully compatible with epitaxial regrowth using bulk like conditions either for SiC and GaN epitaxy.
The Use of Immobilized Templates—A New Approach in Molecular Imprinting (2000)

By using porous silica gel as a solid support, template molecules can be immobilized to give a novel approach to molecular imprinting in polymers. Polymerizable, functional monomers assemble around a template (such as theophylline, see picture). Following polymerization, this support is sacrificed by dissolving in HF. The remaining polymer shows a specific binding capacity for theophylline, but not for related compounds, such as theobromine and caffeine. All binding sites are uniformly oriented and located at the surface of the polymer.
Pf4 Phage Variant Infection Reduces Virulence-Associated Traits in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2022)

Pf4 is a filamentous bacteriophage integrated as a prophage into the genome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Pf4 virions can be produced without killing P. aeruginosa. However, cell lysis can occur during superinfection when Pf virions successfully infect a host lysogenized by a Pf superinfective variant. We have previously shown that infection of P. aeruginosa PAO1 with a superinfective Pf4 variant abolished twitching motility and altered biofilm architecture. More precisely, most of the cells embedded into the biofilm were showing a filamentous morphology, suggesting the activation of the cell envelope stress response involving both AlgU and SigX extracytoplasmic function sigma factors. Here, we show that Pf4 variant infection results in a drastic dysregulation of 3,360 genes representing about 58% of P. aeruginosa genome; of these, 70% of the virulence factors encoding genes show a dysregulation. Accordingly, Pf4 variant infection (termed Pf4*) causes <i>in vivo</i> reduction of P. aeruginosa virulence and decreased production of <i>N</i>-acyl-homoserine lactones and 2-alkyl-4-quinolones quorum-sensing molecules and related virulence factors, such as pyocyanin, elastase, and pyoverdine. In addition, the expression of genes involved in metabolism, including energy generation and iron homeostasis, was affected, suggesting further relationships between virulence and central metabolism. Altogether, these data show that Pf4 phage variant infection results in complex network dysregulation, leading to reducing acute virulence in P. aeruginosa. This study contributes to the comprehension of the bacterial response to filamentous phage infection. <b>IMPORTANCE</b> Filamentous bacteriophages can become superinfective and infect P. aeruginosa, even though they are inserted in the genome as lysogens. Despite this productive infection, growth of the host is only mildly affected, allowing the study of the interaction between the phage and the host, which is not possible in the case of lytic phages killing rapidly their host. Here, we demonstrate by transcriptome and phenotypic analysis that the infection by a superinfective filamentous phage variant causes a massive disruption in gene expression, including those coding for virulence factors and metabolic pathways.
Response of the human LGN to different temporal frequencies for achromatic, L/M opponent and S-cone opponent stimuli measured with high field fMRI (2010)

Aims. We compare the responsiveness of the human LGN to different temporal frequencies (2–16Hz) for stimulation of each of the two cone opponent systems (L/M and S-cone) and the achromatic system. For comparison, measurements were also obtained from cortical area V1. Methods. MR images were acquired on a 4T Bruker MedSpec scanner. Stimuli were sinewave counter-phasing rings (0.5cpd, 2, 4, 8 Hz for chromatic stimuli and 2, 8 & 16 Hz for achromatic stimuli) that selectively activated the L/M cone opponent (RG), S cone opponent (BY) or achromatic (Ach) systems. Stimuli were presented in a temporal Gaussian envelope (s=125ms) at high cone contrasts (11% Ach; 4% RG; 30% BY). The LGNs of 6 subjects were localized in separate scans using broadband stimuli. V1s were mapped previously (Mullen et al., Euro. J. Neuroscience, 2007). We performed region of interest analyses on all LGNs and V1s and results are based on average time courses. Results. for achromatic stimuli, the human LGN shows a declining response with increasing TF (2–16Hz), which also occurs but is less marked in V1. For RG stimuli, the LGN shows some loss of response across TF from 2 to 8Hz, whereas the V1 response is unaffected by TF. For BY stimuli, the response shows some peaking at 4Hz in the LGN, but has no dependence on TF in V1 (2–8Hz). Conclusions. We find that for our stimuli the BOLD response of the LGN is optimal at low temporal frequencies (2–4Hz) for both achromatic and chromatic stimuli. This contrasts with previous results for achromatic stimuli which show a rise in response with increasing temporal frequency (Kastner et al., J. Neurophysiol., 2004).
Low-cost and High-throughput RNA-seq Library Preparation for Illumina Sequencing from Plant Tissue (2020)

Transcriptome analysis can provide clues to biological processes affected in different genetic backgrounds or/and under various conditions. The price of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has decreased enough so that medium- to large-scale transcriptome analyses in a range of conditions are feasible. However, the price and variety of options for library preparation of RNA-seq can still be daunting to those who would like to use RNA-seq for their first time or for a single experiment. Among the criteria for selecting a library preparation protocol are the method of RNA isolation, nucleotide fragmentation to obtain desired size range, and library indexing to pool sequencing samples for multiplexing. Here, we present a high-quality and a high-throughput option for preparing libraries from polyadenylated mRNA for transcriptome analysis. Both high-quality and high-throughput protocol options include steps of mRNA enrichment through magnetic bead-enabled precipitation of the poly-A tail, cDNA synthesis, and then fragmentation and adapter addition simultaneously through Tn5-mediated 'tagmentation'. All steps of the protocols have been validated with <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> leaf and seedling tissues and streamlined to work together, with minimal cost in money and time, thus intended to provide a beginner-friendly start-to-finish RNA-seq library preparation for transcriptome analysis.
Reference-based compressed sensing: A sample complexity approach (2016)

We address the problem of reference-based compressed sensing: reconstruct a sparse signal from few linear measurements using as prior information a reference signal, a signal similar to the signal we want to reconstruct. Access to reference signals arises in applications such as medical imaging, e.g., through prior images of the same patient, and compressive video, where previously reconstructed frames can be used as reference. Our goal is to use the reference signal to reduce the number of required measurements for reconstruction. We achieve this via a reweighted ℓ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> -ℓ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> minimization scheme that updates its weights based on a sample complexity bound. The scheme is simple, intuitive and, as our experiments show, outperforms prior algorithms, including reweighted ℓ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> minimization, ℓ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> -ℓ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> minimization, and modified CS.
Antenna Array Enabled Space/Air/Ground Communications and Networking for 6G (2021)

Antenna arrays have a long history of more than 100 years and have evolved closely with the development of electronic and information technologies, playing an indispensable role in wireless communications and radar. With the rapid development of electronic and information technologies, the demand for all-time, all-domain, and full-space network services has exploded, and new communication requirements have been put forward on various space/air/ground platforms. To meet the ever increasing requirements of the future sixth generation (6G) wireless communications, such as high capacity, wide coverage, low latency, and strong robustness, it is promising to employ different types of antenna arrays with various beamforming technologies in space/air/ground communication networks, bringing in advantages such as considerable antenna gains, multiplexing gains, and diversity gains. However, enabling antenna array for space/air/ground communication networks poses specific, distinctive and tricky challenges, which has aroused extensive research attention. This paper aims to overview the field of antenna array enabled space/air/ground communications and networking. The technical potentials and challenges of antenna array enabled space/air/ground communications and networking are presented first. Subsequently, the antenna array structures and designs are discussed. We then discuss various emerging technologies facilitated by antenna arrays to meet the new communication requirements of space/air/ground communication systems. Enabled by these emerging technologies, the distinct characteristics, challenges, and solutions for space communications, airborne communications, and ground communications are reviewed. Finally, we present promising directions for future research in antenna array enabled space/air/ground communications and networking.