gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Image Segmentation and Registration Algorithm to Collect Homologous Landmarks for Age-Related Thoracic Morphometric Analysis (2011)

Skeletal and physiological resilience are known to decline with age, resulting in a decreased ability for the body to withstand traumatic insults. Adults 65 years of age and older currently constitute more than 12% of the total population and the elderly population is projected to reach nearly 20% by 2030. The objective of the current study is to quantify age and gender-specific variations in the thoracic skeletal morphology for use in generating a parametric thoracic model for injury prediction. This goal will be accomplished using the image segmentation and registration algorithm developed in this study to collect homologous (or comparable) landmarks from the ribs. A minimum of 10 normal chest CT scans for each gender were collected from a radiological database for the following age groups: newborns, 3 month, 6 month, 9 month, 1 year, 3 year, and 6 year olds. Beginning with 10 year olds, a minimum of 10 CT scans for each gender were collected by decade up to age 100. Image segmentation and subsequent image registration of the collected scans was used to collect homologous rib landmarks. A semiautomated method was used to segment each rib and create a mask and three-dimensional (3D) model. Thresholding and region growing operations were applied and manual editing was used to ensure selection of the entire rib and exclusion of surrounding soft tissue. An atlas was created from segmentation of a normal chest CT scan of an average male with over 1,000 landmark points placed on each rib. Each segmented rib is registered to the atlas. Rigid, affine, and non-rigid, nonlinear transformations are used to morph the atlas to the subject rib. The transformation matrices are used to map the landmarks in the atlas coordinate system to the subject-specific coordinate system. Effectively, this allows for collection of homologous rib landmarks across subjects of all ages. Geometric morphometrics, particularly the Procrustes superimposition method can then be used to analyze the landmark data to formulate age and gender specific shape and size variation functions. Shape and size functions computed from the landmark data can be used to create a scalable finite element model of the thorax that will allow vehicle crashworthiness to be evaluated for all ages and genders and will lead to improvements in restraint systems to better protect children and elderly in a crash.
Integrating Formula SAE with the Engineering Curriculum (2005)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The Formula SAE competition (known as Formula Student in the UK) is well established and continues to be highly popular with engineering students. The annual United Kingdom competition bears witness to this enthusiasm with a strong turnout of a total of 84 teams, including 41 teams from the United Kingdom and 21 other nations represented in 2004. In 2004 some countries, including Japan, Australia and South Korea participated for the first time.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;There are, for a university, significant implications of resource costs when running the Formula SAE project, mainly financial and time. Time costs in particular are acute with supervision time from university faculty groups and technicians (this latter being particularly intense). This investment needs justification in the light of other demands. In the longer term, the choice appears to be between a purely voluntary activity in which students participate for the experience and their career prospects or a highly regulated activity where all student participation is embedded in the curriculum.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;We believe that the answer lies between these two extremes of either voluntary or highly regulated activity. The scheme can be integrated within the curriculum while the creation of the right working conditions and provision of working space will facilitate the extra commitment that the project needs. In this paper we will present the results of a research project into the educational aspects of Formula SAE in UK universities including Sussex where we have been exploring different structures to support the Formula SAE project. The research has covered the links between the project and the taught elements of the curriculum, the provision of facilities, the structure of the student team and the support provided by the university.&lt;/div&gt;
Mechanism of glycoform specificity and protection against antibody dependent enhancement by an anti-afucosylated IgG nanobody (2023)

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies contain a single, complex <i>N</i> -glycan on each IgG heavy chain protomer embedded in the hydrophobic pocket between its Cγ2 domains. The presence of this glycan contributes to the structural organization of the Fc domain and determines its specificity for Fcγ receptors, thereby determining distinct cellular responses. On the Fc, the variable construction of this glycan structure leads to a family of highly-related, but non-equivalent glycoproteins known as glycoforms. We previously reported the development of synthetic nanobodies that distinguish IgG glycoforms without cross-reactivity to off-target glycoproteins or free glycans. Here, we present the X-ray crystal structure of one such nanobody, X0, in complex with its specific binding partner, the Fc fragment of afucosylated IgG1. Two X0 nanobodies bind a single afucosylated Fc homodimer at the upper Cγ2 domain, making both protein-protein and protein-carbohydrate contacts and overlapping the binding site for Fcγ receptors. Upon binding, the elongated CDR3 loop of X0 undergoes a conformational shift to access the buried <i>N</i> -glycan and acts as a 'glycan sensor', forming hydrogen bonds with the afucosylated IgG <i>N</i> -glycan that would otherwise be sterically hindered by the presence of a core fucose residue. Based on this structure, we designed X0 fusion constructs that disrupt pathogenic afucosylated IgG1-FcγRIIIa interactions and rescue mice in a model of dengue virus infection.
Toward 6G Vehicle-to-Everything Sidelink: Nonorthogonal Multiple Access in the Autonomous Mode (2023)

The cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) sidelink technology, specified in the long-term evolution (LTE) and further improved in the 5G new radio (NR) standards to facilitate direct data exchange between vehicles, will play a crucial role in revolutionizing transportation systems. However, the demand for very high reliability and ultralow latency services especially challenges the sidelink resource allocation mechanism when performed by distributed vehicles, in the so- called <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">autonomous</i> mode. One of the major causes of performance degradation is the resource allocation mechanism, which was designed for orthogonal multiple access (OMA) and can generate interference and collisions under high load conditions. In this context, here we argue in favor of the use of non-OMA (NOMA) as a game changer for the sidelink in the upcoming 6G V2X, and the purpose of this article is to provide a reference for further intriguing studies in the field. Additionally, the gain achievable over conventional allocation schemes by enabling NOMA through the use of successive interference cancelation (SIC) at the receiver is measured through realistic simulations conducted when considering the latest C-V2X specifications.
Design and Scaling Up of Microchemical Systems: A Review (2017)

The past two decades have witnessed a rapid development of microreactors. A substantial number of reactions have been tested in microchemical systems, revealing the advantages of controlled residence time, enhanced transport efficiency, high product yield, and inherent safety. This review defines the microchemical system and describes its components and applications as well as the basic structures of micromixers. We focus on mixing, flow dynamics, and mass and heat transfer in microreactors along with three strategies for scaling up microreactors: parallel numbering-up, consecutive numbering-up, and scale-out. We also propose a possible methodology to design microchemical systems. Finally, we provide a summary and future prospects.
Hydride ions in oxide hosts hidden by hydroxide ions (2014)

The true oxidation state of formally 'H(-)' ions incorporated in an oxide host is frequently discussed in connection with chemical shifts of (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, as they can exhibit values typically attributed to H(+). Here we systematically investigate the link between geometrical structure and chemical shift of H(-) ions in an oxide host, mayenite, with a combination of experimental and ab initio approaches, in an attempt to resolve this issue. We demonstrate that the electron density near the hydrogen nucleus in an OH(-) ion (formally H(+) state) exceeds that in an H(-) ion. This behaviour is the opposite to that expected from formal valences. We deduce a relationship between the chemical shift of H(-) and the distance from the H(-) ion to the coordinating electropositive cation. This relationship is pivotal for resolving H(-) species that are masked by various states of H(+) ions.
Figure S4 from Tumor Intrinsic Efficacy by SHP2 and RTK Inhibitors in KRAS-Mutant Cancers (2023)

&lt;p&gt;(A) Immunoblot of p-RSK3 and qPCR for DUSP6 from MIA PaCa-2 xenografts collected 3 hours after the last dose from Fig 5C. (B) Immunoblot for the designated proteins from MIA PaCa-2 cells grown in 2D, 3D and from in vivo xenografts without compound treatment. Protein loading amount was normalized and verified by tubulin loading control. Each separate column represents an individual treated tumor. (C) Dependency of MET by DRIVE pooled shRNA screen (y axis, ATARIS Quantile score of less than -0.5 indicates a significant effect) and expression of HGF (x-axis) by RNAseq in pancreatic cancer cell lines in CCLE (n=21). (D) Immunoblot of p-RSK3 and qPCR for DUSP6 from KP4 xenografts collected 3 hours after the last dose from Fig 5E. Protein loading amount was normalized and verified by tubulin loading control. Each separate column represents an individual treated tumor (E) Immunoblot for the designated proteins from KP4 cells grown in 2D, 3D and from in vivo xenografts without compound treatment (F) Schematic of RTK-SHP2 signaling highlighting that SHP2 acts downstream of one or more activated RTKs to elicit downstream signaling in KRAS mutant and also additional SHP2-specific, non-MAPK signaling. SHP2 inhibition by SHP099 can serve as a surrogate for cancers where KRAS mutant cancers are dependent on upstream RTKs.&lt;/p&gt;
Trigger and Substrate Share A Common Location In Human VF (2018)

Background: The mechanisms of ventricular fibrillation (VF) are classically distinguished in triggers versus substrate. However, their respective location in patients with structural heart disease (SHD) has not been investigated.Objective: To precisely locate trigger and substrate in patients presenting spontaneous VFMethods: Within a 5 year inclusion period, we investigated 14 patients (57±10 years) presenting a documented spontaneous episode of VF (lasting 16± 8s before cardioversion) associated with ischemic heart disease in 8, cardiomyopathy in 4 , and Brugada syndrome in 2. VF mapping was performed using multielectrode intracardiac and body-surface recordings. The VF trigger was located at the site of earliest ventricular activation. Reentrant drivers were identified during VF using phase mapping and confirmed by the demonstration of sequential circular activation of local electrograms. We performed endocardial and epicardial mapping during sinus rhythm. The abnormal substrate was identified as areas of low voltage (≤1mV) and fragmented electrograms (≥70ms).Results:The first beat of VF originated from Purkinje network in 8 and ventricular myocardium in 6; with the earliest endocardial electrogram preceding the QRS onset by 54 ±12ms . While myocardial triggers showed a single breakthrough on body surface mapping, Purkinje triggers were associated with simultaneous emergence of multiple breakthroughs. The transition from a focal trigger to a reentrant activity occurred at a median of 4 VF cycles [range: 2-7 cycles]. Mapping at the trigger sites showed low voltage fragmented electrograms during sinus rhythm in 12/14 patients.During VF, a driver region was consistently found to colocalize with the site of triggers in 12 patients, accounting for 34±10% of the total driver activities Catheter ablation was performed at these “trigger-driver” regions resulting in abolition of abnormal electrograms and arrhythmia-free outcome in 10 of 12 patients at 18±15 months follow up.Conclusion: Purkinje focal activity may show several ventricular exit sites. In most patients with SHD, the sites of VF triggers are intertwined with the maintaining substrate, providing a dual mechanistic target for interventional treatment.
Divide-and-Conquer for Lane-Aware Diverse Trajectory Prediction (2021)

Trajectory prediction is a safety-critical tool for autonomous vehicles to plan and execute actions. Our work addresses two key challenges in trajectory prediction, learning multimodal outputs, and better predictions by imposing constraints using driving knowledge. Recent methods have achieved strong performances using Multi-Choice Learning objectives like winner-takes-all (WTA) or best-of-many. But the impact of those methods in learning diverse hypotheses is under-studied as such objectives highly depend on their initialization for diversity. As our first contribution, we propose a novel Divide-And-Conquer (DAC) approach that acts as a better initialization technique to WTA objective, resulting in diverse outputs without any spurious modes. Our second contribution is a novel trajectory prediction framework called ALAN that uses existing lane centerlines as anchors to provide trajectories constrained to the input lanes. Our framework provides multi-agent trajectory outputs in a forward pass by capturing interactions through hypercolumn descriptors and incorporating scene information in the form of rasterized images and per-agent lane anchors. Experiments on synthetic and real data show that the proposed DAC captures the data distribution better compare to other WTA family of objectives. Further, we show that our ALAN approach provides on par or better performance with SOTA methods evaluated on Nuscenes urban driving benchmark.
Mono- and Bis- Methyltrioxorhenium(VII) Complexes with Salen Ligands: Synthesis, Properties, Applications (2009)

Methyltrioxorhenium(VII) (MTO) forms 1:1 (mono-) or/and 2:1 (bis-) complexes with salen ligands, undergoing a hydrogen transfer from a ligand-bound OH-group to a ligand nitrogen atom. Some complexes show good stability both in the solid state and in solution, while others must be kept at low temperatures under an argon atmosphere. X-ray crystallography shows distorted trigonal bipyramidal structures of all examined complexes in the solid state, this structure being due to the steric demands of the ligands, with the methyl group of MTO residing in the apical sites in the cis position. Temperature-dependent proton NMR data indicate that the coordination between salen ligands and MTO at low temperatures is considerably stronger than at room temperature. Density functional theory calculations have been performed to find approximate structures for all described complexes and to try to find a rationale for the preferred formation of mono- versus bis-MTO complexes. The formation of mono- or bis-MTO adducts is dependent on both the steric and the electronic influence of the respective salen ligands. The catalytic performance is strongly influenced by the ring substitution. Two MTO molecules coordinated to one salen ligand lead to an additional boost of catalytic activity because there is not only double the amount of catalytic centers present but also a "ligand enhanced" activity increase.
Green Energy Aware Avatar Migration Strategy in Green Cloudlet Networks (2015)

We propose a Green Cloudlet Network (GCN) architecture to provide seamless Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) services to User Equipments (UEs) with low latency in which each cloudlet is powered by both green and brown energy. Fully utilizing green energy can significantly reduce the operational cost of cloudlet providers. However, owing to the spatial dynamics of energy demand and green energy generation, the energy gap among different cloudlets in the network is unbalanced, i.e., some cloudlets' energy demands can be fully provided by green energy but others need to utilize on-grid energy (i.e., brown energy) to satisfy their energy demands. We propose a Green-energy awarE Avatar migRation (GEAR) strategy to minimize the on-grid energy consumption in GCN by redistributing the energy demands via Avatar migration among cloudlets according to cloudlets' green energy generation. Furthermore, GEAR ensures the Service Level Agreement (SLA) in terms of the maximum Avatar propagation delay by avoiding Avatars hosted in the remote cloudlets. We formulate the GEAR strategy as a mixed integer linear programming problem, which is NP-hard, and thus apply the Branch and Bound search to find its sub-optimal solution. Simulation results demonstrate that GEAR can save on-grid energy consumption significantly as compared to the Follow me AvataR (FAR) migration strategy, which aims to minimize the propagation delay between an UE and its Avatar.
Studies on the dielectric behaviour of TGBA phase (1997)

Abstract This paper reports on the dielectric and electro optical studies of two ferroelectric liquid crystals having TGBA phases. Complex dielectric permittivities have been measured in planar aligned cells in the frequency range of 10 Hz to 10 MHz. Bias dependent measurement were performed in the S*c and in the TGBA phase. In the S*c phase three different collective relaxation processes, the Goldstone mode, the Domain mode and the Soft mode were detected for both the substances. In the TGBA phase Soft mode has been observed in one of the compounds without bias field whereas the Soft mode in the other compound was observed only after the application of a bias field. The dielectric results shows that bias induced alignment once achieved does not change even after switching off the bias voltage. It has been observed that the dielectric characteristics of TGBA phases can be similar to that of normal smectic A*; or cholesteric phases, depending upon the temperature interval of the TGBA-phase. The results have been discussed.
Fundamental Study of Acid Copper Through‐Hole Electroplating Process (1989)

Through‐hole plating experiments were carried out with a gap cell and with Plexiglas boards. The gap cell provided good simulation of the plated through‐hole system and allowed accurate and nondestructive profile analysis of copper deposits. As the current density and the aspect ratio were increased, the copper distribution inside the hole (gap) became more nonuniform. Plugging of holes was observed at high current levels due to current crowding into the hole entrance where the mass transport rate was high. The experimental findings were confirmed by mathematical models which were developed on the basis of electrochemical engineering principles and were applied to the geometric domain that included both the surface of the board and the through‐hole wall. The limits of present through‐hole plating technology are pointed out and possible means for process improvement are discussed.
[P3–574]: ASSOCIATIONS OF LEUCOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH WITH BRAIN MRI AND PIB‐PET MEASURES: THE FINGER STUDY (2017)

Telomeres are a protective complex at the ends of chromosomes consisting of short repeats of DNA segments and protective proteins. Leucocyte telomere length (LTL) has been associated to age-related conditions, including dementia. The present study reports exploratory analyses of LTL and neuroimaging measures in a subsample of participants from the Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER, ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01041989). FINGER was a 2-year randomized controlled trial including 1260 participants at risk for dementia from the general Finnish population, aged 60–77 years. Beneficial effects of the multidomain intervention (diet, exercise, cognitive training and monitoring of vascular risk factors) versus control (regular health advice) have been previously reported on the primary cognitive outcome and several secondary outcomes. Exploratory assessments included LTL (qPCR-based method, using β-hemoglobin as a single copy reference gene); structural brain MRI (Freesurfer 5.0.3 used for regional volumes and cortical thickness; white matter lesions (WML) and medial temporal atrophy (MTA) were visually rated); and PIB-PET (visually rated amyloid positivity) in subsamples of participants. 99 subjects had baseline LTL and MRI, 37 had baseline LTL and PIB-PET, and 89 had LTL and MRI at both baseline and 2-year visit. Linear or logistic regression analyses were used as appropriate, adjusted for age and sex. At baseline, longer LTL was significantly associated with more severe visually rated deep WML: OR (95% CI) 6.43 (1.20- 34.51), p=0.03. This association was mainly apparent in younger participants (<71 years), but not the older ones (LTL x age interaction p=0.07). A similar trend was found for longer baseline LTL and more severe visually rated periventricular WML: OR (95%CI) 3.66 (0.83- 16.18), p=0.09. Baseline LTL was not related to other baseline MRI or PIB-PET measures, and no associations were found between changes in LTL and changes in MRI measures over time. In this at-risk general older population, longer LTL was cross-sectionally related to more severe WML, especially in younger individuals. This is the opposite of previous findings in healthy populations or dementia patients. A possible explanation may be compensatory mechanisms active during at-risk states or early disease stages.
Systematic Design Technique for Dual-Band Branch-Line Coupler Using T- and Pi-Networks and Their Application in Novel Wideband-Ratio Crossover (2016)

In this paper, a generalized analysis and design methodology of a dual-band branch-line coupler (BLC) is presented. The proposed design, although based on the prevalent method of replacement of various arms of a single-band BLC with an equivalent T-/Pi-network, simplifies the design approach by only replacing either pair of arms and therefore provides four distinct topologies. Closed-form design equations along with insightful comments are reported for all the four topologies of the BLC. A number of cases are investigated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design for equal and unequal power division ratio and band-ratio (= f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> }/f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> ). As an application, a novel dual-band crossover as a cascade of BLCs is also presented. While investigating the limitations of previous designs, a strategy to obtain the crossover with so far the widest band-ratio and simple layout is also presented. An unequal power division dual-band BLC and a dual-band crossover are designed which operate at 1/2 and 1/4 GHz, respectively. These designs are validated from the electromagnetic simulations and prototypes implemented on RT/Duroid 5880 substrate.