gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cryptococcus neoformans: Nonvertebrate Hosts and the Emergence of Virulence (2014)

Several nonvertebrate hosts has been used to investigate virulence traits and therapies for several bacterial and fungal pathogens. This chapter details the use of heterologous hosts for the study of Cryptococcus neoformans. A striking finding was the correlation between known mammalian virulence factors such as the capsule, melanin, and phospholipase and their necessity for survival in amoebae. Many of the assays used when working with macrophages can be modified for use with Acanthamoeba castellanii, including killing assays, trypan blue staining, and phagocytosis assays. Although many virulence traits have shown some concordance in their requirement for both mammalian and protozoan virulence, there are some discrepancies. Two assays have been developed using Caenorhabditis elegans as a host to study C. neoformans. The first assay, termed the “killing assay”, was initially utilized to identify C. neoformans mutants reduced in virulence. Another assay has been developed based on the observation of smaller nematode brood size when infected with pathogenic C. neoformans. Mutants of Pka1 or Gpa1 (the α subunit) are reduced in virulence in C. elegans, similar to the observed virulence in mice studies. Acapsular mutants also displayed attenuated virulence in Dictyostelium discoideum and Galleria mellonella infection assays, although they remain virulent in D. melanogaster infection assays. Since the Cryptococcus genus includes a large set of organisms, all of which are also presumably under ameboid predator selection in soils and are able to survive in their environments, the avirulence of most species represents the absence of a complete trait set for animal hosts.
Channel Selection and Feature Projection for Cognitive Load Estimation Using Ambulatory EEG (2007)

We present an ambulatory cognitive state classification system to assess the subject's mental load based on EEG measurements. The ambulatory cognitive state estimator is utilized in the context of a real-time augmented cognition (AugCog) system that aims to enhance the cognitive performance of a human user through computer-mediated assistance based on assessments of cognitive states using physiological signals including, but not limited to, EEG. This paper focuses particularly on the offline channel selection and feature projection phases of the design and aims to present mutual-information-based techniques that use a simple sample estimator for this quantity. Analyses conducted on data collected from 3 subjects performing 2 tasks (n-back/Larson) at 2 difficulty levels (low/high) demonstrate that the proposed mutual-information-based dimensionality reduction scheme can achieve up to 94% cognitive load estimation accuracy.
Aluminum dichloride and dibromide. Preparation, spectroscopic (including matrix isolation) study, reactions, and role (together with alkyl(aryl)aluminum monohalides) in the preparation of organoaluminum compounds (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAluminum dichloride and dibromide. Preparation, spectroscopic (including matrix isolation) study, reactions, and role (together with alkyl(aryl)aluminum monohalides) in the preparation of organoaluminum compoundsGeorge A. Olah, Omar. Farooq, S. Morteza F. Farnia, Mark R. Bruce, Francoise L. Clouet, Peter R. Morton, G. K. Surya. Prakash, Raymond C. Stevens, Robert. Bau, and . et al.Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 10, 3231–3238Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00218a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00218a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views607Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Al(OTf)3-Catalyzed Preparation of 4-Hydroxy-3-propargylic Coumarins and Subsequent Regioselective Cyclization towards Furo- or Pyrano[3,2-c]coumarins (2015)

An efficient and economical approach to functionalized furo[3,2-<i>c</i>]coumarin and pyrano[3,2-<i>c</i>]coumarin derivatives has been developed from 4-hydroxy-3-(prop-2-ynyl)coumarin derivatives through organocatalysis or metallo-organocatalysis. Selective ‘5-<i>exo</i>-dig’ or ‘6-<i>endo</i>-dig’ cyclization of the 4-hydroxy-3-(prop-2-ynyl)coumarin substrates could be achieved under organocatalytic {1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene} or metallo-organocatalytic (<i>N</i>-methylmorpholine/CuBr) conditions, respectively, to yield potentially bioactive heterocycles in excellent yields.
Eine ABCB4 Mutation ist assoziiert mit einer duktopenischen Lebererkrankung und einer schwerwiegenden Schwangerschaftcholestase (2008)

Einleitung: Einige monogenetisch verursachte Erkrankungen weisen einen sehr variablen Krankheitsverlauf auf, der sich klinisch zum Teil sogar als unterschiedliche Krankheitsentität darstellt. Hierzu gehören auch Erkrankungen, die auf einer Mutation in Genen für kanalikuläre Transporter der Hepatozyten beruhen. Eine eindeutige Zuordnung der Patienten zu einem genetischen Defekt könnte die Behandlung deutlich verbessern.
Reduced expression of the murine p85α subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase improves insulin signaling and ameliorates diabetes (2002)

A critical component of insulin action is the enzyme phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase. The major regulatory subunits of PI 3-kinase, p85α and its splice variants, are encoded by the Pik3r1 gene. Heterozygous disruption of Pik3r1 improves insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis in normal mice and mice made insulin-resistant by heterozygous deletion of the Insulin receptor and/or insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1) genes. Reduced expression of p85 modulates the molecular balance between this protein, the p110 catalytic subunit of PI 3-kinase, and the IRS proteins. Thus, despite the decrease in p85α, PI 3-kinase activation is normal, insulin-stimulated Akt activity is increased, and glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity are improved. Furthermore, Pik3r1 heterozygosity protects mice with genetic insulin resistance from developing diabetes. These data suggest that regulation of p85α levels may provide a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
High Density 8-Bit Multiplier Systolic Arrays For Fpga (2020)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become the fastest growing application area for FPGAs. Two types of numerics are needed. Training typically uses floating point arithmetic (which is now widely available as embedded functions in current FPGAs). Inference is typically calculated with lower precision integer numbers, which can be implemented with embedded functions, soft logic, or a combination of the two. INT8 performance is therefore used as a typical benchmarking metric for current FPGAs. Recent publications based on Xilinx devices show the extraction of two INT8 multipliers from a 24×18 multiplier. A paper from Intel describes how to obtain two INT8 multipliers from a 18×18 multiplier, with the help of a small amount of soft logic. In this paper we introduce a number of new INT8 multiplier techniques, starting with the Intel 18×18 multiplier approach. Using both memory and logic resources - for a more balanced use of the FPGA features - we improve the INT8 density, and also show a signed-magnitude (SM) 1.7 construct that is even smaller. To demonstrate the usability of these new multipliers, we develop a scalable systolic array, that contains up to 32,768 SM1.7 multipliers, or 28,800 INT8 multipliers, fit in an Intel Stratix 10 2800 device. Finally, we implement a system architecture that includes input and output flow buffering and control, which can be instantiated directly into a larger AI design, or can enable the FPGA to be used as a standalone accelerator. This system exceeds 400 MHz for the largest array on a mid-speed device (26 TOPS INT8), and can operate up to 600 MHz for smaller array sizes.
Short Apron Drop Tests in Support of Automotive Composites Consortium Focal Project I (1999)

Abstract This paper documents the short apron drop tests that were conducted in support of ACC Focal Project I. The objective of Focal Project I, which has been successfully completed, was to develop a composite front apron that demonstrated acceptable structural and energy management characteristics while using a manufacturable preform configuration. The purpose of the short apron drop tests described in this paper was to validate various composite apron fabric/reinforcement designs and crush initiation methods in terms of their ability to produce stable progressive crush at acceptable force levels in frontal axial impacts prior to full scale sled, cart, and barrier tests. Most of the design approaches evaluated in these short apron tests were selected on the basis of promising performance in crush tube tests, of both hourglass (apron lower rail) and square-to-rectangular (apron upper rail) cross-section crush tubes. The subject short apron drop tests allowed a full scale check of these concepts on the apron level prior to significantly more expensive and time consuming full scale sled and barrier testing. A total of 17 such drop tests were conducted during the several year duration of Focal Project I, testing in general being in more of an iterative mode where we kept trying to move closer to the desired goal. The fact that these tests proved to be an important contributor to the success of Focal Project I is based on two observations, first the fact that more than one test was necessary, meaning that the first design (and several subsequent iterations) didn’t result in the desired response and second that the final short apron test, which was an unqualified success, gave support for the final successful full scale barrier test.
Antimicrobial comparison on effectiveness of endodontic therapy and endodontic therapy combined with photo-disinfection on patients with periapical lesion: a 6 month follow-up (2008)

This study compares the antimicrobial effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) combined to endodontic treatment with conventional endodontic treatment alone in patients with necrotic pulp and has a 6-month radiographic follow up comparing the healing of periapical lesions. Fifteen patients with periapical lesion and requiring root canal treatment were selected. Microbiological samples were taken after accessing the root canal, conventional manual endodontic therapy (group 1 n=5) and after accessing the canal, endodontic therapy and PDT (group 2 n=10). All the root canals were filled with a calcium hydroxide paste for 1 week. Radiographs were taken after obturation and following 6 months. Endodontic therapy alone presented an 87% reduction in microorganisms while the combination with PDT had a 95% reduction. Radiographic follow up showed 32% higher reduction in the lesion area in PDT group. Results suggest that the use of PDT added to conventional endodontic treatment leads to a further major reduction of microbial load. PDT is an efficient alternative to chemical antimicrobial agents. It is a non-cumulative local treatment, which may be an appropriate approach for the treatment of infections in the oral cavity.
Traffic performance and mobility modeling of cellular communications with mixed platforms and highly variable mobilities (2002)

In modeling teletraffic performance of mobile cellular networks some characteristic mobilities are assumed to be known. It is useful if these assumptions impose few restrictions and lead to analytically tractable models. We present a new probability density function where the coefficient of variation can be larger than one but which nevertheless lends itself to analytical modeling using memoryless properties and multi-dimensional birth-death processes. This extends the previous framework to a broader class of mobilities. The approach allows computation of major teletraffic performance characteristics for cellular communications in which mobility issues are important. Multiple platform types and cut-off priority for handoffs are considered. Computational issues are discussed and some theoretical performance measures are obtained to demonstrate the method and compare with previous work.
Training Domain Specific Models for Energy-Efficient Object Detection (2018)

We propose an end-to-end framework for training domain specific models (DSMs) to obtain both high accuracy and computational efficiency for object detection tasks. DSMs are trained with distillation \cite{hinton2015distilling} and focus on achieving high accuracy at a limited domain (e.g. fixed view of an intersection). We argue that DSMs can capture essential features well even with a small model size, enabling higher accuracy and efficiency than traditional techniques. In addition, we improve the training efficiency by reducing the dataset size by culling easy to classify images from the training set. For the limited domain, we observed that compact DSMs significantly surpass the accuracy of COCO trained models of the same size. By training on a compact dataset, we show that with an accuracy drop of only 3.6\%, the training time can be reduced by 93\%. The codes are uploaded in https://github.com/kentaroy47/training-domain-specific-models.
Vasopressin: A potent autocrine/paracrine regulator of mammal adrenal functions. (1998)

The control of adrenal functions by locally secreted neuropeptides or neurotransmitters is of great physiological importance. Vasopressin (VP) is one of these autocrine/paracrine regulators. We demonstrated by RT-PCR and perifusion experiments that rat and human adrenal medulla expressed and released vasopressin under basal conditions and under stimulation by acetylcholine. Intra-adrenal concentrations of VP may be sufficient to activate adrenal VP receptors. In the cortex, only the V1a receptor subtype has been detected. It triggered both steroid secretion and cortical growth. In the medulla, both V1a and V1b receptor subtypes were expressed. V1b receptors were mainly present on chromaffin cells and stimulated catecholamine secretion. The role of the V1a receptor remains unclear. Pathophysiological studies also revealed that human pheochromocytoma did not overexpress vasopressin receptors but might oversecrete vasopressin causing high plasma VP concentrations and elevated blood pressure.
Identification and Characterization of DEDD2, a Death Effector Domain-containing Protein (2002)

A novel Death Effector Domain-containing protein was identified, DEDD2, which is closest in amino acid sequence homology to death effector domain-containing DNA-binding protein, DEDD. DEDD2 mRNA is expressed widely in adult human tissues with highest levels in liver, kidney, and peripheral blood leukocytes. DEDD2 interacts with FLIP, but not with Fas-associated death domain (FADD) or caspase-8. Overexpression of DEDD2 induces moderate apoptosis and results in substantial sensitization to apoptosis induced by Fas (CD95/APO-1), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL, Apo2L), or FADD. In contrast, Bax- or staurosporine-mediated cell death is not affected by expression of DEDD2. Fluorescence microscopy showed that overexpressed DEDD2 translocates to the nucleus, which is dependent on the presence of a bipartite nuclear localization signal in the DEDD2 protein. Mutagenesis studies revealed that the translocation of the DED of DEDD2 to the nucleus is essential for its pro-apoptotic activity. These findings suggest that DEDD2 is involved in the regulation of nuclear events mediated by the extrinsic apoptosis pathway.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Porphyrin-Based Molecules on TiO2 Surfaces (2006)

The conformational features of bis(3,5-di-t-butyphenyl)(4-ethynylphenyl)(methylthiophenyl)porphyrin (EMTBPP) molecules on rutile TiO2(110)-(1 ×1) surfaces were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The EMTBPP molecules are successively observed at single-molecule resolution. At lower coverage, the EMTBPP molecules seem to be selectively adsorbed to oxygen vacancy places in the oxygen row due to an attractive force between the center of the porphyrin ring and the oxygen vacancy. At higher coverages, periodical and orientational ordering of the EMTBPP molecules along the (1 ×1) surface structure occurs. The effects of molecule–substrate and intermolecular interactions on the conformational features are discussed.
Clinical Findings of Specular Microscopy Images in Cytomegalovirus Corneal Endotheliitis (2022)

In CMV endotheliitis, owl's eye cells were observed by specular microscopy with high probability (82%). Corneal endothelial cells significantly decreased when owl's eye cells were observed by specular microscopy. Specular microscopy represents a useful noninvasive auxiliary tool for diagnosing and monitoring CMV corneal endotheliitis.
Electrospray tandem mass spectrometric study of alkyl 1‐methylpyridinium ether derivatives of alcohols (2001)

The fragmentation of 15 alkyl 1-methylpyridinium ether derivatives (D+) of primary and secondary alcohols, benzylic alcohols and phenyl-substituted alcohols was investigated using energy-resolved tandem mass spectrometry. Fragmentation pathways and mechanisms, including the influence of substituents, on the formation of the major product ions, which appear at m/z 110, [D - 109]+ and [D - 111]+, were postulated. Comparison of the abundances of these ions in the product ion spectra of isomeric alcohol derivatives, obtained at the same center-of-mass collision energy (2.0 eV), was found to provide the ability to differentiate among some isomers.
Piezoelectricity across 2D Phase Boundaries (2022)

Piezoelectricity in low-dimensional materials and metal-semiconductor junctions has attracted recent attention. Herein, a 2D in-plane metal-semiconductor junction made of multilayer 2H and 1T' phases of molybdenum(IV) telluride (MoTe<sub>2</sub> ) is investigated. Strong piezoelectric response is observed using piezoresponse force microscopy at the 2H-1T' junction, despite that the multilayers of each individual phase are weakly piezoelectric. The experimental results and density functional theory calculations suggest that the amplified piezoelectric response observed at the junction is due to the charge transfer across the semiconducting and metallic junctions resulting in the formation of dipoles and excess charge density, allowing the engineering of piezoelectric response in atomically thin materials.
Hardware Thread-Level Speculation Performance Analysis (2015)

This paper presents performance analysis for hardware Thread-Level Speculation (TLS) in the IBM Blue Gene/Q computer. Unlike traditional multi-thread programming model which uses lock to ensure the consistency of shared data, TLS is a harware mechanism to detect and resolve memory access conflicts among threads. The model shows good performance prediction, as verified by the experiments. This study helps to understand potential gains from using special purpose TLS hardware to accelerate the performance of codes that, in a strict sense, require serial processing to avoid memory conflicts. Furthermore, based on analysis and measurements of the TLS behavior and its overhead together with OpenMP comparison, a strategy is proposed to help utilize this hardware feature. The results also suggest potential improvement for the future TLS architectural designs.
Affine transformations for multi-dimensional signal processing on ASIC regular arrays (1991)

In this paper the problems involved with high-level synthesis of ASIC regular arrays for multi-dimensional signal processing applications will be outlined. Our goal is to map non uniform recurrence equations on regular arrays with realistic constraints on area, throughput and I/O bandwidth.Algorithms for multi-dimensional signal processing often involve a a large number of indices. In this paper, novel techniques are presented that are needed to map these multi-index algorithms onto regular arrays with limited dimension.
Mutations of Recombinant Aquaporin-4 Antibody in the Fc Domain Can Impair Complement-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity and Transplacental Transport (2018)

Maternal antibodies provide protection for the developing fetus. Transplacental transport of pathogenic autoantibodies might pose a risk for the developing fetus. The transport of antibodies across the placenta to the fetal circulation occurs through the neonatal Fc salvage receptor (FcRn). During gestation, maternal autoantibodies are able to penetrate the embryonic brain before a functional intact blood-brain barrier is established. Brain-reactive antibodies to the water channel protein aquaporin-4 (AQP4) are a hallmark finding in neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a neurological disease that predominantly affects women, many of whom are of childbearing age. AQP4-IgG mediate astrocytic injury in a complement-dependent fashion. Recent studies suggest these antibodies contribute to impaired pregnancy outcome. The aim of the study was to investigate the transplacental transport as well as FcRn binding of a monoclonal AQP4-IgG cloned from an NMO patient (wild-type antibody) compared to five different mutated Fc domain of this antibody containing single amino acid substitutions in the Fc region. All of the Fc-mutated antibodies lack complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Four of the five Fc-mutated antibodies showed limited transplacental transport <i>in vivo</i>. Three mutated Fc with impaired transplacental transport showed persistent binding to rodent FcRn at pH 6 but also at pH 7.2, suggesting that limited transplacental transport could be due to diminished release from FcRn. One mutated Fc with modestly limited transplacental transport showed diminished binding to FcRn at pH 6. This study suggests that mutated Fc with intact transplacental transport may be used to study antibody effector functions and Fc with limited transport may be used as a carrier to deliver therapies to pregnant woman, while sparing the developing fetus.
Widely tunable single-/dual-wavelength fiber lasers with ultra-narrow linewidth and high OSNR using high quality passive subring cavity and novel tuning method (2016)

High stability single- and dual-wavelength compound cavity erbium-doped fiber lasers (EDFLs) with ultra-narrow linewidth, high optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) and widely tunable range are demonstrated. Different from using traditional cascaded Type-1/Type-2 fiber rings as secondary cavities, we nest a Type-1 ring inside a Type-2 ring to form a passive subring cavity to achieve single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) lasing with ultra-narrow linewidth for the first time. We also show that the SLM lasing stability can be further improved by inserting a length of polarization maintaining fiber in the Type-2 ring. Using a uniform fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and two superimposed FBGs as mode restricting elements, respectively, we obtain a single-wavelength EDFL with a linewidth as narrow as 715 Hz and an OSNR as high as 73 dB, and a dual-wavelength EDFL with linewidths less than 1 kHz and OSNRs higher than 68 dB for both lasing wavelengths. Finally, by employing a novel self-designed strain adjustment device capable of applying both the compression and tension forces to the FBGs for wavelength tuning, we achieve the tuning range larger than 10 nm for both of the EDFLs.