gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
T2 binding assays and immunogenicity study. (2015)

&lt;p&gt;(A). The HLA-A2 binding affinity of the 5 predicted POTE epitopes was confirmed by T2 binding assay. The calculated FI&lt;sub&gt;0.5&lt;/sub&gt; for POTE 222, 252, 272, 323 and 553 were approximately 42.4 µM, 1.6 µM, 0.9 µM, 0.8 µM and 5.6 µM, respectively. Binding affinity of the substituted POTE 252 peptides (B), the substituted POTE 553 peptides (C) or the substituted POTE 323 peptides (D) to HLA-A2 molecules. Each assay was performed in triplicate, and data in this figure are representative of two experiments with similar results. Immunogenicity of the POTE 272 epitope in AAD mice (E). Mice were immunized with 50 nmol of POTE 272 in 100 µl of emulsion, and targets were pulsed with 1.0 µM POTE272. Spots were counted by an ELISPOT reader (AID ELISPOT reader system). Figures show numbers of spots per million cells. (F) CTL reactivity on POTE 272 peptide. In a 4 hour &lt;sup&gt;51&lt;/sup&gt;Cr release assay, CIR.AAD cells were pulsed with 1.0 µM POTE 272 peptide and labeled with &lt;sup&gt;51&lt;/sup&gt;Cr. After washing three times, target cells were mixed with different numbers of effector cells and then cultured for 4 hours before harvesting.&lt;/p&gt;
An alternative to carbon taxes to finance renewable energy systems and offset hydrocarbon based greenhouse gas emissions (2017)

Carbon taxes are frequently proposed as a means to mitigate the hydrocarbon industry's environmental impact. This paper assesses the potential benefits of an alternative to carbon taxes (ACT), where hydrocarbon producers directly invest a fixed amount per unit produced into renewable energy systems (e.g., wind farms). Producers maintain ownership of the assets and reinvest a portion of revenue from them to further grow the renewable assets. This proposal could help producers gradually evolve from hydrocarbon to renewable energy companies – avoiding the job losses associated with sudden industry shifts. We present an in-depth case study of the Athabasca oil sands, and extend the results to other regions. We find that wind turbines purchased with an ACT of 12/barrel where 0.03/kWh of produced power is reinvested could offset all the greenhouse gas emissions from extracting and refining the region's bitumen, provided wind turbines were located at good wind sites. Finally, to increase the grid's ability to use the wind power generated, energy storage and grid systems should also be an option for ACT investing. Future work should focus on North Dakota, which has extensive hydrocarbon resources collocated with good wind resources. Keywords: Oil sands; Emissions; Wind power; Greenhouse gas
Technological challenges and milestones for writing genomes (2019)

Synthetic genomics requires improved technologies
Effect of Silicone Surfactant on Air Flow of Flexible Polyurethane Foams (1997)

Grafted copolymers which consist of a polydimethylsiloxane backbone and poly(ethylene oxide-co-propylene oxide) pendant groups are used as surfactant to stablize the bubbles in flexible polyurethane foam. The final properties such as air flow through the foam are significantly affected by the structure of the silicone surfactant used. Foams in which only the surfactant was changed provide a relationship between surfactant structure and foam air flow. Air flow of the foam increased as the polysiloxane backbone length of the surfactant decreased. Air flow of the foam increased as the polyether branch frequency of the surfactant increased. The drainage rate of cell windows and the foam top skin breaking time are shown to have significant effect on percentage of open cell windows. Both cell window drainage rate and top skin blow-off time are affected by silicone surfactant structure. Basic surface chemistry measurements such as surface tension, dynamic surface tension and dynamic light scattering method are used to characterize the surfactant properties.
Data from A Bispecific DLL3/CD3 IgG-Like T-Cell Engaging Antibody Induces Antitumor Responses in Small Cell Lung Cancer (2023)

&lt;div&gt;AbstractPurpose:&lt;p&gt;Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most lethal and aggressive subtype of lung carcinoma characterized by highly chemotherapy-resistant recurrence in the majority of patients. To effectively treat SCLC, we have developed a unique and novel IgG-like T-cell engaging bispecific antibody (ITE) that potently redirects T-cells to specifically lyse SCLC cells expressing Delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3), an antigen that is frequently expressed on the cell surface of SCLC cells, with no to very little detectable expression in normal tissues.&lt;/p&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;p&gt;The antitumor activity and mode of action of DLL3/CD3 ITE was evaluated &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; using SCLC cell lines and primary human effector cells and &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; in an SCLC xenograft model reconstituted with human CD3&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T-cells.&lt;/p&gt;Results:&lt;p&gt;Selective binding of DLL3/CD3 ITE to DLL3-positive tumor cells and T-cells induces formation of an immunological synapse resulting in tumor cell lysis and activation of T-cells. In a human T-cell engrafted xenograft model, the DLL3/CD3 ITE leads to an increase in infiltration of T-cells into the tumor tissue resulting in apoptosis of the tumor cells and tumor regression. Consistent with the mode of action, the DLL3/CD3 ITE treatment led to upregulation of PD-1, PD-L1, and LAG-3.&lt;/p&gt;Conclusions:&lt;p&gt;This study highlights the ability of the DLL3/CD3 ITE to induce strictly DLL3-dependent T-cell redirected lysis of tumor cells and recruitment of T-cells into noninflamed tumor tissues leading to tumor regression in a preclinical &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; model. These data support clinical testing of the DLL3/CD3 ITE in patients with SCLC.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Sub-diffraction imaging on standard microscopes through Photobleaching Microscopy with non-linear Processing (2012)

Visualization of organelles and molecules at nanometer resolution is revolutionizing the biological sciences. However, such technology is still limited for many cell biologists. We present here a novel approach using photobleaching microscopy with non-linear processing (PiMP) for sub-diffraction imaging. Bleaching of fluorophores both within the single-molecule regime and beyond allows visualization of stochastic representations of sub-populations of fluorophores by imaging the same region over time. Our method is based on enhancing the probable positions of the fluorophores underlying the images. The random nature of the bleached fluorophores is assessed by calculating the deviation of the local actual bleached fluorescence intensity to the average bleach expectation as given by the overall decay of intensity. Subtracting measured from estimated decay images yields differential images. Non-linear enhancement of maxima in these diffraction-limited differential images approximates the positions of the underlying structure. Summing many such processed differential images yields a super-resolution PiMP image. PiMP allows multi-color, three-dimensional sub-diffraction imaging of cells and tissues using common fluorophores and can be implemented on standard wide-field or confocal systems.
Cardiac-like flow generator for long-term imaging of endothelial cell responses to circulatory pulsatile flow at microscale (2013)

In vitro models of circulatory hemodynamics are required to mimic the microcirculation for study of endothelial cell responses to pulsatile shear stress by live cell imaging. This study reports the design, fabrication and characterisation of a microfluidic device that generates cardiac-like flow in a continuous culture system with a circulatory volume of only 2–3 μL. The device mimics a single chamber heart, with the following cardiac phases: (1) closure of the ventricle inlet valve, (2) contraction of the ventricle (systole) followed by opening of the outlet valve and (3) relaxation of the ventricle (diastole) with opening of the inlet valve whilst the outlet valve remains closed. Periodic valve states and ventricular contractions were actuated by microprocessor controlled pneumatics. The time-dependent velocity-field was characterised by micro-particle image velocimetry (μ-PIV). μ-PIV observations were used to help tune electronic timing of valve states and ventricular contractions for synthesis of an arterial pulse waveform to study the effect of pulsatile shear stress on bovine artery endothelial cells (BAECs). BAECs elongated and aligned with the direction of shear stress after 48 h of exposure to a pulsatile waveform with a maximum shear stress of 0.42 Pa. The threshold for BAECs alignment and elongation under steady (non-pulsatile) flow reported by Kadohama et al. (2006) is 0.7–1.4 Pa. These cells respond to transient shear stress because the time average shear stress of the pulse waveform to generate this morphological response was only 0.09 Pa, well below the steady flow threshold. The microfluidic pulse generator can simulate circulatory hemodynamics for live cell imaging of shear-induced signalling pathways.
The MDM2 Inhibitor AMG 232 Demonstrates Robust Antitumor Efficacy and Potentiates the Activity of p53-Inducing Cytotoxic Agents (2015)

p53 is a critical tumor suppressor and is the most frequently inactivated gene in human cancer. Inhibition of the interaction of p53 with its negative regulator MDM2 represents a promising clinical strategy to treat p53 wild-type tumors. AMG 232 is a potential best-in-class inhibitor of the MDM2-p53 interaction and is currently in clinical trials. We characterized the activity of AMG 232 and its effect on p53 signaling in several preclinical tumor models. AMG 232 binds the MDM2 protein with picomolar affinity and robustly induces p53 activity, leading to cell-cycle arrest and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. AMG 232 treatment inhibited the in vivo growth of several tumor xenografts and led to complete and durable regression of MDM2-amplified SJSA-1 tumors via growth arrest and induction of apoptosis. Therapeutic combination studies of AMG 232 with chemotherapies that induce DNA damage and p53 activity resulted in significantly superior antitumor efficacy and regression, and markedly increased activation of p53 signaling in tumors. These preclinical data support the further evaluation of AMG 232 in clinical trials as both a monotherapy and in combination with standard-of-care cytotoxics.
Electronically Conductive Composite Polymer Membranes (1986)

We have recently described the preparation and properties of ionically conductive Nafion‐impregnated Gore‐tex (NIGT) composite membranes (10). In this paper, we describe electronically conductive composite membranes prepared by electropolymerizing either pyrrole or thiophene within the ionically conductive NIGT membrane. These composites have the mechanical properties of the host membrane, yet the electronic conductivity of the NIGT/polypyrrole composite membrane is essentially identical to that of polypyrrole. For comparison, we have also attempted to electropolymerize pyrrole in Nafion membranes and films and in bare Gore‐tex and poly(vinyl chloride)‐impregnated Gore‐tex.
Some Regioselective Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Halopyridines and Halopyrimidines. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A new technique for the frequency domain analysis of non-uniform digital interconnects (2002)

A new technique for the calculation of the frequency domain S-parameters of non-uniform transmission lines is presented. These S-parameters are used in a time-domain algorithm to obtain the transient response of the non-uniform interconnection circuit.
Investigation of basic imaging properties in digital radiography. 8. Detection of simulated low‐contrast objects in digital subtraction angiographic images (1986)

We investigated the effects of imaging and display conditions on the detectability of low-contrast objects in digital subtraction angiographic (DSA) images. The test images were produced by superimposition of low-contrast objects on a uniform noisy background obtained with a DSA system. We employed 18-alternative forced-choice (18-AFC) experiments and predictions based on statistical decision theory to study the dependence of the threshold contrasts of the test objects on the object size, incident x-ray exposure, display window width, and display medium. The results indicated that the threshold contrast decreased with increasing object size, and that the detectability of an object of a given size increased with increasing incident x-ray exposure and decreasing width of the display window. We found that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) obtained from the perceived statistical decision theory model, which includes the observer's internal noise, can accurately predict the detectability of low-contrast objects in DSA images. The threshold SNR corresponding to 50% correct detection in the 18-AFC experiments had a constant value of 3.8, in agreement with results reported previously for screen-film systems. The theoretical model will be useful for prediction of the performance of a DSA system based on its physical characteristics, and for evaluation of the tradeoff between patient exposure and diagnostic accuracy for a given DSA unit.
A Study of the Effects of Culture on Refrigerator Design: Towards Design for Culture (2002)

In designing products, the needs and values of customers in foreign countries differ as influenced by their respective cultures. The authors present a new aspect to be considered in designing: Design for Culture. A case study is presented of the effects culture has on the design of refrigerators in regions of the world including United States, Europe, Japan, and Developing Countries such as Brazil.
Designing optimal multiplex networks for certain Laplacian spectral properties (2020)

We discuss the design of interlayer edges in a multiplex network, under a limited budget, with the goal of improving its overall performance. We analyze the following three problems separately; first, we maximize the smallest nonzero eigenvalue, also known as the algebraic connectivity; second, we minimize the largest eigenvalue, also known as the spectral radius; and finally, we minimize the spectral width. Maximizing the algebraic connectivity requires identical weights on the interlayer edges for budgets less than a threshold value. However, for larger budgets, the optimal weights are generally nonuniform. The dual formulation transforms the problem into a graph realization (embedding) problem that allows us to give a fuller picture. Namely, before the threshold budget, the optimal realization is one-dimensional with nodes in the same layer embedded to a single point, while beyond the threshold, the optimal embeddings generally unfold into spaces with dimension bounded by the multiplicity of the algebraic connectivity. Finally, for extremely large budgets the embeddings again revert to lower dimensions. Minimizing the largest eigenvalue is driven by the spectral radius of the individual networks and its corresponding eigenvector. Before a threshold, the total budget is distributed among interlayer edges corresponding to the nodal lines of this eigenvector, and the optimal largest eigenvalue of the Laplacian remains constant. For larger budgets, the weight distribution tends to be almost uniform. In the dual picture, the optimal graph embedding is one-dimensional and nonhomogeneous at first, with the nodes corresponding to the layer with the largest spectral radius distributed on a line according to its eigenvector, while the other layer is embedded at the origin. Beyond this threshold, the optimal embedding expands to be multidimensional, and for larger values of the budget, the two layers fill the embedding space. Finally, we show how these two problems are connected to minimizing the spectral width.
Active properties of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors deduced from S parameters measurements (2006)

AC performances of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNT-FETs) are analyzed by means of scattering parameters measurements. The active ac properties of CNT-FETs are clearly demonstrated up to 80 MHz and indications of active behavior are obtained up to 1 GHz. From these measurements, a small signal equivalent circuit is proposed and validated up to 10 MHz. The extraction procedure and the determination of the intrinsic ac elements of CNT-FETs are pointed out.
A Study on AC Resistance Calculation of Single Rectangular Conductors (2021)

This paper presents a study on calculating the ac resistance of single rectangular conductors using finite element method (FEM), considering a quasi-static approximation. Different analytical approximations for ac resistance of rectangular conductors are also presented, and their accuracy with different conductor thicknesses are examined by comparison with FEM results. Two examples are considered: a very thin rectangular conductor, and a square conductor. A transient simulation is performed using the square conductor to investigate the effect of different ac resistant calculations on damping in the time domain simulation. This work would help in appropriate selection of analytical approximation of ac resistance of rectangular conductors for engineering applications depending on the thickness of conductors.
Publisher’s Note: Peer Instruction in introductory physics: A method to bring about positive changes in students’ attitudes and beliefs [Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 13, 010104 (2017)] (2017)

DOAJ is a unique and extensive index of diverse open access journals from around the world, driven by a growing community, committed to ensuring quality content is freely available online for everyone.
Real-Time Transient Soot and NOx Virtual Sensors for Diesel Engine Using Neuro-Fuzzy Model Tree and Orthogonal Least Squares (2012)

Diesel engine combustion and emission formation is highly nonlinear and thus creates a challenge related to engine diagnostics and engine control with emission feedback. This paper presents a novel methodology to address the challenge and develop virtual sensing models for engine exhaust emission. These models are capable of predicting transient emissions accurately and are computationally efficient for control and optimization studies. The emission models developed in this paper belong to the family of hierarchical models, namely the “neuro-fuzzy model tree.” The approach is based on divide-and-conquer strategy, i.e., to divide a complex problem into multiple simpler subproblems, which can then be identified using a simpler class of models. Advanced experimental setup incorporating a medium duty diesel engine is used to generate training data. Fast emission analyzers for soot and NOx provide instantaneous engine-out emissions. Finally, the engine-in-the-loop is used to validate the models for predicting transient particulate mass and NOx.
Rekombinante Spinnenseidengele aus wässrig‐organischen Mischphasen als Wirkstoffdepots (2021)

Abstract Hydrogele finden weitreichend Anwendung in der Biomedizin, wo sie nicht nur als Material in der Biofabrikation, sondern u. a. auch als Wirkstoffdepots verwendet werden. Die Möglichkeiten, wasserunlösliche Wirkstoffe in Hydrogelen zu formulieren, sind jedoch begrenzt. In dieser Studie konnten rekombinante Spinnenseidenproteine durch ein neuartiges Herstellungsverfahren in wässrig‐organischen Mischphasen zu Gelen selbstassemblieren. Deren Eigenschaften konnten dabei durch die Wahl der Lösungsmittel kontrolliert werden. Die Gegenwart einer organischen Phase erlaubte das Einbringen hydrophober Wirkstoffe, was exemplarisch anhand von 6‐Mercaptopurin gezeigt wurde. Die entwickelten Gele zeigten scherverdünnende Eigenschaften und konnten injiziert (zum Beispiel für Anwendungen als Wirkstoffdepot) und sogar 3D‐verdruckt werden, um Gerüste für die Geweberegeneration herzustellen. Mithilfe dieser neuen Herstellungsroute können nun wasserunlösliche Wirkstoffe in Spinnenseidendepots formuliert und damit gängige pharmazeutische Löslichkeitsgrenzen überwunden werden.
Effect of Heel Lifts on Ground Reaction Force Patterns in Subjects with Structural Leg-Length Discrepancies (1989)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of heel lifts on ground reaction force patterns in subjects with structural leg-length discrepancies (LLDs). Eighteen subjects with LLDs ranging from 4.8 to 22.2 mm participated in this study. Subject age range was from 20 to 63 years. A force platform was used to obtain ground reaction force data for four conditions. Data were collected prior to fitting of the heel lift and after a three-week break-in period. Data were analyzed by use of a two-factor within-subject analysis of variance for repeated measures. Before heel-lift fitting, maximum lateral force was greater in the short leg than in the long leg. After heel-lift fitting, maximum vertical force was greater within both legs, and maximum medical force was greater in the long leg than in the short leg. The results suggest that although heel lifts are used to achieve pelvic levelness, the use of heel lifts also resulted in increased ground reaction forces, which may cause increased joint stresses within the lower extremities.
Modeling and Testing of SRAM for New Failure Mechanisms Due to Process Variations in Nanoscale CMOS (2005)

In this paper, we have made a complete analysis of the emerging SRAM failure mechanisms due to process variations and mapped them to fault models. We have proposed two efficient test solutions for the process variation related failures in SRAM: (a) modification of March sequence, and (b) a low-overhead DFT circuit to complement the March test for an overall test time reduction of 29%, compared to the existing test technique with similar fault coverage.
New chirp sequence radar waveform (2014)

The general requirement in the automotive radar application is to measure the target range R and radial velocity v <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</sub> simultaneously and unambiguously with high accuracy and resolution even in multitarget situations, which is a matter of the appropriate waveform design. Based on a single continuous wave chirp transmit signal, target range R and radial velocity v <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</sub> cannot be measured in an unambiguous way. Therefore a so-called multiple frequency shift keying (MFSK) transmit signal was developed, which is applied to measure target range and radial velocity separately and simultaneously. In this case the radar measurement is based on a frequency and additionally on a phase measurement, which suffers from a lower estimation accuracy compared with a pure frequency measurement. This MFSK waveform can therefore be improved and outperformed by a chirp sequences waveform. Each chirp signal has in this case very short time duration T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">chirp</sub> . Therefore the measured beat frequency f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B</sub> is dominated by target range R and is less influenced by the radial velocity v <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</sub> . The range and radial velocity estimation is based on two separate frequency measurements with high accuracy in both cases. Classical chirp sequence waveforms suffer from possible ambiguities in the velocity measurement. It is the objective of this paper to modify the classical chirp sequence to get an unambiguous velocity measurement even in multitarget situations.