gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hall-Effect Thruster Simulations with 2-D Electron Transport and Hydrodynamic Ions (2009)

A computational approach that has been used extensively in the last two decades for Hall thruster simulations is to solve a diffusion equation and energy conservation law for the electrons in a direction that is perpendicular to the magnetic field, and use discrete-particle methods for the heavy species. This hybrid approach has allowed for the capture of bulk plasma phenomena inside these thrusters within reasonable computational times. Regions of the thruster with complex magnetic field arrangements (such as those near eroded walls and magnet pole pieces) and/or reduced Hall parameter (such as those near the anode and the cathode plume) challenge the validity of the quasi-one- dimensional assumption for the electrons. This paper reports on the development of a computer code that solves numerically the 2-D axisymmetric vector form of Ohm's law, with no assumptions regarding the rate of electron transport in the parallel and perpendicular directions. The numerical challenges related to the large disparity of the transport coefficients in the two directions are met by solving the equations in a computational mesh that is aligned with the magnetic field. The fully-2D approach allows for a large physical domain that extends more than five times the thruster channel length in the axial direction, and encompasses the cathode boundary. Ions are treated as an isothermal, cold (relative to the electrons) fluid, accounting for charge-exchange and multiple-ionization collisions in the momentum equations. A first series of simulations of two Hall thrusters, the BPT-4000 and a 6 kW laboratory thruster, quantifies the significance of ion diffusion in the anode region and the importance of the extended physical domain on studies related to the impact of the transport coefficients on the electron flow field.
Multi-orifice deposition nozzle for additive manufacturing (2023)

An additive manufacturing extrusion head includes a nozzle for accepting and depositing a heated material onto a work surface and/or part. The nozzle includes a valve body and an internal poppet body moveable between positions to permit deposition of at least two bead sizes of heated material onto a work surface and/or part.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Amides and Aryl Mesylates. (2010)

ChemInformVolume 41, Issue 40 Isocyclic Compounds ChemInform Abstract: Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of Amides and Aryl Mesylates. Karin Dooleweerdt, Karin Dooleweerdt Dep. Chem., MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USASearch for more papers by this authorBrett P. Fors, Brett P. Fors Dep. Chem., MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USASearch for more papers by this authorStephen L. Buchwald, Stephen L. Buchwald Dep. Chem., MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USASearch for more papers by this author Karin Dooleweerdt, Karin Dooleweerdt Dep. Chem., MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USASearch for more papers by this authorBrett P. Fors, Brett P. Fors Dep. Chem., MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USASearch for more papers by this authorStephen L. Buchwald, Stephen L. Buchwald Dep. Chem., MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 09 September 2010 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.201040072Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. References Karin Dooleweerdt, Brett P. Fors, Stephen L. Buchwald, Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of Amides and Aryl Mesylates., Org. Lett., 2010, 12, 2350–2353. DOI: 10.1021/ol100720x; 10.1021/ol100720x CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Volume41, Issue40October 5, 2010 ReferencesRelatedInformation
Challenges for the quality control of assist features for 45nm node technology and beyond (2008)

Current flash memory technology is facing more and more challenges for 45nm and 32nm node technology. To get good CD and yield control, optimized RET, OPC modeling and DFM techniques have to be applied [1]. To enhance process window (PW) and better CD control for main features, assist features (SB) have to be used. Simulation and wafer evaluation show that the SB CD performance is very critical. Based on OPC simulation, we can get a very good prediction about the CD size and placement of assist features. However, we can not always get what we want from mask suppliers. For 45nm node technology and beyond, The SB CD size (~ 20nm at 1X) has almost pushed to the current mask process limit. Wafer fabs have a very big concern about the stability of linearity signatures from different suppliers and different products in order to keep high accuracy of OPC models. Actually the CD linearity signature varies from one mask supplier to another and also varies from product to product. To improve the SB CD control, the ideal goal is to make "flat" linearity for all mask suppliers. By working closely with TPI mask supplier, we come up solutions to improve SB CD control to get "flat" linearity. Also technology development is causing more severe SB printability, we proposed a methodology to use AIMS for predicting SB printability. Wafer results proved the feasibility for these methodologies.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Natural Occurring Quinones. Part 17. Allylation of 2‐Alkanoyl 1,4‐Quinones with Allylsilanes und Allylstannanes. Efficient Synthesis of Pyranonaphthoquinone Antibiotics. (1986)

Abstract Entsprechend den im Formelsehema skizzierten Umsetzungen gelingt die Synthese der im Titel genannten Naphthochinone (VIII).
Modeling PpIX-effective fluence rate in tissue for multiple light sources used in photodynamic therapy of skin (Conference Presentation) (2019)

In recent years, numerous publications have documented the growing consensus among dermatologists for daylight-photodynamic therapy (dPDT) treatment of Actinic Kerasotis (AK), with additional evidence supporting treatment of certain non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). While these publications aim to address the minimum effective surface-irradiance required for successful clearance, our current work investigates how the tissue optical properties influence the fluence rate within tissue. While it is known red and blue light will have drastically different attenuation profiles in tissue, it is harder to quantify this for broad-spectrum light sources. Our model aims to expand the current PpIX-weighted irradiance metric by incorporating a clinically relevant depth distribution factor. Using a 7-layer skin model, Monte Carlo simulations of optical photons ranging from 350nm – 900nm provide insight into the potential depth of activation of the photosensitizer. Additionally, these models can be applied to known light spectra for both narrow-band conventional treatments (415nm, 633nm), as well as for the Sun and other white light sources (CFL, Halogen). Using this model, we show even when the effective surface-irradiance of the Sun is 4x a halogen light source, the effective fluence within the top 3mm of tissue is generally equivalent, due to the higher proportion of UV-blue light in Sun spectrum which is highly attenuated within the first 50m. We plan to use this model to inform which light source or light combinations would be most appropriate for specific lesion morphologies.
Knowledge transformations between frame systems and RDB systems (2005)

For decades, researchers in knowledge representation (KR) have argued for and against various choices in KR formalisms, such as Rules, Frames, Semantic nets, and Formal logic. In this paper, we present a set of transformations that can be used to move knowledge across two fundamentally different KR formalisms: Frame-based systems and Relational database systems (RDBs). We also describe partial implementations of these transformations for a specific pair of such systems: ProtTgT and the Postgres RDB system.
Bn2DT3A, a Chelator for 68Ga Positron Emission Tomography: Hydroxide Coordination Increases Biological Stability of [68Ga][Ga(Bn2DT3A)(OH)]− (2022)

The chelator <b>Bn<sub>2</sub>DT3A</b> was used to produce a novel <sup>68</sup>Ga complex for positron emission tomography (PET). Unusually, this system is stabilized by a coordinated hydroxide in aqueous solutions above pH 5, which confers sufficient stability for it to be used for PET. <b>Bn<sub>2</sub>DT3A</b> complexes Ga<sup>3+</sup> in a hexadentate manner, forming a <i>mer-mer</i> complex with log <i>K</i>([Ga(<b>Bn<sub>2</sub>DT3A</b>)]) = 18.25. Above pH 5, the hydroxide ion coordinates the Ga<sup>3+</sup> ion following dissociation of a coordinated amine. <b>Bn<sub>2</sub>DT3A</b> radiolabeling displayed a pH-dependent speciation, with [<sup>68</sup>Ga][Ga(<b>Bn<sub>2</sub>DT3A</b>)(OH)]<sup>-</sup> being formed above pH 5 and efficiently radiolabeled at pH 7.4. Surprisingly, [<sup>68</sup>Ga][Ga(<b>Bn<sub>2</sub>DT3A</b>)(OH)]<sup>-</sup> was found to show an increased stability <i>in vitro</i> (for over 2 h in fetal bovine serum) compared to [<sup>68</sup>Ga][Ga(<b>Bn<sub>2</sub>DT3A</b>)]. The biodistribution of [<sup>68</sup>Ga][Ga(<b>Bn<sub>2</sub>DT3A</b>)(OH)]<sup>-</sup> in healthy rats showed rapid clearance and excretion <i>via</i> the kidneys, with no uptake seen in the lungs or bones.
On Measuring the Attributes of Evolutionary Algorithms (2003)

In this chapter we compare the performance of two contrasting evolutionary algorithms addressing a similar problem, of information retrieval. The first, BTGP, is based upon genetic programming, while the second, MGA, is a genetic algorithm. We analyze the performance of these evolutionary algorithms through aspects of the evolutionary process they undergo while filtering information. We measure aspects of the variation existing in the population undergoing evolution, as well as properties of the selection process. We also measure properties of the adaptive landscape in each algorithm, and quantify the importance of neutral evolution for each algorithm. We choose measures of these properties because they appear generally important in evolution. Our results indicate why each algorithm is effective at information retrieval, however they do not provide a means of quantifying the relative effectiveness of each algorithm. We attribute this difficulty to the lack of appropriate measures available to measure properties of evolutionary algorithms, and suggest some criteria for useful evolutionary measures to be developed in the future.
A direct, bioluminescent caspase-1 assay for monitoring inflammasome activation (2016)

Abstract Caspase-1, an essential component of the inflammasome, is activated in response to inflammatory stimuli, resulting in 1) the processing and release of IL-1b and IL-18, and 2) pyroptosis, an immunogenic form of cell death. To provide a homogeneous method for detecting caspase-1 activity, we developed a bioluminescent assay that combines a substrate, Z-WEHD-aminoluciferin, with a thermostable luciferase in an optimized reagent added directly to cultured cells. The assay can also measure caspase-1 activity released into the medium. Assay specificity for caspase-1 is conferred by inclusion of a proteasome inhibitor, MG-132, in the reagent and by use of a caspase-1 inhibitor, Ac-YVAD-CHO, to confirm activity. Using this assay system, caspase-1 activity has been monitored in THP-1 cells, J774A.1 mouse macrophages, mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), and human primary monocytes treated with known inflammasome inducers. Caspase-1 activity was not detected in BMDMs derived from Casp 1−/−mice. Measuring caspase-1 activity released into medium enables multiplexing of the sample to monitor additional cell parameters. Multiplexing to monitor caspase-1 activity, cell death, and IL-1b release revealed that unprimed, undifferentiated THP-1 cells stimulated with nigericin or a-hemolysin activate caspase-1 and undergo pyroptosis, but do not release any IL-1b. This suggests that K+ efflux alone can engage the inflammasome and activate caspase-1 in THP-1 cells, providing an interesting system to assess pyroptosis in the absence of IL-1b. This convenient caspase-1 assay will allow a more efficient and effective assessment of inflammasome activation as well as enable high-throughput screening for inflammasome modulators.
Activation of Nod2 signalling upon Norovirus infection enhances antiviral immunity and susceptibility to colitis (2023)

Over 90% of epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis are caused by human Noroviruses (NoV) which are persisting in a substantial subset of people allowing their spread worldwide. It leads to a significant number of endemic cases and up to 70,000 children deaths in developing countries. NoVs are primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route. To date studies have focused on the influence of the gut microbiota on enteric viral clearance by mucosal immunity. In this study, the use of mouse norovirus S99 (MNoV_S99) and CR6 (MNoV_CR6), two persistent strains, allowed us to provide evidence that the norovirus-induced exacerbation of colitis severity relied on bacterial sensing by nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (Nod2). Consequently, Nod2-deficient mice showed reduced levels of gravity of Dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis with both viral strains. And MNoV_CR6 viremia was heightened in Nod2-/- mice in comparison with animals hypomorphic for Atg16l1, that are prone to aggravated inflammation under DSS. Accordingly, the infection of macrophages derived from WT mice promoted the phosphorylation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription1 (STAT1) and NOD2’s expression levels. Higher secretion of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF) following NOD2 activation and better viral clearance were measured in these cells. By contrast, reduced levels of pSTAT1 and blunted downstream secretion of TNF were found in Nod2-deficient macrophages infected by MNoV_S99. Hence, our results uncover a previously unidentified virus-host-bacterial interplay that may represent a novel therapeutic target for treating noroviral origin gastroenteritis that may be linked with susceptibility to several common illnesses such as Crohn’s disease.
Supplementary Figure 2 from A Novel Inhibitor of STAT3 Homodimerization Selectively Suppresses STAT3 Activity and Malignant Transformation (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 6958K, Figure S2: STAT3-C inhibits the ability of S3I-1757 to suppress migration and invasion. MDA-MB-468 cells were transiently transfected with vector or STAT3C, plated either for migration (A) or invasion (B) and then treated with S3I-1757 as described in Methods. The cells were then processed for migration (A) and invasion (B) assays as described under Methods.&lt;/p&gt;
A Format-Aware Reducer for Scriptable Rewriting of PDF Files (2022)

Sanitizing untrusted input is a significant unsolved problem in defensive cybersecurity and input handling. Even if we assume that a safe, provably correct parser exists to validate the input syntax, processing logic may still require the application of certain transformations of the parser output. For example, parsers traditionally store the parsed objects in a generic tree structure; hence the processing logic needed to modify this structure can be significant. Also, popular parsing tools do not include the functionality to serialize (or unparse) the internal structure back to bytes.This paper argues for the need for a format-aware tool to modify structured files. In particular, we propose adding a reducer to the Parsley PDF checker. The Parsley Reducer— a tool to apply transformations on input dynamically—would allow developers to design and implement rules to transform PDF files. Next, we describe a set of Parsley normalization tools to be used with the Reducer API and showcase their capabilities using several case studies. Finally, we evaluate our normalization approach to demonstrate that (1) the developer effort to design our reducer rules is minimal, (2) tools extract more text from transformed files than the original files, and (3) other popular PDF transformation tools do not apply the corrections we demonstrate.
Intrapartum procedures and complications (2016)

This chapter discusses the diagnosis of labour, and describes what to do in the case of cord prolapse, abnormal fetal heart rate patterns in labour, continuous abdominal pain in labour, instrumental delivery for fetal distress in the second stage of labour, shoulder dystocia, acute tocolysis, symphysiotomy and destructive operations, along with twin delivery, breech delivery, abnormal lie or presentation in labour, and anaesthetic complications on the labour ward.
Concurrent Programming (2017)

This chapter discusses implementation side of real-time embedded software, with the focus being placed on the mechanisms of intertask synchronization and communication. The chapter gives the POSIX threads, or Pthreads as an example to show the issues and their solutions in concurrent programming. The chapter explains the concepts of race conditions and critical sections and then introduces the various solutions to process synchronization. The mutex, condition variable, and semaphore approaches are only suitable for synchronization between threads of a single process. One way to synchronize data sharing between processes is to use named semaphores. The chapter further introduces widely used real-time signals and timer, and discusses how to use the kernel facilities to implement periodic tasks. A periodic task can be implemented with a process or a thread, depending on the computation complexity of the task.
Input finger detection for nonvisual touch screen text entry in Perkinput (2012)

We present Input Finger Detection (IFD), a novel technique for nonvisual touch screen input, and its application, the Perkinput text entry method. With IFD, signals are input into a device with multi-point touches, where each finger represents one bit, either touching the screen or not. Maximum likelihood and tracking algorithms are used to detect which fingers touch the screen based on user-set reference points. The Perkinput text entry method uses the 6-bit Braille encoding with audio feedback, enabling one- and two-handed input. A longitudinal evaluation with 8 blind participants who are proficient in Braille showed that one-handed Perkinput was significantly faster and more accurate than iPhone's VoiceOver. Furthermore, in a case study to evaluate expert performance, one user reached an average session speed of 17.56 words per minute (WPM) with an average uncorrected error rate of just 0.14% using one hand for input. The same participant reached an average session speed of 38.0 WPM with two-handed input and an error rate of just 0.26%. Her fastest phrase was entered at 52.4 WPM and no errors.
Interactive Classification Using Spectrograms and Audio Glyphs (2018)

Figure 1.(A) Interactive spectrogram and (B) audio glyph - both views (A) and (B) show the same preprocessed supposed audio sample of a pipit call. (A) shows an interactive spectrogram and (B) an audio glyph that maps the spectral roll-off of the audio sample to a global linear color scale. three different bird calls (1-3) are visible in the spectrogram and the audio glyph.The VAST Challenge 2018 aims to clarify the situation of the Rose-Crested Blue Pipit's population in the Boonsong Lekagul Wildlife Preserve. We propose an interactive spectrogram and a representative novel audio glyph to support the classification of bird calls. The second visualization of our system helps to identify spatio-temporal patterns of bird species in the preserve. Using the system, we are able to solve the Mini Challenge 1 (MC1) tasks to classify claimed pipit calls and detect multiple spatio-temporal migratory patterns in the preserve. We find evidence that the pipit population is declining, but we can not identify any clear evidence that the accused company is responsible for the decrease of the pipit population.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild Procedure for Etherification of Alcohols with Primary Alkyl Halides in the Presence of Silver Triflate. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The precore gene of the woodchuck hepatitis virus genome is not essential for viral replication in the natural host (1992)

A number of naturally occurring hepatitis B virus mutants that cannot synthesize the virus precore protein have been identified. Such mutants have been associated with more severe forms of hepatitis, including fulminant hepatitis. The most common mutation observed is a substitution of G to A in the distal precore gene that converts a codon specifying Trp (TGG) to a termination codon (TAG). Using oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, we have produced the same point mutation in the precore gene of an infectious clone of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV). Transfection of mutant WHV DNA into the livers of adult woodchucks resulted in replication of the mutant in three of three susceptible animals. Levels of virus replication and transient elevations in liver enzymes in serum were similar to those of adult animals infected with wild-type WHV. Virions, found to possess mutant precore genes by polymerase chain reaction amplification and DNA sequencing, were recovered from the serum of one of the animals and inoculated subcutaneously into neonatal woodchucks. They produced infection in all five animals studied. The level of virus replication in neonatal animals infected with this mutant virus was comparable to that found in neonatal woodchucks infected with wild-type WHV, but none of five woodchucks infected with the precore mutant virus as neonates became chronic virus carriers. It was concluded that the precore gene of the WHV genome is not essential for virus replication in the natural host but may be important for chronic infection.
Bottom-up Photonic Crystal Lasers (2011)

The directed growth of III-V nanopillars is used to demonstrate bottom-up photonic crystal lasers. Simultaneous formation of both the photonic band gap and active gain region is achieved via catalyst-free selective-area metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on masked GaAs substrates. The nanopillars implement a GaAs/InGaAs/GaAs axial double heterostructure for accurate, arbitrary placement of gain within the cavity and lateral InGaP shells to reduce surface recombination. The lasers operate single-mode at room temperature with low threshold peak power density of ∼625 W/cm2. Cavity resonance and lasing wavelength is lithographically defined by controlling pillar pitch and diameter to vary from 960 to 989 nm. We envision this bottom-up approach to pillar-based devices as a new platform for photonic systems integration.
Representation of metadata in a data warehouse (2002)

An active metadata catalogue is necessary in a data warehouse for users to find and analyse all the information within the warehouse. We outline an ontological analysis of the components of the data warehouse, along with the metadata required to describe these components. We propose the use of a description logic language to represent and reason with the knowledge in the ontology. Each component within the warehouse is specified as an item, and a meta-item reflects information about each item. As an example, we describe the metadata required for a dimension attribute in a fact table, within a sales schema for a data warehouse.