gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Applying Mutation Analysis on Kernel Test Suites: An Experience Report (2017)

Mutation analysis is an established technique for measuring the completeness and quality of a test suite. Despite four decades of research on this technique, its use in large systems is still rare, in part due to computational requirements and high numbers of false positives. We present our experiences using mutation analysis on the Linux kernel's RCU (Read Copy Update) module, where we adapt existing techniques to constrain the complexity and computation requirements. We show that mutation analysis can be a useful tool, uncovering gaps in even well-tested modules like RCU. This experiment has so far led to the identification of 3 gaps in the RCU test harness, and 2 bugs in the RCU module masked by those gaps. We argue that mutation testing can and should be more extensively used in practice.
Correctly rounded floating-point division for DSP-enabled FPGAs (2012)

Floating-point division is a very costly operation in FPGA designs. High-frequency implementations of the classic digit-recurrence algorithms for division have long latencies (of the order of the number fraction bits) and consume large amounts of logic. Additionally, these implementations require important routing resources, making timing closure difficult in complete designs. In this paper we present two multiplier-based architectures for division which make efficient use of the DSP resources in recent Altera FPGAs. By balancing resource usage between logic, memory and DSP blocks, the presented architectures maintain high frequencies is full designs. Additionally, compared to classical algorithms, the proposed architectures have significantly lower latencies. The architectures target faithfully rounded results, similar to most elementary functions implementations for FPGAs but can also be transformed into correctly rounded architectures with a small overhead. The presented architectures are built using the Altera DSP Builder Advanced framework and will be part of the default blockset.
Amorphous vs crystalline exciton blocking layers at the anode interface in planar and planar-mixed heterojunction organic solar cells (2014)

We compare the gain in power conversion efficiency (PCE) achieved by inserting either amorphous or crystalline exciton blocking layers at the anode interface for planar (PHJ) and planar-mixed heterojunction (PM-HJ) organic solar cells based on Tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene and fullerenes. For PHJ devices, there is a gain of more than 37% for both types of blocking layers, mainly due to an increase in photocurrent, indicating that this gain can be solely ascribed to the exciton blocking effect. A templating effect as proposed in literature for crystalline blocking layers cannot be affirmed. On the contrary, it is shown that there is a connection between the choice of acceptor (C60/C70) and the blocking effect on the anode side. Moreover, we can show that also for PM-HJ devices a remarkable efficiency enhancement is possible. The insertion of suitable blocking layers at the anode interface can alter the effective work function and thus the open-circuit voltage, leading to a maximum PCE of 5.8% in single junction cells.
NMR Spectroscopic Studies of the DNA-binding Domain of the Monomer-binding Nuclear Orphan Receptor, Human Estrogen Related Receptor-2 (1997)

Unlike steroid and retinoid receptors, which associate with DNA as dimers, human estrogen related receptor-2 (hERR2) belongs to a growing subclass of nuclear hormone receptors that bind DNA with high affinity as monomers. A carboxyl-terminal extension (CTE) to the zinc-finger domain has been implicated to be responsible for determining the stoichiometry of binding by a nuclear receptor to its response element. To better understand the mechanism by which DNA specificity is achieved, the solution structure of the DNA-binding domain of hERR2 (residues 96-194) consisting of the two putative zinc fingers and the requisite 26-amino acid CTE was analyzed by multidimensional heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The highly conserved zinc-finger region (residues 103-168) has a fold similar to those reported for steroid and retinoid receptors, with two helices that originate from the carboxyl-terminal ends of the two zinc fingers and that pack together orthogonally, forming a hydrophobic core. The CTE element of hERR2 is unstructured and highly flexible, exhibiting nearly random coil chemical shifts, extreme sensitivity of the backbone amide protons to solvent presaturation, and reduced heteronuclear (1H-15N) nuclear Overhauser effect values. This is in contrast to the dimer-binding retinoid X and thyroid hormone receptors, where, in each case, a helix has been observed within the CTE. The implications of this property of the hERR2 CTE are discussed.
Analog VLSI Implementation of Multi-dimensional Gradient Descent (1992)

We describe an analog VLSI implementation of a multi-dimensional gradient estimation and descent technique for minimizing an on-chip scalar function f(). The implementation uses noise injection and multiplicative correlation to estimate derivatives, as in&#13;\n[Anderson, Kerns 92]. One intended application of this technique is setting circuit parameters on-chip automatically, rather than manually [Kirk 91]. Gradient descent optimization may be used to adjust synapse weights for a backpropagation or other on-chip learning implementation. The approach combines the features of&#13;\ncontinuous multi-dimensional gradient descent and the potential for an annealing style of optimization. We present data measured from our analog VLSI implementation.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TURBULENCE AND CHEMISTRY MODELS ON SIMULATION RESULTS FOR A METHANE/AIR JET DIFFUSION FLAME (2003)

The importance of different submodels in numerical simulations of a turbulent non-premixed flame, is studied. To that purpose, different types of RANS turbulence models are compared: the standard k − ε model (Jones, 1994), a non-linear k − ε model with a sophisticated transport equation for the dissipation rate ε (Merci, 2002a, 2002b) and a differential second-moment Reynolds stress model (Jones, 1994). Also different chemistry models are considered, from a (constrained) equilibrium model (Bilger, 1983) to an ILDM method (Maas, 1992; Schmidt, 1996). Finally, the interaction between turbulence and chemistry is described at different levels: the classical pre-assumed β-PDF approach is compared to an extended multivariate pre-assumed PDF method (Repp, 2002; Landenfeld, 2002). It is concluded that for the test case under study (Sandia 'Flame D' (Barlow, 1998; TNF, 2003)), the turbulence model has the major effect on the main results, except when chemical species are of interest.
Solar Hydrogen Reaching Maturity (2015)

Increasingly vast research efforts are devoted to the development of materials and processes for solar hydrogen production by light-driven dissociation of water into oxygen and hydrogen. Storage of solar energy in chemical bonds resolves the issues associated with the intermittent nature of sunlight, by decoupling energy generation and consumption. This paper investigates recent advances and prospects in solar hydrogen processes that are reaching market readiness. Future energy scenarios involving solar hydrogen are proposed and a case is made for systems producing hydrogen from water vapor present in air, supported by advanced modeling.
Concentrations of Lactate and Pyruvate in Maternal and Neonatal Blood with Different Intravenous Fluids Used for Prehydration before Epidural Anesthesia (1984)

This study assesses the effects of infusion of 1200 ml of four different intravenous solutions before epidural anesthesia for cesarean section on maternal and neonatal whole blood lactate (L), pyruvate (P), excess lactate (XL), L/P ratio, and base excess (BE) in four equal groups of patients. Patients in group I (n = 15) received normal saline; those in group II, Ringer's lactate (RL); those in group III, RL with 20 g of glucose; and those in group IV, Plasma-Lyte A. Maternal venous concentrations of L increased significantly in all groups after infusion, but P increased only in group III. Both XL concentrations and L/P ratios remained unchanged after infusion in group III mothers, but increased in the other three groups. Umbilical venous (UV) and arterial (UA) blood L concentrations (1.85 +/- 0.13, 1 SEM mmol/L in both) were greater in group III than in groups I and II, and P concentrations (0.12 +/- 0.01 mmol/L in both) were significantly greater in group III than in groups I, II, and IV. Both UV XL (0.9 +/- 0.1 mmol/L) and L/P ratio (32 +/- 8) were significantly greater in group IV neonates than in the other groups. However, neither neonatal Apgar scores nor maternal and neonatal BE significantly differed among the four groups. No neonate developed hypoglycemia. It is concluded that all the four intravenous fluids, despite differences in their effects on blood L and P concentrations, produce clinically satisfactory maternal and neonatal outcome.
Electron Density of Adipose Tissues Determined by Phase-Contrast Computed Tomography Provides a Measure for Mitochondrial Density and Fat Content (2018)

Phase-contrast computed tomography (PCCT) is an X-ray-based imaging method measuring differences in the refractive index during tissue passage. While conventional X-ray techniques rely on the absorption of radiation due to differing tissue-specific attenuation coefficients, PCCT enables the determination of the electron density (ED). By the analysis of respective phantoms and <i>ex vivo</i> specimens, we identified the components responsible for different electron densities in murine adipose tissue depots to be cellular fat and mitochondrial content, two parameters typically different between white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Brown adipocytes provide mammals with a means of non-shivering thermogenesis to defend normothermia in a cold environment. Brown adipocytes are found in dedicated BAT depots and interspersed within white fat depots, a cell type referred to as brite (brown in white) adipocyte. Localization and quantification of brown and brite adipocytes <i>in situ</i> allows an estimate of depot thermogenic capacity and potential contribution to maximal metabolic rate in the cold. We utilized PCCT to infer the composition of white, brite, and brown adipose tissue from ED of individual depots. As proof of principle, we imaged mice 10, 20, and 30 days of age. During this period, several WAT depots are known to undergo transient browning. Based on ED, classical WAT and BAT could be clearly distinguished. Retroperitoneal and inguinal WAT depots increased transiently in ED during the known remodeling from white to brite/brown and back to white. We systematically analyzed 18 anatomically defined adipose tissue locations and identified changes in fat content and mitochondrial density that imply an orchestrated pattern of simultaneous browning and whitening on the organismic level. Taken together, PCCT provides a three-dimensional imaging technique to visualize ED of tissues <i>in situ</i>. Within the adipose organ, ED provides a measure of mitochondrial density and fat content. Depending on experimental setting, these constitute surrogate markers of cellular distribution of white, brite, and brown adipocytes and thereby an estimate of thermogenic capacity.
Ultrashort pulsed sinc-Gaussian light beams (2000)

A family of analytical solutions of the time-dependent wave equation, the ultrashort pulsed sinc-Gaussian light beams (UPSGLB’s), are presented in the paraxial approximation. Each of them has the product form of the monochromatic Gaussian light beam with the central frequency νc times the sinc function of the complex temporal–spatial beam parameter Pn. The complex temporal–spatial beam parameter Pn, which corresponds to the order n, is directly related to the temporal–spatial coupling properties of the nth-order UPSGLB. The UPSGLB’s are used, for the first time to our knowledge, as an analytical expansion set for bandwidth-limited ultrashort light pulses emitted from mode-locked lasers with stable resonators (ULPEMLLSR’s). Two special examples of bandwidth-limited ULPEMLLSR’s, a single zeroth-order UPSGLB and a novel model of a nearly temporal–spatial Gaussian beam, are analytically investigated and compared with experimental results.
WERF Phase 2: Factors affecting conditioning during dewatering- Influence of dewatering equipment (2004)

WERF Phase 2: Factors affecting conditioning during dewatering- Influence of dewatering equipmentA study was conducted to investigate the factors that impact polymer demand during conditioning such as sludge characteristics, polymer characteristics and dewatering equipment characteristics. The central hypothesis of the research was that the polymer demand is related to all these three variables. By understanding how these variables impact conditioning, the dewatering process could be better...Author(s)Sudhir MurthyMatthew HigginsNicolas MaasYen-Chih ChenJamie TroxellSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationSubjectSession 25: Volume ReductionDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2004ISSN1938-6478SICI1938-6478(20040101)2004:14L.367;1-DOI10.2175/193864704784137170Volume / Issue2004 / 14Content sourceWEFTECFirst / last page(s)367 - 375Copyright2004Word count409
Diffusion and Sorption of Methanol and Water in Nafion Using Time-Resolved Fourier Transform Infrared−Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy (2007)

Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are promising portable power sources. However, their performance diminishes significantly because of high methanol crossover (flux) in the polymer electrolyte membrane (e.g., Nafion 117) at the desired stoichiometric methanol feed concentration. In this study, the diffusion and sorption of methanol and water in Nafion 117 were measured using time-resolved Fourier transform infrared−attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy. This technique is unique because of its ability to measure multicomponent diffusion and sorption within a polymer on a molecular level in real time as function of concentration. Both the effective mutual diffusion coefficients and concentrations of methanol and water in Nafion 117 were determined with time-resolved FTIR-ATR spectroscopy as a function of methanol solution concentration. The methanol flux, calculated from FTIR-ATR, matched that determined from a conventional technique (permeation cell) and increased by almost 3 orders of magnitude over the methanol solution concentration range studied (0.1−16 M). Furthermore, the data obtained in this study reveal that the main contribution to the increase in methanol flux is due to methanol sorption in the membrane.
Friction Stir Spot Welding Phenomena in Al Alloy 6061 (2010)

Friction stir spot welding (FSSW), developed based on principle of friction stir welding, has been paid attention as a new solid-state spot welding process. Since FSSW can produce high-quality weld in Al alloys more easily than resistance spot welding, this process has been already used for construction of Al components in the automotive industries. Despite the large industrial interests in FSSW, fundamental knowledge on welding phenomena of this process has not been fully understood. In this study, FSSW phenomena, such as the consolidation mechanism, the microstructural evolution and the material flow, were examined in Al alloy 6061. This study clarified that the elliptical zone found in the vicinity of the pin hole on the cross section was characterized by the initially lapped surface of two sheets. Moreover, the following material flow was proposed; capture of the upper material with the threads on the pin surface, spiral flow along the tool rotation, and then release at the tip of the pin.
Ansätze zur Erfolgsmessung von IKT-Systemen (2004)

Neben der oben diskutierten Dienstleistungsqualität stellen die Effektivität und Qualität der eingesetzten Kommunikations- und Informationstechnologie (IKT-Systeme) den zweiten zentralen Einflussfaktor auf den Erfolg des IKT-basierten Kundenbeziehungsmanagements dar. Wie in Abschnitt 4.1.1 erläutert, kann das systematische Management der Nachfrager-Anbieterbeziehung als Dienstleistung am Kunden betrachtet werden. Dabei stellt die Qualität der eingesetzten IKT ein entscheidendes Merkmal zur Qualitätsbeurteilung aus Nachfragersicht dar. Beispielsweise können Kunden durch das Call Center eines Anbieters mehrmals zum gleichen Thema angerufen werden, weil aufgrund von falschen Daten oder zureichender Systemunterstützung kein ausreichender Informationsaustausch zwischen den Call Center Agents stattfindet. Aufgrund solcher (negativen) Schlüsselereignisse (vgl. Abschnitt 4.3.1; Bruhn, 2001a, S. 112ff.) beurteilt der Nachfrager den Anbieter und sein Angebot und reagiert entsprechend, u.U. mit dem Abbruch der Beziehung.
ChemInform Abstract: Peptide Fragment Coupling Using a Continuous‐Flow Photochemical Rearrangement of Nitrones. (2013)

Abstract A general, versatile, efficient and novel approach for the synthesis of simple and complex peptide bonds via the title rearrangement is developed.
Hydrogen Bonding Interactions in Amorphous Salicyl Salicylate (2000)

Rapid intermolecular acid–alcohol hydrogen-bonded proton exchange and geometrical disorder, well below the melting temperature, form the basis of the observed amorphous behavior of salicyl salicylate 1. Compound 1 was observed in a stable, undercooled amorphous phase by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and its crystal structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The amorphous state of 1 was confirmed by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies.
Practical Synthesis of a Peptide Deformylase (PDF) Inhibitor (2008)

A practical chromatography-free synthesis of an N-formylated hydroxylamine peptide deformylase inhibitor LCD320 is described. A diastereoselective Michael reaction of (4S)-3-[2-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]-4-(phenylmethyl)-2-oxazolidinone with O-benzyl hydroxylamine was used to establish the key stereogenic center. We found that traces of residual Li+ from a previous step had a great impact on the diastereoselectivity of this reaction. A very efficient amidation coupling reaction of proline derivative (2S,4R)-4-fluoro-1,2-pyrrolidinedicarboxylic acid 1,1-dimethylethyl ester with weakly nucleophilic 3-pyridazinamine using methanesulfonyl chloride in the presence of 1-methylimidazole in DMF was also developed that proceeded without racemization.
An optimized complex-image prediction model for a closed-form solution of vertical antennas above a dielectric half-space (1998)

The electromagnetic modeling of vertical antennas above a dielectric half-space involves the computation of Sommerfeld-type integrals each of which represent he inverse transformation of a slowly-convergent spectral-domain Green's function. It is well known that the numerical evaluation of these integrals is computationally time-expensive. Alternatively, the complex-image technique, proposed in [1], is used in this paper to derive closed-form expressions of the required spatial Green's functions associated with vertical antennas above a dielectric half-space. The accuracy of the complex-image technique is further improved by modifying the amplitudes and locations of the images so that an optimized complex-image prediction model is produced.
Electron Transport Materials (2015)

Phosphorescent OLEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152 7 .2 .3 Electron Transport Materials for Blue and WhitePhosphorescent OLEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 7 .2 .4 Multifunctional Electron Transport Materials for Extremely High-Efficiency OLEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
Stochastic gradient descent for reducing complexity in millimeter wave hybrid precoding design (2018)

Millimeter wave (mmWave) system tends to have a large number of antenna elements to compensate for the high channel path loss. This paper addresses the computational problem in the hybrid precoding design with large antenna arrays. Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) based on Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm exhibits reduced complexity of the signal recovery instead of Least Square (LS) optimization. The simulation results show that a close performance, in terms of spectral efficiency, to the unconstrained optimal precoding case can be achieved with minimizing a cost function.
Workflow agents versus expert systems: Problem solving methods in work systems design (2009)

Abstract During the 1980s, a community of artificial intelligence researchers became interested in formalizing problem solving methods (PSMs) as part of an effort called “second-generation expert systems.” We provide an example of how we are applying second-generation expert systems concepts in an agent-based system for space flight operations, the orbital communications adapter mirroring system (OCAMS), which was developed in the Brahms multiagent framework. Brahms modeling language provides an ontology for simulating work practices, including groups, agents, activities, communications, movements, and geographic areas. Activities are a behavioral unit of analysis to be contrasted with tasks , a functional unit of analysis. Problem solving occurs in the context of activities in the service of tasks; appropriate PSMs depend on the context: which people/roles are participating, what tools are available, how the results will be evaluated, and so forth. A work practice simulation facilitates designing workflow tools that appropriately interact with the physical and organizational context in which work occurs. OCAMS was developed using a simulation-to-implementation methodology, in which a prototype workflow tool was embedded in a Brahms simulation of how people would use the tool. The reusable components in a workflow system like OCAMS include entire “problem solvers” (e.g., a planning subsystem), interoperability frameworks, and agents that inspect and change the world. Thus, a tool kit for building workflow tools requires more than a library of PSMs, which play a relatively small role in the overall multiagent, systems-integration architecture. Our research concern has shifted to situations that may arise that are outside the OCAMS' capability. In practical decision making, people must reflect on the validity of their models. As programs becoming actors in the workplace, we need to develop systems that help people to understand the limitations of the models that drive the automated operations, which means in part detecting when the formalizations in the system are inadequate.
Space-sharing architecture for a three-dimensional virtual community (1998)

This paper describes our proposal for a new virtual community architecture that employs a technique for dividing and managing virtual space, a message-model, and a space-sharing technique. We also describe certain concepts that can be used to apply our architecture to PCs and modems: the pack-delivery method for messages, and an asynchronized-rendering method. Finally, we review the results of our experimental service: `CyberCity96'.
Stripe domains morphology versus layers thickness in CoPt multilayers (1997)

The domain morphology in CoPt multilayers has been investigated by means of magnetic force microscopy for a broad range of thickness parameters. Following hard-axis saturation, complex closure domains, isolated reversed domains, and segmented and fully developed stripe patterns are clearly identified down to stripe widths of the order of 50 nm. Pending full numerical simulations, the stripe width behavior versus Co and Pt thicknesses has been confronted to the predictions of a purely magnetostatic model. The data are consistent with the existence of a single and physically realistic characteristic length, which, however, is viewed as mostly casual. Likely reasons are discussed.