gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modern Diagnostic X-Ray Sources : Technology, Manufacturing, Reliability (2015)

Preface Acknowledgments Author Symbols Historical Introduction and Survey The Discovery in Fall 1895 The Early Days of X-rays Major Steps of Progress References Physics of Generation of Bremsstrahlung Acceleration of Electrons Efficiency of Energy Conversion The X-ray Continuum Spectrum Characteristic Radiation Characteristic Radiation and Discontinuous Attenuation Theory of the Angular Distribution of the Continuum Radiation Angular Distribution of Characteristic Radiation Polarization Theory of Electron Scatter in the Anode Electron Backscatter The Thomson-Whiddington Law in More Detail Measured and Simulated Isotropic X-ray Intensity Distribution The Heel Effect References The Interaction of X-rays with Matter Basics of the Attenuation of X-rays X-ray Refraction and X-ray Lenses Thomson Scattering Rayleigh Scattering Compton Scattering Photoelectric Absorption References More Background on Medical Imaging Non-X-ray Methods X-ray Imaging Spectral Imaging Phase-Contrast Imaging Fluorescence Imaging Polarized X-rays References Imaging Modalities and Challenges Computed Tomography Cardio and Vascular Imaging Radiographic Systems Radiography/Fluoroscopy (R/F) Systems Mammography Systems Surgical C-Arm Systems with Monoblocks References Diagnostic X-ray Sources from the Inside Working Principle and Types of Medical X-ray Tubes Tube Components in Detail The Tube Frame Maintaining Vacuum Vacuum Discharges and High-Voltage Stability References Housings, System Interfacing, and Auxiliary Equipment X-ray Source Assembly Radiation Shield Beam Quality Beam Limitation Protection Against Implosion and Explosion Cooling References The Source of Power Basic Functionality of the X-ray Generator High-Voltage Chain Sensing Tube Voltage and Current Energy Quantization Voltage Ripple Dual-Energy (Dual X-ray Color) Imaging Filament Heating and Emission Control Grid and Electrostatic Deflection Supply Multiple Tubes Other Auxiliary Supplies Tube Temperature Supervision Dose Control Matching Generator and Tube Monoblocks References Manufacturing, Service, and Tube Replacement Manufacturing of X-ray Tubes Process-Oriented versus Assembly-Oriented Production Production Yield Installation and Service Tube Replacement and Recycling Recycling Reference X-ray Source Development for Medical Imaging Application Trends for the Development of Medical X-ray Sources Developments Which Did Not (Yet?) Make it to the Marketplace Candidates for Next-Generation Bremsstrahlung Sources Dream and Reality: Deficits of Bremsstrahlung Sources Nonbremsstrahlung Sources of X-rays for Imaging Industrial Development of Novel X-ray Sources References Index
Not a tile out of place: Toward creating context-dependent user interfaces on smartglasses (2016)

Despite the rapid pace of gadgets released on the market, research in the area of usable interfaces for wearables is lagging behind. Smartglasses are new wearables that embed diverse sensors but also have small displays, and this makes it hard for the wearer to visualize real-time data. To bridge this gap, the contribution of this paper is threefold. First, we propose a data representation model to combine applications and services that match user activities and contexts. Second, we present an approach of showing relevant services to the user based on `tiles' (such as those in recent Microsoft Windows interfaces) while considering the device constraints. Finally, we suggest that combining those two aspects can open the way to personalized services for the end user, creating new ways of interacting with applications and devices.
Beam acceleration experiment with developed 10 MW class high-precision power supply for accelerator electromagnets (2010)

A 10 MW-class high-precision power supply was developed for the electromagnets of a large proton accelerator (J-PARC). This power supply consists of an advanced self-commutated current-source type converter (ACSC) using IEGTs and a hybrid filter. The current ripple was less than 1×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-6</sup> , and the tracking error was less than ±0.5×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> . With this power supply, the proton beam was successfully accelerated to 30 GeV, which is the target energy of the first stage of J-PARC.
Demonstration of Near-field THz Spectroscopy Using Ultrafast Electron Microscopy (2021)

We probe near-field THz pulses with nm-fs spatio-temporal resolution, through their interaction with free-electron pulses in an ultrafast transmission electron microscope. Our experiment can help understand THz generation and nanoscale THz phenomena.
Dynamic markov model based prefetching (1997)

Markov model based prefetching is a technique to dynamically construct an approximate markov model from the time series of cache miss references, with the goal of predicting future miss references. The main contribution of this thesis is that markov model based prefetching is shown to be a practical and effective technique for data and instruction prefetching on industry standard benchmarks.
This thesis examines the issues that are critical to the performance and practicality of markov prefetching. First, metrics are devised to examine the properties of actual markov models constructed from the miss reference time series of L1 I and D cache models on the workloads. Their potential as a basis for predicting future miss references is demonstrated and compared to traditional stream oriented techniques.
To validate the effectiveness of markov prefetching, cycle level simulations of prefetchers with a simplified processor model and detailed memory hierarchy models are evaluated. Results indicate that markov based prefetching can reduce memory stalls to a much greater degree than stream oriented techniques on our workloads. In addition, instruction prefetching is shown to be a greater factor in reducing stalls than data prefetching (sometimes by large degrees), especially in the commercial workloads. Simulations indicate an average 54% reduction in memory stalls across all benchmarks using markov prefetching, which was a 40% improvement over that achieved using stream oriented prefetchers alone.
Oxidation of substituted aromatic compounds by peroxydisulphate. Homolytic benzylation and oxidative coupling reaction (1980)

Under the same experimental conditions 4-methoxytoluene brings about homolytic benzylation of isoquinoline while 3,4- dimethoxytoluene gives a coupling reaction. Proton loss by the radical cation [Formula: see text] in the former case and its electrophilic attack to the starting aromatic in the latter account for these experimental findings.
Visual Programming (1999)

Abstract The sections in this article are History Strategies in Visual Programming Advanced Issues Summary Acknowledgments and Bibliographic Notes
Intracoronary bone marrow cell application for terminal heart failure in children (2012)

Similar to adults, intracoronary injection of autologous bone marrow cell is technically feasible and safe for children. On the basis of our data, we propose to perform a pilot study for children with congestive heart failure, to formally assess the efficacy of intracoronary autologous bone marrow cell therapy.
Design of a monolithic piezoelectrically actuated microelectromechanical tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (2005)

We report the design of a monolithic piezoelectrically actuated microelectromechanical tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). The main advantages of piezoelectric actuation compared with conventional capacitive techniques are improved wavelength control, reduced external and tilt losses, and lower power supply voltages. The details of the piezoelectric actuation scheme for a 980-nm VCSEL with a variable air gap are described. A tuning range of approximately 35 nm can theoretically be achieved with a 3-V power supply (2 x reduction from that of electrostatic actuation) by use of a 250-microm-long cantilever beam. The proposed actuation mechanism is insensitive to the pull-in phenomenon, therefore improving wavelength control and reducing threshold current. Drastic improvements in power efficiency make it ideal for low-power applications such as all-optical communication, chip-scale atomic clocks, and biological studies.
Identification of a CARM1 Inhibitor with Potent In Vitro and In Vivo Activity in Preclinical Models of Multiple Myeloma (2017)

CARM1 is an arginine methyltransferase with diverse histone and non-histone substrates implicated in the regulation of cellular processes including transcriptional co-activation and RNA processing. CARM1 overexpression has been reported in multiple cancer types and has been shown to modulate oncogenic pathways in in vitro studies. Detailed understanding of the mechanism of action of CARM1 in oncogenesis has been limited by a lack of selective tool compounds, particularly for in vivo studies. We describe the identification and characterization of, to our knowledge, the first potent and selective inhibitor of CARM1 that exhibits anti-proliferative effects both in vitro and in vivo and, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of a role for CARM1 in multiple myeloma (MM). EZM2302 (GSK3359088) is an inhibitor of CARM1 enzymatic activity in biochemical assays (IC<sub>50</sub> = 6 nM) with broad selectivity against other histone methyltransferases. Treatment of MM cell lines with EZM2302 leads to inhibition of PABP1 and SMB methylation and cell stasis with IC<sub>50</sub> values in the nanomolar range. Oral dosing of EZM2302 demonstrates dose-dependent in vivo CARM1 inhibition and anti-tumor activity in an MM xenograft model. EZM2302 is a validated chemical probe suitable for further understanding the biological role CARM1 plays in cancer and other diseases.
Selective Oxidation of Polysulfide Latexes to Produce Polysulfoxide and Polysulfone in a Waterborne Environment (2021)

Polymers containing sulfur centers with high oxidation states in the main chain, polysulfoxide and polysulfone, display desirable properties such as thermomechanical and chemical stability. To circumvent their challenging direct synthesis, methods based on the oxidation of a parent polysulfide have been developed but are plagued by uncontrolled reactions, leading either to ill-defined mixtures of polysulfoxides and polysulfones or to polysulfones with reduced degrees of polymerization due to overoxidation of the polymer. We developed an alternative method to produce well-defined polysulfoxide and polysulfone in a waterborne colloidal emulsion using different oxidants to control the oxidation state of sulfur in the final materials. The direct oxidation of water-based polysulfide latexes avoided the use of volatile organic solvents and allowed for the control of the oxidation state of the sulfur atoms. Oxidation of parent polysulfides by <i>tert</i>-butyl hydroperoxide led to the production of pure polysulfoxides, even after 70 days of reaction time. Additionally, hydrogen peroxide produced both species through the course of the reaction but yielded fully converted polysulfones after 24 h. By employing mild oxidants, our approach controlled the oxidation state of the sulfur atoms in the final sulfur-containing polymer and prevented any overoxidation, thus ensuring the integrity of the polymer chains and colloidal stability of the system. We also verified the selectivity, versatility, and robustness of the method by applying it to polysulfides of different chemical compositions and structures. The universality demonstrated by this method makes it a powerful yet simple platform for the design of sulfur-containing polymers and nanoparticles.
Independent expression of the two HL‐A antigen polypeptide chains (1975)

Abstract It is now well established that β 2 ‐microglobulin constitutes one of the two HL‐A antigen subunits. In this study support was obtained for the previous notion that the human lymphoma Daudi does not produce β 2 ‐microglobulin (β 2 m). Papain‐solubilized as well as nonidet P‐40‐solubilized Daudi HL‐A antigens do not contain any β 2 m or any detectable structural analogue of this protein. The chemical and physico‐chemical characteristics of highly purified HL‐A antigens derived from Daudi cells are indistinguishable from those of the HL‐A antigen‐carrying polypeptide chain isolated from the P 3 HRIK cell line. Like P 3 HRIK‐derived HL‐A antigens, the HL‐A antigens derived from Daudi cells are composed of two identical, heavy, alloantigenic polypeptide chains with a molecular weight of about 50000 each, which are held together by disulfide bridge(s). The HL‐A antigens of P 3 HRIK cells contain, in contrast to Daudi HL‐A antigens, two molecules of β 2 m. Although no evidence was obtained suggesting any β 2 m synthesis in Daudi cells it was apparent that these cells express the HL‐A alloantigenic polypeptide chain in amounts similar to those of other cell lines which produce β 2 m The present data suggest [1] that β 2 m and the alloantigenic HL‐A polypeptide chain are under separate genetic regulation [2], that the cell surface integration of the HL‐A antigen‐carrying polypeptide chain is independent of the presence of β 2 m and [3] that β 2 m does not constitute a membrane component absolutely necessary to the integrity of the cell membrane.
Global microRNA depletion suppresses tumor angiogenesis (2014)

MicroRNAs delicately regulate the balance of angiogenesis. Here we show that depletion of all microRNAs suppresses tumor angiogenesis. We generated microRNA-deficient tumors by knocking out Dicer1. These tumors are highly hypoxic but poorly vascularized, suggestive of deficient angiogenesis signaling. Expression profiling revealed that angiogenesis genes were significantly down-regulated as a result of the microRNA deficiency. Factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), FIH1, is derepressed under these conditions and suppresses HIF transcription. Knocking out FIH1 using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome engineering reversed the phenotypes of microRNA-deficient cells in HIF transcriptional activity, VEGF production, tumor hypoxia, and tumor angiogenesis. Using multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9, we deleted regions in FIH1 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) that contain microRNA-binding sites, which derepresses FIH1 protein and represses hypoxia response. These data suggest that microRNAs promote tumor responses to hypoxia and angiogenesis by repressing FIH1.
Synthesis of some 13-oxaprostanoids (1989)

A new route to biologically interesting 13-oxaprostanoids is described. Reaction of an unhindered secondary hydroxy group with t-butyldiphenylsilyl chloride in the presence of an adjacent hindered hydroxy group allows rapid access to the key synthon (7), from which prostanoids of the F series [e.g. compound (13)] and I series [e.g. compound (18)] were prepared.
Supplementary Figure 3 from Capivasertib, an AKT Kinase Inhibitor, as Monotherapy or in Combination with Fulvestrant in Patients with <i>AKT1</i><sup>E17K</sup>-Mutant, ER-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 3. AKT1E17K Allele Frequency (AF) Distribution and Median AF for patients with available ctDNA NGS data&lt;/p&gt;
Ab initio electrical conductance of a molecular wire (2002)

Abstract A method is developed for computing the direct current and alternating current conductance of molecular wires at small bias. The basic ingredients are: linear response theory, time‐dependent density functional theory, imaginary potentials, and a jellium model for the metallic leads. The theory is capable of incorporating the effect of realistic charge distributions in the system and electron–electron correlation. We demonstrate the method on the jellium–C 3 –jellium system. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
Plasma-polymerized membranes: development and integration in fuel cells (2009)

International audience
Online scheduling in modular multimedia systems with stream reuse (2005)

When properly constructed, a modular multimedia system can satisfy a client's request in multiple ways by using different sequences of modules and by reusing existing streams within the system. Such flexibility in a multimedia server or proxy can provide a rich set of services to clients while efficiently utilizing system resources by choosing the best way to schedule (i.e. allocate resources for) new clients. However, it is difficult to optimally schedule clients in an online fashion as the problem is NP-complete. In this paper, we provide an efficient online algorithm to schedule client requests using a modular multimedia platform.
High-confidence discrimination of explosive materials on surfaces using a non-spectroscopic optical biomimetic sensing method (2018)

Field detection of chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosive (CBRNE) threats requires the development of highly selective sensors with low size, weight, power and cost (SWaP-c). Recent developments have demonstrated that an optical biomimetic sensing approach, based on human-eye color detection can provide high-confidence discrimination of target chemicals while rejecting potential interferents with similar chemical structures. This biomimetic sensing method operates by identifying differences in the overlap between target and interferent chemical infrared absorption bands utilizing three, overlapping, optical bandpass filters. This method is non-spectroscopic and requires only the use of commercially available, off-the-shelf optical components. This approach has been demonstrated for volatile chemical vapors in the mid-wave-infrared (3 – 5 &mu;m). Based on this success, experimental studies of this biomimetic sensing approach have been expanded further into the long wave infrared spectral region (6 – 12 &mu;m) and for detection of explosives on surfaces, including aluminum and plastics. We present discrimination results using this biomimetic sensing approach for explosive samples on surfaces in both the mid- and long- wave infrared. Numerical data, along with experimentally collected data, are discussed. We demonstrate that this method is capable of discriminating between similar explosives on surfaces as well as between these explosives and potential environmental interferents. We present the results of these experiments and discuss potential transition of this approach to future field-ready stand-off devices and applications.
A 60-GHz 144-Element Phased-Array Transceiver for Backhaul Application (2018)

A 144-element phased array transceiver is realized using a modular tiled approach that supports 802.11ad, MCS12 single carrier 16-quadratic-amplitude modulation (QAM) 4.6 Gbps, in the 60-GHz band. It consists of a system-on-a chip (SOC) (MAC/PHY/BB to IF) in 28-nm CMOS, and one IF-to-60-GHz transceiver master chip driving twelve 60-GHz phased array transceiver slave chips fabricated in a 40-nm CMOS. Using the master-slave configuration, the 60-GHz transceiver with 12 phase-controlled TX/RX slices is expanded to 144 phase-controlled slices. Each final TX/RX slice is then connected to two patch antennas on LTCC substrate. A tiled approach is used to create the 288 patch antenna array out of six identical tiles each with two slave 60-GHz transceivers connected to a 48-element antenna array. The single tile phased array with 48 antennas has a measured beam steering scan angle of 60° in azimuth and 10° in elevation. The full phased array transceiver with 288 antennas has a measured over the air (OTA) max effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 51 dBm at saturated power (PSAT), and EIRP of 44.8 dBm with -22 dB EVM for MCS12 (16QAM-4.6 Gbps) at broadside. It has an OTA measured sensitivity of -87.3 and -80.4 dBm for MCS9 (QPSK-2.5 Gbps) and MCS12, respectively, at broadside. A packet error rate of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-5</sup> was measured for MCS9 and MCS12 with an OTA input power of -85 and -77.5 dBm, respectively, for the full phased array transceiver at broadside.
Analyzing public transportation mobility data for networking purposes (2017)

Utilizing vehicles for networking purposes has always been a challenge. This is mainly due to the minimum density of connected-vehicles required. The locations of these vehicles should be shareable and reasonably predictable for efficient position-based routing protocols to be implemented. Their Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication cooperation should be well-incentivized for efficient networking to be realized. Regular vehicles struggle to have all of these properties. Public transportation vehicles, on the other hand, are well-positioned in this regard; their number is proportional to the number of city residents while being uniformly distributed throughout the day, their locations have no privacy concerns while being highly predictable and their V2V communication cooperation is easily enforceable by the single administration authority they usually have. With efficient networking, public transportation vehicles can become the reliable communication backbone for other vehicle categories. In order to investigate their networking potential, we present for the firs time, in this paper, a data analysis study of realistic public transportation mobility datasets representing the Grand River Transit bus service offered throughout the Region of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. We show both the data preprocessing and processing phases. The processing phase is mainly based on discovering bus groups using hierarchical clustering. This is done while varying the minimum degree of intra-cluster connectivity and the maximum intra-cluster communication range. Based on this data analysis approach, we show the promising networking potential of public transportation vehicles and provide design guidelines for future networking solutions utilizing them.
Progesterone distribution in the brain of the PMSG treated female rat (1984)

The uptake of progesterone in the intact female rat brain was studied in 25, immature, female rats which were given an injection of 4 IU PMSG on the 25th day of life. The rats were killed 53-55 h after their first ovulation. Amounts of progesterone were measured in seven brain areas, peripheral fat and muscle tissue and blood plasma. The analyses were done by radioimmunoassay after extraction with ethanol or diethylether. The highest mean concentration was found in the cerebral cortex, followed by the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, the striatum, the midbrain, the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata (mean +/- SE pg/mg 29 +/- 2.0, 27 +/- 5.2, 19 +/- 2.4, 15 +/- 1.8, 14 +/- 2.0, 12 +/- 1.7 and 11 +/- 1.9). The concentration of progesterone in the cerebral cortex was significantly higher than in all other areas except the hypothalamus (p less than 0.001). The cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus and the hippocampus had progesterone levels that were significantly higher than in peripheral fat tissue (p less than 0.01). The plasma progesterone level correlated positively with that in the cerebral cortex (r = 0.62, p less than 0.01). Some earlier studies have shown high accumulation in the hypothalamus, but low in the cerebral cortex. One reason for the different results might be the nonphysiological models used in the earlier studies.
Analyzing and Optimizing Adaptive Modulation Coding Jointly With ARQ for QoS-Guaranteed Traffic (2007)

A cross-layer design is developed for quality-of-service (QoS)-guaranteed traffic. The novel design jointly exploits the error-correcting capability of the truncated automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol at the data link layer and the adaptation ability of the adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) scheme at the physical layer to optimize system performance for QoS-guaranteed traffic. The queuing behavior induced by both the truncated ARQ protocol and the AMC scheme is analyzed with an embedded Markov chain. Analytical expressions for performance metrics such as packet loss rate, throughput, and average packet delay are derived. Using these expressions, a constrained optimization problem is solved numerically to maximize the overall system throughput under the specified QoS constraints