gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simple optimal lattice structures for arbitrary loadings (2019)

This paper identifies four categories of optimal truss lattice structures (TLSs) that together provide ultimate stiffness for arbitrary multi-loading scenarios in the low volume fraction limit. Each category consists of 7 periodic sets of straight bars, forming periodic parallelepiped unit cells. Compared to other optimal TLSs, the identified TLSs most probably have the simplest possible geometries with the least number of bar sets. Macroscopic properties of a TLS are estimated using a superposition model, and an optimization problem is solved to determine the exact geometries of the optimal TLSs. Systematic optimization results, run for thousands of random multi-loading conditions, are compared to (postulated) theoretical bounds for both truss and plate lattice structures. The results clearly demonstrate near-optimality of the identified TLSs (relative difference mostly within machine precision except in few cases up to 0.1%) for any loading scenarios in linear elasticity. At the same time, the optimal anisotropic TLSs always have inferior stiffness to the corresponding optimal plate lattice structures and this inferiority is bounded between 1 (single uniaxial load) and a factor of 3 (optimal isotropy).
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Variations of N‐Acetylneuraminic Acid. Part 11. Synthesis of the 4‐Methylumbelliferyl 2α‐Glycosides of 7‐Epi‐, 8‐Epi‐, and 7,8‐Bis(epi)‐N‐acetylneuraminic Acids, as Well as of 7‐Deoxy‐, 8‐Deoxy‐, 9‐Deoxy‐, and 4,7‐Dideoxy‐N‐acetylneuraminic Acids and Their Behavior Toward Sialidase from Vibrio cholerae. (1989)

Abstract The sodium salts of 8‐epi‐, 7‐epi‐, and 7,8‐bis(epi)‐N‐acetylneuraminic acid (Ia), (Ic), and (Ib), resp., and the title deoxy derivatives are synthesized analogously to (Ib).
Network Topologies and Convergent Aetiologies Arising from Deletions and Duplications Observed in Individuals with Autism (2013)

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are highly heritable and characterised by impairments in social interaction and communication, and restricted and repetitive behaviours. Considering four sets of de novo copy number variants (CNVs) identified in 181 individuals with autism and exploiting mouse functional genomics and known protein-protein interactions, we identified a large and significantly interconnected interaction network. This network contains 187 genes affected by CNVs drawn from 45% of the patients we considered and 22 genes previously implicated in ASD, of which 192 form a single interconnected cluster. On average, those patients with copy number changed genes from this network possess changes in 3 network genes, suggesting that epistasis mediated through the network is extensive. Correspondingly, genes that are highly connected within the network, and thus whose copy number change is predicted by the network to be more phenotypically consequential, are significantly enriched among patients that possess only a single ASD-associated network copy number changed gene (p = 0.002). Strikingly, deleted or disrupted genes from the network are significantly enriched in GO-annotated positive regulators (2.3-fold enrichment, corrected p = 2×10(-5)), whereas duplicated genes are significantly enriched in GO-annotated negative regulators (2.2-fold enrichment, corrected p = 0.005). The direction of copy change is highly informative in the context of the network, providing the means through which perturbations arising from distinct deletions or duplications can yield a common outcome. These findings reveal an extensive ASD-associated molecular network, whose topology indicates ASD-relevant mutational deleteriousness and that mechanistically details how convergent aetiologies can result extensively from CNVs affecting pathways causally implicated in ASD.
Polymerization-induced diffusion as a tool to generate periodic relief structures: a combinatorial study (2006)

Polymeric relief structures are extensively used in display technology due to their ability to redirect light in a controlled way. Photo-embossing is a new photo-lithographic technique to generate surface relief structures using photopolymers. In the present paper we show a combinatorial methodology to explore this technique. We have prepared and evaluated (using automated atomic force microscopy) 2-dimensional libraries of photo-embossed gratings, each library with a gradient in period and a gradient in either exposure energy or development temperature or film thickness or photoinitiator concentration or monomer to binder ratio. We show how this combinatorial approach helps us to better understand the photo-embossing process. In addition, we show that this methodology is an effective tool to identify processing conditions resulting in optimum shape and height of the polymeric relief micro-structures to be used in specific applications.
Type 2 diabetes worldwide according to the new classification and criteria. (2000)

Two major reports have recently revised the classification of and diagnostic criteria for diabetes. Classification was previously based on the need for insulin (insulin-dependent or non-insulin-dependent), but this has become increasingly confusing. Now, the type of diabetes is determined by the etiological process rather than the treatment modality. Type 1 diabetes is thus characterized by islet cell destruction and type 2 diabetes by a combination of defects in insulin secretion and action. An individual with either type of diabetes may be on any treatment modality. This classification should prove to be more logical and, for example, allow latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, which typically does not require insulin at presentation, to be classified as type 1 diabetes. The fasting plasma glucose diagnostic threshold for diabetes has been lowered to 7.0 mmol/l (126 mg/dl), and impaired fasting glucose (fasting plasma glucose 6.1-6.9 mmol/l [110-125 mg/dl]) has been introduced as a new category of intermediate glucose metabolism. These changes recognize that the old fasting threshold did not match the 2-h (postload) threshold well and that both micro- and macrovascular disease develop at lower fasting glucose levels than previously recognized. Although the prevalences of diabetes according to the new fasting and 2-h criteria are now similar in most populations, the actual individuals identified as having diabetes are often different. Over 30% of all those with diabetes have a nondiabetic fasting glucose but still have increased cardiovascular mortality. Thus, it is important to retain the oral glucose tolerance test for the diagnosis of diabetes.
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) Deacetylase Activity Is Not Required for Mitochondrial Biogenesis or Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-γ Coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) Deacetylation following Endurance Exercise (2011)

The protein deacetylase, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), is a proposed master regulator of exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle, primarily via its ability to deacetylate and activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). To investigate regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis by SIRT1 in vivo, we generated mice lacking SIRT1 deacetylase activity in skeletal muscle (mKO). We hypothesized that deacetylation of PGC-1α and mitochondrial biogenesis in sedentary mice and after endurance exercise would be impaired in mKO mice. Skeletal muscle contractile characteristics were determined in extensor digitorum longus muscle ex vivo. Mitochondrial biogenesis was assessed after 20 days of voluntary wheel running by measuring electron transport chain protein content, enzyme activity, and mitochondrial DNA expression. PGC-1α expression, nuclear localization, acetylation, and interacting protein association were determined following an acute bout of treadmill exercise (AEX) using co-immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. Contrary to our hypothesis, skeletal muscle endurance, electron transport chain activity, and voluntary wheel running-induced mitochondrial biogenesis were not impaired in mKO versus wild-type (WT) mice. Moreover, PGC-1α expression, nuclear translocation, activity, and deacetylation after AEX were similar in mKO versus WT mice. Alternatively, we made the novel observation that deacetylation of PGC-1α after AEX occurs in parallel with reduced nuclear abundance of the acetyltransferase, general control of amino-acid synthesis 5 (GCN5), as well as reduced association between GCN5 and nuclear PGC-1α. These findings demonstrate that SIRT1 deacetylase activity is not required for exercise-induced deacetylation of PGC-1α or mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle and suggest that changes in GCN5 acetyltransferase activity may be an important regulator of PGC-1α activity after exercise.
Pedestrian Detection Using Pixel Difference Matrix Projection (2019)

Pedestrian detection in the embedded system, such as video surveillance equipment, usually involves low-resolution pedestrian samples and requires a low computational cost. Many pedestrian detectors rely on a large feature pool and suffer in their efficiency and performance for real-time monitoring. In this paper, a set of light-weight features is proposed to enhance the pedestrian detection performance when a small-medium scale of training data with low-resolution images is available. To address this issue, a difference matrix projection (DMP) is developed to compute aggregated multi-oriented pixel differences using global matrix operations. Both the pixel differences and aggregation are computed using global matrix projection to avoid the laborious iterative operations. We tested our method on the INRIA, Daimler Chrysler classification (Daimler-CB), NICTA, and Caltech Pedestrian datasets. The experiments on these benchmark data sets show encouraging results in terms of detection performance, particularly for image datasets with low-resolution pedestrians.
A User Re-Modeling Approach to Item Recommendation using Complex Usage Data (2017)

We study the problem of item recommendation using complex usage data. We assume that users may interact with items in various ways, each such interaction generates a usage point which may be accompanied with multiple feedback types. In addition, each user may interact with each item multiple times. We propose a generic framework that re-models the user vectors as a post-processing step that can be applied to any Matrix Factorization (MF) method. Using an evaluation on several heterogeneous real-world datasets, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach and demonstrate its superiority over two alternative methods.
Development of delivery system for siRNA using atelocollagen as a carrier material (2004)

siRNAを用いた遺伝子発現抑制技術はin vitro, in vivoにおいて遺伝子機能解析の有力な手法の一つである. siRNAはアンチセンスDNAに比較して手法が単純でありかつ効果が高いことから, 医薬品としての利用を目指した検討も開始されている. siRNAの臨床応用には安全かつ有効な生体内へのsiRNAのデリバリーシステムが必須である. 筆者らはこれまでにアテロコラーゲンを担体とした核酸医薬のデリバリーシステムを確立している. 本稿では, 筆者らのデリバリーシステムを用いたsiRNAの生体内デリバリーについて紹介する.
Dynamic Prosody Generation for Speech Synthesis Using Linguistics-Driven Acoustic Embedding Selection (2020)

Recent advances in Text-to-Speech (TTS) have improved quality and naturalness to near-human capabilities when considering isolated sentences. But something which is still lacking in order to achieve human-like communication is the dynamic variations and adaptability of human speech. This work attempts to solve the problem of achieving a more dynamic and natural intonation in TTS systems, particularly for stylistic speech such as the newscaster speaking style. We propose a novel embedding selection approach which exploits linguistic information, leveraging the speech variability present in the training dataset. We analyze the contribution of both semantic and syntactic features. Our results show that the approach improves the prosody and naturalness for complex utterances as well as in Long Form Reading (LFR).
Early Detection and Staging of Colorectal Cancer Using a Panel of Micro RNAs (2018)

Purpose: To improve lymph node (LN) staging in patients with colon cancer (CC). The present study describes&#13;\nthe selection of CC-specific miRNAs and assesses their utility as a micro metastases detection assay.&#13;\nMethods: 30 miRNAs have been selected from a microarray assay and 16 miRNAs from database mining for&#13;\ntheir specific upregulation in colon cancer tissues as compared to normal adjacent tissues. Differential expression&#13;\nwas validated by RT-qPCR in a larger cohort of samples (n=20) and compared to normal lymphatic tissues (n=6)&#13;\nand normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs, n=14). The selected miRNA panel was then used for the screening&#13;\nof 84 lymph nodes (LN) obtained from colon cancer patients (n=20)&#13;\nResults: After validation, a panel of 8 miRNAs was found to be significantly upregulated in CC compared to&#13;\nnormal adjacent tissues and to normal lymphatic tissues: miR-96, miR-183, miR-194, miR-200a, miR-200b, miR200c, miR-203 and miR-429. A total of 84 LNs were analysed: 12 LN metastases were detected by H&amp;E, 18 by CK&#13;\nstaining whereas 32 were detected by the CC-specific miRNA analysis. This represents an increase of 40% in the&#13;\ndetection rate.&#13;\nConclusion: This study demonstrated the ability of a CC-specific 8 miRNA panel in detecting micro metastases&#13;\nin CC patients.
Controlling Electroosmotic Flow in Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Separation Channels by Means of Prepolymer Additives (2006)

The electroosmotic flow (EOF) in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) separation channel can be altered and controlled by adding a carboxylic acid to the prepolymer prior to curing. When the prepolymer is doped with 0.5 wt % undecylenic acid (UDA), the electroosmotic mobility in a modified PDMS channel rises to (7.6 +/- 0.2) x 10(-4) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) (in HEPES buffer at pH 8.5), which is nearly twice that in the native PDMS channel. Because this modification does not significantly change the hydrophobicity of the PDMS surface, it is possible to combine the modified PDMS with a dynamic coating of n-dodecyl beta-d-maltoside (DDM), which prevents protein sticking (see Huang, B.; Wu, H. K.; Kim, S.; Zare, R. N. Lab Chip 2005, 5, 1005-1007). The modified PDMS channel with a dynamic coating of DDM generates an electroosmotic mobility of (5.01 +/- 0.09) x 10(-4) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), which shows excellent reproducibility both in successive runs and during storage in water. Combining this surface modification and the dynamic coating of DDM is an effective means for both providing stable EOF in the PDMS channels and preventing protein adsorption on the channel walls. To demonstrate these effects, we show that the electrophoretic separation of immunocomplexes in free solution can be readily accomplished in a microfluidic chip made of UDA-doped (0.5 wt %) PDMS with a dynamic coating of DDM.
Precision measurement of the $B_c^+$ meson mass (2020)

Abstract: A precision measurement of the Bc+ meson mass is performed using proton- proton collision data collected with the LHCb experiment at centre-of-mass energies of 7, 8 and 13 TeV, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 9.0 fb−1. The Bc+ mesons are reconstructed via the decays Bc+→ J/ψπ+, Bc+→ J/ψπ+π−π+, Bc+→J/ψpp¯π+, Bc+→J/ψDs+, Bc+→ J/ψ D0K+ and Bc+→Bs0π+. Combining the results of the individual decay channels, the Bc+ mass is measured to be 6274.47 ± 0.27 (stat) ± 0.17 (syst) MeV/c2. This is the most precise measurement of the Bc+ mass to date. The difference between the Bc+ and Bs0 meson masses is measured to be 907.75 ± 0.37 (stat) ± 0.27 (syst) MeV/c.
Structure−Reactivity Relationships of Amido-Pyridine-Supported Rare-Earth-Metal Alkyl Complexes (2008)

Treatment of rare-earth-metal dialkyl complexes with group 13 cocatalysts is a prominent approach to generate homogeneous catalysts active in olefin polymerization. Reaction of Ln(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2 with monovalent imino-amido-pyridine [2-{(2,6-iPr2C6H3)N═CMe}-6-{(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NHCMe2}C5H3N] (HL2) gives donor solvent-free discrete dialkyl compounds [L2]Ln(CH2SiMe3)2 (Ln = Sc, Y, Lu). In the solid state the scandium derivative is isostructural to the previously reported lutetium complex (Gordon et al.). Activation by borate cocatalysts [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] and [PhNMe2H][B(C6F5)4] produces ion pairs that polymerize ethylene in moderate yields (activity: Sc > Lu). Cationization with N-[tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane]-3H-indole gives inactive species. 1H/13C/11B/19F NMR spectroscopy is applied to examine the interaction of the rare-earth-metal dialkyl complexes with the boron cocatalysts. In contrast to the monoalkyl diamido-pyridine compounds [L1]Ln(CH2SiMe3)(THF)x (HL1 = [2,6-{(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NHCH2}C5H3N], the dialkyl imino-amido-pyridine complexes do not polymerize methyl methacrylate.
LiLFeS (1998)

This paper presents the LiLFeS system, an efficient feature-structure description language for HPSG. The core engine of LiLFeS is an Abstract Machine for Attribute-Value Logics, proposed by Carpenter and Qu. Basic design policies, the current status, and performance evaluation of the LiLFeS system are described. The paper discusses two implementations of the LiLFeS. The first one is based on an emulator of the abstract machine, while the second one uses a native-code compiler and therefore is much more efficient than the first one.
Activation ofmyoDgene transcription by 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine: a direct role for the thyroid hormone and retinoid X receptors (1994)

Thyroid hormones are major determinants of skeletal muscle differentiation in vivo. Triiodo-L-thyronine treatment promotes terminal muscle differentiation and results in increased MyoD gene transcription in myogenic cell lines; furthermore myoD and fast myosin heavy chain gene expression are activated in rodent slow twitch muscle fibers (Molecular Endocrinology 6: 1185-1194, 1992; Development 118: 1137-1147, 1993). We have identified a T3 response element (TRE) in the mouse MyoD promoter between nucleotide positions -337 and -309 (5' CTGAGGTCAGTACAGGCTGGAGGAGTAGA 3'). This sequence conferred an appropriate T3 response to an enhancerless SV40 promoter. In vitro binding studies showed that the thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TR alpha) formed a heterodimeric complex, with either the retinoid X receptor alpha or gamma 1 isoforms (RXR alpha, RXR gamm), on the MyoD TRE that was specifically competed by other well characterised TREs and not by other response elements. Analyses of this heterodimer with a battery of steroid hormone response elements indicated that the complex was efficiently competed by a direct repeat of the AGGTCA motif separated by 4 nucleotides as predicted by the 3-4-5 rule. EMSA experiments demonstrated that the nuclear factor(s) present in muscle cells that bound to the myoD TRE were constitutively expressed during myogenesis; this complex was competed by the myosin heavy chain, DR-4 and PAL-0 TREs in a sequence specific fashion. Western blot analysis indicated that TR alpha 1 was constitutively expressed during C2C12 differentiation. Mutagenesis of the myoD TRE indicated that the sequence of the direct repeats (AGGTCA) and the 4 nucleotide gap were necessary for efficient binding to the TR alpha/RXR alpha heterodimeric complex. In conclusion our data suggest that the TRE in the helix loop helix gene, myoD, is a target for the direct heterodimeric binding of TR alpha and RXR alpha/gamma. These results provide a molecular mechanism/model for the effects of triiodo-L-thyronine on in vitro myogenesis; the activation of myoD gene expression in the slow twitch fibres and the cascade of myogenic events regulated by thyroid hormone.
Efficient data selection for machine translation (2008)

Performance of statistical machine translation (SMT) systems relies on the availability of a large parallel corpus which is used to estimate translation probabilities. However, the generation of such corpus is a long and expensive process. In this paper, we introduce two methods for efficient selection of training data to be translated by humans. Our methods are motivated by active learning and aim to choose new data that adds maximal information to the currently available data pool. The first method uses a measure of disagreement between multiple SMT systems, whereas the second uses a perplexity criterion. We performed experiments on Chinese-English data in multiple domains and test sets. Our results show that we can select only one-fifth of the additional training data and achieve similar or better translation performance, compared to that of using all available data.
Data from AT13148 Is a Novel, Oral Multi-AGC Kinase Inhibitor with Potent Pharmacodynamic and Antitumor Activity (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; Deregulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway signaling through AGC kinases including AKT, p70S6 kinase, PKA, SGK and Rho kinase is a key driver of multiple cancers. The simultaneous inhibition of multiple AGC kinases may increase antitumor activity and minimize clinical resistance compared with a single pathway component.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; We investigated the detailed pharmacology and antitumor activity of the novel clinical drug candidate AT13148, an oral ATP-competitive multi-AGC kinase inhibitor. Gene expression microarray studies were undertaken to characterize the molecular mechanisms of action of AT13148.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; AT13148 caused substantial blockade of AKT, p70S6K, PKA, ROCK, and SGK substrate phosphorylation and induced apoptosis in a concentration and time-dependent manner in cancer cells with clinically relevant genetic defects &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;. Antitumor efficacy in HER2-positive, PIK3CA-mutant BT474 breast, PTEN-deficient PC3 human prostate cancer, and PTEN-deficient MES-SA uterine tumor xenografts was shown. We show for the first time that induction of AKT phosphorylation at serine 473 by AT13148, as reported for other ATP-competitive inhibitors of AKT, is not a therapeutically relevant reactivation step. Gene expression studies showed that AT13148 has a predominant effect on apoptosis genes, whereas the selective AKT inhibitor CCT128930 modulates cell-cycle genes. Induction of upstream regulators including IRS2 and PIK3IP1 as a result of compensatory feedback loops was observed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; The clinical candidate AT13148 is a novel oral multi-AGC kinase inhibitor with potent pharmacodynamic and antitumor activity, which shows a distinct mechanism of action from other AKT inhibitors. AT13148 will now be assessed in a first-in-human phase I trial. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 18(14); 3912–23. ©2012 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
High Voltage Vertical GaN p-n Diodes With Avalanche Capability (2013)

In this paper, vertical p-n diodes fabricated on pseudobulk gallium nitride (GaN) substrates are discussed. The measured devices demonstrate breakdown voltages of 2600 V with a differential specific on-resistance of 2 mΩ cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . This performance places these structures beyond the SiC theoretical limit on the power device figure of merit chart. Contrary to common belief, GaN devices do possess avalanche capability. The temperature coefficient of the breakdown voltage is positive, showing that the breakdown is indeed because of impact ionization and avalanche. This is an important property of the device for operation in inductive switching environments. Critical electric field and mobility parameters for epitaxial GaN layers grown on bulk GaN are extracted from electrical measurements. The reverse recovery time of the vertical GaN p-n diode is not discernible because it is limited by capacitance rather than minority carrier storage, and because of this its switching performance exceeds the highest speed silicon diode.