gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pyrolytic cleavage mechanisms of lignin-ether linkages: A study on p-substituted dimers and trimers (2007)

Abstract Pyrolytic cleavage mechanisms of lignin-ether linkages were studied with some dimers and trimers which have various p -substituted C α -phenoxy groups (-H, -OCH 3 , -Cl or -COCH 3 ). Pyrolysis of these model compounds provides phenols and isoeugenol type products. To determine whether the reactions mechanisms are heterolytic or homolytic, the reactivities were compared based on Hammett's substituent constant (σ p ) and the ΔBDE parameter, namely the bond dissociation energy (BDE) reduction. The α-ether-linkages in phenolic forms are cleaved in a heterolytic mechanism, while in non-phenolic forms the α-ether linkages are cleaved homolytically. Cleavage of these α-ether linkages is the rate-determining step for the scission of the C β -O bond in trimers. The β-ether-linkages in the non-phenolic trimers are cleaved through the β-scission type reaction from the benzyl radical intermediates. On the other hand, quinone methide formation through heterolytic cleavage of the α-ether linkages is the key step for following homolysis of the C β -O bonds in the phenolic trimers. Electron attracting character of the quinone methide structure reduces the BDE of the C β -O bond.
Support for File System Extended Attributes in NFSv4 (2015)

This document proposes extensions to existing NFSv4 operations to
allow file extended attributes (here forth also referred to as xattrs)
to be manipulated in the protocol. An xattr is a file system feature
that allows opaque metadata, not interpreted by the file system, to be
associated with files and directories and are supported by many modern
file systems. New file attributes are proposed to allow clients to
query the server for xattr support, and new operations to get and set
xattrs on file system objects.
Universal Quantum Computation Based on a Magic States Distillation (2004)

We consider a model of quantum computation in which the set of elementary operations is limited to Clifford unitaries, the creation of the state $|0\rangle$ computational basis. In addition, we allow the creation of a one-qubit ancilla in a mixed state $\rho$, which should be regarded as a parameter of the model. Our goal is to determine for which $\rho$ universal quantum computation (UQC) can be efficiently simulated. To answer this question, we construct purification protocols that consume several copies of $\rho$ and produce a single output qubit with higher polarization. The protocols allow one to increase the polarization only along certain directions. If the polarization of $\rho$ along a magic direction exceeds a threshold value (about 65%), the purification asymptotically yields a pure state, which we call a magic state. We show that the Clifford group operations combined with magic states preparation are sufficient for UQC. The connection of our results with the Gottesman-Knill theorem is discussed.
Carrier Recombination Dynamics of Surface-Passivated Epitaxial (100)Ge, (110)Ge, and (111)Ge Layers by Atomic Layer Deposited Al2O3 (2023)

Germanium (Ge) and its heterostructures with compound semiconductors offer a unique optoelectronic functionality due to its pseudo-bandgap nature, that can be transformed to a direct bandgap material by providing strain and/or mixing with tin. Moreover, two crystal surfaces, (100)Ge and (110)Ge, that are technologically important for ultralow power fin or nanosheet transistors, could offer unprecedented properties with reduced surface defects after passivating these surfaces by atomic layer deposited (ALD) dielectrics. In this work, the crystallographically oriented epitaxial Ge/AlAs heterostructures were grown and passivated with ALD Al2O3 dielectrics, and the microwave photoconductive decay (μ-PCD) technique was employed to evaluate carrier lifetimes at room temperature. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals no role of orientation effect in the quality of the ALD Al2O3 dielectric on oriented Ge layers. The carrier lifetimes measured using the μ-PCD technique were benchmarked against unpassivated Ge/AlAs heterostructures. Excitation wavelengths of 1500 and 1800 nm with an estimated injection level of ∼1013 cm–3 were selected to measure the orientation-specific carrier lifetimes. The carrier lifetime was increased from 390 ns to 565 ns for (100)Ge and from 260 ns to 440 ns for (110)Ge orientations with passivation, whereas the carrier lifetime is almost unchanged for (111)Ge after passivation. This behavior indicates a strong dependence of the measured lifetime on surface orientation and surface passivation. The observed increase (>1.5×) in lifetime with Al2O3-passivated (100)Ge and (110)Ge surfaces is due to the lower surface recombination velocity compared to unpassivated Ge/AlAs heterostructures. The enhancement of carrier lifetime from passivated Ge/AlAs heterostructures with (100)Ge and (110)Ge surface orientations offers a path for the development of nanoscale transistors due to the reduced interface state density.
Neomycin enhances extracellular matrix stability of glutaraldehyde crosslinked bioprosthetic heart valves (2011)

Glutaraldehyde (GLUT) crosslinked porcine aortic heart valves are continued to be extensively used in heart valve replacement surgeries. GLUT does not crosslink glycosaminoglycans in the tissue and we have demonstrated that GAG loss is associated with tissue degeneration. In this study, we examined the ability of neomycin to enhance GLUT crosslinking to stabilize GAGs, as well as provide evidence of improved functional integrity. Neomycin enhanced GLUT crosslinked (NG) leaflets exposed to collagenase and elastase enzymes exhibited an increased resistance to proteolytic degradation. Furthermore, NG leaflets exhibited small but significant increases in collagen denaturation temperatures when compared to that of standard GLUT crosslinked BHVs. NG leaflets subjected to storage, accelerated cyclic fatigue, and in vitro enzyme mediated GAG degradation revealed improved GAG stabilization versus standard GLUT crosslinked valves, which sustained substantial decreases in GAG content. Ultrastructural analysis using transmission electron microscopy qualitatively confirmed NG leaflets preserved GAGs after enzymatic degradation. Biomechanical analyses demonstrated that NG leaflets were functionally similar to GLUT tissues but were slightly stiffer under both planar biaxial tension and under flexure. Interestingly, after GAGase treatment, GLUT tissues showed increased areal compliance and reduced hysteresis, while NG leaflets were unchanged. Collectively, NG cross-linking functionally insulated the tissue from GAG digestion, and imparted modest additional matrix stiffness but maintained tissue hysteresis properties.
Spatial Wavefield Gradient Data in Seismic Exploration (2017)

Multicomponent seismic array data provide not only recordings of the 3D particle motion and direction of arrival but also important information on the spatial gradients of the seismic wavefield. Such gradient data enable numerous new possibilities to analyse land-seismic data. Benefits of seismic spatial wavefield gradient data include enhanced wavefield separation, local slowness estimation, local elastic-parameter determination, and coherent-noise attenuation. Therefore, long-standing problems in seismic exploration such as suppression of scattered surface waves, isolation of particular wave modes, and wavefield reconstruction from spatially under-sampled data can be addressed with gradient data. Interesting applications of spatial gradients arise for shear (S) wave imaging. Considering that rotational motion (curl of wavefield) is directly linked to the S-wave presence, rotational motion measurements facilitate the identification, isolation, and processing of S-waves. If placed at the Earth’s free surface, rotational rates can be estimated from three-component (3C, vector) sensor arrays. Such data enable capture of all six degrees of freedom (three components of translation and three component of rotation). It is straightforward to apply the same principles of array-derived gradients and rotations to arrays of closely-spaced vector (3C, directed forces) seismic sources, which enables the simulation of pure rotational sources and, thus, ‘pure’ S-wave sources.
Broadband hitless silicon electro-optic switch for optical networkson-chip (2009)

We report the demonstration of a broadband (60 GHz) hitless switch electrically driven by PIN diodes surrounding two coupled resonant cavities. The topology used enables the switch operation without perturbing adjacent channels in a WDM system.
Quantitative Chemically Specific Coherent Diffractive Imaging of Reactions at Buried Interfaces with Few Nanometer Precision (2016)

We demonstrate quantitative, chemically specific imaging of buried nanostructures, including oxidation and diffusion reactions at buried interfaces, using nondestructive tabletop extreme ultraviolet (EUV) coherent diffractive imaging (CDI). Copper nanostructures inlaid in SiO2 are coated with 100 nm of aluminum, which is opaque to visible light and thick enough that neither visible microscopy nor atomic force microscopy can image the buried interface. Short wavelength high harmonic beams can penetrate the aluminum layer, yielding high-contrast images of the buried structures. Quantitative analysis shows that the reflected EUV light is extremely sensitive to the formation of multiple oxide layers, as well as interdiffusion of materials occurring at the metal-metal and metal-insulator boundaries deep within the nanostructure with few nanometers precision.
2D Position-Sensitive Hybrid-Perovskite Detectors (2021)

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) have emerged as a versatile class of semiconductors for numerous optoelectronic applications. Here, we demonstrate light-excitation-dependent two-dimensional (2D) position-sensitive detectors (PSDs) using a mixed-phase perovskite, FA<sub>0.83</sub>Cs<sub>0.17</sub>Pb(I<sub>0.9</sub>Br<sub>0.1</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, as the active semiconductor, incorporated within a five-terminal device geometry. The light-induced lateral photovoltage, which is initiated by selective charge transfer across the metal-perovskite barrier interface, is utilized to achieve the excitation-position-dependent electric response. The 2D PSD devices exhibit a spatially dependent linear variation of the photosignal with sensitivity >50 μV mm<sup>-1</sup> and a low position detection error (1-2%), making them suitable for applications such as quadrant detectors. Further, it is observed that the device architecture plays a key role in controlling the dynamics and linearity of the HOIP PSDs. The large active area devices (up to ∼2 cm × 2 cm) exhibit a distinct spatial variation of the photosignal. We utilize the functionality of the PSD device for light-tracking applications by implementing a continuous detection scheme.
Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS), KS-associated Herpesvirus, and the Criteria for Causality in the Age of Molecular Biology (1998)

Over the past decade, a new understanding of infectious disease epidemiology has emerged, promising answers to a number of previously intractable public health questions. Examples exist for chronic diseases, such as peptic ulcer disease, whose origins are now presumed to have an infectious cause. Much of this change is due to the successful development of molecular biologic techniques that allow researchers to study infectious agents in novel and unexpected ways. The intersection of molecular biology with epidemiology makes new demands on epidemiologists, who will be increasingly required to evaluate and understand molecular epidemiologic approaches to infectious diseases. In this context, simple and rigorous population-based epidemiology becomes even more important, not less so. For this special issue celebrating the 75th anniversary of the Columbia University School of Public Health, we will discuss some of these unique problems and opportunities using the example of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), which was identified in our laboratory at Columbia.
Palm-print recognition for authentication on smartphones (2015)

In a world where smart phones are becoming ubiquitous and are more powerful than ever, security is becoming an issue. Equipped with good cameras, smart phones are prime candidates for software designed to recognize objects and people around them. By recognizing biometric patterns such as the face, palm-prints or hand knuckles, smart phones can heighten security standards. Depending on the intended action, specific security requirements should be met. For instance, bank services need a reliable authentication system, whereas unlocking a device can use a lower security feature. For this perspective we are working on a database of palm-prints that have only been acquired using smart phones to verify their users' identity and also designing an authentication system based on these results to be used on smartphones.
Towards fluorescence anisotropy detection for real-time PCR assays (2004)

Real-time PCR methods play a valuable role in the characterization of mutations as well as gene expression studies. Existing techniques such as TaqMAN/sup /spl trade// and Molecular Beacons/sup /spl trade// employ specially designed oligonucleotides whose fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) is affected by the reaction progression. Such methods have proven repeatable and accurate, however the challenges in design and cost of these reagents are limiting for high throughput applications. Other less expensive techniques, such as the use of intercalating probes, lack the specificity to allow simultaneous detection of multiple alleles. To overcome these limitations, we are developing an alternative real-time PCR detection technique based on fluorescence anisotropy (FA) that relies only on fluorescently labeled forward primers. Previous work on FA and PCR has highlighted several barriers to their combination. Here we analyze these challenges and study the specifications for instrumentation to overcome them. We report the construction of an apparatus testing these specifications in which very low noise FA measurements have been made throughout the progress of the PCR procedure. This work demonstrates the feasibility of FA detection for reduced cost analysis of real-time PCR assays for high throughput applications.
Resuming Elective Orthopaedic Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020)

Update This article was updated on September 4, 2020, because of a previous error. On page 1211, in the author affiliation section, “W.L. Walter, MBBS, PhD 3 ” now reads “W.L. Walter, MBBS, PhD 3,4 ,” the affiliation for Dr. Van Onsem that had read “ 3 Specialist Orthopedic Group, The Mater Clinic, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia” now reads “ 3 Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia,” and the affiliation for Dr. Walter that had read “ 3 Specialist Orthopedic Group, The Mater Clinic, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia” now reads “ 3 Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia” and “ 4 University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.” An erratum has been published: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2020 Oct 7;102(19):e113 » As we resume elective surgical procedures, it is important to understand what practices and protocols should be altered or implemented in order to minimize the risk of pathogen transfer during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 pandemic. » Each hospital and health system should consider their unique situation in terms of SARS-CoV-2 prevalence, staffing capabilities, personal protection equipment supply, and so on when determining how and when to implement these recommendations. » All patients should be screened for SARS-CoV-2 by means of a thorough history and physical examination, as well as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing whenever possible, prior to undergoing elective surgery. » Patients who are currently infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) should not undergo elective surgery. » These guidelines are based on the available scientific evidence, albeit scant. The recommendations have been reviewed and voted on by the expert delegates who produced this document.
A frequency stabilized laser array for use in displacement metrology (2000)

Summary form only given. We have developed a frequency stabilized laser system to supply light to measure atomic distance displacements of a stage moved in real time. Each laser in the array provides enough power (/spl sim/1 mW) for four Michelson interferometers whose accuracy requires a frequency stability of 20 kHz. In addition, each laser must be stable on both short and long time scales due to the real time control requirements.
ChemInform Abstract: The Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Chloro α‐Alkyl and α‐ Methyl α‐Alkyl Phosphonic Acids of High Enantiomeric Purity. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The RASSF1A Tumor Suppressor Activates Bax via MOAP-1 (2005)

The novel tumor suppressor RASSF1A is frequently inactivated during human tumorigenesis by promoter methylation. RASSF1A may serve as a node in the integration of signaling pathways controlling a range of critical cellular functions including cell cycle, genomic instability, and apoptosis. The mechanism of action of RASSF1A remains under investigation. We now identify a novel pathway connecting RASSF1A to Bax via the Bax binding protein MOAP-1. RASSF1A and MOAP-1 interact directly, and this interaction is enhanced by the presence of activated K-Ras. RASSF1A can activate Bax via MOAP-1. Moreover, activated K-Ras, RASSF1A, and MOAP-1 synergize to induce Bax activation and cell death. Analysis of a tumor-derived point mutant of RASSF1A showed that the mutant was defective for the MOAP-1 interaction and for Bax activation. Moreover, inhibition of RASSF1A by shRNA impaired the ability of K-Ras to activate Bax. Thus, we identify a novel pro-apoptotic pathway linking K-Ras, RASSF1A and Bax that is specifically impaired in some human tumors.
HyperNeRF: A Higher-Dimensional Representation for Topologically Varying Neural Radiance Fields (2021)

Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) are able to reconstruct scenes with unprecedented fidelity, and various recent works have extended NeRF to handle dynamic scenes. A common approach to reconstruct such non-rigid scenes is through the use of a learned deformation field mapping from coordinates in each input image into a canonical template coordinate space. However, these deformation-based approaches struggle to model changes in topology, as topological changes require a discontinuity in the deformation field, but these deformation fields are necessarily continuous. We address this limitation by lifting NeRFs into a higher dimensional space, and by representing the 5D radiance field corresponding to each individual input image as a slice through this "hyper-space". Our method is inspired by level set methods, which model the evolution of surfaces as slices through a higher dimensional surface. We evaluate our method on two tasks: (i) interpolating smoothly between "moments", i.e., configurations of the scene, seen in the input images while maintaining visual plausibility, and (ii) novel-view synthesis at fixed moments. We show that our method, which we dub HyperNeRF, outperforms existing methods on both tasks. Compared to Nerfies, HyperNeRF reduces average error rates by 4.1% for interpolation and 8.6% for novel-view synthesis, as measured by LPIPS. Additional videos, results, and visualizations are available at https://hypernerf.github.io.
CAESAR: Space Robotics Technology for Assembly, Maintenance, and Repair (2018)

The Compliant Assistance and Exploration SpAce Robot (CAESAR) is DLR's consistent continuation in the development of force/torque controlled robot systems. The basis is DLR’s world-famous light-weight robot technology (LWR III) which was successfully transferred to KUKA, one of the world’s leading suppliers of robotics. CAESAR is the space qualified equivalent to the current service robot systems for manufacturing and human-robot cooperation. It is designed for a variety of on-orbit services e.g. assembly, maintenance, repair, and debris removal in LEO/GEO. The dexterity and diversity of CAESAR will push the performance of space robotics to the next level in a comparable way as the current intelligent and sensor based service robots changed robotics on earth.
Thermo-mechanical analysis of a probe for electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy operating at cryogenic temperatures (2019)

In this article, we present the thermo-mechanical analysis of an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) probe operating at cryogenic temperatures using finite element analysis. Thermo-mechanical analysis plays a key role in the mechanical design evaluation process as EPR probes are often subjected to large stresses under such extreme conditions. For simplification, we assume thermal conduction to be the dominant mode of heat transfer over convection and radiation. The simulation model consists of a cryostat-probe assembly with appropriate thermal and structural boundary conditions. The predicted temperature distributions from the steady-state thermal analysis is then used for the stress analysis of the EPR probe. The stress analysis indicated that stresses in the EPR probe are below the ultimate strengths of each component, and thus safe for running EPR experiments. Furthermore, the simulation results were confirmed experimentally, and we found that the predicted heat losses for the EPR probe assembly and the sample holder are in excellent agreement with the experimental measurements.
Demonstration of Counter-Propagating Raman Pump Placed Near Signal-Channel Wavelengths (2016)

As optical-fiber capacity is increased by the use of multiple signal bands such as the combined S+C+L bands, signals in the S -band may have to co-exist with Raman pumps operating in nearby wavelength slots. We investigate the impact of placing a counter-propagating Raman pump near a 32-Gbd polarization-division-multiplexed 16-ary quadrature-amplitude-modulated signal.