gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GPS Time Tag Using Software GPS Receiver Approach (2005)

In addition to global positioning applications, GPS has been widely used for time and frequency transfer. A GPS software receiver developed at the Air Force Research Laboratory at the Wright Patterson Air Force Base only has positioning capability, although information needed for the timing and frequency applications are already embedded in the software routines for position applications. This paper presents approaches and methods developed to extract the embedded information so that time and frequency can be accessed explicitly. Specifically, we implement GPS time tag at each output data point generated by the software tracking routine. One possible application of this work is to synchronize different GPS receivers using a common GPS reference time. The paper will discuss the relationship among several important timing quantities including the receiver bias time, GPS signal propagation time from a satellite to a from a receiver antenna to the A/D converter of the receiver front end. An analysis of the positioning solution error due to the A/D sampling frequency deviation from its nominal value is also presented, followed by the description of a software approach to calibrate the sampling frequency deviation. Two different GPS receiver front ends are used in this study to experimentally demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the time and frequency transfer functions. The nominal sampling frequencies for the two receiver front ends are 5 MHz and 5.456 MHz respectively. Using the software approach described in this paper, the sampling frequencies are calibrated to have deviations of -12 and - 353 Hz, respectively, from their nominal values. For both receivers, the self-consistency tests of a single receiver using different satellites as the reference satellite were performed to evaluate the time tags precision. The self-consistent tests show that there is less than one nanosecond of time difference between the corresponding GPS time tags obtained for different reference satellites. Preliminary cross-consistent tests between two receivers were also performed to demonstrate that the timing differences between the receivers are in the tens of nanoseconds range.
Wideband space-time communication with implicit channel feedback (2003)

We consider wideband communication (e.g., using OFDM) over a typical cellular "downlink," in which the base station may have several antenna elements, while the mobile has 1or 2 antenna elements. The following are our major findings: (a) Implicit channel feedback regarding the covariance matrix for the downlink space-time channel can be obtained, without any power or bandwidth overhead, by suitably averaging uplink channel measurements across frequency. This approach applies to both time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD) systems. The covariance feedback can be used to obtain better performance on the downlink, at lower encoding and decoding complexity, compared to standard space-time coding. (b) The conventional design without channel feedback is to space the transmit antennas far enough apart so as to ensure uncorrelated responses. However, when implicit feedback is available, much better performance is obtained by significantly smaller antenna spacing, optimized such that the number of dominant eigenmodes of the channel matches the (small) number of receive antenna elements.
Metal Core Bonding Motifs of Monodisperse Icosahedral Au13 and Larger Au Monolayer-Protected Clusters As Revealed by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (2006)

The atomic metal core structures of the subnanometer clusters Au13[PPh3]4[S(CH2)11CH3]2Cl2 (1) and Au13[PPh3]4[S(CH2)11CH3]4 (2) were characterized using advanced methods of electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The number of gold atoms in the cores of these two clusters was determined quantitatively using high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy. Multiple-scattering-path analyses of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra suggest that the Au metal cores of each of these complexes adopt an icosahedral structure with a relaxation of the icosahedral strain. Data from microscopy and spectroscopy studies extended to larger thiolate-protected gold clusters showing a broader distribution in nanoparticle core sizes (183 +/- 116 Au atoms) reveal a bulklike fcc structure. These results further support a model for the monolayer-protected clusters (MPCs) in which the thiolate ligands bond preferentially at 3-fold atomic sites on the nanoparticle surface, establishing an average composition for the MPC of Au180[S(CH2)11CH3]40. Results from EXAFS measurements of a gold(I) dodecanethiolate polymer are presented that offer an alternative explanation for observations in previous reports that were interpreted as indicating Au MPC structures consisting of a Au core, Au2S shell, and thiolate monolayer.
Length-structured Evaluation of Seasonal Energy Patterns in Largemouth Bass (1994)

ABSTRACT We developed a new approach for evaluating energy dynamics in fish populations and applied it to largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Wild fish were collected monthly and primary energy constituents (protein and lipid) were determined for specific tissues (muscle, liver, and gonad). Monthly samples were partitioned into length categories, and sex-specific log10 weight-length regression equations were used to predict weights for the midpoint total lengths of stock to quality (S-Q) and quality to preferred (Q-P) length categories (250 and 340-mm TL for S-Q and Q-P fish, respectively). These weights then were adjusted by using the monthly relative weight (Wr) means of sex and length categories as correction factors to adjust for seasonal changes in plumpness to arrive at a representative monthly weight for each category. Monthly lipid and protein fractions of tissues then were multiplied by mean muscle, gonad and liver weights of these standard fish to obtain lipid and protein weights. Energy equivalents were applied to provide total energy estimates of the lipid and protein quantities. The approach provided a unique method for evaluating population energetics allowing direct comparisons among sex and length categories.
Reliability and Stability Issues for Lanthanum Silicate as a High-K Dielectric (2006)

Lanthanum silicate gate dielectric MIS devices have been studied in relation to material stability and device reliability. Uncapped dielectric films 2 nm thick exposed to air for 7 months show very little increase in hydroxide formation (~2%, determined by XPS) if experiencing an initial high temperature anneal (1000{degree sign}C, 10 sec). Likewise, after an initial 1000{degree sign}C anneal, MIS device characteristics show no appreciable change over this time period. Negative bias temperature instability measurements on MIS devices at 100{degree sign}C and -2.5 V reveal process-temperature-dependent midgap voltage shifts, with negative shifts (&gt;50 mV) observed for &lt;=900{degree sign}C processing indicating predominantly hole trapping, and small (10 mV) positive shifts for samples experiencing a 1000{degree sign}C process temperature, well within accepted device reliability limits. These results indicate that lanthanum silicate will not introduce significant device lifetime issues when optimally processed.
Surface Treatment and Functionalization Effects on Chemical Vapor Deposition and Atomic Layer Deposition Grown HfO2 (2007)

Ultrathin HfO2 films were deposited on various pre-treated Si surfaces by chemical vapor deposition using a hafnium-t-butoxide/O2 process and atomic layer deposition using a tetrakis(ethylmethylamino)hafnium/O3 process. The pre-treatments included aqueous based treatments for chemical oxide growth, HF-last, thermal nitridation, and dry oxidation with and without plasma nitridation. Growth rate differences of CVD grown films were observed, with HF-last based treatments exhibiting the highest barrier to nucleation. ALD grown films exhibited similar growth rates (~1Aå/cycle) and Hf coverage (~29% monolayer coverage/cycle) on all starting surfaces although differences in incubation cycles were observed. Starting surfaces containing nitrogen were shown to have improved nucleation and electron tunneling characteristics with increasing proximity of nitrogen to the starting surface. In device test structures utilizing ALD HfO2, interface nitridation was observed to reduce linear threshold voltage (Vtlin), inversion thickness (Tinv), high field (1 MV/cm) mobility and linear drain current (Idlin), while HF-last treatment was shown to have the highest mobility and Idlin at Tinv = 14.6 Aå.
Compact VCSEL-based laser array communications systems for improved data performance in satellites (2014)

Compact, radiation-hardened free-space optical data links are enabled by two-dimensional VCSEL arrays that can be modulated at high data rates while being scaled to produce high power levels. The combination of high modulation speed and scalability of power is enabled by the use of arrays which are flip-chip mounted onto sub-mounts that contain electrical strip line waveguides to provide an impedance match for the VCSELs. For laser wavelengths in the 910 nm to 1020 nm range, the lasers can be back-emitting through the GaAs substrate, which enables the use of etched microlenses to manipulate the beams from the individual elements. This approach of using VCSELs in arrays is inherently reliable and radiation-hard. The resulting free space optical data links are particularly advantageous for space-borne applications where size, weight, and power are important factors. Performance characterization of links constructed with these lasers demonstrates their suitability for short distance to medium distance data transfer at up to 10 Gb/s.
Phase Change and Magnetic Memories for Solid-State Drive Applications (2017)

The state-of-the-art solid-state drives (SSDs) now heterogeneously integrate NAND Flash and dynamic random access memories (DRAMs) to partially hide the limitation of the nonvolatile memory technology. However, due to the increased request for storage density coupled with performance that positions the storage tier closer to the latency of the processing elements, NAND Flash are becoming a serious bottleneck. DRAM as well are a limitation in the SSD reliability due to their vulnerability to the power loss events. Several emerging memory technologies are candidate to replace them, namely the storage class memories. Phase change memories and magnetic memories fall into this category. In this work, we review both technologies from the perspective of their possible application in future disk drives, opening up new computation paradigms as well as improving the storage characteristics in terms of latency and reliability.
Clinical characteristics of patients with not well-controlled severe asthma in Japan: Analysis of the Keio Severe Asthma Research Program in Japanese population (KEIO-SARP) registry (2020)

Japanese patients with severe asthma were divided into well-controlled and not-well controlled asthma, and we confirmed heterogeneity of not well-controlled severe asthma. These patients, especially non-type 2 phenotype, require a further therapeutic approach. (University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry, UMIN000002980).
Structured spatio-temporal interference rejection with antenna arrays (2003)

We propose a structured, training sequence based method to find the parameters of a spatio-temporal co-channel interference (CCI) rejection filter. By exploiting the inherent structure of the CCI, it is shown that the number of parameters that are to be estimated can be made independent of the spatio-temporal filter order. It is further shown that by taking advantage of the desired user's known protocol structure, the parameters can be estimated using a semi-blind technique. Simulation results indicate that by taking the structure into account, for short training sequences, considerable gains are achievable compared to an unstructured method.
Robust model-based fault detection for roll rate sensor (2004)

Due to the wide variation of vehicle dynamics under a vast operating range, such as dynamically changing road super-elevations and road grades, the detection of a roll rate signal fault using analytical redundancy is particularly challenging. These challenges, as well as the robustness and performance of the proposed scheme are discussed. The robust performance of the proposed scheme, over model uncertainties and road disturbances, is illustrated analytically and validated through simulations and experiments. The analytical illustrations include three elements: a robust estimation of the vehicle roll angle, a dynamic compensation of both electrical and kinematics-induced bias in the roll rate signal, and a directionally sensitive design of a robust observer which decouples the model uncertainties and disturbances from the fault.
Foreword to the Special Issue on the 43rd European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC 2017) (2018)

The papers in this special issue were presented at the 43rd European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC 2017)that took place September 17–21 in Gothenburg, Sweden.
Synthesis and optical properties of naphthopyran dyes conjugated with fluorescent stilbazolium moieties (2013)

The synthesis of new 3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran dyes substituted at position 8 of the naphthalene ring by either a stilbazolium or an 4-ethenyl-quinolinium group and their photochemical properties are described. In non-polar media the naphthopyran–stilbazolium conjugates do not show any photochromic response while the formation of the ring opened species is promoted in strong polar media. Additional investigations of the new dyes within the pores of mesoporous MCM 41 particles showed a significant enhancement of the photochromism compared with that in solution. The generation of the ring-opened species upon irradiation with UV-light is accompanied by a decrease of the fluorescence intensity, which could be recovered by illumination with visible light.
Service Provider Wi-Fi Services Over Residential Architectures (2013)

The tremendous growth in Wi-Fi technology adoption over the last
decade has met the ultimate possible goal of 100% adoption rate. All
most every new mobile device is now equipped with IEEE 802.11-based
wireless interface and with pre-configured policy to prefer Wi-Fi to
cellular access. Matching this evolution is every service
provider's desire to offer Wi-Fi based broadband services; a new
business opportunity even for fixed line operators. Operators are
exploring options to monetize their existing networks, most with
nation-wide footprint, to build a high-speed Wi-Fi service that can be
the basis for offering new wireless broadband services. This document
identifies the requirements for supporting these new Wi-Fi community
services and the mobility tools which have been standardized in IETF
that can be used for enabling these architectures.
Automatic preference based multi-objective evolutionary algorithm on vehicle fleet maintenance scheduling optimization (2021)

A preference based multi-objective evolutionary algorithm is proposed for generating solutions in an automatically detected knee point region. It is named Automatic Preference based DI-MOEA (AP-DI-MOEA) where DI-MOEA stands for Diversity-Indicator based Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm). AP-DI-MOEA has two main characteristics: firstly, it generates the preference region automatically during the optimization; secondly, it concentrates the solution set in this preference region. Moreover, the real-world vehicle fleet maintenance scheduling optimization (VFMSO) problem is formulated, and a customized multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) is proposed to optimize maintenance schedules of vehicle fleets based on the predicted failure distribution of the components of cars. Furthermore, the customized MOEA for VFMSO is combined with AP-DI-MOEA to find maintenance schedules in the automatically generated preference region. Experimental results on multi-objective benchmark problems and our three-objective real-world application problems show that the newly proposed algorithm can generate the preference region accurately and that it can obtain better solutions in the preference region. Especially, in many cases, under the same budget, the Pareto optimal solutions obtained by AP-DI-MOEA dominate solutions obtained by MOEAs that pursue the entire Pareto front.
Highly Luminescent Organic−Inorganic Hybrid Mesoporous Silicas Containing Tunable Chemosensor inside the Pore Wall (2007)

New multifunctional luminescent hybrid mesoporous silicas (LHMS) containing a tunable chemosensor diimine moiety inside the pore wall have been synthesized. XRD and TEM image analyses indicate the formation of highly ordered 2D hexagonal mesophase from a 1:3 mixture of diimine organosilica and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) assisted by the supramolecular assembly of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB); the use of diimine organosilica precursor alone leads to disordered mesophase. 13C CP MAS, 29Si MAS NMR, and UV−visible spectroscopic data show the incorporation of bridging organic diimine in the solid mesoporous materials. N2 sorption data suggest high BET surface areas together with type IV isotherms for the LHMS samples. These hybrid mesoporous materials show very strong affinity for metal cations (Fe3+, Zn2+, etc.), which could be utilized for possible application to metal ion chemosensors. All the LHMS samples exhibit very strong photoluminescence at room temperature and strong dependence of emission on exogenous ions. The highly ordered sample has the advantage over the disordered sample synthesized over pure diimine precursor, because its ion-exchange efficiency is high and it is synthesized with a small amount of diimine chemosensor precursor.
Examining Numerical Solutions of the Discrete Navier-Lamé Equations for Nonrigid Image Registration (2006)

� Abstract—Fluid registration is an example of a nonrigid image registration algorithm that uses a deformation field to define the transformation between two images. The velocity of the deformation field is governed by the Navier-Lame equations, which form a semilinear system of partial differential equations (PDEs) that can be discretized and solved numerically via fixed- point iteration. The fixed-point iteration generates a succession of linear PDE systems. Early fluid registration algorithms solved these linear PDE systems using successive overrelaxation (SOR), which iteratively converges to an approximate solution. Later algorithms posed the solution of each linear PDE system as the result of a deconvolution algorithm, enabling faster direct solutions using the Fast Fourier transform (FFT). This article examines the computational complexity of SOR versus FFT for solving the linear PDE systems throughout the fixed-point iteration, and it shows that SOR actually overtakes FFT in speed as the fixed point is approached.
Excessive Increase in QT Interval and Dispersion of Repolarization Predict Recurrent Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia after Amiodarone (2004)

Although chronic amiodarone has been proven to be effective to suppress ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF), how we predict the recurrence of VT/VF after chronic amiodarone remains unknown. This study evaluated the predictive value of the QT interval, spatial, and transmural dispersions of repolarization (SDR and TDR) for further arrhythmic events after chronic amiodarone. Eighty-seven leads body surface ECGs were recorded before (pre) and one month after (post) chronic oral amiodarone in 50 patients with sustained monomorphic VT associated with organic heart disease. The Q-Tend (QTe), the Q-Tpeak (QTp), and the interval between Tpeak and Tend (Tp-e) as an index of TDR were measured automatically from 87-lead ECG, corrected Bazett's method (QTce, QTcp, Tcp-e), and averaged among all 87 leads. As an index of SDR, the maximum (max) minus minimum (min) QTce (max-min QTce) and standard deviation of QTce (SD-QTce) was obtained among 87 leads. All patients were prospectively followed (15 +/- 10 months) after starting amiodarone, and 20 patients had arrhythmic events. The univariate analysis revealed that post max QTce, post SD-QTce, post max-min QTce, and post mean Tcp-e from 87-lead but not from 12-lead ECG were the significant predictors for further arrhythmic events. ROC analysis indicated the post max-min QTce > or = 106 ms as the best predictor of events (hazard ratio = 10.4, 95%, CI 2.7 to 40.5, P = 0.0008). Excessive QT prolongation associated with increased spatial and transmural dispersions of repolarization predict the recurrence of VT/VF after amiodarone treatment.
Making 5G Millimeter-Wave Communications a Reality [Industry Perspectives] (2017)

Driven by the data requirements envisioned for the fifth generation (5G) of wireless services, the mobile community is focusing on breaking the spectrum gridlock that characterizes cellular technology. In this context, researchers and industries have identified millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications as a key enabler for providing unprecedented radio access capacity. Nevertheless, due to the specific differences between this technology and microwave systems, there are multiple research challenges spanning from the hardware to the overall system architecture. The goal of this column is to provide an overview of these challenges and discuss the most promising solutions to make 5G mmWave communications a reality.
Minimum Miscibility Pressure Determination: Modified Multiple Mixing Cell Method (2012)

Abstract Hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon gas injection are among the most effective methods to enhance oil recovery. A key design parameter in any gas injection project is the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP). MMP can be measured in the laboratory with slim tube test, rising bubble apparatus and vanishing-interfacial-tension. Although laboratory measurements are more reliable, their high cost and longer period of time to get a few data sets made them less advantageous. There are numerous analytical, numerical, and empirical approaches devised to determine the MMP through studying thermodynamic behavior of reservoir and injection fluids in a given reservoir condition. Some numerical approaches need additional fluid and rock interaction properties such as relative permeability and capillary pressure. Conceptually, miscibility between injected gas and reservoir oil can occur through three multi-contact mechanisms, namely condensing drive mechanism (CDM), vaporizing drive mechanism (VDM) and both condensing and vaporizing (CV) drive mechanism. Some models such as single-cell algorithm usually give overestimated MMP values since the model is based on the assumption that the drive mechanism is dictated only by CDM or VDM. In most cases, as we will see from the case studies of this research and reported by others as well, miscibility develops through both condensing and vaporizing (CV) driving mechanisms. Multiple mixing cell approach is a very effective way to handle CV drive mechanism. In this study, we modify the algorithm proposed by Ahmadi and Johns (2008), by including additional checking criterion. In spite of increased computational time overhead, our added checking criterion is found to be very useful to crosscheck the validity of the determined MMP, hence improve the reliability.
Modeling and simulation of wave propgation in graded-index waveguides and optical couplers (2002)

This paper uses the Beam Propagation Method (BPM) to develop a Matlab-based toolbox with a user-friendly graphical interface for modeling and simulation of guided wave propagation in graded-index waveguides and optical couplers. Matlab has been used to develop the toolbox since it has powerful graphical features that allow for the propagation patterns to be interactively displayed along the waveguide structure. Using the developed simulation toolbox one can understand and visualize the wave propagation phenomena in graded-index waveguides and optical couplers.