gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Discovery and Development of a Novel Vaccine to Protect againstNeisseria meningitidisSerogroup B Disease (2014)

Vaccines have had a major impact on the reduction of many diseases globally. Vaccines targeted against invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) due to serogroups A, C, W, and Y are used to prevent these diseases. Until recently no vaccine had been identified that could confer broad protection against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MnB). MnB causes IMD in the very young, adolescents and young adults and thus represents a significant unmet medical need. In this brief review, we describe the discovery and development of a vaccine that has the potential for broad protection against this devastating disease.
Comparison of accuracy of two uncalibrated pulse contour cardiac output monitors in off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery patients using pulmonary artery catheter-thermodilution as a reference (2021)

In comparison with CO measured by the PAC, the Argos device proved to be more accurate than the Vigileo-FloTrac device in CO trending and absolute CO measurement in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery.
Improving diagnostic yield in brain biopsy: Coupling spectroscopic targeting with real-time needle placement (2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of intraoperative magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for targeting during brain biopsy using a skull-mounted trajectory guide. From January 1999 to January 2001, 17 patients had intraoperative MRS-guided brain biopsy using a trajectory guide. Ten had turbo spectroscopic imaging (TSI), and seven had both SVS (single-voxel spectroscopy) and TSI. Prospective stereotaxy was used to align the device in a short-bore 1.5-T MR scanner. Areas of elevated choline relative to creatine on SVS and TSI were targeted during the biopsy. Intraoperative imaging confirmed appropriate positioning of the biopsy needle at the time of tissue sampling in all cases. All 17 biopsies (100%) yielded diagnostic tissue. Six patients (34%) had glioblastomas multiforme, three (18%) had anaplastic astrocytomas, three (18%) had anaplastic oligodendrogliomas, two (12%) had radiation necrosis, and one each (6%) had germinoma, ganglioglioma, and astrocytoma. Postoperative imaging confirmed the absence of clinically and radiographically relevant hemorrhage. The findings on SVS correlated with the pathology in all seven cases (100%). In 13 of 17 patients (76%) who had TSI, the spectra correlated well with the permanent pathologic examination. The SVS and TSI spectra were similar in six of seven (86%) cases. Intraoperative MRS-guided brain biopsy using a trajectory guide is a simple, safe, and accurate technique for accessing areas of the brain of diagnostic interest. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:12-15.
Accuracy and stability of saliva as a sample for reverse transcription PCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 (2020)

COVID-19 prevalence has increased worldwide. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection has majorly contributed to COVID-19 diagnosis. Although nasopharyngeal swab samples are commonly used for RT-PCR, infection risk is high among the healthcare personnel during sample collection. Saliva, which can be self-collected by patients even at home, has been proposed as a sample for RT-PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection, thus potentially reducing the infection risk among healthcare personnel.1 2 However, few studies have assessed the accuracy of RT-PCR analysis using multiple saliva samples. Furthermore, salivary ribonuclease is speculated to affect the analysis of stored samples.3

From 15 May to 16 July 2020, we obtained nasopharyngeal swabs and saliva samples simultaneously, from patients admitted to Keio University Hospital (Tokyo, Japan) for COVID-19 treatment and from the university staff presenting symptoms suggesting acute viral infections, including fever, upper or lower respiratory symptoms, or diarrhoea. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected by trained medical staff using a FLOQ SWAB and a BD UVT container (BD, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, USA), and saliva samples were collected by patients themselves in sterile containers after 1 min of salivation. Real-time RT-PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection was simultaneously performed for both samples, using LightCycler96 (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) using the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Detection Kit (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions using N1 and N2 primers and probes.4 Ct values of <40 for either primer were considered as a positive result, and the results were compared between the two samples.

Furthermore, to assess the stability of saliva samples, samples with …
Tables of Glycosidase Inhibitors with Nitrogen in the Sugar Ring and Their Inhibitory Activities: Section 1–2.4 (1998)

This appendix contains sections titled: 1 Four-Membered Ring 2.1 Five-Membered Rings, C4 2.2 Five-Membered Rings, C5 2.3 Five-Membered Rings, C6 2.3.1 1,4-Iminoalditols and Relatives 2.3.2 2,5-Iminoalditols and Relatives 2.4 Five-Membered Rings, C7
The gp200-MR6 molecule which is functionally associated with the IL-4 receptor modulates B cell phenotype and is a novel member of the human macrophage mannose receptor family (1998)

The human gp200-MR6 molecule has previously been shown to have either an antagonistic or agonistic effect on IL-4 function, demonstrated by inhibition of IL-4-induced proliferation of T cells or mimicking of IL-4-induced maturation of epithelium, respectively. We now show that gp200-MR6 ligation can also mimic IL-4 and have an anti-proliferative pro-maturational influence within the immune system, causing up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules on B lymphocytes. Biochemical analysis and cDNA cloning reveal that gp200-MR6 belongs to the human macrophage mannose receptor family of multidomain molecules. It comprises 1722 amino acids in toto (mature protein, 1695 amino acids; signal sequence, 27 amino acids) organized into 12 external domains (an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain, a fibronectin type II domain and 10 C-type carbohydrate recognition domains), a transmembrane region and a small cytoplasmic C terminus (31 amino acids) containing a single tyrosine residue (Y1679), but no obvious kinase domain. Strong amino acid sequence identity (77%) suggests that gp200-MR6 is the human homologue of the murine DEC-205, indicating that this molecule has much wider functional activity than its classical endocytic role. We also show that the gp200-MR6 molecule is closely associated with tyrosine kinase activity; the link between gp200-MR6 and the IL-4 receptor may therefore be via intracellular signaling pathways, with multifunctionality residing in its extracellular multidomain structure.
Hypoxic Vasodilation by Red Blood Cells and Impairment in Vascular Disorders. (2004)

Abstract Physiological O2 gradients are principal regulators of blood flow in the microcirculation: position-to-position changes in hemoglobin (Hb) O2 saturation are coupled to regulated vasodilation (“hypoxic vasodilation”). The mechanism by which graded changes in O2 content of blood evoke this response has been a great challenge to understand. A new role for red blood cells (RBCs) in hypoxic dilation of blood vessels and inhibition of platelet activation involving release of nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity is described. We show that NO groups can be transferred within hemoglobin (Hb) from hemes to highly-conserved cysteine thiols (β-Cys93) to form bioactive S-nitrosohemoglobin (SNO-Hb), and that efficient production of SNO-Hb requires selective processing of NO within the β-subunits. Bioactive SNO-Hb is localized primarily to the RBC membrane through interaction with Band 3, the transmembrane anion-exchanger 1 protein (AE1). Upon deoxygenation, transfer of the NO group from β-Cys93 of Hb to a cysteine thiol within AE1 serves the RBC vasodilator activity. In this way, O2 binding in Hb modulates the release of NO bioactivity. We further show that RBC NO bioactivity is inversely proportional to pO2 and impaired in disease. In an aortic ring bioassay sparged with variable concentrations of O2, addition of normal human RBCs elicited graded responses from relaxation at tissue pO2 (~3–7 mm Hg, hypoxic vasodilation), to loss of relaxation and progressively greater contractions at pO2’s of 10–63 mm Hg (hyperoxic vasoconstriction). Notably, RBC SNO-Hb levels and hypoxic vasodilation are impaired in several diseases characterized by vascular dysfunction. For example, in RBCs from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), we found decreased (13% of control) SNO-Hb content (assessed by photolysis-chemiluminescence) and impaired O2-dependent vasodilation (bioassay). RBCs from patients with other ischemic disorders have also been examined: RBCs demonstrate a pathogenesis-based impairment in their ability to mediate hypoxic vasodilation by NO. These results confirm the (patho)physiologic importance of RBC NO, and suggest that RBC dysfunction may contribute to impaired blood flow in diseases of the heart, lung and blood.
Emission spectroscopic properties of 1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane complexes of gold(I) (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEmission spectroscopic properties of 1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane complexes of gold(I)T. Mark McCleskey and Harry B. GrayCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1992, 31, 10, 1733–1734Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00036a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00036a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views426Altmetric-Citations113LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Enabling True Design for Manufacturability (2005)

Summary form only given. Without any doubt, design-for-manufacturability (DFM) has been the hottest buzzword for the last couple of years. This is quite justifiable by the enormous challenges in nanometer technology nodes and ever increasing design-process interactions. As a result, virtually all EDA companies have focused on providing "DFM solutions". Since the concept of DFM covers an extremely broad spectrum of tasks, from the system level all the way to the manufacturing process, many of these DFM solutions are just design verification tasks re-labeled. We provide a more thorough classification of various DFM activities with emphasis on the design tasks. We also discuss the necessary condition to enable true DFM, i.e., the comprehensive characterization of the design-process interactions. We present a complete process characterization methodology that is capable of extracting all the salient process variations for a full set of product design attributes. We illustrate our talk by showing the yield loss Pareto for the leading technology nodes that cover all the dominant yield loss phenomena, including random, systematic and parametric mechanisms. We also demonstrate examples of design flows that take advantage of such a comprehensive characterization together with silicon results demonstrating the advantages of true DFM.
On permeability estimation for mudstones using geophysical length scales (2018)

Geophysical length scales derived from complex resistivity (CR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements offer promise for the non-invasive estimation of permeability. Petrophysical relationships linking NMR length-scales to permeability have been used in both sandstone and mudstone formations. In contrast, petrophysical relations linking CR length-scales to permeability have been limited to sandstones and unconsolidated sediments. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the predictive capability of CR-based permeability relations when applied to mudstones and to compare the predictions against those determined from NMR models. Presentation Date: Wednesday, October 17, 2018 Start Time: 8:30:00 AM Location: 213B (Anaheim Convention Center) Presentation Type: Oral
Using Carbon Dioxide as a Building Block in Continuous Flow Synthesis (2018)

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is an attractive building block for organic synthesis that is environmentally friendly. Continuous flow technologies have enabled C−O and C−C bond forming reactions with CO₂ that previously were either low‐yielding or impossible in batch to afford value‐added chemicals. This review describes recent advances in continuous flow as an enabling strategy in utilizing CO₂ as a C₁ building block in chemical synthesis.
Diagnosis of latentMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection: is the demise of the Mantoux test imminent? (2005)

Tuberculosis is responsible for more then 2 million deaths worldwide each year and vies with HIV as the world's most fatal infectious disease. In many developing countries, attempts to control the spread of infection rely solely on identification and treatment of those with active disease, ignoring subclinical infection. However, in developed countries, large efforts are also expended to identify and give prophylactic drugs to people with latent tuberculosis infection. Until recently, the 100-year-old tuberculin skin test (Mantoux) has been the only available diagnostic test for latent tuberculosis infection, despite its many well-known limitations. Advances in scientific knowledge have led to the development of tests for tuberculosis that measure the production of interferon-gamma by T-cells stimulated in vitro with Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens. These interferon-gamma tests are highly specific and unaffected by prior Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination or immune reactivity to most atypical mycobacteria. They are more sensitive than the tuberculin skin test in detecting people with active tuberculosis, and their results correlate more closely with M. tuberculosis exposure risk factors than the tuberculin skin test in people likely to have latent tuberculosis infection. Science has caught up with one of the oldest diagnostic tests still in use worldwide, and the adoption of new, tuberculosis-specific interferon-gamma-based tests should move us one step closer to better control of this insidious pathogen.
Uncertainty in Structured Prediction. (2020)

Uncertainty estimation is important for ensuring safety and robustness of AI systems. While most research in the area has focused on un-structured prediction tasks, limited work has investigated general uncertainty estimation approaches for structured prediction. Thus, this work aims to investigate uncertainty estimation for structured prediction tasks within a single unified and interpretable probabilistic ensemble-based framework. We consider: uncertainty estimation for sequence data at the token-level and complete sequence-level; interpretations for, and applications of, various measures of uncertainty; and discuss both the theoretical and practical challenges associated with obtaining them. This work also provides baselines for token-level and sequence-level error detection, and sequence-level out-of-domain input detection on the WMT14 English-French and WMT17 English-German translation and LibriSpeech speech recognition datasets.
Alternative processing methods for tungsten-base composite materials (1995)

Tungsten composite materials contain large amounts of tungsten distributed in a continuous matrix phase. Current commercial materials include the tungsten-nickel-iron with cobalt replacing some or all of the iron, and also tungsten-copper materials. Typically, these are fabricated by liquid-phase sintering of blended powders. Liquid-phase sintering offers the advantages of low processing costs, established technology, and generally attractive mechanical properties. However, liquid-phase sintering is restricted to a very limited number of matrix alloying elements and a limited range of tungsten and alloying compositions. In the past few years, there has been interest in a wider range of matrix materials that offer the potential for superior composite properties. These must be processed by solid-state processes and at sufficiently low temperatures to avoid undesired reactions between the tungsten and the matrix phase. These processes, in order of decreasing process temperature requirements, include hot-isostatic pressing (HIPing), hot extrusion, and dynamic compaction. The HIPing and hot extrusion processes have also been used to improve mechanical properties of conventional liquid-phase-sintered materials. Results of laboratory-scale investigations of solid-state consolidation of a variety of matrix materials, including titanium, hafnium, nickel aluminide, and steels are reviewed. The potential advantages and disadvantages of each of the possible alternative consolidation processes are identified. Postconsolidation processing to control microstructure and macrostructure is discussed, including novel methods of controlling microstructure alignment.
An optimal whitening approach to linear multiuser detection (2003)

We propose a new linear multiuser receiver for synchronous code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems, referred to as the orthogonal multiuser (OMU) receiver. Unlike the linear minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) receiver, the OMU receiver depends only on the signature vectors and does not require knowledge of the received amplitudes or the channel signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Several equivalent representations of the receiver are developed with different implications in terms of implementation. In the first, the receiver consists of a decorrelator demodulator followed by an optimal whitening transformation on a space formed by the signatures. In the second, the receiver consists of a bank of correlators with correlating vectors that are projections of a set of orthogonal vectors, and are closest in a least squares sense to the decorrelator vectors and also closest in a least squares sense to the signature vectors. In the third, the receiver consists of a single-user matched filter (MF) followed by an optimal whitening transformation on a space formed by the signatures. We derive exact and approximate expressions for the probability of bit error, as well as the asymptotic signal-to-interference+noise ratio (SINR) in the large system limit. The analysis suggests that over a wide range of channel parameters the OMU receiver can outperform both the decorrelator and the single-user MF and perform similarly to the linear MMSE receiver, despite not knowing the channel parameters.
From dysfunctional to functional corruption: the politics of decentralized electricity provision in Lebanon (2021)

Dysfunctional and corruption-prone power sectors are a persisting challenge in many developing countries. Drawing from the theoretical framework about corruption from Khan, Andreoni and Roy [1] and applying it to electricity, this paper explores the service provision model of Electricite du Zahle (EDZ), a decentralized local utility in Lebanon. Our analysis shows that although EDZ has succeeded in improving the service experienced by its customers, its approach has not reduced corruption. However, despite its deviation from the “standard” model of power sector reform, the EDZ model has achieved a notable developmental outcome in a way that is consistent with the complex political settlement of the country. Our findings point to the possibility of extending similar – second-best, but politically feasible – approaches throughout Lebanon and, potentially, in many other countries where the implementation of centralized power sector reforms has not succeeded.
Genetic Engineering of Crops for Tolerance To 2,4-D (2018)

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a member of a class of herbicides with activity against many dicotyledonous weeds. Monocotyledonous plants are considerably less sensitive to phenoxyacetic herbicides and hence these herbicides are of particular use for broadleaf weed control in monocot crops such as cereals and sugarcane. 2,4-D is an important auxin in the tissue culture of cereals and is an active growth regulator for these species. Weed control remains an important component of cotton production, primarily because of the noncompetitive nature of cotton seedlings. 2,4-D is used on about one third of the cotton farms from ground rigs at any time after defoliation through to sowing the next season, but its popularity is reduced by fears of damage that could result from residues in the soil. Transgenic tobacco plants were produced by Agrobacterium infection of leaf pieces using relatively standard protocols with selection on toxic levels of kanamycin sulfate.
Reaction of Benzoylnitrene with Anions:  Formation of an Intermediate in the Hofmann Rearrangement (2005)

[reaction: see text] Nucleophilic anions react rapidly with benzoylnitrene to form a species involved in the Hofmann rearrangement. This species has been detected by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy.
Oxidative Dinuclear Addition of a PdI–PdI Moiety to Arenes: Generation of μ-η3:η3-Arene-PdII2 Species (2011)

We report the oxidative dinuclear addition of a Pd(I)-Pd(I) bond to arenes. The oxidative dinuclear addition products, which have a bi-π-allyl-type arene dipalladium(II) structure, were obtained from [2.2]paracyclophane, anthracene, tetracene, and pentacene. A systematic study of the reaction of [Pd(2)(CH(3)CN)(6)][BF(4)](2) with benzene and polyacenes showed that the larger polyacenes, tetracene and pentacene, afforded the oxidative dinuclear addition products, while benzene, naphthalene, and anthracene gave the π-sandwich Pd(I)-Pd(I) complexes.