gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Activating Transcription Factor 3 Diminishes Ischemic Cerebral Infarct and Behavioral Deficit by Downregulating Carboxyl-Terminal Modulator Protein (2023)

Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a stress-induced transcription factor and a familiar neuronal marker for nerve injury. This factor has been shown to protect neurons from hypoxic insult in vitro by suppressing carboxyl-terminal modulator protein (CTMP) transcription, and indirectly activating the anti-apoptotic Akt/PKB cascade. Despite prior studies in vitro, whether this neuroprotective pathway also exists in the brain in vivo after ischemic insult remains to be determined. In the present study, we showed a rapid and marked induction of ATF3 mRNA throughout ischemia-reperfusion in a middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion model. Although the level of CTMP mRNA was quickly induced upon ischemia, its level showed only a mild increase after reperfusion. With the gain-of-function approach, both pre- and post-ischemic administration of Ad-ATF3 ameliorated brain infarct and neurological deficits. Whereas, with the loss-of-function approach, ATF3 knockout (KO) mice showed bigger infarct and worse functional outcome after ischemia. In addition, these congenital defects were rescued upon reintroducing ATF3 to the brain of KO mice. ATF3 overexpression led to a lower level of CTMP and a higher level of p-Akt(473) in the ischemic brain. On the contrary, ATF3 KO resulted in upregulation of CTMP and downregulation of p-Akt(473) instead. Furthermore, post-ischemic CTMP siRNA knockdown led to smaller infarct and better behaviors. CTMP siRNA knockdown increased the level of p-Akt(473), but did not alter the ATF3 level in the ischemic brain, upholding the ATF3→CTMP signal cascade. In summary, our proof-of-principle experiments support the existence of neuroprotective ATF3→CTMP signal cascade regulating the ischemic brain. Furthermore, these results suggest the therapeutic potential for both ATF3 overexpression and CTMP knockdown for stroke treatment.
Fundamental accuracy of a microcalorimeter for the continuous measurement of the Btu content of natural gas. Final report, November 1989-October 1990 (1991)

The objective of the project was to establish the fundamental accuracy of a precision microcalorimeter whose feasibility for measuring the heating value of natural gas samples had been determined in an earlier Exploratory Research contract (5.5.1). It has now been shown that uncertainties of less than 0.5% are attainable, and that after further optimization, higher accuracies could be attainable in a simple battery-operated, low cost field instrument. Such a low cost unit may be able to save significant time and money in the gas industry.
Radioisotopic purity and imaging properties of cyclotron-produced 99mTc using direct 100Mo(p,2n) reaction (2018)

Evaluation of the radioisotopic purity of technetium-99m (<sup>99m</sup>Tc) produced in GBq amounts by proton bombardment of enriched molibdenum-100 (<sup>100</sup>Mo) metallic targets at low proton energies (i.e. within 15-20 MeV) is conducted. This energy range was chosen since it is easily achievable by many conventional medical cyclotrons already available in the nuclear medicine departments of hospitals. The main motivation for such a study is in the framework of the research activities at the international level that have been conducted over the last few years to develop alternative production routes for the most widespread radioisotope used in medical imaging. The analysis of technetium isotopes and isomeric states (<sup>9x</sup>Tc) present in the pertechnetate saline Na<sup>99m</sup>TcO<sub>4</sub> solutions, obtained after the extraction/purification procedure, reveals radionuclidic purity levels basically in compliance with the limits recently issued by European Pharmacopoeia 9.3 (2018 Sodium pertechnetate (<sup>99m</sup>Tc) injection 4801-3). Moreover, the impact of <sup>9x</sup>Tc contaminant nuclides on the final image quality is thoroughly evaluated, analyzing the emitted high-energy gamma rays and their influence on the image quality. The spatial resolution of images from cyclotron-produced <sup>99m</sup>Tc acquired with a mini-gamma camera was determined and compared with that obtained using technetium-99m solutions eluted from standard <sup>99</sup>Mo/<sup>99m</sup>Tc generators. The effect of the increased image background contribution due to Compton-scattered higher-energy gamma rays (E <sub>γ</sub> > 200 keV), which could cause image-contrast deterioration, was also studied. It is concluded that, due to the high radionuclidic purity of cyclotron-produced <sup>99m</sup>Tc using <sup>100</sup>Mo(p,2n)<sup>99m</sup>Tc reaction at a proton beam energy in the range 15.7-19.4 MeV, the resulting image properties are well comparable with those from the generator-eluted <sup>99m</sup>Tc.
Compressed phenotypic screens for complex multicellular models and high-content assays (2023)

High-throughput phenotypic screens leveraging biochemical perturbations, high-content readouts, and complex multicellular models could advance therapeutic discovery yet remain constrained by limitations of scale. To address this, we establish a method for compressing screens by pooling perturbations followed by computational deconvolution. Conducting controlled benchmarks with a highly bioactive small molecule library and a high-content imaging readout, we demonstrate increased efficiency for compressed experimental designs compared to conventional approaches. To prove generalizability, we apply compressed screening to examine transcriptional responses of patient-derived pancreatic cancer organoids to a library of tumor-microenvironment (TME)-nominated recombinant protein ligands. Using single-cell RNA-seq as a readout, we uncover reproducible phenotypic shifts induced by ligands that correlate with clinical features in larger datasets and are distinct from reference signatures available in public databases. In sum, our approach enables phenotypic screens that interrogate complex multicellular models with rich phenotypic readouts to advance translatable drug discovery as well as basic biology.
Inside/outside the brain binary cavitation localization based on the lowpass filter effect of the skull on the harmonic content: a proof of concept study (2018)

Cavitation activity induced by ultrasound may occur during high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment, due to bubble nucleation under high peak negative pressure, and during blood-brain-barrier (BBB) disruption, due to injected ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs). Such microbubble activity has to be monitored to assess the safety and efficiency of ultrasonic brain treatments. In this study, we aim at assessing whether cavitation occurs within cerebral tissue by binary discriminating cavitation activity originating from the inside or the outside of the skull. The results were obtained from both in vitro experiments mimicking BBB opening, by using UCA flow, and in vitro thermal necrosis in calf brain samples. The sonication was applied using a 1 MHz focused transducer and the acoustic response of the microbubbles was recorded with a wideband passive cavitation detector. The spectral content of the recorded signal was used to localize microbubble activity. Since the skull acts as a low pass filter, the ratio of high harmonics to low harmonics is lower for cavitation events located inside the skull compared to events outside the skull. Experiments showed that the ratio of the 5/2 ultraharmonic to the 1/2 subharmonic for binary localization cavitation activity achieves 100% sensitivity and specificity for both monkey and human skulls. The harmonic ratio of the fourth to the second harmonic provided 100% sensitivity and 96% and 46% specificity on a non-human primate for thermal necrosis and BBB opening, respectively. Nonetheless, the harmonic ratio remains promising for human applications, as the experiments showed 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for both thermal necrosis and BBB opening through the human skull. The study requires further validation on a larger number of skull samples.
2′‐O‐[2‐(Amino)‐2‐oxoethyl] Oligonucleotides. (2003)

Oligonucleotides with novel modifications, 2‘-&lt;i&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;-[2-(amino)-2-oxoethyl] (2‘-&lt;i&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;-NAc), 2‘-&lt;i&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;-[2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl] (2‘-&lt;i&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;-NMAc), 2‘-&lt;i&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;-[2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl] (2‘-&lt;i&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;-DMAc), and 2‘-&lt;i&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;-[2-[[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl] (2‘-&lt;i&gt;O&lt;/i&gt;-DMAEAc), have been synthesized. These\nmodified oligonucleotides exhibit high binding affinity to complementary RNA (and not to DNA) and considerably enhance the nuclease\nstability of oligonucleotides with &lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt; &gt; 24 h.
On calculating metamer sets for spectrally tunable LED illuminators (2014)

Solid state lighting is becoming a popular light source for color vision experiments. One of the advantages of light emitting diodes (LEDs) is the possibility to shape the target light spectrum according to the experimenter's needs. In this paper, we present a method for creating metameric lights with an LED-based spectrally tunable illuminator. The equipment we use consists of six Gamma Scientific RS-5B lamps, each containing nine different LEDs and a 1 m integrating sphere. We provide a method for describing the (almost) entire set of illuminant metamers. It will be shown that the main difficulty in describing this set arises as the result of the intensity dependent peak-wavelength shift, which is manifested by the majority of the LEDs used by the illuminators of this type. We define the normalized metamer set describing all illuminator spectra that colorimetrically match a given chromaticity. Finally, we describe a method for choosing the smoothest or least smooth metamer from the entire set.
Z-scan measurements of high order optical nonlinearities in semiconductors (1990)

We recently reported a simple single beam experimental technique, z-scan, for measuring the sign and magnitude of nonlinear refraction.1 The z-scan is based on the self-refraction of the incident beam. Using a focused beam and keeping the pulse energy constant, the transmittance through an aperture in the far field is measured as a function of z, the sample position with respect to the focal plane.
Energy Management for a Power-Split Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Dynamic Programming and Neural Networks (2014)

This paper focuses on building an efficient, online, and intelligent energy management controller to improve the fuel economy of a power-split plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Based on a detailed powertrain analysis, the battery current can be optimized to improve the fuel economy using dynamic programming (DP). Three types of drive cycles, i.e., highway, urban, and urban (congested), are classified, and six typical drive cycles are analyzed and simulated to study all the driving conditions. The online intelligent energy management controller is built, which consists of two neural network (NN) modules that are trained based on the optimized results obtained by DP methods, considering the trip length and duration. Based on whether the trip length and duration are known or unknown, the controller will choose the corresponding NN module to output the effective battery current commands to realize the energy management. Numerical simulation shows that the proposed controller can improve the fuel economy of the vehicle.
Anti-Inflammatory Activities of an Extract of In Vitro Grown Adventitious Shoots of Toona sinensis in LPS-Treated RAW264.7 and Propionibacterium acnes-Treated HaCaT Cells (2020)

<i>Toona sinensis</i> has been traditionally used to treat dysentery, enteritis, flatulence, and itchiness. However, the existence of anti-inflammatory effects of <i>T. sinensis</i> on <i>Propionibacterium acnes</i>-induced skin disease is unknown. In vitro cultures of plant cells and tissues produced under controlled conditions offer a continuous production platform for plant natural products including pigments and anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, we determine the anti-inflammatory activities of an extract of in vitro grown adventitious shoots of <i>T. sinensis</i> on <i>P. acnes</i>, the etiologic agent of skin inflammation. The extract of <i>T. sinensis</i> showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. It also had antibacterial activity and anti-inflammatory effects on <i>P. acnes</i>-treated HaCaT cells. In addition, these effects were regulated by suppression of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. These results suggesting the potential application of adventitious shoots of <i>T. sinensis</i> grown with an in vitro proliferation system as a medicine for treating <i>P. acnes</i>-induced inflammatory skin disease.
The Future of Computing: Bits + Neurons + Qubits (2019)

The laptops, cell phones, and internet applications commonplace in our daily lives are all rooted in the idea of zeros and ones - in bits. This foundational element originated from the combination of mathematics and Claude Shannon's Theory of Information. Coupled with the 50-year legacy of Moore's Law, the bit has propelled the digitization of our world. In recent years, artificial intelligence systems, merging neuron-inspired biology with information, have achieved superhuman accuracy in a range of narrow classification tasks by learning from labelled data. Advancing from Narrow AI to Broad AI will encompass the unification of learning and reasoning through neuro-symbolic systems, resulting in a form of AI which will perform multiple tasks, operate across multiple domains, and learn from small quantities of multi-modal input data. Finally, the union of physics and information led to the emergence of Quantum Information Theory and the development of the quantum bit - the qubit - forming the basis of quantum computers. We have built the first programmable quantum computers, and although the technology is still in its early days, these systems offer the potential to solve problems which even the most powerful classical computers cannot. The future of computing will look fundamentally different than it has in the past. It will not be based on more and cheaper bits alone, but rather, it will be built upon bits + neurons + qubits. This future will enable the next generation of intelligent mission-critical systems and accelerate the rate of science-driven discovery.
Vertical and Horizontal Transitions of Substrate Integrated Waveguides Within a Multi-Layered PCB for High Speed Signaling Applications (2018)

In this paper, transitions between substrate integrated waveguides (SIW) within a multi-layered printed circuit board (PCB) are studied. Particularly, horizontal (within the same layer) and vertical (between different layers) transitions are investigated. Horizontal transitions are studied by implementing SIW arcs with various radii having their side wall ground vias located on a curve. Vertical transitions are implemented between SIWs in different layers by placing a narrow rectangular opening in the PCB ground plane between the waveguides. The size of this opening is varied to provide an effective layer-to-layer transition between the SIWs. Insertion losses and field distributions of both types of transitions are examined. Both are shown to have relatively low-loss, with approximately 3.8 dB/inch loss for the straight and curved SIW structures at 100GHz and only an additional 0.2 dB of loss over a straight SIW's when a vertical transition is incorporated.
Mobile Number Portability system in Korea (2005)

Mobile number portability(MNP) means currently number portability among the 2G cellular phone in Korea and subscriber can change his mobile phone system operator without change his phone number. MNP system use QoR(Query on Release) method in call processing. We shows that the realization and performance of MNP system and the problems that is related with MNP system.
Suppression of MAP4K4 Signaling Ameliorates Motor Neuron Degeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Molecular Studies Toward New Therapeutics (2019)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most common motor neuron (MN) disease of adults, is characterized by the degeneration of upper MNs in the motor cortex and lower MNs in the brain stem and spinal cord. Our recent work suggests that a MAP kinase family member, MAP4K4 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4), regulates MN degeneration in ALS. Activation of MAP4K4 occurs prior to MN death and inhibition of MAP4K4 improves neurite integrity and neuronal viability in a cell autonomous manner. The mechanism through which MAP4K4 reduction specifically modulates MN viability can be attributed to the attenuation of the c-Jun apoptotic pathway, as well as to the activation of FoxO1-mediated autophagy that reduces the accumulation of protein aggregates. We additionally show the feasibility of MAP4K4 as a drug target using a MAP4K4-specific inhibitor, which improves the survival of both primary and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived MNs. Our studies are thus far the first to highlight a MAP4K4-initiated signaling cascade that contributes to MN degeneration in ALS, providing a new mechanism underlying MN death in disease and a druggable target for new therapeutics. We propose exciting future directions and unexplored avenues based upon this work.
Feasibility of 13N-ammonia production by 13C(p,n)13N reaction on a 7.5 MeV cyclotron (2018)

663 Objectives: 13N-ammonia is commonly produced using 16O(p, α)13N reaction but one of the limiting factor of this reaction is the relatively small reaction cross-section at proton energies of <10 MeV. An alternative N-13 ammonia production method using 13C(p,n)13N reaction is more suitable for a preclinical or small PET imagining facility equipped with a <10 MeV cyclotron which has a higher cross-section can be used. We report a novel practical and single-step method for the production of 13N-ammonia using 10% 13CH3OH/H2O solution target on a 7.5 MeV ABT BG-75 cyclotron. Methods: A solution (80 µl capacity) target constructed with tantalum consisting of a havar window supplied by ABT Molecular Inc for the production of 18F-fluoride was used without any modifications. Optimization of the reaction parameters was made thus; target solutions of various percentages of methanol (13C, 99% enrichment) solution were made with Milli-Q type 1 Ultrapure water and used to obtain maximum 13N-ammonia dose after bombardment. Target currents ranging from 0.5-2.5 µA were used as well as various bombardment times (2.0-10 min) were also investigated. Half-life determination and USP-monographed ion exchange analytical HPLC were used to identify the radionuclide. After the bombardment, an injectable solution was prepared by making it isotonic and filtering it through a 0.2 µm syringe filter. Doses were also assayed for the presence of methanol by gas chromatography (GC). Small animal PET/CT imaging was conducted in CD-1 mice (20-30 g) at 5 min after injection of 13N-ammonia (~8 MBq). Results: The product yield varied between 14.8-180.2 MBq, with decay correction, depending on the target current and duration of bombardment. Not much difference in the yield was observed with increased percentage of methanol (13C) in the target solution. A maximum yield of 180.2 MBq was obtained after a 10 min bombardment at a target current of 2.4 µA. We maintained target current at
Monoclonal Antibodies to Chemokine Receptors (2003)

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to chemokine receptors are providing remarkable insight into the roles these receptors play in basal leukocyte trafficking for immune response and surveillance as well as cell specific recruitment to sites of inflammation. This latter role in particular has established chemokine receptors as attractive targets for novel antiinflammatory drug discovery. The large number of chemokines and receptors, the complex nature of their distinct and overlapping binding specificities, and the differential expression of receptors on leukocytes may provide the opportunity to develop therapeutics that selectively target subsets of leukocytes and thus avoid the broad immunosuppressive actions of most currently available antiinflammatory drugs (). The major obstacle in the path to such therapeutics is unlikely to be the discovery and development of potent and selective chemokine receptor antagonists, inasmuch as seven transmembrane spanning G-protein couple receptors have proven to be a most successful class of drug targets (). However, sorting through the various and complex functions mediated by a multitude chemokine receptor-ligand interactions in order to ascertain which receptor(s) is responsible for site specific recruitment of cells during initiation, progression, and maintenance of a particular disease will be a formidable task.
Antenna Gain Impact on UWB Wind Turbine Blade Deflection Sensing (2018)

Antenna gain impact on ultra-wideband wind turbine blade deflection sensing is studied in this paper. Simulations are applied with a 4.5-m blade tip. The antennas with high gain (HG) and low gain (LG) in free space are simulated inside a blade. It is interesting to find that tip antennas with HG and LG in free space have similar realized gain when allocated inside blades, so that the emission power for the HG and LG antennas in blades can be the same. The antenna gain impacts on time-domain pulse waveforms and power distributions around a blade are carefully investigated (with the tip antenna inside a blade). Higher antenna gain enlarges both direct pulse and multipath but in different levels. To verify the simulations, time-domain measurements are performed with a full 37-m blade. Pulse waveforms and power delay profiles are measured. From all the studies, it follows that, with the similar effective (or equivalent) isotropic radiated power, an HG tip antenna inside a blade gives stronger direct pulse amplitudes and better pulse waveforms for accurate and reliable distance estimations than the LG. Moreover, the direct pulse with the HG antenna is also closer to the blade surface, which is important for the deflection sensing of a blade over 37 m.
Heavy-Vehicle Impact Loads for Design of Traffic Barriers (2012)

Thousands of linear feet of median barriers and bridge rails are constructed annually in the United States. The primary role of these longitudinal barriers is to contain and redirect errant vehicles. The designs of these barriers and rails systems are generally controlled by the lateral impact load imposed on the system by the selected design vehicle as well as the distribution of the load in the longitudinal and vertical direction. The longitudinal and the vertical loads can also play an important role in the design of the barrier and its foundation depending on the geometry and the material of the barrier. This paper addresses the magnitude and distribution of impact loads in barriers of different heights when impacted by heavy vehicles based on the test level defined in the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official (AASHTO). The longitudinal and vertical impact loads are also investigated.
Long-Distance Loop Closure Using General Object Landmarks. (2017)

Visual localization under large changes in scale is an important capability in many robotic mapping applications, such as localizing at low altitudes in maps built at high altitudes, or performing loop closure over long distances. Existing approaches, however, are robust only up to a 3x difference in scale between map and query images. We propose a novel combination of deep-learning-based object features and hand-engineered point-features that yields improved robustness to scale change, perspective change, and image noise. We conduct experiments in simulation and in real-world outdoor scenes exhibiting up to a 7x change in scale, and compare our approach against localization using state-of-the-art SIFT features. This technique is training-free and class-agnostic, and in principle can be deployed in any environment out-of-the-box.