gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Semiconductor 3D and 2D photonic bandgap structures (2002)

Present status or semiconductor-based 3D and 2D photonic crystals is described. After reviewing recent progresses on the fabrication or these crystals, the effects or introduction or line- or point-defects and light-emitters into the crystals are described for the various control of light emission and propagation.
Effect of total dietary fiber on satiety in dogs. (2008)

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding two foods with elevated levels of total dietary fiber on satiety in dogs. Both foods were formulated to contain similar levels of total dietary fiber (TDF; &gt; 25% dry matter basis). The foods were fed to two groups of 10 beagles (average age = 4.64 ± 2.79 years; average weight = 14.0 ± 2.2 kg) for a period of 16 weeks in order to determine the effect of total dietary fiber on satiety. During the study dogs were given ad libitum access to the foods for a period of 45 minutes. Food intake was recorded daily and body weight was recorded weekly to determine the effects of fiber on satiety and weight maintenance. During the 16 week study, body weight decreased (1.4 kg on average; P &lt; 0.01) on both treatments while intake increased (82 g on average; P &lt; 0.01). There were no differences between the two treatments for intake or body weight at week 1 or 16 indicating that the level of TDF in the food was efficacious in promoting satiety in beagles. Interestingly, dogs only lost weight during weeks 1 to 4 and then maintained body weight thereafter (weeks 4 to 16). The results of this study demonstrate that satiety and body weight can be controlled in beagles fed ad libitum with foods containing &gt; 25% total dietary fiber.
Internationalizing engineering education with phased study programs: India-European experience (2014)

Most of the critical challenges seen in the past decades have impacted citizens in a global way. Given shrinking resources, educationists find preparing students for the global market place a formidable challenge. Hence exposing students to multi-lateral educational initiatives are critical to their growth, understanding and future contributions. This paper focuses on European Union's Erasmus Mundus programs, involving academic cooperation amongst international universities in engineering programs. A phased undergraduate engineering program with multiple specializations is analyzed within this context. Based on their performance at the end of first phase, selected students were provided opportunities using scholarship to pursue completion of their degree requirements at various European universities. This paper will elaborate the impact of differing pedagogical interventions, language and cultural differences amongst these countries on students in diverse engineering disciplines. The data presented is based on on the feedback analysis from Eramus Mundus students (N=121) that underwent the mobility programs. The findings have given important insights into the structure of the initiative and implications for academia and education policy makers for internationalizing engineering education. These included considering digital interventions such as MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) and Virtual Laboratory (VL) initiatives for systemic reorganization of engineering education.
Information Encoding by Individual Neurons and Groups of Neurons in the Primary Visual Cortex (2025)

How is information about visual stimuli encoded into the responses of neurons in the cerebral cortex? In this thesis, I describe the analysis of data recorded simultaneously from groups of up to eight nearby neurons in the primary visual cortices of anesthetized macaque monkeys. The goal is to examine the degree to which visual information is encoded into the times of action potentials in those responses (as opposed to the overall rate), and also into the identity of the neuron that fires each action potential (as opposed to the average activity across a group of nearby neurons). The data are examined with techniques modified from systems analysis, statistics, and information theory. The results are compared with expectations from simple statistical models of action-potential firing and from models that are more physiologically realistic. The major findings are: (1) that cortical responses are not renewal processes with time-varying firing rates, which means that information can indeed be encoded in the detailed timing of action potentials; (2) that these neurons encode the contrast of visual stimuli primarily into the time difference between stimulus and response onset, which is known as the latency; (3) that this so-called temporal coding serves as a mechanism by which the brain might discriminate among stimuli that evoke similar firing rates; (4) that action potentials preceded by interspike intervals of different durations can encode different features of a stimulus; (5) that the rate of overall information transmission can depend on the type of stimulus in a manner that differs from one neuron to the next; (6) that the rate at which information is transmitted specifically about stimulus contrast depends little on stimulus type; (7) that a substantial fraction of the information rate can be confounded among multiple stimulus attributes; and, most importantly, (8) that averaging together the responses of multiple nearby neurons leads to a significant loss of information that increases as more neurons are considered. These results should serve as a basis for direct investigation into the cellular mechanisms by which the brain extracts and processes the information carried in neuronal responses.
5′,5′‐di‐O‐nucleosyl‐O′‐benzylphosphotriesters as potential prodrugs of 3′‐azido‐2′,3′‐dideoxythymidine‐5′‐monophosphate (1995)

Abstract The synthesis of 5′,5′‐ O ‐di‐(3′‐azido‐2′,3′‐dideoxythymidinyl)‐ O ′‐benzylphosphotriesters 1 as potential prodrugs of nucleoside monophosphates is described. The concept is applied to the antiretroviral nucleoside analog 3′‐azido‐2′,3′‐deoxythymidine (AZT) 4. All derivatives 1 were synthesized by reaction of the tetra‐ n ‐butylammonium salt of di‐AZT‐phosphate 2b with different benzyl bromides or ‐chlorides 9. Compound 2b was obtained by a combination of phosphoamidite/H‐phosphonate chemistry, subsequent oxidation to 2a , and cation exchange. The partition coefficients of 1 in an 1‐octanol/water mixture show that all compounds exhibit a much higher lipophilicity than the parent nucleoside AZT ( 4 ). It was also shown, that 1 decomposes spontaneously under mild aqueous basic conditions (phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) and RPMI culture medium containing heat‐deactivated fetal calf serum) releasing selectively the di‐AZT phosphate anion 2. The half‐lives of 1 could be adjusted within a wide range by changing the ring substituents of the benzyl group. Additionally, the mechanism of hydrolysis varies if the substituent is changed from a donor to an acceptor one. The described phosphotriesters 1 exhibit considerable antiviral activity in HIV‐1‐ and HIV‐2‐infected CEM/O cells, whereas no activity was detected in the HIV‐2‐infected thymidine kinase‐deficient CEM cell line. On the other hand, we could not detect any cytotoxicity of the described phosphotriesters. Consequently, compounds 1 should act as prodrugs or depot forms at least of antiviral nucleoside analogs.
Structure‐property relationships of isomeric addition polyimides containing nadimide end groups (1976)

Abstract Addition polyirnide oligomers with nadimide end groups (I) have been synthesized from 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride and 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride with several isomeric diamines and, nadic anhydride. The low molecular weight amic acid? and corresponding imides were isolated and characterized. Solubility and melt‐flow properties of the imide prepolymers were studied to determine the applicability of the resins as adhesives and composite matrices. Thermomechanical transitions of the polymers were obtained by torsional braid analysis. Properties were compared with a similar addition polymer, P13N. magnified image
Shielding of quantum dots using diblock copolymers: implementing copper catalyzed click chemistry to fluorescent quantum dots (2014)

We describe the design and optimization of an amphiphilic diblock copolymer and its use to provide surface functionalization of colloidal semiconductor nanoparticles (quantum dots, QDs). This polymer coating promotes hydrophilicity of the nanocrystals while providing numerous functional groups ideally suited for biofunctionalization of the QDs using copper-catalyzed azide alkyne Husigen 1,3-cyloaddition (i.e., cupper catalyzed “click” reaction). Copper ions are known to quench the fluorescence of QDs in solution. Thus effective shielding of the nanocrystal surface is essential to apply copper-catalyzed reactions to luminescent QDs without drastically quenching their emission. We have applied a strategy based on micellar encapsulation within poly(isoprene- block - ethylene oxide) diblock-copolymers (PI- b -PEO), where three critical factors promote and control the effectiveness of the shielding of copper ion penetration: 1) The excess of PI- b -PEO, 2) the size of PI- b -PEO and 3) insertion of an additional PS-shell grown via seeded emulsion polymerization (EP) reaction. Due to the amphiphilic character of the block-copolymer, this approach provides a shielding layer surrounding the particles, preventing metal ions from reaching the QD surfaces and maintaining high photoluminescence. The effective shielding allowed the use of copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-cycloaddition (CuAAC) to hydrophilic and highly fluorescent QDs, opening up great possibilities for the bio functionalization of QDs.
Guidelines for Synthesizing Block Copolymers (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Free-radical Polymerization Coupling Reactions of Homopolymers Sequential Anionic Polymerization Sequential Group Transfer Polymerization Sequential Cationic Polymerization Non-radical Metal-catalyzed Polymerization Controlled Radical Polymerization Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) Nitroxide-mediated Polymerization (NMP) Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer (the RAFT Process) Switching from One Polymerization Mechanism to Another Use of “Dual” Initiators in Concurrent Polymerization Mechanisms Chemical Modification of Pre-formed Block Copolymers Methods for the Synthesis of Block Copolymers with a Complex Architecture Conclusion References
Development of Ti:sapphire laser for airborne water vapor DIAL (2003)

Summary form only given. Airborne and spaceborne water vapor differential absorption lidars (DIALs) are very useful for understanding the global hydrological cycle. From the system requirements, the output wavelength accuracy, multi-wavelength operation and high repetition rate operation are required to obtain high measurement accuracy and high spatial resolution. To realize these requirements, we have developed a high repetition rate wavelength switching Ti:sapphire laser by means of a three wavelength switching injection seeder and rapid cavity tuning corresponding to the seeding wavelength. The system consists of KTP-SHG and conductive-cooled diode-pumped Q-switched Nd:YLF MOPA system for pumping, a three wavelength switching injection seeder unit and a gain-switched Ti:sapphire laser.
Reconfigurable filter implementation of a matched-filter based spectrum sensor for Cognitive Radio systems (2011)

Spectrum sensing is one of the most important features of Cognitive Radio (CR) systems. Matched-filter based spectrum sensing techniques provide optimum sensing performance given that a number of characteristics of the transmitted signal are known by the sensors. Assuming that the received signal pertains to one communication standard from a given set of wireless technologies, conventional spectrum sensors employ separate filters corresponding to each standard which gives rise to increased power consumption and ciruit size. A novel reconfigurable matched-filter based spectrum sensor to be deployed in CR systems is proposed in order to overcome the disadvantages of conventional design methods. This approach proposes a spectrum of design qualities which trade-off area for reconfiguration overhead. We will show that our approach is capable of designing reconfigurable filter for standards with widely varying filter characteristics.
Improved Primary-Characteristic Basis Function Method for analyzing the Radar Cross Section characteristics of specific coordinate plane (2015)

In this paper, we proposed Improved Primary Characteristic Basis Function Method (IP-CBFM). This method enables us to analyze a scattering field in a specific coordinate plane with a high accuracy with small-scale matrix equations. IP-CBF is the combined CBF of Primary and Secondary CBF. By calculating the Radar Cross Section (RCS) of a perfect electric conductor plate, we evaluated the technique. The solutions of proposed and conventional method correspond well.
Eccentric Mitral Regurgitation Jets Among Patients Having Sustained Inferior Wall Myocardial Infarction (2001)

A strong association has been recognized between partial or complete mitral leaflet flail and highly eccentric mitral regurgitation jets. In light of anecdotal observation of eccentric mitral regurgitation apparently due to geometric and functional changes accompanying inferior wall myocardial infarction, the present study was performed to systematically study the eccentricity of mitral regurgitation jets complicating nonacute inferior wall myocardial infarction. Forty-eight consecutive patients with evidence of prior isolated inferior wall myocardial infarction and at least moderate mitral regurgitation but without other valvular, annular, chordal, or ventricular pathology potentially contributory to mitral regurgitation were studied. Mitral regurgitation jets were characterized with respect to eccentricity and anterior versus posterior direction. Regurgitant jet and mitral leaflet position were quantified relative to the mitral annulus. Five of 48 patients (10.4%) had eccentric jets, of which four were directed posterior and one anterior. Although not reaching statistical significance, patients with eccentric jets tended to have somewhat smaller left atrial size (41.2 +/- 7.8 vs 47.2 +/- 9.3 mm, P = 0.17) and left ventricular size (51.5 +/- 3.4 vs 55.1 +/- 7.8 mm, P = 0.13), and higher left ventricular ejection fraction (0.52 +/- 0.11 vs 0.46 +/- 0.09, P = 0.25) compared with patients with noneccentric jets. Leaflet position relative to the mitral annulus was significantly different among patients with eccentric compared with noneccentric posterior jets (54 +/- 10 degrees vs 33 +/- 11 degrees, P = 0.02), implying greater leaflet restriction toward the left ventricular apex. In conclusion, approximately one in 10 patients with isolated inferior wall myocardial infarction and at least moderate mitral regurgitation was found to have marked eccentricity of the regurgitant jet. Leaflet position was more apically displaced among patients with eccentric jets, suggesting greater leaflet restriction in systole. The finding of a highly eccentric posterior mitral regurgitation jet can be due to inferior wall myocardial infarction with posterior leaflet restriction as well as partial or complete anterior mitral leaflet flail.
Direct Evidence for Neutrino Flavor Transformation from Neutral-Current Interactions in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (2002)

Observations of neutral-current nu interactions on deuterium in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory are reported. Using the neutral current (NC), elastic scattering, and charged current reactions and assuming the standard 8B shape, the nu(e) component of the 8B solar flux is phis(e) = 1.76(+0.05)(-0.05)(stat)(+0.09)(-0.09)(syst) x 10(6) cm(-2) s(-1) for a kinetic energy threshold of 5 MeV. The non-nu(e) component is phi(mu)(tau) = 3.41(+0.45)(-0.45)(stat)(+0.48)(-0.45)(syst) x 10(6) cm(-2) s(-1), 5.3sigma greater than zero, providing strong evidence for solar nu(e) flavor transformation. The total flux measured with the NC reaction is phi(NC) = 5.09(+0.44)(-0.43)(stat)(+0.46)(-0.43)(syst) x 10(6) cm(-2) s(-1), consistent with solar models.
Nanoscale Tripodal 1,3,5,7-Tetrasubstituted Adamantanes for AFM Applications (2003)

The synthesis of four novel nanoscale 1,3,5,7-tetrasubstituted adamantanes 22 and 25-27 designed for atomic force microscopy (AFM) applications is described. Each tetrahedrally shaped molecule incorporates a broad tripodal base made up of three identical legs that terminate with a sulfur-containing moiety, which is either a 4-acetylsulfanylmethylphenyl unit or else a (1,2,5-dithiazepan-1-yl)phenyl unit. The sulfur atoms are intended for eventual binding of the molecule multivalently to the apex of a gold-coated commercial AFM tip through formation of multiple S-Au bonds. In each molecule, the fourth terminus is a para-substituted benzoic acid methyl ester that is designed to scan the sample. We demonstrate that 27 is sufficiently large and rigid to be imaged by a conventional AFM tip. Adamantanes 22 and 25-27 may also find application as chemically well-defined nanoscale objects for calibration of AFM tips.
A novel technique to measure the Poisson’s ratio and submicron lateral dimensional changes of ultrathin polymeric films (2002)

A sensitive technique for measurement of lateral dimension of the ultrathin polymeric films is developed. By comparing width profiles at various loads, the lateral and longitudinal strains were obtained, and were used to get the Poisson’s ratio. Lateral dimensional changes at a very light load and a range of temperatures and relative humidities were used to measure coefficients of thermal and hygroscopic expansion. The Poisson’s ratio of standard polyethelene terephthalate (PET), tensilized PET, standard polyethelene terephthalate (PEN), tensilized PEN and supertensilized PEN were measured at 25 °C/15%RH, 25 °C/50%RH, 25 °C/80%RH, and 40 °C/50%RH. The data range from 0.29 to 0.47. It is found that tensilized films have a higher Poisson’s ratio than balanced films. The effects of temperature and humidity on the Poisson’s ratio are related to the materials’ molecular structure. An increase in temperature generally increases the Poisson’s ratio for the polymeric films. When relative humidity increases, the Poisson’s ratio of balanced films increases, while those of tensilized films remains constant or decreases slightly. The Poisson’s ratio is also affected by the stress magnitude that is used in the measurement; high stress usually results in a high Poisson’s ratio. By simultaneous loading and calibration, long term lateral dimensional deformation behavior of these films was studied. The results are consistent with the reported data measured by standard techniques.
Glucose Monitoring at the Arm (2002)

To avoid risky delays of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia detection, BG monitoring at the arm should be limited to situations in which ongoing rapid changes in BG can be excluded.
OMA standalone: orthology inference among public and custom genomes and transcriptomes (2018)

Abstract Genomes and transcriptomes are now typically sequenced by individual labs, but analysing them often remains challenging. One essential step in many analyses lies in identifying orthologs—corresponding genes across multiple species—but this is far from trivial. The OMA (Orthologous MAtrix) database is a leading resource for identifying orthologs among publicly available, complete genomes. Here, we describe the OMA pipeline available as a standalone program for Linux and Mac. When run on a cluster, it has native support for the LSF, SGE, PBS Pro, and Slurm job schedulers and can scale up to thousands of parallel processes. Another key feature of OMA standalone is that users can combine their own data with existing public data by exporting genomes and pre-computed alignments from the OMA database, which currently contains over 2100 complete genomes. We compare OMA standalone to other methods in the context of phylogenetic tree inference, by inferring a phylogeny of the Lophotrochozoa, a challenging clade within the Protostomes. We also discuss other potential applications of OMA standalone, including identifying gene families having undergone duplications/losses in specific clades, and identifying potential drug targets in non-model organisms. OMA Standalone is available at http://omabrowser.org/standalone under the permissible open source Mozilla Public License Version 2.0.
Identification of RING finger protein 4 (RNF4) as a modulator of DNA demethylation through a functional genomics screen (2010)

DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification involved in transcriptional regulation, nuclear organization, development, aging, and disease. Although DNA methyltransferases have been characterized, the mechanisms for DNA demethylation remain poorly understood. Using a cell-based reporter assay, we performed a functional genomics screen to identify genes involved in DNA demethylation. Here we show that RNF4 (RING finger protein 4), a SUMO-dependent ubiquitin E3-ligase previously implicated in maintaining genome stability, plays a key role in active DNA demethylation. RNF4 reactivates methylation-silenced reporters and promotes global DNA demethylation. Rnf4 deficiency is embryonic lethal with higher levels of methylation in genomic DNA. Mechanistic studies show that RNF4 interacts with and requires the base excision repair enzymes TDG and APE1 for active demethylation. This activity appears to occur by enhancing the enzymatic activities that repair DNA G:T mismatches generated from methylcytosine deamination. Collectively, our study reveals a unique function for RNF4, which may serve as a direct link between epigenetic DNA demethylation and DNA repair in mammalian cells.
Three-dimensional tumor spheroids for in vitro analysis of bacteria as gene delivery vectors in tumor therapy (2015)

Collectively, the presented results indicate that MCTS are a suitable and reliable model to investigate live bacteria as gene delivery vectors for cancer therapy in vitro.
Carbon Dioxide-Induced Plasticization of Polyimide Membranes:  Pseudo-Equilibrium Relationships of Diffusion, Sorption, and Swelling (2003)

The application of membranes in gas separation and pervaporation requires materials that are resistant to plasticizing feed streams. We demonstrate the relationship between CO2 sorption, permeability, and film swelling of a polyimide gas separation membrane and how these properties are affected by systematic changes to the polymer structure induced by thermal annealing and covalent cross-linking. Dilation of polyimide thin films (∼120 nm) exposed to high-pressure CO2 (up to 100 atm at 35 °C) was measured by in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry to decouple the effects of thermal and chemical treatments on the film swelling. The refractive index of the CO2-swollen polymer is also used to estimate the CO2 sorption for comparison against that measured on thick films (∼50 μm) by the pressure-decay method. Differences in sorption levels in thin and thick films appear to be related to accelerated physical aging of the thin films. Both thermal annealing and covalent cross-linking of the polyimide films reduce polymer swelling to prevent large increases in the CO2 diffusion coefficient at high feed pressures. The CO2 permeability and polymer free volume strongly depend on the annealing temperature, and different effects are observed for the cross-linked and un-cross-linked membranes. The so-called “plasticization pressure” in permeation experiments (i.e., upturn in the permeation isotherm) appears to correlate with a sorbed CO2 partial molar volume of 29 ± 2 cm3/mol in the polymer. Furthermore, cross-linking of high glass transition polyimides produces a much greater reduction of the CO2-induced dilation than does cross-linking of rubbery polymers such as PDMS for swelling up to 25%.