gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolution of optical modulation in silicon-on-insulator devices (2007)

One of the main goals of silicon photonics is to enable the fabrication and integration of electronic and photonic components on the same chip using the existing complementary metal -oxide -semiconductor (CMOS) processing platform. Due to its intrinsic structural properties, silicon does not exhibit a useful electrooptic effect that could enable light modulation. However, what makes silicon an attractive optical material is its transparency to infrared communication wavelengths and its high refractive index which facilitates the miniaturization of photonic devices. This also enables a high level of light confinement in nanometersized waveguides and provides an excellent basis to fabricate micro-optical devices. In silicon, light modulation is usually achieved via the free-carrier plasma dispersion effect, in which a change in carrier concentration (holes and electrons) is used to change the refractive index of the semiconductor, which, in turn, modifies the propagation velocity of light and the absorption coefficient. In resonators or interferometers, this effect enables the fabrication of modulators based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology, which uses a layered silicon-insulator-silicon substrate in place of conventional silicon substrates. Design rules for optical modulators in silicon should take into account single-mode waveguide design, large bandwidth operation, high modulation speed, high extinction ratio, small device size and low power consumption. Many different approaches have been used to satisfy these design goals on silicon platforms. Driven by these requirements, researchers have recently significantly reduced the waveguide core size from the micrometer range, producing silicon nanowires with a height and width of about 500nm and less. During the past four years, the scaling of waveguides using the plasma dispersion effect has enabled optical modulation frequencies to evolve in silicon from the MHz range to approximately 30GHz. This substantial leap in operating frequency now allows silicon-based optical devices Figure 1. Positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) junction of an injectiontype modulator.
Enhanced Acidity and Accessibility in Al-MCM-41 through Aluminum Activation (2016)

Incorporating aluminum is the most widely applied and industrially relevant method to functionalize amorphous silica. However, established protocols yield predominately poorly distributed and inaccessible Al species, and as a result only ∼10–15% of the present aluminum gives rise to the acid sites, hampering the overall catalytic potential. Herein, the influence of alkaline activations with aqueous NaOH and NH4OH on the porosity, acidity, and catalytic properties of Al-MCM-41 is studied. By performing room temperature activations in 0.01–0.1 M NaOH or 0.5 M NH4OH, the Ostwald ripening of silica in alkaline media is exploited, which results in high mass retention yields (100–74%) and a controlled transformation of the 3.6 nm mesopores of the parent material to a broad pore range from 3 to ∼12 nm. Electron microscopy indicates the presence of additional interconnected intraparticle porosity, whereas no significant change in the shape and size of the original particles is observed. Elemental analysis reveals that the optimal alkaline activation with 0.05 M NaOH leads to a decrease in the Si/Al ratio at the surface, despite an increase in the bulk Si/Al ratio. 27Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrates a large conversion of octahedral Al into tetrahedral Al, doubling the purely tetrahedral fraction from 30 to 60%. Pyridine-probed Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy shows a doubling of the Brønsted and Lewis acidity after activation. The compositional and spectroscopic results are ratified by monitoring the relative accessibility of the acid sites, i.e., effective acidity (mol acid sites per mol Al). The alkaline activation enhances the effective acidity by increasing access to the Al sites trapped inside the pore wall and by reincorporation of the octahedral Al as accessible tetrahedral sites. As a result, an unprecedented effective acidity is obtained after the Al incorporation, which is substantiated using a novel accessibility concept. The catalytic potential of the activation protocol is demonstrated by quadrupling the catalytic activity for the acid-catalyzed alkylation of toluene with benzyl alcohol, an over-50% activity gain, a slightly enhanced selectivity, and a strongly reduced coking in the acid-catalyzed coupling of furfural with sylvan.
Topology control of human cells monolayer by liquid crystal elastomer (2020)

Biological cells in living tissues form dynamic patterns with local orientational order and topological defects. Here we demonstrate an approach to produce cell monolayer with the predesigned orientational patterns using human dermal fibroblast cells (HDF) placed onto a photoaligned liquid crystal elastomer (LCE). The alignment of cells is caused by anisotropic swelling of the substrates in contact with the aqueous cell growth medium. The patterns predesigned in the LCE cause a strong spatial variation of cell phenotype (evidenced by shape variations), their surface density and number density fluctuations. The concentration of cells is significantly higher near the cores of positive-strength defects as compared to negative-strength defects. Unbinding of defect pairs intrinsic to active matter is suppressed by anisotropic surface anchoring. The geometry of arrays allows one to estimate the elastic and surface anchoring characteristics of the tissues. The demonstrated patterned LCE approach could be used to control the collective behavior of cells in living tissues, cell differentiation, and tissue morphogenesis.
Therapeutic activity of a new antibody-drug immunoconjugate, IMMU-110, in preclinical studies targeted against multiple myeloma (2004)

6535 Background: CD74, a cell-surface-expressed epitope of the HLA class II-associated invariant chain [Ii], is a unique target for antibody-drug immunoconjugate therapy, being a transmembrane chaperone molecule that actively directs transport from the cell surface to an endosomal compartment. IMMU-110 is a drug immunoconjugate comprised of doxorubicin (dox) conjugated to the humanized anti-CD74 monoclonal antibody (MAb), hLL1, at 6–8 drug molecules per IgG molecule. The dox is linked to partially-reduced antibody inter-chain disulfide groups using 4-[N-maleimidomethyl] cyclohexane-1 carboxylhydrazide. We recently reported that IMMU-110 has potent therapeutic effects in a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma-SCID mouse model. Methods: Here we examine the efficacy of IMMU-110 for therapy of multiple myeloma (MM), based on the high prevalence of CD74 expression on MM specimens, using in vitro assays on MM cell lines and in vivo studies in a SCID mouse model of disseminated MM. Results: In vitro cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that in CD74+ cells IMMU-110 yields IC50 values similar to those of free dox, whereas a control MAb-dox conjugate is markedly less toxic. In contrast, activity of IMMU-110 is similar to that of the control conjugate in CD74- cell lines. For example, IMMU-110 was ∼7-fold more potent than the control conjugate on CAG cells. Untreated mice given an i.v. injection of 1x107 MC/CAR cells die of disseminated disease with a median survival time (MST) of 32 days post-injection. A single i.v. protein dose of IMMU-110 of 350 μg, given 5 days after injection of the MC/CAR cells, resulted in extension of MST to >150 days. Unconjugated hLL1 and dox mixed with hLL1 yield MSTs of 61.5 and 68 days, respectively. No significant effects were seen with free dox given at an equivalent dose, or a control conjugate. Similar survival extensions were observed when treatment with IMMU-110 was given 10 days after transplantation of MM cells, and a significant extension of MST was even observed 14 days post-inoculation (from 28 to 35 days P<0.002). Conclusions: IMMU-110 is a drug immunoconjugate showing considerable promise as a new therapeutic for MM. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Immunomedics, Inc. Immunomedics, Inc. Immunomedics Inc.
Variants of ribonuclease inhibitor that resist oxidation (1999)

Human ribonuclease inhibitor (hRI) is a cytosolic protein that protects cells from the adventitious invasion of pancreatic-type ribonucleases. hRI has 32 cysteine residues. The oxidation of these cysteine residues to form disulfide bonds is a rapid, cooperative process that inactivates hRI. The most proximal cysteine residues in native hRI are two pairs that are adjacent in sequence: Cys94 and Cys95, and Cys328 and Cys329. A cystine formed from such adjacent cysteine residues would likely contain a perturbing cis peptide bond within its eight-membered ring, which would disrupt the structure of hRI and could facilitate further oxidation. We find that replacing Cys328 and Cys329 with alanine residues has little effect on the affinity of hRI for bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A), but increases its resistance to oxidation by 10- to 15-fold. Similar effects are observed for the single variants, C328A hRI and C329A hRI, suggesting that oxidation resistance arises from the inability to form a Cys328-Cys329 disulfide bond. Replacing Cys94 and Cys95 with alanine residues increases oxidation resistance to a lesser extent, and decreases the affinity of hRI for RNase A. The C328A, C329A, and C328A/C329A variants are likely to be more useful than wild-type hRI for inhibiting pancreatic-type ribonucleases in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that replacing adjacent cysteine residues can confer oxidation resistance in a protein.
Increasing Discharge Capacities of Li-(CF)(sub n) Cells (2008)

An electrolyte additive has shown promise as a means of increasing the sustainable rates of discharge and, hence, the discharge capacities, of lithiumpoly(carbon monofluoride) electrochemical power cells. Lithium-poly(carbon monofluoride) [Li-(CF)n] cells and batteries offer very high specific energies practical values of about 600 W.h/g and a theoretical maximum value of 2,180 W.h/kg. However, because Li-(CF)n cells and batteries cannot withstand discharge at high rates, they have been relegated to niche applications that involve very low discharge currents over times of the order of hundreds to thousands of hours. Increasing the discharge capacities of Li- (CF)n batteries while maintaining high practical levels of specific energy would open new applications for these batteries. During the discharge of a Li-(CF)n cell, one of the electrochemical reactions causes LiF to precipitate at the cathode. LiF is almost completely insoluble in most non-aqueous solvents, including those used in the electrolyte solutions of Li-(CF)n cells. LiF is electrochemically inactive and can block the desired transport of ions at the cathode, and, hence, the precipitation of LiF can form an ever-thickening film on the cathode that limits the rate of discharge.
Permittivity Threshold and Thermodynamics of Integer Charge-Transfer Complexation for an Organic Donor–Acceptor Pair (2023)

Molecular charge doping involves the formation of donor-acceptor charge-transfer complexes (CTCs) through integer or partial electron transfer; understanding how local chemical environment impacts complexation is important for controlling the properties of organic materials. We present steady-state and temperature-dependent spectroscopic investigations of the p-dopant 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F<sub>4</sub>TCNQ) complexed with the electron donor and hole transport material <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>'-diphenyl-<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>'-di-<i>p</i>-tolylbenzene-1,4-diamine (MPDA). Equilibrium formation constants (<i>K</i><sub>CT</sub>) were determined for donor-acceptor pairs dissolved in a series of solvents covering a range of values of permittivity. A threshold for highly favorable complex formation was observed to occur at ϵ ∼ 8-9, with large (>10<sup>4</sup>) and small (<10<sup>3</sup>) values of <i>K</i><sub>CT</sub> obtained in solvents of higher and lower permittivity, respectively, but with chloroform (ϵ = 4.81) exhibiting an anomalously high formation constant. Temperature-dependent formation constants were determined in order to evaluate the thermodynamics of complex formation. In 1,2-dichloroethane (ϵ = 10.36) and chlorobenzene (ϵ = 5.62), complex formation is both enthalpically and entropically favorable, with higher enthalpic and entropic stabilization in the solvent with higher permittivity. Complexation in chloroform is exothermic and entropically disfavored, indicating that specific, inner-shell solvent-solute interactions stabilize the charge-separated complex and result in a net increase in local solution structure. Our results provide insight into how modification to the chemical environment may be utilized to support stable integer charge transfer for molecular doping applications and requiring only modest changes in local permittivity.
Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Nanocoating Dramatically Reduces Bacterial Adhesion to Polyester Fabric (2017)

Bacterial adhesion to textiles is thought to contribute to odor and infection. Alternately exposing polyester fabric to aqueous solutions of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is shown here to create a nanocoating that dramatically reduces bacterial adhesion. Ten PDDA/PAA bilayers (BL) are 180 nm thick and only increase the weight of the polyester by 2.5%. The increased surface roughness and high degree of PAA ionization leads to a surface with a negative charge that causes a reduction in adhesion of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> by 50% when compared to uncoated fabric, after rinsing with sterilized water, because of electrostatic repulsion. <i>S. aureus</i> bacterial adhesion was quantified using bioluminescent radiance measured before and after rinsing, revealing 99% of applied bacteria were removed with a ten bilayer PDDA/PAA nanocoating. The ease of processing, and benign nature of the polymers used, should make this technology useful for rendering textiles antifouling on an industrial scale.
Pin1-dependent Prolyl Isomerization Modulates the Stress-induced Phosphorylation of High Molecular Weight Neurofilament Protein (2008)

Aberrant phosphorylation of neuronal cytoskeletal proteins is a key pathological event in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Previous studies have shown that Pin1, a peptidylprolyl cis/trans-isomerase, may be actively involved in the regulation of Tau hyperphosphorylation in AD. Here, we show that Pin1 modulates oxidative stress-induced NF-H phosphorylation. In an in vitro kinase assay, the addition of Pin1 substantially increased phosphorylation of NF-H KSP repeats by proline-directed kinases, Erk1/2, Cdk5/p35, and JNK3 in a concentration-dependent manner. In vivo, dominant-negative (DN) Pin1 and Pin1 small interfering RNA inhibited epidermal growth factor-induced NF-H phosphorylation. Because oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, we studied the role of Pin1 in stressed cortical neurons and HEK293 cells. Both hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and heat stresses induce phosphorylation of NF-H in transfected HEK293 cells and primary cortical cultures. Knockdown of Pin1 by transfected Pin1 short interference RNA and DN-Pin1 rescues the effect of stress-induced NF-H phosphorylation. The H(2)O(2) and heat shock induced perikaryal phospho-NF-H accumulations, and neuronal apoptosis was rescued by inhibition of Pin1 in cortical neurons. JNK3, a brain-specific JNK isoform, is activated under oxidative and heat stresses, and inhibition of Pin1 by Pin1 short interference RNA and DN-Pin1 inhibits this pathway. These results implicate Pin1 as a possible modulator of stress-induced NF-H phosphorylation as seen in neurodegenerative disorders like AD and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Thus, Pin1 may be a potential therapeutic target for these diseases.
Organization of substance P fibers within the hippocampal formation demonstrated with a biotin‐avidin immunoperoxidase technique (1981)

The distribution of substance P-containing fibers within the hippocampal formation of the cat was examined using an immunohistochemical approach. A new, indirect immunoperoxidase method based on the high affinity binding of vitamin H (biotin) by avidin was developed to demonstrate substance P-like immunoreactive fibers. The neocortex contained only occasional single substance P fibers. In contrast, the archicortical structures contained a well organized substance P innervation. The entorhinal area of the parahippocampal gyrus contained a delicate network of varicose axons which appeared to ascend from the subcortical white matter to terminate predominantly in layer II. The subiculum contained a network of positive varicosities throughout the neuropil of both the pyramidal and the molecular layers. These substance P terminals appeared to arise, at least in part, from fibers entering laterally across the angular bundle. Within the ventral hippocampus the substance P innervation was predominantly in the pyramidal cell layer, and was heaviest in field CA3 and weakest in CA1. Some fibers were also observed in strata oriens, lucidum, and radiatum. Occasional varicose fibers could be seen entering the hippocampus from the fimbria. Within the dentate gyrus the substance P fibers were most concentrated in the supragranular layer and among the more superficial of the granule cells. A moderately dense plexus of fibers also occurred in the neuropil of the hilus among the polymorphic cells. In addition, a distinct, narrow band of varicosities was found at the outer edge of the inner molecular layer, while the outer molecular layer did not contain any positive elements. It is concluded that the hippocampal formation receives a distinct, well organized substance P innervation. Substance P fibers appear to enter the hippocampus both laterally across the angular bundle and ventrally through the fimbria. From this detailed examination of the distribution of the substance P fibers within the hippocampus in relation to the other known inputs to this area it is suggested that many of the substance P fibers arise in or, more probably, pass through the septal area to innervate the hippocampus.
Gradual Relaxation Techniques with Applications to Behavioral Synthesis (2003)

Heuristics are widely used for solving computational intractable synthesis problems. However, until now, there has been limited effort to systematically develop heuristics that can be applied to a variety of synthesis tasks. We focus on development of general optimization principles so that they can be applied to a wide range of synthesis problems. In particular, we propose a new way to realize the most constraining principle where at each step we gradually relax the constraints on the most constrained elements of the solution. This basic optimization mechanism is augmented with several new heuristic principles: minimal freedom reduction, negative thinking, calibration, simultaneous step consideration, and probabilistic modeling. We have successfully applied these optimization principles to a number of common behavioral synthesis tasks. Specifically, we demonstrate a systematic way to develop optimization algorithms for maximum independent set, time-constrained scheduling, and soft real-time system scheduling. The effectiveness of the approach and algorithms is validated on extensive real-life benchmarks.
Clinical Outcomes and Quality of Literature Addressing Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit: A Systematic Review (2019)

Background Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) can negatively impact shoulder function particularly in the throwing athlete. Questions/Purpose This study aimed to systematically evaluate recent trends in clinical outcomes and quality of published evidence pertaining to GIRD. Methods A systematic review was performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed, MEDLINE, PubMed Central, and Embase were searched from January 1, 2011, through April 23, 2017, for all articles evaluating GIRD. Two reviewers independently screened articles for eligibility and extracted data for analysis. Results Eighty-two articles were included in the final review. In general, the overall number of articles published increased over time. Two-thirds of all studies were conducted in the USA. Seventy-eight percent ( N = 64) of included studies were level-III to level-V evidence, with no level-I study performed during the study period. Eighty-five percent of studies were either epidemiologic, review, or imaging articles, and only 12% were clinical studies. Significant variability in the clinical definition of GIRD was identified. All studies evaluating non-operative management of GIRD demonstrated significant improvements in internal rotation of the affected extremity. Conclusion Current trends in GIRD-related literature demonstrate limited focus on clinical, therapeutic, or patient-reported outcomes and mostly consist of low-level evidence. There is a lack of consensus in the literature on what clinically constitutes GIRD.
Distance-adaptive spectrum allocation in SLICE considering optical filtering effects (2010)

We propose a novel method of adaptive optical spectrum allocation in SLICE. Bandwidth is optimized to balance transmission distance and signal filtering penalty. The distance-adaptive allocation enables up to 50% reduction in required spectral resources.
Abnormal uterine bleeding (2019)

Abnormal menstrual bleeding (AUB) is a collective name for all vaginal bleeding problems such as heavy menstrual bleeding, intermenstrual bleeding, spotting and postmenopausal bleeding. To address AUB the classification of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) is used worldwide. In 2011 the FIGO also developed a new classification system for the causes of AUB, the PALM-COEIN; polyp; adenomyosis; leiomyoma; malignancy and hyperplasia; coagulopathy; ovulatory dysfunction; endometrial; iatrogenic; and not yet classified. The PALM part of this classification denotes the anatomical causes and the COEIN part stands for the essential causes of AUB. History and examination are the basis of investigation. Moreover the pictorial blood assessment chart gives an indication about the amount of blood lost each month. Several imaging tests (e.g. transvaginal ultrasound, hysteroscopy, MRI) are used to visualize the cause of AUB, followed by an individual tailored solution depending of the underlying cause.
Ny uppdatering tillgänglig! Synen på jämställdhet inom IT-branschen. : Ny uppdatering tillgänglig! Synen på jämställdhet inom IT-branschen. (2016)

Ny uppdatering tillganglig! Synen pa jamstalldhet inom IT-branschen. : Ny uppdatering tillganglig! Synen pa jamstalldhet inom IT-branschen.
High Linearity SAR ADC for High Performance Sensor System (2018)

This paper presents a capacitive array optimization technique capable to improve the Spurious Free Dynamic Range (SFDR) and Signal-to-Noise-and-Distortion Ratio (SNDR) of Successive Approximation Register (SAR) Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) for smart sensor specifications. Monte Carlo simulation results show that the proposed optimization technique makes the SFDR, SNDR and (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) SNR better definitely concentrated, which means with a spread between maximum and minimum value much smaller than the one obtained by conventional calibration techniques. This gives rise to more stable and better performances. The averaged SFDR improves from 72.9 dB to 91.1 dB with σu = 0.4%, the 18.2 dB improvement required an off-line processing and a small digital logic circuits.