gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Categorizing An Explosive Device by its Nuclear Signature (Rev. 1) (2018)

This report documents a study to eliminate ambiguity in identifying a very low-yield nuclear detonation in the early stages of the response to such an event. The ambiguity arises from the very similar explosive and radiation effects produced by three categories of explosive devices: An explosively driven radiological dispersal device (RDD) or an accidental explosion in which radiologic material is scattered by chemical explosives. A failed nuclear device in which nuclear material, such as uranium or plutonium, has been scattered by conventional explosives. A nuclear device that, in addition to scattering nuclear material, produced a very low-yield from nuclear fission. The study found that the properties of fission products provide a ready solution to the problem. The radiation dose rate from fission products that were produced in a nearly instantaneous “fission event” decreases extremely rapidly over the first eight hours after that event, whereas nuclear materials and common radiological materials produce an essentially constant dose rate. This contrast provides an unequivocal fission product signature. The measurements required to utilize this signature can be made by first responders with radiation detectors already in the field, on time scales of an hour, although later confirmation using more capable detectors, including spectroscopic capability, is advised. The process of categorizing an explosives-related incident, both pre- and post-detonation, can be represented as a Decision Tree. The Decision Tree illustrates the use of already-fielded radiation detectors to categorize incidents as likely to involve only conventional explosives, an explosively driven RDD, or a nuclear device. The identification of an explosion as a fission event is extremely important to evacuation planners. It has been shown that delayed evacuation after sheltering in place for up to 24 hours after a fission event has the potential to reduce radiation exposure to the affected public and responders by a factor of ten. Traditional evidence collection after a nuclear detonation is likely to be similarly delayed, as the value and urgency of collection efforts must be weighed against radiation and other hazardous exposure of the collectors. The evidence that survives the immediate effects of a nuclear detonation will, in many cases, still be available for collection once radiation levels have diminished to acceptable levels. Certain classes of evidence, notably information stored on digital media, may significantly degrade from exposure to post-detonation radiation fields. Technical nuclear forensics collections will be performed in all events with nuclear yield. Modification of the high-yield collection strategy may be necessary for a very low-yield device.
General One-pot, Two-Step Protocol Accessing a Range of Novel Polycyclic Heterocycles with High Skeletal Diversity (2012)

An Ugi one-pot three-component four-center reaction was coupled with a subsequent acid mediated cyclodehydration step to furnish a multitude of unique scaffolds having in common an embedded or attached benzimidazole and often a ring system formed through lactamization. Using combinations of tethered Ugi inputs typically via tethered acid-ketone inputs and supporting reagents containing masked internal nucleophiles, such scaffolds were produced in good to excellent yields in an operationally friendly manner.
Visual analytics (2010)

The term Visual Analytics has been around for almost five years by now, but still there are on-going discussions about what it actually is and in particular what is new about it. The core of our view on Visual Analytics is the new enabling and accessible analytic reasoning interactions supported by the combination of automated and visual analysis. In this paper, we outline the scope of Visual Analytics using two problem and three methodological classes in order to workout the need for and purpose of Visual Analytics. By examples of analytic reasoning interaction, the respective advan- tages and disadvantages of automated and visual analysis methods are explained leading to a glimpse into the future of how Visual Analytics methods will enable us to go beyond what is possible when separately using the two methods.
672 THE RELATIONSHIP OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY WITH OBESITY AND GLUCOSE TOLERANCE IN WESTERN SAMOA (1994)

Joswiak, M L; Pereira, M A; Kriska, A M FACSM; Collins, V R; Dowse, G K; Toelupe, P; Kuller, L H; Zimmet, P Z Author Information
MRI-GUIDED OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY OF CANCER IN VIVO (2010)

ACTA Press publishes numerous proceedings like technical publications, scientific publications for power and energy systems and research papers for international conferences in the general areas of engineering and computer science.
Glucose and insulin co-regulate the glucose transport system in primary cultured adipocytes. A new mechanism of insulin resistance. (1987)

We have previously shown in primary cultured rat adipocytes that insulin acts at receptor and multiple postreceptor sites to decrease insulin's subsequent ability to stimulate glucose transport. To examine whether D-glucose can regulate glucose transport activity and whether it has a role in insulin-induced insulin resistance, we cultured cells for 24 h in the absence and presence of various glucose and insulin concentrations. After washing cells and allowing the glucose transport system to deactivate, we measured basal and maximally insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake rates (37 degrees C) and cell surface insulin binding (16 degrees C). Alone, incubation with D-glucose had no effect on basal or maximal glucose transport activity, and incubation with insulin, in the absence of glucose, decreased maximal (but not basal) glucose transport rates only 18% at the highest preincubation concentration (50 ng/ml). However, in combination, D-glucose (1-20 mM) markedly enhanced the long-term ability of insulin (1-50 ng/ml) to decrease glucose transport rates in a dose-responsive manner. For example, at 50 ng/ml preincubation insulin concentration, the maximal glucose transport rate fell from 18 to 63%, and the basal uptake rate fell by 89%, as the preincubation D-glucose level was increased from 0 to 20 mM. Moreover, D-glucose more effectively promoted decreases in basal glucose uptake (Ki = 2.2 +/- 0.4 mM) compared with maximal transport rates (Ki = 4.1 +/- 0.4 mM) at all preincubation insulin concentrations (1-50 ng/ml). Similar results were obtained when initial rates of 3-O-methylglucose uptake were used to measure glucose transport. D-glucose, in contrast, did not influence insulin-induced receptor loss. In other studies, D-mannose and D-glucosamine could substitute for D-glucose to promote the insulin-induced changes in glucose transport, but other substrates such as L-glucose, L-arabinase, D-fructose, pyruvate, and maltose were without effect. Also, non-metabolized substrates which competitively inhibit D-glucose uptake (3-O-methylglucose, cytochalasin B) blocked the D-glucose plus insulin effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
TAP Vacuum Pulse-Response and Normal-Pressure Studies of Propane Oxidation over MoVTeNb Oxide Catalysts (2005)

The economic advantages of switching to a propane feedstock in the production of acrylic acid have been a motivating force for extensive research studies focused on developing alkane partial oxidation catalysts. While catalyst systems containing MoVTeNb oxides have received considerable attention, the activity of these catalysts has not been systematically characterized over a wide domain of working conditions (different gas compositions, temperatures, etc.) and a detailed kinetic model of the propane-to-acrylic-acid reaction has not been developed yet. Extensive steady-state studies (conversion/product yields vs temperature at different feed compositions and contact times) and non-steady-state studies (pulse-response temporal analysis of products (TAP) experiments) of the propane-to-acrylic-acid reaction were performed using a TAP-2 reactor system under normal and vacuum conditions. TAP pump−probe experiments indicate that there is an optimum time for the introduction of water and that water reacts with an adsorbed intermediate to produce acrylic acid. Under steady-state conditions, the temperature was slowly cycled and the reaction progress was monitored with a temperature hysteresis clearly distinguished. The upper branch of the hysteresis corresponds to a cooling regime and is characterized by complete oxygen conversion. No distinctive hysteresis behavior was observed for propane, while the product yields exhibit clear hysteresis loops, clockwise for acrylic acid and counterclockwise for CO2/CO and acrolein. In this paper, the hysteresis-type dependence is interpreted in terms of a possible detailed mechanism of selective oxidation of propane into acrylic acid.
Pyrazolo[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine Derivatives as Adenosine Receptor Antagonists. Influence of the N5 Substituent on the Affinity at the Human A3 and A2B Adenosine Receptor Subtypes:  A Molecular Modeling Investigation (2003)

A new series of pyrazolo[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines bearing various substituents at both the N5-pyrimidinyl and N8-pyrazolyl positions have been synthesized, and their binding affinities at the four human adenosine receptor subtypes (hA(1), hA(2A), hA(2B), and hA(3)) have been evaluated. All the described compounds contain arylacetyl moieties at the N5 position and arylalkyl substituents at the N8 position. Surprisingly, all the compounds present their most potent affinities at the hA(2B) adenosine receptor with a range of selectivities against the other subtypes. When bulky groups are present simultaneously at the N5 and N8 positions (e.g., compound 9), the best selectivity for the hA(2B) receptor was observed (K(i)(hA(1)) = 1100 nM; K(i)(hA(2A)) = 800 nM; K(i)(hA(2B)) = 20 nM; K(i)(hA(3)) = 300 nM, K(i)(hA(1)/A(2B)) = 55, K(i)(hA(2A)/A(2B)) = 40, K(i)(hA(3)/hA(2B)) = 15). To understand the molecular significance of these results, we compared the putative TM (transmembrane) binding motif of compound 9 on both hA(2B) and hA(3) receptors. From our docking studies, compound 9 fits neatly inside the TM region of the hA(2B) receptor but not in the corresponding hA(3) region, illustrating significant differences between the two subtypes. The study herein presented permits an understanding of why the bioisosteric replacement of an -NH, present in previously reported hA(3) receptor antagonists, with a -CH(2) group at the N5 position induces such large differences in hA(2B)/hA(3) affinity. In the molecular structure of the hA(3) receptor, two residues, Ser243 (TM6) and Ser271 (TM7), create a hydrophilic region, which seems to permit a better accommodation of the phenylurea series into this putative hA(3) binding site than the phenylacetyl series.
Supercontinuum generation in silicon photonic wires (2007)

We observe spectral broadening of more than 350 nm, i.e., a 3/10-octave span, upon propagation of ultrashort 1.3-mum-wavelength optical pulses in a 4.7-mm-long silicon-photonic-wire waveguide. We measure the wavelength dependence of the spectral features and relate it to waveguide dispersion and input power. The spectral characteristics of the output pulses are shown to be consistent, in part, with higher-order soliton radiative effects.
Custom is from Venus and synthesis from Mars (2008)

Due to ever increasing cost of doing design, design productivity and more specifically, cost of design has become a major bottleneck in large scale design projects. Due to the cost crunch, automated synthesis techniques have been gaining ground on manual and cost intensive (although potentially yielding higher quality of results) custom techniques. The push towards system level performance with multiple lower performance cores as opposed to single high performance core is also making the pursuit of frequency at any cost meaningless. Synthesis vs Custom has traditionally been a lively debate in microprocessor companies but now it is becoming more widespread with the desire of fabless companies to more fully utilize the technology node in order to compete with IDMs by utilizing more custom techniques. Custom hotshots argue that we cannot afford to leave performance or power on table when you are spending 3billion $s in fabs. Industry needs to get maximum benefits possible. Synthesis fanatics will argue that designers should get over the last few ps and last few nW, as time to market, cost, and system performance are the new drivers and synthesis can not only meet the challenge but beat it many times with lower power solutions. This panel will present this internal debate in a public forum.
Limited Feedback Beamforming Systems in Dual-Polarized MIMO Channel (2010)

Dual-polarized multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems, where the antennas are grouped in pairs of orthogonally polarized antennas, are a spatiallyefficient alternative to single polarized MIMO antenna systems. A limited feedback beamforming technique is proposed for dualpolarized MIMO channels where the receiver has perfect channel knowledge but the transmitter only receives partial information regarding the channel instantiation. The system employs an effective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) distortion minimizing codebook to convey channel state information (CSI) in the form of beamforming direction. By investigating the average SNR performance of this system, an upper bound on the average SNR distortion is found as a weighted sum of two beamforming distortion metrics. The distortion minimization problem is solved by designing a concatenated codebook. Finally, we propose a codebook switching scheme exploiting the cross-polar discrimination (XPD) statistics. Simulations show that the proposed codebook switching scheme with an XPD dependent concatenated codebook has the ability to adapt to dual-polarized channels.
Molecular alterations in oral cancer between tobacco chewers and smokers using serum proteomics (2021)

This study serves as a benchmark for the identification of serum-based protein markers that may aid in the identification of high-risk patients who either chew tobacco or smoke tobacco.
Offset-tunable, fiber-pumped frequency comb at 7–10 μm by difference frequency in orientation-patterned GaP (2017)

Midinfrared frequency combs are a promising tool for new applications in chemical imaging and sensing, as they can directly access molecular vibrations in the molecular fingerprint wavelength region [1]. Practical laser sources are moving steadily from few micrometer wavelengths further into the fingerprint region to the 10 μm region. For practical applications of midinfrared light, difference frequency generation (DFG) with well-developed fiber laser technology provides a highly-integrated, compact, and robust frequency comb source. Difference frequency generation fits naturally with fiber lasers, given the midinfrared photon energy difference between Er and Tm amplifier wavelengths. The recent availability of orientation-patterned GaP (OP-GaP) has made this much more practical, with its large transparency window, good nonlinearity, and flexibility from quasi-phase matching [2]. We use the difference frequency from Er and Tm amplifiers to generate 25 mW of midinfrared centred at 8 μm wavelength, and show that the output is a frequency comb, with a stable repetition rate and tunable carrier-envelope offset (CEO) frequency.
Polariton lasing in the edge states of an orbital SSH chain (2017)

lattice [2], exotic edge states of topologically non-trivial orbital bands, orbital symmetry breaking [3], and orbital superfluidity [4]. Cavity polaritons are well-suited for implementing these simulators, because their photonic part allows coupling p- and higher photonic orbitals in extended lattices [3], while their excitonic part furnishes strong interactions that are required for investigating non-linear effects. In this work, we elaborate and demonstrate an orbital version of the well-known Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model (SSH) using p-bands in a zigzag chain of polariton micropillars (see Fig. (a)-(c)) and show polariton lasing in the topological edge states located at the ends of the chain. The demonstration of polariton lasing in topological edge states opens the way to the study of nonlinear transport in chiral states of topological insulators [5].
Misoprostol regulates Bnip3 repression and alternative splicing to control cellular calcium homeostasis during hypoxic stress (2018)

Abstract The cellular response to hypoxia involves the activation of a conserved pathway for gene expression regulated by the transcription factor complex called hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). This pathway has been implicated in both the adaptive response to hypoxia and in several hypoxic-ischemic related pathologies. Perinatal hypoxic injury, often associated with prematurity, leads to multi-organ dysfunction resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Using a rodent model of neonatal hypoxia and several representative cell lines, we observed HIF1α activation and down-stream induction of the cell death gene Bnip3 in brain, large intestine, and heart which was mitigated by administration of the prostaglandin E1 analog misoprostol. Mechanistically, we determined that misoprostol inhibits full-length Bnip3 (Bnip3-FL) expression through PKA-mediated NF-κB (P65) nuclear retention, and the induction of pro-survival splice variants. We observed that the dominant small pro-survival variant of Bnip3 in mouse cells lacks the third exon (Bnip3ΔExon3), whereas human cells produce a pro-survival BNIP3 variant lacking exon 2 (BNIP3ΔExon2). In addition, these small Bnip3 splice variants prevent mitochondrial dysfunction, permeability transition, and necrosis triggered by Bnip3-FL by blocking calcium transfer from the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondria. Furthermore, misoprostol and Bnip3ΔExon3 promote nuclear calcium accumulation, resulting in HDAC5 nuclear export, NFAT activation, and adaptive changes in cell morphology and gene expression. Collectively, our data suggests that misoprostol can mitigate the potential damaging effects of hypoxia on multiple cell types by activating adaptive cell survival pathways through Bnip3 repression and alternative splicing.
The Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 2 (EBNA2), a Protein Required for B Lymphocyte Immortalization, Induces the Synthesis of Type I Interferon in Burkitts Lymphoma Cell Lines (1999)

Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2), a protein involved in cell transformation, interferes with the cellular response to type I interferons (IFN-alpha/beta). We investigated the function of conditionally expressed EBNA2 in the context of the IFN response in Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines. Expression of EBNA2 led to the transcriptional activation of both endogenous or transfected IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), genes which contain within their promoters either the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) or the gamma interferon activation site (GAS). In search of a molecular mechanism for the transcriptional induction of ISGs, we observed an EBNA2-dependent synthesis of IFN-beta mRNA at low levels and the secretion of low amounts of IFN. A transfected IFN-beta promoter responded to EBNA2 activation, and a sequence closely resembling a RBP-Jkappa binding site was pinpointed as a potential target of EBNA2 activity. EBNA2-dependent transcriptional induction of the IFN-beta promoter occurred in EBV-negative Burkitt's lymphoma cells, indicating that other EBV genes were not required for the induction of IFN-beta synthesis.
Kinetic Alterations due to a Missense Mutation in the Na,K-ATPase α2 Subunit Cause Familial Hemiplegic Migraine Type 2 (2004)

A number of missense mutations in the ATP1A2 gene, which encodes the Na,K-ATPase alpha2 subunit, have been identified in familial hemiplegic migraine with aura. Loss of function and haploinsufficiency have been the suggested mechanisms in mutants for which functional analysis has been reported. This paper describes a kinetic analysis of mutant T345A, recently identified in a detailed genetic analysis of a large Finnish family (Kaunisto, M. A., Harno, H., Vanmolkot, K. R., Gargus, J. J., Sun, G., Hamalainen, E., Liukkonen, E., Kallela, M., van den Maagdenberg, A. M., Frants, R. R., Farkkila, M., Palotie, A., and Wessman, M. (2004) Neurogenetics 5, 141-146). Introducing T345A into the conserved rat alpha2 enzyme does not alter cell growth or catalytic turnover but causes a substantial decrease in apparent K+ affinity (2-fold increase in K0.5(K+)). In view of the location of Thr-345 in the cytoplasmic stalk domain adjacent to transmembrane segment 4, the 2-fold increase in K0.5(K+) is probably due to T345A replacement altering K+ occlusion/deocclusion. Faster K+ deocclusion of the mutant via the E2(K) + ATP --> E1.ATP + K+ partial reaction is evidenced in (i) a marked increase (300%) in K+ stimulation of Na-ATPase at micromolar ATP, (ii) a 4-fold decrease in KATP, and (iii) only a modest increase (approximately 3-fold) in I50 for vanadate, which was used as a probe of the steady state E1/E2 conformational equilibrium. We suggest that the decreased apparent K+ affinity is the basis for a reduced rate of extracellular K+ removal, which delays the recovery phase of nerve impulse transmission in the central nervous system and, thereby, the clinical picture of migraine with aura. This is the first demonstration of a mutation that leads to a disease associated with a kinetically altered but fully functional Na,K-ATPase, refining the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis in familial hemiplegic migraine.
Firefly algorithm scaled fractional order fuzzy PID based PSS for transient stability improvement (2018)

This paper presents an improvement in stability in a single machine connected to infinite bus power system by designing an optimal fractional order fuzzy PID based power system stabilizer (FOFPID-PSS). The low frequency oscillations resulting from load switching are damped out by the designed PSS under different operating conditions. In this paper, a bio-inspired algorithm called firefly algorithm (FA) has been employed for tuning the parameters of the proposed FOFPID-PSS controller. The robustness of the proposed controller is tested for enhancing the transient stability under different operating conditions like step and random variations in load demand. In addition to the graphical results, a comparative analysis of the proposed FOFPID-PSS controller with that of conventional PID-PSS and fuzzy PID-PSS (FPID-PSS) is also presented in terms of the performance indices (PIs) like maximum overshoot, settling time and integral squared error (ISE). The results suggest that the proposed FOFPID-PSS outperforms the FPID-PSS and PID-PSS controllers.
Nlog N dual shuffle-exchange network with error-correcting routing (1994)

Describes a dual shuffle-exchange switching network (DSN) that makes use of the principle of error-correcting routing. For motivation, parallels are drawn between error-correcting routing in switching and error-correcting coding in transmission. Based on a novel error-correcting and self-routing algorithm, the authors show by analysis and simulation that the DSN can achieve the Shannon's lower bound Nlog N on switch complexity while satisfying four desirable criteria: 1) self-routing property; 2) no queueing of packets at the inputs or inside the switch; 3) arbitrarily small packet-loss probability; 4) close-to-100% throughput. Different implementations of the basic DSN concept and their trade-offs are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>