gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Radial Ejection (2016)

This document contains recommendations for terminology in mass spectrometry. Development of standard terms dates back to 1974 when the IUPAC Commission on Analytical Nomenclature issued recommendations on mass spectrometry terms and definitions. In 1978, the IUPAC Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy updated and extended the recommendations and made further recommendations regarding symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations. The IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy’s Subcommittee on Mass Spectroscopy revised the recommended terms in 1991 and appended terms relating to vacuum technology. Some additional terms related to tandem mass spectrometry were added in 1993 and accelerator mass spectrometry in 1994. Owing to the rapid expansion of the field in the intervening years, particularly in mass spectrometry of biomolecules, a further revision of the recommendations has become necessary. This document contains a comprehensive revision of mass spectrometry terminology that represents the current consensus of the mass spectrometry community.
Fibromodulin Interacts with Collagen Cross-linking Sites and Activates Lysyl Oxidase (2016)

The hallmark of fibrotic disorders is a highly cross-linked and dense collagen matrix, a property driven by the oxidative action of lysyl oxidase. Other fibrosis-associated proteins also contribute to the final collagen matrix properties, one of which is fibromodulin. Its interactions with collagen affect collagen cross-linking, packing, and fibril diameter. We investigated the possibility that a specific relationship exists between fibromodulin and lysyl oxidase, potentially imparting a specific collagen matrix phenotype. We mapped the fibromodulin-collagen interaction sites using the collagen II and III Toolkit peptide libraries. Fibromodulin interacted with the peptides containing the known collagen cross-linking sites and the MMP-1 cleavage site in collagens I and II. Interestingly, the interaction sites are closely aligned within the quarter-staggered collagen fibril, suggesting a multivalent interaction between fibromodulin and several collagen helices. Furthermore, we detected an interaction between fibromodulin and lysyl oxidase (a major collagen cross-linking enzyme) and mapped the interaction site to 12 N-terminal amino acids on fibromodulin. This interaction also increases the activity of lysyl oxidase. Together, the data suggest a fibromodulin-modulated collagen cross-linking mechanism where fibromodulin binds to a specific part of the collagen domain and also forms a complex with lysyl oxidase, targeting the enzyme toward specific cross-linking sites.
Partial Purification and Properties of d -Glucosamine 6-Phosphate N -Acetyltransferase from Zoospores of Blastocladiella emersonii (1974)

A d-glucosamine 6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase from Blastocladiella emersonii zoospores was partially purified to a specific activity of 2.41 IU per mg of protein. Its pH optimum was 8.05 and its K(m) values were 2.4 x 10(-4) M d-glucosamine 6-phosphate and 0.38 x 10(-4) M Na(3)S-acetyl coenzyme A.
Practical Dialogue Manager Development using POMDPs (2007)

Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) are attractive for dialogue management because they are made to deal with noise and partial information.This paper addresses the problem of using them in a practical development cycle.We apply factored POMDP models to three applications.We examine our experiences with respect to design choices and issues, and compare performance with hand-crafted policies.1
Simultaneous multiple breath washout and oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in healthy adults (2023)

Lung function testing and lung imaging are commonly used techniques to monitor respiratory diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (CF). The nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) multiple-breath washout technique (MBW) has been shown to detect ventilation inhomogeneity in CF, but the underlying pathophysiological processes that are altered are often unclear. Dynamic oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (OE-MRI) could potentially be performed simultaneously with MBW because both techniques require breathing of 100% oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) and may allow for visualisation of alterations underlying impaired MBW outcomes. However, simultaneous MBW and OE-MRI has never been assessed, potentially as it requires a magnetic resonance (MR) compatible MBW equipment. In this pilot study, we assessed whether MBW and OE-MRI can be performed simultaneously using a commercial MBW device that has been modified to be MR-compatible. We performed simultaneous measurements in five healthy volunteers aged 25-35 years. We obtained O<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> concentrations from both techniques, and generated O<sub>2</sub> wash-in time constant and N<sub>2</sub> washout maps from OE-MRI data. We obtained good quality simultaneous measurements in two healthy volunteers due to technical challenges related to the MBW equipment and poor tolerance. Oxygen and N<sub>2</sub> concentrations from both techniques, as well as O<sub>2</sub> wash-in time constant maps and N<sub>2</sub> washout maps could be obtained, suggesting that simultaneous measurements may have the potential to allow for comparison and visualization of regional differences in ventilation underlying impaired MBW outcomes. Simultaneous MBW and OE-MRI measurements can be performed with a modified MBW device and may help to understand MBW outcomes, but the measurements are challenging and have poor feasibility.
A stochastic model of human visual attention with a dynamic Bayesian network (2010)

Recent studies in the field of human vision science suggest that the human responses to the stimuli on a visual display are non-deterministic. People may attend to different locations on the same visual input at the same time. Based on this knowledge, we propose a new stochastic model of visual attention by introducing a dynamic Bayesian network to predict the likelihood of where humans typically focus on a video scene. The proposed model is composed of a dynamic Bayesian network with 4 layers. Our model provides a framework that simulates and combines the visual saliency response and the cognitive state of a person to estimate the most probable attended regions. Sample-based inference with Markov chain Monte-Carlo based particle filter and stream processing with multi-core processors enable us to estimate human visual attention in near real time. Experimental results have demonstrated that our model performs significantly better in predicting human visual attention compared to the previous deterministic models.
ChemInform Abstract: HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS OF THE DECOMPOSITION OF DIMETHYL DIAZOMALONATE IN ALCOHOLS (1977)

Abstract Zu einer Lösung von Trimethylphosphit und CuJ in den Alkoholen (II) wird der Diazoester (I) bei 50‐100°C langsam zugetropft.
Topological Insulator as an Efficient Catalyst for Oxidative Carbonylation of Amines (2022)

Abstract Topological materials have received much attention because of their intriguing nontrivial physical properties. Their robust topological surface states (TSSs) afford a stable electron bath that facilitates surface reactions, which has been successfully used to promote reactions on transition metals (TMs). As emergent heterogeneous catalysts, TSS-TMs have introduced new catalytic effects. However, the direct application of TSSs to catalysis has thus far remained elusive. In the present study, we show that Bi2Se3, one of the most representative topological insulators, functions as an excellent catalyst for the oxidative carbonylation of amines with CO and O2 to synthesize urea derivatives, showing superior activity compared with conventional TM-containing heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts. For example, when Bi2Se3 nanoparticles were used as catalysts, the carbonylation of butylamine was completed in 4 h at 20 °C with a yield of 99%, whereas noble-metal-based catalysts do not function at such a low temperature. In addition, the turnover frequency (TOF) of Bi2Se3 (41 h−1) is five times greater than that for BiSe, which has a crystal structure similar to that of Bi2Se3 but with substantially weakened TSSs. Density functional theory calculations further reveal that the TSSs facilitate the activation of O2 through a triplet-to-singlet spin-conversion reaction, which is the key step for the generation of urea derivatives from amines. These findings indicate a new application area of topological insulators in heterogeneous catalysis.
A Survey on Multicarrier Communications: Prototype Filters, Lattice\n Structures, and Implementation Aspects (2012)

Due to their numerous advantages, communications over multicarrier schemes\nconstitute an appealing approach for broadband wireless systems. Especially,\nthe strong penetration of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)\ninto the communications standards has triggered heavy investigation on\nmulticarrier systems, leading to re-consideration of different approaches as an\nalternative to OFDM. The goal of the present survey is not only to provide a\nunified review of waveform design options for multicarrier schemes, but also to\npave the way for the evolution of the multicarrier schemes from the current\nstate of the art to future technologies. In particular, a generalized framework\non multicarrier schemes is presented, based on what to transmit, i.e., symbols,\nhow to transmit, i.e., filters, and where/when to transmit, i.e., lattice.\nCapitalizing on this framework, different variations of orthogonal,\nbi-orthogonal, and nonorthogonal multicarrier schemes are discussed. In\naddition, filter design for various multicarrier systems is reviewed\nconsidering four different design perspectives: energy concentration, rapid\ndecay, spectrum nulling, and channel/hardware characteristics. Subsequently,\nevaluation tools which may be used to compare different filters in multicarrier\nschemes are studied. Finally, multicarrier schemes are evaluated from the view\nof the practical implementation issues, such as lattice adaptation,\nequalization, synchronization, multiple antennas, and hardware impairments.\n
Resin‐to‐Resin Transfer Reactions (RRTR) via Sonogashira Coupling (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Procedures Discussion Waste Disposal Information Appendix: Experimental Supplement Notes References
Using 2-Photon Microscopy to Quantify the Effects of Chronic Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction on Glomerular Processes (2022)

Applying novel microscopy methods to suitable animal disease models to explore the dynamic physiology of the kidney remains a challenge. Rats with surface glomeruli provide a unique opportunity to investigate physiological and pathophysiological processes using intravital 2-photon microscopy. Quantification of glomerular capillary blood flow and vasoconstriction and dilatation in response to drugs, permeability, and inflammation are just some of the processes that can be studied. In addition, transgenic rats, i.e., podocytes labeled with fluorescent dyes and other molecular biomarker approaches, provide increased resolution to directly monitor and quantify protein-protein interactions and the effects of specific molecular alterations. In mice, which lack surface glomeruli after four weeks of age, unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) for several weeks has been used to induce surface glomeruli. As this induction model does not allow for baseline studies, we quantified the effects of UUO on glomerular processes in the UUO model in Munich Wistar Frömter (MWF) rats, which have surface glomeruli under physiologic conditions. The UUO model for five weeks or more induced significant alterations to gross renal morphology, the peritubular and glomerular microvasculature, as well as the structure and function of tubular epithelia. Glomerular and peritubular red blood cell (RBC) flow decreased significantly (p < 0.01), probably due to the significant increase in the adherence of white blood cells (WBCs) within glomerular and peritubular capillaries. The glomerular sieving coefficient of albumin increased from 0.015 ± 0.002 in untreated MWFs to 0.045 ± 0.05 in 5-week-old UUO MWF rats. Twelve weeks of UUO resulted in further increases in surface glomerular density and glomerular sieving coefficient (GSC) for albumin. Fluorescent albumin filtered across the glomeruli was not reabsorbed by the proximal tubules. These data suggest that using UUO to induce surface glomeruli limits the ability to study and interpret normal glomerular processes and disease alterations.
Extracting Large-Scale Knowledge Bases from the Web (1999)

... bases by enumerating and organizing all web occurrences of certain subgraphs. We focus on subgraphs that are signatures of web phenomena such as tightly-focused topic communities, webrings, taxonomy trees, keiretsus, etc. For instance, the signature of a webring is a central page with bidirectional links to a number of other pages. We develop novel algorithms for such enumeration problems. A key technical contribution is the development of a model for the evolution of the web graph, based on experimental observations derived from a snapshot of the web. We argue that our algorithms run efficiently in this model, and use the model to explain some statistical phenomena on the web that emerged during our experiments. Finally, we describe the design and implementation of Campfire, a knowledge base of over one hundred thousand web communities.
Low‐Conductance and Multilevel CMOS‐Integrated Nanoscale Oxide Memristors (2019)

Abstract Using memristors, such as oxide and phase change resistive switches, as tunable resistors to construct analog computing hardware accelerators is gaining keen attention. Such accelerators have demonstrated the potential to significantly outperform digital computers in highly relevant applications such as machine learning and image processing. However, improvements in device‐level performance of memristors, including reducing power consumption and high current–induced metal migration in interconnects, need continued developments. Nanoscaling and complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integration are also of significant importance in commercialization of such accelerators. Here tantalum oxide memristors scaled down to 25 nm sizes and integrated on CMOS transistor circuits are presented. The memristor conductance is programmable with a 6 order‐of‐magnitude operating range, especially with 3‐bits below 10 µS for low current operation. The stability of such levels and the size scaling of the operating parameters are further studied. These results will aid device engineering of memristors and bolster development of neuromorphic hardware accelerators.
Estimation of backfiltration flow rate in commercially available high flux dialyzers: Importance of water purification system for dialysate (2005)

Several types of high flux dialyzers were developed and introduced for clinical applications to improve solute removal efficiency. In these dialyzers, internal filtration/backfiltration (IF/BF) is induced by pressure drop of blood and dialysate flow in a countercurrent manner under less net filtration. Higher IF/BF flow rate increased convective transport of the solute in addition to diffusive transport. In previously published papers, we reported the effects of IF on solute removal efficiency of the dialyzer during an analytical and an experimental study and the measurement of the internal filtration flow rate (Q IF ) by Doppler ultrasonography. Average blood flow rate (QB av ) at a cross‐sectional plane was measured by pulse Doppler and the longitudinal QB av profile along the dialyzer was obtained using a probe slider that can move the probe in parallel along the dialyzer. This is a suitable method for a bedside monitoring of the IF/BF flow rate of dialyzers because it is noninvasive to the patient and produces reliable data with higher reproducibility. Internal backfiltration flow rate (Q BF ) in six types of commercially available high flux dialyzers, having a higher 50 ml/min of β2‐microglobulin clearance (CL‐β2 m), were examined by Doppler ultrasonography under 10 ml/min/m 2 of net filtration flow rate. As a result, a wide range of Q BF value, 12.1–28.4 ml/min, was obtained among those dialyzers. It means a fair amount of BF, 2.9–6.8 liter per session, occurs in a typical hemodialysis treatment. Strict management of dialysate purification is required for a dialyzer with a relatively larger BF. On the other hand, no correlation between the CL‐β2 m value and the Q BF value was seen because the CL‐β2 m value depends on not only the IF/BF flow rate but also diffusive property of the membrane. The BF flow rate in every dialyzer should be examined to avoid suffering from the invasion of endotoxin and its fragment for safety.
Funktionspolymere für Systemlösungen (2002)

Abstract Die Fachgruppentagungen der Fachgruppe Makromolekulare Chemie der GDCh führen alle zwei Jahre Polymerwissenschaftler aus Hochschule, Instituten, Verwaltungen und Industrie zusammen, um zeitnah und aktuell Polymerthemen aus Forschung und Praxis zu präsentieren und diskutieren. Die diesjährige Tagung fand am 18./19. Män 2002 in Darmstadt statt und stand unter dem Motto „Funktionspolymere für Systemlösungen”︁.
An overview of S-100β as a clinically useful biomarker of brain tissue damage (2002)

The ideal marker of organ damage or dysfunction must be specific and sensitive. Of paramount importance is also that it should be easily and reliably measured with clearly defined thresholds, and preferably independent of age, sex and other concurrent systemic disorders. In addition, the serum levels of the marker should correlate with the severity of disease so that it is possible to predict accurately recovery, further damage and the likelihood of permanent injury. The diagnosis, prognosis and natural history of central nervous system (CNS) injury relies on repeated clinical neurological examination and radiological techniques such as computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A number of clinical scenarios exist in which the application of such assessments is not practical or feasible. Therefore, the benefits of having a reliable, sensitive and specific serum biomarker for diagnosing and predicting prognosis after CNS injury are self-evident [1]. This chapter will discuss the merits and the potential pitfalls of protein S-100β as a useful marker of CNS damage and dysfunction.
Multifunctional Dressing for Wound Diagnosis and Rehabilitation (2021)

A wound dressing is a sterile pad or compress that is used in direct contact with a wound to help it heal and prevent further issues or complications. Though wound healing is an intricate dynamic process that involves multiple biomolecular species, conventional wound dressings have a limited ability to provide timely information of abnormal conditions, missing the best time for early treatment. The current perspective presents and discusses the design and development of smart wound dressings that are integrated with multifunctional materials, wearable sensors and drug delivery systems as well as their application ranging from wound monitoring to timely application of therapeutics. The perspective also discusses the ongoing challenges and exciting opportunities associated with the development of wearable sensor-based smart wound dressing and provide critical insights into wound healing monitoring and management.
Projection-based dose metric: accuracy testing and applications for CT design (2013)

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a projection-based dose metric that enables computationally efficient dose estimation. The two physical quantities determining dose, absorbed energy and mass, were estimated in projection space. The absorbed energy was estimated using the difference between the imparted energy and detected energy. The mass was estimated using the area under the attenuation profile. A series of phantom simulations were conducted to test the metric’s applicability for multi-material phantoms, different kVp settings, and bowtie filters. Projection-based dose estimates were benchmarked against results from the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. The projection-based dose metric shows a strong linear correlation with MC dose estimates (R<sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.96). The prediction errors for projection-based dose metric are below 14%. This study demonstrates a computationally efficient and relatively accurate dose estimation method based on the projection data. It further suggests the possibility to achieve real-time and patient-specific dose optimization when applied prior to a CT scan.
Etude des relations synthèse-morphologie-propriétés mécaniques de nano composites hybrides polymère-silice : application au renforcement mécanique des verres (1999)

Ce travail concerne l'etude des relations synthese-morphologie-proprietes mecaniques de nanocomposites ou hybrides polymere-silice et l'application de ces materiaux en couches minces pour ameliorer la resistance mecanique de substrats verres (e. G, bouteilles). Deux types de nanocomposites de meme composition globale ont ete synthetises. Les systemes de Type 1 sont obtenus par polymerisation radicalaire en masse de 2-hydroxyethlyl methacrylate (HEMA) en presence de nanoparticules preformees de silice, fonctionnalisees HEMA (diametre 13-nm). Les systemes de Type 2 sont obtenus par polymerisation simultanee de HEMA et de tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). La silice est alors synthetisee in situ par hydrolyse et condensation de TEOS sous catalyse acide (voie sol-gel). Ces deux types d'hybrides, qui peuvent contenir de 0 a 30 wt% de phase siliciee, sont optiquement transparents. Les hybrides de Type 1 presentent une morphologie particulaire, avec presence d'agregats de nanoparticules. Les hybrides de Type 2, veritables composites moleculaires, possedent une morphologie beaucoup plus fine avec une phase siliciee a geometrie fractale de masse tres ouverte, supposee etre bicontinue avec la phase organique. Ces differences morphologiques conduisent a des comportements thermomecaniques radicalement differents. Les materiaux de Type 2 sont plus durs et plus rigides a l'etat caoutchoutique, alors que les materiaux de Type 1 sont plus amortissants et plus ductiles. Un modele mecanique, base sur un schema auto-coherent et integrant l'existence d'inversions de connexite des phases, a ete developpe et applique a la description du comportement viscoelastique de ces nanocomposites. Une formulation, basee sur ces materiaux, a ete optimisee pour realiser des revetements sur substrat verre. Ces revetements d'epaisseur inferieure au micrometre, conduisent a un renforcement mecanique notable du substrat, s'expliquant par un mecanisme de cicatrisation des fissures de la surface du verre.
X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Reactivity Studies of a Series of Ruthenium Catalysts (2009)

Abstract X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was applied to six selected ruthenium precatalysts. The XPS data obtained were compared against reactivity and structural results. The XPS data confirmed some dependencies such as the electron‐donor properties of the substituents at the ruthenium center. Additionally, the data combined with structural and reactivity results explain the differences between the character of Grubbs and Hoveyda catalysts. It was found that changing the PCy 3 ligand to O i Pr (PCy 3 =tricyclohexylphosphane, O i Pr=isopropoxy) has a major influence on relative electron‐donating properties of the N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand (NHC) and PCy 3 groups, which was supported by the relative charges on the Ru center for the examined compounds. Moreover, the turnover frequency (TOF) of a selected example reaction decreased when introducing a NHC group in the case of Grubbs catalysts, but increased in the case of Hoveyda‐type catalysts. The XPS data also explained the relative activity values of some catalysts (higher reactivity of nitro‐Hoveyda than Hoveyda second‐generation catalysts). However, the binding energies do not predict TOFs. Sole examination of the XPS data does not provide a base for reaching unambiguous and binding conclusions as to the relative reactivity of all the investigated systems.