gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
O2‐03‐02: Amorfix Epitope Protection‐Alzheimer's Disease (EP‐AD) diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid test for accurate identification of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment (2012)

More than 35 million people worldwide have Alzheimer's disease (AD). A major stumbling block to treatment is the absence of robust biomarkers for early detection and monitoring during clinical trials. Amorfix Life Sciences has developed the EP-AD Diagnostic CSF Test as an ultra-sensitive biomarker assay for detection of oligomeric Aβ, a known biomarker for AD, while minimizing the signal from monomeric Aß present at high concentrations in human CSF. The Test makes use of proprietary methodology to detect oligomeric Aβ: CSF samples were treated using Epitope Protection (EP) technology to chemically modify epitopes present on the surface of monomeric Aß, which prevents their detection. This was followed by affinity-based enrichment of oligomeric Aβ, and detection using the Amorfix ultra-sensitive dual-bead immunoassay. The concentration of monomeric Ab 1-42 was measured directly with the dual-bead immunoassay. All testing was performed with the samples blinded to the operator. Two hundred (200) CSF samples were tested: seventy nine (79) AD, forty nine (49) MCI, and seventy two (72) controls. ROC analysis demonstrated diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 82.0% and 81.9% respectively. Signals from the Test were higher in MCI CSF than AD CSF. S/N values: MCI (3.22+/- 0.3), AD (2.37+/-0.14), and control (1.31+/-0.04). Monomeric Aß 1-42: MCI (1.81+/-0.17) controls (1.59+/-0.13) and AD (0.86+/-0.09). The positive predictive value (PPV) for oligomeric Aß was 82% for both AD and MCI CSF, whereas the PPV for monomeric Ab 1-42 alone was 78% (AD) or 39% (MCI). The negative predictive value (NPV) for oligomeric Aß was 78% for AD and 89% for MCI, whereas the NPV for monomeric Ab 1-42 was 66% for AD and 49% for MCI. We have developed a unique system for the detection of oligomeric Ab, a recognized biomarker for AD. The EP-AD CSF Test can be used to identify AD or MCI patients when compared to non-AD controls. A comparison of monomeric Aß 1-42 can be then be used to further distinguish between AD and MCI patients. Our data demonstrate that the EP-AD CSF Diagnostic Test has a higher predictive value than measurements of Aß1-42 alone for identification of patients with MCI.
A finite element model for conduction errors in thermocouples during thermal sterilization of conduction‐heating foods (1991)

Summary Errors in temperature measurement due to heat conduction along thermocouples employed in heat penetration studies of food which is heated by conduction have been quantified, using a finite element numerical solution of the unsteady state heat transfer equation. For a 0.56‐mm (24s.w.g.) Type T thermocouple, temperature at the centre of a can may be overestimated by over 2°C in the heating phase of a typical process. The errors are much larger for thicker thermocouples. The orthodox conservative design strategy for thermal processes, relying on the lethal effect of the heating phase and treating the cooling phase as a safety margin, may not be a ‘safe’ strategy. The conduction errors result in an overestimate of the heating‐phase lethality and an underestimate of the cooling‐phase lethality. The application of a correction to the lag factor is not adequate to compensate for the derestimation of the lethality during the cooling stage. The errors in the determination of the thermal diffusivity from heat‐penetration data are much lower than the errors in the determination of the sterilization effect delivered by a particular process. The silicon elastomer used to experimentally validate the model employed in this study, is shown to be an ideal material to model food which is heated by conduction.
A Crosslinked Calcium-Alginate-Pectinate-Cellulose Acetophthalate Gelisphere System for Linear Drug Release (2002)

This study proposes a novel binary crosslinked ternary multiple-unit system, collectively referred to as calcium-alginate-pectinate-cellulose acetophthalate gelispheres (CAPCA), for the purpose of obtaining linear, controlled drug release. This polymeric system, composed of sodium alginate, pectin, and cellulose acetophthalate, was developed through a binary crosslinking reaction in a composite aqueous system consisting of calcium and acetate ions. The crosslinking reaction was optimized in terms of maximizing drug release suppression and could be obtained by exposing the gelispheres for 24 hours to a combined aqueous solution of 15% w/v acetic acid and 2% w/v calcium chloride. The highly acidic nature of this solution (pH 1.9) was desirable for enhancing the drug entrapment efficiency of the gelispheres. Synchronization of matrix swelling and erosion appeared to be responsible for the attainment of zero-order drug release. However, such perfect synchronization was only achievable through application of the ternary polymeric combination presented in this work. The main advantages of the ternary system shown in this study over the previously presented binary calcium-alginate-pectinate system (CAP) proposed by Pillay and Fassihi (1999a, 1999b), was provision of extended drug release over 18 hours, minimization of late-phase drug release tapering, and provision of superior linearity in drug release profiles. Kinetic modeling of dissolution data using various power law equations highlighted the significance of matrix relaxation and erosion in modulation of drug release rate. In all cases of model fitting excellent correlation (r(2) > 0.98) was obtained between observed and predicted data. Textural profiling of crosslinked gelispheres reflected a significantly lower reduction in matrix resilience as the concentration of cellulose acetophthalate was increased in the gelisphere formulation. This may be attributed to the concentration-dependent matrix plastic-transforming property of cellulose acetophthalate.
Multiview Cluster Analysis Identifies Variable Corticosteroid Response Phenotypes in Severe Asthma (2019)

<b>Rationale:</b> Corticosteroids (CSs) are the most effective asthma therapy, but responses are heterogeneous and systemic CSs lead to long-term side effects. Therefore, an improved understanding of the contributing factors in CS responses could enhance precision management. Although several factors have been associated with CS responsiveness, no integrated/cluster approach has yet been undertaken to identify differential CS responses. <b>Objectives:</b> To identify asthma subphenotypes with differential responses to CS treatment using an unsupervised multiview learning approach. <b>Methods:</b> Multiple-kernel <i>k</i>-means clustering was applied to 100 clinical, physiological, inflammatory, and demographic variables from 346 adult participants with asthma in the Severe Asthma Research Program with paired (before and 2-3 weeks after triamcinolone administration) sputum data. Machine-learning techniques were used to select the top baseline variables that predicted cluster assignment for a new patient. <b>Measurements and Main Results:</b> Multiple-kernel clustering revealed four clusters of individuals with asthma and different CS responses. Clusters 1 and 2 consisted of young, modestly CS-responsive individuals with allergic asthma and relatively normal lung function, separated by contrasting sputum neutrophil and macrophage percentages after CS treatment. The subjects in cluster 3 had late-onset asthma and low lung function, high baseline eosinophilia, and the greatest CS responsiveness. Cluster 4 consisted primarily of young, obese females with severe airflow limitation, little eosinophilic inflammation, and the least CS responsiveness. The top 12 baseline variables were identified, and the clusters were validated using an independent Severe Asthma Research Program test set. <b>Conclusions:</b> Our machine learning-based approaches provide new insights into the mechanisms of CS responsiveness in asthma, with the potential to improve disease treatment.
Development of a New Gas-Inducing Turbine Family:  The Partially Shrouded Turbine (2006)

To increase the gas-inducing capacity of a shrouded turbine and avoid using an additional impeller in the stirred tank, geometrical modifications of the lower disk of this turbine have been considered. The performance of several new, partially shrouded gas-inducing turbines has been investigated by computational fluid dynamics for single-phase flow with the Fluent software. The new turbine designs are shown to have pressure coefficients close to the totally-shrouded-turbine coefficient, corresponding to low critical agitation velocities for gas inducement but with significantly higher pumping capacities and increased gas-inducing capacities.
Single Quantum Dot Spectroscopy via Non-resonant Dot-Cavity Coupling (2009)

Coherent quantum dot spectroscopy is performed in a quantum dot coupled to a photonic crystal cavity by exploiting non-resonant dot-cavity coupling. This enables manipulation of the quantum dot levels and readout through cavity emission.
[Quality indicators in colonoscopy]. (2011)

Colonoscopies are performed in Rambam Health Care Campus in an effective manner with regard to completion rate and polyp detection. High rates of intermediate or poor bowel preparation, suboptimal rates of taking biopsies and making follow-up recommendations were noted. Significant variations among participating physicians were noted. Conclusions led to operative changes in practice, including improving computerized reports, standardizing assessments of preparation and initiating a continuous quality improvement program.
Modular sensor pack for large thickness cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) Gamma Radiation detectors (2010)

The high cost of fine spectroscopic grade CZT crystals with large gamma-ray stopping power is a limiting factor for widespread utilization in detector applications. Large volume, monolithic crystal parts suffer a lower yield because of high probability of defect opportunities. This work demonstrates a modular construction technique where volumetric scaling laws are overcome. Smaller crystal tiles are individually diced, graded and then bonded into a larger sensor package that achieves high stopping power. Choosing a common tile form factor for both healthcare and security imaging applications ensures the most efficient use of CZT wafer area by matching tile performance to application requirements. Gamma spectroscopic measurements results demonstrate that high quality detectors can be achieved in these sensor packs. The modular sensor pack is effective to circumvent the problem of low yield due to growth inhibition of a large-size, high quality crystal.
Modeling human somite development and fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva with induced pluripotent stem cells (2018)

Somites (SMs) comprise a transient stem cell population that gives rise to multiple cell types, including dermatome (D), myotome (MYO), sclerotome (SCL) and syndetome (SYN) cells. Although several groups have reported induction protocols for MYO and SCL from pluripotent stem cells, no studies have demonstrated the induction of SYN and D from SMs. Here, we report systematic induction of these cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) under chemically defined conditions. We also successfully induced cells with differentiation capacities similar to those of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC-like cells) from SMs. To evaluate the usefulness of these protocols, we conducted disease modeling of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), an inherited disease that is characterized by heterotopic endochondral ossification in soft tissues after birth. Importantly, FOP-iPSC-derived MSC-like cells showed enhanced chondrogenesis, whereas FOP-iPSC-derived SCL did not, possibly recapitulating normal embryonic skeletogenesis in FOP and cell-type specificity of FOP phenotypes. These results demonstrate the usefulness of multipotent SMs for disease modeling and future cell-based therapies.
Information Aggregation in Experimental Asset Markets: Traps and Misaligned Beliefs (1999)

The capacity of markets to aggregate information has been conclusively demonstrated but he limitations of that capacity have still not been fully explored. In this paper, we demonstrate the existence of "information traps". These traps appear to be a sort of equilibrium in which information existing in the market does not become revealed in prices. The foundation for the equilibrium is a pattern of misaligned beliefs in which each person's actions are based upon mistaken beliefs about the information held by others. The mistakes, themselves, have a type of mutual compatibility and cannot become revealed by the price discovery process because individuals have no incentives or resources to adjust. Attempts to probe the nature of the phenomena involved two period markets with a contingent claim instruments, experienced participants, and unlimited short selling opportunities.
Red lesion detection in retinal fundus images using Frangi-based filters (2015)

This paper presents a method to detect red lesions related to Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), namely Microaneurysms and Hemorrhages from retinal fundus images with robustness to the presence of blood vessels. Filters based on Frangi filters are used for the first time for this task. Green channel of the input image was decomposed into smaller sub images and proposed filters were applied to each sub image after initial preprocessing. Features were extracted from the filter response and used to train a Support Vector Machine classifier to predict whether a test image had lesions or not. Experiments were performed on a dataset of 143 retinal fundus and the proposed method achieved areas under the ROC curve equal to 0.97 and 0.87 for Microaneurysms and Hemorrhages respectively. Results show the effectiveness of the proposed method for detecting red lesions. This method can help significantly in automated detection of DR with fewer false positives.
Regulation of the expression of IL-8 receptor A/B by IL-8: possible functions of each receptor (1995)

We investigated the regulatory mechanism of the expression of IL-8R, IL-8R type A (IL-8RA), and IL-8R type B (IL-8RB) on human neutrophils by IL-8. The expression of IL-8RA/B was analyzed by flow cytometry using mAb specific for each receptor. IL-8 down-modulated > 90% of IL-8RA and IL-8RB expression within 5 min. A related C-X-C chemokine, melamona growth stimulatory activity, down-modulated IL-8RB but not IL-8RA. It required 7 to 13 times more IL-8 to down-modulate IL-8RA than IL-8RB, as determined by the half-maximal effective concentration of IL-8. Scatchard analysis showed that the affinity of IL-8RA for IL-8 was lower than that of IL-8RB. The possible functions of each IL-8R were explored by comparing 1) the expression levels of IL-8RA/B on migrated neutrophils during in vitro chemotaxis assay and 2) the recovery rate of IL-8RA/B expression after down-modulation by IL-8. Results obtained from the in vitro chemotaxis show that the expression level of IL-8RB, but not IL-8RA, on neutrophils that migrated into the chamber containing low concentrations (< 1 nM) of IL-8 was significantly reduced compared with the control level. This suggests that IL-8RB may play as active role in the initiation of neutrophil migration distant from the site of inflammation, where the concentration of IL-8 is at the picomolar level. After down-modulation by 119 nM IL-8, the expression of IL-8RA fully recovered within 1.5 h, while the recovery rate of IL-8RB expression was slow and never reached more than 40% of the control level during a 3-h culture period. The rapid reexpression of IL-8RA suggests that the low affinity IL-8RA may play a more active role in mediating IL-8 signal at the site of inflammation, where the concentration of IL-8 is high.
Asian-Specific HLA Haplotypes Reveal Heterogeneity of the Contribution of HLA-DR and -DQ Haplotypes to Susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes. (2002)

To assess the effect of Asian-specific HLA haplotypes on susceptibility to type 1 diabetes, we investigated the association of genotypic combinations of DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. We studied 132 Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes and 157 control subjects, along with 67 Korean patients and 109 control subjects. DRB1*0405-DQB1*0401 and DRB1*0901-DQB1*0303 were confirmed to be two major susceptible HLA haplotypes in the Japanese population. The frequencies of heterozygotes and homozygotes with DRB1*0405-DQB1*0401 were similarly higher in patients than in control subjects (homozygotes, 5.3% vs. 3.8%; heterozygotes, 48.5% vs. 26.1%). In contrast, homozygotes, but not heterozygotes, with DRB1*0901-DQB1*0303 were more frequent in patients with type 1 diabetes than in control subjects (homozygotes, 12.9% vs. 0.6%; heterozygotes, 22.0% vs. 24.8%). A similar tendency was also observed in the Korean population. In multiple logistic regression analysis, DRB1*0405-DQB1*0401 fitted a dominant model and DRB1*0901-DQB1*0303 fitted a recessive model. These data, which indicate that the contribution of HLA haplotypes to the genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes differs depending on the genotypic combination of HLA haplotypes, suggest the importance of extensive analysis of genotypes in studies on HLA and disease association in general.
Control planes and their applicability to all-optical networks (2003)

Control planes promise rapid provisioning and failure recovery in optical networks whilst reducing management overheads. This paper describes the extensive standardization efforts underway for control planes and the challenges faced in applying these to all-optical networks.
A comparison of order picking methods augmented with weight checking error detection (2016)

Order picking accounts for over 50% of the annual $150 billion spent in warehouse operations in the United States. 80% of order picking is performed manually. We compare the industry default of unassisted paper-list picking and three techniques augmented with weight checking: pick-by-light, pick-by-HUD (head-up display), and a combination of light and HUD. HUD+light had the fastest picking (19% faster than paper) and a low number of errors (67% fewer than paper).
The Role of Health Care Human Factors in Responding to COVID-19: Findings From an Industry Survey (2020)

A survey of human factors practitioners working in health care was administered to understand their challenges and successes encountered when responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. Focus areas identified by survey respondents related to workflow, physical environments, communication, and implementation of new technologies. The results from this study can be used by human factors practitioners to demonstrate the common challenges and opportunities for applying human factors to system redesign within their health care organizations. These findings can also be used to encourage investments in human factors by health care organizations and the federal government.
Telecom-Band Entanglement Generation for Chipscale Quantum Processing (2008)

We demonstrate polarization-entanglement for non-degenerate and degenerate photon-pairs generated through Kerr-nonlinearity in a nano-scale silicon-on-insulator(SOI) waveguide. We use a compact counter propagating configuration to create two-photon polarization-entangled state, |H&gt;|H&gt; + |V&gt;|V&gt;. We observe two-photon interference with visibility &gt; 91% and &gt; 80% for non-degenerate and degenerate photon-pairs, respectively. The experimental structure can be implemented on optical chips as an integrated source of entangled photons for future quantum computer and communication applications.
Light-Driven Microfabrication: Assembly of Multicomponent, Three-Dimensional Structures by Using Optical Tweezers (2000)

Optical tweezers were used to fabricate two- and three-dimensional microstructures incorporating cells and microspheres (see schematic representation). The microspheres were covalently linked to wheat germ agglutinin; this lectin adhered biospecifically to N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl neuraminic acid residues of the cell-surface oligosaccharides, and provided the links connecting the cells. This method of microfabrication provides an approach to generate well-defined arrays of cells and has the potential to be useful in areas where aggregates of cells are relevant.
Control of Melt Decomposition for the Growth of High Quality AgGaGeS4 Single Crystals for Mid-IR Laser Applications (2014)

AgGaGeS4 (AGGS) is a promising nonlinear crystal for mid-IR laser applications which could satisfy the lack of materials able to convert a 1.064 μm pump signal (Nd:YAG laser) to wavelengths higher than 4 μm, up to 11 μm. The processing steps of this material are presented in this study. The key issue of AGGS crystal processing is the control of decomposition at high temperature due to the high volatility of GeS2. This study presents solutions to obtain high quality single crystals. AGGS ingots with 28 mm diameter and 70 mm length were grown by the Bridgman–Stockbarger method. The crystals have good homogeneity and high transparency in the 0.5–11.5 μm spectral range, making them suitable for optical experiments. The influence of GeS2 volatility on melt stoichiometry during the AgGaGeS4 processing is outlined, and solutions to improve the crystals quality are presented.
In situ screw fixation of slipped capital femoral epiphysis with a novel approach: A double-cohort controlled study (2010)

Purpose In situ fixation for mild to moderate slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) remains an acceptable treatment methodology in most centers. Satisfactory fixation results have been reported with the procedure using either the fracture table or radiolucent table, both of which allow the hip to be imaged during the procedure. The position of the pin within the center of the femoral head is important to secure adequate fixation of the capital femoral epiphysis and prevent further slippage with minimal risk for articular penetration and avascular necrosis (AVN) or chondrolysis. Methods We describe a pre-operative planning technique to determine the pin-entry point for percutaneous pinning of SCFE on a radiolucent operating table. A retrospective review of patients who underwent in situ screw fixation with the usage of a cannulated screw on a radiolucent table or fracture table over a 6-year period was conducted. Results The pin-entry point with this technique was reliable in 92% of procedures and comparable in both accuracy and complications to in situ screw fixation on a fracture table. In situ screw fixation on a regular radiolucent table was straightforward and required significantly less surgical time than on the fracture table ( P = 0.01). It was also more efficient during a bilateral procedure, as it required only a single preparation and draping of the patient. Conclusion This pre-operative planning technique for deciding the starting point on the proximal femur is helpful in executing an accurate in situ screw fixation of hips with SCFE.
Environmental control for lithography with 157-nm exposure (2002)

Exposure wavelengths have shortened remarkably as device design rules have become increasingly minute. The switch over from KrF to ArF exposure and the development of techniques to use an even shorter wavelength of 157 nm have led to various problems related to the exposure process and changes in the resist materials. In this paper, we focus on 157-nm exposure, which will require thinner resist coatings and new resist materials to deal with the effects of light absorption and solvent transparency. We expect the structure and characteristic of future resist materials to be greatly improved compared to those of the current model. Despite the use of new resist materials, the need to lower the number of defects occurring during the lithography and finer design rules will make environmental control increasingly important as regards critical dimension control. Our knowledge of what environmental control will be needed is incomplete, though, and so we examine some of the environmental factors that will affect lithography with 157-nm exposure in this report.