gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Supplementary Figure S2 from Evolution of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer in ctDNA during Sequential Androgen Receptor Pathway Inhibition (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure S2 shows examples of cfDNA whole exome copy number profiles where accurate ctDNA fraction estimation is more challenging due to significant subclonal heterogeneity or low ctDNA fraction.&lt;/p&gt;
Orbit-Averaged Drift Kinetic Equation for the Study of Alpha-Particle Transport in Tokamaks (1990)

Neoclassical transport of minority suprathernial alpha particles is investigated. This work departs from previous investigations in that (a) the banana-width ordering parameter ρθ/L is not formally restricted to be a small parameter and (b) a linearized collision operator that retains the effects of pitch-angle scattering, electron and ion drag, and speed diffusion is used. A step model approximation for the large-aspect-ratio, circular-cross-section tokamak magnetic field is adopted to simplify the orbit-averaging procedure. Assuming that the suprathermal alphas are in the banana regime, an asymptotic expansion in τB/τs ≪ 1 is carried out. The lowest order distribution is independent of poloidal angle on a drift surface and is completely determined by solving an orbit-averaged drift kinetic equation, A variational problem is derived that is equivalent to this three-dimensional, inhomogeneous differential equation. A similar procedure yields an expression for the first-order component f1. Knowledge of f1 is sufficient to obtain expressions for particle and heat fluxes directly from the definitions or from alternate expressions. Extension of this model to account for loss regions in phase space is outlined.
Gene profiles of drug responsiveness in breast cancer cells (2004)

9616 Background: Heterogeneity at the genomic, gene expression and protein levels likely explains variable responses to chemotherapy for cancer. We have developed and characterized a panel of human breast cancer cell lines including some derived from primary breast tumors. Using this model, we set out to define genes and gene sets in relation to responsiveness to chemotherapy drugs used for breast cancer. Methods: Chemotherapy concentrations that inhibit in vitro growth by 50% (IC50) were determined for 14 cell lines by incubation at varying concentrations of cisplatin (C), doxorubicin (D), paclitaxel (P), or vinorelbine (V) for 4 days. Gene expression levels of 25,000 genes were determined for each cell line using Affymetrix HG-U133A/B microarray chips. Resistant (r) and sensitive (s) cell lines were defined by having IC50 values at least 1 log apart. For each drug, relative gene expression levels of r and s cell lines were averaged and compared. Pearson's correlation (R) coefficients between IC50 and gene expression levels for all cell lines were determined. Results: IC50 values varied across cell lines for all drugs, ranging over 2 logs for D and 4 logs for C and V. Gene expression profiles revealed 3 distinct cell line subsets by unsupervised hierarchical clustering. Many gene expression levels varied by at least 4 fold up or down in r compared s cells, with fewer also exhibiting absolute R values ≥ 0.5. Few genes were associated with responsiveness to several drugs, with greatest overlap between C and D. Very few genes showed overlapping sensitivity or resistance to 3 or 4 drugs; these included transcriptional factors and signal transduction components. Conclusions: Significant variation in breast cancer cell line responsiveness to chemotherapy is associated with distinct and drug-specific gene expression patterns. Profiles and individual genes associated with drug response may lead to better predictive tools and new pharmacological targets. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Photography or Ophthalmoscopy for Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy? (2003)

The U.K. National Screening Committee recommended digital fundus photography as the screening method of choice for diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, concerns have been expressed about replacing ophthalmoscopy with slit-lamp biomicroscopy by digital photography. These concerns included the possibility of missing peripheral and stereoscopic visible retinal lesions; increased chance of a technical failure compared with ophthalmoscopy, resulting in more reexaminations; and higher cost (1). New data from our study of 453 patients with diabetes, aged 31–86 years, highlight the need for a careful consideration of the retinal area photographed and the minimal resolution of images to detect DR.
Collaborative Multi-Agent Heterogeneous Multi-Armed Bandits (2023)

The study of collaborative multi-agent bandits has attracted significant attention recently. In light of this, we initiate the study of a new collaborative setting, consisting of $N$ agents such that each agent is learning one of $M$ stochastic multi-armed bandits to minimize their group cumulative regret. We develop decentralized algorithms which facilitate collaboration between the agents under two scenarios. We characterize the performance of these algorithms by deriving the per agent cumulative regret and group regret upper bounds. We also prove lower bounds for the group regret in this setting, which demonstrates the near-optimal behavior of the proposed algorithms.
Active Radiative Thermal Switching with Graphene Plasmon Resonators (2018)

We theoretically demonstrate a near-field radiative thermal switch based on thermally excited surface plasmons in graphene resonators. The high tunability of graphene enables substantial modulation of near-field radiative heat transfer, which, when combined with the use of resonant structures, overcomes the intrinsically broadband nature of thermal radiation. In canonical geometries, we use nonlinear optimization to show that stacked graphene sheets offer improved heat conductance contrast between "ON" and "OFF" switching states and that a >10× higher modulation is achieved between isolated graphene resonators than for parallel graphene sheets. In all cases, we find that carrier mobility is a crucial parameter for the performance of a radiative thermal switch. Furthermore, we derive shape-agnostic analytical approximations for the resonant heat transfer that provide general scaling laws and allow for direct comparison between different resonator geometries dominated by a single mode. The presented scheme is relevant for active thermal management and energy harvesting as well as probing excited-state dynamics at the nanoscale.
Toward the network of the future: From enabling technologies to 5G concepts (2017)

Abstract There is a wide consensus by the research community and the industry that it will not be possible to satisfy future mobile traffic demand and application requirements by simply evolving the current fourth‐generation architecture. Instead, there is a need for a considerable revision of the mobile network system: such an effort is commonly referred to as the future fifth‐generation (5G) architecture , and large‐scale initiatives all around the globe have been launched worldwide to address this challenge. While these initiatives have not yet defined the future 5G architecture, the research community has already invested a very substantial effort on the definition of new individual technologies. The fact that all new proposals are tagged as 5G has created a lot of confusion on what 5G really is. The aim of this article is to shed some light on the current status of the 5G architecture definition and the trends on the required technologies. Our key contributions are the following: (1) we review the requirements for 5G identified by the different worldwide initiatives, highlighting similarities and differences; (2) we discuss current trends in technologies, showing that there is a wide consensus on the key enablers for 5G; and (3) we make an effort to understand the new concepts that need to be devised, building on the enablers, to satisfy the desired requirements.
Detailed analyses of stall force generation in Mycoplasma mobile gliding (2017)

ABSTRACT Mycoplasma mobile is a bacterium that uses a unique mechanism to glide on solid surfaces at a velocity of up to 4.5 µm/s. Its gliding machinery comprises hundreds of units that generate the force for gliding based on the energy derived from ATP; the units catch and pull on sialylated oligosaccharides fixed to solid surfaces. In the present study, we measured the stall force of wild-type and mutant strains of M. mobile carrying a bead manipulated using optical tweezers. The strains that had been enhanced for binding exhibited weaker stall forces than the wild-type strain, indicating that stall force is related to force generation rather than to binding. The stall force of the wild-type strain decreased linearly from 113 to 19 pN following the addition of 0–0.5 mM free sialyllactose (a sialylated oligosaccharide), with a decrease in the number of working units. Following the addition of 0.5 mM sialyllactose, the cells carrying a bead loaded using optical tweezers exhibited stepwise movements with force increments. The force increments ranged from 1 to 2 pN. Considering the 70-nm step size, this small unit force may be explained by the large gear ratio involved in the M. mobile gliding machinery. SIGNIFICANCE Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria that parasitizes animals. Dozens of Mycoplasma species glide over the tissues of their hosts during infection. The gliding machinery of Mycoplasma mobile , the fastest species, includes intracellular motors and hundreds of legs on the cell surface. In the present study, we precisely measured force generation using a highly focused laser beam arrangement (referred to as optical tweezers) under various conditions. The measurements obtained in this study suggest that the rapid gliding exhibited by M. mobile arises from the large gear ratio of its gliding machinery.
Autoimmunity involving the human sodium/iodide symporter: Fact or fiction? (2001)

Presence, functional activity and clinical relevance of autoantibodies directed against the human sodium iodide symporter (NIS) in thyroid autoimmune diseases have become the subject of much controversy in recent years. Earlier reports have claimed that NIS may represent a major thyroid autoantigen that elicits formation of functionally relevant autoantibodies in a significant proportion of patients with Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Moreover, a recent study has extended this notion by reporting detection of NIS-autoantibodies in 22% and 24% of a small number of patients with GD and HT, respectively, but not in patients with other autoimmune diseases. However, in striking contrast to these reports, two independent groups of investigators have now presented convincing evidence that NIS-directed autoantibodies occur with low frequency among a large sample of patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Moreover, no evidence of specific iodide uptake inhibiting activity was obtained once sera had been subjected to dialysis and/or IgG extraction. Thus, although the controversy has not been definitively resolved, hNIS does not appear to be a major functionally relevant antigen in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Moreover, when detected in addition to TPO and TSH receptor autoantibodies, NIS-directed autoantibodies do not appear to contribute any diagnostic power for GD and HT.
Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Reaction of Carbon Dioxide with Aqueous Monoethanolamine Solutions (2016)

Increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion is altering global climate, and several strategies are being examined for CO2 capture and sequestration. Aqueous amine solutions, in particular, monoethanolamine (MEA) is extensively used for CO2 adsorption. Our objective in this study was to follow the reaction of CO2 with 15 wt % monoethanolamine (MEA) by horizontal attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (HATR-FTIR), with particular focus on the evolution of MEA, protonated MEA (MEAH+), MEA carbamate, and carbonate/bicarbonate species. Since the path length in HATR-FTIR is well-defined, by use of standards and Beer’s law, the molar absorptivity was calculated. This allowed us to monitor the concentrations of MEA and MEAH+ quantitatively. Using the characteristic infrared bands of the various amine-derived species, influence of SO2 (151 ppm) on CO2 absorption by MEA was studied, including the cycling process of adsorption (40 °C) and desorption (100 °C). No effect of SO2 was noted on CO2 uptake by MEA. With blends of piperazine and MEA, the CO2 loading increased, and evolution of vibrational bands due to MEA species was slower in the presence of piperazine.
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Use and the Effects of Empagliflozin on Clinical Outcomes in Patients Admitted for Acute Heart Failure: Findings from EMPULSE (2023)

In patients admitted for AHF, initiation of empagliflozin produced clinical benefit and was well tolerated irrespective of background MRA use. These findings support the early use of empagliflozin on top of MRA therapy in patients admitted for AHF.
Heterogeneous Catalysis: Ni/C-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings en route to Allylated Aromatics: Application to a Precursor to Coenzyme Q10 (2002)

The readily available, heterogeneous, and inexpensive catalyst nickel-on-charcoal (Ni/C) can be used to mediate couplings between vinyl alanes and benzylic chlorides under very mild conditions and in good yields. Although such allylated aromatics are themselves important compounds, as demonstrated in this work, their syntheses under the 'green chemistry' conditions used can smoothly arrive at precursors to valued quinone natural products, such as the nutraceutical coenzyme Q10.
Spatial light modulator based optically controlled beamformer (2008)

In this study, we demonstrated a spatial light modulator-based optical beamformer with 100 (10×10) elements, and its experiments in Ku band, such as the amplitude and the phase distribution, and the beam steering control. The measurement agreed well with the corresponding calculations.
Augmenting Haptic Perception in Surgical Tools (2018)

This chapter describes the use of AR within the haptic (active touch) sense for medical applications. Haptic augmentation in microsurgery is particularly desirable because surgeons routinely operate with little tactile input, relying instead on visual feedback obtained through a surgical microscope. The field of engineering haptics has expanded significantly in the past decade, yielding new technology for tactile and kinesthetic stimulation that simulates interactions with surfaces and materials. This technology not only has broad application, but also enhances the understanding of the underlying processes of human touch. After reviewing contributions by other researchers, the authors draw from their own research on a novel hand-held (ungrounded) system for augmenting tool-tissue force perception: the Hand-Held Force Magnifier (HHFM). Psychophysical measurements from users of the device validate a proposed human-in-the-loop control framework. Results show that in situ force feedback provided by the HHFM (i.e., augmenting the perception of force at the tip of a tool) can enable users to detect and differentiate small forces as well as they normally would for real forces of larger magnitude. Magnification also reduces the level and variability of contact force and reduces the power in spectral bands associated with tremor.
Partially coherent ambiguity functions for depth-variant point spread function design (2011)

The ambiguity function (AF) provides a convenient way to model how a camera with a modified aperture responds to defocus. We use the AF to design an optimal aperture distribution, which creates a depth-variant point spread function (PSF) from a sparse set of desired intensity patterns at different focal depths. Prior knowledge of the coherence state of the light is used to constrain the optimization in the mutual intensity domain. We use an assumption of spatially coherent light to design a fixed-pattern aperture mask. The concept of a dynamic aperture mask that displays several aperture patterns during one image exposure is also suggested, which is modeled under an assumption of partially coherent light. Parallels are drawn between the optimal aperture functions for this dynamic mask and the eigenmodes of a coherent mode decomposition. We demonstrate how the space of design for a 3D intensity distribution of light using partially coherent assumptions is less constrained than under coherent light assumptions.
Shape recognition: a landmark-based approach (1988)

Shape recognition has applications in computer vision tasks such as industrial automated inspection and automatic target recognition. When objects are occluded, many recognition methods that use global information will fail. To recognize partially occluded objects, we represent each object by a Set of landmarks. The landmarks of an object are points of interest which have important shape attributes and are usually obtained from the object boundary. In this study, we use high curvature points along an object boundary as the landmarks of the object. Given a scene consisting of partially occluded objects, the hypothesis of a model object in the scene is verified by matching the landmarks of an object with those in the scene. A measure of similarity between two landmarks, one from a model and the other from a scene, is needed to perform this matching. One such local shape measure is the sphericity of a triangular transformation mapping the model landmark and its two neighboring landmarks to the scene landmark and its two neighboring landmarks. Sphericity is in general defined for a diffeomorphism. Its invariant properties under a group of transformation, namely, translation, rotation, and scaling are derived. The sphericity of a triangular transformation is shown to be a robust local shape measure in the sense that minor distortion in the landmarks does not significantly alter its value. To match landmarks between a model and a scene, a table of compatibility, where each entry of the table is the sphericity value derived from the mapping of a model landmark to a scene landmark, is constructed. A hopping dynamic programming procedure which switches between a forward and a backward dynamic programming procedure is applied to guide the landmark matching through the compatibility table. The location of the model in the scene is estimated with a least squares fit among the matched landmarks. A heuristic measure is then computed to decide if the model is in the scene.
Formation of a DNA Loop at the Replication Fork Generated by Bacteriophage T7 Replication Proteins (1998)

Intermediates in the replication of circular and linear M13 double-stranded DNA by bacteriophage T7 proteins have been examined by electron microscopy. Synthesis generated double-stranded DNA molecules containing a single replication fork with a linear duplex tail. A complex presumably consisting of T7 DNA polymerase and gene 4 helicase/primase molecules was present at the fork together with a variable amount of single-stranded DNA sequestered by gene 2.5 single-stranded DNA binding protein. Analysis of the length distribution of Okazaki fragments formed at different helicase/primase concentrations was consistent with coupling of leading and lagging strand replication. Fifteen to forty percent of the templates engaged in replication have a DNA loop at the replication fork. The loops are fully double-stranded with an average length of approximately 1 kilobase. Labeling with biotinylated dCTP showed that the loops consist of newly synthesized DNA, and synchronization experiments using a linear template with a G-less cassette demonstrated that the loops are formed by active displacement of the lagging strand. A long standing feature of models for coupled leading/lagging strand replication has been the presence of a DNA loop at the replication fork. This study provides the first direct demonstration of such loops.
Special Issue on the Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry of Allosteric Modulators of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors (mGluRs) (2011)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEEditorialNEXTSpecial Issue on the Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry of Allosteric Modulators of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors (mGluRs)Craig W. LindsleyCite this: ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2011, 2, 8, 379Publication Date (Web):August 17, 2011Publication History Published online17 August 2011Published inissue 17 August 2011https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cn200069dhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cn200069deditorialACS PublicationsCopyright © 2011 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views620Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (618 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Ligands,Medicinal chemistry,Modulators,Nicotinamide,Receptors Get e-Alerts
Supplementary Figure 3 from FcRL5 as a Target of Antibody–Drug Conjugates for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 48KB, In vivo efficacy of anti-FcRL5-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE in combination with bortezomib&lt;/p&gt;
The DARPA compact superconducting X-ray lithography source features (2002)

Under DARPA sponsorship, a compact superconducting X-ray lithography source (SLS) is being designed and built by the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). This source is optimized for lithography work for submicron high-density computer chips, and is about the size of a billiard table (1.5 m*4.0 m). This machine has a racetrack configuration with two 180 degrees bending magnets. The machine will have 18 photon ports which would deliver light peaked at a wavelength of 10 AA. The authors describe the major features of this device. The commercial machine will be equipped with a fully automated user-friendly control system, major features of which are already working on a compact warm dipole ring at BNL. This ring has normal dipole magnets with dimensions identical to the SXLS device, and has been successfully commissioned.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Keynote 2: The Journey to Libra Blockchain Core and Beyond (2020)

Summary form only given, as follows. The complete presentation was not made available for publication as part of the conference proceedings. At the core of cryptoeconomic systems like Libra is a mechanisms for 'agreeing' on a history of payment transactions. The journey to practical and robust solutions is accelerated by the drive to great inclusive financial services. This talk sheds light onto the efforts that led to the design of Libra's blockchain core and provides a glimpse on next steps.
Figure S6 from Pharmacologic Properties and Preclinical Activity of Sasanlimab, A High-affinity Engineered Anti-Human PD-1 Antibody (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 6 shows the rCGE profile for sasanlimab with two predominant peaks, consistent with L chain and H chain&lt;/p&gt;