gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Cleanup Efficiency of Hydraulically Fractured Wells in Gas Condensate Reservoirs (2009)

Abstract In tight gas reservoirs, gas well production after hydraulic fracturing (HF) is often greatly impaired, through various mechanisms by invasion of fracturing fluid (FF) into the matrix and fracture and poor cleanup efficiency. In the last four decades, fracture face damage and fracture conductivity impairment has been considered as the main sources of such poor performance albeit with conflicting reports on the relative significance of these two effects. Furthermore, there are still several important issues, which have been either overlooked or not properly addressed in this process. The scope of this study is to investigate the performance of cleanup efficiency in gas and gas condensate reservoir during HF. A single-well model was constructed using ECLIPSE300 compositional numerical simulator to conduct a comprehensive sensitivity study on pertinent parameters. The effect of FF depth of invasion and its negative impact on the fracture permeability (kf), matrix permeability and that of capillary pressure (Pcm), pressure drawdown, initial water saturation (Swi), FF mobility and hysteresis on the gas production from two tight rocks were investigated. We have been able to reproduce the simulation results reported by previous investigators. However, our results demonstrated that when a more realistic FF depth of invasion into the fracture and matrix, as proposed here, was simulated the reported severe reduction in the gas production, during some of HF operations, was observed in our simulation study. Pcm increased the negative impact of FF invasion into the formation over that of the reduction in kf. If Pcm of the invaded zone was reduced using surfactants, back flow of FF improved, which impaired the out flow of gas for sometime. The negative impact of permeability reduction of the matrix invaded zone is more pronounced for the case with Swi. The improved mobility of FF and presence of condensate improved the FF recovery. These results, which verify the real causes of an ineffective cleanup, can be used for an improved planning of HF operations.
Evaluation of the influence of an embedded porous silicon layer on the bulk lifetime of epitaxial layers and the interface recombination at the epitaxial layer/porous silicon interface (2013)

ABSTRACT Porous silicon plays an important role in the concept of wafer‐equivalent epitaxial thin‐film solar cells. Although porous silicon is beneficial in terms of long‐wavelength optical confinement and gettering of metals, it could adversely affect the quality of the epitaxial silicon layer grown on top of it by introducing additional crystal defects such as stacking faults and dislocations. Furthermore, the epitaxial layer/porous silicon interface is highly recombinative because it has a large internal surface area that is not accessible for passivation. In this work, photoluminescence is used to extract the bulk lifetime of boron‐doped (10 16 /cm 3 ) epitaxial layers grown on reorganised porous silicon as well as on pristine mono‐crystalline, Czochralski, p + silicon. Surprisingly, the bulk lifetime of epitaxial layers on top of reorganised porous silicon is found to be higher (~100–115 µs) than that of layers on top of bare p + substrate (32–50 µs). It is believed that proper surface closure prior to epitaxial growth and metal gettering effects of porous silicon play a role in ensuring a higher lifetime. Furthermore, the epitaxial layer/porous silicon interface was found to be ~250 times more recombinative than an epitaxial layer/p + substrate interface ( S ≅ 10 3 cm/s). However, the inclusion of an epitaxially grown back surface field on top of the porous silicon effectively shields minority carriers from this highly recombinative interface. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Performance evaluation of buck-boost three-level inverters with topological and modulation development (2007)

This paper proposes a series of buck-boost three-level inverters for neutral-point-clamped (NPC) and dc-link-cascaded (DCLC) topologies using the SEPIC-derived front-end circuits with the bidirectional operation capability which can be modulated using either phase disposition (PD) or alternative phase opposition disposition (APOD) modulation scheme. To achieve the optimized harmonic performance corresponding to the PD modulation, the buck-boost three-level inverter is designed with two special voltage boost circuitries. For further minimizing the component count, only one voltage boost circuitry is assumed to regulate the dc-link voltage with the designed APOD modulation adopted. By separately controlling the switching signals of upper full-bridge in the dc-link cascaded inverter, the voltage boost circuitry can be simplified with single dc switch, which significantly reduces whole system cost and switching losses. All theoretical findings have been verified experimentally using laboratory prototypes.
Shaping Advice in Deep Reinforcement Learning (2022)

Reinforcement learning involves agents interacting with an environment to complete tasks. When rewards provided by the environment are sparse, agents may not receive immediate feedback on the quality of actions that they take, thereby affecting learning of policies. In this paper, we propose to methods to augment the reward signal from the environment with an additional reward termed shaping advice in both single and multi-agent reinforcement learning. The shaping advice is specified as a difference of potential functions at consecutive time-steps. Each potential function is a function of observations and actions of the agents. The use of potential functions is underpinned by an insight that the total potential when starting from any state and returning to the same state is always equal to zero. We show through theoretical analyses and experimental validation that the shaping advice does not distract agents from completing tasks specified by the environment reward. Theoretically, we prove that the convergence of policy gradients and value functions when using shaping advice implies the convergence of these quantities in the absence of shaping advice. We design two algorithms- Shaping Advice in Single-agent reinforcement learning (SAS) and Shaping Advice in Multi-agent reinforcement learning (SAM). Shaping advice in SAS and SAM needs to be specified only once at the start of training, and can easily be provided by non-experts. Experimentally, we evaluate SAS and SAM on two tasks in single-agent environments and three tasks in multi-agent environments that have sparse rewards. We observe that using shaping advice results in agents learning policies to complete tasks faster, and obtain higher rewards than algorithms that do not use shaping advice.
Five-Year Analysis of the Prevention of Colorectal Sporadic Adenomatous Polyps Trial (2011)

The year 5 cumulative measures of the incidence of new and advanced adenomas were significantly lower in the celecoxib group than in the placebo group, but the year 5 interval rates of these measures were significantly lower in the placebo group than the celecoxib group, perhaps suggesting a release of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition. Consistent with what has been previously reported, increased risk of renal/hypertension events and cardiac disorders associated with celecoxib therapy mandates caution in patient selection.
Correlation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) stem cell phenotype with cytogenetic/molecular features and prognosis. (2015)

7000 Background: Emerging evidence supports the clinical significance of leukemia stem cells (LSCs).We previously found that patients with AML exhibited 1 of 3 distinct LSC phenotypes based on CD34, CD38, and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH): 1. CD34-, 2. CD34+CD38-ALDHintermediate (ALDHint), or 3. CD34+CD38-ALDHhigh (ALDHhigh) [Gerber, et al. Blood, 2012]. We hypothesized that LSC phenotypes might correlate with cytogenetic/molecular features and treatment outcomes. Methods: Diagnostic samples from 98 patients with newly diagnosed normal or unfavorable cytogenetic AML, enrolled on clinical protocol NCT01413880, were analyzed by FACS. Sorted cell populations were assayed by FISH and/or PCR for leukemia-specific abnormalities. Fisher’s exact and Mantel-Haenszel tests were used to analyze differences in risk factors and outcomes by LSC phenotype. Results: LSCs were CD34- in 21 cases; ALDHint in 44; and ALDHhigh in the remaining 33. Poor risk cytogenetics and/or FLT3-ITD mutations were uncommon in the CD34- (4/21 = 19%) and ALDHint (17/44 = 39%) cases, but were frequent in the ALDHhigh cases (28/33 = 85%, p < 0.001). NPM1 mutations were detected in 14/21 (67%) of the CD34- LSC patients vs. just 8/77 (10%) of the patients with CD34+ LSCs ( p < 0.001). Both patients with t(9;11) had CD34- LSCs (p < 0.001), while antecedent MDS or MPN (p = 0.04) were more common in patients with ALDHhigh LSCs. Only 15/33 patients (45%) with ALDHhigh LSCs achieved complete remission, compared to 29/43 patients (69%) with ALDHint LSCs and 19/22 patients (86%) with CD34- LSCs (p < 0.01). Among patients who did not undergo allogeneic stem cell transplant, long term disease-free survival was 0% (0/6) in patients with ALDHhigh LSCs vs. 31% (4/13) with ALDHint and 62% (8/13) with CD34- LSCs (p = 0.04). Conclusions: LSC phenotype correlates with cytogenetic/molecular risk factors and response, permitting rapid risk-stratification of AML patients. This may be of particular use for patients with ALDHhigh LSCs, who appear to be at high risk – more likely to harbor adverse cytogenetic/molecular features and prove refractory to chemotherapy. Earlier identification would facilitate access to clinical trials of novel induction approaches.
Treatment of Hairy Cell Leukemia in its Second Half-Century: An International Conference on Hairy Cell Leukemia at the National Institutes of Health, April 26–27, 2010, Bethesda, MD (2011)

Since the original description of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) in 1958 by Dr. Bertha Bouroncle, this fascinating disease, constituting 2% of all leukemias, has captivated the interest of many physicia...
Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of Graphene‐Modified Electrodes for All‐Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (2011)

Abstract The electrochemical properties of graphene make it an attractive material for use in a range of devices. We herein describe the simple preparation of graphene‐modified graphite (GMG) composite electrodes by hybridization with graphite for all‐vanadium redox flow batteries (VRB). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) results revealed that the use of GMG composite electrodes with an optimal graphene loading content (3 wt%) allowed remarkable improvements in terms of both the reversibility and the current density, which was up to 30 % higher than that of the pristine graphite electrode, and that an electrode of this type shows considerable potential for use in VRBs.
Lateral optical force on chiral particles near a surface (2014)

Light can exert radiation pressure on any object it encounters and that resulting optical force can be used to manipulate particles. It is commonly assumed that light should move a particle forward and indeed an incident plane wave with a photon momentum ħk can only push any particle, independent of its properties, in the direction of k. Here we demonstrate, using full-wave simulations, that an anomalous lateral force can be induced in a direction perpendicular to that of the incident photon momentum if a chiral particle is placed above a substrate that does not break any left-right symmetry. Analytical theory shows that the lateral force emerges from the coupling between structural chirality (the handedness of the chiral particle) and the light reflected from the substrate surface. Such coupling induces a sideway force that pushes chiral particles with opposite handedness in opposite directions.
Comparison of LHRH-peptidase and plasminogen activator activity in rat testis extracts (1998)

Testicular LHRH-peptidase and testicular urokinase-type plasminogen activator are Sertoli cell-secreted proteases which display similar molecular properties. However, there is relatively little information regarding the substrate specificity and potential cross-reactivity of these enzymes. Testicular extracts were prepared from homogenates of whole rat testes and assessed by LHRH-peptidase assay, and by radial caseinolysis assays for plasminogen activator and plasmin-like activity. Following partial purification of the protease activities in testicular extracts by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography, it was confirmed that testicular LHRH-peptidase and plasminogen activator are clearly separable. There was no detectable plasmin-like activity in the testicular extracts; however, the extracts were found to contain an inhibitor, or inhibitors, of both plasminogen activator and plasmin activity. In addition to LHRH and Gly6-substituted LHRH analogues, the partially purified LHRH-peptidase degraded both angiotensins I and II, but not the gonadotrophin-releasing-hormone-associated peptide derived from the LHRH precursor molecule. These properties of the LHRH-peptidase provide further evidence that it is a testis-specific prolyl endopeptidase, involved in regulating and/or limiting peptide activity in the testis.
RNA Silencing In Vivo Reveals Role of p22 phox in Rat Angiotensin Slow Pressor Response (2006)

The angiotensin II (Ang II) slow-pressor response entails an increase in mean arterial pressure and reactive oxygen species. We used double-stranded interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in Sprague Dawley rats in vivo to test the hypothesis that an increase in the p22phox component of NADPH oxidase is required for this response. Reactive oxygen species were assessed from excretion of 8-isoprostane prostaglandin F2alpha and blood pressure by telemetry. Two siRNA sequences to p22phox (sip22phox) reduced mRNA >85% in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Rats received rapid (10 second) IV injections (50 to 100 microg) of 1 of 2 different sip22phox, control siRNA, or vehicle (TransIt in saline) during 14 day SC infusions of Ang II (200 ng.kg(-1).min(-1)) or sham infusions. In both groups, sip22phox, relative to control siRNA, led to significant (P<0.001; approximately 50%) reductions in expression of p22phox mRNA and protein and of NADPH oxidase activity in the kidney cortex. In Ang II-infused rats, sip22phox decreased protein expression for Nox-1, -2, and -4 but increased p47phox. Three days after sip22phox, conscious rats infused with Ang II had a reduced excretion of 8-isoprostane (10+/-1 versus 19+/-2 pg.24 h(-1); P<0.01) and a reduced mean arterial pressure (142+/-5 versus 168+/-4 mm Hg; P<0.005). An increase in p22phox is required for increased renal NADPH oxidase activity, expression of Nox proteins and oxidative stress, and contributes < or =50% to hypertension during an Ang II slow-pressor response.
Advanced receiver design for interfering small cell deployments in LTE networks (2015)

Small cells are low power nodes, which have lower transmit power than the macro eNodeB. They are regarded as one of the important solutions in long term evolution advanced (LTE-A) to deal with the dramatically increased mobile data traffic. Small cells deployments in LTE-A release 12 with 4 small cells in a cluster suffer from stronger inter-cell interference than heterogeneous network (HetNet) in the previous release of LTE-A, where one small cell exists in a cluster. We investigate the joint least squares channel estimation (JLSCE) over demodulation reference signals (DMRS) spreading in time and frequency resources in LTE-A systems. Furthermore, different receiver structures using least square channel estimation (LSCE) and JLSCE are investigated in small cell deployments with the presence of strong inter-cell interference. Our results show the linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE)-interference rejection combining (IRC) with LSCE is the most efficient receiver structure compared to the enhanced (e)LMMSE-IRC with JLSCE, interference cancellation (IC) with eLMMSE-IRC and maximum ratio combining (MRC) receiver structures for signal detection in small cell deployments.
Spatial and temporal correlation of muscle synergies in human walk-run transition (2017)

Humans change gait depending on moving speed from walking to running and from running to walking. However, it remains unclear what mechanisms contribute to the gait transition. In this study, we performed singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis on the EMG data measured in human walk-run transition (WRT) and run-walk transition (RWT) to investigate the gait transition mechanism from a viewpoint of muscle synergy. Our results suggest that humans have an unique step at the gait transitions, whose spatial and temporal patterns are similar to those for running.
Fragile Histidine Triad–Mediated Tumor Suppression of Lung Cancer by Targeting Multiple Components of the Ras/Rho GTPase Molecular Switch (2007)

The fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene has been shown to function as a tumor suppressor gene in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanism of its action is still largely unknown. To elucidate the molecular mechanism and biological pathway in FHIT-mediated tumor suppression, we used a complementary gene and protein expression profiling with DNA microarray and ProteinChip technologies to quantitatively monitor cellular changes in gene and protein expression and discover the molecular targets of FHIT in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells. The Ras/Rho signaling pathway was identified as one of the unique biological pathways associated with FHIT activity. A significantly down-regulated expression of genes and proteins of multiple key components in the Ras/Rho GTPases molecular switch, including Ran, Rab, Rac, Rap, and Ral, was observed on gene and protein expression profiles and further validated by Western blot analysis. Ectopic activation of FHIT in FHIT-deficient H1299 cells also significantly reduced the invasive potential of tumor cells by down-regulating expression of RhoC, a potential marker of tumor cell invasion and metastases. A simultaneous knockdown of the expression of several key Ras/Rho signaling molecules using gene-specific small interfering RNAs (RHO-siRNA) targeting selected Rab11, Rac1, and Rap1 genes significantly inhibited tumor cell growth and induced apoptosis in NSCLC cells in vitro, and a local injection of RHO-siRNAs complexed with N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxyl)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammoniummethyl sulfate:cholesterol nanoparticles inhibited tumor growth in A549 tumor xenografts in mice, mimicking the AdFHIT-mediated tumor-suppressing effect. These results suggest a new role of FHIT in down-regulating the Ras/Rho GTPase-associated oncogenic signaling pathway.
Aggregating Technologies for Reduced Fuel Consumption: A Review of the Technical Content in the 2002 National Research Council Report on CAFE (2002)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The National Research Council (NRC) recently published a report entitled “Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards” intended to help U.S. policymakers in the formulation of CAFE policy. In the Report, the NRC projects fuel consumption reductions from the application of a wide range of engine, transmission, and vehicle technologies. The Report employs a simple multiplicative method to aggregate the effects of multiple technologies on fuel consumption. In this paper, a basic energy balance calculation is used to examine the NRC results against theoretical limits. Theoretical limits are calculated using measured and simulated breakdowns of system energy losses incurred during vehicle operation on EPA driving cycles. This analysis demonstrates the inherently optimistic results produced by simple aggregation methodologies. Methods for enhancing the accuracy of the technology-aggregation process are proposed.&lt;/div&gt;
Broad Antiviral Activity of Carbohydrate-Binding Agents Against Dengue Virus Infection (2012)

Vertical transmission Figure 2. Transmission of DENV by Aedes mosquitoes. Modified from Whitehead et al. [7].
Effect of adjuvant systemic treatment on cosmetic outcome and late normal-tissue reactions after breast conservation (2007)

To investigate whether adjuvant treatment with CMF or tamoxifen predisposes to an unfavorable cosmetic outcome or increased breast morbidity after radiotherapy in breast conservation. Data from 266 patients who entered a randomized breast conservation trial (DBCG-82TM protocol) was analyzed. The patients were treated with lumpectomy and axillary dissection followed by external beam radiotherapy to the residual breast. High-risk patients (n = 94), as well as 31 low-risk patients, received additional radiation to the regional lymph nodes. Adjuvant systemic treatment was given to all high-risk patients: premenopausal patients (n = 67) received eight cycles of CMF intravenously (600/40/600 mg per m2) every fourth week; postmenopausal patients (n = 27) received 30 mg of tamoxifen daily for one year. Clinical assessments included cosmetic outcome, breast fibrosis, skin telangiectasia, and dyspigmentation which were scored on a 4-point categorical scale after median 6.6 years. The observations were analyzed in multivariate logistic regression analysis which included potential risk factors on outcome related to systemic treatment, surgery, radiation technique, tumor, and patient characteristics. In premenopausal patients, systemic treatment with CMF independently predicted a fair/poor cosmetic outcome, RR = 2.2 (95% CI 1.2–4.2), as well as increased skin telangiectasia, RR = 3.3 (1.4–8.2). There was no impact of tamoxifen treatment on cosmetic outcome in postmenopausal patients (p = 0.32). However, univariate analysis showed that tamoxifen was significantly associated with breast fibrosis (p <0.004), as was radiation to the regional lymph nodes (p <0.0001). A strong interaction between axillary irradiation and tamoxifen treatment occurred since 26 of 27 high-risk postmenopausal patients had received both tamoxifen and axillary irradiation. In multivariate regression analysis, axillary irradiation independently predicted moderate/severe breast fibrosis with a relative risk of 5.0 (2.0–12.5) and 9.6 (3.3–27.7) in premenopausal and postmenopausal patients, respectively. To circumvent the strong interaction between tamoxifen treatment and axillary irradiation, a subsequent analysis omitting axillary treatment from the multivariate regression showed a significant effect of both tamoxifen and CMF on the occurrence of breast fibrosis with relative risks of 5.3 (CI 1.8–15.8) and 4.4 (1.8–10.3), respectively. Adjuvant systemic treatment with CMF given sequentially to radiotherapy independently predicted an adverse cosmetic outcome as well as increased skin telangiectasia after breast conserving treatment. Due to a strong interaction between tamoxifen administration and radiation to the regional lymph nodes, the effect of tamoxifen on the development of fibrosis could not be fully discerned in this study. Axillary irradiation increased the incidence of moderate to severe breast fibrosis in both premenopausal and postmenopausal patients.
Patient-derived Hormone-naive Prostate Cancer Xenograft Models Reveal Growth Factor Receptor Bound Protein 10 as an Androgen Receptor-repressed Gene Driving the Development of Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer (2018)

Development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a major problem in the management of the disease. Using state-of-the-art patient-derived hormone-naive prostate cancer xenograft models, we found and validated the growth factor receptor bound protein 10 gene as a driver of CRPC, indicating that it may be used as a new molecular target to enhance current CRPC therapy.