gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metal-free functionalized carbonized cotton for efficient solar steam generation and wastewater treatment (2022)

Water desalination <i>via</i> solar steam generation is one of the most important technologies to address the increasingly pressing global water scarcity. Materials for solar photothermal energy conversion are highly sought after for their cost savings, environmental friendliness and broad utility in many applications including domestic water heating and solar-driven desalination. Herein, we report the successful development of metal-free, low weight and cost effective functionalized carbonized cotton (CC) fibers for efficient solar water desalination and wastewater treatment. The CC fibers with nearly full solar spectrum absorption, efficient photo-thermal conversion and low-cost could provide excellent alternatives to the high-cost plasmonic-based materials for solar water desalination. We also report on a novel and simple device to mitigate the issues associated with conductive heat loss by utilizing the economically viable carbonized cotton materials as an irradiation surface placed on a low-density polyethylene foam that floats on the surface of seawater. The CC solar steam generation device exhibits average water evaporation rates of 0.9, 6.4 and 10.9 kg m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> with impressive solar-to-vapor efficiencies of 59.2, 88.7 and 94.9% under 1, 5 and 8 sun illumination, respectively. Moreover, the device displays excellent durability showing stable evaporation rates over 10 steam generation cycles under 5 sun of solar intensity. Furthermore, the applicability of the CC device for the removal of organic dyes from contaminated water through solar steam generation is also demonstrated. The low-cost, simple design, high solar thermal evaporation efficiency, excellent stability and long-term durability make this CC device a perfect candidate for applications in seawater desalination and wastewater treatment by solar steam generation.
Phosphorylcholine-containing polyurethanes for the control of protein adsorption and cell attachment via photoimmobilized laminin oligopeptides (1999)

In this study, we synthesized a biomaterial whose surface inhibits non-specific protein and cell attachment. The polymer was designed to mimic the external cell plasma membrane properties through the introduction of particular chemical constituents of the cell membrane: phospholipid polar headgroups. This was done by copolymerizing phosphorylcholine (PC) groups into a polyurethane polymer backbone (PCPUR). Peptides known to induce specific cell attachment were subsequently bound to the surface of this copolymer in a photoadressible manner to obtain surfaces that allowed the attachment of cells in a specific pattern. Two polymers with different phosphorylcholine concentrations were synthesized and their bulk and surface properties were characterized through differential scanning calorimetry, wettability measurements, angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Protein and lipid adsorption investigation using optical waveguide light mode spectroscopy showed that the irreversible adsorption of both proteins and lipids is drastically reduced as a result of simultaneous contributions of the PC groups, molecular mobility and strong hydrophilicity of the polymers. Consequently, this leads to a marked reduction in the cellular attachment response, which further decreases with increasing PC concentration. Finally, when the polymer surface was photo-derivatized, attachment of the neural NG108-15 cell line occurred only on the areas of the PCPUR where the laminin CDPGYIGSR peptide sequence was photoimmobilized. Cell attachment was nevertheless found to be non-specific with respect to the peptide sequence used and reasons for such results are therefore discussed.
Semantic Communications in Networked Systems: A Data Significance Perspective (2021)

We present our vision for a departure from the established way of architecting and assessing communication networks, by incorporating the semantics of information for communications and control in networked systems. We define semantics of information, not as the meaning of the messages, but as their significance, possibly within a real time constraint, relative to the purpose of the data exchange. We argue that research efforts must focus on laying the theoretical foundations of a redesign of the entire process of information generation, transmission and usage in unison by developing: advanced semantic metrics for communications and control systems; an optimal sampling theory combining signal sparsity and semantics, for real-time prediction, reconstruction and control under communication constraints and delays; semantic compressed sensing techniques for decision making and inference directly in the compressed domain; semantic-aware data generation, channel coding, feedback, multiple and random access schemes that reduce the volume of data and the energy consumption, increasing the number of supportable devices.
Protein Folding Stability Changes Across the Proteome Reveal Targets of Cu Toxicity in E. coli (2020)

The ability of metal ionophores to induce cellular metal hyperaccumulation endows them with potent antimicrobial activity; however, the targets and mechanisms behind these outcomes are not well understood. This work describes the first utilization of proteome-wide measurements of protein folding stability in combination with protein expression level analysis to identify protein targets of copper, thereby providing new insight into ionophore-induced copper toxicity in <i>E. coli</i>. The protein folding stability analysis employed a one-pot protocol for <u>p</u>ulse <u>p</u>roteolysis (PP) in combination with a <u>s</u>emi-<u>t</u>ryptic peptide <u>e</u>nrichment strategy for <u>p</u>roteolysis <u>p</u>rocedures (STEPP) to generate stability profiles for proteins in cell lysates derived from <i>E. coli</i> exposed to copper with and without two ionophores, the antimicrobial agent pyrithione and its β-lactamase-activated prodrug, PcephPT. As part of this work, the above cell lysates were also subject to protein expression level analysis using conventional quantitative bottom-up proteomic methods. The protein folding stability and expression level profiles generated here enabled the effects of ionophore vs copper to be distinguished and revealed copper-driven stability changes in proteins involved in processes spanning metabolism, translation, and cell redox homeostasis. The 159 differentially stabilized proteins identified in this analysis were significantly more numerous (∼3×) than the 53 proteins identified with differential expression levels. These results illustrate the unique information that protein stability measurements can provide to decipher metal-dependent processes in drug mode of action studies.
500 ms temporal and 750 μm spatial inplane resolution for whole-brain fMRI applications in the macaque at 7T (2015)

We developed fast MRI methods facilitating concurrent electrophysiological recordings and fMRI with high spatio-temporal resolution (500ms / 750µm) and full brain coverage in macaques. The significant improvements in MR signal sampling efficiency without and with the use of parallel imaging are demonstrated by presenting activation maps and time-courses of fMRI experiments using a simple visual stimulation paradigm.
Simplified Ion Thruster Xenon Feed System for NASA Science Missions (2009)

The successful implementation of ion thruster technology on the Deep Space 1 technology demonstration mission paved the way for its first use on the Dawn science mission, which launched in September 2007. Both Deep Space 1 and Dawn used a xenon feed system which has proven to be highly successful. This type of feed system, however, is complex with many parts and requires a significant amount of engineering work for architecture changes. A simplified feed system, with fewer parts and less engineering work for architecture changes, is desirable to reduce the feed system cost to future missions. An attractive new path for ion thruster feed systems is based on new components developed by industry in support of commercial applications of electric propulsion systems. For example, since the launch of Deep Space 1 tens of mechanical xenon pressure regulators have successfully flown on commercial spacecraft using electric propulsion. In addition, active proportional flow controllers have flown on the Hall-thruster-equipped Tacsat-2, are flying on the ion thruster GOCE mission, and will fly next year on the Advanced EHF spacecraft. This present paper briefly reviews the Dawn xenon feed system and those implemented on other xenon electric propulsion flight missions. A simplified feed system architecture is presented that is based on assembling flight-qualified components in a manner that will reduce non-recurring engineering associated with propulsion system architecture changes, and is compared to the NASA Dawn standard. The simplified feed system includes, compared to Dawn, passive high-pressure regulation, a reduced part count, reduced complexity due to cross-strapping, and reduced non-recurring engineering work required for feed system changes. A demonstration feed system was assembled using flight-like components and used to operate a laboratory NSTAR-class ion engine. Feed system components integrated into a single-string architecture successfully operated the engine over the entire NSTAR throttle range over a series of tests. Flow rates were very stable with variations of at most 0.2%, and transition times between throttle levels were typically 90 seconds or less with a maximum of 200 seconds, both significant improvements over the Dawn bang-bang feed system.
Chemical and Structural Effects on the Rate of Xylan Hydrolysis during Dilute Acid Pretreatment of Poplar Wood (2019)

Economic biofuel production requires high sugar yields during biomass pretreatment, however, the chemical and structural features of biomass can be obstructive toward efficient xylose hydrolysis. Here, we tested the hindrance imposed by the multiscale structure of biomass on the hydrolysis of xylan during dilute acid pretreatment by studying the effects of both the chemical nature of xylan and physical structure of biomass. Dilute acid pretreatment of poplar wood at particle sizes ranging from 10 μm to 10 mm was conducted, however, no significant differences in the rates of xylan hydrolysis were observed over more than 2 orders of magnitude in particle size. A significant reduction in the rate of xylan hydrolysis was observed when compared to the intrinsic rate of hydrolysis for isolated xylan. Thus, it appears likely that the chemical structure of xylan and/or the interaction of xylan with other polymers in the cell wall matrix have greater effects on xylan hydrolysis rates than mass transfer limitations.
Demonstration test on decontamination of contaminated pool water using liquid–solid settling technology with flocculants (2013)

For the purpose of supplying agricultural water, a stationary purification system for contaminated water had been developed on the basis of the liquid–solid settling technology using flocculants. Two kinds of flocculants had been developed on the basis of preliminary tests: one that compounds iron ferrocyanide and the other that does not. With the use of this system and flocculants, a demonstration test was conducted to apply the decontamination technology on contaminated water in two swimming pools in an elementary school located at Motomiya City, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. It is proved from the results that both the developed purification system and the flocculants can be established as a practicable decontamination technology for contaminated water: the treatment rate was 10 m3/hour and the elimination factor of radioactive materials was higher than 99%.
Non‐Nucleoside Inhibitors of the Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Polymerase: Discovery and Preliminary SAR of Benzimidazole Derivatives. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solution Structure of the Factor H-binding Protein, a Survival Factor and Protective Antigen of Neisseria meningitidis (2009)

Factor H-binding protein is a 27-kDa lipoprotein of Neisseria meningitidis discovered while screening the bacterial genome for vaccine candidates. In addition to being an important component of a vaccine against meningococcus in late stage of development, the protein is essential for pathogenesis because it allows the bacterium to survive and grow in human blood by binding the human complement factor H. We recently reported the solution structure of the C-terminal domain of factor H-binding protein, which contains the immunodominant epitopes. In the present study, we report the structure of the full-length molecule, determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The protein is composed of two independent barrels connected by a short link. Mapping the residues recognized by monoclonal antibodies with bactericidal or factor H binding inhibition properties allowed us to predict the sites involved in the function of the protein. The structure therefore provides the basis for designing improved vaccine molecules.
Samarium(III) Tris(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenoxide): Preparation, Properties, and Catalytic Activity in the Michael Type Reaction (2002)

Abstract Samarium(III) tris(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenoxide) (1), which is a highly coordinatively unsaturated complex, was prepared by the reaction of samarium(III) iodide with sodium 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenoxide, and the crystal structure of its acetonitrile complex was determined by X-ray analysis. Complex 1 catalyzed the sequential Michael-Michael-aldol reaction of 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone with benzalacetophenone.
Relationship between hepatocyte proliferative activity and liver functional reserve in human cirrhosis (1996)

Hepatocyte proliferative activity is elevated in cirrhotic patients who develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and decreased in alcohol-induced hepatitis patients with poor outcome. Hepatocyte proliferative activity has not been evaluated in an unselected population of cirrhotic patients regarding the severity of the disease. Forty-six cirrhotic patients (21 alcoholic, 20 viral, and 5 other) were prospectively analyzed by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining on methanol-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver biopsy specimens. In these conditions, the PCNA-labeling index (PCNA-LI) measures the number of cells in the S-phase and assesses tissue proliferation. The median value of the PCNA-LI for all samples was 4.3% (range, 0%-20.2%). It declined with worsening Child-Pugh score: 9.15% (range, 3.3%-20.2%), 5.3% (range, 1.2%-18%), and 2.4% (range, 0%-4.4%) in Child classes A, B, and C, respectively (P < .05). Using the best cutoff PCNA-LI value to divide cirrhosis into slowly and rapidly proliferating tissue subsets, the PCNA index was independently associated with serum albumin. The probability of survival in patients with a high PCNA-LI ( > 4.4%) was significantly higher than in those with a lower PCNA-LI (0.93 vs. 0.53, at a median follow-up of 153 days; P = .01). In all 6 patients undergoing placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), the PCNA-LI decreased after the procedure. This early impairment of hepatocyte proliferative activity after TIPS placement might reflect the functional alterations induced by this treatment. In conclusion, hepatocyte proliferative activity assessed by PCNA-LI is increased in cirrhotic patients and decreases with worsening of the disease.
Delay Analysis of Aloha Network (2008)

This paper provides a queueing analysis for the slotted Aloha network. We assume the use of an exponential backoff protocol. Most prior work on slotted Aloha focuses on the analysis of its saturation throughput. Good saturation throughput, however, does not automatically translate to good delay performance for the end users. For example, it is well-known that the maximum possible throughput of slotted Aloha with a large number of nodes is e <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> =0.3679 . Prior work showed that binary backoff factor of r = 2 can achieve a saturation throughput of 0.3466, which is very close to the e <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> . However, this paper shows that if mean queuing delay is to be bounded, then the offered load must be below 0.2158, a drastic 41% drop from e <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> . Fortunately, setting r= 1.3757 allows us to achieve bounded-mean-delay throughput of 0.3545, less than 4% lower than e <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> . A general conclusion is that the backoff factor r may significantly affect the queuing delay performance. Our analysis provides a framework to set system parameters properly.
In Vivo Kinematics of the Salto Total Ankle Prosthesis (2008)

These measured translations were relatively small and may suggest that the rotational portion of the motion was more dominant than translational and provided sufficient mobility.
1216 Decrease The Risk of Right-turn and Oncoming Vehicle Accidents by Mutual Assistance (2013)

Recently, many safety systems for automobiles have been proposed. However such systems seem only to focus on individual users. In contrast, our research focuses on a "Mutual Assistance" system. In this paper, we investigate and evaluate a warning system based on mutual assistance to avoid right turn and oncoming vehicle collisions (left turn and oncoming vehicle collisions in left hand drive regions). The warning system is designed to warn third party vehicles of potential risks. We evaluate the warning system using a driving simulator. The results were analysed with respect to collision rate, collision speed, TTC (Time-To-Collision) and Behavior-Specific Rate of Occurrence. The results indicate that the warning system statistically decreases the risks of right turn and oncoming vehicle collisions. Also, we discussed appropriate timings for early warning alerts.
Mechanism of Bile Acid-Induced Programmed Cell Death and Drug Discovery against Cancer: A Review (2022)

Bile acids are major signaling molecules that play a significant role as emulsifiers in the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids. Bile acids are amphiphilic molecules produced by the reaction of enzymes with cholesterol as a substrate, and they are the primary metabolites of cholesterol in the body. Bile acids were initially considered as tumor promoters, but many studies have deemed them to be tumor suppressors. The tumor-suppressive effect of bile acids is associated with programmed cell death. Moreover, based on this fact, several synthetic bile acid derivatives have also been used to induce programmed cell death in several types of human cancers. This review comprehensively summarizes the literature related to bile acid-induced programmed cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis, and the status of drug development using synthetic bile acid derivatives against human cancers. We hope that this review will provide a reference for the future research and development of drugs against cancer.
Discovery research and development history of the dopamine D2 receptor partial agonists, aripiprazole and brexpiprazole (2021)

Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. successfully developed the first dopamine D<sub>2</sub> receptor partial agonist approved for schizophrenia, the antipsychotic aripiprazole (Abilify<sup>®</sup> ). The drug was approved for this indication in the United States in 2002 and has received approval in the United States, Europe, Japan, and many other countries for several indications including schizophrenia, acute mania, adjunctive treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), irritability associated with autistic disorder, and Tourette's disorder. Otsuka next developed brexpiprazole (Rexulti<sup>®</sup> ), another D<sub>2</sub> receptor partial agonist, which was granted marketing approval in the United States in 2015 as adjunctive therapy in major depressive disorder and for the treatment of schizophrenia. In Japan, brexpiprazole also received approval as a treatment for schizophrenia in 2018. In this review, we describe Otsuka's research history and achievements over the preceding 40 years in the area of antipsychotic drug discovery for dopamine D<sub>2</sub> receptor partial agonists.
Evaluation of Optimized Injection Dose and Acquisition Time Using Body Mass Index for Three-dimensional Whole-body FDG-PET (2004)

Optimization of injection dose and acquisition time indicated that BMI was a clinically useful acquisition protocol for 3D whole-body (18)F-FDG PET.
Gaussian Process for Trajectories (2021)

The Gaussian process is a powerful and flexible technique for interpolating spatiotemporal data, especially with its ability to capture complex trends and uncertainty from the input signal. This chapter describes Gaussian processes as an interpolation technique for geospatial trajectories. A Gaussian process models measurements of a trajectory as coming from a multidimensional Gaussian, and it produces for each timestamp a Gaussian distribution as a prediction. We discuss elements that need to be considered when applying Gaussian process to trajectories, common choices for those elements, and provide a concrete example of implementing a Gaussian process.
Design of Alarm Sound of Home Care Equipment Based on Age-related Auditory Sense (2002)

A wide variety of home care equipment has been developed to support the independent lifestyle and care taking of elderly persons. Almost all of the equipment has an alarm designed to alert a care person or to sound a warning in case of an emergency. Due to the fact that aging human beings' senses physiologically, weaken and deteriorate, each alarm's sound must be designed to account for the full range of elderly person's hearing loss. Since the alarms are usually heard indoors, it is also necessary to evaluate the relationship between the basic characteristics of the sounds and living area's layout. In this study, we investigated the sounds of various alarms of the home care equipment based on both the age-related hearing characteristics of elderly persons and the propagation property of the sounds indoors. As a result, it was determined that the hearing characteristics of elderly persons are attuned to sounds which have a frequency from 700Hz to 1kHz, and it was learned that the indoor absorption ratio of sound is smallest when the frequency is 1kHz. Therefore, a frequency of 1kHz is good for the alarm sound of home care equipment. A flow chart to design the alarm sound of home care equipment was proposed, taking into account the extent of age-related auditory sense deterioration.