gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Disentangling Causal Effects from Sets of Interventions in the Presence of Unobserved Confounders (2022)

The ability to answer causal questions is crucial in many domains, as causal inference allows one to understand the impact of interventions. In many applications, only a single intervention is possible at a given time. However, in some important areas, multiple interventions are concurrently applied. Disentangling the effects of single interventions from jointly applied interventions is a challenging task -- especially as simultaneously applied interventions can interact. This problem is made harder still by unobserved confounders, which influence both treatments and outcome. We address this challenge by aiming to learn the effect of a single-intervention from both observational data and sets of interventions. We prove that this is not generally possible, but provide identification proofs demonstrating that it can be achieved under non-linear continuous structural causal models with additive, multivariate Gaussian noise -- even when unobserved confounders are present. Importantly, we show how to incorporate observed covariates and learn heterogeneous treatment effects. Based on the identifiability proofs, we provide an algorithm that learns the causal model parameters by pooling data from different regimes and jointly maximizing the combined likelihood. The effectiveness of our method is empirically demonstrated on both synthetic and real-world data.
Monochromatic subdiffusive spatial frequency domain imaging provides in‐situ sensitivity to intratumoral morphological heterogeneity in a murine model (2016)

For the first time, spatially resolved quantitative metrics of light scattering recovered with sub-diffusive spatial frequency domain imaging (sd-SFDI) are shown to be sensitive to changes in intratumoral morphology and viability by direct comparison to histopathological analysis. Two freshly excised subcutaneous murine tumor cross-sections were measured with sd-SFDI, and recovered optical scatter parameter maps were co-registered to whole mount histology. Unique clustering of the optical scatter parameters μs' vs. γ (i.e. diffuse scattering vs. relative backscattering) evaluated at a single wavelength showed complete separation between regions of viable tumor, aggresive tumor with stromal growth, varying levels of necrotic tumor, and also peritumor muscle. The results suggest that with further technical development, sd-SFDI may represent a non-destructive screening tool for analysis of excised tissue or a non-invasive approach to investigate suspicious lesions without the need for exogenous labels or spectrally resolved imaging.
EFFECT OF GNRH ANTAGONIST, [Ac-Δ3Pro1, pFDPhe2, DTrp3,6] GNRH, ON PULSATILE GONADOTROPIN SECRETION IN THE CASTRATE MALE PRIMATE (1983)

Three different doses of a potent antagonist to GnRH, [Ac-delta 3Pro1, pFDPhe2, DTrp3,6], GnRH were compared in adult male monkeys to determine the acute effect on pulsatile gonadotropin secretion. In accomplishing these studies, blood was drawn at 15 min intervals over 24-30 h without anesthesia using a mobile vest and tether assembly to support an indwelling cannula. After a 3 to 6 h control period, 2.0, 0.2 or 0.02 mg GnRH antagonist/kg bw in 1 ml corn oil sc, was given to castrate adult monkeys. The highest dose decreased circulating LH (by radioimmunoassay and bioassay) and FSH whereas the intermediate dose decreased LH only. The higher dose produced both a more prolonged and greater reduction in circulating gonadotropins. These data demonstrate that this GnRH antagonist can reduce serum gonadotropins both acutely and for intervals greater than 24 h.
The Association Between Preoperative Frailty and Postoperative Delirium After Cardiac Surgery (2016)

Delirium is common after cardiac surgery, and preoperative identification of high-risk patients could guide prevention strategies. We prospectively measured frailty in 55 patients before cardiac surgery and assessed postoperative delirium using a validated chart review. The prevalence of frailty was 30.9%. Frail patients had a higher incidence of delirium (47.1%) compared with nonfrail patients (2.6%; P < 0.001). In multivariable models, the relative risk of delirium was ≥2.1-fold greater in frail compared with nonfrail patients (relative risk, 18.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.1-161.8; P = 0.009). Frailty may identify patients who would benefit from delirium-prevention strategies because of increased baseline risk for delirium.
Replication-Defective Adenovirus Serotype 5 Vectors Elicit Durable Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Nonhuman Primates (2005)

The magnitude and durability of immune responses induced by replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5 (ADV5) vector-based vaccines were evaluated in the simian-human immunodeficiency virus/rhesus monkey model. A single inoculation of recombinant ADV5 vector constructs induced cellular and humoral immunity, but the rapid generation of neutralizing anti-Ad5 antibodies limited the immunity induced by repeated vector administration. The magnitude and durability of the immune responses elicited by these vaccines were greater when they were delivered as boosting immunogens in plasmid DNA-primed monkeys than when they were used as single-modality immunogens. Therefore, administration of ADV5-based vectors in DNA-primed subjects may be a preferred use of this vaccine modality for generating long-term immune protection.
Catalysis in Bioinorganic Chemistry (1995)

Metallic elements, whose chemistries have been viewed traditionally as inorganic, play central roles in catalysis by metallo-enzymes and in energy transduction in vivo. Zinc ion is among the most abundant occurring in enzymes, especially in those promoting substitution reactions, and its role is illustrated with the example of carboxypeptidase A and its biomimics. Oxidation reduction chemistry is controlled in many organisms by heme proteins in which iron is the key element. Cytochromes P450 are discussed to illustrate the roles of the heme proteins. Essential elements of coordination chemistry, and of iron and heme protein chemistry are presented to provide a basis for understanding.
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic and lockdown restrictions on psychosocial and behavioural outcomes among Australian adults with type 2 diabetes: Findings from the PREDICT cohort study (2021)

COVID-19 lockdown restrictions negatively impacted QoL, some behavioural risk factors and healthcare utilisation in adults with type 2 diabetes. However, generalised anxiety and depressive symptoms remained relatively stable.
Loss of MyoD Promotes Fate Transdifferentiation of Myoblasts Into Brown Adipocytes (2017)

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) represents a promising agent to ameliorate obesity and other metabolic disorders. However, the abundance of BAT decreases with age and BAT paucity is a common feature of obese subjects. As brown adipocytes and myoblasts share a common Myf5 lineage origin, elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the fate choices of brown adipocytes versus myoblasts may lead to novel approaches to expand BAT mass. Here we identify MyoD as a key negative regulator of brown adipocyte development. CRISPR/CAS9-mediated deletion of MyoD in C2C12 myoblasts facilitates their adipogenic transdifferentiation. MyoD knockout downregulates miR-133 and upregulates the miR-133 target Igf1r, leading to amplification of PI3K-Akt signaling. Accordingly, inhibition of PI3K or Akt abolishes the adipogenic gene expression of MyoD null myoblasts. Strikingly, loss of MyoD converts satellite cell-derived primary myoblasts to brown adipocytes through upregulation of Prdm16, a target of miR-133 and key determinant of brown adipocyte fate. Conversely, forced expression of MyoD in brown preadipocytes blocks brown adipogenesis and upregulates the expression of myogenic genes. Importantly, miR-133a knockout significantly blunts the inhibitory effect of MyoD on brown adipogenesis. Our results establish MyoD as a negative regulator of brown adipocyte development by upregulating miR-133 to suppress Akt signaling and Prdm16.
Glaucoma management in Sweden – results from a nationwide survey (2011)

Glaucoma care generated about a quarter of all patient visits in Swedish ophthalmic care. Access to diagnostic facilities was good. To meet modern standards of glaucoma care, glaucoma damage must be measured and followed more closely than at the time of the survey.
An alloy semiconductor system with a tailorable band-tail and its application to high-performance laser operation: II. Experimental study on InGaN MQW laser for optimization of differential gain characteristics tuned by In compositional fluctuation (2001)

Differential gain and carrier lifetime have been deduced experimentally for InGaN MQWs having different magnitudes of In compositional fluctuation and defect density in the active layer. It has been found that the compositional fluctuation and differential gain show a strong correlation in full accordance with the theoretical model for a band-tail modified by In compositional fluctuation as described in the companion paper (part I). Several laser characteristics, threshold current density, differential gain and response time, were found to be affected by the compositional fluctuation and defect density. The optimization of these growth parameters for producing high-performance blue-violet InGaN MQW LDs is also discussed.
PHOTOALLERGIC RESPONSES TO CHEMICALS (1979)

Abstract— –Photochemical and immunologic knowledge about photoallergy to chemicals is briefly summarized. Studies in in vitro systems have demonstrated that photoallergic compounds can covalently bond to proteins through a photochemical reaction. The immunologic nature of the photoallergic response is based mainly on clinical observations, induction of photoallergy in man and in guinea‐pigs and on results of in vitro immunologic tests. Studies of the photoreactions of the photoallergic compound, 3,3′,4′,5‐tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCSA), with proteins are discussed. TCSA noncovalently bonds to human serum albumin prior to irradiation. Prior interaction is essential for formation of a photoaddition product indicating that a short‐lived reactive species derived from TCSA is involved in the photoaddition and limiting the number of skin proteins which can participate in antigen formation. By fragmentation of the TCSA‐albumin photoadduct with CNBr, it was determined that TCSA can bond to at least three sites on the albumin molecule. TCSA also can sensitize the photooxidation of histidine in albumin.
Studies directed toward labeling analysis of angiotensin II in plasma. (1985)

We assay a 1-mL plasma sample containing angiotensin II (103 pg by radioimmunoassay) for the hormone by the following sequence of steps: add 125I-labeled val5-angiotensin II as an internal standard, extract on a C18 Sep Pak column, extract on an antibody affinity column, label the extract with an 125I Bolton-Hunter reagent, separate on a Bio Gel P2 column, and repetitively separate on a reversed-phase "high-performance" liquid-chromatographic column, detecting the eluting compounds by counting radioactivity. The fact that we measured 46 pg of angiotensin II-like substance per milliliter in a sample of pooled plasma is encouraging for the further development of this methodology. In particular, replacing the radioisotope with a more suitable chemical label such as an electrophoric (electron-capturing) release tag should be useful.
Supplementary Figures 1 - 4 from Characterization of Torin2, an ATP-Competitive Inhibitor of mTOR, ATM, and ATR (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 719K, Supplemental figure 1. Torin2 on PC-3 wide type cell line, the IB was made after 30 min treatment of drug at indicated concentrations. Supplemental figure 2. Torin1, Torin2, AZD8055 and BEZ235 on HeLa and HCT-116 cell line at different time point with a dose responsive drug treatment. Supplemental figure 3. PET-CT experiment of short term treatment of drugs. Supplemental figure 4. PDG-PET determination of drug treatment response with statistics&lt;/p&gt;
Optical Bleaching of Thin Film Ge on Si (2008)

Thin ﬁlm Ge on Si is a potential active material candidate for electrically pumped monolithically integrated Si-based light emitters. Theoretical analysis has shown that a combination of strain and n-type doping can modify the band structure of Ge so that it exhibits direct bandgap properties. Direct band-to- band optical transition is observed from the room temperature photoluminescence at around 1550nm. An optical bleaching ef- fect occurring in lock-in pump-probe measurements indicates a precursor to optical net gain.
Analogues of the cholecystokinin octapeptide modified in the central part of the molecule (1991)

In a series of analogues of the cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) the amino acid residues were gradually modified by substituting Gly by Pro in position 4, Trp by His in position 5, Met by Cle in position 6, or the Gly residue was inserted between Tyr and Met in positions 2 and 3 of the peptide chain, and in the case of the cholecystokinin heptapeptide (CCK-7) the Met residues were substituted by Nle or Aib. These peptides were investigated from the point of view of their biological potency in the peripheral and central region. From the results of the biological tests it follows that the modifications carried out in these analogues and in their N α -Boc derivatives mean a suppression of the investigated biological activities by 2-3 orders of magnitude (at a maximum dose of the tested substance of 2 . 10 -2 mg per animal).This means that a disturbance of the assumed biologically active conformation of CCK-8, connected with a considerable decrease of the biological potency of the molecule, takes place not only after introduction of the side chain into its centre (substitution of Gly 4 ), but also after the modification of the side chains of the amino acids or by extension of the backbone in further positions around this central amino acid.
S-Glutathionylation: A Redox-Sensitive Switch Participating in Nitroso-Redox Balance (2011)

S-Glutathionylation Uncouples eNOS and Regulates Its Cellular and Vascular Function
Hapten-Grafted Programmed Probe as a Corecognition Element for a Competitive Immunosensor to Detect Acetamiprid Residue in Agricultural Products (2018)

We have developed an effective competitive electrochemical immunosensor assay based on hapten-grafted programmed probe (HGPP) as a corecognition element for highly sensitive and selective detection of acetamiprid. Starting with the synthesis of hapten, HGPP was prepared using carboxyl group in the hapten and amino group in the 5' end of the programmed probe through covalent conjugation. Acetamiprid present in samples competes with HGPP to bind with capture antibody on the electrodes by specific recognition interaction. Methylene blue probe (MBP) was used as the electrochemical redox probe to capture the hybridized HGPP on the electrodes. The competitive reaction changes in accordance with the quantity of the target acetamiprid in the sample, as the amounts of the hybridized HGPP and the immobilized antibody are constant, i.e., the more acetamiprid samples are added, the less MBP is combined on the electrodes. In the optimal conditions, thus, biosensor output showed a linear relationship from 5 to 10<sup>5</sup> ng L<sup>-1</sup> for the acetamiprid assay with a detecting limit of 3.2 ng L<sup>-1</sup>. The biosensor was successful in quantifying the amount of acetamiprid in spiked strawberry and cabbage extracts. This competitive immunosensor assay represents a rapid and sensitive technology for acetamiprid assay or other small molecule targets in food.
Resorbable nanocomposites with bone-like strength and enhanced cellular activity (2017)

Bone cements for treatment of fractures at weight-bearing sites are subjected to dynamic physiological loading from daily activities. An ideal bone cement rapidly sets after injection, exhibits bone-like strength, stimulates osteogenic differentiation of endogenous cells, and resorbs at a rate aligned with patient biology. However, currently available materials fall short of these targeted properties. Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (nHA) enhances osteogenic differentiation, new bone formation, and osteoclast differentiation activity compared to amorphous or micron-scale crystalline hydroxyapatite. However, the brittle mechanical properties of nHA precludes its use in treatment of weight-bearing bone defects. In this study, we report settable nHA-poly(ester urethane) (PEUR) nanocomposites synthesized from nHA, lysine triisocyanate (LTI), and poly(caprolactone) triol via a solvent-free process. The nanocomposites are easily mixed and injected using a double-barrel syringe, exhibit mechanical properties exceeding those of conventional bone cements, enhance mineralization of osteoprogenitor cells in vitro, and undergo osteoclast-mediated degradation in vitro. This combination of properties cannot be achieved using other technologies, which underscores the potential of nHA-PEUR nanocomposites as a new approach for promoting bone healing at weight-bearing sites.
Molecular and Translational Classifications of DAMPs in Immunogenic Cell Death (2015)

The immunogenicity of malignant cells has recently been acknowledged as a critical determinant of efficacy in cancer therapy. Thus, besides developing direct immunostimulatory regimens, including dendritic cell-based vaccines, checkpoint-blocking therapies, and adoptive T-cell transfer, researchers have started to focus on the overall immunobiology of neoplastic cells. It is now clear that cancer cells can succumb to some anticancer therapies by undergoing a peculiar form of cell death that is characterized by an increased immunogenic potential, owing to the emission of the so-called "damage-associated molecular patterns" (DAMPs). The emission of DAMPs and other immunostimulatory factors by cells succumbing to immunogenic cell death (ICD) favors the establishment of a productive interface with the immune system. This results in the elicitation of tumor-targeting immune responses associated with the elimination of residual, treatment-resistant cancer cells, as well as with the establishment of immunological memory. Although ICD has been characterized with increased precision since its discovery, several questions remain to be addressed. Here, we summarize and tabulate the main molecular, immunological, preclinical, and clinical aspects of ICD, in an attempt to capture the essence of this phenomenon, and identify future challenges for this rapidly expanding field of investigation.
BD-KD: Balancing the Divergences for Online Knowledge Distillation (2022)

We address the challenge of producing trustworthy and accurate compact models for edge devices. While Knowledge Distillation (KD) has improved model compression in terms of achieving high accuracy performance, calibration of these compact models has been overlooked. We introduce BD-KD (Balanced Divergence Knowledge Distillation), a framework for logit-based online KD. BD-KD enhances both accuracy and model calibration simultaneously, eliminating the need for post-hoc recalibration techniques, which add computational overhead to the overall training pipeline and degrade performance. Our method encourages student-centered training by adjusting the conventional online distillation loss on both the student and teacher losses, employing sample-wise weighting of forward and reverse Kullback-Leibler divergence. This strategy balances student network confidence and boosts performance. Experiments across CIFAR10, CIFAR100, TinyImageNet, and ImageNet datasets, and various architectures demonstrate improved calibration and accuracy compared to recent online KD methods.
Otology and Neurotology (2013)

This six-volume series has been compiled to introduce current, up-to-date concepts concerning the diagnosis, evaluation, and management rationale of the various conditions that otorhinolaryngologists encounter in their clinics, hospitals, and operating rooms. It has been our goal to keep this information complete yet concise. -- Milind V. Kirtane and Chris E. de Souza, Series Editors Head and Neck Surgery is a comprehensive textbook that provides detailed information on the latest epidemiology, diagnostics, nutritional support, and emerging technology and therapeutics used to treat head and neck cancer. It will serve as a reference guide for physicians and non-physicians who diagnose, treat, and rehabilitate patients with head and neck tumors. Key Features: * Multidisciplinary care of patients with tumors of the head and neck region* Intraoperative navigation and robotic surgery for head and neck neoplasms* Endoscopic approaches to the anterior skull base* Image guidance for sinus tumors* Minimally invasive techniques in head and neck surgery The contributors to this volume are internationally recognized experts in head and neck surgery, plastic surgery, and oral and maxillofacial surgery, informing the book with a wealth of knowledge in these disciplines.
Investigation of quantum dot FRET in the far-red spectral region (2007)

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are now commercially available in a bio-functionalized form and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between bioconjugated dots and fluorophores within the visible range has been observed by several groups of researchers. We are particularly interested in the far-red region, as from a biological perspective, there are benefits in pushing to ~700 nm to minimize optical absorption (ABS) within tissue and avoiding cell autofluorescence. We report on FRET between streptavidin (STV) conjugated CdTe quantum dots, Qdot705-STV, with biotinylated Dy731-Bio fluorescent molecules in a donor-acceptor assay. We also highlight an unusual change in Dy731-Bio absorptivity during the streptavidin-biotin binding process that can be attributed to the structural reorientation. In moving to wavelengths beyond 700 nm, different alloy compositions are required for the quantum dot core and these introduce associated changes in the physical shape. These changes directly affect the fluorescence decay dynamics producing a marked biexponential decay with an extremely long lifetime component, a lifetime in excess of 100 ns. We compare and contrast the influence of the two QD relaxation processes upon the FRET dynamics in the presence of Dy731-Bio.
Influence of Supporting Electrolyte on Hydroxide Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Performance: Anolyte (2021)

Hydroxide-exchange-membrane water electrolysis (HEMWE) is an emerging hydrogen-production pathway that combines many advantages of incumbent alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) and proton-exchange-membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). Advancement in HEMWE has been accelerated with the development of stable and conductive hydroxide exchange membranes (HEMs) and a more comprehensive understanding of alkaline gas-evolving kinetics. However, performance and durability without supporting electrolytes (SELs) remain inferior to PEMWE and AWE and little is known about the role and impact of the SELs. This study investigates the effects of SELs used as anolyte solutions in HEMWEs including cation-type, anion-type, SEL conductivity and pH, presence of carbonates and increased cation/OH − ratios on cell voltage and stability. We report our findings that (i) cell potential and high-frequency resistance did not correlate with anolyte SEL conductivity, (ii) cation-type influences cell voltage at low current densities (&lt;50 mA cm −2 ) as predicted by half-cell measurements, (iii) increased cation/OH − ratio causes increased overpotentials, and (iv) carbonates are exchanged in the HEM but removed via self-purging at high current density. Overall, this study concludes that concentrated KOH is still the best SEL.