gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thymic and Extrathymic T Cell Development Pathways Follow Different Rules (2002)

Separation between primary and secondary lymphoid organs is a universal feature in jawed vertebrates. Strikingly, oncostatin M (OM)-transgenic mice present massive extrathymic T cell development, localized exclusively in the lymph nodes (LN). According to the prevailing paradigm, the thymus is the main source of T lymphocytes in gnathostomes mainly because thymic epithelial cells have a unique ability to support early steps in T cell development. It is therefore remarkable that productive T cell development occurs in the OM(+) LN, despite the absence of epithelial cells. The present study shows that in the OM(+) LN: 1) MHC class I expression strictly on hemopoietic cells is sufficient to support the development of a diversified repertoire of CD8 T cells; 2) the efficiency of positive selection of specific TCR-transgenic T cells is not the same as in the thymus; 3) negative selection is very effective, despite the lack of an organized thymic-like medulla. Furthermore, our data suggest that extrathymic T lymphocytes developing in the OM(+) LN undergo extensive postselection expansion because they live in the microenvironment in which they were positively selected. This work illustrates how the division of labor between primary and secondary lymphoid organs influences the repertoire and homeostasis of T lymphocytes.
CITED2 is a novel direct effector of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ in suppressing hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth (2012)

CITED2 is a direct effector of PPARγ for tumor suppression. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
The Intrinsic Photoluminescence Spectrum of Perovskite Films (Advanced Optical Materials 8/2022) (2022)

The photoluminescence spectrum of metal-halide perovskite films is altered by extrinsic effects, making what is measured different from what is intrinsically emitted. In article number 2102557, Tom P. A. van der Pol and co-workers identify self-absorption and interference to underly significant spectral distortions. They develop an optical modelling approach to enable characterization of intrinsic material properties, facilitating a fair comparison of materials across publications and different experiments. [Cover image: artwork by Alessandro Caiazzo]
Distributed Recursive Least-Squares: Stability and Performance Analysis (2012)

The recursive least-squares (RLS) algorithm has well-documented merits for reducing complexity and storage requirements, when it comes to online estimation of stationary signals as well as for tracking slowly-varying nonstationary processes. In this paper, a distributed recursive least-squares (D-RLS) algorithm is developed for cooperative estimation using ad hoc wireless sensor networks. Distributed iterations are obtained by minimizing a separable reformulation of the exponentially-weighted least-squares cost, using the alternating-minimization algorithm. Sensors carry out reduced-complexity tasks locally, and exchange messages with one-hop neighbors to consent on the network-wide estimates adaptively. A steady-state mean-square error (MSE) performance analysis of D-RLS is conducted, by studying a stochastically-driven `averaged' system that approximates the D-RLS dynamics asymptotically in time. For sensor observations that are linearly related to the time-invariant parameter vector sought, the simplifying independence setting assumptions facilitate deriving accurate closed-form expressions for the MSE steady-state values. The problems of mean- and MSE-sense stability of D-RLS are also investigated, and easily-checkable sufficient conditions are derived under which a steady-state is attained. Without resorting to diminishing step-sizes which compromise the tracking ability of D-RLS, stability ensures that per sensor estimates hover inside a ball of finite radius centered at the true parameter vector, with high-probability, even when inter-sensor communication links are noisy. Interestingly, computer simulations demonstrate that the theoretical findings are accurate also in the pragmatic settings whereby sensors acquire temporally-correlated data.
Toll-like receptor 10 is involved in induction of innate immune responses to influenza virus infection (2014)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play key roles in innate immune recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns of invading microbes. Among the 10 TLR family members identified in humans, TLR10 remains an orphan receptor without known agonist or function. TLR10 is a pseudogene in mice and mouse models are noninformative in this regard. Using influenza virus infection in primary human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages and a human monocytic cell line, we now provide previously unidentified evidence that TLR10 plays a role in innate immune responses following viral infection. Influenza virus infection increased TLR10 expression and TLR10 contributed to innate immune sensing of viral infection leading to cytokine induction, including proinflammatory cytokines and interferons. TLR10 induction is more pronounced following infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus compared with a low pathogenic H1N1 virus. Induction of TLR10 by virus infection requires active virus replication and de novo protein synthesis. Culture supernatants of virus-infected cells modestly up-regulate TLR10 expression in nonvirus-infected cells. Signaling via TLR10 was activated by the functional RNA-protein complex of influenza virus leading to robust induction of cytokine expression. Taken together, our findings identify TLR10 as an important innate immune sensor of viral infection and its role in innate immune defense and immunopathology following viral and bacterial pathogens deserves attention.
[Vitreous surgery for intraocular proliferative disorders]. (1991)

Before the advent of vitreous surgery, many intraocular proliferative disorders were incurable. The present paper reviews the pathogenesis, classification and vitreous surgery treatment of these diseases. Intraocular proliferative disorders are classified into two categories: vascular and non-vascular, also their indications for vitreous surgery are reviewed. General surgical techniques for intraocular proliferative disorders are discussed, as are specific surgical techniques for "vascular" proliferative diabetic retinopathy and "non-vascular" proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and current assessments of the usefulness of vitreous surgery. Vitreous surgery for intraocular proliferative disorders requires extensive high-technological equipment for the integration of various surgical techniques such as lensectomy, vitrectomy, membrane dissection, intraoperative retinal reattachment, closure of retinal breaks, panretinal endo-photocoagulation, scleral buckling, intraocular tamponade and so forth. Vitreous surgery for intraocular proliferative disorders is beneficial only when these procedures are appropriately performed.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPECTRAL RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER CALCULATION IN A CYLINDRICAL MODEL COMBUSTOR USING THE DISCRETE ORDINATES METHOD (1995)

Among the different methods applied for calculating heat transfer in combustors, the Discrete Ordinates Method (DOM) is considered to be the most promising one with respect to high accuracy and little computer time consumption. In this paper the DOM is validated for the first time to predict 3-dimensional non luminous radiative heat transfer in a cylindrical propane fired model combustor featuring steep gradients of temperature and concentration. The radiation calculations are carried out in connection with a CFD-Code providing data of the temperature field and the concentration distribution of radiative active species. The radiation calculations are performed on a spectral basis using narrow-band models to represent accurately the radiative properties of combustion gases. Additional terms accounting for angular redistribution are avoided by formulating the discrete direction vector Ωm in cylindrical coordinates. The different Sn-approximations (S2, S4 S8) applied are evaluated by comparing the calculated spectra to measured spectra and spectra obtained from 1-D-calculations which serve as reference data. It is pointed out, that radiative transfer calculations through the reaction zone of the combustor are most critical due to the steep gradients of scalar variables. However, using a fine calculational grid of 18998 grid points, the S4-approximation already yields accurate results which are almost as accurate as the results determined by application of the S8-approximation.
A Carrier Interferometry based Channel Estimation Technique for One-Cell Reuse MIMO-OFDM/TDMA Cellular Systems (2006)

This paper proposes a channel estimation technique for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)/time division multiple access (TDMA) (MIMO-OFDM/TDMA) cellular systems based on the dynamic parameter controlled-OF/TDMA (DPC-OF/TDMA) systems. In the proposed scheme, impulse responses of all the transmit antennas are multiplexed in the time domain using a carrier interferometry (CI) signal, which is equivalent to an impulse signal, and each impulse response is discriminated using a time window with the length of the maximum delay time of delayed paths, in order to estimate a channel state information (CSI) using only 64 subcarriers. Computer simulation confirms that the proposed channel estimation scheme is effective even in the case of 64 subcarriers under MIMO and multi-cell conditions
Sex and age bias viral burden and interferon responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection in ferrets (2021)

SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) hospitalizations and deaths disportionally affect males and older ages. Here we investigated the impact of male sex and age comparing sex-matched or age-matched ferrets infected with SARS-CoV-2. Differences in temperature regulation was identified for male ferrets which was accompanied by prolonged viral replication in the upper respiratory tract after infection. Gene expression analysis of the nasal turbinates indicated that 1-year-old female ferrets had significant increases in interferon response genes post infection which were delayed in males. These results provide insight into COVID-19 and suggests that older males may play a role in viral transmission due to decreased antiviral responses.
The Neuroendocrine Effects of Interleukin-2 Treatment (1989)

Observations of neuropsychiatric changes in patients receiving interleukin-2 (IL-2) led us to examine the effects of IL-2 administration on the stress-related hormones, beta-endorphin, ACTH, cortisol, and CRH. We evaluated 30 cancer patients who received immunotherapy with IL-2 or IL-2 plus lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. Blood samples were taken immediately before and 4 and 8 h after infusion of IL-2 or IL-2 plus LAK cells. IL-2 stimulated increased hormone levels 4 h after infusion compared with those before therapy and with basal levels in normal volunteers at the following magnitudes: beta-endorphin, 10-fold; ACTH, 20-fold; and cortisol, 2-fold. The effect of IL-2 was not altered in patients also receiving LAK cells. An effect of treatment course was noted, with higher stimulated values seen 4 h after IL-2 in the second treatment course compared with those after the first course [change (delta) in beta-endorphin, 101 vs. 11 fmol/mL; delta ACTH, 138 vs. 8 pmol/L; delta cortisol, 414 vs. 218 nmol/L]. We conclude that IL-2 treatment induces the release of neuroendocrine hormones and that a significant increase in hormonal stimulation occurs upon reexposure to IL-2.
On a tradeoff between dereverberation and noise reduction using the MVDR beamformer (2009)

The minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformer can be used for both speech dereverberation and noise reduction. In this paper we analyse the tradeoff between the amount of speech dereverberation and noise reduction achieved by the MVDR beamformer. We show that the amount of noise reduction that is sacrificed when desiring both speech dereverberation and noise reduction depends on the direct-to-reverberation ratio of the acoustic transfer function between the desired source and a reference microphone. The performance evaluation supports the theoretical analysis and demonstrates the tradeoff between speech dereverberation and noise reduction.
Identification of an α(1→6) mannopyranosyltransferase (MptA), involved in Corynebacterium glutamicum lipomanann biosynthesis, and identification of its orthologue in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2007)

Corynebacterium glutamicum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis share a similar cell wall architecture, and the availability of their genome sequences has enabled the utilization of C. glutamicum as a model for the identification and study of, otherwise essential, mycobacterial genes involved in lipomannan (LM) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM) biosynthesis. We selected the putative glycosyltransferase-Rv2174 from M. tuberculosis and deleted its orthologue NCgl2093 from C. glutamicum. This resulted in the formation of a novel truncated lipomannan (Cg-t-LM) and a complete ablation of LM/LAM biosynthesis. Purification and characterization of Cg-t-LM revealed an overall decrease in molecular mass, a reduction of alpha(1-->6) and alpha(1-->2) glycosidic linkages illustrating a reduced degree of branching compared with wild-type LM. The deletion mutant's biochemical phenotype was fully complemented by either NCgl2093 or Rv2174. Furthermore, the use of a synthetic neoglycolipid acceptor in an in vitro cell-free assay utilizing the sugar donor beta-D-mannopyranosyl-1-monophosphoryl-decaprenol together with the neoglycolipid acceptor alpha-D-Manp-(1-->6)-alpha-D-Manp-O-C8 as a substrate, confirmed NCgl2093 and Rv2174 as an alpha(1-->6) mannopyranosyltransferase (MptA), involved in the latter stages of the biosynthesis of the alpha(1-->6) mannan core of LM. Altogether, these studies have identified a new mannosyltransferase, MptA, and they shed further light on the biosynthesis of LM/LAM in Corynebacterianeae.
Laser Ablation Increases PEM/Catalyst Interfacial Area (2009)

An investigational method of improving the performance of a fuel cell that contains a polymer-electrolyte membrane (PEM) is based on the concept of roughening the surface of the PEM, prior to deposition of a thin layer of catalyst, in order to increase the PEM/catalyst interfacial area and thereby increase the degree of utilization of the catalyst. The roughening is done by means of laser ablation under carefully controlled conditions. Next, the roughened membrane surface is coated with the thin layer of catalyst (which is typically platinum), then sandwiched between two electrode/catalyst structures to form a membrane/ele c t - rode assembly. The feasibility of the roughening technique was demonstrated in experiments in which proton-conducting membranes made of a perfluorosulfonic acid-based hydrophilic, protonconducting polymer were ablated by use of femtosecond laser pulses. It was found that when proper combinations of the pulse intensity, pulse-repetition rate, and number of repetitions was chosen, the initially flat, smooth membrane surfaces became roughened to such an extent as to be converted to networks of nodules interconnected by filaments (see Figure 1). In further experiments, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed on a pristine (smooth) membrane and on two laser-roughened membranes after the membranes were coated with platinum on both sides. Some preliminary EIS data were interpreted as showing that notwithstanding the potential for laser-induced damage, the bulk conductivities of the membranes were not diminished in the roughening process. Other preliminary EIS data (see Figure 2) were interpreted as signifying that the surface areas of the laser-roughened membranes were significantly greater than those of the smooth membrane. Moreover, elemental analyses showed that the sulfur-containing molecular groups necessary for proton conduction remained intact, even near the laser-roughened surfaces. These preliminary results can be taken as indications that laser-roughened PEMs should function well in fuel cells and, in particular, should exhibit current and power densities greater than those attainable by use of smooth membranes.
Ultra low noise and supermode suppression in an actively modelocked external-cavity semiconductor diode ring laser (2002)

Using active harmonic modelocking at 10 GHz with extensive polarization control in a mirrorless ring geometry, we have achieved what are, to our knowledge, the lowest noise characteristics yet reported for an actively-modelocked external-cavity semiconductor diode laser. Residual RMS jitter as low as 18 fs (10 Hz-10 MHz) and 94 fs (10 Hz-5 GHz) has been measured, as well as RMS amplitude noise as low as 0.05% (10 Hz-10 MHz) and 0.74% (10 Hz-5 GHz). In addition, using a high-finesse fiber-Fabry-Perot intracavity etalon, we have demonstrated nearly complete supermode suppression out to the Nyquist limit, while favorably retaining a low-offset noise knee.
Simple and robust synchronization sequences for future broadcast systems (2014)

In this paper we propose new Zadoff-Chu (ZC) based synchronization sequences suitable for future broadcast system preambles. While maintaining the same overall structure and length as in the DVB-T2 P1, we replace the synchronization mechanism by a particular combination of ZC sequences capable of carrying one or more signaling bits. We will present the design methodology, the possible ZC constructions and provide a recommended ZC preamble for terrestrial broadcasting scenarios. Simulation results show that, while improving by +1 dB the detection capability of DVB-T2 under the worse condition scenario, the proposed synchronization sequences provide a much better accuracy in the time domain than the DVB-T2 P1 synchronization mechanism. The proposed structures can be used for future communication systems or as an upgrade to current standards.
The Immunoglobulin E–Allergen Interaction: A Target for Therapy of Type IAllergic Diseases (1998)

The interaction of immunoglobulin E and otherwise harmless antigens (allergens) leads in sensitized individuals through effector cell activation to the immediate induction of a cascade of inflammatory reactions, the hallmark of type I allergy. Recently, the molecular and structural characterization of allergens, specific IgE antibodies and their epitopes has made rapid progress. Here we discuss active and passive strategies for therapy of type I allergy, which are based on interfering with the IgE-allergen interaction.
P3‐327: Therapeutic suppression of tau kinases in the CNS with antisense oligonucleotides (2012)

Hyperphosphorylated Tau is the major component of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which marks disease progression. A large body of experimental evidence indicates that hyperphosphorylation of Tau by kinases leads to the formation of Tau aggregates, which cause neuronal death. We are currently exploring a therapeutic approach that will directly prevent the formation of pathological forms of Tau by targeting GSK3beta and CDK5 with selective antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are stable single strands of DNA that bind to their complementary target RNA and direct its catalytic degradation through the action of RNaseH, an endogenous enzyme present in most mammalian nuclei. To determine the efficacy of an ASO approach to reduce expression of Tau kinases, ASOs targeting CDK5 or GSK3beta are injected directly into brain of rodents via intraventricular or intrathecal routes. Following treatment, mRNA target knockdown, tissue concentrations of ASO and alterations in phosphorylation states of Tau are quantified. We have identified ASOs that selectively target mouse GSK3beta or CDK5 mRNA. A single ICV injection of a GSK3beta ASO selectively reduces mouse GSK3beta mRNA dose dependently to 30% of vehicle treated control in the cortex one week post-treatment. GSK3beta mouse transcript levels are also reduced in the hippocampus to 40% of controls. Similar dose dependent reductions in CDK5 mRNA are obtained when using ASOs complementary to mouse CDK5. One week post-treatment, CDK5 mRNA expression is reduced to 50% in the hippocampus, 50% in the cortex and 40% in the brainstem. Attributed to the long half-life of ASOs in the CNS, a single injection leads to reductions in mouse mRNA that persist for more than 2 months. We are currently in the process of determining whether ASO suppression of Tau kinases can alter disease progression and overall brain Tau pathology in mutant Tau transgenic P301L mice. We demonstrate here that a single injection of ASOs into the brain is sufficient to reduce levels of GSK3beta or CDK5 mRNAs throughout the rodent CNS. These experiments will permit determination whether down-regulation of these kinases has an impact on Tau pathology and the phenotype of Tau transgenic mice.
Chiral domain wall motion in unit-cell thick perpendicularly magnetized Heusler films prepared by chemical templating (2018)

Heusler alloys are a large family of compounds with complex and tunable magnetic properties, intimately connected to the atomic scale ordering of their constituent elements. We show that using a chemical templating technique of atomically ordered X'Z' (X' = Co; Z' = Al, Ga, Ge, Sn) underlayers, we can achieve near bulk-like magnetic properties in tetragonally distorted Heusler films, even at room temperature. Excellent perpendicular magnetic anisotropy is found in ferrimagnetic X<sub>3</sub>Z (X = Mn; Z = Ge, Sn, Sb) films, just 1 or 2 unit-cells thick. Racetracks formed from these films sustain current-induced domain wall motion with velocities of more than 120 m s<sup>-1</sup>, at current densities up to six times lower than conventional ferromagnetic materials. We find evidence for a significant bulk chiral Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya exchange interaction, whose field strength can be systematically tuned by an order of magnitude. Our work is an important step towards practical applications of Heusler compounds for spintronic technologies.
Giant Magnetoresistance in Magnetic Nanostructures (1995)

Gallium is a metal that literally melts in your hand. It has low toxicity, near-zero vapor pressure, and a viscosity similar to water. Despite possessing a surface tension larger than any other liquid (near room temperature), gallium can form nonspherical ...Read More
Image Sensing Technology. A Smart Image Sensor with Quad-Tree Scan. (2001)

A smart image sensor with quad-tree scan implemented by a novel method is described. Quad-tree scan reduces the number of cycles needed to scan an entire image in comparison with a raster scan. The quad-tree scan is implemented by placing the scan controller outside the pixel array and accessing a variable-size block of the pixel array. We designed the image sensor using a 0.6-μm CMOS 3-metal 2-poly-Si process. A 32×32 pixel array and the scan controller are integrated on a 4.5×4.5 mm2 die. Each pixel has an A/D conversiton circuit and a motion detection circuit in a 95×95 μm2 area. Measurements showed that the scan controller works at 10 MHz with 10 mW power dissipation. Image acquisition and motion detection using quad-tree scan were successfully tested.