gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Universality of strain-induced anisotropic friction domains on 2D materials (2018)

Van der Waals two-dimensional (2D) materials have shown various physical characteristics depending on their growth methods and conditions. Among those characteristics, the surface structural properties are crucial for the application of 2D materials, as the surface structures readily affect their atomic arrangements and/or interaction with substrates due to their atomic-scale thicknesses. Here, we report on the anisotropic friction domains of MoS2 grown not only by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) under various sulfur pressure conditions but also by a mechanical exfoliation process. The 180° periodicity of each domain and the 60° shift between adjacent domains indicate the presence of linearly aligned structures along the armchair direction of MoS2, which is determined by the optical second-harmonic generation method. The anisotropic friction domains of CVD-grown MoS2 flakes may be attributed to linearly aligned ripples caused by an inhomogeneous strain field distribution, which is due, in turn, to randomly formed nucleation sites on the substrate. The universality of the anisotropic frictional behaviors of 2D materials, including graphene, hBN, and WS2 with honeycomb lattice stacking, which differ from ReSe2 with a distorted triclinic 1T’ structure, supports our assumption based on the linearly aligned ripples along the crystallographic axes, which result from an inhomogeneous strain field. By measuring friction forces on graphene-like surfaces, South Korean researchers have uncovered evidence of ripple structures too tiny to see with typical electron microscopes. Devices made from two-dimensional (2D) materials often perform at less than their full theoretical potential. Bae Ho Park from Konkuk University in Seoul and colleagues suggest this discrepancy may arise from strain-induced patterns which appear when ultrathin crystals are deposited onto supports including silicon or glass. The team investigated 2D molybdenum disulfide surfaces with scanning probe microscopy to both record atomic-level topography and measure the transverse forces experienced by the moving probe tip. The resulting images revealed periodic frictional domains with geometries that suggest the presence of underlying surface ripples. These structures, which also appeared during scans of graphene and other films, can affect the electrical properties of 2D materials. We report on the anisotropic friction domains of MoS2 not only grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) under various sulfur pressure conditions, but also by mechanical exfoliation process. The 180° periodicity of each domain and the 60° shift between adjacent domains indicate the presence of linearly aligned structures along the armchair direction of MoS2. The universality of anisotropic frictional behaviors of 2D materials, including graphene, hBN, and WS2 with stacking honeycomb lattices supports our assumption based on linearly aligned ripples along the crystallographic axes, which result from an inhomogeneous strain field.
Coherent, very high frequency underwater acoustic communications under wind-driven seas: Experiments in an ocean simulator (2015)

Very high frequency, underwater water acoustic communications (VHF UWAC) operated near the sea surface are subject to interference from surface-scattered energy and, under wind driven seas, noise from breaking waves. Here, we present results from experiments to study these effects conducted in an ocean simulator. Acoustic transmissions in the frequency range (400–750) kHz were made using vertical arrays of transducers in the 44 m long, 2.4 m wide, and 1.5 m deep wind-wave channel at the Hydraulics Laboratory at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. This facility simulates oceanic conditions with a piston wave maker and a fan driving airflows up to 15 m/s. A variety of communications and probe signals were sent under calm and wind-driven conditions. Surface scattering was characterized in terms of arrival delay and gravity wave focusing, along with measurements of breaking wave noise. These data will be discussed in terms of VHF UWAC performance.
Abiotic peptides for the encoding of small molecule synthesis (2022)

Information storage in DNA forms the fundamental basis of cellular life, but inherent limitations of information stability and density hamper innovative applications such as data storage or drug discovery. Here, we establish abiotic peptides for next-generation information storage and apply them for the encoding of diverse small molecule synthesis. The chemical stability of the peptide-based tag allows the use of palladium-mediated reactions to efficiently synthesize peptide-encoded libraries (PELs) with large chemical diversity and excellent purity. We demonstrate the successful application of PELs in drug discovery by affinity selection yielding small molecules with nanomolar affinity toward their target protein. Collectively, this work establishes abiotic peptides as carriers of information, leveraged herein for the encoding of small molecule synthesis.
Characterization of theL-Lysine Biosynthetic Pathway in the Obligate MethylotrophMethylophilus methylotrophus (2004)

The L-lysine biosynthetic pathway of the gram-negative obligate methylotroph Methylophilus methylotrophus AS1 was examined through characterization of the enzymes aspartokinase (AK), aspartsemialdehyde dehydrogenase, dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DDPS), dihydrodipicolinate reductase, and diaminopimelate decarboxylase. The AK was inhibited by L-threonine and by a combination of L-threonine and L-lysine, but not by L-lysine alone, and the activity of DDPS was moderately reduced by L-lysine. In an L-lysine producing mutant (G49), isolated as an S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine (lysine analog) resistant strain, both AK and DDPS were partially resistant to feedback inhibition. The ask and dapA genes encoding AK and DDPS respectively were isolated from the parental strain, AS1, and its G49 derivative. Comparison of the sequences revealed a point mutation in each of these genes in G49. The mutation in the ask gene altered aspartic acid in a key region involved in the allosteric regulation common to AKs, while a novel mutation in the dapA gene altered tyrosine-106, which was assumed to be involved in the binding of L-lysine to DDPS.
Evaluation of macular morphology in patients with multiple sclerosis (2010)

Abstract Purpose To assess macular morphology in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) with and without history of optic neuritis (ON). Methods Twenty‐six MS patients were recruited in this study, and 26 randomly eyes were selected from 26 age‐matched healthy subjects as controls. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination was performed on each eye using a Stratus OCT device. The raw OCT data were exported from the device and further processed using a custom‐built algorithm (OCTRIMA). Thickness measurements of 7 intraretinal layers and the total retina were obtained. Eyes from MS patients were divided into 2 groups for statistical analyses. The ON+ group contained 26 eyes which had ON at least 6 months prior to enrollment. Twenty‐three eyes had no history of ON (ON‐ group). All thickness measurements were compared among the 3 groups using ANOVA with Newman‐Keuls post‐hoc analysis. Results Significant decrease in thickness was observed in ON+ and ON‐ eyes compared to controls for the macula (290±6µm, 283±12µm and 267±12µm in the control, ON‐ and ON+ group, respectively), retinal nerve fiber layer (38±2µm, 35±2µm and 31±4µm, respectively) and ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer complex (71±4µm, 64±7µm and 53±7µm, respectively). No statistically significant difference in thickness was found for the remaining intraretinal layers between the 3 groups analyzed. Conclusion Atrophy of the ganglion cells and nerve fibers in the macula of MS patients was observed even without previous history of ON. Therefore, thickness measurements of ganglion cells might be useful in the diagnosis and follow‐up of MS patients.
659. Precision Genome Engineering in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using CRISPR/CAS9 (2015)

Site-specific nucleases are engineered to create a double-stranded DNA break at a defined genomic locus. Subsequent repair of these DNA breaks by the cellular endogenous DNA repair pathways can then be exploited to create genetically modified cell lines. Genes can be knocked out, disease relevant mutations introduced, or proteins can be tagged for subsequent monitoring in differentiation assays and high throughput small molecule screens. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the potential to differentiate into any somatic cell in the body. Importantly, they can be derived from both normal individuals, as well as from patients. The combination of these two technologies allows investigators to create custom modified cell lines harboring site specific genetic changes of interest relevant to their field of study. Here, we present two examples of precise and efficient genome editing without the use of antibiotic selection using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in iPSCs. First we demonstrate the steps involved in the creation of a knockout (SARM1) iPSC line. Second, we outline the workflow for creating a custom iPSC line that has been tagged with a fluorescent protein at the endogenous locus (CHAT).
Structure Changes during Uniaxial Deformation of Ethylene-Based Semicrystalline Ethylene−Propylene Copolymer. 1. SAXS Study (2003)

In-situ structural changes at the lamellar level during uniaxial deformation and subsequent relaxation of a semicrystalline ethylene−propylene (EP) copolymer containing 78 wt % ethylene were studied by time-resolved synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) at room temperature (25 °C). During the initial stage of deformation, the long period was found to increase in the stretching direction and decrease in the transverse direction. In addition to the elastic change of the lamellar structure, further analysis suggested that there was an additional contribution of strain-induced “melting”, which began at a relatively low strain (about 10%) and was directionally dependent. At 75% strain, new crystals, possibly with extended-chain conformation and needlelike microvoids, started to form, which coexisted with the original crystals (dominated by folded-chain conformation). Because of the destruction of original crystals, the applied stress was found to decrease slightly after the yield point. Above 120% strain, the stress increased linearly with strain partially due to the formation of new crystals. Long periods of new crystals decreased with strain upon further stretching. During relaxation, a large amount of well-oriented new crystals remained in the sample. As a result, only 55% of the original sample length was recovered. The long period of the new crystals after relaxation was about 15 nm, much smaller than that of the original crystals (24 nm). Strain-induced microvoids were also found to remain in the sample after relaxation.
EPR Study of TiO2 Based Nanotubes and NO2 Adsorption (2004)

TiO2 nanotubes were synthesized via reaction of TiO2 particles and NaOH solution. The average diameter of nanotubes was 15–20 nm and the active surface area increased by a factor of 13 in comparison to TiO2 powder. When a TiO2 nanotube material was exposed to NO2 gas a strong adsorption of gas on the nanotube surface was observed. A strong echo signal was detected in pulsed EPR experiments below 200 K. A field sweep echo experiments revealed two distinct signals: three‐lines at g=2, which are due to NO2 radical, and a broad line with singularities at g= 2.09 and g= 2.49. The origin of the broad signal is at the moment not yet clear. Spin lattice relaxation time measurements demonstrated that at temperatures above 50 K the reorientation dynamics of adsorbed NO2 molecules is thermally activated (Ea= 10 meV) while at low temperatures the molecules become nearly static on the EPR time scale. Upon extended heating at 60 °C in air the NO2 EPR signal almost completely disappeared.
HIV Sequence Compendium 2015 (2015)

This compendium is an annual printed summary of the data contained in the HIV sequence database. We try to present a judicious selection of the data in such a way that it is of maximum utility to HIV researchers. Each of the alignments attempts to display the genetic variability within the different species, groups and subtypes of the virus. This compendium contains sequences published before January 1, 2015. Hence, though it is published in 2015 and called the 2015 Compendium, its contents correspond to the 2014 curated alignments on our website. The number of sequences in the HIV database is still increasing. In total, at the end of 2014, there were 624,121 sequences in the HIV Sequence Database, an increase of 7% since the previous year. This is the first year that the number of new sequences added to the database has decreased compared to the previous year. The number of near complete genomes (>7000 nucleotides) increased to 5834 by end of 2014. However, as in previous years, the compendium alignments contain only a fraction of these. A more complete version of all alignments is available on our website, http://www.hiv.lanl.gov/ content/sequence/NEWALIGN/align.html As always, we are open to complaints and suggestions for improvement. Inquiries and comments regarding the compendium should be addressed to seq-info@lanl.gov.
MICROBIAL METABOLISM OF AN ANTI-HIV AND ANTI-MALARIAL NATURAL PRODUCT ANDROGRAPHOLIDE (2014)

Objective: Andrographolide ( 1 ), the main crystalline bitter principle of Andrographis paniculata nees. (also known as rice bitter in the West Indies) was first isolated by Gorter, and characterized as trihydroxy lactone. It was also isolated from Holmskilodia sanguinea in very good yield. It possesses a wide range of biological activities, which is also important in the therapeutic fields including anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, anti-viral, immuno-stimulant, anti-HIV, and cardiovascular properties. In the present study, we first time studied the microbial metabolism of andrographolide ( 1 ) with Cunninghamella elegans (TSY 0865) and Cephalosporium aphidicola (IMI-68689). Methods: Microbial cultures of the C. elegans and C. aphidicola were grown on Potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C and stored at 4°C. Medium for C. aphidicola was prepared by mixing Glucose (50.0 g), KH 2 PO 4 (1.0 g), MgSO 4 .7H 2 O (2.0 g), Glycin (2.0 g), KCl (1.0 g) and Gibberella trace element solution (2.0 mL) into distilled water (1 L) and maintained pH at 5.6. While C . elegans medium was prepared by adding Glucose (10.0 g), peptone (5.0 g), KH 2 PO 4 (5.0 g), yeast extract (5.0 g), NaCl (5.0 g) and glycerol (10 mL) into distilled water (1 L) and maintained pH at 5.6. Results: Two compounds were obtained as transformed products. Based on physical and spectroscopic data, these have been identified as andropanolide ( 2 ) and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydro andrographolide ( 3 ). Both compounds were previously obtained by the phytochemical investigation of A. paniculata and biotransformed product as well. Conclusion: It could be concluded that C. elegans and C. aphidicola were able to produce oxidative derivatives of 1 in a regio- and stereoselective manner. Present investigation has been conducted for the first time with C. elegans and C. aphidicola . Incubation of 1 for 9 days with fungal strains yielded isomerized and oxidative products 2 and 3 . Structures of all metabolites were elucidated by using spectroscopic techniques.
Quantum Dots for Displays and Lighting (2013)

Quantum dots (QDs) are interesting material options for the lighting and display markets, however, several limitations have limited QD applicability. This tutorial will review both limitations and breakthroughs in QD performance that has led to their recent commercialization in both of these markets. 150-word Biography: Dr. Seth Coe-Sullivan is co-founder, member of the Board of Directors, and Chief Technology Officer of QD Vision. He received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in May 2005, where his thesis work led to the formation of QD Vision. Seth&#x2019;s technology expertise includes quantum dot materials and devices for solid state lighting and displays, as well as the environmental health and safety implications of quantum dots and nanomaterials. His role as CTO spans technology and intellectual property strategy, technical marketing, fundraising, and business development for advanced projects. Seth was awarded Technology Review Magazine&#x2019;s TR35 Award in 2006, naming him one of the top 35 innovators under the age of 35. Under his technology leadership, QD Vision won the Wall Street Journal&#x2019;s Innovation Award in 2009, New England Clean Energy Council&#x2019;s Emerging Company of the Year Award in 2010, and the SEMI Award for North America in 2012.
Online Continual Learning for Embedded Devices (2022)

Real-time on-device continual learning is needed for new applications such as home robots, user personalization on smartphones, and augmented/virtual reality headsets. However, this setting poses unique challenges: embedded devices have limited memory and compute capacity and conventional machine learning models suffer from catastrophic forgetting when updated on non-stationary data streams. While several online continual learning models have been developed, their effectiveness for embedded applications has not been rigorously studied. In this paper, we first identify criteria that online continual learners must meet to effectively perform real-time, on-device learning. We then study the efficacy of several online continual learning methods when used with mobile neural networks. We measure their performance, memory usage, compute requirements, and ability to generalize to out-of-domain inputs.
Cooling, pressing and bagging (2021)

The debate on which cooling methods gave the best quality of hop. Foot pressing of hops in the pocket by a “bagster” eventually replaced by mechanised presses. Sewing up the hop pocket. Transport of hop pockets to market by boat or road
Grafted Epoxide Functionalized Polypropylene Carbonate Porogen for Low Dielectric Constant Epoxy Films (2017)

A nanoporous epoxy film was formulated by using chemically modified epoxide-terminated polypropylene carbonate (ePPC) as the porogen in an epoxy resin formulation. The ePPC was grafted onto styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer and further used to chemically crosslink with poly(bisphenol A diglycidyl ether) (pBPADGE). The SMA-pBPADGE crosslinking was initiated with a tertiary amine catalyst. After curing of the pBPADGE resin film, the ePPC was thermally decomposed and created volatile, small molecules that diffused through the film leaving a nanoporous epoxy film. The pore size distribution within the epoxy film with ePPC loadings of 5 to 20 wt% after thermal degradation of the porogen was mostly between 6 to 18 nm as measured by nitrogen absorption experiments. The dielectric constant of the resulting 20% porous epoxy film was 2.77 and dielectric loss of 0.015. Mechanical properties and glass transition temperature of the cured film decreased slightly compared to the same film without pores. The reduced modulus of the epoxy film with 20% pore volume was 8 GPa and the glass transition temperature of 142°C.
Innenrücktitelbild: Monitoring of Liquid‐Phase Organic Reactions by Photoelectron Spectroscopy (Angew. Chem. 11/2012) (2011)

Die nucleophile Substitution gehört seit den Pionierarbeiten von C. K. Ingold in den 1920er Jahren zu den fundamentalen organischen Reaktionsmechanismen. In der Zuschrift auf S. 2664 ff. verfolgen H.-P. Steinrück et al. die Alkylierung eines an ein Imidazoliumkation gebundenen tertiären Amins mit einem Chloralkylsulfonatanion durch Photoelektronenspektroskopie, welche zwischen kovalent gebundenem Chlor (Clcov) und Chlorid (Clion) unterscheiden kann.
Methods, systems and apparatus for controlling operation of an electric machine in an overmodulation region (2023)

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods, systems and apparatus for controlling operation of an electric machine in a vector controlled motor drive system when the electric machine operates in an overmodulation region. The disclosed embodiments can reduce variations/errors in the phase voltage command signals applied to the multi-phase machine so that phase current may be properly regulated thus reducing current/torque oscillation, which can in turn improve machine efficiency and performance, as well as utilization of the DC voltage source.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Application of a Proapoptotic Peptide to Intratumorally Spreading Cancer Therapy (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 3336K, Figure S1. Construction and identification of recombinant proteins from Bit1 cell death domain.&lt;/p&gt;
Software defined radio - 20 years later: part 2 [Guest Editorial] (2016)

Following the Part 1 that appeared in the September 2015 issue of IEEE Communications Magazine, this Part 2 of the Radio Communications Series features several papers illustrating key trends in software defined radio.
Enhancing robustness of handset antennas to finger loading effects (2009)

A novel handset antenna consisting of two small antennas is proposed to mitigate finger loading effects. Both antennas are excited with a different phase in order to maximise the bandwidth. A phantom hand has been used to perform the experiments. It demonstrates how the finger affects the radiation behaviour for three particular positions of the finger over the antenna area. Experimental results feature a wider input impedance bandwidth and a higher degree of immunity to finger loading effects when compared with a single-element approach.
Supplementary Table 1, Figures 1-5 from Affinity-Tuned ErbB2 or EGFR Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Exhibit an Increased Therapeutic Index against Tumors in Mice (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Table 1, Figures 1-5. Supplemental Table 1 (Table S1) - Affinity of a bivalent antibody (IgG KD) is largely different from it monovalent form (scFv KD). Supplemental Figure 1 (Fig. S1) - Surface expression level of ErbB2 detected by flow cytometry is correlated with mRNA level detected by quantitative PCR. Supplemental Figure 2 (Fig. S2) - CD107a up-regulation was different between higher affinity ErbB2 CART cells and lower affinity CART cells when stimulated with tumor cell lines expressing ErbB2 at different levels. Supplemental Figure 3 (Fig. S3) - More tumor cell lines tested in a CD107a assay confirmed that lower affinity ErbB2 CART cells only recognized ErbB2 over expression tumors. Supplemental Figure 4 (Fig. S4) - ErbB2 target dependent upregulation of CD107a of lower affinity ErbB2 CAR lentiviral transduced, as well as lower affinity ErbB2 CAR mRNA electroporated T cells. Supplemental Figure 5 (Fig. S5) - ErbB2 CART cells with decreased affinity controlled tumor growth as efficiently as ErbB2 CART cells with higher affinity.&lt;/p&gt;
The behaviour of very high current density power MOSFETs (2002)

This paper presents a new description of the operation of a power MOSFET which is aimed at assisting in the design of devices which operate at high current densities. We analyse the charge balances within a power MOSFET (DMOS or UMOS) and show how these conspire to dictate the operation of the device. We report on the manufacture of a UMOS device with 0.8 /spl mu/m cells with 0.4 /spl mu/m trench widths=540/spl times/10/sup 6/ cells/in/sup 2/.