gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spectre attacks (2020)

Modern processors use branch prediction and speculative execution to maximize performance. For example, if the destination of a branch depends on a memory value that is in the process of being read, CPUs will try to guess the destination and attempt to execute ahead. When the memory value finally arrives, the CPU either discards or commits the speculative computation. Speculative logic is unfaithful in how it executes, can access the victim's memory and registers, and can perform operations with measurable side effects. Spectre attacks involve inducing a victim to speculatively perform operations that would not occur during correct program execution and which leak the victim's confidential information via a side channel to the adversary. This paper describes practical attacks that combine methodology from side-channel attacks, fault attacks, and return-oriented programming that can read arbitrary memory from the victim's process. More broadly, the paper shows that speculative execution implementations violate the security assumptions underpinning numerous software security mechanisms, such as operating system process separation, containerization, just-in-time (JIT) compilation, and countermeasures to cache timing and side-channel attacks. These attacks represent a serious threat to actual systems because vulnerable speculative execution capabilities are found in microprocessors from Intel, AMD, and ARM that are used in billions of devices. Although makeshift processor-specific countermeasures are possible in some cases, sound solutions will require fixes to processor designs as well as updates to instruction set architectures (ISAs) to give hardware architects and software developers a common understanding as to what computation state CPU implementations are (and are not) permitted to leak.
D614G Spike Mutation Increases SARS CoV-2 Susceptibility to Neutralization (2020)

Summary The SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein acquired a D614G mutation early in the COVID-19 pandemic that appears to confer on the virus greater infectivity and is now the globally dominant form of the virus. Certain of the current vaccines entering phase 3 trials are based on the original D614 form of Spike with the goal of eliciting protective neutralizing antibodies. To determine whether D614G mediates neutralization-escape that could compromise vaccine efficacy, sera from Spike-immunized mice, nonhuman primates and humans were evaluated for neutralization of pseudoviruses bearing either D614 or G614 Spike on their surface. In all cases, the G614 pseudovirus was moderately more susceptible to neutralization. The G614 pseudovirus also was more susceptible to neutralization by monoclonal antibodies against the receptor binding domain and by convalescent sera from people known to be infected with either the D614 or G614 form of the virus. These results indicate that a gain in infectivity provided by D614G came at the cost of making the virus more vulnerable to neutralizing antibodies, and that the mutation is not expected to be an obstacle for current vaccine development.
PI3K/mTOR inhibition can impair tumor invasion and metastasis in vivo despite a lack of antiproliferative action in vitro: implications for targeted therapy (2013)

Erratum to: Breast Cancer Res Treat (2013),138:369–381,DOI 10.1007/s10549-012-2389-6. In the original publication of the article, the Fig. 4c and d were published erroneously. The revised Fig. 4 is given in this erratum.
Crossed–uncrossed projections from primate retina are adapted to disparities of natural scenes (2021)

In mammals with frontal eyes, optic-nerve fibers from nasal retina project to the contralateral hemisphere of the brain, and fibers from temporal retina project ipsilaterally. The division between crossed and uncrossed projections occurs at or near the vertical meridian. If the division was precise, a problem would arise. Small objects near midline, but nearer or farther than current fixation, would produce signals that travel to opposite hemispheres, making the binocular disparity of those objects difficult to compute. However, in species that have been studied, the division is not precise. Rather, there are overlapping crossed and uncrossed projections such that some fibers from nasal retina project ipsilaterally as well as contralaterally and some from temporal retina project contralaterally as well as ipsilaterally. This increases the probability that signals from an object near vertical midline travel to the same hemisphere, thereby aiding disparity estimation. We investigated whether there is a deficit in binocular vision near the vertical meridian in humans and found no evidence for one. We also investigated the effectiveness of the observed decussation pattern, quantified from anatomical data in monkeys and humans. We used measurements of naturally occurring disparities in humans to determine disparity distributions across the visual field. We then used those distributions to calculate the probability of natural disparities transmitting to the same hemisphere, thereby aiding disparity computation. We found that the pattern of overlapping projections is quite effective. Thus, crossed and uncrossed projections from the retinas are well designed for aiding disparity estimation and stereopsis.
Activation of nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen activated protein kinases in psoriatic arthritis before and after etanercept treatment. (2008)

Etanercept therapy resulted in a significant decrease in NFkappaB, JNK and ERK, but not in p38 activation. Persistent activation of these pathways, albeit reduced, may trigger positive feedback loops and flares of arthritis after cessation of etanercept.
Degradation Mechanism and Lifetime Improvement Strategy for Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes (2017)

Providing adequate lifetimes for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) has been a challenging issue for a long time because of the naturally weak chemical bonds of organic materials that can be damaged during electrical processes that drive light emission. The lifetime of OLEDs has been dramatically extended to the point where commercialization is feasible due to the development of stable materials and device structures that lessen the damage of the organic materials. However, the lifetime of high efficiency OLEDs represented by phosphorescent OLEDs is still short, and this prevents full utilization in red, green and blue colors. The lifetime of the blue phosphorescent OLEDs is particularly short, i.e., less than one tenth of the lifetime of conventional blue fluorescent OLEDs. Therefore, a large increase in the lifetime of the blue phosphorescent OLEDs is essential. In this work, recent results on the degradation mechanism and operational stability of blue phosphorescent OLEDs are reviewed by classifying them into material and device related approaches. In addition, ideal material and device plans to reach the lifetimes required for commercialization in blue phosphorescent OLEDs are proposed.
Evaluation of Cellular IoT for Energy-constrained WAIC Applications (2019)

Current aircraft sensor networks provide wired connectivity between sensors and avionics systems. This leads to inflexible cabin design, extra weight and high maintenance costs. For these reasons, the Wireless Avionics Intra-Communications (WAIC) standard defines the requirements of future wireless communication systems onboard next-generation aircraft. The majority of WAIC applications involve energy-constrained low data rate devices, which will operate over battery or with the support of energy harvesting techniques in the future. In this work, we investigate the suitability of the novel Long Term Evolution (LTE)/Fifth Generation (5G) wireless technologies for low data rate WAIC applications by means of analytical models and Narrow-Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) hardware experiments. The evaluation is performed in a real airplane and in the presence of external coexisting radio altimeter interference. All the results demonstrate the feasibility and energy efficiency of deploying NB-IoT as well as emerging 5G IoT technologies for future WAIC applications in the absence of interference and motivate the development of robustness techniques to suppress it.
Prioritizing collision avoidance and vehicle stabilization for autonomous vehicles (2015)

One approach to autonomous vehicle control is to generate and then track a desired trajectory without explicit consideration of vehicle stability. Stabilization is then entrusted to the vehicle's built-in production systems, such as electronic stability control, which constantly augment driving inputs to ensure stability. Other approaches explicitly consider stabilization criteria and implement permanently active constraints on the vehicle's actions. Situations exist, however, where enforcing stability constraints could lead to an otherwise avoidable collision. This paper presents an alternative paradigm for autonomous vehicle control that explicitly considers vehicle stability and environmental boundaries as it attempts to track a trajectory; such a mediator can choose to violate short term stability constraints in order to avoid a collision. Model predictive control provides an implementation framework, and an autonomous vehicle demonstrates the viability of the controller as it performs aggressive maneuvers. Driving around a turn at the vehicle's limits exhibits the importance of vehicle stability for autonomous vehicle control. Performing an emergency double lane change, however, highlights a situation where stability criteria must be temporarily violated to avoid a collision.
Radiosynthesis of [18F]PTV-F1, pitavastatin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor) derivative for Organic Anion Transporter Imaging of Liver (2015)

1012 Objectives Recently, we developed a pitavastatin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor) derivative for the imaging of OATP (Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide), (3R,5S,6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-(2-[18F]fluoroethoxy)phenyl)quinolin-3-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid ([18F]PTV-F1) for the clinical imaging of organic anion transporter of the liver. In this study, we synthesized [18F]PTV-F1 using a automatic synthesizer and then assessed quality control and safety of this radiotracer for clinical PET imaging. Methods The radiosynthesis of [18F]PTV-F1 was performed on a hybrid synthesizer, cassette-type multipurpose automatic synthesizer module (JFE Engineering Corporation). The fluorination of the tosylate precursor was performed by CH3CN in the presence of Krypofix 2.2.2 and potassium carbonate. The mixture was then treated with aqueous HCl. After purification of the crude product by HPLC, [18F]PTV-F1 was formulated for iv injection by sterile filtration through a 0.22 μm filter and dilution with 0.9% NaCl. The quality control tests of final products and safety assessment were performed. Results [18F]PTV-F1 was produced in about 80 minutes with radioactivity of 4.9±1.4 GBq, radiochemical yield (decay uncorrected) of 25.0±3.6%, radiochemical purity of >98.1% and specific activity of 197.2±49.3 GBq/µmol. The products meet the relevant quality standard such as the Quality Control of [18F]FDG. The reference compound was tested for toxicity in the mice. The effective dose for the adult dosimetric model was estimated to be 0.0121 mSv/MBq using OLINDA/EXM 1.1. Conclusions On this cassette-type multipurpose automatic synthesizer module, the synthesis of [18F]PTV-F1 for clinical grade was successfully implemented in our first-in-man study with healthy volunteers.
Biomechanical Comparison of the Screw-Bone Interface: Optimization of 1 and 2 Screw Constructs by Varying Screw Diameter (2006)

Failure modes for 1-screw constructs almost entirely (89%) showed gradual plowing through the bone, whereas acute fracture through the vertebral body or pedicles were common forms of failure (85%) for 2-screw constructs.
The eGenVar data management system—cataloguing and sharing sensitive data and metadata for the life sciences (2014)

Systematic data management and controlled data sharing aim at increasing reproducibility, reducing redundancy in work, and providing a way to efficiently locate complementing or contradicting information. One method of achieving this is collecting data in a central repository or in a location that is part of a federated system and providing interfaces to the data. However, certain data, such as data from biobanks or clinical studies, may, for legal and privacy reasons, often not be stored in public repositories. Instead, we describe a metadata cataloguing system and a software suite for reporting the presence of data from the life sciences domain. The system stores three types of metadata: file information, file provenance and data lineage, and content descriptions. Our software suite includes both graphical and command line interfaces that allow users to report and tag files with these different metadata types. Importantly, the files remain in their original locations with their existing access-control mechanisms in place, while our system provides descriptions of their contents and relationships. Our system and software suite thereby provide a common framework for cataloguing and sharing both public and private data. Database URL: http://bigr.medisin.ntnu.no/data/eGenVar/.
PAL/NTSC chroma subcarrier lock ASIC (2002)

A high performance video ASIC is presented. It has been implemented in a high frequency process array manufactured by Raytheon Semiconductors. The circuit performs the lock of the local oscillator on the input signal chroma subcarrier with a phase jitter less than 0.05 deg.
Evaluation of a Subunit H5 Vaccine and an Inactivated H5N2 Avian Influenza Marker Vaccine in Ducks Challenged with Vietnamese H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (2010)

The protective efficacy of a subunit avian influenza virus H5 vaccine based on recombinant baculovirus expressed H5 haemagglutinin antigen and an inactivated H5N2 avian influenza vaccine combined with a marker antigen (tetanus toxoid) was compared with commercially available inactivated H5N2 avian influenza vaccine in young ducks. Antibody responses, morbidity, mortality, and virus shedding were evaluated after challenge with a Vietnamese clade 1 H5N1 HPAI virus [A/VN/1203/04 (H5N1)] that was known to cause a high mortality rate in ducks. All three vaccines, administered with water-in-oil adjuvant, provided significant protection and dramatically reduced the duration and titer of virus shedding in the vaccinated challenged ducks compared with unvaccinated controls. The H5 subunit vaccine was shown to provide equivalent protection to the other two vaccines despite the H5 antibody responses in subunit vaccinated ducks being significantly lower prior to challenge. Ducks vaccinated with the H5N2 marker vaccine consistently produced antitetanus toxoid antibody. The two novel vaccines have attributes that would enhance H5N1 avian influenza surveillance and control by vaccination in small scale and village poultry systems.
Syndiotactic‐ and Isotactic Specific Bridged Cyclopentadienyl‐Fluorenyl Based Metallocenes; Structural Features, Catalytic Behavior (2004)

Abstract Summary: The stereochemistry of propylene insertion/propagation reactions with a variety of C s and C 1 symmetric, bridged cyclopentadienyl‐fluorenyl ligand containing metallocene catalysts are investigated. It is shown that active species with a local C s symmetry and enantiotopic coordination positions, in the general contest of the chain migratory insertion, behave syndioselective. However, the bilateral symmetry rule, “central dogma” of syndioselectivity, is not a catholic prerequisite and may be ignored by the C s systems whenever symmetric “excess” in steric bulk is present. An asymmetric “excess” of steric forces, on the other hand, will perturb the migratory insertion process completely and induce a full tactic inversion in resulting C 1 symmetric catalysts. The findings also reveal that C 2 symmetry and helicity of homotopic catalysts, conditions thought to be essential for high isoselectivity, can be lifted in light of recent developments in high performance centrally chiral, C 1 symmetric enantiotopic catalysts. Ligand outline, chain orientation, and monomer coordination mode with enantiomorphous active species. image Ligand outline, chain orientation, and monomer coordination mode with enantiomorphous active species.
Successful high-risk coronary angioplasty in a patient with cardiogenic shock under circulatory assist with a 16F axial flow pump (2005)

We report the case of a 75-year-old patient who suffered from subacute myocardial infarction and severely impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (EF: 17%). Using a novel 16F left ventricular assist device we performed an angioplasty of the right coronary artery, and of the left anterior descending artery. As a result of the circulatory support the patient recovered from cardiogenic shock within 8 hr. At a pump speed of 45,000 rpm the axial flow pump generated flow rates up to 3.3 l/min. The 16F pump cannula was removed using local compression. The EF was 51% at 30-day follow-up examination.
Heterogeneously-Distributed Joint Radar Communications: Bayesian Resource Allocation (2021)

Due to spectrum scarcity, the coexistence of radar and wireless communication has gained substantial research interest recently. Among many scenarios, the heterogeneously-distributed joint radar-communication system is promising due to its flexibility and compatibility of existing architectures. In this paper, we focus on a heterogeneous radar and communication network (HRCN), which consists of various generic radars for multiple target tracking (MTT) and wireless communications for multiple users. We aim to improve the MTT performance and maintain good throughput levels for communication users by a well-designed resource allocation. The problem is formulated as a Bayesian Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) based minimization subjecting to resource budgets and throughput constraints. The formulated nonconvex problem is solved based on an alternating descent-ascent approach. Numerical results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed allocation scheme for this heterogeneous network.
Chondrogenic potential of chick embryonic calvaria: II. Matrix calcium may repress cartilage differentiation (1995)

Chick embryos cultured in the absence of their eggshell are rendered severely calcium-deficient, and develop a cartilage-like phenotype in the calvarium, a normally osteogenic tissue. In the preceding paper (Jacenko and Tuan [1995] Dev. Dyn. 202:13-26), experiments using organ cultured calvaria from day-12 normal and shell-less embryos showed that depletion of calcium alone may be responsible in promoting chondrogenic differentiation in calvaria. Here these findings were extended using an in vivo calvarial grafting technique, such that the extent of calvarial matrix calcification was a function of the calcium status of both the graft and the host. In these calvarial grafts, undermineralized regions again were shown to support chondrogenesis. To identify possible mechanisms which promote chondrogenesis in the calvaria, cells were enzymatically dissociated from the calvaria and cultured in media with varied levels of soluble calcium, under conditions which should modulate cell-to-cell interactions, including monolayer, micromass, agarose gels, and suspension cultures. Soluble calcium had no effect on calvarial cell differentiation, whereas conditions which enhanced cell-cell interactions, e.g., suspension culture, elicited cartilage expression. Based on these findings, we propose that the calcified matrix of the calvarium is repressive to chondrogenesis during normal development, but that the lack of mineral in a calcium-deficient calvarium creates a microenvironment permissive for cell-to-cell interactions which lead to chondrogenic differentiation.
14.3: A Novel Concept of a Vein Viewer Based on a Bidirectional OLED Microdisplay (2013)

Abstract Bidirectional OLED based microdisplays offer interesting possibilities for new applications. A new optical concept of a veins viewer based on bidirectional OLED microdisplay will be presented. The veins viewer records an IR‐image of your veins and this image will be projected in the visible range onto your skin. This enables the visualization of the superficial blood vessels below human skin. Thereby, a simplified and not painful therapy of the patient is possible.
Combination of computer extracted shape and texture features enables discrimination of granulomas from adenocarcinoma on chest computed tomography (2018)

Differentiation between benign and malignant nodules is a problem encountered by radiologists when visualizing computed tomography (CT) scans. Adenocarcinomas and granulomas have a characteristic spiculated appearance and may be fluorodeoxyglucose avid, making them difficult to distinguish for human readers. In this retrospective study, we aimed to evaluate whether a combination of radiomic texture and shape features from noncontrast CT scans can enable discrimination between granulomas and adenocarcinomas. Our study is composed of CT scans of 195 patients from two institutions, one cohort for training ([Formula: see text]) and the other ([Formula: see text]) for independent validation. A set of 645 three-dimensional texture and 24 shape features were extracted from CT scans in the training cohort. Feature selection was employed to identify the most informative features using this set. The top ranked features were also assessed in terms of their stability and reproducibility across the training and testing cohorts and between scans of different slice thickness. Three different classifiers were constructed using the top ranked features identified from the training set. These classifiers were then validated on the test set and the best classifier (support vector machine) yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 77.8%.
Static and Dynamic Amplification Using Strong Mechanical Coupling (2016)

Amplifying the signal-to-noise ratio of resonant sensors is vital toward the effort to miniaturize devices into the sub-micro and nano regimes. In this paper, we demonstrate theoretically and experimentally, amplification through mechanically coupled microbeams. The device is composed of two identical clamped-clamped beams, made of polyimide, connected at their middle through a third beam, which acts as a mechanical coupler. Each of the clamped-clamped microbeams and the coupler are designed to be actuated separately, hence providing various possibilities of actuation and sensing. The coupled resonator is driven into resonance near its first resonance mode and its dynamic behavior is explored via frequency sweeps. The results show significant amplification in the resonator amplitude when the signal is measured at the midpoint of the coupler compared with the response of the individual uncoupled beams. The static pull-in characteristics of the resonator are also studied. It is shown that the compliant mechanical coupler can serve as a low-power radio frequency switch actuated at low voltage loads.