gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Charge Inversion Reaction (2016)

This document contains recommendations for terminology in mass spectrometry. Development of standard terms dates back to 1974 when the IUPAC Commission on Analytical Nomenclature issued recommendations on mass spectrometry terms and definitions. In 1978, the IUPAC Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy updated and extended the recommendations and made further recommendations regarding symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations. The IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy’s Subcommittee on Mass Spectroscopy revised the recommended terms in 1991 and appended terms relating to vacuum technology. Some additional terms related to tandem mass spectrometry were added in 1993 and accelerator mass spectrometry in 1994. Owing to the rapid expansion of the field in the intervening years, particularly in mass spectrometry of biomolecules, a further revision of the recommendations has become necessary. This document contains a comprehensive revision of mass spectrometry terminology that represents the current consensus of the mass spectrometry community.
Measurement of the track reconstruction efficiency at LHCb (2015)

The determination of track reconstruction efficiencies at LHCb using J/ψ→μ+μ- decays is presented. Efficiencies above 95% are found for the data taking periods in 2010, 2011, and 2012. The ratio of the track reconstruction efficiency of muons in data and simulation is compatible with unity and measured with an uncertainty of 0.8 % for data taking in 2010, and at a precision of 0.4 % for data taking in 2011 and 2012. For hadrons an additional 1.4 % uncertainty due to material interactions is assumed. This result is crucial for accurate cross section and branching fraction measurements in LHCb.
Red‐Light‐Controlled Protein–RNA Crosslinking with a Genetically Encoded Furan (2013)

Well red: A protein-RNA crosslinker has been genetically encoded that can be controlled with red light, thus offering high penetration depths in biological materials. This should enable the discovery and mapping of transient protein-RNA interactions and enable the design of peptide- and protein-based drugs for RNA-targeted photodynamic therapy.
Melanocyte Subpopulation Turnover During the Human Hair Cycle: An Immunohistochemical Study (2000)

The human hair cycle is characterized by successive phases of growth and involution that imply tissue regression and regeneration. As a consequence, the hair melanin unit has to be renewed in a cyclic manner. Actually, the behavior of human hair follicle melanocytes throughout the hair cycle has been poorly studied. Thus, the origin of melanocytes present in the bulb after human hair regeneration is still not clarified, and neither are the events that control the melanin biosynthesis activity in the human hair bulb. In this study, we showed at the cellular level that in human pigmented hair follicles, the expression of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1) was detectable during the anagen phases III/IV through VI, only in those melanocytes which were located in the bulb. During the catagen phase, the two evaluated melanogenic enzymes were detectable no more, although melanocytes were still present in the preceding bulbar area. The epithelial column of catagen follicles and the capsule of telogen follicles also contained inactive melanocytes as evidenced by pMel-17 labeling. At the induction of a new anagen hair follicle, some melanocytes were committed to cell division, but only when located in the nascent bulb close to the dermal papilla. Our results emphasize the close relationship between melanogenesis and the hair cycle and suggest that in humans, melanogenesis is restricted to anagen hair follicles not because of the regulation of tyrosinase activity, but because of melanogenic enzyme expression, e.g., tyrosinase and TRP-1. Furthermore, the fact that in the newly developing anagen hair follicles, cell-division commitment and tyrosinase and TRP-1 expression were observed in melanocytes only when located in the nascent bulb suggests a highly regio-specific melanocyte stimulation in early the anagen phase.
Generation of Extremely High Vacuum with a New Sputter Ion Pump. (1994)

We have developed a sputter ion pump (SIP) to obtain a lower ultimate pressure.
CK-2017357, a Novel Activator of Fast Skeletal Muscle, Increases Isometric Force Evoked by Electrical Stimulation of the Anterior Tibialis Muscle in Healthy Male Subjects (2010)

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
On Classification of High-Cardinality Data Streams (2011)

The problem of massive-domain stream classification is one in which each attribute can take on one of a large number of possible values. Such streams often arise in applications such as IP monitoring, super-store transactions and financial data. In such cases, traditional models for stream classification cannot be used because the size of the storage required for intermediate storage of model statistics can increase rapidly with domain size. Furthermore, the one-pass constraint for data stream computation makes the problem even more challenging. For such cases, there are no known methods for data stream classification. In this paper, we propose the use of massive-domain counting methods for effective modeling and classification. We show that such an approach can yield accurate solutions while retaining spaceand time-efficiency. We show the effectiveness and efficiency of the sketch-based approach. 1
Late Adverse Reaction to Iodixanol (Visipaque (2011)

Late adverse reactions to iodinated contrast medium are defined as reactions occurring 1 hour to 1 week after contrast medium injection. The majority of late adverse reactions are cutaneous reactions, and include itching, maculopapular rash, urticaria, erythematous patches, and angioedema. We report a patient with an iodixanol (Visipaque ® )-induced late adverse reaction. She was admitted for evaluation of nephrotic range proteinuria and edema. Abdomen and chest enhanced computed tomography was performed as a malignancy work-up. Sixteen hours after radiocontrast exposure, her entire body felt itchy. A maculopapular rash was first detected on her back and abdomen 24 hours after exposure, and spread over her entire body, including her face. Her skin lesions resolved completely in 5 days after administering steroid and antihistamine. We should consider late adverse reactions of iodinated contrast medium when we detect skin lesions late after radiocontrast use. (Korean J Med 2011;81:130-134)
Atomic and Electronic Structures of Molecular Crystalline Cellulose Iβ:  A First-Principles Investigation (2005)

A theoretical model based on the competition between hydrogen-bonding energy and strain energy was constructed to explain the size of native cellulose Iβ. The cellodextrins in native crystalline cellulose Iα and Iβ are unusually stable compared to other polysaccharides, not easily prone to hydrolysis even though they are only nanometers in diameter. The stability of crystalline cellulose Iβ is most likely due to its greatly enhanced hydrogen-bonding (HB) network. We carried out ab initio calculations to determine the native crystalline cellulose Iβ atomic and conformational structures. For crystalline cellulose, we found that every hydroxyl group in the cellulose structure is hydrogen bonded as both a donor and an acceptor. This agrees well with published X-ray and neutron diffraction data. We also determined the electronic structures and the energetics for one cellodextrin chain, one to four sheets of cellodextrins in cellulose, and the bulk cellulose Iβ.
Pressure Induced Twist Grain Boundary Phase (1995)

Abstract We report high pressure studies on a binary system of 4-(2′-methyl butyl)phenyl 4′-n-octyl biphenyl-4-carboxylate (CE8 from BDH) and 4-n- dodecyloxy biphenyl-4′-(2′-methyl butyl)benzoate (C12). For the concentration range 0.32<X<0.62, where X is the weight fraction of C12, the system shows the following sequence of transitions at room pressure: Isotropic- Cholesteric (Ch)-Twist Grain Boundary (TGB)-Smectic A (A)Smectic C− (C*). For X=0.25, the Ch phase transforms directly to the A phase at 1 bar, but there is an induced TGB phase between the Ch and A phases at elevated pressures. Analysis of the topology of the pressure-temperature diagram in the vicinity of the Ch-TGB-A meeting point indicates that is a critical end point rather than a bicritical point as expected from the mean field theory. At X=0.64 there is a direct TGB-C* transition at 1 bar, but there appears a pressure induced A phase between the TGB and C* phases. The topology of the phase diagram suggests that the TGB-A-C* meeting point is a bicritical point.
The Birefringent Texture of Nematic Liquid Crystals Confined to Capillary Tubes with Square Cross-Section (2000)

Abstract The structure of nematic liquid crystal director fields in supramicrometer capillary tubes with square cross-section is studied using polarizing optical microscopy. Frank elastic theory is used to determine theoretical director configurations for this geometry.
Magnetotelluric imaging of the Society Islands hotspot (1998)

In April‐June 1989, seafloor magnetotelluric data across and along the leading edge of the Tahiti hotspot were obtained. The magnetotelluric response functions were found to be strongly influenced by bathymetric and island effects, and a new procedure for modeling and removing this distortion using a thin sheet approach combined with the measured water depths is introduced. The corrected response functions are consistent with a two‐dimensional structure. Inversion of the data shows a slightly higher conductivity (relative to a reference site located away from the hotspot) down to 130 km depth beneath the active area southeast of Tahiti underlain by a more resistive structure. There is a suggestion for a change in conductivity in the 400–450 km depth range, which is consistent with elevated temperatures. This result is consistent with a mantle plume of limited extent (less than 150 km radius) located near the leading edge of the Tahiti hotspot. The magnetotelluric data provide no evidence for lithospheric thinning or for a strong thermal influence over a large area, as would be required by a superswell model.
Task-induced edge density as a marker for dynamic network formation in fMRI (2015)

The formation of transient networks in response to external stimuli or as a reflection of internal cognitive processes is a hallmark of human brain function. However, in the past twenty years, task-based fMRI studies have primarily focused on signal amplitude changes or connectivity related to a few selected nodes. Shifting focus away from signal amplitudes or constraining connectivity patterns of a few selected nodes, we propose an alternative view on fMRI data analysis by considering large-scale, task-induced synchronization networks. Networks consist of nodes and edges connecting them, where nodes in our method correspond to voxels in fMRI data, and the weight of an edge between any two voxels is determined via task-induced changes in dynamic synchronization between their respective times series. Based on these definitions, we developed a new data analysis algorithm that is designed to identify time series of voxels in an fMRI image that collectively synchronize in response to a task. At the heart of our approach is the concept of spatially localized and task-induced edge density motivating us to call this algorithm "TED" (Task induced Edge Density). In short, TED identifies edges in a brain network that differentially respond in unison to a task onset and that occur in dense packs of edges with similar responses to tasks. We found TED to be a very strong marker for dynamic network formation that easily lends itself to statistical analysis using large scale statistical approaches such as the local false discovery rate (local fdr). A major advantage of TED compared to other network-based methods is that it does not require a presegmentation of the data for dimensionality reduction as it can handle large networks consisting of tens of thousands of voxels. Because its conceptual basis is task-induced synchronization it does not depend on a hemodynamic response model. We applied TED to task-based fMRI data provided by the Human Connectome Project focusing on the motor, social recognition and working memory tasks. In all cases, TED identified several task-specific, large-scale patterns of synchronization. We conclude that the new TED method provides us with an entirely new window into the immense complexity of human brain function.
Multiplicative regression via constrained least squares (2014)

This paper considers multiplicative models for predicting a response variable as a product of predictor variables. In the ideal case of known model parameters, the minimum mean squared error predictor is derived and its performance is shown to be fundamentally limited by the magnitude of the multiplicative error component. For estimating model parameters from data, the methods of logarithmically-transformed ordinary least squares (OLS) and nonlinear least squares (NLS) are discussed. We then propose a constrained least squares (CLS) regression method that combines the NLS objective function with a constraint based on the OLS solution. In experiments on log-normal and gamma-distributed data, CLS yields significant improvements in mean squared prediction error by avoiding large errors in parameter estimates and better accommodating model mismatch. We also compare the performances of the regression methods using real-world health care usage data.
Session 12 Detectors, sensors, and displays &#8212; Silicon sensors and displays (1982)

Start of the above-titled section of the conference proceedings.
Effects of Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I on Muscle in Mouse Models of Human Growth Disorders (2006)

The precise effects of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on muscle development and physiology are relatively unknown. Furthermore, there have been conflicting reports on the effects of GH/IGF-I on muscle. Distinguishing the direct effects of GH versus those of IGF-I is problematic, but animal models with altered GH/IGF-I action could help to alleviate some of the conflicting results and help to determine the independent actions of GH and IGF-I. The phenotypes of several mouse models, namely the GH receptor-gene-disrupted (GHR -/-) mouse and a variety of IGF-I -/- mice, are summarized, which ultimately will aid our understanding of this complex area.
Medium frequency transformers for solid-state-transformer applications &#x2014; Design and experimental verification (2013)

Solid-state-transformer technology pushes the specifications of electric transformers in the high-power medium-frequency range. This combination results in larger-sized transformers operating at higher frequencies whereby parasitic phenomenon should be carefully accounted for. This paper presents an analytical description of the limiting factors and the connection between frequency/power rating and the available core and copper conductor technology on the power density and efficiency of medium-frequency transformers. Furthermore, two designed transformers for 166kW/20kHz based on two different core materials and cooling systems are presented. Extensive copper, core and cooling system loss measurements on one of these transformers are discussed in order to analyze the transformers' behavior from a practical point of view.
Comprehensive Analysis of Positive and Negative Bias Temperature Instabilities in High-k/Metal Gate Stack Metal–Oxide–Silicon Field Effect Transistors with Equivalent Oxide Thickness Scaling to Sub-1 nm (2008)

We have undertaken a comprehensive analysis of the positive bias temperature instability (PBTI) and negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) reliabilities of high-k/metal gate stacks. In the case of PBTI, electron traps constituted the main factor in drain current degradation resulting in an initial jump in threshold voltage shift due to fast transient electron traps, which depended only on stress voltage, because of the formation of positive oxygen vacancies near the cathode. However, in the case of NBTI, both interface state degradation (including interface hole traps) and hole traps in bulk HfSiON should be considered. We have clarified that the interface layer quality is related to not only the high transconductance but also the hole traps. The use of a high-quality interfacial layer, such as a wet oxide interface, represents a promising solution for the improvement of NBTI lifetime.
Effective Creation of Spin Polarization in p-Type Ge from a Fe/GeO2Tunnel Contact (2013)

We examined electrical creation of spin-polarized carriers in heavily doped p-type Ge from a Fe/GeO 2 tunnel contact where GeO 2 is an amorphous insulator. Clear spin accumulation signals were successfully observed up to 300 K down to a very low voltage of 1 mV. In contrast to epitaxial Fe/MgO tunnel contact, the magnitude of spin accumulation signal exhibits a nearly symmetric behavior with respect to the bias voltage polarity. These results establish that GeO 2 is an effective tunnel barrier for spin injection and detection in germanium.
Sox2 modulatesLef-1expression during airway submucosal gland development (2014)

Tracheobronchial submucosal glands (SMGs) are derived from one or more multipotent glandular stem cells that coalesce to form a placode in surface airway epithelium (SAE). Wnt/β-catenin-dependent induction of lymphoid enhancer factor (Lef-1) gene expression during placode formation is an early event required for SMG morphogenesis. We discovered that Sox2 expression is repressed as Lef-1 is induced within airway SMG placodes. Deletion of Lef-1 did not activate Sox2 expression in SMG placodes, demonstrating that Lef-1 activation does not directly inhibit Sox2 expression. Repression of Sox2 protein in SMG placodes occurred posttranscriptionally, since the activity of its endogenous promoter remained unchanged in SMG placodes. Thus we hypothesized that Sox2 transcriptionally represses Lef-1 expression in the SAE and that suppression of Sox2 in SMG placodes activates Wnt/β-catenin-dependent induction of Lef-1 during SMG morphogenesis. Consistent with this hypothesis, transcriptional reporter assays, ChIP analyses, and DNA-protein binding studies revealed a functional Sox2 DNA binding site in the Lef-1 promoter that is required for suppressing β-catenin-dependent transcription. In polarized primary airway epithelium, Wnt induction enhanced Lef-1 expression while also inhibiting Sox2 expression. Conditional deletion of Sox2 also enhanced Lef-1 expression in polarized primary airway epithelium, but this induction was significantly augmented by Wnt stimulation. Our findings provide the first evidence that Sox2 acts as a repressor to directly modulate Wnt-responsive transcription of the Lef-1 gene promoter. These studies support a model whereby Wnt signals and Sox2 dynamically regulate the expression of Lef-1 in airway epithelia and potentially also during SMG development.
Range distribution of implanted cesium ions in silicon dioxide films (1988)

The distribution of ion-implanted cesium ions in thermally grown silicon dioxide has been examined over the implant energy range 50–145 keV using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The measured Cs concentration profiles were found to be closely approximated by positively skewed joined half-Gaussian distributions. The projected range and straggle of the Cs distributions were ∼25% greater than predictions based on the Linhard–Scharff–Schio/tt theory, and ∼10% greater than predictions made using the Monte Carlo method.
Generation of Flavor and Aroma Components by Microbial Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering Technology (1986)

The flavor and aroma of many foodstuffs are formed as a result of the action of enzymes and microorganisms. This knowledge can be exploited to obtain both complex flavor mixtures and individual flavor compounds via microbial fermentation and/or enzyme technology. Many different classes of compound can be obtained this way including esters, lactones, aldehydes, ketones and acids.
Clearance Reduction and Performance Gain Using Abradable Material in Gas Turbines (2008)

An improvement in the energy efficiency of industrial gas turbines can be accomplished by developing abradable seals to reduce the stator/rotor gap to decrease the tip leakage flow of gases in the hot gas components of the turbine. “ABRANEW” is a project funded by the European Commission aimed at developing a high temperature abradable material capable of controlled abrasion and resistant to erosion and oxidation. In order to define the basic parameters such as the component shape, the existing gap, the expected gap reduction, the seal thickness and other geometric parameters, a comprehensive review of the design of the blade/shroud/casing system was performed.
Comparative Studies on the Postantifungal Effect of Cispentacin and Pradimicin (BMY-28864) on Candida albicans. (1992)

The in vitro postantifungal effect (PAFE) following exposure of Candia albicans to cispentacin and pradimicin (BMY-28864) for short periods of time was investigated. A turbidometric method was used to measure cell regrowth following exposure to different concentrations (0.313 to 20μ/ml) of the two drugs for 0.5, 1 and 2hr at 30°C and 37°C. The PAFE was determined by the difference in time (hr) required for growth of the control and test cultures to reach the 0.5 absorbance level after removal of the drug by dilution. The length of the PAFE was dependent upon the drug concentration, exposure time and temperature and the strain of C. albicans being assayed. Optimal PAFEs ranged from 3.7 to >17.0hr with cispentacin and from 1.7 to >21.0hr with pradimicin (BMY-28864).
Measurement of the Hubble Constant from X‐Ray and 2.1 Millimeter Observations of Abell 2163 (1997)

We report 2.1 mm observations of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich (S-Z) effect; these observations confirm our previous detection of a decrement in the cosmic microwave background intensity toward the cluster Abell 2163. The S-Z data are analyzed using the relativistically correct expression for the Comptonization. We begin by assuming the intracluster (IC) gas to be isothermal at the emission-weighted average temperature determined by a combined analysis of the ASCA and Ginga X-ray satellite observations. The results of ROSAT/PSPC observations are used to determine an isothermal model for the S-Z surface brightness. Fitting to this model, we determine the peak Comptonization to be y0 = 3.73+ 0.47−0.61×10−4. The uncertainty includes contributions due to statistical uncertainty in the detection, instrumental baseline, calibration, and density model. Combining the X-ray and S-Z measurements, we determine the Hubble constant to be H0(q0=½)=60+ 40−23 km s-1 Mpc-1, where the uncertainty is dominated by the systematic difference in the ASCA- and Ginga-determined IC gas temperatures. ASCA observations suggest the presence of a significant thermal gradient in the IC gas. We determine H0 as a function of the assumed IC gas thermal structure. Using the ASCA-determined thermal structure and keeping the emission-weighted average temperature the same as in the isothermal case, we find H0(q0 = ½) = 78+ 54−28 km s-1 Mpc-1. Including additional uncertainties due to cluster asphericity, peculiar velocity, IC gas clumping, and astrophysical confusion, we find H0(q0=½)=78+ 60−40 km s-1 Mpc-1.