gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving chip performance by photomask tuning: ultimate intra-field CD control as a major part of an overall excursion prevention strategy (2019)

Excursion prevention is one of the key points in the mission of leading edge foundries. In this paper, we concentrate on patterning excursions and how to prevent them. This strategy concentrates pro-actively on the task to minimize the distributions of critical input parameters as much as possible, independently upon a certain pre-defined specification is met or not. In our paper, we will describe this concept by improving intra-field CDU using CD Correction (CDC) by mask tuning. Mask Tuning by the ForTune system uses ultra-short pulse laser technology to locally change the mask transmission, based on the wafer intra-field CDU, and hence improves CDU on wafer (CDC). To ensure a save patterning with a large enough process window without any negative yield or reliability impact, our concept looks for the tail of the final CD distribution instead of traditional 3-sigma numbers. By using a calibrated 3D resist model, we simulate the wafer CD distribution under all combinations of the Litho input parameter distributions dose, focus and mask CDU. As a result of the simulation, we get thousands of CD-results. The tail of that CD distribution still needs to be larger than the minimum CD needed for a safe etch transfer. Based on our simulation data we can calculate patterning failure probabilities and thus expected yield loss for the different patterning cases, including systematic process deviations (mask, dose, focus). At the final step, we will show in detail how the pro-active optimization of intra-field CDU by Mask Tuning using the ForTune CDC process will give us more patterning margin and thus will reduce the failure probability dramatically. The calculated yield loss for the worst scenario (focus and dose offset additionally to the mask signature) will be reduced from several percentages close to zero.
Electrical properties of oxide-coated metal (Co, Cr, Ti) cluster assemblies (2003)

Oxide-coated metal (Co, Cr and Ti) cluster assemblies whose mean cluster sizes are 8–13 nm have been fabricated by a plasma-gas-condensation type cluster beam deposition technique. With increasing oxygen gas flow rate R, the oxide-coated metal cluster-assembled films exhibit a metal–nonmetal transition. In the metallic regime, the resistivity reveals ln T dependence at low temperature due to weak localization of conduction electrons and/or electron–electron interactions in the disordered oxide-coated cluster-assembled films. The ln T dependence still remains for the very thick oxide-coated metal-cluster-assembled films (the actual thickness tc = 2400 nm) which is clearly a three-dimensional system. This behavior can be interpreted by a low dimensionality of the three-dimensional oxide-coated cluster assemblies because of a porous cluster stacking and imperfect or non-uniform oxide shell.
Responses of the electron transfer capacity of soil humic substances to agricultural land-use types (2018)

Humic substances (HS) are redox-active organic compounds that constitute a major fraction of natural organic matter in soils. The electron transfer capacity (ETC) of soil HS is mainly dependent on the type and abundance of redox-active functional groups in their structure. It is unclear whether or not agricultural land-use types can affect the ETC of HS in soils. In the present study, we evaluate the responses of ETCs of soil humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) to different agricultural land-use types. Our results show that both HA and FA of paddy soil showed the highest ETCs, followed by tomato soil, celery cabbage soil, grapevine soil, and myrica rubra soil, respectively. Agricultural land-use types could affect the transformation and decomposition of HS in soils, and thus further change the intrinsic chemical structures associated with ETC. Consequently, the ETC of soil HS exerts a significant difference among different agricultural land-use types. The results of this study could give insight into the roles of HS redox properties on the transport, fate, and redox conversion of organic and inorganic pollutants in different agricultural soils.
Why is MPI so slow? (2017)

This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the software overheads in the MPI performance-critical path and exposes mandatory performance overheads that are unavoidable based on the MPI-3.1 specification. We first present a highly optimized implementation of the MPI-3.1 standard in which the communication stack---all the way from the application to the low-level network communication API---takes only a few tens of instructions. We carefully study these instructions and analyze the root cause of the overheads based on specific requirements from the MPI standard that are unavoidable under the current MPI standard. We recommend potential changes to the MPI standard that can minimize these overheads. Our experimental results on a variety of network architectures and applications demonstrate significant benefits from our proposed changes.
Kidney epithelial cell growth is stimulated by lowering extracellular potassium concentration (1983)

The factors that induce kidney growth in K+-depleted animals are unknown. To determine if the low extracellular fluid K+ concentration could act as a growth stimulus, cultures of monkey kidney epithelial cells from the BSC-1 line were studied in media with a low-K+ concentration. Growth of confluent cultures was accelerated maximally at a K+ concentration of 3.2 mM, whereas concentrations of 2.9 and 3.5 mM were also stimulatory but to a lesser extent. Because growing renal tissue from K+-depleted rats was previously found to exhibit increased uptake of nutrient molecules, evidence for enhanced uptake was sought in BSC-1 cells after exposure to low-K+ medium. The uptake of 10 different nutrient molecules was enhanced in cells exposed to low-K+ medium for 30 s. These observations indicate that a reduced extracellular K+ concentration per se stimulates proliferation of renal epithelial cells in culture and could be one of the factors that mediate kidney growth in K+-depleted animals.
Experimental analysis of energy transfers between a quantum emitter and light fields (2022)

Energy transfer between quantum systems can either be achieved through an effective unitary interaction or through the generation of entanglement. This observation defines two types of energy exchange: unitary and correlation energy. Here we propose and implement experimental protocols to access these energy transfers in interactions between a quantum emitter and light fields. Upon spontaneous emission, we measure the unitary energy transfer from the emitter to the optical field and show that it never exceeds half of the total energy and is reduced when introducing decoherence. We then study the interference of the emitted field and a laser field at a beam splitter and show that the energy transfers quantitatively depend on the quantum purity of the emitted field.
An ion‐storage time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer for analysis of electrospray ions (1991)

A preliminary design and implementation of a novel approach to electrospray-mass spectrometry are described. Based on a time-of-flight mass analysis, the instrument provides several important advantages for on-line mass analysis: 1, simplicity, ease of use and low manufacturing cost; 2, rapid scan speed, yielding quasi-instantaneous full mass scans at repetition rates up to several kHz; 3, soft ionization and accurate mass determination of extremely large analyte molecules; 4, high sensitivity.
Evidence for the direct decay of the 125 GeV Higgs boson to fermions (2014)

From the manner of its discovery in 2012, it was apparent that the 125 GeV Higgs boson couples to bosons, but does it couple to fermions too? Yes, says the CMS Collaboration at CERN, who present combined evidence of Higgs decay to pairs of bottom quarks and pairs of tau leptons.
W121004 Multi-objective Optimization Technique in Thermal Design Inspires Japanese MONOZUKURI (2014)

We present the multi-objective optimization method for thermal design. A pinfin heatsink is considered as an example of thermal design. Thermal resistance and pressure drop were the objective functions, and four geometric parameters, height, diameter, longitudinal pitch, and transverse pitch, were the design variables. The relationship between the objective functions and the design variables for pinfin heatsink was calculated. We claim and prove that this method is applicable to obtain design rules.
Optical properties of infrared femtosecond laser-modified fused silica and application to waveguide fabrication (2005)

We investigate the changes in the optical properties of fused silica exposed to intense infrared femtosecond pulses. The laser-induced absorption spectrum reveals the creation of color centers inside the glass matrix, comparable with those observed in ultraviolet-exposed fused silica. The laser-induced absorption is associated with a laser-induced refractive-index change, which can be used for waveguide fabrication. The change in third-order susceptibility in such waveguides is measured by third-harmonic-generation microscopy as a function of the irradiation parameters.
N‐Acetyl‐Aspartyl‐Glutamate: Regional Levels in Rat Brain and the Effects of Brain Lesions as Determined by a New HPLC Method (1984)

An isocratic HPLC method to measure endogenous N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) and N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) is described. After removal of primary amines by passage of tissue extracts over AG-50 resin, the eluate was subject to HPLC anion-exchange analysis and eluted with phosphate buffer with absorbance monitored at 214 nm. The retention time for NAA was 5.6 min and for NAAG 11.4 min with a limit sensitivity of 0.1 nmol. The levels of NAA and NAAG were measured in 16 regions of rat brain and in heart and liver. NAAG was undetectable in heart and liver and exhibited 10-fold variation in concentration among brain regions; the highest levels were found in spinal cord. In contrast, low concentrations of NAA were detectable in heart and liver, and the regional distribution of NAA in brain varied only twofold. The regional distribution of NAA and NAAG correlated poorly. To assess the neuronal localization of these two compounds, the effects of selective brain lesions on their levels were examined. Decortication caused a 28% decrease in NAAG levels in the ipsilateral striatum while NAA decreased 38%. Kainate lesion of the striatum resulted in a 31% decrease in NAAG in the ipsilateral striatum, whereas NAA fell by 58%. Kainate lesion of the hippocampus resulted in significant decrements in NAAG and NAA in the hippocampus and septum. Transection of the spinal cord at midthorax resulted in a 51% decrease in NAAG levels immediately caudal and a 40% decrease immediately rostral to the lesion; however, NAA decreased only 30% in these areas. These results are consistent with a neuronal localization of NAAG in brain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Acute Coronary Syndrome in an Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Referral Centre in Central Nepal: The Spectrum and Coronary Risk Factors. (2013)

Introduction: Acute coronary syndrome is the major leading cause for coronary care unit admission. Its spectrum comprises a variety of disorders including unstable angina, non ST elevation and ST elevation myocardial infarction.Methods: An observational study was designed to study the spectrum of acute coronary syndrome and associated coronary heart disease risk factors in subjects admitted in intensive care unit from August 2009 to September 2010. Details including coronary risk factors and the categories and outcomes of acute coronary syndrome were analyzed.Results: A total of 57 subjects were included in the study. The majority (63.1%) were males. The mean age was 64.54±13.8 years. Five (8.8%) patients were ≤45 years and 29 (50.88%) patients were ≥65 years. Majority of the patients were smokers (50.87%). The other major coronary heart disease risk factors were diabetes (43.85%), hypertension (36.87%), dyslipidemia (26.32%) and previous history of coronary heart disease (31.58%). Coronary heart disease figured prominently in the family history as well (26.32%). ST elevation myocardial infarction was the major category (42.11%) followed by non-ST elevation myocardial infarction and unstable angina (31.58% and 26.32% respectively). Myocardial infarction complicated with cardiogenic shock had very high mortality (83.33%). Conclusions: The ST elevation myocardial infarction was the major clinical form of acute coronary syndrome admitted in intensive care unit. Prevention should be targeted on modifiable risk factors such as the management of risk factors. In addition, the improvement in cardiology service with the establishment of CCU and cathlab might alter the mortality and morbidity in ACS management.Keywords: acute coronary syndrome; coronary risk factors; intensive care unit.
Use of Bacterial Nanocellulose for Pickering Stabilization of Methyl Methacrylate Suspension Polymerizations (2020)

Abstract Nanocellulose is a promising material for pickering stabilization of liquid‐liquid and solid‐liquid dispersions because it is a natural and sustainable material that can present surface activity. For this reason, the present work investigates the stability of aqueous dispersions of methyl methacrylate (MMA) prepared in presence of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) and the use of BNC as suspending agent in free‐radical MMA suspension polymerization reactions. The dispersion stability is evaluated through sedimentation and phase separation analyses, using empirical statistical models to characterize the main effects of operation variables on the preparation of aqueous MMA dispersions. Then, suspension polymerization reactions are carried out at different conditions to characterize the stabilizing performances of the analyzed BNCs during actual reaction trials. Particularly, it is shown that modification of both the BNC concentration and the emulsification conditions can affect the final stability of the obtained emulsions. Additionally, it is shown that PMMA microparticles with diameters ranging from 300 to 1500 µm can be synthesized using BNC as stabilizer and AIBN as initiator, enhancing the sustainable characteristics of the analyzed processes.
Mutations in the Catalytic Domain of Prohormone Convertase 2 Result in Decreased Binding to 7B2 and Loss of Inhibition with 7B2 C-terminal Peptide (2000)

Prohormone convertases 1 (PC1) and 2 (PC2) are members of a family of subtilisin-like proprotein convertases responsible for proteolytic maturation of a number of different prohormones and proneuropeptides. Although sharing more than 50% homology in their catalytic domains, PC1 and PC2 exhibit differences in substrate specificity and susceptibility to inhibitors. In addition to these differences, PC2, unlike PC1 and other members of the family, specifically binds the neuroendocrine protein 7B2. In order to identify determinants responsible for the specific properties of the PC2 catalytic domain, we compared its primary sequence with that of other PCs. This allowed us to distinguish a PC2-specific sequence at positions 242-248. We constructed two PC2 mutants in which residues 242 and 243 and residues 242-248 were replaced with the corresponding residues of PC1. Studies of in vivo cleavage of proenkephalin, in vivo production of alpha-MSH from proopiomelanocortin, and in vitro cleavage of a PC2-specific artificial substrate by mutant PC2s did not reveal profound alterations. On the other hand, both mutant pro-PC2s exhibited a considerably reduced ability to bind to 21-kDa 7B2. In addition, inhibition of mutant PC2-(242-248) by the potent natural inhibitor 7B2 CT peptide was almost completely abolished. Taken together, our results show that residues 242-248 do not play a significant role in defining the substrate specificity of PC2 but do contribute greatly to binding 7B2 and are critical for inhibition with the 7B2 CT peptide.
Functional Characterization of the L-Type Pyruvate Kinase Gene Glucose Response Complex (1993)

L-type pyruvate kinase (L-PK) gene expression is modulated by hormonal and nutritional conditions. We have previously shown that the glucose/insulin response element (GlRE) of the L-PK gene is built around two noncanonical E boxes (element L4) that cooperate closely with a contiguous binding site (element L3). We present in this report the identification of proteins that interact with both elements. The L3 site binds hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4)- and COUP/TF-related proteins. In fibroblasts, the overexpression of HNF4 transactivates the L-PK promoter. On the contrary, COUP/TF strongly inhibits the active promoter in hepatocytes. The L4 site binds the major late transcription factor (MLTF) in vitro and ex vivo; mutations that suppress this binding activity also inactivated the GlRE function. Mutations transforming one or two noncanonical E boxes of element L4 into consensus MLTF/USF binding sites strongly increase the affinity for MLTF/USF and do not impair the glucose responsiveness. However, merely the ability to bind MLTF/USF does not seem to be sufficient to confer a GlRE activity: those elements in which one E box has been destroyed and the other has been transformed into a consensus MLTF/USF sequence bind MLTF/USF efficiently but do not confer a high glucose responsiveness on the L-PK gene promoter. Consequently, the full activity of the L-PK GlRE seems to require the cooperation between two putative MLTF/USF binding sites located in the vicinity of an HNF4 binding site.
Synthesis of the Enantiomers of 6-Deoxy-myo-Inositol 1,3,4,5-Tetrakisphosphate, Structural Analogues of myo-Inositol 1,3,4,5-Tetrakisphosphate (2001)

In the paper by G. Horne and B. V. L. Potter published in Chem. Eur. J. 2001, 7, 80, there is a mistake in the drawing of some regiochemistry of the structural diagrams in Schemes 1–3. The correct structures are given below.
Effect of sulforaphane on metallothionein expression and induction of apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells (2005)

The molecular mechanism of sulforaphane on the induction of metallothionein (MT) genes in HepG2 cells and the antiproliferative effects of sulforaphane were investigated in this study. Treatment of the cells with sulforaphane at non-toxicity concentration (0-20 microM) resulted in coordinate increases in the induction of MT-I and MT-II mRNA, followed by corresponding increases in MT protein expression. Western blot analysis revealed the increased level of the transcription factor, Nrf2 in a time-dependent manner from sulforaphane-treated cells. Furthermore, sulforaphane activated the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 and PD98059, a specific inhibitor of ERK, abolished sulforaphane-induced MT protein expression, whereas SP600125, a specific inhibitor of JNK, had no significant effect. At relatively high concentration (30-100 microM), sulforaphane is a cell growth modulator, as it induced apoptotic cell death characterized by internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and caused a rapid induction of caspase 3 activity, according to the appearance of the caspase 3 fragments and stimulated proteolytic cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, sulforaphane-induced apoptotic cell death was accompanied by upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(l) protein. Sulforaphane-induced DNA fragmentation was blocked by the N-acetyl-L-cysteine and catalase, suggesting that the death signaling was triggered by oxidative stress. Taken together these results strongly suggest that at low concentrations of sulforaphane, activation of MAPKs, such as ERK and p38 pathway, lead to Nrf2-mediated MT gene expression. Whereas at a higher concentration, sulforaphane is an effective apoptosis inducer in HepG(2) cells through regulation of Bcl-2 family molecular and activation of ICE/Ced-3 protease (caspase 3) cascade. The results from this study may provide more evidence for its chemopreventive function.
Immunological Reactivity of Blood from Healthy Humans to the rAls3p‐N Vaccine Protein (2009)

We determined reactivity of human blood to a vaccine based on the recombinant N-terminus of candidal Als3p (rAls3p-N) in preparation for future clinical trials. Healthy donor plasma had high immunoglobulin G titers (median, 1:51,200) and lower immunoglobulin A (median, 1:3,200) and immunoglobulin E (median, 1:128) titers to rAls3p-N by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. rAls3p-N stimulated interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin (IL)-17, but not IL-4, from donor lymphocytes by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay and IL-12 p70, IFN-gamma, IL-17, and IL-10 by cytometric bead array. Donors reacted to diverse immunodominant epitopes. Thus, facile humoral and cellular assays can monitor immune responses to the rAls3p-N vaccine in planned clinical trials.
Automated cell culture system for the production of cell aggregates with growth plate-like structure from induced pluripotent stem cells. (2023)

Programmable liquid handling devices for cell culture systems have dramatically enhanced scalability and reproducibility. We previously reported a protocol to produce cell aggregates demonstrating growth plate-like structures containing hypertrophic chondrocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). To apply this protocol to large-scale drug screening for growth plate-related diseases, we adapted it to the automated cell culture system (ACCS) consisting of programmable liquid handling devices connected to CO<sub>2</sub> incubators, a refrigerator, and labware feeders, designed for up to 4 batches with several cell culture plates culturing for several months. We developed a new program preparing culture media with growth factors at final concentration immediately before dispensing them to each well and precisely positioning the tip for the medium change without damaging cell aggregates. Using these programs on the ACCS, we successfully cultured cell aggregates for 56 days, only needing to replenish the labware, medium, and growth factors twice a week. The size of cell aggregates in each well increased over time, with low well-to-well variability. Cell aggregates on day 56 showed histochemical, immunohistochemical, and gene expression properties of growth plate-like structures containing hypertrophic chondrocytes, indicating proper quality as materials for basic research and drug discovery of growth plate related diseases. The established program will be a suitable reference for making programs of experiments requiring long term and complex culture procedures using ACCS.
EZ interface techniques for anytime anywhere anyone interfaces (1999)

Electronic products are being introduced at an increasingly rapid rate into our schools, workplaces, and daily living environments. Rather than taking the form of standard desktop systems, however, many of these new technologies are small mobile systems which are intended to be used in a wide variety environments. This is calling for the development of new more flexible interface strategies which can be used at various times in eyes free, hands free, silent and noisy situations and environments. In addition, the ability for people with disabilities to be able to access and use these products is an increasingly important issue which also calls for the development of flexible user selectable input and display approaches. Proposed is a package of interface techniques called "EZ Access™." Together, these techniques provide users with the ability to operate in a wide range of environments and situations. They similarly are able to accommodate individuals with a wide range of abilities or constraints. The strategies have been designed so that they are flexible enough to be applied to a wide range of products from cellular phones to ATMs to pocket computers, to microwave ovens.
Correction to: Genomic analysis of Leptospira interrogans serovar Paidjan and Dadas isolates from carrier dogs and comparative genomic analysis to detect genes under positive selection (2019)

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