gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A property based security risk analysis through weighted simulation (2011)

The estimation of security risks in complex information and communication technology systems is an essential part of risk management processes. A proper computation of risks requires a good knowledge about the probability distributions of different upcoming events or behaviours. Usually, technical risk assessment in Information Technology (IT) systems is concerned with threats to specific assets. However, for many scenarios it can be useful to consider the risk of the violation of particular security properties. The set of suitable qualities comprises authenticity of messages or non-repudiability of actions within the system but also more general security properties like confidentiality of data. Furthermore, as current automatic security analysis tools are mostly confined to a technical point of view and thereby missing implications on an application or process level, it is of value to facilitate a broader view including the relation between actions within the IT system and their external influence. The property based approach aims to help assessing risks in a process-oriented or service level view of a system and also to derive a more detailed estimation on a technical level. Moreover, as systems' complexities are growing, it becomes less feasible to calculate the probability of all patterns of a system's behaviour. Thus, a model based simulation of the system is advantageous in combination with a focus on precisely defined security properties. This paper introduces the first results supporting a simulation based risk analysis tool that enables a security property oriented view of risk. The developed tool is based on an existing formal validation, verification and simulation tool, the Simple Homomorphism Verification Tool (SHVT). The new simulation software provides a graphical interface for a monitor automaton which facilitates the explicit definition of security properties to be investigated during the simulation cycles. Furthermore, in order to model different likelihoods of actions in a system, weighting factors can be used to sway the behaviour where the occurrence of events is not evenly distributed. These factors provide a scheme for weighting classes of transitions. Therefore, the tool facilitates probabilistic simulation, providing information about the probability distribution of satisfaction or violation of specified properties.
Expression of the SK2 calcium‐activated potassium channel is required for cholinergic function in mouse cochlear hair cells (2008)

Efferent inhibition of cochlear hair cells is mediated by 'nicotinic' cholinergic receptors functionally coupled to calcium-activated, small conductance (SK2) potassium channels. We recorded from cochlear hair cells in SK2 knockout mice to evaluate further the role of this channel in efferent function. Since cholinergic inhibitory synapses can be found on inner or outer hair cells, depending on developmental age, both cell types were studied. To determine if SK channel activity was indeed eliminated, seconds-long voltage-gated calcium influx was used to activate slowly rising and falling calcium-dependent potassium currents. These were identified as SK currents by their time course, calcium dependence and sensitivity to block by apamin in wild-type IHCs. IHCs from knockout mice had no SK current by these same criteria. Thus, the SK2 gene is solely responsible for encoding the SK channels of inner hair cells. Other aspects of hair cell excitability remained relatively unaffected. Unexpectedly, cholinergic synaptic currents were entirely absent from both inner and outer SK2-knockout hair cells. Further, direct application of ACh caused no change in membrane current, implying absent or otherwise dysfunctional ACh receptors. Immunohistology of whole-mounts using the antibody to the synaptic vesicle protein 2 (SV2) revealed a pronounced reduction of efferent innervation to outer hair cells (OHCs) in the knockout cochleas. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis, however, showed no change in the mRNA levels of alpha9 and alpha10 nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) genes. Thus, some aspect of translation or subsequent protein processing leads to non-functional or absent ACh receptors. These results indicate that SK2 channels are required both for expression of functional nAChRs, and for establishment and/or maintenance of efferent terminals in the cochlea.
TEAhM—Technologies for Enhancing Access to Health Management: A Pilot Study of Community-Based Telehealth (2012)

This pilot study demonstrates that telehealth was embraced by clients and staff of community-based senior centers. A larger study is needed to determine the clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of using senior centers as a venue for telehealth-based management of hypertension and other common chronic conditions.
Factors Contributing to the Success of NIH-Designated Underrepresented Minorities in Academic and Nonacademic Research Positions (2018)

We report the outcomes of a survey of underrepresented minorities (URMs) in life science academic (e.g., faculty) and nonacademic (e.g., research-related) positions seeking to ascertain variables that contribute to their success (e.g., favorable or desired outcome). Given that they had positions in research careers, all respondents were presumed to be successful, and we sought to identify shared factors that were associated with this success. As in previous studies, respondents reported that undergraduate research opportunities, performing research in small- to medium-sized laboratories, and access to mentors throughout all stages of training were important factors for success in their careers. Surprisingly, analysis of the survey results suggests that a record of publications in high-impact factor journals was not essential for their success. There were fundamental differences in the experiences and needs of URMs in academic and nonacademic careers. For example, academic URMs ranked having mentorship as their first choice in order of importance compared with the nonacademic respondents, who ranked this category as their fifth selection. These findings suggest that taking diverse approaches toward these groups is critical for ensuring that all of the most creative minds have an equal opportunity to contribute to realizing our national research goals and diversified workforce.
TiO2-supported Ni-Sn as an effective hydrogenation catalyst for aqueous acetic acid to ethanol (2020)

Various Ni and Ni-Sn catalysts supported on TiO2 were prepared and the catalytic activities were evaluated for ethanol formation from aqueous acetic acid. Although catalytic activities of the Ni/TiO2 catalysts were limited, the addition of Sn improved the activity dramatically, and the optimum Ni/Sn ratio was approximately 1:1 (w/w). SnO2, the precursor of Sn, could not be reduced into metal Sn in pure form but did reduce into Ni-Sn alloys in the presence of NiO, the precursor of Ni. Analyses with XRD and SEM-EDS revealed that the Ni-Sn alloys were homogeneously dispersed on the TiO2 surface. Furthermore, IR analysis indicated that the Ti atoms in the catalyst act as a Lewis acid, which coordinates to the oxygen atoms of acetic acid, enhancing the attack of hydrogens activated on neighboring Ni-Sn alloys. Based on these results, Ni-Sn/TiO2 is proposed as an effective hydrogenation catalyst for converting aqueous acetic acid into ethanol.
Real-time identification of tire-road friction conditions (2008)

Tire-road friction characteristics are deeply interlaced with all vehicle safety oriented control systems, as road conditions strongly affect the control schemes behavior. The main objective of this work is the real-time estimation of the wheel slip value corresponding to the peak of the tire-road friction curve, so that a reliable information on its current value can be made available to the ABS system upon activation. The proposed strategy is analyzed and tested both in simulation and on data collected on an instrumented test vehicle.
Thulium-fiber Laser Driven Mid-infrared Frequency Combs (2013)

One key enabling technology for the progress in frequency-comb spectroscopy in the molecular fingerprint region was the availability of novel mid-Infrared frequency comb sources driven by Thulium-fiber-laser technology. We will discuss recent advances in this technology. Article not available.
Controlling Bulk Optical Properties of Emissive Polymersomes through Intramembranous Polymer−Fluorophore Interactions (2007)

Interdisciplinary investigation at the interface of chemistry, engineering, and medicine has enabled the development of self-assembled nanomaterials with novel biochemical and electro-optical properties. We have recently shown that emissive polymersomes, polymer vesicles incorporating porphyrin-based fluorophores, feature large integrated-emission oscillator strengths and narrow emission bands; these nanoscale assemblies can be further engineered to fluoresce at discrete wavelengths throughout the visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectral domains. As such, emissive polymersomes effectively define an organic-based family of soft-matter quantum-dot analogs that possess not only impressive optical properties, but also tunable physical and biomaterial characteristics relative to inorganic fluorescent nanoparticles.Here, we expand upon our initial studies on poly(ethyleneoxide)-block-poly(butadiene)-based vesicles to examine fluorophore membrane-loading in other polymersome systems. Through modulation of fluorophore ancilliary group substituents and choice of polymer chain chemistries, we are able to predictably control intramembranous polymer-fluorophore interactions; these phenomena, in turn, influence the nature of fluorophore solvation, local dielectric environment, and emission quantum yield within emissive polymersome assemblies. By utilizing different classes of vesicle-generating diblock copolymers, including bioresorbable poly(ethyleneoxide)-block-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PEO-b-PCL) and poly(ethyleneoxide)-block-poly(gamma-methyl-epsilon-caprolactone) (PEO-b-PMCL), we ascertain general principles important for engineering nanoscale optical vesicles. Further, this work heralds the first generation of fully-biodegradable fluorescent nanoparticles suitable for deep-tissue in vivo imaging.
Fast Charging-Minimum Degradation Optimal Control of Series-Connected Battery Modules with DC/DC Bypass Converters (2021)

This paper presents a multi-objective fast charging-minimum degradation optimal control problem (OCP) for a Lithium-ion battery series-connected module with DC/DC bypass converters. Each cell in the module is modeled via coupled nonlinear electrochemical, thermal, and aging dynamics. Due to the multiscale temporal nature of the model, a surrogate model for the solvent diffusion aging dynamics is developed to mitigate prohibitive simulation time. The multiobjective OCP is formulated to find a trade-off policy between fast charging and degradation decay. For this purpose, the direct collocation approach is utilized to transcribe the OCP to a nonlinear programming (NLP) problem by parametrization of the system states, inputs, and charging times. The proposed OCP is formulated according to two different schemes: (i) same-charging-time (SCT) and (ii) different-charging-time (DCT). The former assumes simultaneous charging for all cells, whereas the latter determines different charging cell times. The performance of the proposed SCT and DCT schemes is validated on an illustrative case study of a battery module with two series-connected cells in the presence of initial state of charge imbalance.
<title>Imaging diffusive media using time-independent and time-harmonic sources: dependence of image quality on imaging algorithms, target volume, weight matrix, and view angles</title> (1995)

We present results examining the dependence of image quality for imaging in dense scattering media as influenced by the choice of parameters pertaining to the physical measurement and factors influencing the efficiency of the computation. The former includes the density of the weight matrix as affected by the target volume, view angle, and source condition. The latter includes the density of the weight matrix and type of algorithm used. These were examined by solving a one-step linear perturbation equation derived from the transport equation using three different algorithms: POCS, CGD, and SART algorithms with contraints. THe above were explored by evaluating four different 3D cylindrical phantom media: a homogeneous medium, an media containing a single black rod on the axis, a single black rod parallel to the axis, and thirteen black rods arrayed in the shape of an 'X'. Solutions to the forward problem were computed using Monte Carlo methods for an impulse source, from which was calculated time- independent and time harmonic detector responses. The influence of target volume on image quality and computational efficiency was studied by computing solution to three types of reconstructions: 1) 3D reconstruction, which considered each voxel individually, 2) 2D reconstruction, which assumed that symmetry along the cylinder axis was know a proiri, 3) 2D limited reconstruction, which assumed that only those voxels in the plane of the detectors contribute information to the detecot readings. The effect of view angle was explored by comparing computed images obtained from a single source, whose position was varied, as well as for the type of tomographic measurement scheme used (i.e., radial scan versus transaxial scan). The former condition was also examined for the dependence of the above on choice of source condition [ i.e., cw (2D reconstructions) versus time-harmonic (2D limited reconstructions) source]. The efficiency of the computational effort was explored, principally, by conducting a weight matrix 'threshold titration' study. This involved computing the ratio of each matrix element to the maximum element of its row and setting this to zero if the ratio was less than a preselected threshold. Results obtained showed that all three types of reconstructions provided good image quality. The 3D reconstruction outperformed the other two reconstructions. The time required for 2D and 2D limited reconstruction is much less (&lt; 10%) than that for the 3D reconstruction. The 'threshold titration' study shows that artifacts were present when the threshold was 5% or higher, and no significant differences of image quality were observed when the thresholds were less tha 1%, in which case 38% (21,849 of 57,600) of the total weight elements were set to zero. Restricting the view angle produced degradation in image quality, but, in all cases, clearly recognizable images were obtained.
Flexible polymer optical layer for board-level optical interconnects by highly durable metal imprinting method (2010)

In this paper, we presented fabrication of nickel based metal mold with 45&deg; tilted surfaces on both ends of the channel waveguide through electroplating process. To obtain a precise 45&deg; tilted angle, a 50&#956;m thick SU-8 layer was UV exposed under de-ionized water, with repeatable error control of 0.5&deg;. The polymeric waveguide array with 45&deg; micromirrors, which is formed by a UV imprinting method with the fabricated metallic mold, shows total insertion losses around 4dB, propagation loss around 0.18dB/cm and 75% coupling efficiency.
A conformational change senses the strength of T cell receptor–ligand interaction during thymic selection (2006)

T cell antigen receptor (TCR) triggering determines the fate of immature thymocytes. The affinity of the TCR for its endogenous peptide/MHC ligands serves as a signal for positive or negative selection through mechanisms that are still little understood. We have used a conformation-specific antibody to demonstrate that recognition of TCR ligands that lead to negative selection induces a conformational change in the TCR in situ. In contrast, this conformational change is elicited in only a small percentage of immature thymocytes during positive selection. Using a TUNEL assay, we demonstrate that the conformational change in the TCR is strongly linked to activation of programmed cell death in conditions leading to negative selection. Furthermore, the few conformational change-positive thymocytes detected in conditions that preferably lead to positive selection are also TUNEL-positive. Thus, the conformational change in the TCR may underlie the discrimination of ligands leading to positive and negative selection.
Chemical analysis and anti-aging properties of Greek pollen (2008)

Bee pollen, composed of flower pollen mixed with nectar and bee secretions [1], is used as health food with a wide range of nutritional and therapeutic properties. It is well known that the phenolic composition of pollen principally consists of flavonol glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acids [2]. This composition tends to be species-specific and has been related to its therapeutic properties. In order to evaluate the chemical composition of Greek pollen, which has never been studied before, a sample with botanical origin from 16 different common taxa from Greece was studied. From the methanolic extract of Greek bee pollen seven flavonoids (kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercitrin, isorhamnetin-3-O-sophoroside and three 7-methyl-herbacetin-diglucosides) have been isolated as well as cinnamic and ferulic acids and their esters, which mainly participate to the biosynthetic pathway of pollen phenolics. Their structural elucidation was determined by modern spectral means like 1D-, 2D-NMR and by GC/MS after silylation of polar fractions.
Improving the memory footprint and runtime scalability of FPGA CAD algorithms (2009)

Advances in process technology have allowed for a dramatic increase in the capacity of FPGAs and this scaling is continuing at a steady pace. However, this scaling places increasing demands on the FPGA CAD tools. Already, for very large designs, compile-times of an entire work day are common, and memory requirements that exceed what would be found in a common desktop workstation are the norm. As FPGAs continue to grow, the problem will become worse. Unless the scalability of FPGA CAD tools is addressed, the long run times and large memory footprints will become a hindrance to future FPGA scaling, leading to increased costs and design times for companies who use these devices. The proposed research focuses on both the memory and runtime scalability of FPGA CAD tools. We have presented work on effective methods to improve the memory scalability. This work is summarized in Section 3. We are currently focusing on the runtime scalability portion of the project. Our current progress and proposed research on this part was summarized in Section 4.
Single-Level Lumbar Spine Fusion: A Comparison of Anterior and Posterior Approaches (2002)

This study is a retrospective review of 122 patients who underwent single-level lumbar spine fusion. The objectives were to directly compare perioperative morbidity and early results of single-level anterior interbody posterolateral intertransverse process lumbar spine fusion and to provide objective findings that may be useful in selecting surgical method. Lumbar spinal fusion is a well-recognized surgical treatment of intractable low back pain resulting from DDD or spondylolisthesis. Assessments of techniques, results, and outcomes have been published, but detailed head-to-head comparisons of anterior posterior approaches with objective operative and postoperative data are not available in the literature. A retrospective review of 122 patients who underwent either an anterior interbody or posterolateral intertransverse process (average follow-up 22 and 26 months, respectively) single-level instrumented lumbar spinal fusion was performed. Surgical, perioperative, and follow-up data were obtained directly from medical records. The findings compared included estimated blood loss, need for blood transfusion, number of units transfused, operative time, number of days in hospital, need for transitional facility care, complications, need for further surgery, radiographic fusion, and clinical results. There was significantly less blood loss, need for transfusion, amount of blood transfused, operative time, and hospital stay for patients with anterior fusion procedures (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in need for transitional facility care, complication rates, and given follow-up period in radiographic fusion rate and clinical outcome. Clinical results were significantly worse for those undergoing revision primary fusion (p < 0.01). The anterior approach to single-level lumbar fusion is associated with less morbidity than the posterolateral approach. This may in turn affect surgical outcome and hospital cost. However, both approaches to single-level lumbar fusion produce similar early fusion rates and clinical results. Revision fusions had poor early results regardless of approach.
Experimental Demonstration of Enhanced Accuracy of Beam Radial Displacement and Azimuthal Rotation Measurements using Enhanced Gradient of a Beam Composed of Multiple Orbital-Angular-Momentum Modes (2019)

We experimentally demonstrate beam radial displacement and azimuthal rotation angle measurements using the intensity gradient of a beam composed of multiple OAM modes. Compared with a Gaussian beam or a beam carrying two opposite OAM modes, using a beam composed of multiple OAM modes can improve the measurement accuracy with the same beam power.
Implications of the Dual-Mode Sorption and Transport Models for Mixed Gas Permeation (1983)

The concept of unrelaxed volume in glassy polymers is used to interpret sorption and transport data for pure and mixed penetrants. A review of recent sorption and permeation data for mixed penetrants indicates that competition for sorption sites associated with unrelaxed gaps between chain segments is a general feature of gas/glassy polymer systems. This observation provides convincing support for the use of the Langmuir isotherm to describe deviations from simple Henry's law sorption behavior. The observed flux depressions of a component in a mixture, relative to its pure component value at an equivalent partial pressure driving force, derives from the above sorption competition mechanism which influences the effective concentration gradient driving diffusion across the membrane. The competition among penetrants for excess volume described above should be an important consideration for modeling essentially all permselective gas separation membranes. Significant plasticizing effects may mitigate flux reductions caused by the above competitive effects at high pressures in plasticization-prone polymers, but would also lead to selectivity losses which are highly undesirable. The permeation behavior of stiff-chain, plasticization-resistant polymers which are likely to comprise the next generation of gas separation polymers will be appropriately treated by the model discussed here.
Stress Analysis for an Operating SOFC Stack (2003)

Thermal stress analysis for a SOFC stack under combined pressure loading and rejected heat due to stack operation is presented. An integrated temperature function of the rejected heat generated by the cell and ambient temperature settings provided a first-hand study of the effects of thermal expansion, stress and deformation for a steady-state case. The analysis involved using the temperature gradient across the cells while 20 Amps was being drawn from them. To allow for uniform thermal expansion of the stack without causing erroneous stresses, the constraints were set to allow frictionless expansion in the horizontal plane on the bottom compression plate while also fixing the bottom compression plate in the vertical plane. Displacement observations showed maximum expansion and stresses occurring at maximum temperature once the unit cell reached that temperature, however, minor changes were seen in stress variations, displacements and deflections.