gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Displacement threshold energy for type IIa diamond (1992)

A type IIa natural diamond was irradiated at room temperature with energetic electrons. The threshold energy for displacement of atoms from their lattice sites was determined for three principal crystallographic directions by observing the formation of defect clusters during irradiation in a transmission electron microscope. The displacement-threshold energies were found to be 37.5±1.2 eV for the electron incident in the [100] direction, 45.0±1.3 eV in the [111] direction, and 47.6±1.3 eV in the [110] direction.
Spatio-Temporal Video Transcoder for Streaming over Mobile Communications Networks (2006)

Video transcoding technique is an efficient mechanism to deliver visual contents to a variety of users who have different network conditions or terminal devices with different display capabilities. In this paper, we propose two types of transcoding methods for adapting the bitrate of streaming video to the bandwidth of the transmission channel; spatial resolution reduction (SRR) transcoding and temporal resolution reduction (TRR) transcoding. The two transcoding methods are alternatively operated according to the requirements of users. Experimental results show that the proposed transcoding methods can preserve image quality while transcoding to the low bitrate.
Observations on the morphology and frequency of polyoma tumors in rats. (1962)

Summary Leukemic cells from AKR mice with spontaneous leukemia were transplanted into newborn Wistar rats by the intraperitoneal or intravenous route. As a result, between 39 per cent and 48 per cent of the rats developed leukemia after 30–55 days. Multiple mesenchymal tumors of the kidneys, bones, blood vessels, and fat tissue were also found at autopsy in some rats given injections at birth of leukemic AKR-mouse cells. It was assumed that these mesenchymal tumors were caused by the polyoma virus. Tissue culture preparations of polyoma virus were then injected subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, or intravenously into litters of newborn Wistar rats. All rats surviving intraperitoneal or intravenous polyoma virus injections died of multiple mesenchymal tumors between 17 and 51 days after birth. Subcutaneously injected polyoma virus caused death from mesenchymal tumors of 68 per cent of the rats after 47–83 days of age. Polyoma tumors in rats consisted of renal sarcomas, multiple hemangiomas or hemangiosarcomas, osteochondrosarcomas, lipomas or liposarcomas, and occasional fibrosarcomas. Polyoma virus antibodies were detectable in most rats receiving tissue-cultured polyoma virus or heterologous leukemic cells. There was no correlation between the height of the hemagglutination-inhibition titers and the route of injection with polyoma virus.
Multivariable Control of a Pneumatic Conveying System (1999)

This licentiate thesis deals with a multivariable controller of a pneumatic conveying system. The industrial process used to illustrate design, analysis and implementation of a multivariable controller is the injection of fine coal into a blast furnace. In the blast furnace process, coke is replaced by fine coal because of economical and environmental reasons. The coal mass flow to the blast furnace becomes a crucial parameter for its operation and hence a control system should be in place to maintain a constant flow. An optimal multivariable linear-quadratic controller has been designed in order to replace the conventional PI-controllers, which were not able to reach the desired control objectives. The design is analyzed by deriving the sensitivity functions of the closed loop system to noise, disturbances and uncertainties. The multivariable controller is then validated through experiments and test operation at the coal injection plant at SSAB Tunnplåt AB in Luleå, Sweden. The reached performance improvements compared with the conventional PI-controllers account for up to 80%. Finally, the controller is combined with a gas-leakage detection system to the commercially available product SafePCI, which is now installed and in operation at SSAB Tunnplåt AB in Luleå, Sweden.
Phase stability and structural properties of Ti1-zZrzN (0lzl1) thin films (2012)

The work presented herein is about characterizing phase transformations in cathodic arc plasma-deposited Ti1-xA1xN and Ti1-zZrzN thin films for cutting tool applications, and to investigate how the films' mechanical properties are affected by such transformations during thermal annealing. Post-deposition analyses were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoindentation, four-point probe sheet resistance, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). For Ti1-xA1xN, residual stresses relax through annihilation of depositioninduced lattice defects in the 500-900°C regime. Stress relaxation is a multiple process with activation energies of 2.0-2.9 eV. At ~900°C, phase transformation from the as-deposited metastable single-phase [NaCl] structure into the thermodynamically stable [NaCl]-TiN and [wurtzite]-A1N proceeds through spinodal decomposition, during which [NaCl]-TiN and [NaCl]-A1N domains form from the [NaCl]-Ti1-x,A1xN matrix. Activation energies for the transformation process of 2.9-3.5 eV indicate grain boundary and defect-assisted segregation of Ti and A1. The films age harden during transformation, with an increase in film hardness from the as-deposited condition of ~35 GPa to ~36-37 GPa following post-deposition annealing at 900°C, while pure TiN softens to ~20 GPa. Hardening originates from coherency strains due to lattice-mismatch between [NaCl]-structure TiN and AIN domains formed during initial stages of spinodal decomposition. Ti1-xA1xN-coated cutting tools can therefore be said to 'adapt' to the high temperatures and cutting forces encountered during in-service machining operations. For Ti1-zZrzN, calculations on phase stabilities using density-functional theory (OFT) show that the pseudo-binary system exhibits a miscibility gap. Thus, there is a driving force for transformation from the as-deposited metastable single-phase [NaCl] structure into [NaCl]-structure TiN and ZrN components. For such compositions, an essentially retained film hardness after post-deposition annealing at 1100-1200°C has been observed. The principal hardening mechanism for this particular nitride thin film system is proposed to be solid-solution hardening through localized lattice strain fields originating from difference in atomic radius of Ti and Zr. Finally, single-crystal Ti2A1N thin films belonging to the so-called MAX-phase class of materials have been successfully synthesized by reactive magnetron sputtering. The results are promising for the prospects of synthesizing a range of MAX-phase nitride materials as single-crystal thin films and polycrystalline coatings.
Demonstration of multi-Gbps data rates at Ka-band using software-defined modem and broadband high power amplifier for space communications (2011)

The paper presents the first ever research and experimental results regarding the combination of a software-defined multi-Gbps modem and a broadband high power space amplifier when tested with an extended form of the industry standard DVB-S2 and LDPC rate 9/10 FEC codec. The modem supports waveforms including QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-APSK, 32-APSK, 64-APSK, and 128-QAM. The broadband high power amplifier is a space qualified traveling-wave tube (TWT), which has a passband greater than 3 GHz at 33 GHz, output power of 200 watts and efficiency greater than 60%. The modem and the TWTA together enabled an unprecedented data rate at 20 Gbps with low BER of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> . The presented results include a plot of the received waveform constellation, BER vs. E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> /N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> and implementation loss for each of the modulation types tested. The above results when included in an RF link budget analysis show that NASA's payload data rate can be increased by an order of magnitude (>;10X) over current state-of-practice, limited only by the spacecraft EIRP, ground receiver G/T, range, and available spectrum or bandwidth.
Analog mixed-signal circuits in advanced nano-scale CMOS technology for microprocessors and SoCs (2010)

Scaling of CMOS technology has made major innovations in the last decade with the introduction of strained silicon and high-k metal gate, however at the same time an increasing amount of complex analog mixed-signal circuit functionality has been integrated on microprocessors and SOCs. Examples of the key analog mixed-signal circuit functional blocks implemented in advanced 45nm and 32nm logic CMOS on microprocessors and SOCs are described. Techniques that overcome the challenges of the low supply voltage and dimensional scaling in 45 nm and 32nm CMOS include the use of the digital transistor for analog circuits, the use of “digital assist” logic for calibration and differential pair offset cancellation. The co-optimization of design techniques and process enhancements for high performance RF wireless circuits integrated on SOCs was employed to manage complexity and cost.
Comparison of Cold and Warm Ischemia During Partial Nephrectomy in 660 Solitary Kidneys Reveals Predominant Role of Nonmodifiable Factors in Determining Ultimate Renal Function (2010)

This nonrandomized, comparative study suggests that within the relatively strict parameters of conventional practice, ie predominantly short ischemic intervals and liberal use of hypothermia, ischemia time was not an independent predictor of ultimate renal function after partial nephrectomy. Long-term renal function after partial nephrectomy is determined primarily by the quantity and quality of renal parenchyma preserved, although type and duration of ischemia remain the most important modifiable factors, and warrant further study.
Kinematic Kalman Filter (KKF) for Robot End-Effector Sensing (2009)

In control of industrial manipulators, the position from the motor encoder has been the only sensor measurement for axis control. In this case, it is not easy to estimate the end-effector motion accurately because of the kinematic errors of links, joint flexibility of gear mechanisms, and so on. Direct measurement of the end-effector using the vision sensor is considered as a solution but its performance is often limited by the slow sampling rate and the latency. To overcome these limitations, this paper extends the basic idea of the kinematic Kalman filter (KKF) to general rigid body motion leading to the formulation of the multidimensional kinematic kalman filter (MD-KKF). By combining the measurements from the vision sensor, the accelerometers and the gyroscopes, the MD-KKF can recover the intersample values and compensate for the measurement delay of the vision sensor providing the state information of the end-effector fast and accurately. The performance of the MD-KKF is verified experimentally using a planar two-link robot. The MD-KKF will be useful for widespread applications such as the high speed visual servo and the high-performance trajectory learning for robot manipulators, as well as the control strategies which require accurate velocity information.
Koncentrationssvårigheter: Strukturaspekter och åtgärdsperspektiv (2000)

Foreliggande artikel redovisar resultaten fran en studie av 193 elever med koncentrationssvarigheter fran forskoleklass till grundskolans arskurs　6. Larare har i en 4-gradig skala fatt bedoma eleverna med avseende pa 14 pastaenden relaterade till deras koncentrationsformaga samt fatt ange vilka atgarder de vidtagit fran en lista med 10 olika forslag. Resultaten redovisas i form av strukturmodeller. Begreppet koncentrationssvarigheter beskrivs i form av latenta variabler. › Meta-kognitiv formaga › visar sig ha starkast relationer till de av lararna bedomda pasta-endena foljt av › socioemotionell formaga › , › motorisk formaga › respektive › upp-marksamhetsformaga › . Pa motsvarande satt kan de olika atgarderna beskrivas som socialmedicinska, psykosociala, organisatoriska eller specialpedagogiska. Kopplas svarigheterna till atgarderna visar analysen att larare anvander sig av ett brett register av atgarder betraffande svarigheter med anknytning till socioemotionell formaga och uppmarksamhetsformaga medan svarigheter relaterade till metakog-nitiv formaga endast har samband med specialpedagogiska atgarder. Problem kopplade till motorisk formaga saknar i stort sett atgarder fran lararnas sida.
Prediction and Measurement of Thermoacoustic Improvements in Gas Turbines With Annular Combustion Systems (2000)

Environmental compatibility requires low emission burners for gas turbine power plants. In the past, significant progress has been made developing low NOx and CO burners by introducing lean premixed techniques in combination with annular combustion chambers. Unfortunately, these burners often have a more pronounced tendency to produce combustion-driven oscillations than conventional burner designs. The oscillations may be excited to such an extent that the risk of engine failure occurs. For this reason, the prediction of these thermoacoustic instabilities in the design phase of an engine becomes more and more important. A method based on linear acoustic four-pole elements has been developed to predict instabilities of the ring combustor of the 3A-series gas turbines. The complex network includes the whole combustion system starting from both compressor outlet and fuel supply system and ending at the turbine inlet. The flame frequency response was determined by a transient numerical simulation (step-function approach). Based on this method, possible improvements for the gas turbine are evaluated in this paper. First, the burner impedance is predicted theoretically and compared with results from measurements on a test rig for validation of the prediction approach. Next, the burner impedance in a gas turbine combustion system is analyzed and improved thermoacoustically. Stability analyses for the gas turbine combustion system show the positive impact of this improvement. Second, the interaction of the acoustic parts of the gas turbine system has been detuned systematically in circumferential direction of the annular combustion chamber in order to find a more stable configuration. Stability analyses show the positive effect of this measure as well. The results predicted are compared with measurements from engine operation. The comparisons of prediction and measurements show the applicability of the prediction method in order to evaluate the thermoacoustic stability of the combustor as well as to define possible countermeasures.
Establishment and functional analysis of a cloned, antigen-specific suppressor effector T cell line. (1984)

A long-term cultured suppressor T cell line (3D10) was established from the spleen cells of KLH hyperimmunized C3H mice. The cells of 3D10 suppressed the secondary antibody response against dinitrophenylated KLH both in vitro and in vivo. The 3D10 cells were capable of directly suppressing the antibody response mounted by B cells and Lyt-1+2-helper T cells without participation of Lyt-1+2+ cells, which indicates that 3D10 is an effector rather than an inducer-type suppressor T cell. The cell line was unable to suppress the response against DNP-FGG even in the presence of free KLH. By analysis with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter, 3D10 was found to bear determinants detectable by conventional anti-Ia as well as rabbit anti-VH. The Ia locus was mapped in the I-J subregion and was detected by either conventional or monoclonal anti-I-J antibodies. The I-J determinants detected by monoclonal antibodies were different from those expressed on inducer-type suppressor T cells. The cell line also bears an antigenic determinant detected by a monoclonal SJL anti-SJA/9 antibody (HA16) that recognizes an allotypic determinant on T cells linked to the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. The results indicate that the cell line 3D10 represents a suppressor effector T cell that acts directly on carrier-specific helper T cells.
Quantifying Tremor in Essential Tremor Using Inertial Sensors -- Validation of an Algorithm (2020)

Background Assessment of essential tremor is often done by a trained clinician who observes the limbs during different postures and actions and subsequently rates the tremor. While this method has been shown to be reliable, the inter- and intra-rater reliability and need for training can make the use of this method for symptom progression difficult. Many limitations of clinical rating scales can potentially be overcome by using inertial sensors, but to date many algorithms designed to quantify tremor have key limitations.\nMethods We propose a novel algorithm to characterize tremor using inertial sensors. It uses a two-stage approach that 1) estimates the tremor frequency of a subject and only quantifies tremor near that range; 2) estimates the tremor amplitude as the portion of signal power above baseline activity during recording, allowing tremor estimation even in the presence of other activity; and 3) estimates tremor amplitude in physical units of translation (cm) and rotation (°), consistent with current tremor rating scales. We validated the algorithm technically using a robotic arm and clinically by comparing algorithm output with data reported by a trained clinician administering a tremor rating scale to a cohort of essential tremor patients.\nResults Technical validation demonstrated rotational amplitude accuracy better than ±0.2 degrees and position amplitude accuracy better than ±0.1 cm. Clinical validation revealed that both rotation and position components were significantly correlated with tremor rating scale scores.\nConclusion We demonstrate that our algorithm can quantify tremor accurately even in the presence of other activities, perhaps providing a step forward for at-home monitoring.
Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Carbon-Coated Lithium Iron Phosphates (2006)

The electronic and magnetic properties of microcrystallite LiFePO4 prepared with and without carbon coating are analyzed using XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and magnetic measurements, for comparison. While nano-sized ferromagnetic particles (gamma- Fe2O3) are evidenced from magnetic measurements in sample without carbon coating, such ferromagnetic clusters just do not exist in the carbon-coated sample. The carbon deposit belongs to the family of amorphous graphite deposit. It is a hydrogenated layer with very small H/C ratio having the properties of a-C films obtained by pyrolysis technique.
Variant class II molecules from H-2 haplotypes in wild mouse populations: functional characteristics of closely related class II gene products. (1983)

Independently derived haplotypes found in wild populations of mice often express class II molecules antigenically related to specific alleles of the A molecules defined in laboratory mice. Tryptic peptide fingerprint comparisons of these antigenically related molecules indicate that they have similar, or possibly identical, primary structures in the A alpha, A beta, or both subunits. By using the Ak and Ap families of independently derived, antigenically related A molecules, we examined the effect that minor structural variations in the A molecule have on allorecognition by T lymphocytes. Data obtained indicate that a) minor structural variations in the A molecule can effect, although not always, major functional changes in allorecognition, b) changes in allorecognition are always detected when the A beta subunit contains structural variations, but not necessarily when the A alpha subunit contains structural variations, and c) more than one site in the A molecule can be recognized by alloreactive T lymphocytes. These results can be interpreted as indicating that specific sites within the A molecule are critically involved in allorecognition and that structural variations must affect these sites to elicit major changes in allorecognition.
Use of Multiple Injection Strategies to Reduce Emission and Noise in Low Temperature Diesel Combustion (2015)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The low temperature combustion concept is very attractive for reducing NOx and soot emissions in diesel engines. However, it has potential limitations due to higher combustion noise, CO and HC emissions. A multiple injection strategy is an effective way to reduce unburned emissions and noise in LTC. In this paper, the effect of multiple injection strategies was investigated to reduce combustion noise and unburned emissions in LTC conditions. A hybrid surrogate fuel model was developed and validated, and was used to improve LTC predictions. Triple injection strategies were considered to find the role of each pulse and then optimized. The split ratio of the 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; and 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; pulses fuel was found to determine the ignition delay. Increasing mass of the 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; pulse reduced unburned emissions and an increase of the 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; pulse fuel amount reduced noise. It is concluded that the pulse distribution can be used as a control factor for emissions and noise.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
DNA damage response protects against progressive kidney disease (2019)

The pathophysiology of cellular injury and repair has been extensively studied in acute kidney injury (AKI) for more than 70 years. Although a great deal of knowledge has been generated, a debate over the importance of repairing damaged cells versus replacing them by proliferation remains. In this issue of the JCI, Kishi et al. demonstrate that following kidney epithelial cell injury, DNA repair, rather than cell proliferation, plays the central role in recovery and longevity by minimizing apoptosis, G2/M cell-cycle arrest, and subsequent fibrosis. This has important therapeutic implications and highlights the need for more sensitive techniques to evaluate functional, structural, and molecular recovery following injury.
Improved maize reference genome with single molecule technologies (2016)

ABSTRACT Complete and accurate reference genomes and annotations provide fundamental tools for characterization of genetic and functional variation. These resources facilitate elucidation of biological processes and support translation of research findings into improved and sustainable agricultural technologies. Many reference genomes for crop plants have been generated over the past decade, but these genomes are often fragmented and missing complex repeat regions. Here, we report the assembly and annotation of maize, a genetic and agricultural model species, using Single Molecule Real-Time (SMRT) sequencing and high-resolution optical mapping. Relative to the previous reference genome, our assembly features a 52-fold increase in contig length and significant improvements in the assembly of intergenic spaces and centromeres. Characterization of the repetitive portion of the genome revealed over 130,000 intact transposable elements (TEs), allowing us to identify TE lineage expansions unique to maize. Gene annotations were updated using 111,000 full-length transcripts obtained by SMRT sequencing. In addition, comparative optical mapping of two other inbreds revealed a prevalence of deletions in the low gene density region and maize lineage-specific genes.