gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of a Micro Gas Turbine Fed by Natural Gas and Synthesis Gas: Test Bench and Combustor CFD Analysis (2011)

In recent years, the interest in the research on energy production systems fed by biofuels is increased. Gaseous fuels obtained through biomass conversion processes such as gasification, pyrolysis and pyrogasification are generally defined as synthesis gas. The use of synthesis gas in small-size energy systems, such as those used for distributed micro-cogeneration, has not yet reached a level of technological maturity that could allow a large market diffusion. For this reason, further analyses (both experimental and numerical) have to be carried out to allow these technologies to achieve performance and reliability typical of established technologies based on traditional fuels. In this paper, an experimental and numerical analysis of a combustor of a 100-kW Micro Gas Turbine fed by synthesis gas is presented. The work has been developed in the framework of a collaboration among the Department of Engineering of the University of Ferrara, the Istituto Motori CNR of Naples, and Turbec SpA of Cento (FE). The main features of the microturbine MGT Turbec T100, located at the Istituto Motori CNR of Naples, are firstly described. A decompression and distribution system allows to feed the MGT with gaseous fuels characterized by different compositions. Moreover, a system of remote monitoring and control together with a data transfer system have been developed in order to set the operative parameters of the machine for the current test. The results of the tests performed under different operating conditions are then presented. Subsequently, the paper presents the numerical analysis of a model of the MGT combustor. The combustor model is validated against manufacturer performance data and experimental data with respect to steady state performance, i.e. average outlet temperature, emission levels, pressure drops. Then, a syngas, composed by different ratios of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide and water, is simulated and the results analyzed.
Probing the Organic-Mineral Interface at the Molecular Level in Model Biominerals (2008)

It is widely known that macromolecules, such as proteins, can control the nucleation and growth of inorganic solids\nin biomineralizing organisms. However, what is not known are the complementary molecular interactions, organization,\nand rearrangements that occur when proteins interact with inorganic solids during the formation of biominerals. The\norganic−mineral interface (OMI) is expected to be the site for these phenomena, and is therefore extraordinarily\ninteresting to investigate. In this report, we employ X-ray absorption near edge (XANES) spectromicroscopy to\ninvestigate the electronic structure of both calcium carbonate mineral crystals and polypeptides, and detect changing\nbonds at the OMI during crystal growth in the presence of polypeptides. We acquired XANES spectra from calcium\ncarbonate crystals grown in the presence of three mollusk nacre-associated polypeptides (AP7N, AP24N, n16N) and\nin the presence of a sea urchin spicule matrix protein, LSM34. All these model biominerals gave similar results,\nincluding the disruption of CO bonds in calcite and enhancement of the peaks associated with C−H bonds and C−O\nbonds in peptides, indicating ordering of the amino acid side chains in the mineral-associated polypeptides and\ncarboxylate binding. This is the first evidence of the mutual effect of calcite on peptide chain and peptide chain on\ncalcite during biomineralization. We also show that these changes do not occur when Asp and Glu are replaced in\nthe n16N sequence with Asn and Gln, respectively, demonstrating that carboxyl groups in Asp and Glu do participate\nin polypeptide−mineral molecular associations.
Powerful Protein Binders from Designed Polypeptides and Small Organic Molecules—A General Concept for Protein Recognition (2011)

High-affinity binders for the C-reactive protein (CRP), with dissociation constants in the pM to nM range and selectivities in human serum comparable to those of antibodies, were obtained by conjugation of 16 designed polypeptides to phosphocholine, a small molecule that binds CRP with a KD value of 5 μM (see picture). The polypeptides were not designed specifically to recognize CRP and bind by an adapted fit mechanism. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Cloning and functional complementation of ten Schistosoma mansoni phosphodiesterases expressed in the mammalian host stages (2020)

Only a single drug against schistosomiasis is currently available and new drug development is urgently required but very few drug targets have been validated and characterised. However, regulatory systems including cyclic nucleotide metabolism are emerging as primary candidates for drug discovery. Here, we report the cloning of ten cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) genes of S. mansoni, out of a total of 11 identified in its genome. We classify these PDEs by homology to human PDEs. Male worms displayed higher expression levels for all PDEs, in mature and juvenile worms, and schistosomula. Several functional complementation approaches were used to characterise these genes. We constructed a Trypanosoma brucei cell line in which expression of a cAMP-degrading PDE complements the deletion of TbrPDEB1/B2. Inhibitor screens of these cells expressing only either SmPDE4A, TbrPDEB1 or TbrPDEB2, identified highly potent inhibitors of the S. mansoni enzyme that elevated the cellular cAMP concentration. We further expressed most of the cloned SmPDEs in two pde1Δ/pde2Δ strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and some also in a specialised strain of Schizosacharomyces pombe. Five PDEs, SmPDE1, SmPDE4A, SmPDE8, SmPDE9A and SmPDE11 successfully complemented the S. cerevisiae strains, and SmPDE7var also complemented to a lesser degree, in liquid culture. SmPDE4A, SmPDE8 and SmPDE11 were further assessed in S. pombe for hydrolysis of cAMP and cGMP; SmPDE11 displayed considerable preferrence for cGMP over cAMP. These results and tools enable the pursuit of a rigorous drug discovery program based on inhibitors of S. mansoni PDEs.
Design and Optimisation of the Propulsion Control Strategy for a Pneumatic Hybrid City Bus (2016)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A control strategy has been designed for a city bus equipped with a pneumatic hybrid propulsion system. The control system design is based on the precise management of energy flows during both energy storage and regeneration. Energy recovered from the braking process is stored in the form of compressed air that is redeployed for engine start and to supplement the engine air supply during vehicle acceleration. Operation modes are changed dynamically and the energy distribution is controlled to realize three principal functions: Stop-Start, Boost and Regenerative Braking. A forward facing simulation model facilitates an analysis of the vehicle dynamic performance, engine transient response, fuel economy and energy usage. To identify respectively (1) the maximum overall fuel economy, (2) the maximum amount of air and energy recovered during the braking and (3) the minimum loss of available energy during acceleration, a number of variables in the control strategy are selected in an optimisation process. Three optimisation algorithms are compared in different aspects of the control strategy: (1) using the Pattern Search to optimise the initial air tank pressure for every stop-start event in order to maximize the pressure increment in the air tanks; (2) conducting the Genetic Algorithm optimisation to find out the best gear change strategy during braking in order to maximize the energy recovery to the air tanks; and (3) implementing the multiobjective optimisation to simultaneously minimize the fuel consumption and the loss of available energy in the air flow during acceleration. The rationale for the choice of optimisation methods is explained and recommendations made for the development of energy management strategies in which a variety of different vehicle functions contribute to an overall fuel economy benefit.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Third therapeutic spectral window for deep tissue imaging (2014)

Light at wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions (650 nm – 1,350 nm) is used in numerous medical applications. The NIR region between 650 nm and 950 nm, known as the first optical window, allows for deeper depth penetration in tissue than in the visible region due to a reduction in absorption. There also exists a second NIR optical window with wavelengths from 1,100 nm to 1,350 nm. Longer wavelengths above 1,350 nm were ignored due to major water absorption and lack of 2D photodetectors. In this study, a new therapeutic spectral window with wavelengths between 1,600 nm and 1,870 nm is reported. This third optical window can be used for imaging more deeply into tissue due to a reduction in scattering. In this paper, light attenuation from 400 nm to 2,000 nm, including all three optical windows, was measured. 200 micron slices of normal and benign prostate and breast tissues were studied. The total attenuation lengths (l<sub>t</sub>) of light were obtained. The attenuation length of malignant and normal tissue in the third optical window was larger than in the first and second therapeutic windows. Optical images of chicken tissue over three black wires were also obtained using the third optical window.
Ferromagnetic Spin Coupling of tert-Butylnitroxide Diradicals through a Conjugated Oligo(1,2-phenylenevinylene)-Coupler (1995)

Abstract Ferromagnetic spin coupling of the tert-butylnitroxide diradicals connected to the oligo(1,2-phenylenevinylene)-skeleton was studied to relate with their π-conjugated electronic structure. The spin coupling constant (J) determined from their magnetic susceptibility increased with the degree of oligomerization in the conjugated skeleton and was reduced in response to the conjugated but spacing phenylenevinylene unit. These 2J values qualitatively agreed with the semiempirically calculated ones.
Peptide design for antimicrobial and immunomodulatory applications (2013)

The increasing threat of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria and the dwindling supply of antibiotics available to combat these infections poses a significant threat to human health throughout the world. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have long been touted as the next generation of antibiotics capable of filling the anti-infective void. Unfortunately, peptide-based antibiotics have yet to realize their potential as novel pharmaceuticals, in spite of the immense number of known AMP sequences and our improved understanding of their antibacterial mechanism of action. Recently, the immunomodulatory properties of certain AMPs have become appreciated. The ability of small synthetic peptides to protect against infection in vivo has demonstrated that modulation of the innate immune response is an effective strategy to further develop peptides as novel anti-infectives. This review focuses on the screening methods that have been used to assess novel peptide sequences for their antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties. It will also examine how we have progressed in our ability to identify and optimize peptides with desired biological characteristics and enhanced therapeutic potential. In addition, the current challenges to the development of peptides as anti-infectives are examined and the strategies being used to overcome these issues are discussed.
Kienb??ck??s Disease (1984)

Further experience with ulnar lengthening in the treatment of 22 patients with Kienböck's disease confirms the efficacy of this procedure as observed in a previous series of 20 patients. In this procedure, the joint compressive force is removed from the trabeculae of the convex portion of the body of the lunate that is weakened by avascular necrosis. Sub-chondral fractures were present in at least 13 of the 22 patients. The technique of ulnar osteotomy, with interposition bone graft supported by a slotted bone plate applied prior to completion of the osteotomy, seems well established. Three patients were lost to follow-up and one required a secondary lunate excision for continuing pain. The remainder of the patients were well satisfied with the procedure.
Epitaxial Growth of High-Quality 4H-SiC Carbon-Face by Low-Pressure Hot-Wall Chemical Vapor Deposition (2003)

High-quality 4H-SiC Carbon-face (C-face) epitaxial layers have been grown by a low-pressure, horizontal hot-wall type chemical vapor deposition system. A specular surface morphology was obtained at a substrate temperature of about 1600°C and a C/Si ratio of 1.5 or less. The site-competition behavior is observed in the doping process of C-face epitaxial growth at a low pressure of 250 mbar and C/Si ratios between 0.6 and 3. The lowest residual donor concentration of 7 ×1014 cm-3 is obtained at a C/Si ratio of 3. The optimal conditions for growing a C-face epitaxial layer having both a good surface morphology and reduced residual impurity concentration are discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical, Asymmetric Synthesis of Aromatic‐Substituted Bulky and Hydrophobic Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Derivatives. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Assessment of Immunogenicity and Efficacy of CV0501 mRNA-Based Omicron COVID-19 Vaccination in Small Animal Models (2023)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron and its subvariants (BA.2, BA.4, BA.5) represented the most commonly circulating variants of concern (VOC) in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in 2022. Despite high vaccination rates with approved SARS-CoV-2 vaccines encoding the ancestral spike (S) protein, these Omicron subvariants have collectively resulted in increased viral transmission and disease incidence. This necessitates the development and characterization of vaccines incorporating later emerging S proteins to enhance protection against VOC. In this context, bivalent vaccine formulations may induce broad protection against VOC and potential future SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, we report preclinical data for a lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-formulated RNActive<sup>®</sup> N1-methylpseudouridine (N1mΨ) modified mRNA vaccine (CV0501) based on our second-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccine CV2CoV, encoding the S protein of Omicron BA.1. The immunogenicity of CV0501, alone or in combination with a corresponding vaccine encoding the ancestral S protein (ancestral N1mΨ), was first measured in dose-response and booster immunization studies performed in Wistar rats. Both monovalent CV0501 and bivalent CV0501/ancestral N1mΨ immunization induced robust neutralizing antibody titers against the BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5 Omicron subvariants, in addition to other SARS-CoV-2 variants in a booster immunization study. The protective efficacy of monovalent CV0501 against live SARS-CoV-2 BA.2 infection was then assessed in hamsters. Monovalent CV0501 significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 BA.2 viral loads in the airways, demonstrating protection induced by CV0501 vaccination. CV0501 has now advanced into human Phase 1 clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05477186).
P2–351: Role of magnetization transfer imaging in early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (2006)

Elderly individuals who suffer from significant memory impairment in the absence of decline in functional and intellectual ability are classified as having mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The cognitive condition of such individual may either remain stable (MCIs) or may decline further (MCI progressors or MCIp), leading to the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This research focuses on the use of magnetization transfer (MT) imaging for early diagnosis of dementia. In a longitudinal study where 35 MCI subjects were scanned and clinically followed for two years, we found that MT measurement was more reliable in differentiating MCIp from MCIs. In this study 10 out of 35 MCI developed AD over a two year interval. Time 1 volumetric and MTR was used to create receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Compared to volume, the MTR was found to be a better parameter in discriminating between MCIp to MCIs. Using an MTR of 31.4% as a cut–off for the entorhinal cortex, the accuracy of correct classification, sensitivity and specificity of the measure was 80% each. A positive likelihood ratio of 4 suggested that subjects with an MTR of 31.4% or lower were four times more likely to develop the disease, whereas the negative likelihood ratio was 0.25. In contrast, an 80% sensitivity of hippocampal volume resulted in 52% specificity and 60% accuracy in differentiating the two sub–groups of MCI. Additionally the positive likelihood ratio for hippocampal volume as a diagnostic factor was 1.67. Compared to volumetric measurement which is labor intensive, these findings show that MTR produces better results in differentiating MCIs from MCIp whether the MTR of the entire structure is measured or only 20 randomly selected voxels in the region of interest.
1836-P: Derivation of Glucagon Kinetics to Reconstruct Glucagon Secretion in Nondiabetic Humans (2019)

Impaired glucose tolerance arises out delayed and decreased postprandial insulin secretion together with impaired postprandial suppression of glucagon. Recent studies have demonstrated that β-cell and α-cell dysfunction can occur independently in prediabetes. The effect of diabetes-associated variation in TCF7L2 on α-cell function also suggests a direct role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Quantification of the relative contribution of α-cell and β-cell function to glucose tolerance has been lacking because of a dearth of information regarding glucagon kinetics in humans. This information is necessary to deconvolute glucagon secretion from peripheral glucose concentrations. Therefore, as part of a series of experiments examining the interaction between a lack of glucagon suppression with intact, mildly or moderately impaired insulin secretion we studied 22 nondiabetic subjects (age = 46 ± 3 years, BMI = 29 ± 1 Kg/M2). An intravenous glucose infusion mimicking the systemic appearance of 50g oral glucose was administered in the presence of a pancreatic clamp over 300 minutes. Glucagon was infused at a rate of 0.65ng/kg/min, starting 120 minutes after initiation of the experiment (and suppression of endogenous glucagon secretion by somatostatin). The observed glucagon appearance rates were used to calculate the kinetic parameters of glucagon. Volume of distribution (Vd) was estimated at 14 ± 2 Litres or 0.16 ± 0.02 L/Kg body weight. Half-life was estimated at 6.1 ± 0.5 minutes with a clearance rate (CL) of 1.6 ± 0.1 L/min. Body surface area and height predicted Vd and CL. The individual parameters were then used to calculate glucagon secretion rates from peripheral glucagon concentrations for each participant. Fasting glucagon secretion rates (101 ± 11 ng/min) decreased (p &amp;lt; 0.01) in the presence of somatostatin (57 ± 5 ng/min). These data demonstrate the application of deconvolution to the quantification of glucagon secretion and its contribution to glucose tolerance. Disclosure M.C. Laurenti: Employee; Self; GlySens Incorporated. C. Dalla Man: None. J. Adams: None. A.M. Egan: None. C. Cobelli: None. A. Vella: Advisory Panel; Self; vTv Therapeutics. Research Support; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc. Funding National Institutes of Health
Effective Training of a Neural Network Character Classifier for Word Recognition (1996)

We have combined an artificial neural network (ANN) character classifier with context-driven search over character segmentation, word segmentation, and word recognition hypotheses to provide robust recognition of hand-printed English text in new models of Apple Computer's Newton Message Pad. We present some innovations in the training and use of ANNs as character classifiers for word recognition, including normalized output error, frequency balancing, error emphasis, negative training, and stroke warping. A recurring theme of reducing a priori biases emerges and is discussed.
Coherent Adaptive Subcarrier Modulation (CASM) for GPS Modernization (1999)

GPS Modernization entails the addition of a new military
signal (M-code) or signals to the established C/A- and
P(Y)-codes, both at L1 and L2. The signal(s) is expected
to be comprised of one of a class of modulation formats
described as split spectrum codes or dual offset carriers.
One of the key challenges of this new signal scheme for
the GPS transmitter is to transmit the C/A, P(Y), and M-code signals in a flexible efficient, constant envelope
implementation, compatible with goals of the GPS
modernization studies.

In this work, we present the development of Coherent
Adaptive Subcarrier Modulation (CASM), a high-efficiency
constant-envelope spread-spectrum subcarrier
modulation method for GPS that is an evolution of
established subcarrier modulation techniques found in
numerous space systems and complementary to recent M-code
signal developments. The technique is applicable to
the transmission of military acquisition (MA) and
military tracking (MT) signals in a flexible and efficient
manner. The high efficiency approach is presented for
both combined-aperture (C/A, P(Y), MA and MT
through the same upconverter amplifier chain and
antenna) and separate-aperture (MA and MT transmitted
out of a separate upconverter, amplifier chain and
antenna from C/A and P(Y)) implementations, as termed
in the current GPS modernization development.
Since the more difficult challenge of the these two
implementations is the combined-aperture modulation
approach, the focus of the paper will be to describes that
approach as a unique constant-envelope implementation
of the CASM waveform.

In particular, this form of the CASM waveform will be
shown to be a highly efficient means of quadrature
multiplexing new GPS military acquisition and tracking
signals with flexibility in adjusting the relative power of
combined signals without greatly altering the power
efficiency of the GPS waveform.
Simple interpretation of dephasing in absorption and resonance Raman theory (1986)

It is shown that the effects of ‘‘pure dephasing’’ in vibronic absorption and resonance Raman scattering may be simply derived by beginning with the Fermi Golden Rule. The medium introduces electronic dephasing by modulating the electronic energy gap of the molecule. In both absorption and Raman scattering the cross section depends upon a medium correlation function φ(t) whose form is identical to one that appears in vibrational relaxation theory. Explicit equations for the resonance Raman cross section are derived for an exponential medium correlation function. Also, φ(t) is derived for medium models which consist of a collection of classical and quantum mechanical oscillators.