gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative spin -lock magnetic resonance imaging: Technical development and biomedical applications (2005)

Spin-lock magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilizes low amplitude spin-lock radiofrequency (rf) pulses to generate novel image contrast. The T1ϱ parameter, describing the relaxation of magnetization under the influence of spin-locking, can be measured noninvasively using spin-lock MRI to yield quantitative information about low frequency physico-chemical interactions between bulk water and surrounding molecules in biological tissues. This molecular-level information provides a unique insight into biological systems that is otherwise unattainable using conventional MR methods. However, the current state of spin-lock MRI has limitations in terms of the acquisition of volumetric data, rf power deposition, and length of experimental time. The primary objective of this thesis is the technical development of quantitative spin-lock MRI and its applications to study biological tissue. Strategies are created to overcome the current experimental hindrances to facilitate clinical implementation. Novel techniques are developed to increase the time-efficiency and reduce the deposition of rf power during a spin-lock image acquisition. A pulse sequence is designed to produce multi-slice spin-lock images for complete coverage of an entire volume along with an algorithm to correct the multi-slice data for rf saturation effects to accurately measure T1ϱ. While the technical developments are generally applicable, their utility is demonstrated in cartilage and brain tissue of animals and humans. Although spin-lock MRI can be used to investigate different tissue types and pathologies, this thesis focuses on the application of spin-lock methodologies to probe the biochemical and biomechanical properties of articular cartilage. The sensitivity of T1ϱ to changes in macromolecular content makes T1ϱ a promising MR marker of molecular changes in cartilage, degeneration of which plays a crucial role in osteoarthritis. To understand the relationship between T1ϱ and the progression of osteoarthritis, spin-lock MRI methods are applied to models of cartilage degeneration: enzymatically-treated bovine explants, a cytokine-induced in vivo porcine model, and naturally degraded osteoarthritic human cartilage specimens. The T1ϱ-based measurements of cartilage degeneration are corroborated by noninvasive quantification of proteoglycan using a novel sodium MRI strategy. T1ϱ MRI is taken one step further to track progressive changes in both cartilage biochemical content and biomechanical properties in an in vitro cytokine model of osteoarthritis.
Enforcing Reasoning in Visual Commonsense Reasoning (2019)

The task of Visual Commonsense Reasoning is extremely challenging in the sense that the model has to not only be able to answer a question given an image, but also be able to learn to reason. The baselines introduced in this task are quite limiting because two networks are trained for predicting answers and rationales separately. Question and image is used as input to train answer prediction network while question, image and correct answer are used as input in the rationale prediction network. As rationale is conditioned on the correct answer, it is based on the assumption that we can solve Visual Question Answering task without any error - which is over ambitious. Moreover, such an approach makes both answer and rationale prediction two completely independent VQA tasks rendering cognition task meaningless. In this paper, we seek to address these issues by proposing an end-to-end trainable model which considers both answers and their reasons jointly. Specifically, we first predict the answer for the question and then use the chosen answer to predict the rationale. However, a trivial design of such a model becomes non-differentiable which makes it difficult to train. We solve this issue by proposing four approaches - softmax, gumbel-softmax, reinforcement learning based sampling and direct cross entropy against all pairs of answers and rationales. We demonstrate through experiments that our model performs competitively against current state-of-the-art. We conclude with an analysis of presented approaches and discuss avenues for further work.
High sensitivity repeater detection with broadband plasma optical wafer inspection for mask defect qualification (2020)

As extreme ultra-violet (EUV) lithography moves into high volume manufacturing (HVM) for several critical layers for the N5 node, there is a need to develop a comprehensive strategy for mask re-qualification in the fab to mitigate contamination risks. The introduction of additional particle sources due to the scanner vacuum system and potential growth of film or particle deposition on the reticle, in combination with pellicle uncertainty, pose unique inspection challenges for EUV reticle defectivity compared to 193i reticles. EUV reticles are typically inspected with optical reticle inspection tools at outgoing quality control during their manufacture. Optical reticle inpsection tools are also traditionally used in the IC fab for incoming reticle qualification and periodic reticle re-qualification during production. However, to reduce material at risk in the IC fab there is a need for alternate inspection methodologies based on inspection of printed wafers. In addition, potential new defect mechanisms, such as those associated with the multi-layer mask of the EUV reticle, are driving fabs to re-qualify reticles in production using new methods that involve printed wafer inspection. The printed wafer inspection methodology is referred to as “reticle print check” or simply “print check”. In this paper we will describe the print check flow and show results from new developments in this methodology improving the capture of mask defects on wafer.
Thermal transitions in nano-patterned XY-magnets (2014)

We have fabricated ultra-thin disc shaped islands wherein shape anisotropy confines the moment to the island plane, creating XY-like superspins. At low temperatures, the superspins are blocked, and, as the temperature is increased, they undergo a transition into a superparamagnetic state. The onset of this dynamic superspin state scales with the diameter of the islands, and it persists up to a temperature governed by the intrinsic ordering temperature of the island material defining a range in temperature in which dynamic behavior of the magnetic islands can be obtained.
THE RISK OF TRANSFORMATION OF FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA “TRANSFORMED” BY RITUXIMAB: THE ARISTOTLE STUDY PROMOTED BY THE EUROPEAN LYMPHOMA INSTITUTE (2017)

Background: Histologic transformation (HT) is a critical biologic event with profound implications on the natural history and the clinical course of Follicular Lymphoma (FL). Moreover, HT is a very adverse event, with a median post-transformation survival of about 2 years. In most reports the incidence of HT have wavered over the past several decades, due to the adoption of different diagnostic methods, definition of transformation, duration of follow-up, and type of treatment. This study, promoted by ELI and European Hematology Association Lymphoma Group, aims to assess the risk of HT in the Immunochemotherapy era, and its outcome. Methods: Patients included in the Aristotle (Assessing the Risk of Transformation and Outcome of Follicular Lymphoma in the Immunochemotherapy Era) study come from clinical trials or lymphoma registries collected by ten different European Lymphoma Groups. The present study is restricted to cases diagnosed between 1997 and 2013 with biopsy proven HT, as reported by the participating Institutions, and in which transformation was diagnosed as the first event after initial therapy (regardless of whether patients had been managed expectantly at diagnosis or not). Primary endpoints were the cumulative risk of HT and survival after transformation (SAT). Results: So far 9,172 cases have been referred and 7,342 are assessable for the main endpoint, i.e. the transformation risk. Patient characteristics at time of diagnosis: median age 58 years (2.5-97.5 percentile 33-82); low, intermediate and high risk FLIPI 30%, 34% and 37%, respectively. A total of 4,496 first events (61%) were reported, 767 of whom confirmed by biopsy (18% of events). Overall, 437 of them were classified as HT. Median time to transformation was 19 months (2.5-97.5 percentile 2-116). The cumulative risk of HT was 5.5 (95% CI 5.0-6.1) and 7.2 (95% CI 6.4-8.0), at 5 and 10 years respectively. In 4,468 cases information on the use of Rituximab in induction (I) and maintenance (M) was available. The risk of transformation of the 2,874 cases with lack of data on R use was almost superimposable (7.6 vs 6.3, HR =0.92, 95% CI 0.73-1.15, p = 0.470) excluding a selection bias. The risk of transformation at 10 years was 6.2 (5.4-7.3) for R+, and 9.0 (7.2-11.1) for R-, respectively. Moreover, at 10 years the risk of transformation was 6.0 (95%CI 4.7-7.6) for patients who received R only in Induction (I + M-) and 3.8 (95%CI 2.4-5.9) for patients treated with R in induction and maintenance (I + M+) (Figure 1). After a median follow-up of 55 months (range 1-167) since HT, 248 deaths were recorded, with a SAT of 41% (95% CI 36-46) and 31% (95% CI 25-38) at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Keywords: follicular lymphoma (FL); immunochemotherapy; rituximab.
Archaeal DNA Replication: Eukaryal Proteins in a Bacterial Context (2003)

Genome sequences of a number of archaea have revealed an apparent paradox in the phylogenies of the bacteria, archaea, and eukarya, as well as an intriguing set of problems to be resolved in the study of DNA replication. The archaea, long thought to be bacteria, are not only different enough to merit their own domain but also appear to be an interesting mosaic of bacterial, eukaryal, and unique features. Most archaeal proteins participating in DNA replication are more similar in sequence to those found in eukarya than to analogous replication proteins in bacteria. However, archaea have only a subset of the eukaryal replication machinery, apparently needing fewer polypeptides and structurally simpler complexes. The archaeal replication apparatus also contains features not found in other organisms owing, in part, to the broad range of environmental conditions, some extreme, in which members of this domain thrive. In this review the current knowledge of the mechanisms governing DNA replication in archaea is summarized and the similarities and differences of those of bacteria and eukarya are highlighted.
High-performance and Low-voltage Challenges for Sub-45nm Microprocessor Circuits (Invited Paper) (2006)

Increasingly aggravated challenges in CMOS technology scaling beyond the 45nm node has resulted in several new design paradigm shifts necessary for high-performance and low-power microprocessors. This paper discusses some of the key technology challenges and the associated design paradigm shifts. High-performance and low-voltage energy-efficient circuit techniques to combat (i) increasing switching and active leakage power dissipation, (ii) poor leakage tolerance of large-signal cache arrays and register files, and (iii) worsening global on-chip interconnect scaling trend, are presented.
Dedicated Impedance‐Sensor Systems (2014)

Impedance sensors are used to measure electrical characteristics of materials and structures to derive their physical and chemical properties. These characteristics tend to be cross-sensitive to many other parameters beyond the properties of interest. Therefore, a dedicated approach is required to make such sensor systems sensitive for the measurands and to obtain immunity for other parameters. With four case studies, it is shown how specific requirements can yield electronic and physical challenges for system design and how related problems can be solved. These case studies concern a) electronic acquisition systems for capacitive sensors, with a very high precision, and a low power consumption, b) impedance sensors for early detection of bacterial growth in packed food products, c) impedance sensors for detection of water content of soil, and d) a system for in vitro and in vivo measurement of blood impedance, which is used to derive blood viscosity and hematocrit.
PULMONARY EMBOLISM FOLLOWING SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY (2002)

The data from this study demonstrate that pulmonary embolism is an uncommon complication of shoulder arthroplasty and that surgeons should have a high degree of suspicion if patients have respiratory difficulty following shoulder arthroplasty.
Topological pumping over a photonic Fibonacci quasicrystal (2015)

Quasiperiodic lattices have recently been shown to be a nontrivial topological phase of matter. Charge pumping---one of the hallmarks of topological states of matter---was recently realized for photons in a one-dimensional off-diagonal Harper model implemented in a photonic waveguide array. However, if the relationship between topological pumps and quasiperiodic systems is generic, one might wonder how to observe it in the canonical and most studied quasicrystalline system in one dimension---the Fibonacci chain. This chain is expected to facilitate a similar phenomenon, yet its discrete nature hinders the experimental study of such topological effects. Here, we overcome this obstacle by utilizing the topological equivalence of a family of quasiperiodic models which ranges from the Fibonacci chain to the Harper model. Implemented in photonic waveguide arrays, we observe the topological properties of this family, and perform a topological pumping of photons across a Fibonacci chain.
Turbine combustor with fuel nozzles having inner and outer fuel circuits (2023)

A combustor cap assembly for a turbine engine includes a combustor cap and a plurality of fuel nozzles mounted on the combustor cap. One or more of the fuel nozzles would include two separate fuel circuits which are individually controllable. The combustor cap assembly would be controlled so that individual fuel circuits of the fuel nozzles are operated or deliberately shut off to provide for physical separation between the flow of fuel delivered by adjacent fuel nozzles and/or so that adjacent fuel nozzles operate at different pressure differentials. Operating a combustor cap assembly in this fashion helps to reduce or eliminate the generation of undesirable and potentially harmful noise.
SwordFight: Exploring Phone-to-Phone Motion Games (2012)

A novel class of phone-to-phone mobile-motion games aims to achieve a level of physical interactivity comparable to Wii or Kinect games but without relying on an external infrastructure. The key underlying technology in these new mobile-motion games is a real-time phone-to-phone distance measurement substrate the authors developed 2014; the Fast, Accurate, and Robust (FAR) localization system. The system enables two potentially fast-moving phones to keep accurate distance estimates. To practically demonstrate the system's ability to enable novel gaming concepts, they developed SwordFight, a prototype mobile-motion game.
In-utero coxsackievirus B4 infection of the mouse thymus (2016)

Type B coxsackievirus (CV-B) infections are involved frequently in the triggering of several autoimmune diseases such as myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, pericarditis, pancreatitis, type 1 diabetes, encephalitis, thyroiditis or Sjögren's syndrome. Serological and virological evidence suggests that maternal infections during pregnancy can play a role in the appearance of these diseases in offspring. The current study aims to explore the effect of an in-utero CV-B infection on the fetal thymus, the central site for programming immunological self-tolerance. In this perspective, female Swiss albino mice were inoculated intraperitoneally or orally with the diabetogenic CV-B4 E2 strain at gestational days 10 or 17. Offspring were killed at different post-inoculation times, and their thymuses were analysed for evidence of infection and alterations in thymic T cell subsets. In-utero CV-B infection of the thymus was demonstrated during the course of vertical transmission, as attested by viral RNA and infectious virus detection in most analysed samples. No histopathological changes were evident. Thymic T cells were not depleted, despite being positive for viral RNA. As evidenced by flow cytometry analysis, CV-B infection of the fetal thymus induced significant changes of thymic T cell populations, particularly with maternal inoculation at gestational day 10. Altogether, these findings suggest that CV-B infection of the fetal thymus may play an important role in the genesis of autoimmune diseases.
pMOSFET with 200% mobility enhancement induced by multiple stressors (2006)

Recessed Si/sub 0.8/Ge/sub 0.2/ source/drain (S/D) and a compressive contact etch-stop layer have been successfully integrated resulting in nearly 200% improvement in hole mobility. This is the largest reported process-induced hole mobility enhancement to the authors' knowledge. This letter demonstrates that a drive-current improvement from recessed Si/sub 0.8/Ge/sub 0.2/ plus the compressive nitride layer are in fact additive. Furthermore, it shows that the mobility enhancement is a superlinear function of stress, leading to larger than additive gains in the drive current when combining several stress sources.
Induction and Maintenance of Cellular Hypometabolsm for Improved Tissue Survival for Reconstructive Procedures (2014)

Jackson, John R. PhD; Kim, NaJung PhD; Kim, Jaehyun PhD; Andersson, Karl-Erik; Yoo, James MD, PhD; Atala, Anthony MD, FACS Author Information
Design and validation of a metasurface lens for converging vortex beams (2019)

International audience
Low-Cost Stochastic Hybrid Multiplier for Quantized Neural Networks (2019)

With increased interests of neural networks, hardware implementations of neural networks have been investigated. Researchers pursue low hardware cost by using different technologies such as stochastic computing (SC) and quantization. More specifically, the quantization is able to reduce total number of trained weights and results in low hardware cost. SC aims to lower hardware costs substantially by using simple gates instead of complex arithmetic operations. However, the advantages of both quantization and SC in neural networks are not well investigated. In this article, we propose a new stochastic multiplier with simple CMOS transistors called the stochastic hybrid multiplier for quantized neural networks. The new design uses the characteristic of quantized weights and tremendously reduces the hardware cost of neural networks. Experimental results indicate that our stochastic design achieves about 7.7x energy reduction compared to its counterpart binary implementation while maintaining slightly higher recognition error rates than the binary implementation. Compared to previous stochastic neural network implementations, our work derives at least 4x, 9x, and 10x reduction in terms of area, power, and energy, respectively.
MOVPE growth of thick (∼1 µm) InGaN on AlN/Si substrates for InGaN/Si tandem solar cells (2015)

In order to develop key technologies for InGaN/Si two-junction tandem solar cells, MOVPE growth of thick InGaN on Si p-on-n cell structures has been studied. By clarifying the phase separation behavior of MOVPE InGaN, a thick (∼1 µm) InxGa1−xN (x ∼ 0.5) without phase separation is successfully grown on AlN/Si(111) wafers. A sufficient current flow for the operation of the tandem cell is obtained through n-InGaN/AlN/p-Si structures by employing the annealing of AlN/Si wafer at around 1000 °C in NH3 flow just before InGaN growth. The annealing of AlN/Si wafers also brings about the degradation of the underlying Si pn junction. The optimization of the annealing conditions is required to balance such favorable and unfavorable effects.
Search for Dark Matter Produced in Association with a Higgs Boson Decaying to bb¯ Using 36  fb−1 of pp Collisions at s=13  TeV with the ATLAS Detector (2017)

Several extensions of the standard model predict associated production of dark-matter particles with a Higgs boson. Such processes are searched for in final states with missing transverse momentum and a Higgs boson decaying to a bb[over ¯] pair with the ATLAS detector using 36.1 fb^{-1} of pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the LHC. The observed data are in agreement with the standard model predictions and limits are placed on the associated production of dark-matter particles and a Higgs boson.
Ku-band 15 W single-chip HJFET power amplifier (2002)

This paper describes record power performance of Ku-band power amplifiers fabricated with a 0.45 /spl mu/m gate GaAs-based heterojunction FET (HJFET). The developed HJFET amplifier with 25.2 mm gate periphery delivered a 41.98 dBm (15.8 W) output power with 36% power-added efficiency (PAE) and 9.6 dB linear gain at 12 GHz. This is the highest PAE, gain and output power combination achieved from a single-chip FET power amplifier at Ku-band.
Photoluminescence, morphology, and structure of hydrothermal ZnO implanted at room temperature with 60 keV Sn+ ions (2011)

Hydrothermal ZnO wafers implanted at room temperature with 60 keV Sn+ ions are examined by means of photoluminescence (PL), atomic force spectroscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffractometry techniques. The PL intensity significantly decreases in the wafers implanted to doses of 4.1 × 1013 ions/cm2 and higher. The AFM measurements indicate that surface roughness variation is not the cause of the significant decrease in PL intensity. Furthermore, the PL deep level (DL) band peak blueshifts after illuminating the implanted samples with the He-Cd laser 325 nm line; meanwhile, the DL band intensity first increases and then decreases with illumination time. These abnormal behaviors of the DL band are discussed.
Candida glabratasepsis secondary to oral colonization in bone marrow transplantation (2004)

Candida glabrata has emerged as a common cause of fungal sepsis in bone marrow transplant patients, particularly those receiving fluconazole prophylaxis. Colonization of the lower GI tract and indwelling catheters have been thought to be the primary sources of systemic infection with Candida. We report on a bone marrow transplant patient who developed Candida glabrata sepsis from pre-existing oral colonization.
Supplemental Figure Legends from Oncogenic Transformation Drives DNA Methylation Loss and Transcriptional Activation at Transposable Element Loci (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Legends for Supplemental Figures S1-S9&lt;/p&gt;
Robotic Compensation of Biological Motion to Enhance Surgical Accuracy (2006)

Robotic technologies provide new ways to compensate quasi-periodic biological motion, enabling higher surgical accuracy without invasive measures such as cardiopulmonary bypass. This paper describes current research in robotic compensation of hand tremor, respiratory motion, and heartbeat during surgical procedures. An analysis of each physiological motion pattern is provided, as well as a description of novel compensation techniques