gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving the Antitumor Activity of Squalenoyl‐Paclitaxel Conjugate Nanoassemblies by Manipulating the Linker between Paclitaxel and Squalene (2012)

A series of new lipid prodrugs of paclitaxel, which can be formulated as nanoassemblies, are described. These prodrugs which are designed to overcome the limitations due to the systemic toxicity and low water solubility of paclitaxel consist of a squalene chain bound to the 2'-OH of paclitaxel through a 1,4-cis,cis-dienic linker. This design allows the squalene-conjugates to self-assemble as nanoparticular systems while preserving an efficient release of the free drug, thanks to the dienic spacer. The size, steric hindrance, and functional groups of the spacer have been modulated. All these prodrugs self-assemble into nanosized aggregates in aqueous solution as characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy and appear stable in water for several days as determined by particle size measurement. In vitro biological assessment shows that these squalenoyl-paclitaxel nanoparticles display notable cytotoxicity on several tumor cell lines including A549 lung cell line, colon cell line HT-29, or KB 3.1 nasopharyngeal epidermoid cell line. The cis,cis-squalenyl-deca-5,8-dienoate prodrug show improved activity over simple 2'-squalenoyl-paclitaxel prodrug highlighting the favourable effect of the dienic linker. The antitumor efficacy of the nanoassemblies constructed with the more active prodrugs has been investigated on human lung (A549) carcinoma xenograft model in mice. The prodrug bearing the cis,cis-deca-5,8-dienoyl linker shows comparable antitumor efficacy to the parent drug, but reveals a much lower subacute toxicity as seen in body weight loss. Thus, nanoparticles with the incorporated squalenoyl paclitaxel prodrug may prove useful for replacement of the toxic Cremophor EL.
An Initial Study to Develop Appropriate Warning Sound for a Luxury Vehicle Using an Exterior Sound Simulator (2011)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Many electric (EV) and hybrid-electric (HEV) vehicles are designed to operate using only electric propulsion at low road speeds. This has resulted in significantly reduced vehicle noise levels in urban situations. Although this may be viewed by many as a benefit, a risk to safety exists for those who rely on the engine noise to help detect the presence, location and behaviour of a vehicle in their vicinity. In recognition of this, legislation is being introduced globally which will require automotive manufacturers to implement external warning sound systems.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A key challenge for premium vehicle manufacturers is the development of a suitable warning sound signature which also conveys the appropriate brand aspirations for the product.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A further major difficulty exists when trying to robustly evaluate potential exterior sounds by running large-scale trials in the real world. Practical factors such as poor repeatability of the test condition (traffic, weather, etc.), the logistics of moving large groups of assessors around the physical scenario, and the time necessary to evaluate many sounds can all contribute to unreliable findings.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper describes an exterior sound simulator which has been developed to address these concerns. It accurately creates the sound which would be experienced by a pedestrian as vehicles are driven around a virtual urban scenario and enables the controlled subjective evaluation of many potential warning sounds in a wide variety of realistic scenarios. The technical approach is explained through a recent case study in which the exterior sound simulator was used to develop, and obtain management direction for, appropriate warning sounds for a new luxury electric vehicle.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Statistics of electron-multiplying charge-coupled devices (2023)

Electron-multiplying charge-coupled devices are efficient imaging devices for low-surface-brightness ultraviolet astronomy from space. The large amplification allows photon counting (PC), the detection of events versus nonevents. This paper provides the statistics of the observation process, the photon-counting process, the amplification process, and the compression. The expression for the signal-to-noise of PC is written in terms of the polygamma function. The optimal exposure time is a function of the clock-induced charge. The exact distribution of amplification process is a simple-to-compute powered matrix. The optimal cutoff for comparing to the read noise is close to a strong function of the read noise and a weak function of the electron-multiplying gain and photon rate. A formula gives the expected compression rate.
The effect of curative resection on fecal microbiota in patients with colorectal cancer: a prospective pilot study (2020)

Significant changes in intestinal microbial communities were noted following curative resection of CRC patients. Especially, decreases in pathogenic bacterial populations, such as <i>Fusobacterium</i> and <i>Prevotella</i>, which are known to be associated with CRC development, were detected even though OTUs and alpha diversity were decreased following curative resection. To determine and validate the clinical significance of these findings, large scale, prospective studies that include cancer prognoses are required.
Logo Detection and Localization for IC Authentication, Marking Recognition, and Counterfeit Detection (2022)

In this manuscript, we present a new solution to logo detection on printed circuit boards (PCB). With the growing incidence of PCB counterfeits and Trojans, having a quick, automated PCB assurance tool is the need of the hour. Logo detection and verification is an important step in PCB assurance and counterfeit detection. In addition, text recognition in PCBs is made difficult due to logo interference, which can also be solved with our proposed solution. We describe our Deep Neural Network (DNN)-based algorithm along with a description of the dataset used. Finally, we present images as well as qualitative results using common object detection metrics to demonstrate the performance of our proposed approach.
Optical Communication Systems: Scaling Capacity and Energy (2022)

We discuss the capacity scaling of optical communications from ultra-long-haul subsea cables to ultra-low-power intra-datacenter interconnects and show that massive spatial parallelism is the only sustainable option for the next decade and beyond.
Force-Field Functor Theory: Classical Force-Fields which Reproduce Equilibrium Quantum Distributions (2013)

Feynman and Hibbs were the first to variationally determine an effective potential whose associated classical canonical ensemble approximates the exact quantum partition function. We examine the existence of a map between the local potential and an effective classical potential which matches the exact quantum equilibrium density and partition function. The usefulness of such a mapping rests in its ability to readily improve Born-Oppenheimer potentials for use with classical sampling. We show that such a map is unique and must exist. To explore the feasibility of using this result to improve classical molecular mechanics, we numerically produce a map from a library of randomly generated one-dimensional potential/effective potential pairs then evaluate its performance on independent test problems. We also apply the map to simulate liquid para-hydrogen, finding that the resulting radial pair distribution functions agree well with path integral Monte Carlo simulations. The surprising accessibility and transferability of the technique suggest a quantitative route to adapting Born-Oppenheimer potentials, with a motivation similar in spirit to the powerful ideas and approximations of density functional theory.
Decoupled and Descattered Monopole MIMO Antenna Array with Orthogonal Radiation Patterns (2019)

This chapter introduces a novel design concept to reduce mutual coupling among closely-spaced antenna elements of a MIMO array. This design concept significantly reduces the complexity of traditional/existing design approaches such as metamaterials, defected ground plane structures, soft electromagnetic surfaces, parasitic elements, matching and decoupling networks using a simple, yet a novel design alternative. The approach is based on a planar single decoupling element, consisting of a rectangular metallic ring resonator printed on one face of an ungrounded substrate. The decoupling structure surrounds a two-element vertical monopole antenna array fed by a coplanar waveguide structure. The design is shown both by simulations and measurements to reduce the mutual coupling by at least 20 dB, maintain the impedance bandwidth over which S11, is less than −10 dB, and reduce the envelope correlation coefficient to below 0.001. The boresight of the far-field radiation patterns of the two vertical monopole wire antennas operating at 2.4 GHz and separated by 8 mm (λo/16), where λo is the free-space wavelength at 2.45 GHz, is shown to be orthogonal and inclined by 45° with respect to the horizontal (azimuthal) plane while maintaining the shape of the isolated single antenna element.
Simultaneous Performance and Stability Improvement of a p-Type Organic Electrochemical Transistor through Additives (2022)

Advancements in organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) applications have been largely driven by the development of organic electronic materials that allow for simultaneous ionic and electronic transport in the bulk of their films. These studies focus on achieving high steady-state OECT performance, governed by the electronic charge mobility and the capacitance of the polymer film in the channel, and an often underlooked property is the long-term operational stability. In this work, we present a strategy to improve the performance of p-type OECTs along with operational stability via two additives, i.e., a high-boiling-point solvent (chlorobenzene) and a Lewis acid (tris(pentafluoro phenyl)borane). Addition of a small amount of a cosolvent additive changes the arrangement of glycolated thiophene-based copolymer chains on the substrate toward a direction that allows for more efficient hole transport. The Lewis acid, on the other hand, boosts the OECT stability, mainly by preventing oxidative degradation. Using both additives in the solution grants OECTs with high operational stability and performance through changes in the film microstructure and the polymer’s sensitivity to oxygen. This study highlights the use of additives as a means to enhance the OECT figure of merits without the need for new polymer synthesis.
Temperature dependence of the shear modulus of soft tissues assessed by ultrasound (2009)

Ultrasound-based techniques to monitor HIFU treatments, combining temperature and elasticity mapping, require better understanding of the thermal effects on soft tissues elasticity. Hence, the study aims to evaluate the temperature dependence of the shear modulus of bovine muscles. Nine ex vivo samples of bovine muscle were slowly heated into a thermally-controlled saline bath. Thermocouples were used to assess temperatures into muscles. Local elasticity was assessed using Supersonic Shear Imaging. Samples were heated from 20°C to 70°C by steps of 10°C and 20 min long and cooled back at room temperature. Elasticity assessment was achieved every minute along the muscular fibres. The shear modulus decreased linearly with increasing temperature up to 44°C, with a change in slope around 37°C. Then, it exponentially decreased from 44°C to 56°C. Finally, it exponentially increased for higher temperatures. The thermal-induced changes in the shear modulus of ex vivo bovine muscles using ultrasound are consistent with theoretical changes of myosin and collagen microstructure. Given the high sensitivity of the ultrasound-based technique to the behaviour of both myofibrilar proteins and collagen on heating, this study gives promising prospects for the use of a full-ultrasound-based technique to monitor thermal effects on tissues.
Identifying Critical LMS Features for Predicting At-risk Students (2022)

Learning management systems (LMSs) have become essential in higher education and play an important role in helping educational institutions to promote student success. Traditionally, LMSs have been used by postsecondary institutions in administration, reporting, and delivery of educational content. In this paper, we present an additional use of LMS by using its data logs to perform data-analytics and identify academically at-risk students. The data-driven insights would allow educational institutions and educators to develop and implement pedagogical interventions targeting academically at-risk students. We used anonymized data logs created by Brightspace LMS during fall 2019, spring 2020, and fall 2020 semesters at our college. Supervised machine learning algorithms were used to predict the final course performance of students, and several algorithms were found to perform well with accuracy above 90%. SHAP value method was used to assess the relative importance of features used in the predictive models. Unsupervised learning was also used to group students into different clusters based on the similarities in their interaction/involvement with LMS. In both of supervised and unsupervised learning, we identified two most-important features (Number_Of_Assignment_Submissions and Content_Completed). More importantly, our study lays a foundation and provides a framework for developing a real-time data analytics metric that may be incorporated into a LMS.
Germanium Surface Conditioning and Passivation (2010)

Germanium (Ge) is a candidate to replace silicon (Si) as channel material for the gate electrode. Due to the aqueous solubility and the thermal instability of germanium dioxide (GeO2), cleaning solutions used for Si are ineffective and must be adapted to this material. Hydrogen passivation of the Ge surface, as compared to Si, is more difficult to achieve and the H-terminated Ge surface is unstable. Various methods are being used to stabilize the Ge surface; such as, oxidation of the Ge to stoichiometric GeO2, oxynitridation, and even nitridation of the Ge substrate. Oxide-free Ge-surfaces can also be achieved by using hydrochloric acid (HCl) or other treatments. Sulfur-containing passivation is shown to prevent interaction of the Ge channel with the hafnium oxide (HfO2) gate. Metal and particle removal can be achieved using highly diluted cleaning solutions. This chapter discusses the various methods to passivate the surface and the surface analysis results. Controlled Vocabulary Terms germanium compounds; hafnium compounds; nitridation; passivation; silicon
Natural abundance 33S NMR spectroscopy. The first spectra of several major compound types (2002)

Using a high field, high power instrument, 33S NMR spectra have been obtained for several previously unobservable compound types including an aromatic isothiocyanate, a thiocyanate, a thiophenol, an alkyl aryl sulfide, a thiazole, a persulfate, a sulfinic acid and sulfinate salts, a sulfonhydrazide and a sulfinyl halide. The range of data for sulfonyl fluorides and chlorides has also been extended considerably.
Systematic Dissection of Roles for Chromatin Regulators in a Yeast Stress Response (2012)

Packaging of eukaryotic genomes into chromatin has wide-ranging effects on gene transcription. Curiously, it is commonly observed that deletion of a global chromatin regulator affects expression of only a limited subset of genes bound to or modified by the regulator in question. However, in many single-gene studies it has become clear that chromatin regulators often do not affect steady-state transcription, but instead are required for normal transcriptional reprogramming by environmental cues. We therefore have systematically investigated the effects of 83 histone mutants, and 119 gene deletion mutants, on induction/repression dynamics of 170 transcripts in response to diamide stress in yeast. Importantly, we find that chromatin regulators play far more pronounced roles during gene induction/repression than they do in steady-state expression. Furthermore, by jointly analyzing the substrates (histone mutants) and enzymes (chromatin modifier deletions) we identify specific interactions between histone modifications and their regulators. Combining these functional results with genome-wide mapping of several histone marks in the same time course, we systematically investigated the correspondence between histone modification occurrence and function. We followed up on one pathway, finding that Set1-dependent H3K4 methylation primarily acts as a gene repressor during multiple stresses, specifically at genes involved in ribosome biosynthesis. Set1-dependent repression of ribosomal genes occurs via distinct pathways for ribosomal protein genes and ribosomal biogenesis genes, which can be separated based on genetic requirements for repression and based on chromatin changes during gene repression. Together, our dynamic studies provide a rich resource for investigating chromatin regulation, and identify a significant role for the "activating" mark H3K4me3 in gene repression.
β‐ENDORPHIN: SYNTHESIS OF ANALOGS WITH EXTENSION AT THE CARBOXYL TERMINUS WITH HIGH RADIORECEPTOR BINDING ACTIVITY (1980)

Four analogs of human beta-endorphin (beta h-EP) have been synthesized: [Gly31]-Beta h-EP-Gly-NH2, [CH3(CH2)4NH231]-beta h-EP, [Gly31]-beta h-EP-Gly-Gly-NH2, and [Gln8, Gly31]-betah-EP-Gly-Gly-NH2. All are more active than beta h-EP in an opiate receptor binding assay. Stepwise extension at the COOH-terminus shows a progressive increase in binding activity. The last analog, which combines extension at the COOH-terminus with elimination of the remaining anionic charge in beta h-EP, is nine times more active than the parent molecule.
Circannual changes in free thyroxine, prolactin, testes, and relative food intake in woodchucks, Marmota monax (1999)

Woodchucks (n = 12-14/group) with circannual cycles entrained to northern versus southern hemisphere photoperiods were assessed monthly for 16 mo. Changes in serum total triiodothyronine (TT(3)), free thyroxine (T(4)), total thyroxine (TT(4)), and prolactin were determined in a subset of five animals per group. Metabolic hormone results were examined in relation to changes in body weight, food intake, and serum testosterone (n = 12-14/group). Seasonal changes in each parameter were similar in both groups as were nadir and peak TT(3) (162 +/- 6 and 392 +/- 12 ng/ml, respectively), free T(4) (19 +/- 2 and 86 +/- 7 ng/ml, repectively), TT(4) (3.2 +/- 0.2 and 8.0 +/- 0.5 ng/ml, respectively), and prolactin (0.6 +/- 0.1 and 14 +/- 2 ng/ml, respectively). In late winter and early spring, simultaneous increases in both free T(4) and prolactin were associated with 1) a large increase in food intake, 2) a decline in body weight to nadir values, 3) a corresponding negative energy balance, 4) a peak and decline in serum testosterone, and 5) a modest increase in TT(4) and large decline in serum TT(3). Low levels of free T(4) and prolactin were observed in summer when energy balance was very positive. The results demonstrate that, in woodchucks, serum T(4) and prolactin undergo seasonal changes during annual cycles entrained by photoperiod. The results suggest that changes in free T(4), acting as a calorigenic hormone, and changes in both T(4) and prolactin, potentially acting as lipolytic, antilipogenic, and/or orectic hormones, are likely involved in the mechanisms underlying the corresponding seasonal changes in food intake, fat metabolism, and energy balance in this species. Their potential roles in gonadal regression and recrudescence are less clear.
Alteration of T-Cell Functions by Infection with HTLV-I or HTLV-II (1984)

Two functionally different types of human T-cell clones, one with helper function and two with specific activity, were infected with different isolates of HTLV-I and HLTV-II. Both types of human T cells showed alterations in specific function after infection with either of the HTLV subgroups. Before HTLV infection, the T-cell clone with helper function proliferates and provides help to B cells only in the presence of both a specific soluble antigen (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) and histocompatible antigen-presenting cells. After HTLV infection, these cells respond with increased proliferation and indiscriminant stimulation of polyclonal immunoglobulin production by B cells, regardless of the histocompatibility of the antigen-presenting cells or the presence of the soluble antigen. Infection of the normal cytotoxic T-cell clones led to a dimunition or loss of the cytotoxic function. The results of these studies suggest some possible mechanisms for induction of immune deficiency and of polyclonal B-cell activation by viruses of the HTLV family.
An innovating technological approach for Si–SiGe superlattice integration into thermoelectric modules (2008)

This paper presents the development of doped polycrystalline Si–SiGe superlattices as thermoelectric (TE) elements integrated into generators. The modules dimension is 1 cm2, Si and SiGe are in situ doped (n and p types) and realized by CVD (chemical vapor deposition) on a 4 inch (0 0 1) silicon wafer. Si–SiGe superlattice growth will be studied, as well as the integration into thermoelectric modules. Interest in using superlattices as TE materials will be justified by their thermal conductivity measurements. Moreover, process fabrication and different geometry designs will be presented. Finally, the first measurements realized on these modules allowed scavenging 320 mV for a temperature difference of 90 K.
Infrared Vibrational Nanospectroscopy by Self-Referenced Interferometry (2015)

Infrared vibrational scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) has emerged as a new frontier in imaging science due to its potential to provide nanoscale spatially resolved chemical spectroscopy for the investigation of molecular, soft-matter, and biological materials. As a phase-sensitive technique able to yield the full complex dielectric function of materials, different interferometric schemes have been developed involving asymmetric interferometry between sample and reference arms. In this work, we take advantage of a greatly simplified symmetric geometry that uses the spatially coherent background scattered light from within the confocal sample volume as a reference field for signal amplification in both self-homodyne and self-heterodyne interferometry. On the basis of a simple model for tip-sample scattering and interferometric detection, we demonstrate the measurement of the vibrational response of molecular materials in good agreement with established values. In addition to a compact design, enhanced signal levels, and a reduced sensitivity to fluctuations and drift, including those from the light source, self-referenced interferometry brings benefits for routine s-SNOM chemical spectroscopy, remaining robust even under a wide range of challenging experimental environments.
The nonlinear effect from the interplay between the nonlinearity and the supercollimation of photonic crystal (2007)

The authors theoretically and numerically investigate the beam propagation near the supercollimation frequency ωs0 in a photonic crystal made of nonlinear material. Since the value and sign of the equal-frequency-contour curvature which dominates the beam behaviors can be nonlinearly tuned near ωs0, a kind of nonlinear effect is generated. The envelope equation with unique form is also obtained. Beam-control mechanisms are theoretically predicted and observed in numerical experiments, such as tunable collimation, tunable beam-divergence angle, and self-lock of collimation. These mechanisms can be utilized to function as fiber, lens and coupler, or to design photonic devices.