gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CDM-Based <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="TeX">\(\lambda \) </tex-math></inline-formula>-OTDR for Rapid TDM- and WDM-PON Monitoring (2014)

A novel OTDR-system is introduced, which enables a significant reduction of measurement times in TDM- and WDM-PON measurements compared to a conventional λ-OTDR. It has the ability to measure multiple wavelengths simultaneously with just one receiver photodiode. The working principle is similar to a code division multiplexing transmission system. Furthermore, the measurement time is not only reduced by the simultaneous measurements on different wavelengths but also by means of coding gain, which reduces the OTDR averaging time. The coding gain has its origin in the correlation of signals based on complete complementary codes. In an experiment, measurements were performed, which provided results 15 times faster than with a conventional λ-OTDR. Further improvements are possible with different measurement parameters.
Replacing AgTSSCH2‐R with AgTSO2C‐R in EGaIn‐Based Tunneling Junctions Does Not Significantly Change Rates of Charge Transport (2014)

This paper compares rates of charge transport by tunneling across junctions with the structures Ag(TS) X(CH2 )2n CH3 //Ga2 O3 /EGaIn (n=1-8 and X= SCH2  and O2 C); here Ag(TS) is template-stripped silver, and EGaIn is the eutectic alloy of gallium and indium. Its objective was to compare the tunneling decay coefficient (β, Å(-1) ) and the injection current (J0 , A cm(-2) ) of the junctions comprising SAMs of n-alkanethiolates and n-alkanoates. Replacing Ag(TS) SCH2 -R with Ag(TS) O2 C-R (R=alkyl chains) had no significant influence on J0 (ca. 3×10(3) A cm(-2) ) or β (0.75-0.79 Å(-1) )-an indication that such changes (both structural and electronic) in the Ag(TS) XR interface do not influence the rate of charge transport. A comparison of junctions comprising oligo(phenylene)carboxylates and n-alkanoates showed, as expected, that β for aliphatic (0.79 Å(-1) ) and aromatic (0.60 Å(-1) ) SAMs differed significantly.
Insulin-like growth factors decrease oxygen-regulated erythropoietin production by human hepatoma cells (Hep G2) (1992)

We examined the effects of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and insulin on erythropoietin (EPO) production by human hepatoma cells (Hep G2). Compared with normoxia (20% O2), EPO production by Hep G2 cells during a 72-h incubation was stimulated fivefold by exposure to low oxygen tension (1% O2) and nearly threefold by exposure to cobalt chloride (100 microM). IGF-I caused a concentration-dependent attenuation of EPO formation under normoxic conditions and inhibited (maximally 50%) EPO production stimulated by either low oxygen tension or cobalt [half-maximal effect (ED50) approximately 5 nM]. The increase of EPO mRNA levels in response to hypoxia was significantly reduced by IGF-I. Similarly to IGF-I, IGF-II (ED50 approximately 8 nM) and insulin (ED50 approximately 80 nM) also inhibited EPO formation in Hep G2 cells. IGF-I (100 pM-100 nM) stimulated the incorporation of radiolabeled alanine as a measure for total protein synthesis, 3H-labeled thymidine incorporation into DNA, and glycogen synthesis at 20 and 1% O2 in a concentration-dependent fashion. IGF-I exhibited a high affinity for the IGF-I receptor (apparent Kd approximately 3 nM). Unlabeled insulin was greater than 100-fold less potent than IGF-I in competing for 125I-IGF-I binding (apparent Kd approximately 360 nM). Conversely, insulin bound to the insulin receptor with high affinity (apparent Kd approximately 0.3 nM), whereas IGF-I was less than 1% as potent in competing for 125I-insulin binding. In summary, IGFs and insulin exert a negative control function on oxygen-regulated EPO production in Hep G2 cells. The inhibitory effect of IGFs and insulin on EPO formation appears to be mediated via the IGF-I receptor.
Richer syntactic dependencies for structured language modeling (2005)

The paper investigates the use of richer syntactic dependencies in the structured language model (SLM). We present two simple methods of enriching the dependencies in the syntactic parse trees used for initializing the SLM. We evaluate the impact of both methods on the perplexity (PPL) and word-error-rate (WER, N-best rescoring) performance of the SLM. We show that the new model achieves an improvement in PPL and WER over the baseline results reported using the SLM on the UPenn Treebank and Wall Street Journal (WSJ) corpora, respectively.
A Pd-PdO Film Potentiometnc pH Sensor (1986)

Palladium-palladium oxide film formed by the RF reactive sputtering technique was used for pH measurement. The potentiometric mode of operation was employed and an Ag/AgCl electrode was used as the reference electrode. The Pd-PdO film was formed on both alumina and polycrystalline silicon, and sputtering conditions to produce Pd-PdO film with good pH response characteristics were empirically defined. The Pd-PdO showed good pH response, ~54 mV/[pH] at 25 °C over the pH range of 3-9. The temperature dependency and dissolved oxygen effect on the film when used as a pH sensor were investigated and discussed.
Mn2(CO)10CH2N2, ein stabiles Organometall‐Derivat von Diazomethan[1] (1976)

Ein Diazomethan‐Mangan‐Komplex der ungewöhnlichen Struktur (1) bildet sich bei −85°C aus Mn(CO) 5 H und Diazomethan. Das gut kristallisierende, hellgelbe Produkt läßt sich chromatographisch isolieren und ist bis ca. 115°C stabil. magnified image
ChemInform Abstract: HEXAKIS(TRIMETHYLPHOSPHINE)MOLYBDENUM CHEMISTRY: DINITROGEN, ETHYLENE, BUTADIENE, η‐CYCLOPENTADIENYL, AND RELATED DERIVATIVES (1985)

Abstract Die Verbindung (II) wurde durch Co‐Kondensation von Mo‐Atomen mit PMe3 erhalten.
Design of a Cobalt–Zeolite Catalyst for Semi‐Linear Higher‐Olefin Synthesis (2012)

The tide is higher: Improved knowledge of the cation sites inside zeolite materials has led to the development of a tailor-made Co-based heterogeneous catalyst for the oligomerization of short olefins into semi-linear higher olefins. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Constitutive and Adaptive Traits of Environmental Stress Tolerance in the Threatened Halophyte Limonium angustebracteatum Erben (Plumbaginaceae) (2022)

<i>Limonium angustebracteatum</i> is a halophyte endemic to the E and SE Iberian Peninsula with interest in conservation. Salt glands represent an important adaptive trait in recretohalophytes like this and other <i>Limonium</i> species, as they allow the excretion of excess salts, reducing the concentration of toxic ions in foliar tissues. This study included the analysis of the salt gland structure, composed of 12 cells, 4 secretory and 8 accessory. Several anatomical, physiological and biochemical responses to stress were also analysed in adult plants subjected to one month of water stress, complete lack of irrigation, and salt stress, by watering with aqueous solutions of 200, 400, 600 and 800 mM NaCl. Plant growth was inhibited by the severe water deficit and, to a lesser extent, by high NaCl concentrations. A variation in the anatomical structure of the leaves was detected under conditions of salt and water stress; plants from the salt stress treatment showed salt glands sunken between epidermal cells, bordered by very large epidermal cells, whereas in those from the water stress treatment, the epidermal cells were heterogeneous in shape and size. In both, the palisade structure of the leaves was altered. Salt excretion is usually accompanied by the accumulation of salts in the foliar tissue. This was also found in <i>L. angustebracteatum</i>, in which the concentration of all ions analysed was higher in the leaves than in the roots. The increase of K<sup>+</sup> in the roots of plants subjected to water stress was also remarkable. The multivariate analysis indicated differences in water and salt stress responses, such as the accumulation of Na and Cl, or proline, but K<sup>+</sup> homeostasis played a relevant role in the mechanism of tolerance to both stressful conditions.
A mouse model of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome has impaired fear memory, which is rescued by lithium treatment (2020)

Abstract Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles present on most cells that regulate many physiological processes, ranging from maintaining energy homeostasis to renal function. However, the role of these structures in the regulation of behavior remains unknown. To study the role of cilia in behavior, we employ mouse models of the human ciliopathy, Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS). Here, we demonstrate that BBS mice have significant impairments in context fear conditioning, a form of associative learning. Moreover, we show that postnatal deletion of BBS gene function, as well as congenital deletion, specifically in the forebrain, impairs context fear conditioning. Analyses indicated that these behavioral impairments are not the result of impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation. However, our results indicate that these behavioral impairments are linked to impaired hippocampal neurogenesis. Two-week treatment with lithium chloride partially restores the proliferation of hippocampal neurons which leads to a rescue of context fear conditioning. Overall, our results identify a novel role of cilia genes in hippocampal neurogenesis and long-term context fear conditioning. Author summary The primary cilium is a microtubule-based membranous projection on the cell that is involved in multiple physiological functions. Patients who have cilia dysfunction commonly have intellectual disability. However, it is not known how cilia affect learning and memory. Studying mouse models of a cilia-based intellectual disability can provide insight into learning and memory. One such cilia-based intellectual disability is Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS), which is caused by homozygous and compound heterozygous mutations of BBS genes. We found that a mouse model of BBS ( Bbs1 M390R/M390R mice) has learning and memory defects. In addition, we found that other mouse models of BBS have similar learning and memory defects. These BBS mouse models have difficulty associating an environment with an aversive stimulus, a task designed to test context fear memory. This type of memory involves the hippocampus. We found that Bbs1 M390R/M390R mice have decreased cell production in the hippocampus. Treating Bbs1 M390R/M390R mice with a compound (lithium) that increases cell production in the hippocampus improved the learning and memory deficits. Our results demonstrate a potential role for cilia in learning and memory, and indicate that lithium is a potential treatment, requiring further study, for the intellectual disability phenotype of BBS.
No evidence for BCL10 mutation in endometrial cancers with microsatellite instability (2001)

Previous reports have suggested that the mononucleotide repeats in BCL10 frequently are mutated in both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. We set out to determine whether these repeats, like simple repeat sequences in other genes, are a target for mutation in endometrial cancers with defective DNA mismatch repair. Primary endometrial cancers (n = 42) and endometrial cancer cell lines (n=5) with microsatellite instability (MSI) were investigated. BCL10 exons 2 and 3 were amplified by PCR and evaluated for mutation using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and single stand conformational variant (SSCV) analysis. Variants were directly sequenced. No BCL10 mutations were detected in exons 2 or 3 by DHPLC or SSCV. A polymorphism in exon 3 (638G→A) was seen in 4/42 (9.5%) MSI-positive endometrial cancers and 0/5 MSI-positive endometrial cancer cell lines. Thus, mutation in the mononucleotide repeat tracts of BCL10 is not a feature of endometrial cancers with defective DNA mismatch repair. Hum Mutat 17:117–121, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lung mesenchymal cell diversity rapidly increases at birth and is profoundly altered by hyperoxia (2021)

Abstract Lung mesenchymal cells play an essential role in development and at birth, as the lung moves from a fluid-filled to an oxygen-rich environment with a stable gas-liquid interface. The molecular details and cellular changes accompanying this highly coordinated process remain incompletely understood. Therefore, we performed single cell transcriptomics and in-situ imaging of the developing lung in both health and disease to characterize the spectrum of mesenchymal cell states prior to the onset of air-breathing life through late alveolarization to gain insight into their role in orchestrating tissue maturation. We found that cell type diversity in the mesenchymal compartment increases rapidly during normal development but is delayed during neonatal exposure to 80% O 2 hyperoxia, a model for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. This study identifies the molecular transitions between populations of mesenchymal cells at discrete developmental time points across fibroblast, smooth muscle, and mural compartments and elucidates the global and cell type-specific effects of neonatal hyperoxia, including the emergence of Acta1 + cells which are absent in normoxic neonatal lungs. These granular insights hold the promise of targeted treatment for neonatal lung disease, which remains a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality across the world.
Analysis of Ultrasound Propagation in High-Temperature Nuclear Reactor Feedwater to Investigate a Clamp-on Ultrasonic Pulse Doppler Flowmeter (2008)

The flow rate of nuclear reactor feedwater is an important factor in the operation of a nuclear power reactor. Venturi nozzles are widely used to measure the flow rate. Other types of flowmeters have been proposed to improve measurement accuracy and permit the flow rate and reactor power to be increased. The ultrasonic pulse Doppler system is expected to be a candidate method because it can measure the flow profile across the pipe cross section, which changes with time. For accurate estimation of the flow velocity, the incidence angle of ultrasound entering the fluid should be estimatedusing Snell's law. However, evaluation of the ultrasound propagation is not straightforward, especially for a high-temperature pipe with a clamp-on ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter. The ultrasound beam path may differ from what is expected fromSnell's law due to the temperature gradient in the wedge and variation in the acoustic impedance between interfaces. Recently, simulation code for ultrasound propagation has come into use in the nuclear field for nondestructive testing. This article analyzes and discusses ultrasound propagation, using 3D-FEM simulation code plus the Kirchhoff method, as it relates to flow profile measurement in nuclear reactor feed-water with the ultrasonic pulse Doppler system.
Preparation and Characterization of Spinifex Resin-based Bio-Polyurethane/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Blends (2013)

Research interest is growing in the potential to strategically mix selected polymers to modify properties and reduce the cost of resultant blends. Renewable resource-derived spinifex resin-based polyurethane (RPU) can be considered a potential bio-alternative to conventional petroleum-based polymers. However, its inherent weak mechanical properties severely limit its range of applications. This study aimed to prepare a useful novel polymer by solution blending of polyurethane prepared from spinifex resin (endemic to Australia) and commercially available thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). Properties of the prepared polymer blends were characterized using various techniques.
Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial Demonstrates Telomerase Activator TA-65 Decreases Immunosenescent CD8+CD28- T Cells in Humans (2021)

TA-65 is a small molecule telomerase activator extracted from Astragalus species. A previous observational study suggested that TA-65 decreased the number of immunosenescent cells in healthy subjects. Here we examined the impact of TA-65 in a much larger randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. This study aims to evaluate the effects of TA-65 on senescent CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;CD28&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; T cells in healthy subjects. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and multi-arm parallel trial in 500 healthy subjects. Subjects, clinical staff, and primary outcome assessors were blinded until the database lock. A total of 500 healthy volunteers were randomly allocated, 100 subjects each, into one of the five groups; placebo, TA-65 (100 Units) qd, TA-65 (250 Units) qd, TA-65 (500 Units) qd, or TA-65 (250 Units) b.i.d. Change in the immunosenescence biomarker after nine months was measured. The intention-to-treat analysis of the primary outcome measure included all the randomized subjects (n = 500). Per-protocol analysis of the primary outcome measured included 93% of the randomized subjects (&lt;em&gt;n &lt;/em&gt;= 424). Multilevel analysis revealed a significant decrease in the CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;CD28&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; T cells with TA-65 intervention compared to the placebo group (&lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt;&amp;lt;0.05). Intervention by 100 units and 250 units of TA-65 qd led to a decrement of CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;CD28&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; T cells by 28 &lt;em&gt;cells/&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&amp;mu;l&lt;/em&gt;, while the intervention by 500 units of TA-65 led to a decrement of CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;CD28&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; T cells by 22 &lt;em&gt;cells/&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&amp;mu;l&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;; &lt;/em&gt;the placebo intake led to an increment of CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;CD28&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; T cells by &lt;em&gt;4.38 cells/&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&amp;mu;l&lt;/em&gt;. None of the serious adverse events (9) were deemed related or were unlikely to be related to the product. Adverse events (AEs), ranging from mild to moderate severity were, observed in 34.6% of the subjects. Oral intake of TA-65 significantly decreased CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;CD28&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; T cells.
Submillimeter-Resolution PET for High-Sensitivity Mouse Brain Imaging (2022)

PET is a powerful molecular imaging technique that can provide functional information on living objects. However, the spatial resolution of PET imaging has been limited to around 1 mm, which makes it difficult to visualize mouse brain function in detail. Here, we report an ultrahigh-resolution small-animal PET scanner we developed that can provide a resolution approaching 0.6 mm to visualize mouse brain function with unprecedented detail. <b>Methods:</b> The ultrahigh-resolution small-animal PET scanner has an inner diameter of 52.5 mm and axial coverage of 51.5 mm. The scanner consists of 4 rings, each of which has 16 depth-of-interaction detectors. Each depth-of-interaction detector consists of a 3-layer staggered lutetium yttrium orthosilicate crystal array with a pitch of 1 mm and a 4 × 4 silicon photomultiplier array. The physical performance was evaluated in accordance with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association NU4 protocol. Spatial resolution was evaluated with phantoms of various resolutions. In vivo glucose metabolism imaging of the mouse brain was performed. <b>Results:</b> Peak absolute sensitivity was 2.84% with an energy window of 400-600 keV. The 0.55-mm rod structure of a resolution phantom was resolved using an iterative algorithm. In vivo mouse brain imaging with <sup>18</sup>F-FDG clearly identified the cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus, which were barely distinguishable in a commercial preclinical PET scanner that we used for comparison. <b>Conclusion:</b> The ultrahigh-resolution small-animal PET scanner is a promising molecular imaging tool for neuroscience research using rodent models.
Interleukin-21 Inhibits Humoral Response to an HIV DNA Vaccine by Enhancing Bcl-6 and Pax-5 Expression (2012)

Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a T-cell-derived cytokine that modulates T-cell, B-cell, and natural killer cell responses. It is not known if it could be used as an adjuvant for HIV DNA vaccination. In our study, we investigated if a DNA construct expressing IL-21 (designated as pVAX-IL-21) as a molecule adjuvant could enhance antigen-specific immune responses to an HIV DNA vaccine (pGX-EnvC). We found that a higher level of antigen-specific cytotoxic responses was induced in BALB/C mice immunized with pGX-EnvC with the pVAX-IL-21 via electroporation. The increased response was associated with higher expression of IFN-γ in CD8⁺ T cells. In contrast, the administration of pVAX-IL-21 inhibited the antibody responses to HIV induced by the pGX-EnvC. The plasma cell inhibitory transcription factors B-cell lymphoma 6 protein (Bcl-6) and Pax-5 were increased in B cells from mice that had been immunized by HIV DNA vaccine plus pVAX-IL-21, suggesting that the expressed IL-21 may inhibit the differentiation from B cells to plasma cells. These results indicate that IL-21 could enhance CD8⁺ T-cell immunity, but inhibit humoral responses during HIV DNA vaccination.
Data from Fat Induces Glucose Metabolism in Nontransformed Liver Cells and Promotes Liver Tumorigenesis (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Hepatic fat accumulation is associated with diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we characterize the metabolic response that high-fat availability elicits in livers before disease development. After a short term on a high-fat diet (HFD), otherwise healthy mice showed elevated hepatic glucose uptake and increased glucose contribution to serine and pyruvate carboxylase activity compared with control diet (CD) mice. This glucose phenotype occurred independently from transcriptional or proteomic programming, which identifies increased peroxisomal and lipid metabolism pathways. HFD-fed mice exhibited increased lactate production when challenged with glucose. Consistently, administration of an oral glucose bolus to healthy individuals revealed a correlation between waist circumference and lactate secretion in a human cohort. &lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;/i&gt;, palmitate exposure stimulated production of reactive oxygen species and subsequent glucose uptake and lactate secretion in hepatocytes and liver cancer cells. Furthermore, HFD enhanced the formation of HCC compared with CD in mice exposed to a hepatic carcinogen. Regardless of the dietary background, all murine tumors showed similar alterations in glucose metabolism to those identified in fat exposed nontransformed mouse livers, however, particular lipid species were elevated in HFD tumor and nontumor-bearing HFD liver tissue. These findings suggest that fat can induce glucose-mediated metabolic changes in nontransformed liver cells similar to those found in HCC.&lt;/p&gt;Significance:&lt;p&gt;With obesity-induced hepatocellular carcinoma on a rising trend, this study shows in normal, nontransformed livers that fat induces glucose metabolism similar to an oncogenic transformation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Spatial-temporal signal processing for subsurface thermographic imaging (2003)

Analysis and processing of thermographic NDT data has been primarily based on either visual analysis of single images acquired during the cooling sequence, or examination of a contrast curve based on comparison to a defect free reference region. Analysis of the sequence is complicated by the fact that the surface temperature of the sample decreases monotonically over a large dynamic range, yet the temperature differences generated by subsurface features may be small by comparison. A simple linearization operation can be performed on the entire sequence so that the time history of each pixel behaves in a manner similar to that of the contrast curve. The linearized data allows visualization of the entire sequence in a fixed dynamic range that is small enough to allow visualization of weak features, as well as presentation of the data in a line slice manner similar to an ultrasonic b-scan.