gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Insight into the Gelatinization Properties Influencing the Modified Starches Used in Food Industry: A review (2022)

Abstract Native starch is subjected to various forms of modification to improve its structural, mechanical, and thermal properties for wider applications in the food industry. Physical, chemical, and dual modifications have a substantial effect on the gelatinization properties of starch. Consequently, this review explores and compares the different methods of starch modification applicable in the food industry and their effect on the gelatinization properties such as onset temperature ( T o ), peak gelatinization temperature ( T p ), end set temperature ( T c ), and gelatinization enthalpy (Δ H ), studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Chemical modifications including acetylation and acid hydrolysis decrease the gelatinization temperature of starch whereas cross-linking and oxidation result in increased gelatinization temperatures. Common physical modifications such as heat moisture treatment and annealing also increase the gelatinization temperature. The gelatinization properties of modified starch can be applied for the improvement of food products such as ready-to-eat, easily heated or frozen food, or food products with longer shelf life.
Supporting multicast and broadcast traffic for groups of connected devices (2016)

In order to secure the Internet of Things, we have proposed to split connected devices into groups, called communities of devices. Each of those communities connects devices authorized to communicate with each other using a defined set of applications. To isolate information exchanged within each community, the network can be “sliced”, with each slice being dedicated to a community. However, such a network architecture is challenging to the control of multicast and broadcast traffics, especially when each of the devices can pertain to several communities simultaneously. This paper exposes specific issues regarding multicast and broadcast traffic within the described IoT environment. It proposes an appropriate and innovative solution to work around those issues.
Two-dimensional void growth during thermal decomposition of thinHfO2films on Si (2005)

We examined the thermal decomposition of thin $\mathrm{Hf}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}∕\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ films around voids that were thermally opened in films on Si(001) surfaces. The decomposition occurred preferentially at the oxide/void boundary, and this reaction produced nanometer-scale $\mathrm{Hf}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ dots on the newly opened void surface. We found that the decomposition of various $\mathrm{Hf}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}∕\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ structures followed the same rate-limiting step with activation energies of $3.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$.
Development of Composite Sandwich Bonded Longitudinal Joints for Space Launch Vehicle Structures (2019)

The NASA Composite Technology for Exploration (CTE) Project is developing and demonstrating critical composite technologies with a focus on composite bonded joints; incorporating materials, design/analysis, manufacturing, and tests that utilize NASA’s expertise and capabilities. The project has goals of advancing composite technologies and providing lightweight structures to support future NASA exploration missions. In particular, the CTE project will demonstrate weight-saving, performance-enhancing composite bonded joint technology for Space Launch System (SLS)-scale composite hardware. Advancements from the CTE project may be incorporated as future block upgrades for SLS structural components. This paper discusses the details of the development of a composite sandwich bonded longitudinal joint for a generic space launch vehicle structure called the CTE Point Design. The paper includes details of the design, analysis, materials, manufacturing, and testing of sub-element joint test articles to test the capability of the joint design. The test results show that the composite longitudinal bonded joint design significantly exceeds the design loads with a 2.0 factor of safety. Analysis pre-test failure predictions for all sub-element bonded joint test coupons were all within 10% of the average test coupon failure load. This testing and analysis provides confidence in the potential use of composite bonded joints for future launch vehicle structures.
The Management of Preterm Labor with the Calcium Channel-Blocking Agent Nifedipine Combined with the β-Mimetic Terbutaline (1985)

We describe a successful, prolonged, inhibition of preterm labor using nifedipine combined with terbutaline in a patient undergoing complicated obstetrical problems. Delivery was delayed for two months and no significant ill effects were observed in the mother or her infant. This case reports the longest duration and the safe use of nifedipine for tocolysis, to date. A review of reports of the use of calcium channel-blockers in preterm labor is also presented.
Cytochemical reactions of human hematopoietic cells in liquid culture. (1976)

Growth of human bone marrow in liquid suspension cultures has been used to study normal hematopoietic cell differentiation and abnormalities in blood diseases. A variety of cytochemical stains were applied to human marrow cells cultured in vitro for up to 14 days. AS-D- CHLOROACETATE ESTERASE AND ALPHA-NAPHYHYL BUTYrate esterase were most useful in distinguishing different cell lines in culture. Peroxidase activity disappeared with mononuclear phagocyte morphogenesis and diminished with culture in intermediate and mature granulocytes. Acid phosphatase activity and methyl greed pyronin staining intensity increased with macrophage maturation.
The CRISPR RNA-guided surveillance complex inEscherichia coliaccommodates extended RNA spacers (2016)

Bacteria and archaea acquire resistance to foreign genetic elements by integrating fragments of foreign DNA into CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) loci. In Escherichia coli, CRISPR-derived RNAs (crRNAs) assemble with Cas proteins into a multi-subunit surveillance complex called Cascade (CRISPR-associated complex for antiviral defense). Cascade recognizes DNA targets via protein-mediated recognition of a protospacer adjacent motif and complementary base pairing between the crRNA spacer and the DNA target. Previously determined structures of Cascade showed that the crRNA is stretched along an oligomeric protein assembly, leading us to ask how crRNA length impacts the assembly and function of this complex. We found that extending the spacer portion of the crRNA resulted in larger Cascade complexes with altered stoichiometry and preserved in vitro binding affinity for target DNA. Longer spacers also preserved the in vivo ability of Cascade to repress target gene expression and to recruit the Cas3 endonuclease for target degradation. Finally, longer spacers exhibited enhanced silencing at particular target locations and were sensitive to mismatches within the extended region. These findings demonstrate the flexibility of the Type I-E CRISPR machinery and suggest that spacer length can be modified to fine-tune Cascade activity.
Adaptive support ventilation for gynaecological laparoscopic surgery in Trendelenburg position: bringing ICU modes of mechanical ventilation to the operating room (2009)

In healthy women undergoing gynaecologic laparoscopy, ASV automatically adapted the ventilatory settings to the changes in the respiratory mechanics, keeping constant the preset minute ventilation, providing an adequate exchange of respiratory gases and obviating clinician's interventions.
Platelet Antagonists in Migraine Prophylaxis A Clinical Trial Using Aspirin and Dipyridamole (1980)

SYNOPSIS The platelet hyperaggregability of the migraine population has lead us to postulate that platelet antagonists might be effective in migraine prophylaxis. A double‐blind cross‐over study of aspirin, 325 mg BID, combined with dipyridamole, 25 mg TID, compared to placebo and pretreatment conditions was undertaken. Platelet aggregation studies were done during the three month active medication and placebo periods. In patients with platelet hyperaggregability significant improvement occurred in headache frequency, intensity, and limitation of activity with no change in headache duration. Regardless of platelet aggregability, the 25 patients comprising the total sample significantly improved as compared to placebo. Sixty‐eight percent of the patients tested reported subjective improvement while taking the active medication. No side effects related to the medication were reported and no patients, including those who withdrew from the study for other reasons, reported worsening of headache while on the active medication. Although the significance of platelet hyperaggregability in migraine patients, and the pharmacological effect of aspirin and dipyridamole on this, is unclear, these medications may have potential as a method of migraine prophylaxis.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-sulfate (DHEAS) protect hippocampal neurons against excitatory amino acid-induced neurotoxicity (1998)

DHEA, together with DHEAS, is the most abundant steroid in the blood of young adult humans. Levels in humans decline with age and during certain types of illness or stress. We have found that DHEA(S) can prevent or reduce the neurotoxic actions in the hippocampus of the glutamate agonists N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) both in vitro and in vivo or alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and kainic acid in vitro. Pre-treatment with DHEA (10-100 nM for 6-8 h) protected primary hippocampal cultures from embryonic day 18 (E18) embryos against NMDA-induced toxicity (0.1, 1, 10, and 50 mM). DHEA added either with NMDA (1 mM) or 1 h later had lesser, but still significant, protective actions. DHEAS also reduced NMDA-induced toxicity (1 mM), although the lowest effective dose of DHEAS (100 nM) was higher than that of DHEA (10 nM). DHEA (100 nM) protected cultured neurons against the neurotoxic actions of either AMPA (25 microM) or kainic acid (1 mM) as well. In vivo, s.c. pellets of DHEA, which resulted in plasma levels that resembled those in young adult humans, protected hippocampal CA1/2 neurons against unilateral infusions of 5 or 10 nmol of NMDA. Because the release of glutamate has been implicated in the neural damage after cerebral ischemia and other neural insults, these results suggest that decreased DHEA levels may contribute significantly to the increased vulnerability of the aging or stressed human brain to such damage.
Identification of Bacteria by Conjugated Oligoelectrolyte/Single-Stranded DNA Electrostatic Complexes (2010)

Electrostatic complexes containing a cationic conjugated oligoelectrolyte (COE) and fluorescein (FAM)-labeled single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) serve as the basis for identifying various bacteria. The approach involves the preparation of five COE/ssDNA(x)-FAM electrostatic complexes, which differ in the ssDNA composition and which provide different photoluminescence (PL) spectra as a result of different degrees of energy transfer efficiency from the COE to FAM. Changes in the PL spectra upon addition of the bacteria can be quantified, and the differential response from the five ssDNAs gives rise to a multicomponent array response that allows identification of the microorganism under investigation.
Distinct Mirna Expression Patterns of Extracellular Vesicles Derived From 4 Types of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2018)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to reside in the stromal fraction of many tissues and have multiple differentiations. MSCs isolated from different sources have functional heterogeneity that is controlled by dynamic interactions between extracellular signaling, epigenetic, transcriptional and post-translational regulation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from MSCs are one of the main factors responsible for the therapeutic effect of MSCs. We propose here that EVs from different types of MSCs maintain the imparity. Recent studies have revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs), one of the integral cargoes of EVs, play a crucial role in translational regulation. We thus examined the miRNAs expression patterns in EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue (AT), Wharton's jelly (WJ) and human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) and summarized the biological functions of common and specific miRNAs as well as their target genes in physiological and pathological processes. The data presented here help compare the biological properties and potential of EVs from these distinct MSC populations.
Mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits in tomato: comparison across species, generations, and environments. (1991)

As part of ongoing studies regarding the genetic basis of quantitative variation in phenotype, we have determined the chromosomal locations of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting fruit size, soluble solids concentration, and pH, in a cross between the domestic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and a closely-related wild species, L. cheesmanii. Using a RFLP map of the tomato genome, we compared the inheritance patterns of polymorphisms in 350 F2 individuals with phenotypes scored in three different ways: (1) from the F2 progeny themselves, grown near Davis, California; (2) from F3 families obtained by selfing each F2 individual, grown near Gilroy, California (F3-CA); and (3) from equivalent F3 families grown near Rehovot, Israel (F3-IS). Maximum likelihood methods were used to estimate the approximate chromosomal locations, phenotypic effects (both additive effects and dominance deviations), and gene action of QTLs underlying phenotypic variation in each of these three environments. A total of 29 putative QTLs were detected in the three environments. These QTLs were distributed over 11 of the 12 chromosomes, accounted for 4.7-42.0% of the phenotypic variance in a trait, and showed different types of gene action. Among these 29 QTLs, 4 were detected in all three environments, 10 in two environments, and 15 in only a single environment. The two California environments were most similar, sharing 11/25 (44%) QTLs, while the Israel environment was quite different, sharing 7/20 (35%) and 5/26 (19%) QTLs with the respective California environments. One major goal of QTL mapping is to predict, with maximum accuracy, which individuals will produce progeny showing particular phenotypes. Traditionally, the phenotype of an individual alone has been used to predict the phenotype of its progeny. Our results suggested that, for a trait with low heritability (soluble solids), the phenotype of F3 progeny could be predicted more accurately from the genotype of the F2 parent at QTLs than from the phenotype of the F2 individual. For a trait with intermediate heritability (fruit pH), QTL genotype and observed phenotype were about equally effective at predicting progeny phenotype. For a trait with high heritability (mass per fruit), knowing the QTL genotype of an individual added little if any predictive value, to simply knowing the phenotype. The QTLs mapped in the L. esculentum X L. cheesmanii F2 appear to be at similar locations to many of those mapped in a previous cross with a different wild tomato (L. chmielewskii).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Alkyl–Aryl Coupling Catalyzed by Tandem Systems of Pincer-Ligated Iridium Complexes and Zeolites (2016)

We report that pincer-ligated iridium catalysts for alkane dehydrogenation can operate in tandem with zeolite catalysts for arene–alkene coupling, to effect the overall intramolecular dehydrocoupling of alkyl–H and aryl–H bonds (i.e., the dehydrocyclization of alkyl benzene). Thus, zeolite and soluble iridium cocatalysts in refluxing pentylbenzene (205 °C) gave high yields of 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene. Subsequent dehydrogenation and isomerization affords 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene and 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene. Total yields of cyclized product as high as 5.4 M (94%) have been obtained, corresponding to 6800 turnovers per mol Ir. Turnover numbers for the tandem-catalyzed dehydrocyclization are much greater than those obtained for simple dehydrogenation by Ir catalysts (to give olefins) in the absence of zeolite.
A 21 nV/$\surd$Hz Chopper-Stabilized Multi-Path Current-Feedback Instrumentation Amplifier With 2 $\mu$V Offset (2011)

This paper describes the design of a precision instrumentation amplifier. It employs chopping to reduce its offset and 1/ <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</i> noise, and the resulting ripple caused by the up-modulated offset and 1/ <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f</i> noise is suppressed by a ripple reduction loop. A multi-path architecture is used to eliminate the transfer function notch that would otherwise be introduced by the ripple reduction loop. The amplifier is implemented in a standard 0.7 μm CMOS technology and draws 143 μA current from a 5 V supply. Its input-referred noise is 21 nV/√Hz and its residual offset is less than 2× μV (12 samples). The instrumentation amplifier can also be configured as a general-purpose opamp with half the noise and offset, but which dissipates the same amount of power.
Biphasic Dose Response (2018)

<strong>6.1 Dose Dependence and Dose Rate Effects: The Biphasic Curve</strong> A biphasic response has been demonstrated many times in LLLT research, and the Arndt-Schulz law is frequently quoted as a suitable model to describe the dose-dependent effects of LLLT. The concept of the law dates from the end of the nineteenth century, when H. Schulz published a series of papers that examined the activity of various kinds of poisons (iodine, bromine, mercuric chloride, arsenious acid, etc.) on yeast, showing that almost all of these agents have a slightly stimulatory effect on the yeast metabolism in low doses. He and psychiatrist R. Arndt developed a principle that later became known as the Arndt-Schulz law, stating that weak stimuli slightly accelerate vital activity, stronger stimuli raise it further until a peak is reached, and even stronger stimuli suppress it until a negative response is finally achieved. In 1960, Townsend and Luckey surveyed the field of classic medical pharmacology and published a list of 100 substances capable of causing inhibition at high concentrations and stimulation at low concentrations, and they termed the phenomenon “hormoligosis.” The modern term “hormesis” was first used by Stebbing in 1982 and has been thoroughly reviewed by Calabrese. In the context of LLLT, the increasing “stimulus” may be irradiation time or increased irradiance. This nonlinear effect contradicts the Bunsen-Roscoe rule of reciprocity (originally formulated for the visual detection of light by photoreceptors), which predicts that if the products of the exposure time in seconds and irradiance in mW/cm<sup>2</sup> are equal, i.e., the energy density is the same, then the changes in the biological endpoint will be equal. This inverse linear relationship between irradiance and time has frequently failed in LLLT research.
Expression of Trichoderma reesei β-Mannanase in Tobacco Chloroplasts and Its Utilization in Lignocellulosic Woody Biomass Hydrolysis (2011)

Lignocellulosic ethanol offers a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuels. One among the major limitations in the lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis is unavailability of efficient and environmentally biomass degrading technologies. Plant-based production of these enzymes on large scale offers a cost-effective solution. Cellulases, hemicellulases including mannanases and other accessory enzymes are required for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars. β-mannanase catalyzes endo-hydrolysis of the mannan backbone, a major constituent of woody biomass. In this study, the man1 gene encoding β-mannanase was isolated from Trichoderma reesei and expressed via the chloroplast genome. PCR and Southern hybridization analysis confirmed site-specific transgene integration into the tobacco chloroplast genomes and homoplasmy. Transplastomic plants were fertile and set viable seeds. Germination of seeds in the selection medium showed inheritance of transgenes into the progeny without any Mendelian segregation. Expression of endo-β-mannanase for the first time in plants facilitated its characterization for use in enhanced lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis. Gel diffusion assay for endo-β-mannanase showed the zone of clearance confirming functionality of chloroplast-derived mannanase. Endo-β-mannanase expression levels reached up to 25 units per gram of leaf (fresh weight). Chloroplast-derived mannanase had higher temperature stability (40 °C to 70 °C) and wider pH optima (pH 3.0 to 7.0) than E.coli enzyme extracts. Plant crude extracts showed 6-7 fold higher enzyme activity than E.coli extracts due to the formation of disulfide bonds in chloroplasts, thereby facilitating their direct utilization in enzyme cocktails without any purification. Chloroplast-derived mannanase when added to the enzyme cocktail containing a combination of different plant-derived enzymes yielded 20% more glucose equivalents from pinewood than the cocktail without mannanase. Our results demonstrate that chloroplast-derived mannanase is an important component of enzymatic cocktail for woody biomass hydrolysis and should provide a cost-effective solution for its diverse applications in the biofuel, paper, oil, pharmaceutical, coffee and detergent industries.
Evaluation of Brain Response during Head Impact in Youth Athletes Using an Anatomically Accurate Finite Element Model (2018)

During normal participation in football, players are exposed to repetitive subconcussive head impacts, or impacts that do not result in signs and symptoms of concussion. To better understand the effects of repetitive subconcussive impacts, the biomechanics of on-field head impacts and resulting brain deformation need to be well characterized. The current study evaluates local brain response to typical youth football head impacts using the atlas-based brain model (ABM), an anatomically accurate brain finite element (FE) model. Head impact kinematic data were collected from three local youth football teams using the Head Impact Telemetry (HIT) System. The azimuth and elevation angles were used to identify impacts near six locations of interest, and low, moderate, and high acceleration magnitudes (5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles, respectively) were calculated from the grouped impacts for FE simulation. Strain response in the brain was evaluated by examining the range and peak maximum principal strain (MPS) values in each element. A total of 40,538 impacts from 119 individual athletes were analyzed. Impacts to the facemask resulted in 0.18 MPS for the high magnitude impact category. This was 1.5 times greater than the oblique impact location, which resulted in the lowest strain value of 0.12 for high magnitude impacts. Overall, higher strains resulted from a 95th percentile lateral impact (41.0<i>g</i>, 2556 rad/sec<sup>2</sup>) with two predominant axes of rotation than from a 95th percentile frontal impact (67.6<i>g</i>, 2641 rad/sec<sup>2</sup>) with a single predominant axis of rotation. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for directional dependence and relative contribution of axes of rotation when evaluating head impact response.