gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Air-Gaps for High-Performance On-Chip Interconnect Part II: Modeling, Fabrication, and Characterization (2008)

Air-gaps are the ultimate low-k material in microelectronics due to air having a low dielectric constant close to 1.0. The interconnect capacitance can further be reduced by extending the air-gaps into the interlayer dielectric region to reduce the fringing electric field. An electrostatic model (200 nm half-pitch interconnect with an aspect ratio of 2.0), was used to evaluate the dielectric properties of the air-gap structures. The incorporation of air-gaps into the intrametal dielectric region reduced the capacitance by 39% compared with SiO2. Extending the air-gap 100 nm into the top and bottom interlayer SiO2 region lowered the capacitance by 49%. The ability to fabricate air-gaps and ‹extended air-gaps’ was demonstrated, and the capacitance decrease was experimentally verified. Cu/air-gap and extended Cu/air-gap interconnect structures were fabricated using high-modulus tetracyclododecene (TD)-based sacrificial polymer. The aspect ratio of the air-gap was 1.8 and the air-gap was extended 80 nm and 100 nm into the top and bottom interlevel SiO2 region, respectively. The measured effective dielectric constant (k eff) of the Cu/air-gap and the extended Cu/air-gap structures with SiO2 interlevel dielectric was 2.42 and 2.17, respectively. The effect of moisture uptake within the extended Cu/air-gap structure was investigated. As the relative humidity increased from 4% to 92%, the k eff increased by 7%. Hexamethyldisilazane was used to remove adsorbed moisture and create a hydrophobic termination within the air-cavities, which lowered the effect of humidity on the k eff. A dual Damascene air-gap and extended air-gap fabrication processes were proposed and the challenges of using a sacrificial polymer placeholder approach to form air-cavities are compared to other integration approaches of dual Damascene air-gap.
Photoacoustic correlation spectroscopy for calibration-free absolute quantification of particle concentration (2014)

Currently, laser fluence calibration is typically required for quantitative measurement of particle concentration in photoacoustic microscopy. In this paper, we present another quantitative approach to measure absolute absorber concentrations by photoacoustic correlation spectroscopy. The proposed method is based on the fact that the Brownian motion induces particle count fluctuation in the detection volume. We first derived a theoretical model for photoacoustic signals and then applied our method to quantitative measurement of different concentrations of various particles. The experimental results agreed well with the predictions from the theoretical model, suggesting that our method can be used for absolute particle concentrations measurement.
Predictive Current Control with fixed switching frequency for an NPC converter (2015)

In this paper a Predictive Current Control strategy is proposed for constant switching frequency operation and verified with a neutral-point-clamped (NPC) converter for load current regulation and DC-link capacitor voltages balancing. The aim of this control technique is to obtain a modulated waveform at the output of the converter, whilst maintaining all the desired characteristics of FCS-MPC. The feasibility of this strategy is evaluated using simulation and compared to the classical FCS-MPC strategy.
Pathways for Fluid Loss from the Peritoneal Cavity (1992)

During peritoneal dialysis, fluid is transported out of the peritoneal cavity by lymphatic and nonlymphatic pathways, thereby decreasing net ultrafiltration by 40-50% and reducing small solute clearance by 15-20%. The direct lymphatic pathway consists of the diaphragmatic lymphatics, which directly connect the peritoneal cavity to the bloodstream. The interstitial lymphatic and direct blood entry pathways convey fluid that has been driven into the interstitial space of the tissue surrounding the peritoneal cavity by the increased intraperitoneal pressure, and return it to the bloodstream. Since flow through lymphatic pathways is only a portion of the flow through all pathways, total fluid loss is greater than lymph flow. The best technique for estimating lymph flow is direct measurement by cannulation of lymphatic vessels, a technique that is not clinically feasible. The tracer disappearance technique, which measures the rate at which macromolecules leave the peritoneal cavity, is an indirect measure of fluid loss. The tracer appearance technique, which measures the rate at which macromolecules reach the blood from the peritoneal cavity, slightly overestimates lymph flow because some tracer may enter the bloodstream directly from the tissues. Much of the previous controversy over the contribution of the lymphatic pathways to total fluid loss can be resolved by understanding the differences in what these techniques measure.
Phase Behavior, DNA Ordering, and Size Instability of Cationic Lipoplexes (2001)

Mechanisms of cationic lipid-based nucleic acid delivery are receiving increasing attention, but despite this the factors that determine high or low activity of lipoplexes are poorly understood. This study is focused on the fine structure of cationic lipid-DNA complexes (lipoplexes) and its relevance to transfection efficiency. Monocationic (N-(1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl),N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride, N-(1-(2,3-dimyristyloxypropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium bromide) and polycationic (2,3-dioleyloxy-N-[2(sperminecarboxamido)ethyl]-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanammonium trifluoroacetate) lipid-based assemblies, with or without neutral lipid (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol) were used to prepare lipoplexes of different L(+)/DNA(-) charge ratios. Circular dichroism, cryogenic-transmission electron microscopy, and static light scattering were used for lipoplex characterization, whereas expression of human growth hormone or green fluorescent protein was used to quantify transfection efficiency. All monocationic lipids in the presence of inverted hexagonal phase-promoting helper lipids (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine, cholesterol) induced appearance of Psi(-) DNA, a chiral tertiary DNA structure. The formation of Psi(-) DNA was also dependent on cationic lipid-DNA charge ratio. On the other hand, monocationic lipids either alone or with 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine as helper lipid, or polycationic 2,3-dioleyloxy-N-[2(sperminecarboxamido)ethyl]-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanammonium trifluoroacetate-based assemblies, neither of which promotes a lipid-DNA hexagonal phase, did not induce the formation of Psi(-) DNA. Parallel transfection studies reveal that the size and phase instability of the lipoplexes, and not the formation of Psi(-) DNA structure, correlate with optimal transfection.
An Analytics Framework for Augmented Reality Applications (2018)

Analytics is a well-known form of capturing information about the user behavior of an application. Augmented reality applications deal with specific data such as the camera pose, not being supported by popular analytics frameworks. To fill such gap, this work proposes an analytics framework solution for augmented reality applications. It supports both markerbased and markerless augmented reality scenarios, collecting data related to camera pose and time spent by the user on each position. Besides the multiplatform capture tool, the framework provides a data analysis visualization tool capable of highlighting the most visited 3D positions, users main areas of interest over the marker plane, the 3D path performed by the camera and also a recovery of the content viewed by the user based on the collected camera pose information. Tests were performed using as case study a promotional campaign scenario and user behavior information was extracted using the proposed visualization tools.
Cardiovascular responses evoked from the fastigial region of the cerebellum in anaesthetized and decerebrate rabbits. (1987)

1. The rostral and caudal regions of the fastigial nucleus (f.n.) in both anaesthetized and decerebrate rabbits have been stimulated electrically while monitoring phrenic nerve activity, heart rate, blood pressure and blood flow to the kidney and hindlimb in addition to recording renal sympathetic nerve activity. 2. Stimulation of the rostral region of the f.n. in the anaesthetized and decerebrate rabbit produced a silencing of phrenic nerve discharge, either no change in heart rate or a vagally mediated bradycardia and a pressor response associated with vasoconstriction in both renal and femoral beds which resulted from an increase in sympathetic vasomotor tone. 3. Stimulation of the caudal region of the f.n. in the anaesthetized rabbit evoked apnoea and a bradycardia which was partially attenuated by vagal blockade. Also, a depressor response was obtained with no change in renal vascular resistance, a transient inhibition of renal sympathetic nerve discharge and a vasodilation in the hindlimb resulting from the withdrawal of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone. In contrast, electrical stimulation of the same site in the unanaesthetized decerebrate rabbit evoked an increase in central inspiratory drive, a tachycardia and a pressor response with vasoconstriction in both vascular beds. The cardiac and vascular responses were abolished after sympathetic blockade. 4. Administration of a small dose of anaesthetic to the decerebrate preparation did not affect the direction of the cardiovascular or central respiratory responses evoked from the rostral f.n. but reversed the pattern of response elicited from the caudal f.n. to that seen in the intact anaesthetized rabbit. 5. The results of the present study suggest the existence of two separate regions associated with the f.n. which can influence the cardiovascular system in the rabbit. Furthermore, it would seem that the cardiovascular responses evoked from the vicinity of the caudal and rostral poles of the f.n. are mediated by two distinct pathways which might suggest two separate functional roles for the cerebellum in cardiovascular control in the rabbit.
Speaker separation in realistic noise environments with applications to a cognitively-controlled hearing aid (2021)

Future wearable technology may provide for enhanced communication in noisy environments and for the ability to pick out a single talker of interest in a crowded room simply by the listener shifting their attentional focus. Such a system relies on two components, speaker separation and decoding the listener's attention to acoustic streams in the environment. To address the former, we present a system for joint speaker separation and noise suppression, referred to as the Binaural Enhancement via Attention Masking Network (BEAMNET). The BEAMNET system is an end-to-end neural network architecture based on self-attention. Binaural input waveforms are mapped to a joint embedding space via a learned encoder, and separate multiplicative masking mechanisms are included for noise suppression and speaker separation. Pairs of output binaural waveforms are then synthesized using learned decoders, each capturing a separated speaker while maintaining spatial cues. A key contribution of BEAMNET is that the architecture contains a separation path, an enhancement path, and an autoencoder path. This paper proposes a novel loss function which simultaneously trains these paths, so that disabling the masking mechanisms during inference causes BEAMNET to reconstruct the input speech signals. This allows dynamic control of the level of suppression applied by BEAMNET via a minimum gain level, which is not possible in other state-of-the-art approaches to end-to-end speaker separation. This paper also proposes a perceptually-motivated waveform distance measure. Using objective speech quality metrics, the proposed system is demonstrated to perform well at separating two equal-energy talkers, even in high levels of background noise. Subjective testing shows an improvement in speech intelligibility across a range of noise levels, for signals with artificially added head-related transfer functions and background noise. Finally, when used as part of an auditory attention decoder (AAD) system using existing electroencephalogram (EEG) data, BEAMNET is found to maintain the decoding accuracy achieved with ideal speaker separation, even in severe acoustic conditions. These results suggest that this enhancement system is highly effective at decoding auditory attention in realistic noise environments, and could possibly lead to improved speech perception in a cognitively controlled hearing aid.
SNOWMASS Neutrino Frontier NF10 Topical Group Report: Neutrino Detectors (2022)

We discuss here future neutrino detectors with physics goals ranging from the eV to the EeV scale. The focus is on future enabling technologies for such detectors, rather than existing detectors or those under construction. The report includes methodologies across the broad spectrum of neutrino physics: liquid noble and other cryogenic detectors, includin LAr and LXe TPCs; photon-based detectors including technologies enabling hybrid Cherenkov/scintillation detectors; low-threshold detectors which use a wide variety of technologies to probe physics like coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering or detection of cosmic background neutrinos; and ultra-high energy detectors including optical and radio detectors, as well as tracking detectors for use at the forward physics facility of the LHC
Betulinic acid, derived from the desert lavender Hyptis emoryi, attenuates paclitaxel-, HIV-, and nerve injury–associated peripheral sensory neuropathy via block of N- and T-type calcium channels (2018)

The Federal Pain Research Strategy recommended development of nonopioid analgesics as a top priority in its strategic plan to address the significant public health crisis and individual burden of chronic pain faced by >100 million Americans. Motivated by this challenge, a natural product extracts library was screened and identified a plant extract that targets activity of voltage-gated calcium channels. This profile is of interest as a potential treatment for neuropathic pain. The active extract derived from the desert lavender plant native to southwestern United States, when subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation, afforded 3 compounds identified as pentacyclic triterpenoids, betulinic acid (BA), oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid. Betulinic acid inhibited depolarization-evoked calcium influx in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons predominantly through targeting low-voltage-gated (Cav3 or T-type) and CaV2.2 (N-type) calcium channels. Voltage-clamp electrophysiology experiments revealed a reduction of Ca, but not Na, currents in sensory neurons after BA exposure. Betulinic acid inhibited spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents and depolarization-evoked release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from lumbar spinal cord slices. Notably, BA did not engage human mu, delta, or kappa opioid receptors. Intrathecal administration of BA reversed mechanical allodynia in rat models of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy and HIV-associated peripheral sensory neuropathy as well as a mouse model of partial sciatic nerve ligation without effects on locomotion. The broad-spectrum biological and medicinal properties reported, including anti-HIV and anticancer activities of BA and its derivatives, position this plant-derived small molecule natural product as a potential nonopioid therapy for management of chronic pain.
Rate-Splitting Multiple Access for Communications and Jamming in Multi-Antenna Multi-Carrier Cognitive Radio Systems (2022)

With the increasing number of wireless communication systems and the demand for bandwidth, the wireless medium has become a congested and contested environment. Operating under such an environment brings several challenges, especially for military communication systems, which need to guarantee reliable communication while avoiding interfering with other friendly or neutral systems and denying the enemy systems of service. In this work, we investigate a novel application of Rate-Splitting Multiple Access (RSMA) for joint communications and jamming with a Multi-Carrier (MC) waveform in a multi-antenna Cognitive Radio (CR) system. RSMA is a robust multiple access scheme for downlink multi-antenna wireless networks. RSMA relies on multi-antenna Rate-Splitting (RS) strategy at the transmitter and Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) at the receivers. By employing RSMA at the secondary transmitter, our aim is to simultaneously communicate with Secondary Users (SUs) and jam Adversarial Users (AUs) to disrupt their communications while limiting the interference to Primary Users (PUs) in a setting where all users perform broadband communications by MC waveforms in their respective networks. We consider the practical setting of imperfect CSI at Transmitter (CSIT) for the SUs and PUs, and statistical CSIT for AUs. We formulate a problem to obtain optimal precoders which maximize the mutual information under interference and jamming power constraints. We propose an Alternating Optimization-Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (AO-ADMM) based algorithm for solving the resulting non-convex problem. We perform an analysis based on Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions to determine the optimal jamming and interference power thresholds that guarantee the feasibility of problem and propose a practical algorithm to calculate the interference power threshold. By simulation results, we demonstrate that RSMA achieves a higher sum-rate performance than Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) and Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA).
Search and replication in unstructured peer-to-peer networks (2014)

Decentralized and unstructured peer-to-peer networks such as Gnutella are attractive for certain applications because they require no centralized directories and no precise control over network topology or data placement. However, the flooding-based query algorithm used in Gnutella does not scale; each query generates a large amount of traffic and large systems quickly become overwhelmed by the query-induced load. This paper explores, through simulation, various alternatives to Gnutella's query algorithm, data replication strategy, and network topology. We propose a query algorithm based on multiple random walks that resolves queries almost as quickly as Gnutella's flooding method while reducing the network traffic by two orders of magnitude in many cases. We also present simulation results on a distributed replication strategy proposed in [8]. Finally, we find that among the various network topologies we consider, uniform random graphs yield the best performance.
Ab Initio Study of Fluorine-Doped Tin Dioxide: Prospective Catalyst Support for Water Electrolysis (2010)

Abstract not Available.
Fecal Microbiota Functional Gene Effects Related to Single-Dose Antibiotic Treatment of Travelers’ Diarrhea (2021)

NCT01618591.
ChemInform Abstract: A TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF CORYDALINE (1978)

Abstract Die Synthese ,der Titelverbindung (VIII) erfolgt ausgehend von der Säure (I) über die angegebenen Stufen.
Fabrication of Nanometer Silicon Pillars for Buried-Gate-Type Surrounding Gate Transistor by Silicon Quasi-Isotropic Etching (2006)

A fabrication process for nanometer silicon pillars by silicon quasi-isotropic etching for a buried-gate-type surrounding gate transistor (BG-SGT) is proposed. In a normal SGT structure, the diameter of a channel region is defined using a silicon pillar whose diameter is equal to a minimum feature size. However, in a BG-SGT structure, the channel region is located within a buried region and hence is defined using a silicon pillar whose diameter is smaller than the minimum feature size. By electron beam (EB) lithography with a minimum feature size of 65 nm, we were able to fabricate successfully an entire silicon pillar with a buried region whose diameter was about 40 nm. In addition, the dependence of the etching rate of the silicon sidewall on the crystallographic orientation was investigated.
Near-field thermal radiation transfer controlled by plasmons in graphene (2012)

It is shown that thermally excited plasmon-polariton modes can strongly mediate, enhance, and tune the near-field radiation transfer between two closely separated graphene sheets. The dependence of near-field heat exchange on doping and electron relaxation time is analyzed in the near infrared within the framework of fluctuational electrodynamics. The dominant contribution to heat transfer can be controlled to arise from either interband or intraband processes. We predict maximum transfer at low doping and for plasmons in two graphene sheets in resonance, with orders-of-magnitude enhancement (e.g., ${10}^{2}$ to ${10}^{3}$ for separations between 0.1 $\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}$ and 10 nm) over the Stefan-Boltzmann law, known as the far-field limit. Strong, tunable, near-field transfer offers the promise of an externally controllable thermal switch as well as a novel hybrid graphene-graphene thermoelectric/thermophotovoltaic energy conversion platform.
Transition-metal methylene complexes. 57. The unusual structure and reactivity of the paramagnetic trinuclear cluster compound (.eta.5-C5Me5)Ir(.mu.-CO)2Co2(.eta.5-C5H5)2 (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTransition-metal methylene complexes. 57. The unusual structure and reactivity of the paramagnetic trinuclear cluster compound (.eta.5-C5Me5)Ir(.mu.-CO)2Co2(.eta.5-C5H5)2Wolfgang A. Herrmann, Craig E. Barnes, Thomas Zahn, and Manfred L. ZieglerCite this: Organometallics 1985, 4, 1, 172–180Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00120a028https://doi.org/10.1021/om00120a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views100Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
ATM for wireless networks (2002)

Growing emphasis on broadband multimedia traffic has underlined the importance of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks which are capable of accommodating demanding applications such as audio/video playback, image browsing, real-time voice/video transmission and interactive data exchange in a unified manner. However, the extension of ATM from wireline to wireless creates a new set of challenging issues. ATM standards are developed based on high data rates and reliable transmission links. This is in contrast to wireless channels where bandwidth is limited and error rates are high. Furthermore, existing ATM specifications are designed primarily to provide services to fixed end-terminals with little ability to adapt to mobile connections and the highly time-varying conditions associated with wireless networks. This paper surveys the major technical and service issues related to the deployment of ATM in third-generation wireless networks.