gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sequencing of over 100,000 individuals identifies multiple genes and rare variants associated with Crohns disease susceptibility (2021)

Abstract Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of loci associated with Crohns disease (CD), however, as with all complex diseases, deriving pathogenic mechanisms from these non-coding GWAS discoveries has been challenging. To complement GWAS and better define actionable biological targets, we analysed sequenced data from more than 30,000 CD patients and 80,000 population controls. We observe rare coding variants in established CD susceptibility genes as well as ten genes where coding variation directly implicates the gene in disease risk for the first time.
Elemental analysis of welding fumes by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (1988)

A method is described for the simultaneous multi-element determination of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, titanium, vanadium and zinc in welding fumes by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. Instrumental calibration is achieved by a thin-film dibenzyldithiocarbamate precipitation procedure based on standard metal solutions. The results obtained for the rapid and simple X-ray methodology described are found to be favourable in comparison with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric analysis of synthetic and real samples. Details are given of the instrumental optimisation conditions and the interference characteristics for both the XRF and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) techniques. The sampling strategy for welding fumes is considered with particular reference to the particle size distribution. The XRF analysis described compares favourably with ICP-AES analysis giving a sufficiently accurate method of analysis for the elements of interest without the need for lengthy sample preparation or calibration procedures.
Abstract 1736: The combination of CXCR4 and checkpoint receptor inhibition improves survival in an orthotopic murine glioma model (2018)

Abstract Introduction: Angiogenesis plays an important role in the malignancy of glioblastoma (GBM) as well as in cancer immunotherapy. In addition, PD-1 checkpoint receptors are upregulated in GBM. We investigate the treatment effects of combination immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD-1 and anti-CXCR4, an antagonist of a chemokine receptor involved in immune cell homing as well as vasculature development, in a murine glioma model. Methods: C57Bl/6 mice were implanted with GL261-Luc+ glioma cells and randomized into 4 treatment arms: 1) control, 2) anti-PD-1 monotherapy, 3) anti-CXCR4 monotherapy, and 4) combination anti-PD-1 and anti-CXCR4 therapy. Overall survival and median survival were assessed. Brain samples from untreated mice were stained for CXCR4 expression on plasma membrane, and immunohistochemistry studies were conducted on human glioblastoma specimens as well. Immune cell activation and cell population changes were assessed through flow cytometry analysis. Results: Both murine and human glioma specimens demonstrated robust positive expression of CXCR4 on tumor-infiltrating immune cells and endothelial cells of vasculature specific to the tumor bed. Combination therapy with anti-PD-1 and anti-CXCR4 conferred survival benefit compared to control and both monotherapy arms. Long-term survivors that had received combination therapy demonstrate immune memory and decreased populations of immunosuppressive, tumor-promoting immune cells. For instance, the monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell population was decreased in the brain in mice treated with combination therapy. The pattern of change in microglia was similar in the brain compartment for the combination treatment group as well. Conclusion: Anti-CXCR4 and anti-PD-1 synergistic immunotherapy not only modulates the immune cell make-up of the glioma microenvironment but also affects vasculature within the tumor region. Dual therapy targeting both checkpoint and chemokine receptors results in improved survival rates. Citation Format: Adela Wu, Pina Cardarelli, Miho Oyasu, Daniel Menezes, Paul Ponath, John Cogswell, Russell Maxwell, Andrew Luksik, Alice Hung, Eileen Kim, Zineb Belcaid, Henry Brem, Drew Pardoll, Michael Lim. The combination of CXCR4 and checkpoint receptor inhibition improves survival in an orthotopic murine glioma model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1736.
THE CLINICAL VALUE OF MYOCARDIAL ENZYMES AND TROPONIN I COMBINED DETECTION FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (2012)

Objectives To investigate the clinical value of myocardial enzymes and troponin I combined detection for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Methods 168 patients with acute chest pain were detected of myocardial enzymes (AST and LDH, CK, CK-MB) and troponin I, which were used to calculate the specificity and sensitivity. Results Out of 48 cases of acute myocardial infarction patients, 41 cases of myocardial enzymes increased, the sensitivity was 85.4%, but 43 cases of cardiac troponin I were positive, the sensitivity was 89.6%. Out of 21 cases of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients, 20 cases of myocardial enzyme increased and 21 cases of cardiac troponin I were positive. Out of 27 cases of non-ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients, 23 cases of myocardial enzyme increased and 25 cases of cardiac troponin I were positive. Out of 120 cases of non-acute myocardial infarction patients, 10 cases of myocardial enzymes increased, the specificity was 91.7%, but 5 cases of cardiac troponin I were positive, the specificity was 95.8%. Conclusions Combined detection of myocardial enzymes and troponin I in acute myocardial infarction has high specificity and sensitivity and has important clinical value of early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.
Microscopie en champ proche par réflexion (1991)

Cette communication présente deux techniques permettant l'analyse de surface haute résolution. Dans la première, le faisceau d'éclairage est réfléchi totalement sous la surface de l'objet, nécessairement transparent. L'onde évanescente qui l'accompagne est frustrée localement par une pointe diélectrique de dimension nanométrique balayant la surface. Une résolution de 10 nm horizontalement et de 1 nm verticalement a été obtenue. Dans la seconde, qui permet d'étudier un objet opaque, celui-ci est éclairé par le champ proche émis par la pointe, dans laquelle le faisceau réfléchi est partiellement réinjecté. Les premiers résultats concernant la caractérisation de la pointe sont présentés.
Bcl-xL protects adult septal cholinergic neurons from axotomized cell death (1998)

Bcl-xL suppresses apoptotic cell death induced by diverse stimuli in cell lines in vitro. To examine the mechanism by which axotomized cholinergic neurons die in vivo, lentiviral vectors expressing Bcl-xL, human nerve growth factor (hNGF), or green fluorescent protein were injected into the septum 3 weeks before transection of the fimbria fornix. Three weeks after transection, Bcl-xL- and hNGF-injected animals showed significantly higher numbers of spared cholinergic neurons compared with control (green fluorescent protein) injected animals. These results provide evidence that adult axotomized cholinergic neurons die of apoptotic death that can be prevented by local delivery of hNGF or intracellular delivery of Bcl-xL.
A Review on Hydrogen Production: Methods, Materials and Nanotechnology (2011)

In recent years hydrogen production and storage has attracted a lot of attention in both academia and industry due to its variety of applications in energy sector. Hydrogen is recognized as one of the most important components of the next generation clean energy technology. Within the whole cycle of the use of hydrogen energy, hydrogen production is considered as the key element of the upcoming hydrogen economy. Since the first production method invented for hydrogen on a smaller scale by dissolving iron in the acid vitriol in the 15th century, many improvements have been made to make the production viable and more cost effective. It is known that "nano" is playing its role in many technologies from medicine to material science and it has its say even in the production of hydrogen energy with continuous improvements in materials and methodologies. In this review we attempt to list various methods of producing hydrogen from different sources of materials followed by the description of most recent developments in the materials prospective. We explain the role of nanotechnology in making the hydrogen production technology a viable and cost effective process. The chemical reaction cycle, mechanism and configurations of various methods of hydrogen production are elaborated.
Structural Demonstration of the Role of Ligand Framework Conformability in Copper(II)/Copper(I) Redox Potentials (1997)

Two macrocyclic CuN2S2 complexes are described. In the larger (16-membered) macrocycle, a butylene linkage allows the ligand to accommodate the pseudotetrahedral geometry of the copper(I) form, thus elevating the CuII/CuI E1/2 value in comparison with the 15-membered ring's complex. This is the first crystallographic demonstration of this flexibility factor.
Stereochemical nonrigidity in solid zirconium and hafnium tetrakistetrahydroborates. Evidence for two dynamic intramolecular rearrangement processes in covalent tridentate tetrahydroborates (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStereochemical nonrigidity in solid zirconium and hafnium tetrakistetrahydroborates. Evidence for two dynamic intramolecular rearrangement processes in covalent tridentate tetrahydroboratesI-Ssuer Chuang, Tobin J. Marks, William J. Kennelly, and John R. KolbCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 23, 7539–7545Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00465a024https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00465a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views63Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Biochemical and structural studies on the high affinity of Hsp70 for ADP (2011)

The molecular chaperone 70-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) is driven by ATP hydrolysis and ADP-ATP exchange. ADP dissociation from Hsp70 is reportedly slow in the presence of inorganic phosphate (P(i) ). In this study, we investigated the interaction of Hsp70 and its nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) with ADP in detail, by isothermal titration calorimetry measurements and found that Mg(2+) ion dramatically elevates the affinity of Hsp70 for ADP. On the other hand, P(i) increased the affinity in the presence of Mg(2+) ion, but not in its absence. Thus, P(i) enhances the effect of the Mg(2+) ion on the ADP binding. Next, we determined the crystal structures of the ADP-bound NBD with and without Mg(2+) ion. As compared with the Mg(2+) ion-free structure, the ADP- and Mg(2+) ion-bound NBD contains one Mg(2+) ion, which is coordinated with the β-phosphate group of ADP and associates with Asp10, Glu175, and Asp199, through four water molecules. The Mg(2+) ion is also coordinated with one P(i) molecule, which interacts with Lys71, Glu175, and Thr204. In fact, the mutations of Asp10 and Asp199 reduced the affinity of the NBD for ADP, in both the presence and the absence of P(i) . Therefore, the Mg(2+) ion-mediated network, including the P(i) and water molecules, increases the affinity of Hsp70 for ADP, and thus the dissociation of ADP is slow. In ADP-ATP exchange, the slow ADP dissociation might be rate-limiting. However, the nucleotide-exchange factors actually enhance ADP release by disrupting the Mg(2+) ion-mediated network.
Injecting the Architectural Resiliency into Distributed Autonomic Systems Using DIME Network Architecture (2012)

By introducing signaling and self-management in a Turing node and a signaling network as an overlay over the computing network, the current von-Neumann computing model is evolved to bring the architectural resiliency of cellular organisms to computing infrastructure. The DIME computing model introduces the genetic transactions of replication, repair, recombination and reconfiguration to program self-resiliency in distributed computing systems executing a managed workflow. The injection of parallelism and network based composition of "Self" identity are the first steps in introducing the elements of homeostasis and self-management in the computing infrastructure. DIMEs inject the architectural resiliency of cellular organisms to create a new class of distributed autonomic computing systems using managed Turing machine networks.
g-Irradiation as a Method to Remove Leukocytes and Polychromatophilic Erythrocytes in Plasmodium chabaudi-Infected Rats (1982)

arin readily supported the development of this Asian strain of P. vivax. Because of the premature death of three of the animals and curative treatment of the fourth, we could not determine if recrudescences of the infection would occur. The two S. fuscicolis tamarins used (T-4 and T-8) were also of feral origin and were splenectomized prior to infection. Both were inoculated with the ONG/CDC strain of P. vivax from monkey M-1 on day 12. Monkey T-4 had a maximum parasitemia of 18,000 per mm3 on day 48, and maintained parasitemias of greater than 1,000 per mm3 (Fig. 1) from day 23 through day 81. The parasitemia dropped to undetectable levels on day 93, and the animal was treated with chloroquine (10 mg base daily X 3 days) on day 126. Monkey T-8 had a maximum parasitemia of 3,160 per mm3 on day 34 and had 15 days on which the parasitemia exceeded 1,000 per mm3. No parasites were detected on day 54. On day 101, there was a recrudescence of the infection; parasitemia persisted through day 117, when the infection was terminated with chloroquine. Thus, with this host-parasite combination, a high degree of parasitemias could persist for extended periods, and there was a potential for recrudescence after spontaneous termination of parasitemia. Other strains of P. vivax may also develop in these animals. Based on previous studies by Porter (1970, loc. cit.) and Rossan (1973, loc. cit.) with the related species, S. geoffroyi, and strains of P. vivax from Panama, New World strains of this parasite would be expected to develop quite well. The susceptibility of these animals to other species of Plasmodium also needs to be determined.
Decoy-based information security. (2014)

Where does a wise man hide a leaf? In the forest. But what does he do if there is no forest? He grows a forest to hide it in. G. K. Chesterton, The Innocence of Father Brown Abstract. In this survey, we discuss an emerging concept of decoy-based information security, or security without computational assump-tions. In particular, we show how this concept can be implemented to provide security against (passive) computationally unbounded adver-sary in some public-key encryption protocols. In the world of symmetric cryptography, decoy-based security finds a wide range of applications, notably to secure delegation of computation to another party. We single out the scenario where a computationally limited party wants to send an encrypted message to a computationally superior party using the RSA protocol, thereby providing another kind of application of decoy ideas in a public-key setting. With typical RSA parameters, decoy-based method of delegation of computation improves the efficiency for the sender by several orders of magnitude. 1.
Germanium content dependence of radiation damage in strained Si[sub 1[minus]x]Ge[sub x] epitaxial devices (1994)

The irradiation damage in n[sup +]-Si/p[sup +]-Si[sub 1[minus]x]Ge[sub x] epitaxial diodes and n[sup +]-Si/p[sup +]-Si[sub 1[minus]x]Ge[sub x]/n-Si epitaxial heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) by fast neutrons and MeV electrons is studied as a function of fluence and germanium content for the first time. The degradation of the electrical performance of both diodes and HBTs by irradiation increases with increasing fluence, while it decreases with increasing germanium content. The damage coefficient of reverse current for x= 0.12 and 0.16 diodes irradiated by neutrons is calculated to be 6.2 [times] 10[sup [minus]21] and 5.5 [times] 10[sup [minus]21] n[sup [minus]1]Acm[sup 2], respectively. That of h[sub FE] for electron-irradiated x= 0.08, 0.12 and 0.16 HBTs is 7.6 [times] 10[sup [minus]16], 2.7 [times] 10[sup [minus]16] and 1.6 [times] 10[sup [minus]16] e[sup [minus]1]cm[sup 2], respectively.
Polymer nanocarriers for targeted local delivery of agents in treating brain tumors (2022)

Glioblastoma (GBM), the deadliest brain cancer, presents a multitude of challenges to the development of new therapies. The standard of care has only changed marginally in the past 17 years, and few new chemotherapies have emerged to supplant or effectively combine with temozolomide. Concurrently, new technologies and techniques are being investigated to overcome the pharmacokinetic challenges associated with brain delivery, such as the blood brain barrier (BBB), tissue penetration, diffusion, and clearance in order to allow for potent agents to successful engage in tumor killing. Alternative delivery modalities such as focused ultrasound and convection enhanced delivery allow for the local disruption of the BBB, and the latter in particular has shown promise in achieving broad distribution of agents in the brain. Furthermore, the development of polymeric nanocarriers to encapsulate a variety of cargo, including small molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids, have allowed for formulations that protect and control the release of said cargo to extend its half-life. The combination of local delivery and nanocarriers presents an exciting opportunity to address the limitations of current chemotherapies for GBM toward the goal of improving safety and efficacy of treatment. However, much work remains to establish standard criteria for selection and implementation of these modalities before they can be widely implemented in the clinic. Ultimately, engineering principles and nanotechnology have opened the door to a new wave of research that may soon advance the stagnant state of GBM treatment development.
Using the multi-loop fault analysis method for setting and evaluating generator protection elements (2018)

Stator winding interturn, interbranch, and series faults can result in large circulating currents in the faulted coils. Generator protection elements may not be sensitive enough to detect these fault conditions until the fault evolves into a phase-to-phase or phase-to-ground fault. Large machines have been severely damaged by delayed or failed protection system operation. Determining fault quantities for the various possible internal faults is not trivial and requires the aid of numerical models. Protection element models can then be used to determine the protection coverage provided by these elements. Certain machine modeling methods are useful for analyzing external faults or power system transients but are not appropriate for analyzing internal faults. The most commonly used machine models use dq0 transformation and assume an ideal equivalent model of the machine derived from its normal operating mode using lumped winding parameters. Consequently, these models ignore the effect of the strong harmonics that result from the internal machine asymmetry during internal faults. Alternate methods, such as symmetrical component analysis or phase-coordinate methods, are simplified models that introduce large errors during internal asymmetric conditions. The multi-loop method treats a machine as a set of loops in relative motion. The method involves a permeance analysis of the machine to calculate the time-variant electric parameters of the stator branches and rotor loops. The stator branches (including fault branches) are converted to loops via a transformation matrix corresponding to the state of the machine. The model is then solved using a numerical method. Because the multi-loop method uses machine geometry and winding design information, it preserves the harmonics that result from internal faults. The transformation matrix provides a simple and intuitive mechanism to apply internal faults in the fractional winding. In this paper, we validate the multi-loop method using test data from a scale-model machine in a lab. We then use the fault quantities obtained from the multi-loop method to determine the sensitivity and coverage provided by various generator internal-fault protection algorithms for the lab machine.
The Predictive Capacity of Personal Genome Sequencing (2012)

New DNA sequencing methods will soon make it possible to identify all germline variants in any individual at a reasonable cost. However, the ability of whole-genome sequencing to predict predisposition to common diseases in the general population is unknown. To estimate this predictive capacity, we use the concept of a "genometype." A specific genometype represents the genomes in the population conferring a specific level of genetic risk for a specified disease. Using this concept, we estimated the maximum capacity of whole-genome sequencing to identify individuals at clinically significant risk for 24 different diseases. Our estimates were derived from the analysis of large numbers of monozygotic twin pairs; twins of a pair share the same genometype and therefore identical genetic risk factors. Our analyses indicate that (i) for 23 of the 24 diseases, most of the individuals will receive negative test results; (ii) these negative test results will, in general, not be very informative, because the risk of developing 19 of the 24 diseases in those who test negative will still be, at minimum, 50 to 80% of that in the general population; and (iii) on the positive side, in the best-case scenario, more than 90% of tested individuals might be alerted to a clinically significant predisposition to at least one disease. These results have important implications for the valuation of genetic testing by industry, health insurance companies, public policy-makers, and consumers.