gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of contributing factors to the occurrence of off‐focus radiation (OFR) (1992)

Off-focus radiation (OFR) has previously been described by many investigators [R. Thoraeus, Acta Radiologica 18, 753 (1937); L. Mallet and R. Maurin, Radiology 48, 628-632 (1947); J. F. Timmer, Medicamundi 19(2), 52-54 (1974); G. U. Rao, Appl. Radiol. 3(3), 45-49 (1974); R. Birch, Br. J. Radiol. 49, 951-955 (1976); W. W. Roeck, AAPM Symposium, 217-247 (1991)]. Off-focus radiation is frequently manifested on radiographs by the appearance of faint images of anatomical structures outside the collimated field of interest, i.e., soft tissues, ear lobes and hair, which we will refer to as "penumbral images." The observable small detail resolution within these penumbral images led to the assumption that minute sources of increased radiation intensity (secondary microfocal spots) must be present outside the area of the primary focal spot. The existence of these multiple secondary microfocal spots has been established and their locations within the area of the anode surface from which the general OFR originates was identified. The number, size, and distribution of the secondary focal spots vary over time and their magnitudes vary widely. The source of the well-focused electron beams creating the spots is attributed to the cold cathode emission principle.
Human Embryonic and Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines (2008)

Human embryonic stem (ES) cells capture the imagination because after many months of proliferation in vitro, these versatile cells maintain the ability to form potentially any cell type that makes up the body;  The proliferative and developmental potential of human ES cells promises an essentially unlimited supply of differentiated cells for basic research, drug discovery, and for transplantation therapies for diseases ranging from heart disease to Parkinson's disease to leukemia.  However, human ES cells are derived from preimplantation embryos, making them highly controversial. Using information gleaned from over a decade of research with primate  and human ES cells,  including the identification of key signaling pathways that promote undifferentiated proliferation and the development of approaches for genetic modification, we have recently derived the first human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, cells with the defining characteristics of ES cells, but derived from somatic, not embryonic material. Human iPS cells thus have all the advantages of ES cells, but avoid the ethical controversy surrounding the destruction of human preimplantation embryos, and in addition allow the derivation of pluripotent cells lines that match the genetic background of a specific individual. For drug discovery and testing, panels of iPS cell lines can now be derived with a genetic composition that accurately reflects the ethnic diversity of a population, and cell lines can be derived from individuals predisposed to specific diseases for the development of new in vitro  models of disease. For transplantation therapies based on these cells, patient-specific iPS cell lines largely eliminate the concern of immune rejection. Here we discuss the historical events leading up to the isolation of human ES cells, and how the successful derivation of human iPS cells depended critically on the last decade of human ES cell research.
DNA-Encoded Protein Janus Nanoparticles (2018)

Asymmetric functionality and directional interactions, which are characteristic of noncentrosymmetric particles, such as Janus particles, present an opportunity to encode particles with properties, but also a great synthetic challenge. Here, we exploit the chemical anisotropy of proteins, and the versatile chemistry of DNA to synthesize a protein-based Janus nanoparticle comprised of two proteins encoded with sequence-specific nucleic acid domains, tethered together by an interprotein "DNA bond". We use these novel nanoparticles to realize a new class of three-dimensional superlattice, only possible when two sides of the particle are modified with orthogonal oligonucleotide sequences. The low symmetry, intrinsic to Janus particles, enables the realization of unprecedented multicomponent nanoparticle superlattices with unique, hexagonal layered architectures. In addition, the interprotein "DNA bond" can be modulated to selectively expand the lattice in a single direction. The results presented herein not only emphasize the power of rationally designing nanoscale building blocks to create highly engineered colloidal crystals, but also establish a precedent for applications of multidomain DNA-encoded nanoparticles, especially in the field of colloidal crystallization.
Dynamic modelling of a class of tendon driven manipulators (2002)

This paper deals with the n-DOF serial manipulators which have n rotary actuators located on the base link, each driving a revolute joint via a pair of opposed tendons. With a Lagrangian approach, the dynamic equations of such class of manipulators are derived. In particular it is investigated how the torques and angular displacement of the actuators are related to those of the joints. In addition to rigid link dynamics and DC electrical motor dynamics, the present work takes also into account the viscous-elastic properties of the tendons, the inertia of the pulleys guiding the tendons and the fact that the tendon transmission driving a joint is routed over all the precedent joints. The proposed analysis is especially the design of high performance tendon driven manipulators.
Genetic factors and suppression of metastatic ability of v-Ha-ras-transfected rat mammary cancer cells. (1992)

Following v-Ha-ras transfection of nonmetastatic dimethylbenz(( a ))anthracene-induced rat mammary cancer (RMC1) cells, occasional transfectants were isolated that acquired high metastatic ability. High metastatic ability is not a simple process regulated by v-Ha-ras p21 levels alone in these v-Ha-ras transfectants but involves the development of cytogenetic changes. If such cytogenetic changes involve only gain in gene expression, then all hybrids formed by fusing highly metastatic v-Ha-ras RMC1 transfectants with the parental nonmetastatic RMC1 should be highly metastatic. If loss of a metastatic suppressor gene(s) is also involved, then such hybrids should be nonmetastatic since chromosomes from the nonmetastatic parental cells should supply the suppressor function. To test this possibility, a highly metastatic cloned v-Ha-ras transfectant was fused with the nonmetastatic parental RMC1 cells. Five hybrid clones were isolated that conserved the chromosomes from their parental cells. When these hybrid clones were injected into animals, primary tumors developed with the same tumor-doubling time as that of the highly metastatic parental v-Ha-ras transfectant (i.e., approximately 2 days). High metastatic ability was, however, suppressed in these hybrid clones. All hybrid clones continued to express v-Ha-ras p21. Thus, suppression of metastatic ability in the hybrids can occur even in the presence of an elevated v-Ha-ras p21 level. This suggests that the acquisition of metastatic ability following v-Ha-ras transfection involves loss of metastasis suppressor gene function in rat mammary cancer cells.
Highly reliable InGaAsP/InP lasers with defect-free regrowth interfaces formed by newly composed HBr-based solutions (2002)

The reliability of buried heterostructure laser diodes (BHLDs) that have a dry-etched mesa structure has been improved by about ten times by using optimized HBr-based wet chemical etchants. This improved reliability was achieved by reducing the amount of defects at the regrowth interfaces by using a newly optimized HBr-Br/sub 2/-H/sub 2/O solution with a composition range from 0.30 M HBr/0.022 M Br/sub 2/ to 0.50 M HBr/0.020 M Br/sub 2/. Solutions in this range produce the same etching rates of the (1~10) InP cladding layers and the (1~10) InGaAsP multi-quantum-well active layer. The etching mechanism of the InGaAsP/InP material system in the HBr-Br/sub 2/-H/sub 2/O solutions was found to be an oxide-dissolution reaction.
Experiences from measuring human mobility using Bluetooth inquiring devices (2007)

We present an analysis of human mobility measurements using Bluetooth devices. A number of data traces from such measurements have been made publicly available for the benefit of the research community. However, the limitations of the measurement approaches are in general not well known. We have been given access to the Intel Motes and to the software that was used to perform some of the previous measurements. We present a detailed description of this platform, an analysis of the software used, and provide information on the improvements we have made to remove a number of limitations in the software. To illustrate the impact of our changes, we provide results from two new data collection efforts and compare them to the previous experiments. One of our major results is that our new software makes significant improvements in the number of contacts that can be sampled during each Bluetooth scan. We discuss the impact of these findings.
<title>Navy Applications Of Fiber Optics Communications</title> (1975)

Fiber optics technology promises to have a substantial impact on Navy communications of the future, eventually superceding electrical cables in many systems. Advantages of fiber optics in military communications include immunity from electromagnetic interference, crosstalk, and signal leakage; large bandwidth for size and weight; ground isolation of terminals; and survivability at high temperatures. Improvements during the past decade in optical transmission lines, transmitters, and receivers have made it possible to consider fiber optics for use in aircraft, ships, land lines, undersea cables, missiles, and satellites. Fiber optics are expected to be utilized in both point-to-point links and multiterminal busses on aircraft, ships, and submarines. The relatively short distances on aircraft make it possible to use high-loss (500-1000 dB/km) fiber bundles for point-to-point links; somewhat lower losses will be needed for data busses. Length and cost considerations indicate the use of low-loss (20-100 dB/km) fibers, with each fiber representing a single communications channel, for most shipboard applications. Some undersea cables, with lengths well in excess of one kilometer, will require very low-loss (&lt;10 dB/km) fibers. Several systems which have been developed or are under development by NELC for use in each of these environments will be described. In each case, the advantages of using fiber optics in comparison with conventional technology will be discussed.
Path‐space Motion Estimation and Decomposition for Robust Animation Filtering (2015)

Abstract Renderings of animation sequences with physics‐based Monte Carlo light transport simulations are exceedingly costly to generate frame‐by‐frame, yet much of this computation is highly redundant due to the strong coherence in space, time and among samples. A promising approach pursued in prior work entails subsampling the sequence in space, time, and number of samples, followed by image‐based spatio‐temporal upsampling and denoising. These methods can provide significant performance gains, though major issues remain: firstly, in a multiple scattering simulation, the final pixel color is the composite of many different light transport phenomena, and this conflicting information causes artifacts in image‐based methods. Secondly, motion vectors are needed to establish correspondence between the pixels in different frames, but it is unclear how to obtain them for most kinds of light paths (e.g. an object seen through a curved glass panel). To reduce these ambiguities, we propose a general decomposition framework, where the final pixel color is separated into components corresponding to disjoint subsets of the space of light paths. Each component is accompanied by motion vectors and other auxiliary features such as reflectance and surface normals. The motion vectors of specular paths are computed using a temporal extension of manifold exploration and the remaining components use a specialized variant of optical flow. Our experiments show that this decomposition leads to significant improvements in three image‐based applications: denoising, spatial upsampling, and temporal interpolation.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. The Configurational Stability of Primary Grignard Reagents. Structure and Medium Effects1 (1965)

Qualitative and semiquantitative examination of the temperature dependence of the RCH_2-Mg proton n.m.r. spectra of several Grignard reagents indicates that the rate of inversion at this center is relatively insensitive to the structure of the group R. Secondary Grignard reagents invert much more slowly, if at all. The dependence of the inversion rate of the primary organometallic compounds on solvent character and on added salts suggests that inversion proceeds by means of a mechanism having kinetic order greater than one.
Coalition-Proofness and Correlation with Arbitrary Communication Possibilities (1996)

The ability of the members of a coalition to communicate secretly determines whether the coalition can coordinate to deviate from a proposed strategy and thus affects which strategies are “coalition proof.” We show that the existence of a Pareto-best element in the set of strategies that survive iterated elimination of dominated strategies implies the existence of a coalition-proof correlated equilibrium for any specification of coalitional communication possibilities that always permits individual deviations. Such an element exists in games with strategic complementarities if either (1) there is a unique Nash equilibrium or (2) each player's payoff is nondecreasing in the others' strategies.Journal of Economic Literatureclassification number: C72.
Front Cover: Long‐Term Generation of Longitudinal Spin Order Controlled by Ammonia Ligation Enables Rapid SABRE Hyperpolarized 2D NMR (12/2021) (2021)

The Front Cover The image shows the reciprocity between parahydrogen, deuterated ammonia and iridium allowing for hyperpolarized 2D NMR via long-term availability of longitudinal spin order. More information can be found in the Article by Eric Breynaert and co-workers.
Maximizing Flowback Reuse and Reducing Freshwater Demand: Case Studies from the Challenging Marcellus Shale (2013)

Abstract The rapid development of horizontal drilling and fracturing has greatly increased the access to shale gas deposits in the Marcellus shale play. Multifold increase in water consumption and subsequent disposal issues are prompting the operators to look for more economic and environmentally sustainable options for hydraulic fracturing. Two major operators in Marcellus were interested in reusing their flowback water for hydraulic fracturing to reduce the cost of sourcing and disposal. A holistic approach was taken, resulting in a single-step, environmentally preferred water treatment technology to sufficiently clean the water to be used as a mix for hydraulic fracturing operations. To date, over 600,000 bbl of flowback water have been treated and successfully used in over 240 stages of stimulation for the two operators. With the improvement in produced water quality, the operators were able to increase the mix ratio of treated water to fresh water. This paper will validate the viability and value of produced water reuse reducing the demand for fresh water, waste disposal, and truck traffic. A description of the operations from analysis, treatment, fluid testing, and reuse operation demonstrates the need for continual optimization of the treatment process to ensure the variability of produced water is addressed.
Structure of an N276-Dependent HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Targeting a Rare V5 Glycan Hole Adjacent to the CD4 Binding Site (2016)

The conserved CD4 binding site on gp120 is a major target for HIV-1 vaccine design, but key events in the elicitation and maturation of different antibody lineages to this site remain elusive. Studies have shown that strain-specific antibodies can evolve into broadly neutralizing antibodies or in some cases act as helper lineages. Therefore, characterizing the epitopes of strain-specific antibodies may help to inform the design of HIV-1 immunogens to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies. In this study, we isolate a narrowly neutralizing N276 glycan-dependent antibody and use X-ray crystallography and viral deep sequencing to describe how gp120 lacking glycans in V5 might have elicited these early glycan-dependent CD4 binding site antibodies. These data highlight how glycan holes can play a role in the elicitation of B-cell lineages targeting the CD4 binding site.
EEGs Vary Less Between Lab and Home Locations Than They Do Between People (2021)

Given the rapid development of light weight EEG devices which we have witnessed the past decade, it is reasonable to ask to which extent neuroscience could now be taken outside the lab. In this study, we have designed an EEG paradigm well suited for deployment "in the wild." The paradigm is tested in repeated recordings on 20 subjects, on eight different occasions (4 in the laboratory, 4 in the subject's own home). By calculating the inter subject, intra subject and inter location variance, we find that the inter location variation for this paradigm is considerably less than the inter subject variation. We believe the paradigm is representative of a large group of other relevant paradigms. This means that given the positive results in this study, we find that if a research paradigm would benefit from being performed in less controlled environments, we expect limited problems in doing so.
Transfusionen bei Frühgeborenen mit einem Gestationsalter von 22–26 Schwangerschaftswochen – Daten aus dem German Neonatal Network (GNN) (2023)

Hintergrund Sehr unreife Frühgeborene weisen ein hohes Risiko für eine Anämie, Thrombozytopenie oder operative Intervention mit Transfusionsbedürftigkeit auf. Die am häufigsten verabreichten Blutkomponenten sind Erythrozytenkonzentrat (EK), Thrombozytenkonzentrat (TK) und gefrorenes Frischplasma (FFP). Lange Zeit fehlten belastbare Daten zum Überleben und neurokognitiven Outcome in Abhängigkeit eines liberalen oder restriktiven Transfusionsregimes. Ob die zunehmende Evidenz für die Sicherheit restriktiver Transfusionsgrenzen durch die randomisierten, kontrollierten klinischen Studien zu Erythrozyten (ETTNO-/TOP-Trials) und Thrombozyten (PlaNet-2/MATISSE-Study) zu einer geringeren Verabreichung von Blutprodukten führte, ist bislang offen.
Hydrierung im invertierten Zweiphasensystem scCO 2/H 2 O (2006)

Catalysis using an inverted scCO2/H2O biphasic system where the catalyst is immobilized in scCO2 as stationary phase and the substrate and product are contained in the aqueous phase, offers an interesting alternative to classical biphasic systems and enables the conversion of polar substrates, using scCO2 as solvent. As many fine chemicals and biological active compounds are hydrophilic in nature, a method for synthesizing these products without the problems of isolation and catalyst recycling forms an attractive possibility. The use of scCO2 as solvent reduces gas-liquid-liquid mass transfer limitations and eliminates cross-contamination of organic solvents into the aqueous layer. The catalyst is easily recycled without depressurising the autoclave by removal of the aqueous layer via a needle valve followed by addition of the next batch of substrate using a HPLC pump. The aim of this thesis was to examine the application of an inverted scCO2/H2O biphasic system. After allocation of an applicable catalyst and set-up of the reactor, the general practice of the system and the ability to recycle the catalyst was tested in case of the hydrogenation of itaconic acid as model substrate. Several CO2-philic rhodium-complexes were used. The best results were achieved using the fluorinated phosphine ligand 3-H2F6TPP and [Rh(cod)2]BF4. With a rodium:ligand:substrate ratio of 1:5:200, a conversion of 95% after 1 h reaction time was reached. Under the chosen conditions, the catalyst could be recycled at least three times. A turnover number of 800 was reached. After this, the optimization of reaction parameters occurred and other polar substrates were used. Then, enantioselective Hydrogenation was accomplished, leading to excellent results when (R,S)-3-H2F6-BINAPHOS-modified rhodium complexes were used. Hydrogenation of itaconic acid led to an enantiomeric excess of 97-98% ee (S) at full conversion and with recycling of the catalyst. Hydrogenation of Methyl-2-acetamidoacrylate gave full conversion and an enantiomeric excess of >98% ee (R) for at least five cycles. Another subject was the determination of solubility in scCO2, as the catalyst solubility plays an important role for the application of the inverted scCO2/H2O biphasic system. Therefore a simple method for qualitative estimation of the solubility, requiring only small amounts of compound was developed and applied on different materials and substances.
Delivering Sensing Technologies for Education and Learning (2022)

Pervasive and ubiquitous sensing technologies have been frequently leveraged in experimental settings within the Ubicomp, ISWC, and HCI community. In the recent past, we have seen advances in the use of ubiquitous sensing technologies to understand and support learning. Recent work investigated a wide range of education-related technologies that detect attention, postures, behaviors, and emotions. However, the promise of delivering these technologies to potential users en masse remains difficult to fulfill. At this time it is important to understand the factors hindering the use of these technologies, to critically evaluate methodologies for technological development, and to discuss in what ways developed technologies can be safely delivered to students. In this workshop, we bring together experts from the fields of ubiquitous and pervasive computing, HCI, and education to discuss and develop an agenda for moving sensing technologies for learning and education from research to practice.
Infrared Diffraction-Free Space-Time Light Sheets (2020)

We report the demonstration of infrared diffraction-free space-time pulsed 1D light sheets. We achieved diffraction-free propagation for a 60-nm-bandwidth, 2.35 um central-wavelength, 300-um-FWHM beam up to 7 m, 80 x the corresponding Rayleigh range.
Flat flexible polymer heat pipes (2012)

Flat, flexible, lightweight, polymer heat pipes (FPHP) were fabricated. The overall geometry of the heat pipe was 130 mm × 70 mm × 1.31 mm. A commercially available low-cost film composed of laminated sheets of low-density polyethylene terephthalate, aluminum and polyethylene layers was used as the casing. A triple-layer sintered copper woven mesh served as a liquid wicking structure, and water was the working fluid. A coarse nylon woven mesh provided space for vapor transport and mechanical rigidity. Thermal power ranging from 5 to 30 W was supplied to the evaporator while the device was flexed at 0°, 45° and 90°. The thermal resistance of the FPHP ranged from 1.2 to 3.0 K W−1 depending on the operating conditions while the thermal resistance for a similar-sized solid copper reference was a constant at 4.6 K W−1. With 25 W power input, the thermal resistance of the liquid–vapor core of the FPHP was 23% of a copper reference sample with identical laminated polymer material. This work shows a promising combination of technologies that has the potential to usher in a new generation of highly flexible, lightweight, low-cost, high-performance thermal management solutions.
Chemokines and Cancer Metastasis (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction CXCR4 and CCR7 Receptors Play Special Roles in Cancer Metastasis Retrospective Clinical Data Supports a Role for Chemokines in Cancer Metastasis How Does the CXCR4/CXCL12 Axis Influence the Development of Metastatic Lesions? CXCR4 is a Key Player in the Development of Zebrafish; Role of CXCR7 The CXCR4/CXCL12 Axis in Stem Cell Homing in the Bone Marrow Conclusions and Future Directions References