gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PAPR reduction and digital predistortion for non-contiguous waveforms with well-localized spectrum (2016)

One important direction in advanced communication waveform studies for future wireless communications is improved spectrum localization, i.e., minimization of the power leakage outside very narrow guardbands around the useful signal band. This helps to improve the spectrum efficiency and facilitates asynchronous frequency-division multiple access with small overhead. These are central targets, e.g., in the 5G mobile system development. Various multicarrier and single-carrier waveforms with effective spectrum localization are available, including filter bank based waveforms and filtered OFDM, but their spectral characteristics have so far been investigated mostly in the digital processing domain. For practical implementation, it is necessary to study the effects of transmitter power amplifier (PA) nonlinearities on the spectrum localization of these waveforms. In this context, power amplifier linearization and peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction methods have a crucial role in the design of energy efficient and cost-effective transmitters. This paper focuses on these issues, by combining a generic low-complexity PAPR reduction method based on peak windowing with linearized PA based on digital predistortion (DPD). It is demonstrated that the combined DPD and PAPR reduction allows the transmitter to significantly improve the spectrum localization without sacrificing the inband waveform quality, while operating very close to the PA saturation level, thus achieving high power efficiency as well. The results are generally applicable to all spectrally localized waveforms.
Validity of ray trace based performance predictions of optical systems with diffractive optical elements (DOE) (2016)

Color aberrations in broadband imaging optics can be effectively corrected for by use of diffractive optical elements (DOE) such as kinoforms. Typically, the DOE groove width increases with wavelength range and is in the range of several ten to several hundreds of micrometers. Since the footprint diameter of a light bundle originating from a single object point at the diffractive surface is often in the range of millimeters, the number of grooves crossed by this light bundle can be small. In addition, the groove width varies and the grooves are curved. For DOE optimization and prediction of optical performance, optical design software is widely used being based on the ray trace formula, i. e. the law of refraction including DOEs. This ray trace formula relies on two assumptions. First, the footprint diameter of a light beam at the diffractive surface is assumed to be large compared to the groove width. Second, the local grating approximation is used saying that at the footprint area the groove width is constant and the grooves are straight lines. In realistic optical systems, these assumptions are often violated. Thus, the reliability of optical performance predictions such as MTF is in question. In the present paper, the authors re-examine the limits of the ray trace equation. The effect of a finite footprint diameter at the diffractive surface is investigated as well as variations of the groove width. Also, the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of a light bundle after crossing a grating with a finite number of grooves is calculated.
Electrode Reaction Mechanism of Ag2VO2PO4 Cathode (2016)

The high capacity of primary lithium-ion cathode Ag2VO2PO4 is facilitated by both displacement and insertion reaction mechanisms. Whether the Ag extrusion (specifically, Ag reduction with Ag metal displaced from the host crystal) and V reduction are sequential or concurrent remains unclear. A microscopic description of the reaction mechanism is required for developing design rules for new multimechanism cathodes, combining both displacement and insertion reactions. However, the amorphization of Ag2VO2PO4 during lithiation makes the investigation of the electrode reaction mechanism difficult with conventional characterization tools. For addressing this issue, a combination of local probes of pair-distribution function and X-ray spectroscopy were used to obtain a description of the discharge reaction. We determine that the initial reaction is dominated by silver extrusion with vanadium playing a supporting role. Once sufficient Ag has been displaced, the residual Ag+ in the host can no longer stabilize the host structure and V–O environment (i.e., onset of amorphization). After amorphization, silver extrusion continues but the vanadium reduction dominates the reaction. As a result, the crossover from primarily silver reduction displacement to vanadium reduction is facilitated by the amorphization that makes vanadium reduction increasingly more favorable.
Brain Imaging with 7T Vs. 9.4T: A Direct Comparison of MR Parameters and SNR (2014)

Increasing the magnetic field strength beyond 7 T is expected to result in an increase of SNR, but this may be limited by the more unfavorable relaxation times, the B1inhomogeneity and the more difficult coil design. Here, SNR and MR parameters are compared for field strengths of 3 T, 7 T and 9.4 T. After correction for flip angle variations, a strong gain in SNR of almost a factor of two is found when going from 7 T to 9.4 T, but increasing inhomogeous B1-fields and shorter T2* demand for improved imaging techniques.
Epidermal growth factor stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity in a human hepatoma cell line. (1981)

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) bound specifically to the human hepatoma cell line PLC/PRF/5. Treatment of these cells with nanomolar concentrations of EGF for 4-6 hr resulted in a 2- to 6-fold increase in ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17) activity. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate also produced an increase in enzyme activity in these cells and exhibited an additive effect with EGF. It did not inhibit the binding of 125I-labeled EGF to these cells. The stimulation of enzyme activity by EGF was not inhibited by cycloheximide or actinomycin D, although these agents did cause a significant decrease in enzyme levels when added without EGF. Also, colchicine, chloroquine, ammonium chloride, and methylamine, compounds that inhibit EGF degradation in various cells types, did not interfere with the ability of EGF to elevate enzyme levels in the human hepatoma cells.
Optical, thermal, and electronic semiconductor properties of thermochromic metal halides (1990)

Silver mercury tetraiodide (Ag,HgI ) is a well known thermochromic pigment that changes color from yellow to ornge at 50 C. The compound is also a fast ion conductor above its phase transition temperature. We synthesized a number of analogues of this compound in which the silver was replaced by cadmium, lead, thallium(I), copper(I), indium(I), gold(I), lithium, cesium and rubidium to determine the range of color transitions and the correlation of electrical conductivity with optical and thermal activity. This paper also reports on continued research to assess the possibility of using these pigments in architectural coatings.
Guided Antitumoural Drugs: (Imidazol‐2‐ylidene)(L)gold(I) Complexes Seeking Cellular Targets Controlled by the Nature of Ligand L (2020)

Three [1,3-diethyl-4-(p-methoxyphenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene](L)gold(I) complexes, 4 a (L=Cl), 5 a (L=PPh<sub>3</sub> ), and 6 a (L=same N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)), and their fluorescent [4-(anthracen-9-yl)-1,3-diethyl-5-phenylimidazol-2-ylidene](L)gold(I) analogues, 4 b, 5 b, and 6 b, respectively, were studied for their localisation and effects in cancer cells. Despite their identical NHC ligands, the last three accumulated in different compartments of melanoma cells, namely, the nucleus (4 b), mitochondria (5 b), or lysosomes (6 b). Ligand L was also more decisive for the site of accumulation than the NHC ligand because the couples 4 a/4 b, 5 a/5 b, and 6 a/6 b, carrying different NHC ligands, afforded similar results in cytotoxicity tests, and tests on targets typically found at their sites of accumulation, such as DNA in nuclei, reactive oxygen species and thioredoxin reductase in mitochondria, and lysosomal membranes. Regardless of the site of accumulation, cancer cell apoptosis was eventually induced. The concept of guiding a bioactive complex fragment to a particular subcellular target by secondary ligand L could reduce unwanted side effects.
A Privacy Framework for Games & Interactive Media (2018)

Privacy is a concept that is intertwined with data security, but its scope is significantly broader. Often considerations of privacy in the context of consumer devices are limited to a consideration of the security of the data stored in those devices. In this work a broader perspective taken and privacy is defined in terms of new classes which consider the wider context of individuals and groups of persons. The implications for games & interactive media (G&IM) devices and systems is discussed. Finally, some ideas for an improved privacy framework for G&IM are outlined and explained in the context of the literature and current state-of-art.
Coding Performance of H.262, H.264, and H.265 (2015)

This chapter provides experimental results on the coding performance of three generations of video coding standards that were produced by the MPEG/VCEG working groups. By reviewing the file-based and frame-based coding performance, the chapter provides an in-depth comparison of the H.265/HEVC, H.264/AVC, and H.262/MPEG-2 standards. It evaluates the coding performance of H.265 and H.264 and assesses the strengths, weaknesses, and relative gains. This offers useful insights into the coding efficiencies of the individual frames, which are either intracoded or intercoded, and how they respond to different types of video content. The chapter provides extensive results detailing the impact of new H.265 features on video coding efficiency. Specifically, it describes the impact of changing the size of the coding and transform units on the coding efficiency and encoding time. The factors affecting the encoder complexity and resilience are also investigated.
The Assembly and Use of Continuous Flow Systems for Chemical Synthesis (2017)

The adoption of and opportunities in continuous flow synthesis ('flow chemistry') have increased significantly over the past several years. Continuous flow systems provide improved reaction safety and accelerated reaction kinetics, and have synthesised several active pharmaceutical ingredients in automated reconfigurable systems. Although continuous flow platforms are commercially available, systems constructed 'in-lab' provide researchers with a flexible, versatile, and cost-effective alternative. Herein, we describe the assembly and use of a modular continuous flow apparatus from readily available and affordable parts in as little as 30 min. Once assembled, the synthesis of a sulfonamide by reacting 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride with dibenzylamine in a single reactor coil with an in-line quench is presented. This example reaction offers the opportunity to learn several important skills including reactor construction, charging of a back-pressure regulator, assembly of stainless-steel syringes, assembly of a continuous flow system with multiple junctions, and yield determination. From our extensive experience of single-step and multistep continuous flow synthesis, we also describe solutions to commonly encountered technical problems such as precipitation of solids ('clogging') and reactor failure. Following this protocol, a nonspecialist can assemble a continuous flow system from reactor coils, syringes, pumps, in-line liquid–liquid separators, drying columns, back-pressure regulators, static mixers, and packed-bed reactors. Keywords: Flow chemistry; Synthetic chemistry methodology
High‐Speed Transmission Control in Gate‐Tunable Metasurfaces Using Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide Mode (2020)

Abstract Dynamic control of light based on gate‐tunable metasurfaces has revolutionized traditional optoelectronic devices due to its unprecedented compactness and versatile functionalities. However, these devices are typically based on metal‐insulator‐metal geometries that enable field‐effect modulation of only reflected light. Transmittance modulation techniques based on dielectric metasurfaces, despite their large modulation depth, have a disadvantage of low modulation speed due to high resistance of dielectric materials. Here, a high‐efficiency transmittance modulator that enables high switching speed, as well as large modulation depth, is demonstrated using indium‐tin‐oxide‐based metasurfaces. To realize these devices, the hybrid plasmonic waveguide mode is used which allows electromagnetic energy storage within the nanoscale permittivity‐tunable region between metal and high‐refractive dielectric layers. Experimental measurements reveal a change in the transmittance (≈33%) by applying 6 V gate bias, and a fast modulation speed (≈826 kHz of 3 dB cut‐off frequency). This work provides a promising avenue for developing ultracompact optical components such as dynamic holograms, lenses with active focal lengths, or spatial light modulators.
Just-in-Time Adaptive Disturbance Estimation for Run-to-Run Control of Semiconductor Processes (2006)

Run-to-run control is the term used for the application of discrete parts manufacturing control as practiced in the semiconductor industry. This paper presents a new algorithm for use in run-to-run control that has been designed to address some of the challenging issues unique to batch-type manufacturing. Just-in-time adaptive disturbance estimation (JADE) uses recursive weighted least squares parameter estimation to identify the contributions to variation that are dependent upon manufacturing context. The strengths and weaknesses of the JADE algorithm are demonstrated in a series of test cases developed to separate the various disturbances and processing issues a control system would be expected to encounter
Kinetics of MHC-antigen complex formation on antigen-presenting cells. (1988)

With the use of flow cytometry, we recorded changes in intracellular ionized calcium [Ca2+]i of Indo-1 loaded T cells that were triggered by contact with APC. This rapid readout of TCR perturbation enabled us to monitor the formation of stimulatory Ag-MHC complexes on EBV-transformed B cells that were either pulsed with native tetanus toxoid (TT) or with a 12-amino-acid fragment of this protein. Neither unpulsed APC nor Ag-specific APC that were pulsed with native Ag and kept at +4 degrees C were able to induce changes in basal T cell [Ca2+]i in TT-specific T cell clones. After 1 h at 37 degrees C, however, the Ag-pulsed APC were able to induce a three-to-fourfold increase in [Ca2+]i. This length of time appeared to be almost independent of the concentration of Ag with which the APC were pulsed, suggesting that the lag time was due more to intracellular transit than to association of the processed Ag with the MHC molecule. Furthermore, the same lag time and independence of Ag concentration were found when the EBV-transformed B cells were pulsed with a mouse-anti-transferrin receptor mAb and tested for their capacity to trigger a T cell clone specific for processed mouse Ig. This indicates that, in addition to surface Ig, other receptors that are internalized can function in the same fashion in the uptake and processing of a soluble Ag. In contrast to what was found with intact native Ag, no lag time was observed when the APC were pulsed with high concentrations of a 12-amino-acid peptide, containing the amino acid sequence recognized by a TT-specific T cell clone, suggesting that the formation of MHC-peptide complexes occurs instantly. Pulsing with a lower peptide concentration, however, caused the appearance of a time-dependent increase in efficacy of Ag presentation, suggesting a slow accumulation of MHC-peptide complexes on the B cell membrane.
NOVEL CO2-THICKENERS FOR IMPROVED MOBILITY CONTROL (2001)

The first carbon dioxide thickeners have been successfully designed. Each thickener is characterized by a highly carbon dioxide-phobic functionality that imparts CO{sub 2}-solubility and a carbon dioxide-phobic group that facilitates viscosity-enhancing intermolecular associations. The design of each thickener required that appropriate balance of these groups to yield a compound that was at least several weight percent soluble in CO{sub 2} and capable of thickening the carbon dioxide by a factor of 2-20. Four types of thickeners were identified, fluoroacrylate-styrene copolymers (polyFAST), fluorinated telechelic ionomers, semi-fluorinated trialkyltin fluorides and small, fluorinated hydrogen-bonding compounds. Although significant viscosity increases (e.g. doubling the viscosity) were evidenced for each thickener during falling cylinder viscometry analysis, the polyFAST thickener provided the most dramatic increases at dilute concentration. PolyFAST is a bulk-polymerized, random copolymer of fluoroacrylate and styrene with a number-average molecular weight of about 500,000. It appears as a white, slightly waxy solid at ambient conditions. The fluoroacrylate enhances the CO{sub 2} solubility, while the styrene promotes intermolecular stacking of the aromatic groups. Although concentrations between 20-29 mol% styrene yield a thickener, the optimal composition of polyFAST for thickening was 29mol% styrene and 71mol% fluoroacrylate. Mobility measurements with a Berea sandstone core indicated that at a superficial velocity of one foot per day, a 0.5wt% concentration of 29%styrene--71%fluoroacrylate polyFAST tripled the viscosity. At concentrations of 1% and 1.5wt%, the CO{sub 2} viscosity increased by a factor of 8 and 19, respectively. If lower proportions of styrene are used, the compound will dissolve more readily in carbon dioxide but the viscosity enhancement will diminish. At higher proportions of styrene, the CO{sub 2} solubility decreases and the thickening capability also decreased, apparently due to the increased number of non-viscosity enhancing intramolecular interactions between the aromatic groups. The high price, environmental persistence, and lack of availability of bulk amounts of the fluoroacrylate monomer guided our final efforts of this work (and all of our efforts in its continuation) toward the development of inexpensive non-fluorous compounds. We have therefore initiated the design highly CO{sub 2} soluble polymers that can replace the fluoroacrylate. These hydrocarbon-based CO{sub 2}-philic compounds will then be incorporated into the structure of a compound that contains CO{sub 2}-phobic associating groups, yielding a commercial thickener.
Development and Assessment of an Integrated 1D-3D CFD Codes Coupling Methodology for Diesel Engine Combustion Simulation and Optimization (2020)

In this paper, an integrated and automated methodology for the coupling between 1D- and 3D-CFD simulation codes is presented, which has been developed to support the design and calibration of new diesel engines. The aim of the proposed methodology is to couple 1D engine models, which may be available in the early stage engine development phases, with 3D predictive combustion simulations, in order to obtain reliable estimates of engine performance and emissions for newly designed automotive diesel engines. The coupling procedure features simulations performed in 1D-CFD by means of GT-SUITE and in 3D-CFD by means of Converge, executed within a specifically designed calculation methodology. An assessment of the coupling procedure has been performed by comparing its results with experimental data acquired on an automotive diesel engine, considering different working points, including both part load and full load conditions. Different multiple injection schedules have been evaluated for part-load operation, including pre and post injections. The proposed methodology, featuring detailed 3D chemistry modeling, was proven to be capable assessing pollutant formation properly, specifically to estimate NOx concentrations. Soot formation trends were also well-matched for most of the explored working points. The proposed procedure can therefore be considered as a suitable methodology to support the design and calibration of new diesel engines, due to its ability to provide reliable engine performance and emissions estimations from the early stage of a new engine development.
A conditional RNA Pol II mono-promoter drives HIV-inducible, CRISPR-mediated cyclin T1 suppression and HIV inhibition (2023)

Gene editing using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) targeted to HIV proviral DNA has shown excision of HIV from infected cells. However, CRISPR-based HIV excision is vulnerable to viral escape. Targeting cellular co-factors provides an attractive yet risky alternative to render viral escape irrelevant. Cyclin T1 is a critical modulator of HIV transcription and mediates recruitment of positive transcription elongation factor-b (P-TEFb) kinase for transcriptional elongation. Hence, a CRISPR-mediated cyclin T1 inactivation will silence HIV transcription, locking it in an inactive form in the cell and thereby serving as an effective antiviral and possibly effecting a functional cure. However, cellular genes play important roles, and their uncontrolled inhibition can promote undesirable effects. Here, we demonstrate a conditional inducible RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) mono-promoter-based co-expression of a CRISPR system targeting cyclin T1 from a single transcription unit. Co-expression of guide RNA (gRNA) and CRISPR-associated protein (Cas9) is observed only in HIV-infected cells and leads to sustained HIV suppression in stringent chronically infected cell lines as well as in T cell lines. We further show that incorporation of <i>cis</i>-acting ribozymes immediately upstream of the gRNA further enhances HIV silencing.
Mechanically Stacked GaAs/GaInAsP Dual-Junction Solar Cell with High Conversion Efficiency of More than 31% (2005)

We successfully fabricated high-performance GaAs and GaInAsP (band gap = 0.95 eV) single-junction solar cells with an area of 1×1 cm 2 . The conversion efficiencies of the GaAs and GaInAsP cells were 25.0 and 19.3%, respectively, under 1-sun air-mass 1.5 global (AM1.5G) conditions. The GaInAsP cell as the bottom cell under the mechanically stacked GaAs top cell also showed a high efficiency of 6.1%, and a total efficiency of 31.1% was achieved for the GaAs/GaInAsP tandem cell. This is the highest efficiency obtained under 1-sun AM1.5G conditions among the dual-junction cells ever reported.
Space Biomedicine: A Unique Opportunity to Rethink the Relationships between Physics and Biology (2022)

Space biomedicine has provided significant technological breakthroughs by developing new medical devices, diagnostic tools, and health-supporting systems. Many of these products are currently in use onboard the International Space Station and have been successfully translated into clinical practice on Earth. However, biomedical research performed in space has disclosed exciting, new perspectives regarding the relationships between physics and medicine, thus fostering the rethinking of the theoretical basis of biology. In particular, these studies have stressed the critical role that biophysical forces play in shaping the function and pattern formation of living structures. The experimental models investigated under microgravity conditions allow us to appreciate the complexity of living organisms through a very different perspective. Indeed, biological entities should be conceived as a unique magnification of physical laws driven by local energy and order states overlaid by selection history and constraints, in which the source of the inheritance, variation, and process of selection has expanded from the classical Darwinian definition. The very specific nature of the field in which living organisms behave and evolve in a space environment can be exploited to decipher the underlying, basic processes and mechanisms that are not apparent on Earth. In turn, these findings can provide novel opportunities for testing pharmacological countermeasures that can be instrumental for managing a wide array of health problems and diseases on Earth.