gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of Fullerene Mixing Behavior in the Performance of Organic Photovoltaics: PCBM in Low‐Bandgap Polymers (2013)

This manuscript reports the mixing behavior, interdiffusion, and depth profile of 1‐[3‐(methoxycarbonyl)propyl]‐1‐phenyl‐[6,6]C 61 (PCBM):low‐bandgap (LBG) polymer thin films that are formed by thermally annealing initial bilayers. The extent of mixing of PCBM is higher in polymers that include the 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole (BT) unit than in polymers that incorporate the 2,1,3‐benzooxadiazole (BO) unit. This difference is ascribed to the enhanced mixing behavior of PCBM with the benzothiadiazole functionality than with benzooxadiazole functionality, which is attributed to preferred intermolecular interactions. The increased polymer/fullerene mixing is found to be crucial for optimal device performance. A decrease of polymer/fullerene mixing reduces the donor/acceptor interface, which lowers the probability of exciton dissociation and charge generation. Moreover, low PCBM mixing provides limited pathways for electron transport out of a miscible region, due to long distances between adjacent PCBM in such a miscible phase. This inhibits electron transport and increases the recombination of free charge carriers, resulting in a decrease in short circuit current and device performance. These results further exemplify the importance of the thermodynamic mixing behavior of the polymer:fullerene pair in designing next‐generation conjugated polymers for organic photovoltaic (OPV) applications, as this controls the final morphology of the OPV active layer.
Supplementary Movie 4 from Depletion of the Ras Association Domain Family 1, Isoform A–Associated Novel Microtubule-Associated Protein, C19ORF5/MAP1S, Causes Mitotic Abnormalities (2023)

Supplementary Movie 4 from Depletion of the Ras Association Domain Family 1, Isoform A–Associated Novel Microtubule-Associated Protein, C19ORF5/MAP1S, Causes Mitotic Abnormalities
Photoaffinity cross-linking of TaqI restriction endonuclease using an aryl azide linked to the phosphate backbone (1995)

In an effort to identify amino acid (aa) residues near the active site of TaqI restriction endonuclease (ENase), a sequence-specific photoaffinity reagent was designed. This reagent exploits the finding that modification of the Rp oxygen of the scissile phosphate does not interfere with substrate binding. The TpCGA phosphate was substituted with an Rp phosphorothioate group to direct the placement of the heterobifunctional reagent p-azidophenacyl bromide. TaqI bound the photoaffinity reagent specifically and formed a covalent adduct with the ENase in the presence of UV light. The modified aa was identified as Tyr161. This aa was changed to Phe by site-directed mutagenesis, and the resulting Y161F mutant was characterized. Removal of the Tyr161 hydroxyl group lowered both the kcat and the Km fivefold, indicating that, while this aa may be near the scissile phosphate, it is not critically required for catalysis.
Two regions of homozygous deletion clusters at chromosome band 9p21 in human lung cancer (2000)

We examined 149 lung cancer cell lines for homozygous deletions using 24 DNA markers, which were mapped and ordered in chromosome band 9p21, to define the target regions for 9p21 deletions in human lung cancer. Homozygous deletions were detected in 39 (26%) cell lines and clustered at 2 independent regions. One was the region containing the p16/CDKN2A tumor suppressor gene, and this region was deleted in 32 (21%) cell lines. The other was the region containing D9S171, which is the locus approximately 3 Mb proximal to the CDKN2A locus. This region, designated as the D9S171 region, was deleted in 18 (12%) cell lines. Seven of the 18 cell lines had identical minimum deletions of a 17,036 bp sequence located 20 kb distal to the D9S171 locus. However, such a deletion was also observed in the corresponding B-lymphoblastoid cell line from 1 of the 7 cell lines and in 5 (16%) of 32 noncancerous tissues, suggesting that the deletion was a genetic polymorphism. By considering this polymorphism, 11 (7%) cell lines still had deletions at the D9S171 region. Two NSCLC cell lines showed deletions at the D9S171 region and retentions of the CDKN2A locus. Furthermore, an NSCLC cell line showed discontinuous deletions including either the CDKN2A or D9S171 locus. Therefore, the region surrounding the D9S171 locus was defined as another target region for the 9p21 deletions. It is possible that unknown tumor suppressor gene(s) are present in this chromosomal region. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 27:308-318, 2000.
Effect of laser annealing on cdte thin film deposited by thermal evaporation (2015)

In this study, the influence of laser annealing on the structural, optical and electrical properties of thermally evaporated CdTe thin films has been investigated. CdTe thin films were deposited by thermal evaporation at different power. Thermally evaporated CdTe thin films were then subjected to post deposition laser annealing. The laser annealing was done by illuminating the films by pulsed laser beam with combined wavelengths of 1064nm and 532nm. Both the as-deposited and laser-annealed CdTe thin films were characterized using XRD, AFM, FESEM integrated with EDS, UV-Vis spectroscopy and Hall Effect measurement system. The as-grown and laser-annealed CdTe thin films deposited on soda lime glass showed polycrystalline nature with a mixture of zinc-blende (cubic, C) and wurtzite (hexagonal, H) phases. AFM images on the other hand showed increase in R.M.S roughness value after laser annealing. FESEM micrographs revealed the increase in grain size and the EDS results showed that the CdTe films became tellurium rich upon laser annealing. The band gap of the films increased after laser annealing due to the quantum confinement effect as revealed from optical analysis. Hall Effect measurement found different electrical nature of the CdTe thin films after laser annealing.
Use of the Approximation of Optically Thin Pulsations in the Problems of Radiative Heat Transfer in Turbulent Media (2003)

A method for calculating radiative transfer in turbulent media is suggested. The method is free of limitations on the absorption coefficient fluctuation amplitudes. It is based on modeling the temperature distribution in a turbulent medium by using the generalized telegraphic process approximation. The solution was obtained by two methods: 1) analytically, using the Laplace transformation and representing the original temperature-fluctuation distribution in the form of superposition of a sufficiently large number of the Dirac delta-function; and 2) on the basis of stochastic modeling. The method developed was applied to evaluate the accuracy of the optically thin fluctuation approximation, which is widely used in the radiative heat transfer in turbulent flows.
Variants inCUL4Bare Associated with Cerebral Malformations (2014)

Variants in cullin 4B (CUL4B) are a known cause of syndromic X-linked intellectual disability. Here, we describe an additional 25 patients from 11 families with variants in CUL4B. We identified nine different novel variants in these families and confirmed the pathogenicity of all nontruncating variants. Neuroimaging data, available for 15 patients, showed the presence of cerebral malformations in ten patients. The cerebral anomalies comprised malformations of cortical development (MCD), ventriculomegaly, and diminished white matter volume. The phenotypic heterogeneity of the cerebral malformations might result from the involvement of CUL-4B in various cellular pathways essential for normal brain development. Accordingly, we show that CUL-4B interacts with WDR62, a protein in which variants were previously identified in patients with microcephaly and a wide range of MCD. This interaction might contribute to the development of cerebral malformations in patients with variants in CUL4B.
ZnCl2‐Promoted Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β‐Secondary‐Amino Ketones Catalyzed by a P‐Chiral Rh–Bisphosphine Complex (2014)

Abstract A new catalytic system has been developed for the asymmetric hydrogenation of β‐secondary‐amino ketones using a highly efficient P‐chiral bisphosphine–rhodium complex in combination with ZnCl 2 as the activator of the catalyst. The chiral γ‐secondary‐amino alcohols were obtained in 90–94 % yields, 90–99 % enantioselectivities, and with high turnover numbers (up to 2000 S/C; S/C=substrate/catalyst ratio). A mechanism for the promoting effect of ZnCl 2 on the catalytic system has been proposed on the basis of NMR spectroscopy and HRMS studies. This method was successfully applied to the asymmetric syntheses of three important drugs, ( S )‐duloxetine, ( R )‐fluoxetine, and ( R )‐atomoxetine, in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities.
A Novel Feature Extraction Method for Monitoring (Vehicular) Fuel Storage System Leaks (2014)

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; System state determination with incomplete sensory information set proved to be a technically challenging problem. In this paper, authors tackle a problem of this type associated with vehicle fuel storage systems and proposed a novel feature extraction method. Federal and state regulations require fuel storage leak detection mechanism to be conducted periodically and regulate its execution rate and performance to ensure effective emission controls. Being able to robustly determine a fuel storage system’s state in terms of its effectiveness of fuel containment is therefore of great importance to all vehicle original equipment manufacturers (OEM). Prevailing practice in the industry utilizes a method relevant to natural vacuum phenomenon and is loosely associated with ideal gas law. Commonly referred to as “Entry Conditions” in in-vehicle monitoring design literature, major noise factors go through stringent pre-monitoring evaluations before monitoring program execution to ensure ideal test conditions. Differences in ambient conditions compounded with varying customer drive cycle patterns present great challenge to existing monitor designs for the purpose of leak detection. In addition, prevailing practices of evaluation in-tank fuel pressure and temperature information are generally conducted with surrogate or estmiated temperature information due to the absence of in-tank temperature sensor. All this calls for an alternative feature calculation and detection method that are less sensitive to known noise factors, can operate with incomplete sensory information yet being able provide similar or improved detection capability. In this paper, we put the main focus on the derivation of a novel method of feature calculation for the purpose of detecting presence of a leak in a fuel storage tank.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;
Close &#x00026; Closer: Discover social relationship from photo collections (2009)

ldquoClose & Closerrdquo is a social imaging application that performs analysis on photo collections to reveal closeness of people's relationship and presents the discovered relationship in an interactive manner to prompt photo sharing and people connection. It addresses two challenges with innovative solutions: first, a closeness measurement is proposed based on face detection and clustering result; Secondly, a computing framework is designed and implemented to execute computation extensive jobs, such as face detection and clustering, in a both distributed and parallel manner to assure the application's usability. The application is deployed on Facebook social networking platform. The effectiveness of the closeness measurement and computing framework are validated through the real user experience.
ChemInform Abstract: Planar Chirality: A Fascinating Symmetry Breaking Which Leads to Ferroelectricity in Ferrocenyl Liquid Crystals (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Effect of the Conductor Positioning on Low-Power Current Transformers: Inputs for the Next IEC 61869-10 (2021)

Low-power instrument transformers (LPITs) are spreading among the distribution network thanks to their features (e.g., compactness, lightness, enhanced bandwidth, etc.). It is then a fundamental to guide users and manufacturers to a correct usage and manufacturing of the LPITs. Technical committees, which are in charge of writing dedicated standards, often tackle such a task. Focusing on the current type of LPITs, the low-power current transformers (LPCTs), the associated standard is the IEC 61869-10, which is going to be improved in 2021. To this purpose, the work aims at providing new inputs for the future version of such a standard. In particular, the focus is pointed towards the effects of the conductor positioning on the window-type LPCT accuracy. Literature and gained experience in the field are the two pillars that have been used to refine the outcomes of the work, which are provided in terms of suggestions for each technical aspect, as discussed in the standard, related to LPCTs.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Olefin Metathesis Catalysts Bearing Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbenes (2007)

Platz da! Cyclische (Alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAACs) lassen sich als Liganden in der katalytischen Olefinmetathese einsetzen. Der enorme sterische Einfluss der CAAC-N-Arylgruppe auf die Katalysatoraktivität wurde für die Entwicklung eines neuen Katalysators genutzt, der in punkto Aktivität üblichen kommerziellen Katalysatoren ähnelt. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2007/z702085_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Multispectral Plasmon Induced Transparency in Coupled Meta-Atoms (2011)

We introduce an approach enabling construction of a scalable metamaterial media supporting multispectral plasmon induced transparency. The composite multilayered media consist of coupled meta-atoms with radiant and subradiant hybridized plasmonic modes interacting through the structural asymmetry. A perturbative model incorporating hybridization and mode coupling is introduced to explain the observed novel spectral features. The proposed scheme is demonstrated experimentally by developing a lift-off-free fabrication scheme that can automatically register multiple metamaterial layers in the transverse plane. This metamaterial which can simultaneously enhance nonlinear processes at multiple frequency domains could open up new possibilities in optical information processing.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging/Ultrasound Fusion Guided Prostate Biopsy Improves Cancer Detection Following Transrectal Ultrasound Biopsy and Correlates With Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2011)

Prostate cancer localized on magnetic resonance imaging may be targeted using this novel magnetic resonance imaging/ultrasound fusion guided biopsy platform. Further research is needed to determine the role of this platform in cancer detection, active surveillance and focal therapy, and to determine which patients may benefit.
Isolation and characterization of two new bacteriochlorophylls d bearing neopentyl substituents (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIsolation and characterization of two new bacteriochlorophylls d bearing neopentyl substituentsKevin M. Smith, Dane A. Goff, Jack Fajer, and Kathleen M. BarkigiaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 6, 1674–1676Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1983https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00344a055RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views59Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (330 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Learning to Grow Pretrained Models for Efficient Transformer Training (2023)

Scaling transformers has led to significant breakthroughs in many domains, leading to a paradigm in which larger versions of existing models are trained and released on a periodic basis. New instances of such models are typically trained completely from scratch, despite the fact that they are often just scaled-up versions of their smaller counterparts. How can we use the implicit knowledge in the parameters of smaller, extant models to enable faster training of newer, larger models? This paper describes an approach for accelerating transformer training by learning to grow pretrained transformers, where we learn to linearly map the parameters of the smaller model to initialize the larger model. For tractable learning, we factorize the linear transformation as a composition of (linear) width- and depth-growth operators, and further employ a Kronecker factorization of these growth operators to encode architectural knowledge. Extensive experiments across both language and vision transformers demonstrate that our learned Linear Growth Operator (LiGO) can save up to 50% computational cost of training from scratch, while also consistently outperforming strong baselines that also reuse smaller pretrained models to initialize larger models.
Large Phosphorus Hyperfine Coupling as a Sensitive Tool for Studying Molecular Dynamics:  ESR and Molecular Mechanics Studies of Ring Interconversion in the cis-2,5-Diphosphoryl-2,5-dimethyl-pyrrolidinoxyl Radical (2003)

ESR spectra of cis- and trans-β-diphosphorylated pyrrolidine-N-oxyl radicals, c-1 and t-1, were studied in liquid and frozen solution. The expected 1:2:1 triplet (aP (2)) of the 1:1:1 triplet (aN) was observed for t-1; however, for c-1, the inner lines of the 1:2:1 triplet showed a dramatic broadening characteristic of chemical exchange between two equivalent conformations. Owing to the large difference in the hyperfine splitting constants (hfsc) of the exchanging phosphorus (ΔaP ≈ 21 G), the coalescence temperature was unusually high (193 K, in n-pentane), and the potential barrier for ring interconversion (10.5 kJ mol-1) was easily obtained from the temperature dependence of the exchange rate. This value was in very good agreement with the value obtained for an empirical pseudorotational potential (11 kJ mol-1) that was adjusted to fit the temperature dependence of the phosphorus hfsc. For c-1, molecular mechanics calculations gave similar characteristics for the pseudorotational potential and indicated the existence of two identical minima with distorted geometries lying between 3T4 and 3E or 4T3 and E3. For t-1, only the 3T4 conformer was found to be significantly populated. Frozen solution spectra showed that the phosphorus hfsc anisotropy is higher when the C−P bond is pseudoaxial; this result can be explained by a geometry-dependent delocalization of the unpaired electron into the phosphorus 3p orbitals.
Activation of serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated protein kinase by agonists that activate phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase is mediated by 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) and PDK2 (1999)

The PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-dependent activation of protein kinase B (PKB) by 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinases-1 and -2 (PDK1 and PDK2 respectively) is a key event in mediating the effects of signals that activate PtdIns 3-kinase. The catalytic domain of serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated protein kinase (SGK) is 54% identical with that of PKB and, although lacking the PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-binding pleckstrin-homology domain, SGK retains the residues that are phosphorylated by PDK1 and PDK2, which are Thr256 and Ser422 in SGK. Here we show that PDK1 activates SGK in vitro by phosphorylating Thr256. We also show that, in response to insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) or hydrogen peroxide, transfected SGK is activated in 293 cells via a PtdIns 3-kinase-dependent pathway that involves the phosphorylation of Thr256 and Ser422. The activation of SGK by PDK1 in vitro is unaffected by PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, abolished by the mutation of Ser422 to Ala, and greatly potentiated by mutation of Ser422 to Asp (although this mutation does not activate SGK itself). Consistent with these findings, the Ser422Asp mutant of SGK is activated by phosphorylation (probably at Thr256) in unstimulated 293 cells, and activation is unaffected by inhibitors of PtdIns 3-kinase. Our results are consistent with a model in which activation of SGK by IGF-1 or hydrogen peroxide is initiated by a PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-dependent activation of PDK2, which phosphorylates Ser422. This is followed by the PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-independent phosphorylation at Thr256 that activates SGK, and is catalysed by PDK1. Like PKB, SGK preferentially phosphorylates serine and threonine residues that lie in Arg-Xaa-Arg-Xaa-Xaa-Ser/Thr motifs, and SGK and PKB inactivate glycogen synthase kinase-3 similarly in vitroand in co-transfection experiments. These findings raise the possibility that some physiological roles ascribed to PKB on the basis of the overexpression of constitutively active PKB mutants might be mediated by SGK.
Single-digit-micrometer-resolution continuous liquid interface production (2022)

To date, a compromise between resolution and print speed has rendered most high-resolution additive manufacturing technologies unscalable with limited applications. By combining a reduction lens optics system for single-digit-micrometer resolution, an in-line camera system for contrast-based sharpness optimization, and continuous liquid interface production (CLIP) technology for high scalability, we introduce a single-digit-micrometer-resolution CLIP-based 3D printer that can create millimeter-scale 3D prints with single-digit-micrometer-resolution features in just a few minutes. A simulation model is developed in parallel to probe the fundamental governing principles in optics, chemical kinetics, and mass transport in the 3D printing process. A print strategy with tunable parameters informed by the simulation model is adopted to achieve both the optimal resolution and the maximum print speed. Together, the high-resolution 3D CLIP printer has opened the door to various applications including, but not limited to, biomedical, MEMS, and microelectronics.
A 1.2&#x2013;6 Gb/s, 4.2 pJ/bit Clock &amp; Data Recovery circuit with high jitter tolerance in 0.14&#x03BC;m CMOS (2011)

In this paper, a highly parallelized Clock & Data Recovery (CDR) architecture with phase feedback at the bit rate is presented. This parallel CDR features demultiplexing directly at the input, which reduces circuit speed requirements and enables extensive use of standard CMOS logic which only draws dynamic power, resulting in excellent power efficiency over a wide range of speeds: power consumption is below 4.6 pJ/bit between 2.4 and 6 Gbit/s. Parallel CDRs have limited loop bandwidth and jitter tolerance due to latency in the phase-feedback loop. Our architecture solves this problem by applying feedback at the bit rate, resulting in jitter tolerance beyond 4.3 UI at 1 MHz.