gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
WATER AS A REAGENT FOR SOIL REMEDIATION (2001)

SRI International conducted experiments in a two-year, two-phase process to develop and evaluate hydrothermal extraction technology, also known as hot water extraction (HWE) technology, to separate petroleum-related contaminants and other hazardous pollutants from soil and sediments. In this process, water with added electrolytes (inexpensive and environmentally friendly) is used as the extracting solvent under subcritical conditions (150-300 C). The use of electrolytes allows us to operate reactors under mild conditions and to obtain high separation efficiencies that were hitherto impossible. Unlike common organic solvents, water under subcritical conditions dissolves both organics and inorganics, thus allowing opportunities for separation of both organic and inorganic material from soil. In developing this technology, our systematic approach was to (1) establish fundamental solubility data, (2) conduct treatability studies with industrial soils, and (3) perform a bench-scale demonstration using a highly contaminated soil. The bench-scale demonstration of the process has shown great promise. The next step of the development process is the successful pilot demonstration of this technology. Once pilot tested, this technology can be implemented quite easily, since most of the basic components are readily available from mature technologies (e.g., steam stripping, soil washing, thermal desorption). The implementation of this technology will revolutionize the conventional use of water in soil remediation technologies and will provide a stand-alone technology for removal of both volatile and heavy components from contaminated soil.
Value of prostate MRI in determining appropriate candidates for active surveillance. (2012)

109 Background: The objective was to measure the added benefit of multi-parametric endorectal coil prostate MRI (eMRI) to traditional active (AS) criteria in delineating men with more advanced disease. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of 115 men who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) for their CaP with whole-mount pathological evaluation. All men underwent eMRI for surgical planning—including T2 weighted, diffusion-weighted (DWI), dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE), and MR Spectroscopy—between July 2008 and March 2011. We examined the diagnostics of Epstein’s criteria (E-AS) for clinically insignificant CaP or in combination with MR parameters (eMRI-AS criteria) in predicting more advanced disease. E-AS criteria included Gleason score (GS) 3+3=6, &lt;3 biopsy cores positive, PSA &lt;10, ≤50% maximum % of cancer in any one core. The addition of apparent diffusion coefficient &gt;0.85x10-3 mm2/sec, Ktrans&lt;0.5 Hz, Kep&gt;1.5 Hz, and normal MRSI defined the eMRI-AS cohort. Outcomes were stratified into low vs. high surgical risk. Low-risk disease was defined as having pT2, GS &lt;3+4 with tumor size &lt;1.5 cm, and negative surgical margins (SM). Conversely, higher-risk disease included men with GS ≥4+3, positive SM, ≥pT3 or those with GS 3+4 with tumor size ≥1.5 cm. Results: We identified 104 who met our inclusion criteria. We excluded 11 (9%) men due to post-biopsy hemorrhage (n=4), failed DCE (n=4), poor DWI (n=2), and two-year delay between MRI and RALP (n=1). Mean age was 60.6 years. Thirty-seven men (35%) satisfied E-AS, while 25 men (24%) satisfied eMRI-AS. On whole-mount sectioning 49 (47%) men were low surgical risk. E-AS to detect low surgical risk revealed a sensitivity, specificity, false positive, false negative and AUC of 67%, 73%, 33%, 27%, and 70%, respectively. eMRI-AS performance parameters were: 62.8%, 94.4%, 37%, 5% and 78%—significantly different than E-AS (p=0.04). Conclusions: eMRI-AS outperformed Epstein-AS in identifying poor candidates from going onto AS. If patients were identified as AS candidates based on traditional criteria, we found that 27% actually had higher risk disease; whereas the addition of eMRI reduced this number to 5%.
Demonstration of 30Gbit/s QPSK-to-PAM4 Data-Format and Wavelength Conversion to Enable All-Optical Gateway from Long-haul to Datacenter (2018)

A tunable optical QPSK to PAM4 converter is experimentally demonstrated. The proposed method maps four symbols of QPSK signal to four different amplitude levels which can be directly detected in photo-diode. Open eyes are obtained for the detected PAM4 signal.
Scientists' Perspectives on the Potential for Generative AI in their Fields (2023)

Generative AI models, including large language models and multimodal models that include text and other media, are on the cusp of transforming many aspects of modern life, including entertainment, education, civic life, the arts, and a range of professions. There is potential for Generative AI to have a substantive impact on the methods and pace of discovery for a range of scientific disciplines. We interviewed twenty scientists from a range of fields (including the physical, life, and social sciences) to gain insight into whether or how Generative AI technologies might add value to the practice of their respective disciplines, including not only ways in which AI might accelerate scientific discovery (i.e., research), but also other aspects of their profession, including the education of future scholars and the communication of scientific findings. In addition to identifying opportunities for Generative AI to augment scientists' current practices, we also asked participants to reflect on concerns about AI. These findings can help guide the responsible development of models and interfaces for scientific education, inquiry, and communication.
A new polymorphic probe on chromosome 3p: λLIB03–23 (D3S573) (1991)

A new polymorphic probe on chromosome 3p: λLIB03–23 (D3S573) Get access F. Latif, F. Latif Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar G.M. Glenn, G.M. Glenn Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar H. Brauch, H. Brauch Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. Delisio, J. Delisio 1Progam Resources Inc., Frederick Cancer Research and Development CenterFrederick, MD 21701, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar K. Hampsch, K. Hampsch 1Progam Resources Inc., Frederick Cancer Research and Development CenterFrederick, MD 21701, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M.L. Orcutt, M.L. Orcutt Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar B. Zbar, B. Zbar Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M.I. Lerman M.I. Lerman * * To whom correspondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 19, Issue 4, 25 February 1991, Page 964, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/19.4.964-a Published: 25 February 1991
Six-Step Gram-Scale Synthesis of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Integrase Inhibitor Dolutegravir Sodium (2021)

This is the accepted manuscript version of the work published in its final form as Dietz, Jule-Philipp; Lucas, Tobias; Groß, Jonathan; Seitel, Sebastian; Brauer, Jan; Ferenc, Dorota; Gupton, B. Frank; Opatz, Till. Organic Process Research &amp; Development; Volume: 25; Issue: 11; Pages: 1898-1910; https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00139. Deposited by shareyourpaper.org and openaccessbutton.org. We've taken reasonable steps to ensure this content doesn't violate copyright. However, if you think it does you can request a takedown by emailing help@openaccessbutton.org.
Overview of an Ada compatible distributed database manager (1983)

Adaplex is an integrated language for programming database applications. It results from the embedding of the database sublanguage DAPLEX in the general purpose programming language Ada. This paper provides an overview of the DDM: a distributed database manager (DDM) that supports the use of Adaplex as an interface language. The important technical innovations we have incorporated in the design of this system include:1. An advanced data model that captures more application semantics than conventional data models.2. Support for flexible data distribution options that improve locality of reference and efficiency of query processing.3. Extensive query optimization that combines compile time access path optimization with run time site selection.4. Efficient transaction management that reduces transaction conflicts and improves the resiliency of replicated data.5. Robust, incremental recovery management that provides for automatic recovery from certain "catastrophic" failure conditions.
The effect of low temperature annealing on defects, impurities, and electrical properties of (Hg,Cd)Te (1985)

Many methods for the preparation of (Hg,Cd)Te alloys rely on a low temperature processing step to convert the as-grown p-type material to n-type, or to otherwise adjust the concentration of native acceptors. During this anneal, tellurium precipitates in the material are annihilated by in-diffusing mercury, resulting in a substantial multiplication of dislocations. For substantially long anneals (&amp;gt;1 day at 270 °C) the depth of the p–n junction is found to vary as the square root of the anneal time and inversely as the square root of the excess tellurium concentration. Rapidly diffusing impurities such as silver are gettered out of the skin and into the remaining vacancy-rich core. The kinetics of these processes are analyzed for self-diffusion on the metal sublattice involving only vacancies, only interstitials, and for a mixed vacancy–interstitial model. Comparison with experimental data shows best agreement with the mixed interstitial–vacancy model.
Effect of junction interface modification of silicon heterojunction solar cells (2010)

The interfaces of crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cells are extremely sensitive to contamination. SunsV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</sub> measurements using blue and infrared filtered light in conjunction with the standard white light measurement have shown that a contamination problem on the front of the solar cell occurs when a thin film is deposited on the back. Chemical cleaning has indirectly shown that contamination is located between the p-aSi layer and the layer immediately below it. Although the chemical cleaning significantly improves the resulting solar cell performance parameters, their range is very wide. It has been determined that depositing a SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> :H layer on the surface of the intrinsic a-Si layer on the emitter side of the solar cell and removing before deposition of the p-doped a-Si layer significantly improves the fill factor (FF) of crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cells made on n-type crystalline silicon wafers, and significantly narrows the range of the performance parameters of solar cells processed at the same time.
Spatial Interaction of the L‐type Calcium Channel with α 5 β 1 Integrin (2008)

α 5 β 1 integrins play essential roles in modulating neuronal and vascular smooth muscle cell function by altering Ca 2+ entry through the L‐type calcium channel (Ca L ). We previously demonstrated that an increase in Ca 2+ current following α 5 β 1 integrin activation is mediated by PKA and Src phosphorylation of Ca L . Here, the spatial interaction of Ca L with α 5 β 1 integrin was examined using immunofluorescence (IF) confocal microscopy and co‐immunoprecipitation (IP). HEK293 cells expressing neuronal Ca L were plated on an extracellular matrix substrate prior to IF or IP. Co‐association of Ca L with β 1 integrin was only detectable by IP in cells plated on fibronectin (FN), not on poly‐l‐lysine. By IF, about 60% of wild type (WT) Ca L co‐localized with β 1 integrin on FN, using paxillin‐vinculin colocalization as a reference. Marginal decreases (~90% of WT) in the degree of Ca L colocalization with β 1 integrin were seen for Ca L constructs missing the proline‐rich domain (PRD) or the last 281 amino acid residues (Stop5). By IP, the degree of Ca L co‐association with β 1 integrin on FN was decreased to 59% and 79% of WT in the PRD and the Stop5 mutants, respectively. Significantly less co‐association (12% of WT) of Ca L with β 1 integrin was observed in a Ca L construct with altered phosphorylation sites for both PKA and Src. In patch clamp studies, α 5 β 1 integrin activation increased Ca L current by 107% in WT, 10% in the Stop5 mutant, and by 88% in the PRD mutant. Overall, our data suggest that the co‐association of Ca L with β 1 integrin depends on the activation of β 1 integrin by FN and subsequent phosphorylation of Ca L by PKA
Prediction of splice junctions and exon-skipping events in porcine tissues from alignments of next-generation RNA short reads to the genome sequence (2009)

References Trapnell C, Pachter L, Salzberg SL (2009). TopHat: discovering splice junctions with RNA‐Seq. Bioinformatics. 2009 May 1;25(9):1105‐11. Epub 2009 Mar 16. Xie W, Dolzhanskaya N, LaFauci G, Dobkin C, Denman RB (2009). Tissue and developmental regulation of fragile X mental retardation 1 exon 12 and 15 isoforms. Neurobiol Dis. 2009 Jul;35(1):52‐62. RNA‐seq fastq (76 bp) 7 x LIVER 7 x MUSCLE
Lipid analysis of Neochloris oleoabundans by liquid state NMR (2010)

This study is an evaluation of liquid state NMR as a tool for analyzing the lipid composition of algal cultures used for biodiesel production. To demonstrate the viability of this approach, (13)C NMR was used to analyze the lipid composition of intact cells of the algal species, Neochloris oleoabundans (UTEX #1185). Two cultures were used in this study. One culture was "healthy" and grown in conventional media, whereas the other culture was "nitrogen-starved" and grown in media that lacked nitrate. Triglyceride was determined to be present in both cultures by comparing the algal NMR spectra with published chemical shifts for a wide range of lipids and with a spectrum obtained from a triglyceride standard (glyceryl trioleate). In addition, it is shown that (1) the signal-to-noise ratio of the approximately 29.5 ppm methylene peak is indicative of the lipid content and (2) the nitrogen-starved culture contained a greater lipid content than the healthy culture, as expected. Furthermore, the nitrogen-starved culture produced spectra that primarily contained the characteristic peaks of triglyceride (at approximately 61.8 and approximately 68.9 ppm), whereas the healthy culture produced spectra that contained several additional peaks in the glycerol region, likely resulting from the presence of monoglyceride and diglyceride. Finally, potential interferences are evaluated (including the analysis of phospholipids via (31)P NMR) to assess the specificity of the acquired spectra to triglyceride. These results indicate that NMR is a useful diagnostic tool for selectively identifying lipids in algae, with particular relevance to biodiesel production.
Type 2 Diabetes: An Epidemic Requiring Global Attention and Urgent Action (2012)

Decades ago, the global epidemic of type 2 diabetes was predicted by epidemiologists who observed large and rapid increases in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among indigenous peoples who adopted Western lifestyles (1–4). Subsequent epidemiological studies demonstrated that essentially all non-Europid populations who escape the ravages of communicable diseases, enjoy abundant food and less physically demanding lifestyles and survive to middle and old age are at increased risk for type 2 diabetes, its complications, and comorbidities. The global epidemic of type 2 diabetes has been documented in a series of progressively more precise, refined, and sobering projections (5).

In 1993, King et al. (6) assembled estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for adults around the world. In 1997, Amos et al. (7) first used age-specific prevalence rates for type 2 diabetes from different countries and current and projected age distributions of the world population to estimate the present and future numbers of people with diabetes worldwide. Using similar methods but incorporating additional age- and sex-specific and rural- and urban-specific diabetes prevalence rates, King et al. (8), Wild et al. (9), and Shaw et al. (10) repeated these analyses. In general, these studies projected that the number of adults with diabetes in the world will more than double between 2000 and 2030, with most of the increase occurring in developing countries, particularly in Asia. Not surprisingly, countries with the largest populations have and will have the greatest number of individuals with diabetes. Accordingly, India and China top the lists. The most recent studies have projected that by 2030, India will have 79–87 million and China 42–63 million adults with diabetes (9,10). The latter projection did not account for the rapid change in lifestyle occurring in China and …
Super-selective electrical stimulation of the left ventricle via a miniaturized magnetized stimulation wire: proof of concept study (2010)

Cardiac resynchronization therapy provides a treatment option for patients with congestive heart failure. Electrodes are usually advanced via the cardiac venous system (CVS). Placement is often hampered by small vessel diameter or tortuosity. The aim of this study was to develop and test a magnetized stimulation wire (MSW) capable of being navigated into small and tortuous CVS branches. Therefore, a conventional guide wire with a permanent magnet and a single stimulation electrode at its tip was coated with iridium oxide at the distal end and insulated except for the very tip (coating thickness: 500 nm, active uncoated area: 10 mm2). The MSW was designed to allow for a remote magnetic steering using a magnetic navigation system (MN) (Stereotaxis™). After in vitro testing of the electrical properties, the MSW was tested in an animal model (n=6 sheep): the MSW was placed in a CVS side branch and navigation characteristics of the MSW were determined. The effective (unipolar) pacing threshold was 4.9±2.4 V (at 2 ms pulse width). The rheobase was 1.89±0.44 V and the chronaxie time was 0.75±0.7 ms. The MSW could be navigated into small CVS branches with reasonable MN properties. This could allow stimulation at CVS sites currently not accessible for conventional stimulation catheters or electrodes.
Dynamic State Estimation for DFIG with Unknown Inputs Based on Cubature Kalman Filter and Adaptive Interpolation (2023)

Dynamic state estimation (DSE) accurately tracks the dynamics of power systems and demonstrates the evolution of the system state in real time. This paper proposes a DSE approach for a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) with unknown inputs based on adaptive interpolation and cubature Kalman filter (AICKF-UI). DFIGs adopt different control strategies in normal and fault conditions; thus, the existing DSE approaches based on the conventional control model of DFIG are not applicable in all cases. Consequently, the DSE model of DFIGs is reformulated to consider the converter controller outputs as unknown inputs, which are estimated together with the DFIG dynamic states by an exponential smoothing model and augmented-state cubature Kalman filter. Furthermore, as the reporting rate of existing synchro-phasor data is not sufficiently high to capture the fast dynamics of DFIGs, a large estimation error may occur or the DSE approach may diverge. To this end, in this paper, a local-truncation-error-guided adaptive interpolation approach is developed. Extensive simulations conducted on a wind farm and the modified IEEE 39-bus test system show that the proposed AICKF-UI can (1) effectively address the divergence issues of existing cubature Kalman filters while being computationally more efficient; (2) accurately track the dynamic states and unknown inputs of the DFIG; and (3) deal with various types of system operating conditions such as time-varying wind and different system faults.
“Dark” Photocatalysis: The Degradation of Organic Molecules Anchored to Dark Microdomains of Titanium Dioxide (2003)

Join the dark side: Titanium dioxide is widely used as a photocatalyst for the degradation of many contaminants in air, in water and on solid surfaces. By anchoring self-assembled monolayers onto “dark” microdomains of titanium dioxide (see picture) and measuring their photodegradation kinetics, it is shown that molecules located on dark areas at the vicinity of illuminated domains of titanium dioxide might be prone to an oxidizing attack by oxidizing species that out-diffuse from the illuminated areas.
Basis and Statistical Design of the Passive HIV-1 Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) Test-of-Concept Efficacy Trials (2017)

The AMP trials test whether VRC01 can prevent HIV-1 infection in two study populations. If affirmative, they will provide information for estimating the optimal dosage of VRC01 (or subsequent derivatives) and identify threshold levels of neutralization and Fc effector functions associated with high-level protection, setting a benchmark for future vaccine evaluation and constituting a bridge to other bnAb approaches for HIV-1 prevention.
Scanning Probe Lithography of Self-Assembled N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane Monolayers on SiO2 Surface (2007)

A new approach is introduced for the selective deposition of colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto the surface of unpatterned self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The patterning of N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AEAPTMS) SAMs is realized by local field-induced bond breaking using scanning probe lithography (SPL) on a thin SiO2 surface. Different tip/sample biases were investigated to determine the bond breaking efficiency of AEAPTMS SAMs. It was found that bond breaking efficiency was limited by tunneling current through the thin SiO2 film so that both the tip bias and the tip scanning speed play important roles. AuNPs with negatively charged citrate surfaces were selectively anchored onto the unpatterned area via electrostatic force between AEAPTMS SAMs and AuNPs. Single-digit numbers of AuNPs anchored onto unpatterned AEAPTMS SAMs were demonstrated.
The C. elegans ROR receptor tyrosine kinase, CAM-1,non-autonomously inhibits the Wnt pathway (2007)

Inhibitors of Wnt signaling promote normal development and prevent cancer by restraining when and where the Wnt pathway is activated. ROR proteins, a class of Wnt-binding receptor tyrosine kinases, inhibit Wnt signaling by an unknown mechanism. To clarify how RORs inhibit the Wnt pathway, we examined the relationship between Wnts and the sole C. elegans ROR homolog, cam-1, during C. elegans vulval development, a Wnt-regulated process. We found that loss and overexpression of cam-1 causes reciprocal defects in Wnt-mediated cell-fate specification. Our molecular and genetic analyses revealed that the CAM-1 extracellular domain (ECD) is sufficient to non-autonomously antagonize multiple Wnts, suggesting that the CAM-1/ROR ECD sequesters Wnts. A sequestration model is supported by our findings that the CAM-1 ECD binds to several Wnts in vitro. These results demonstrate how ROR proteins help to refine the spatial pattern of Wnt activity in a complex multicellular environment.