gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Analysis of Coherent and Incoherent Tunneling Currents in MgO-Based Epitaxial Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (2011)

We studied spin-dependent transport in fully epitaxial Fe/MgO/Cr/Fe(001) magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with a Cr(001) layer grown above or below the MgO barrier layer to clarify the scattering process of tunneling electrons at the barrier/electrode interfaces. From the Cr-thickness dependence of tunneling resistance, it was clearly shown that the Cr layer having no Δ1 Bloch states at Fermi energy acts as a tunnel barrier for coherent-tunneling current (Icoh) carried by electrons with Δ1 symmetry and acts as a metallic layer for incoherent-tunneling current (Iinc) mediated by nonspecular scattering. We evaluated Icoh and Iinc in Fe/MgO/Fe MTJs from the Cr-thickness dependence. The Icoh/Iinc ratio for the upper MgO/Fe interface was estimated to be 16, which corresponded to tunneling spin polarization above 0.9. The lower Fe/MgO interface with higher-density dislocations had a smaller Icoh/Iinc ratio and spin polarization. Reducing structural defects at the lower interface is the key to achieving higher MR ratios.
Computing while charging (2012)

Every night, a large number of idle smartphones are plugged into a power source for recharging the battery. Given the increasing computing capabilities of smartphones, these idle phones constitute a sizeable computing infrastructure. Therefore, for an enterprise which supplies its employees with smartphones, we argue that a computing infrastructure that leverages idle smartphones being charged overnight is an energy-efficient and cost-effective alternative to running tasks on traditional server infrastructure. While parallel execution and scheduling models exist for servers (e.g., MapReduce), smartphones present a unique set of technical challenges due to the heterogeneity in CPU clock speed, variability in network bandwidth, and lower availability compared to servers.
USER MODEL ACQUISITION HEURISTICS BASED ON DIALOGUE ACTS (1995)

A wide-spread technique for user model acquisition is the use of acquisition heuristics, which are normally employed for inferring assumptions about the user&amp;apos;s beliefs or goals from observed user actions. These beliefs or goals can often be characterized as presuppositions to communicative actions that the user performs. In the area of natural-language systems, presupposition analysis techniques have been applied for making assumptions about the dialogue partner based on the types of speech acts that he or she employs. In this paper, we will generalize this approach and investigate the analysis of so-called `dialogue acts&amp;apos;, i.e. communicative actions on the user interface whose execution entails user beliefs or goals as presuppositions of the action. Dialogue act types with schematic presuppositions will be proposed as a means for formulating and generalizing user model acquisition heuristics. Several dialogue act types, both general ones applicable to any interactive system and specia...
Tuning Emission Properties of Iridium and Ruthenium Metallosurfactants in Micellar Systems (2008)

Ruthenium metallosurfactant forms micelles that show efficient electronic energy-transfer processes in the presence of an analogous iridium complex. Modulation of the process is achieved upon incorporation of these amphiphiles into cetyltrimethylammonium bromide micelles, allowing a tuning of the two emissions.
A simple on-line arterial time-activity curve detector for [O-15] water PET studies (1997)

A simple, automated on-line detector system has been fabricated and implemented to detect the arterial time-activity curve (TAG) for bolus-injection [O-15] water PET studies. This system offers two significant improvements over existing systems: a pump mechanism is not required to control arterial blood flow through the detector and dispersion correction of the time-activity curve for dispersion in external tubing is unnecessary. The [O-15] positrons emanating from blood within a thin-walled, 0.134 cm inner-diameter plastic tube are detected by a 0.5 cm wide by 1.0 cm long by 0.1 cm thick plastic scintillator mounted to a miniature PMT. Photon background is reduced to insignificant levels by a 2.0 cm thick cylindrical lead shield. Mean cerebral blood flow (mCBF) determined from an autoradiographic model and from the TAC measured by 1-second automated sampling was compared to that calculated from a TAC acquired using 5-second integrated manual samples. Improvements in timing resolution (1-sec vs. 5-sec) cause small but significant differences between the two sampling methods. Dispersion is minimized due to small tubing diameters, short lengths of tubing between the radial arterial sampling site and the detector and the presence of a 3-way valve 10 cm proximal to the detector.
Regional Growth and income convergence in the western black belt counties of Alabama: evidence from census block group data (2010)

This paper examines the effects of growth in African American popula-tion, employment, and human capital on growth in per capita income at the census block group (CBG) level using ordinary least square and spatial re-gression models, The results indicate the presence of conditional income con-vergence between 1980 and 2000 with poorer CBGs growing faster than the wealthier CBGs, The results also suggest a significant negative relationship between per capita income growth and growth in African-American popula-tion. In addition, this study finds that sub-county level data is useful for a realistic understanding of economic growth processes and patterns in rural communities.
Subfunctionality of Hydride Transferases of the Old Yellow Enzyme Family of Flavoproteins of Pseudomonas putida (2008)

To investigate potential complementary activities of multiple enzymes belonging to the same family within a single microorganism, we chose a set of Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) homologs of Pseudomonas putida. The physiological function of these enzymes is not well established; however, an activity associated with OYE family members from different microorganisms is their ability to reduce nitroaromatic compounds. Using an in silico approach, we identified six OYE homologs in P. putida KT2440. Each gene was subcloned into an expression vector, and each corresponding gene product was purified to homogeneity prior to in vitro analysis for its catalytic activity against 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). One of the enzymes, called XenD, lacked in vitro activity, whereas the other five enzymes demonstrated type I hydride transferase activity and reduced the nitro groups of TNT to hydroxylaminodinitrotoluene derivatives. XenB has the additional ability to reduce the aromatic ring of TNT to produce Meisenheimer complexes, defined as type II hydride transferase activity. The condensations of the primary products of type I and type II hydride transferases react with each other to yield diarylamines and nitrite; the latter can be further reduced to ammonium and serves as a nitrogen source for microorganisms in vivo.
Rose Bengal Binding to Collagen and Tissue Photobonding (2017)

We investigated two critical aspects of rose Bengal (RB) photosensitized protein cross-linking that may underlie recently developed medical applications. Our studies focused on the binding of RB to collagen by physical interaction and the effect of this binding and certain amino acids on RB photochemistry. Molecular dynamics simulations and free-energy calculation techniques, complemented with isothermal titration calorimetry, provided insight into the binding between RB and a collagen-like peptide (CLP) at the atomic level. Electrostatic interactions dominated, which is consistent with the finding that RB bound equally well to triple helical and single chain collagen. The binding free energy ranged from -5.7 to -3 kcal/mol and was strongest near the positively charged amino groups at the N-terminus and on lysine side chains. At high RB concentration, a maximum of 16 ± 3 bound dye molecules per peptide was found, which is consistent with spectroscopic evidence for aggregated RB bound to collagen or the CLP. Within a tissue-mimetic collagen matrix, RB photobleached rapidly, probably due to electron transfer to certain protein amino acids, as was demonstrated in solutions of free RB and arginine. In the presence of arginine and low oxygen concentrations, a product absorbing at 510 nm formed, presumably due to dehalogenation after electron transfer to RB. In the collagen matrix without arginine, the dye generated singlet oxygen as well as the 510 nm product. These results provide the first evidence of the effects of a tissue-like environment on the photochemical mechanisms of rose Bengal.
Application of Nanotrap technology for high sensitivity measurement of urinary outer surface protein A carboxyl-terminus domain in early stage Lyme borreliosis (2015)

OspA urinary shedding was strongly linked to concurrent active symptoms (e.g. EM rash and arthritis), while resolution of these symptoms after therapy correlated with urinary conversion to OspA negative.
40-Gb/s DPSK Data Transmission Through a Silicon Microring Switch (2011)

We experimentally demonstrate switching of a 40-Gb/s differential-phase-shift-keyed (DPSK) signal through a coupled silicon photonic microring switch. By simultaneously electro-optically biasing both microring cavities, we achieve 14-dB extinction ratio for signals egressing from both output ports of the switch. Packetized transmission of the 40-Gb/s DPSK signal is achieved with power penalties of 0.6 and 2.4 dB for through port and drop port signals, respectively. The effects of a coupled silicon microring are investigated, showing a broad bandwidth and a linear phase response for the drop port are necessary characteristics for routing 40-Gb/s data through the switch for photonic interconnection networks.
Automatic quantification of liver-heart cross-talk for quality assessment in SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (2002)

In the single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), it is highly desirable to provide physicians with a measure of the strength of the liver-heart cross talk as a means of assessing the quality of the images, so that appropriate actions can be taken to avoid false diagnosis. Liver-heart cross talk is an phenomenon in which the liver count interferes with the heart count in 3D reconstruction, which generates artifacts in the reconstructed images. In this paper, we propose an automatic method for quantification of such liver-heart cross talk. The system performs heart detection followed by non-heart organ segmentation and quantification of their activities. An appearance-based approach is applied to find the heart center in each image, with invariance to image intensity and contrast. Then heart and non-heart activities are quantified in each image. A measurement formula is proposed to compute the amount of liver-heart cross talk as a function of the size of the non-heart activity regions, of the strengths of the heart and non-heart activities, and of the distance of the non-heart regions to the heart. The method has been tested on 150 patient studies of different isotopes and acquisition types, with very promising results.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐Phenoxypiperidine Pyridazin‐3‐one Histamine H3 Receptor Inverse Agonists Demonstrating Potent and Robust Wake Promoting Activity. (2012)

Abstract A variety of piperidinyloxy(het)arylpyridazinones (VI), (VII) and (VIII) is prepared and tested for their hERG and DAT selectivity.
Rapid, Sensitive, and Selective Detection of H5 Hemagglutinin from Avian Influenza Virus Using an Immunowall Device (2019)

Avian influenza virus (AIV) infection, caused by influenza virus type A, is an infectious, acute respiratory disease of birds related to influenza outbreaks worldwide. The highly pathogenic AIV subtype H5N1 has crossed species barriers to infect mammals, including humans, with fatal outcomes and has received attention as a potential pandemic threat. A rapid and timely detection in poultry is vitally important to prevent the virus spread. Despite their great sensitivity, conventional detection methods such as real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the agar gel precipitation test are time-consuming and labor-intensive and require special training. In this work, an immunowall device was evaluated as an easier and faster way for detecting AIV H5-hemagglutinin (AIV H5-HA). For detection, fluorescence-labeled or enzyme-labeled antibody was employed as a labeling antibody in a sandwich immunoassay. Both were shown in this paper to be easier and faster assays for detection compared with the conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. In addition, high selectivity was achieved for AIV H5-HA detection after the evaluation of other different HA virus subtypes. The limit of detection was 0.23 ng/mL for the enzyme-labeled antibody. This value was equivalent to that of the conventional ELISA kit but 8 times faster (31 min compared to 260 min). The detection range was 0.23-100 ng/mL. The immunowall device with the enzyme-labeled antibody offers a rapid, sensitive, selective, and simple immunoassay system for future H5 AIV real sample detection.
Wyner–Ziv to Baseline H.264 Video Transcoder (2012)

Abstract Mobile-to-mobile video communications is one of the most requested services which operator networks can offer. However, in a framework where one mobile device sends video information to another, both transmitter and receptor should employ video encoders and decoders with low complexity. On the one hand, traditional video codecs, such as H.264, are based on architectures which have encoders with higher complexity than decoders. On the other hand, Wyner–Ziv (WZ) video coding (a particular case of distributed video coding) is an innovative paradigm, which provides encoders with less complexity than decoders. Taking advantage of both paradigms, in terms of low complexity algorithms, a suitable solution consists in transcoding from WZ to H.264. Nevertheless, the transcoding process should be carried out in an efficient way so as to avoid major delays in communication; in other words, the transcoding process should perform the conversion without requiring the complete process of decoding and re-encoding. Based on all the algorithms and techniques we have proposed before, a low complexity WZ to H.264 Transcoder for the Baseline Profile is proposed in this article. Firstly, the proposed transcoder can efficiently turn every WZ group of pictures into the common H.264 I11P pattern and, secondly, the proposed transcoder is based on the hypothesis that macroblock coding mode decisions in H.264 video have a high correlation with the distribution of the side information residual in WZ video. The proposed algorithm selects one sub-set of the several coding modes in H.264. Moreover, a dynamic motion estimation technique is proposed in this article for use in combination with the above algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed transcoder reduces the inter prediction complexity in H.264 by up to 93%, while maintaining coding efficiency.
Seismic Behavior of "candle" Type SF6 Outdoor Circuit Breakers and Associated SF6 Insulated Current Transformers (1989)

The authors analyze the seismic behavior of live tank circuit breakers of the candle-type architecture, i.e. breakers that support only one chamber per column and have a closing resistor built in the interrupting chamber. This arrangement has a lower interrupting module weight and the resistor is in the axis of the column. In the case of T or V configurations with two chambers per column and with a closing resistor chamber in parallel to the main chamber, it results in some large masses off-centered on each side of the column. It is shown that the candle architecture makes possible a simple simulation and economical solution to the problem of seismic resistance, SF/sub 6/ current transformers associated with these breakers are also modeled by a simple computational model. >
Predicting the perceived level of late reverberation using computational models of loudness (2011)

It is well known that the perceived level of reverberation depends on both the input audio signal and the impulse response. This work aims at quantifying this observation and predicting the perceived level of late reverberation based on separate signal paths of direct and reverberant signals, as they appear in digital audio effects. A basic approach to the problem is developed and subsequently extended by considering the impact of the reverberation time on the prediction result. This leads to a linear regression model with two input variables which is able to predict the perceived level with high accuracy, as shown on experimental data derived from listening tests. Variations of this model with different degrees of sophistication and computational complexity are compared regarding their accuracy. Applications include the control of digital audio effects for automatic mixing of audio signals.
Astragalus Polysaccharide RAP Selectively Attenuates Paclitaxel-Induced Cytotoxicity Toward RAW 264.7 Cells by Reversing Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis (2019)

<b>Purpose:</b> The purpose of this study was to determine if an <i>Astragalus</i> polysaccharide (RAP) can protect immune cells from the toxic side effects of paclitaxel (Taxol), a powerful anti-tumor drug whose equally powerful side effects limit its clinical use. <b>Methods:</b> We hypothesized that RAP can reduce the toxic effects induced by Taxol. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a series of studies <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. First, we confirmed RAP's effects <i>in vivo</i> utilizing BALB/c mice inoculated with 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells as the tumor model. Mice were treated with RAP and/or Taxol, and the differences in the life spans were recorded. Second, a co-culture cell model was used to study the protective effect of RAP on cells vis-a-vis Taxol. The cell cycle and apoptosis of RAW 264.7 cells that were treated with RAP with/without Taxol were checked by flow cytometry and Hoechst staining. Proteins involved in the cell cycle and apoptosis were also tested by Western blot to reveal the probable mechanism. <b>Results:</b> RAP prolonged the life span of tumor-bearing mice treated with Taxol. The <i>in vitro</i> experiments showed that Taxol suppressed the proliferation of RAW 264.7 cells while RAP protected the RAW 264.7 cells from Taxol-induced suppression. The protection is selective because RAP had no effect on 4T1 cells. Furthermore, Taxol clearly led to cell cycle arrest mainly at the G2/M phase and generated cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cells, while RAP blocked cell cycle arrest and protected cells from apoptosis. Taxol up-regulated the protein levels of P-H<sub>2</sub>A, PARP, Chk1, p53, and p21 and down-regulated Bcl-Xl and Mcl-1, and RAP reversed the expression of all these proteins. <b>Conclusion:</b> These results suggested that RAP can protect immune cells from Taxol-induced toxicity, by changing the cell cycle and apoptosis.
Tearing down the walls: FDA approves next generation sequencing (NGS) assays for actionable cancer genomic aberrations (2018)

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently approved the clinical use of two comprehensive 'mid-size' Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) panels calling actionable genomic aberrations in cancer. This is the first endorsement, by a regulatory body, of a new standard of care in oncology. Herein, we argue that besides its many practice-changing implications, this approval tears down the conceptual walls dividing system biology from clinical practice, diagnosis from research, prevention from therapy, cancer genetics from cancer genomics, and computational biology from empirical therapy assignment.
Mechanisms of action of therapeutic amyloidogenic hexapeptides in amelioration of inflammatory brain disease (2014)

Amyloid fibrils composed of peptides as short as six amino acids are effective therapeutics for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Immunosuppression arises from at least two pathways: (1) expression of type 1 IFN by pDCs, which were induced by neutrophil extracellular traps arising from the endocytosis of the fibrils; and (2) the reduced expression of IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-6. The two independent pathways stimulated by the fibrils can act in concert to be immunosuppressive in Th1 indications, or in opposition, resulting in inflammation when Th17 T lymphocytes are predominant. The generation of type 1 IFN can be minimized by using polar, nonionizable, amyloidogenic peptides, which are effective in both Th1 and Th17 polarized EAE.
Mesh modeling of system geometry and anatomy phantoms for realistic GATE simulations and their inclusion in SPECT reconstruction (2023)

<i>Objective.</i>Monte-Carlo simulation studies have been essential for advancing various developments in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, such as system design and accurate image reconstruction. Among the simulation software available, Geant4 application for tomographic emission (GATE) is one of the most used simulation toolkits in nuclear medicine, which allows building systems and attenuation phantom geometries based on the combination of idealized volumes. However, these idealized volumes are inadequate for modeling free-form shape components of such geometries. Recent GATE versions alleviate these major limitations by allowing users to import triangulated surface meshes.<i>Approach.</i>In this study, we describe our mesh-based simulations of a next-generation multi-pinhole SPECT system dedicated to clinical brain imaging, called AdaptiSPECT-C. To simulate realistic imaging data, we incorporated in our simulation the XCAT phantom, which provides an advanced anatomical description of the human body. An additional challenge with the AdaptiSPECT-C geometry is that the default voxelized XCAT attenuation phantom was not usable in our simulation due to intersection of objects of dissimilar materials caused by overlap of the air containing regions of the XCAT beyond the surface of the phantom and the components of the imaging system.<i>Main results.</i>We validated our mesh-based modeling against the one constructed by idealized volumes for a simplified single vertex configuration of AdaptiSPECT-C through simulated projection data of<sup>123</sup>I-activity distributions. We resolved the overlap conflict by creating and incorporating a mesh-based attenuation phantom following a volume hierarchy. We then evaluated our reconstructions with attenuation and scatter correction for projections obtained from simulation consisting of mesh-based modeling of the system and the attenuation phantom for brain imaging. Our approach demonstrated similar performance as the reference scheme simulated in air for uniform and clinical-like<sup>123</sup>I-IMP brain perfusion source distributions.<i>Significance.</i>This work enables the simulation of complex SPECT acquisitions and reconstructions for emulating realistic imaging data close to those of actual patients.