gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phenylene-bridged bis(benzimidazolium) (BBIm2+): a dicationic organic photoredox catalyst (2020)

A dicationic photoredox catalyst composed of phenylene-bridged bis(benzimidazolium) (BBIm<sup>2+</sup>) was designed, synthesised and demonstrated to promote the photochemical decarboxylative hydroxylation and dimerisation of carboxylic acids. The catalytic activity of BBIm<sup>2+</sup> was higher than that for a monocation analogue, suggesting that the dicationic nature of BBIm<sup>2+</sup> plays a key role in these decarboxylative reactions. The rate constant for the decay of the triplet-triplet absorption of the excited BBIm<sup>2+</sup> increased with increasing concentration of the carboxylate anion with a saturated dependence, suggesting that photoinduced electron transfer occurs within the ion pair complex composed of the triplet excited state of BBIm<sup>2+</sup> and a carboxylate anion.
<title>Automatic target-recognition system for hyperspectral imagery using ORASIS</title> (2001)

We present an automatic target recognition system (ATR) for hyperspectral imagery. The system has been designed to use the output from ORASIS (the Optical Real-time Adaptive Spectral Identification System), a hyperspectral analysis package designed at the Naval Research Laboratory. The ATR system is capable of performing both target recognition (including subpixel identification) and anomaly detection, in near real-time and with no a priori scene knowledge. In this paper we discuss the algorithms we use in the ATR and include experimental results using the HYDICE Forest Radiance data set.
Three Routes to Orange Petal Color via Carotenoid Components in 9 Compositae Species (2007)

We analyzed the petals of orange- and yellow-flowered cultivars of 9 Compositae (Asteraceae) species for total anthocyanin content, total carotenoid content, and carotenoid composition to clarify the mechanisms responsible for the differences in color. Petals of both orange- and yellow-flowered cultivars of these species contained yellowish carotenoids in common. There were three different ways for orange-flowered cultivars to add redness to the yellow base in order to form orange petals. The first way to display orange is to accumulate more anthocyanins than yellow-flowered cultivars; orange petals of Chrysanthemum morifolium, Gerbera jamesonii, and Zinnia elegans are mainly formed in this way. The second is to accumulate more carotenoids than yellow-flowered cultivars; orange petals of Helianthus annuus, Tagetes erecta, and Tagetes petula are formed in this way. The third is to accumulate more reddish carotenois than yellow-flowered cultivars; orange petals of Calendula officinalis, Gazania spp., and Osteospermum ecklonis are mainly formed in this way. These three ways could be combined through inbreeding to produce orange flowers that vary in color tones.
Preliminary Recommendations for Achieving Adequate Surface Friction in Class P Concrete Containing Manufactured Fine Aggregates (2012)

This report summarizes findings and recommendations regarding the usage of manufactured fine aggregates in portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP). The supporting research included both field and laboratory testing of aggregates and concrete properties that relate to skid resistance. Primary results show good correlation between friction values obtained using a Dynamic Friction Tester (DFT) and the micro-Deval test for fine aggregates (ASTM D7428). Recommendations on how to blend carbonate sands with low acid insoluble residues are presented in this document.
Reactions of Brominated Naphthalene Diimide with Bis(tributylstannyl)acetylene: A Simple Approach for Conjugated Polymers and Versatile Coupling Intermediates (2012)

A new synthetic approach to 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide (NDI) containing materials and conjugates is described. A simple one-step Stille coupling procedure is used to create either novel alkyne-linked NDI polymers or a new stannylated diyne synthetic building block that provides a flexible approach to new NDI conjugates and polymers.
Optical inspection of noncooperative copper surface structures using multi- and hyperspectral acquisition systems (2019)

In order to enhance the efficiency of quality inspection of Direct Copper Bonded (DCB) structures an optical inspection using a 3D measuring system is conceivable. However, it is a challenging task to use 3D optical measurement techniques for diffuse reflective copper surfaces. This work deals with the optical detection of defects of the copper surface, using multi- and hyperspectral acquisition devices. Over a broad spectral range from the visual spectrum to the short-wave infrared (400 nm - 1700 nm) it is analysed which wavelengths provide good contrast ratios for the detection of flaws. For the inspection of the sample back side, the push-broom imager, operating in the VIS and NIR range (400 nm - 1000 nm), provides the best contrast ratio. An outstanding contrast is reached around 400 nm. Deposited particles on the front side of the DCB substrates are best detected by the filter wheel camera, which is sensitive in the visual and near infrared range. Outstanding contrast is reached with wavelengths around 640 nm. After evaluating the standard deviations of the gray values, it can be shown that defects differ clearly from flawless substrate areas under investigation with light of wavelengths 577 nm, 640 nm and 950 nm. Furthermore, the comparison between certain pixel spectra confirms that significant differences appear at the same three wavelengths. Regarding an automated inspection of defects, it is advisable to shift the pattern projection for the 3D correspondence analysis to the spectral ranges mentioned.
High Pt Utilization Electrodes for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells by Dispersing Pt Particles Formed by a Preprecipitation Method on Carbon “Polished” with Polypyrrole (2010)

Pt utilization on carbon black (CB) has been significantly improved by initially utilizing polypyrrole (PPy) as a moiety to “polish” the carbon surface and subsequently by dispersing Pt particles formed by a preprecipitation process to minimize their migration into the geometrically restricted areas of the carbon surface. This process strategy has helped to significantly extend the triple-phase boundary as a greater number of Pt particles comes in direct contact with Nafion, leading to a substantial improvement in the overall catalyst utilization. Preliminary analyses such as IR, thermogravimetric analysis, and N2 sorption confirmed the presence of PPy on the surface. Approximately 50% reduction in the surface area of CB after the controlled in situ polymerization of pyrrole monomer on the carbon surface indicated preferential filling and coverage of pores and other geometrically restricted pockets of carbon surface. On the other hand, by converting Pt into colloids in the preprecipitation method prior to their reduction, the platinum particles are forced to stay on the hybrid support; a major part of which otherwise would have been migrated into the surface pores and defect sites. Platinum particle size on these hybrid supports is 2 times higher than the catalyst prepared by polyol process. However, the electroactive surface area and mass activity are 2 times higher than that of the Pt particles prepared by polyol on hybrid material and are also significantly higher than that of the conventional electrocatalysts prepared by the polyol method. At 0.8 V, the kinetic current density (jk) of Pt/C-PPy-Pre obtained from the Koutecky−Levich plot is 1.5 and 2.5 times higher than that of catalysts prepared by the polyol method on PPy-coated carbon and Vulcan XC-72 carbon, respectively. Almost 210 and 160 mW cm−2 improvement for the maximum power density, respectively with oxygen and air, was obtained with the modified system in comparison to the conventional system when the single cell evaluations were carried out at 60 °C with a Pt loading of 0.5 mg cm−2 in the anode and cathode sides. This enhancement in the cell performance under the two different oxygen partial pressure conditions clearly emphasizes the improved oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and mass-transfer characteristics of the hybrid electrode material compared to the other catalysts.
Glass ceramic dielectrics: Energy storage and breakdown (2008)

The possible use of glass ceramics as high energy density capacitors in heart defibrillators and hybrid automotive vehicles is explored. Glass ceramics, lead sodium niobate silicate (PNNS), barium sodium niobate silicate (BNNS) and barium titanate silicate (BTS), allow the development of dielectrics with various permittivity values ranging from 20 to 700. Glasses were formed by melt-rolling the respective constituents which were then crystallized by reheating the glass at higher temperatures. Heat treatment schedules were formulated based on DTA results. A spectrum of crystalline phases, ranging from perovskites, tungsten bronzes and pyrochlores to fresnoites, were generated within the various glass matrices. Disadvantages, such as difficult glass formability, less control over crystallization due to multiphase formation etc., associated with high permittivity PNNS and BNNS glass ceramics served as the motivating factor for exploring low permittivity glass ceramics. BTS glass ceramics exhibit excellent stability in permittivity, high resistivity and low loss over the measured range of temperature. Thin samples with pristine surfaces are required for achieving high breakdown strength values. Investigation of the crystallization kinetics of BTS glass would provide further insight into exploring glass nano-composites, analogous to polymer nano-composites.
A Simple, Efficient Alternative for Highly Stereoselective Iodoacetoxylation of Protected Glycals. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Compensatory post-diuretic renal sodium reabsorption is not a dominant mechanism of diuretic resistance in acute heart failure (2021)

On a population level, CPDSR was not an important driver of diuretic resistance in hypervolemic ADHF. Contrary to CPDSR, a greater diuretic-induced natriuresis predicted a larger post-diuretic spontaneous natriuresis. Basal sodium avidity, rather than diuretic-induced CPDSR, appears to be the predominant determinate of both diuretic-induced and post-diuretic natriuresis in hypervolemic ADHF.
PREFACE (2023)

This special issue is edited to publish recent progress concerning the research related to severe plastic deformation (SPD).The SPD process is now considered a major technology to produce ultrafine-grained materials and has gained increasing attention due to their enhanced mechanical properties.Furthermore, recent studies have shown that the SPD process can produce structures effective for the enhancement of functional properties because the atomic and electronic structures are also controlled by the SPD process.In this special issue, many scientists were invited to submit papers related to the SPD process including process developments, examinations of microstructural features, analyses of crystal structures, measurements and evaluations of structural and functional properties.Most of the invited papers appeared in the form of reviews and overviews.This special issue thus provides a wide range of the current status in SPD-related research.This special issue follows from the earlier one published in 2019 under the title of "Severe Plastic Deformation for Nanomaterials with Advanced Functionality" where a total of 41 papers were published with the forms of review, overview and regular articles.We are pleased to see the analytical report provided by Web of Science that all the papers were highly cited, and this is a good motivation to edit consecutively this SPD special issue.We would like to note that a summary of the earlier version of the special issue was published as a current trend in research in Materials Transactions (Z.Horita and K. Edalati: Mater.Trans.61 (2020) 22412247.)so that readers can find a quick review of it.We also note that a more comprehensive summary
HDFx: A Novel Immunomodulator and Potential Fighter Against Cytokine Storms in Inflammatory and Septic Conditions in Dogs and Farm Animals (2017)

Over the past decade, a disturbing trend in antimicrobial resistance of both gram-negative and gram-positive “superbugs” in addition to fungal “superbugs” has seriously complicated the treatment of not only immune-compromised patients but dogs and farm animals (e.g., cattle, pigs, horses, etc) as well [1-8]. To this, must be added the numerous hospitalizations and veterinary visits caused by contaminated meats, poultry, vegetables, seafoods, and multiple types of animal feeds [9-12]. Government resources, worldwide, are being stretched-thin and often remain powerless to combat these assaults to our patients, dogs and farm animals
Dysregulation of Streptococcus pneumoniae zinc homeostasis breaks ampicillin resistance in a pneumonia infection model (2022)

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the primary cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia with rates of penicillin and multidrug-resistance exceeding 80% and 40%, respectively. The innate immune response generates a variety of antimicrobial agents to control infection, including zinc stress. Here, we characterize the impact of zinc intoxication on S. pneumoniae, observing disruptions in central carbon metabolism, lipid biogenesis, and peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Characterization of the pivotal peptidoglycan biosynthetic enzyme GlmU indicates a sensitivity to zinc inhibition. Disruption of the sole zinc efflux pathway, czcD, renders S. pneumoniae highly susceptible to β-lactam antibiotics. To dysregulate zinc homeostasis in the wild-type strain, we investigated the safe-for-human-use ionophore 5,7-dichloro-2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]quinolin-8-ol (PBT2). PBT2 rendered wild-type S. pneumoniae strains sensitive to a range of antibiotics. Using an invasive ampicillin-resistant strain, we demonstrate in a murine pneumonia infection model the efficacy of PBT2 + ampicillin treatment. These findings present a therapeutic modality to break antibiotic resistance in multidrug-resistant S. pneumoniae.
The peri-kappa B site mediates human immunodeficiency virus type 2 enhancer activation in monocytes but not in T cells (1995)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), like HIV-1, causes AIDS and is associated with AIDS cases primarily in West Africa. HIV-1 and HIV-2 display significant differences in nucleic acid sequence and in the natural history of clinical disease. Consistent with these differences, we have previously demonstrated that the enhancer/promoter region of HIV-2 functions quite differently from that of HIV-1. Whereas activation of the HIV-1 enhancer following T-cell stimulation is mediated largely through binding of the transcription factor NF-kappa B to two adjacent kappa B sites in the HIV-1 long terminal repeat, activation of the HIV-2 enhancer in monocytes and T cells is dependent on four cis-acting elements: a single kappa B site, two purine-rich binding sites, PuB1 and PuB2, and a pets site. We have now identified a novel cis-acting element within the HIV-2 enhancer, immediately upstream of the kappa B site, designated peri-kappa B. This site is conserved among isolates of HIV-2 and the closely related simian immunodeficiency virus, and transfection assays show this site to mediate HIV-2 enhancer activation following stimulation of monocytic but not T-cell lines. This is the first description of an HIV-2 enhancer element which displays such monocyte specificity, and no comparable enhancer element has been clearly defined for HIV-1. While a nuclear factor(s) from both peripheral blood monocytes and T cells binds the peri-kappa B site, electrophoretic mobility shift assays suggest that either a different protein binds to this site in monocytes versus T cells or that the protein recognizing this enhancer element undergoes differential modification in monocytes and T cells, thus supporting the transfection data. Further, while specific constitutive binding to the peri-kappa B site is seen in monocytes, stimulation with phorbol esters induces additional, specific binding. Understanding the monocyte-specific function of the peri-kappa B factor may ultimately provide insight into the different role monocytes and T cells play in HIV pathogenesis.
High Pressure Induces Scrapie-like Prion Protein Misfolding and Amyloid Fibril Formation (2004)

Our understanding of conformational conversion of proteins in diseases is essential for any diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Although not fully understood, misfolding of the prion protein (PrP) is implicated in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. Despite several efforts to produce the pathologically misfolded conformation in vitro from a recombinant PrP, no positive result has yet been obtained. Within the "protein-only hypothesis", the reason for this hindrance may be that the experimental conditions used did not allow selection of the pathway adopted in vivo resulting in conversion into the infectious form. Here, using a pressure perturbation approach, we show that recombinant PrP is converted to a novel misfolded conformer, which is prone to aggregate and ultimately form amyloid fibrils. A short incubation at high pressure (600 MPa) of the truncated form of hamster prion protein (SHaPrP(90-231)) resulted in the formation of pre-amyloid structures. The mostly globular aggregates were characterized by ThT and ANS binding, and by a beta-sheet-rich secondary structure. After overnight incubation at 600 MPa, amyloid fibrils were formed. In contrast to pre-amyloid structures, they showed birefringency of polarized light after Congo red staining and a strongly decreased ANS binding capacity, but enhanced ThT binding. Both aggregate types were resistant to digestion by PK, and can be considered as potential scrapie-like forms or precursors. These results may be useful for the search for compounds preventing pathogenic PrP misfolding and aggregation.
135. Sequence-Engineered mRNA Without Chemical Nucleoside Modifications Enables an Effective Protein Therapy in Large Animals (2015)

Being a transient carrier of genetic information, mRNA could be a versatile, flexible and safe means for protein therapies. While recent findings highlight the enormous therapeutic potential of mRNA, evidence that mRNA-based protein therapies are feasible beyond small animals such as mice is still lacking. Previous studies imply that mRNA therapeutics require chemical nucleoside modifications to obtain sufficient protein expression and avoid activation of the innate immune system. Here, by applying sequence-engineered mRNA we show that chemically unmodified mRNA can achieve those goals as well. Using erythropoietin (EPO) driven production of red blood cells as the biological model, engineered Epo mRNA elicited meaningful physiological responses from mice to non-human primates. Even in pigs of about 20 kg in weight, a single adequate dose of engineered mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) induced high systemic Epo levels and strong physiological effects (Fig.). Our results demonstrate that sequence-engineered mRNA has the potential to revolutionize human protein therapies.
<title>Photon recycling semiconductor light-emitting diode</title> (2000)

A new white light emitting diode, the photon recycling semiconductor light emitting diode (PRS-LED) is demonstrated. The device consists of a GaInN/GaN LED emitting in the blue spectral range and an AlGaInP photon recycling semiconductor emitting at the complementary color. Thus the PRS-LED has two emission peaks, one in the blue and one in the amber wavelength range. The theoretical luminous performance of the PRS-LED exceeds 300 lm/W, higher than the performance of phosphor-based white LEDs.
A virtual clinical trial comparing static versus dynamic PET imaging in measuring response to breast cancer therapy (2017)

We developed a method to evaluate variations in the PET imaging process in order to characterize the relative ability of static and dynamic metrics to measure breast cancer response to therapy in a clinical trial setting. We performed a virtual clinical trial by generating 540 independent and identically distributed PET imaging study realizations for each of 22 original dynamic fluorodeoxyglucose (<sup>18</sup>F-FDG) breast cancer patient studies pre- and post-therapy. Each noise realization accounted for known sources of uncertainty in the imaging process, such as biological variability and SUV uptake time. Four definitions of SUV were analyzed, which were SUVmax, SUVmean, SUVpeak, and SUV50%. We performed a ROC analysis on the resulting SUV and kinetic parameter uncertainty distributions to assess the impact of the variability on the measurement capabilities of each metric. The kinetic macro parameter, K <sub>i</sub> , showed more variability than SUV (mean CV K <sub>i</sub> = 17%, SUV = 13%), but K <sub>i</sub> pre- and post-therapy distributions also showed increased separation compared to the SUV pre- and post-therapy distributions (mean normalized difference K <sub>i</sub> = 0.54, SUV = 0.27). For the patients who did not show perfect separation between the pre- and post-therapy parameter uncertainty distributions (ROC AUC < 1), dynamic imaging outperformed SUV in distinguishing metabolic change in response to therapy, ranging from 12 to 14 of 16 patients over all SUV definitions and uptake time scenarios (p < 0.05). For the patient cohort in this study, which is comprised of non-high-grade ER+ tumors, K <sub>i</sub> outperformed SUV in an ROC analysis of the parameter uncertainty distributions pre- and post-therapy. This methodology can be applied to different scenarios with the ability to inform the design of clinical trials using PET imaging.
Improved Laser Velocimetry Detection of Underwater Sound (2001)

The present invention relates to acoustic wave systems and more particularly to means for detecting of acoustic waves by means of electromagnetic radiation. The detection and measurement of sound using lasers is well known. Essentially, a light beam is caused to pass through a medium, which may be air or water, and detect and process reflections from particles in the medium. These particles will tend to have approximately the same velocity as the particle velocity associated with an acoustic plane wave propagating through the medium. The particle velocity for the plane wave is P/(poc), where P is the pressure amplitude, Po is the density and c is the speed of the sound in the medium. The elapsed time and the Doppler shift of the reflected beam indicate the locations and velocity of the scattering particle.