gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prospective comparison of Bayesian and frequentist adaptive clinical trials : The SHADOW - SHINE project (2021)

Abstract Importance Bayesian adaptive trial design has the potential to create more efficient clinical trials. However, one of the barriers to the uptake of Bayesian adaptive designs for confirmatory trials is limited experience with how they may perform compared to a frequentist design. Objective Compare the performance of a Bayesian and a frequentist adaptive clinical trial design. Design Prospective observational study comparing two trial designs using individual patient level data from a completed stroke trial, including the timing and order of enrollments and outcome ascertainment. The implemented frequentist design had group sequential boundaries for efficacy and futility interim analyses when 90-days post-randomization was met for 500, 700, 900, and 1,100 patients. The Bayesian alternative utilized predictive probability of trial success to govern early termination for efficacy and futility with a first interim analysis at 500 randomized patients, and subsequent interims after every 100 randomizations. Setting Multi-center, acute stroke study conducted within a National Institutes of Health neurological emergencies clinical trials network. Participants Patient level data from 1,151 patients randomized in a clinical trial comparing intensive insulin therapy to standard in acute stroke patients with hyperglycemia. Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s) Sample size at end of study. This was defined as the sample size at which each of the studies stopped accrual of patients. Results As conducted, the frequentist design passed the futility boundary after 936 participants were randomized. Using the same sequence and timing of randomization and outcome data, the Bayesian alternative crossed the futility boundary about 3 months earlier after 800 participants were randomized. Conclusions and Relevance Both trial designs stopped for futility prior to reaching the planned maximum sample size. In both cases, the clinical community and patients would benefit from learning the answer to the trial’s primary question earlier. The common feature across the two designs was frequent interim analyses to stop early for efficacy or for futility. Differences between how this was implemented between the two trials resulted in the differences in early stopping. Trial Registration The SHINE trial was registered and results are reported on clinicaltrials.gov under identifier: NCT01369069
SDN-Based Network Orchestration of Variable-Capacity Optical Packet Switching Network Over Programmable Flexi-Grid Elastic Optical Path Network (2014)

A multidomain and multitechnology optical network orchestration is demonstrated in an international testbed located in Japan, the U.K., and Spain. The application-based network operations architecture is proposed as a carrier software-defined network solution for provisioning end-to-end optical transport services through a multidomain multitechnology network scenario, consisting of a 46-108 Gb/s variable-capacity OpenFlow-capable optical packet switching network and a programmable, flexi-grid elastic optical path network.
An Improved Protocol for the Pd-Catalyzed α-Arylation of Aldehydes with Aryl Halides (2008)

An improved protocol for the Pd-catalyzed alpha-arylation of aldehydes with aryl halides has been developed. The new catalytic system allows for the coupling of an array of substrates including challenging electron-rich aryl bromides and less reactive aryl chlorides. The utility of this method has been demonstrated in a new total synthesis of (+/-)-sporochnol.
<title>Correcting chromatic aberration in holographic optical systems</title> (1990)

A new method for correcting comatic aberration in holographic optical systems which uses constant optical path(COP) has been developed. The sum of the optical path lengths from an object wavefront to an image wavefront remains constant, and achromatic holographic systems can be easily calculated. Using COP, a new focusing triplet was designed with wavelength tolerance of 9 nm for entrance and exit numerical apertures of 0.5. This is 15 times larger than that for conventional single holographic lens.
Generation of α-phosphonovinyl radicals and development of a new route to highly functionalized vinylphosphonates and vinylphosphonate-incorporated carbocyclic or heterocyclic compounds via a radical trapping sequence (2005)

The first direct generation of synthetically useful alpha-phosphonovinyl radicals was achieved by treatment of alpha-phosphonovinyl halides with a tributyltin radical. The alpha-phosphonovinyl radicals 2a-d were trapped with electron-rich olefins and an electron-deficient olefin to produce alpha-functionalized vinylphosphonates 3a-f in 16-55% yields. The alpha-phosphonovinyl radicals 7e-g containing the YCH2CH=CH2 (Y = O, CH2, S) substituent at the beta-position afforded mixtures of 5-exo and 6-endo cyclization products, 5e-g and 6e-g, in good yields. The 5-exo/6-endo product ratios increase in the following order of the beta-substituent: OCH2CH=CH2 > CH2CH2CH=CH2 > SCH2CH=CH2. The effects of the beta-substituents upon the cyclization reaction were discussed. Radical cyclization of alpha-phosphonovinyl radicals bearing functional groups such as geranyloxy, geranylthio, and (2-cyclohexen-1-yl)thio groups at the beta-position afforded 5-exo, 5-exo and 6-endo, and cis-fused-5,6-ring cyclization products incorporating an alpha,beta-unsaturated phosphonate unit within the ring, respectively, in good yields. The alpha-phosphonovinyl radical 20 underwent tandem radical cyclization-radical cyclization to produce a mixture of two isomeric bicyclo[4.3.0]nonenes including a vinylphosphonate moiety in high yield.
Large-Eddy Simulation-Based Characterization of Suction and Oscillatory Blowing Fluidic Actuator (2017)

Unsteady turbulent flows inside a suction and oscillatory blowing actuator are simulated and characterized to provide better physical understanding of the complex actuator flows. Large-eddy simulation based upon a novel unstructured-grid technique is used to accurately calculate turbulent flows inside the actuator operating in still air. Simulations are performed for three inlet pressure conditions. Results show good agreement with the corresponding experimental measurements. The actuator is characterized by parameters such as pressure ratio, outlet velocity profile, oscillation frequency, and suction-to-total flow rates. The large-eddy simulation-generated data are used to develop a reduced-order model applicable to integrated simulation of aerodynamic flow control as an unsteady boundary condition. Dynamic mode decomposition is employed to obtain a lower-order representation of streamwise velocity at the actuator outlets. The frequency-optimized characteristics of dynamic mode decomposition enables to compactly represent the oscillatory turbulent outflows. Using the sparsity-promoting algorithm, an optimal representation of the actuator outflows is systematically derived. Using only two distinct dynamic modes, the sparsity-promoting variant of the standard dynamic mode decomposition algorithm adequately describes unsteady velocity fields at the actuator outlets.
Numerical Simulation and Turbulent Convection Heat Transfer Correlation for Coolant Channels in a Very-High-Temperature Reactor (2012)

A turbulent convection correlation is developed for use as a surrogate of full three-dimensional (3-D) computational fluid dynamics numerical calculations for helium coolant flow in channels of a prismatic core high-temperature gas-cooled reactor or very-high-temperature reactor. It is developed based on the results of a 3-D thermal-hydraulics numerical analysis of a prismatic core hexagonal fuel module with a central flow channel. The analysis accounts for the changes in material properties with temperature, including the nuclear graphite, helium coolant, and the constituent materials of the fuel compacts, as well as the chopped-cosine axial fission power profile in the reactor core. The heated flow channel is 1.5875 cm in diameter and 8.0 m high. In addition, the flow channel extends 1.2 m and 0.8 m into unheated top and bottom graphite reflector blocks, for a total length of 10 m. Results show that entrance mixing increases the local turbulent heat transfer coefficient, but its effect diminishes after a distance into the heated section equal to 25 channel diameters. The developed correlation is within ±2% of the 3-D numerical results for both uniform and chopped-cosine axial power profiles. It is comparable to those reported in the literature based on experimental measurements of the local heat transfer coefficient for gas flows in uniformly heated tubes, including the entrance flow mixing section.
Photo‐Switchable Surface Topologies in Chiral Nematic Coatings (2011)

An enlightening answer: Dynamic surface photo-responsive topologies of a polymer coating were realized by introducing azobenzene crosslinkers into liquid-crystal polymer networks (see picture). The principle of these coatings is based on breaking the molecular order in the liquid-crystal polymer networks. Under irradiation of UV light the azobenzene compound isomerizes from the trans to the cis conformation.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Indenopyrazoles as Cyclin‐Dependent Kinase Inhibitors. Part 4. Heterocycles at C3. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Humoral Immune Responses toNeisseria meningitidisin Children (1999)

An understanding of the nature of immunity to serogroup B meningococci in childhood is necessary in order to establish the reasons for poor responses to candidate vaccines in infancy. We sought to examine the nature of humoral immune responses following infection in relation to age. Serum bactericidal activity was poor in children under 12 months of age despite recent infection with Neisseria meningitidis. The highest levels of bactericidal activity were seen in children over 10 years of age. However, infants produced levels of total immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgG subclass antibodies similar to those in older children in a meningococcal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Most antibody was of the IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses. This striking age dependency of bactericidal antibody response following infection is not apparently due to failure of class switching in infants but might be due to qualitative differences in antibody specificity or affinity.
Inter-visit variability of conjunctival microvascular hemodynamic measurements in healthy and diabetic retinopathy subjects (2018)

Conjunctival microcirculation imaging provides a non-invasive means for detecting hemodynamic alterations due to systemic and ocular diseases. However, reliable longitudinal monitoring of hemodynamic changes due to disease progression requires establishment of measurement variability over time. The purpose of the current study was to determine inter-visit variability of conjunctival microvascular hemodynamic measurements in non-diabetic control (NC, N = 7) and diabetic retinopathy (DR, N = 10) subjects. Conjunctival microvascular imaging was performed during 2 visits, which were 17 ± 12 weeks apart. Images were analyzed to determine vessel diameter (D), axial blood velocity (V), blood flow (Q), wall shear rate (WSR) and wall shear stress (WSS). The inter-visit variability was determined based on mean inter-visit differences. In NC, inter-visit variability of D, V, Q, WSR and WSS were 0.2 ± 0.5 μm, -0.01 ± 0.16 mm/s, -8 ± 46 pl/s, -3 ± 46 s<sup>-1</sup> and -0.01 ± 0.10 dyne/cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. Inter-visit variability of D, V, Q, WSR and WSS were beyond the normal 95% confidence limits in 60%, 20%, 40%, 20% and 20% of DR subjects, respectively. The variability of hemodynamic measurements over time was established in non-diabetic subjects, suggestive of the potential of the method for detecting longitudinal changes due to progression of DR.
A small-sized automobile LTE multi-band MIMO antenna (2017)

This paper deals with an effective method to maximize the characteristics of a MIMO antenna system for cars. This stems from the improvement of isolation between the two radiators. A metamaterial kind of decoupling device which is a modified SRR curbs the unwanted interaction between the MIMO elements. New flat dual-band monopoles with the interference-reduction device for the MIMO system are suggested and the numerically experimented results of the cases without and with the proposed structure are compared. These show how good isolation level is obtained. It is certain that the entire structure is adoptable to the placement on the car surface.
An EXAFS study of photographic development in thermographic films (2007)

Silver K edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy of films containing silver behenate (AgBeh) in the unprocessed, fully processed, and step-processed states has been performed. The results of the EXAFS analysis indicate that the intensity for the real-space peak for the Ag-O distance (∼2.3 Å) decreases while the real-space peak for the Ag-Ag distance (∼2.9 Å) grows with increasing thermal processing of the film. The changes observed in the real-space EXAFS signal indicate the growth of metallic silver at the expense of AgBeh. The X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) portion of the signal shows that the absorption edge position varies stepwise, with unprocessed films and pure AgBeh having an edge location at 25 506 eV, films processed from steps 1 through 10 have an absorption edge at 25 508 eV, and the fully processed film has an edge location at 25 512 eV.
Wafer-level Integrated Micro-Concentrating Photovoltaics (2016)

Development of novel micro-scale photovoltaics is presented. A new micro-CPV approach is investigated which seamlessly integrates micro-scale multi-junction cells with a multifunctional silicon platform that provides optical micro-concentration, hybrid photovoltaic, and mechanical micro-assembly. The wafer-embedded micro-concentrating elements lead to dramatically reduced CPV module materials and fabrication costs, as well as an ultra-compact optical architecture with sufficient angular tolerance for low-cost tracking, making the micro-CPV module fully compatible with commercial flat panel infrastructures. The PV/CPV hybrid architecture further allows the collection of both direct and diffuse sunlight thus extending the cost-effective geographic and market domains for PV system deployment.
Can prosody inform sentiment analysis? Experiments on short spoken reviews (2012)

While most online content is created using textual interfaces, recent improvements in speech recognition accuracy allows the creation of content through speech. This technology allows users to share reviews about entities of interest without any delay, using mobile devices. This paper builds on the previous work on textual sentiment analysis to investigate whether information in the speech signal can be used to predict sentiment from short spoken reviews. For this purpose we collected a short spoken reviews from 84 speakers. Results show that models trained on features characterizing the review's pitch significantly outperform a majority class baseline, without textual information. When taking text-based sentiment predictions into account, our results suggest that prosody can alleviate the effect of speech recognition errors on sentiment detection, however a larger dataset is needed to test whether this can be done without harming performance on low word error rates.
Enantioselective Access to Chiral Drugs by using Asymmetric Hydrogenation Catalyzed by Rh(POP) Complexes (2011)

POP art: Rhodium complexes of POP ligands serve as highly efficient and enantioselective catalysts in asymmetric hydrogenation leading to various valuable pharmaceutical building blocks and several direct precursors of chiral drugs such as LY2497282, lacosamide, rivastigmine, and aprepitant and 12 further examples (see scheme; nbd=norbornadiene; XC(O)G=NHAc, NHBoc, NHCbz, 2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl, OAc). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Removal of Donor HLA Class I Proteins with Papain: Translation for Possible Whole Organ Practices. (2014)

Papain is a protease with potential use in transplantation because of its capacity to remove HLA Class 1 proteins from donor organs. However, its proteolytic activity has not been studied under conditions suitable for use in preservation and perfusion of donor organs, namely under a temperature of 4°C and dissolution in Belzer UW solution. Under these two conditions, we first test whether papain is active against a test substrate (the milk protein casein) and then whether it is active against HLA-expressing peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). We found that papain at a range of concentrations is nearly as active in cleaving the test substrate in Belzer UW solution as it is in distilled water. In distilled water, papain is as active in cleaving a test substrate at a temperature of 4°C as compared to its optimal temperature of 37°C, if the incubation time is extended from 10 minutes to three hours. This finding also holds true if papain is dissolved in Belzer UW solution. In PBLs, papain cleaved off HLA Class 1 proteins as effectively at 4°C as at 37°C, provided the incubation time was also extended to three hours. These findings suggest that papain has potential use in the transplant setting to eliminate donor organ HLA class 1 expression, a method to reduce their likelihood of immunological rejection.
Experimental investigation of compensation of Raman-induced power transients from WDM channel interactions (2005)

Power transients induced by wavelength-division-multiplexing channel interactions due to stimulated Raman scattering in the transmission fiber degrade the performance of transparent optical networks if several channels are added or deactivated simultaneously. Compensation of Raman transients could be demonstrated experimentally using a tilt filter with variable slope and flat attenuation and a fast control loop.
AC induction servo sizing for motion control applications via loss minimizing real-time flux control (1992)

A design procedure for induction machine servo motion control applications that can be used to optimally select the minimum size machine and/or to obtain optimal time performance from a given machine is presented. The basis of the technique is in modeling and controlling of machine losses. In motion control servo applications, the position and velocity trajectories are often specified. For such cases, the rotor flux is a dynamic variable that dramatically affects the machine losses. By dynamically manipulating the flux, the losses can be minimized. To implement the design analysis, a dynamic programming tool is used. Its output is the minimal loss flux trajectory for a given cycle or for the minimum cycle time for a given thermal capability. The minimal loss flux trajectory is then modeled in reduced form for real-time implementation. Theoretical and experimental results demonstrate substantial performance advantages from such an approach.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Association of HLA-DR1 with the allergic response to the major mugwort pollen allergen: molecular background (2012)

The predominance of HLA-DR1 in the response to Art v 125-36 may be explained by subtle conformation changes of the peptide bound to DR1 compared to DR4. Computer simulation supported our experimental data by demonstrating differences in peptide mobility within the HLA-DR complex that may influence TCR-binding. We suggest that the minor differences observed in vitro may be more relevant in the microenvironment in vivo, so that only presentation by HLA-DR1, but not -DR4 permits successful T cell activation.
Molecular Cloning of the Heparin/Heparan Sulfate Δ4,5 Unsaturated Glycuronidase from Flavobacterium heparinum, Its Recombinant Expression in Escherichia coli, and Biochemical Determination of Its Unique Substrate Specificity (2002)

The soil bacterium Flavobacterium heparinum produces several enzymes that degrade heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (HSGAGs) in a sequence-specific manner. Among others, these enzymes include the heparinases and an unusual glycuronidase that hydrolyzes the unsaturated Delta4,5 uronic acid at the nonreducing end of oligosaccharides resulting from prior heparinase eliminative cleavage. We report here the molecular cloning of the Delta4,5 glycuronidase gene from the flavobacterial genome and its recombinant expression in Escherichia coli as a highly active enzyme. We also report the biochemical and kinetic characterization of this enzyme, including an analysis of its substrate specificity. We find that the Delta4,5 glycuronidase discriminates on the basis of both the glycosidic linkage and the sulfation pattern within its saccharide substrate. In particular, we find that the glycuronidase displays a strong preference for 1-->4 linkages, making this enzyme specific to heparin/heparan sulfate rather than 1-->3 linked glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin/dermatan sulfate or hyaluronan. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of this enzyme in the sequencing of heparinase-derived HSGAG oligosaccharides.
TM-mode AlGaInAs/InP Amplifying Waveguide Optical Isolator with 12.7dB Isolation (2006)

We present the development of a monolithically integratable optical isolator. The device is a semiconductor optical amplifier with magnetized ferromagnetic metal contact. 12.7dB isolation and optical transparency are demonstrated. The spectral dependence is studied.
The antifungal strobilurins and their possible ecological role (1995)

The strobilurins and the closely related oudemansins are new respiration inhibitors, binding to the Q p centre of cytochrome b. Their high antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi and their low toxicity towards mammals make them attractive lead compounds for the synthesis of agricultural fungicides. The strobilurins have been isolated from a great number of Basidiomycetes belonging to the genera Strobilurus, Oudemansiella, Xerula, Hydropus, Mycena, Filoboletus, Crepidotus, and Cyphellopsis as well as one Ascomycete, Bolinea lutea. Strobilurin-producing species occur in Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Australia. Most of the producing fungi grow on wood. Since under sterile conditions strobilurin production could be detected in the natural substrate it appears that the strobilurins play a role in securing nutrient resources for the producers from competing fungi. Key words: strobilurins, oudemansins, antibiotics, antifungal, Basidiomycetes.
Isolation and characterization of a highly enriched preparation of receptosomes (endosomes) from a human cell line. (1983)

Receptor-mediated endocytosis proceeds by transfer of receptor-ligand complexes from clathrin-coated pits at the cell surface to uncoated endocytic vesicles termed receptosomes (or endosomes). These vesicles have now been purified more than 37-fold based on their content of newly internalized epidermal growth factor. 125I-labeled EGF was bound to human KB carcinoma cells at 4 degrees C, and then the cells were warmed to 37 degrees C for 8 min and disrupted. The purification scheme involved density gradient centrifugation on colloidal silica and sucrose and gel filtration on Sephacryl S-1000. Relative to homogenate, receptosomes are enriched 4.3-fold in their cholesterol content and depleted in enzyme markers for plasma membranes (2- to 3-fold) and lysosomes (9-fold). Receptosomes have a polypeptide composition that is different from plasma membrane, lysosome, and other homogenate fractions. They are enriched in transferrin receptors (30-fold) and in unidentified Mr 70,000-75,000 glycoprotein(s); they contain phosphomannosyl receptors. They do not contain detectable amounts of clathrin.