gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthese, structure cristalline et proprietes de transport de cations de phosphates et arseniates : na#7m#3(x#2o#7)#4 (m=al, ga, cr, fr; x=p, as); na#3m#2(aso#4)#3 (m=al, cr, fe) (1991)

Cette etude a pour but de preciser les relations entre la structure cristalline et les proprietes de transport de cations de deux familles de composes a charpente tridimensionnelle: les diphosphates et diarseniates na#7m#3(x#2o#7)#4 (m=al, ga, cr, fe; x=p, as); les arseniates na#3m#2(aso#4)#3 (m=al, cr, fe). Les composes na#7m#3(x#2o#7)#4 ont ete prepares par des methodes de flux. Ils presentent, a des temperatures inferieures a 300c, une transition de type ordre-desordre des ions sodium. L'evolution thermique a haute temperature a ete suivie a l'aide de techniques multiples (atd, atg, diffraction x, analyse chimique). La structure cristalline a la temperature ambiante de alpha-na#7fe#3(p#2o#7)#4 et beta-na#7fe#3(as#2o#7) a ete etablie. La forme alpha, qui est une surstructure de la forme beta, est caracterisee par un ordre a longue distance des ions sodium. Ces composes sont echangeurs des cations et des conducteurs de performances moderees; les mesures sur monocristaux revelent que la conduction est essentiellement bidimensionnelle. La seconde partie de ce travail est consacree a la resolution de la structure de plusieurs arseniates na#3m#2(aso#4)#3. Ils cristallisent sous deux formes qui different considerablement par leurs proprietes de transport de cations. Les caracteristiques structurales des composes na#3m#2(aso#4)#3 (m=cr, fe) de forme grenat sont peu favorables a la mobilite des ions na#+. Na#7fe#4(aso#4)#6 differe du compose stchiometrique na#3fe#2(aso#4)#3 rhomboedrique par l'occupation totale du site na(2) et la presence sur le site fe(1) de fer a l'etat fe#2#+. Na#3al#2(aso#4)#3 presente a la temperature ambiante une distorsion monoclinique (groupe d'espace c2) associee a un ordre a longue distance des ions sodium
How Are Fragments Optimized? A Retrospective Analysis of 145 Fragment Optimizations (2013)

Fragment optimizations in nearly 150 fragment-based drug discovery programs reported in the literature during the past fifteen years were investigated. By analyzing physicochemical properties and ligand efficiency indices we found that biochemical detection methods yield hits with superior ligand efficiency and lipophilicity indices than do X-ray and NMR. These advantageous properties are partially preserved in the optimization since higher affinity starting points allow optimizations better balanced between affinity and physicochemical property improvements. Size independent ligand efficiency (SILE) and lipophilic indices (primarily LELP) were found to be appropriate metrics to monitor optimizations. Small and medium enterprises (SME) produce optimized compounds with better properties than do big pharma companies and universities. It appears that the use of target structural information is a major reason behind this finding. Structure-based optimization was also found to dominate successful fragment optimizations that result in clinical candidates. These observations provide optimization guidelines for fragment-based drug discovery programs.
A 112Mb/s full duplex remotely-powered impulse-UWB RFID transceiver for wireless NV-memory applications (2010)

A dual band symmetrical RFID transceiver for high capacity wireless NV-memory applications is reported. The circuit exhibits a FOM of 58pJ/b and 48pJ/b in Tx and Rx respectively, with a 112Mb/s data rate capability. It operates in the 7.9GHz UWB frequency band for full duplex communication and is remotely powered thru a UHF CW. The circuit is fabricated in a 0.13μm 1.2V CMOS process.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Spatiotemporal basis of CTLA-4 costimulatory molecule-mediated negative regulation of T cell activation. (2010)

T cell activation is positively and negatively regulated by a pair of costimulatory receptors, CD28 and CTLA-4, respectively. Because these receptors share common ligands, CD80 and CD86, the expression and behavior of CTLA-4 is critical for T cell costimulation regulation. However, in vivo blocking of CD28-mediated costimulation by CTLA-4 and its mechanisms still remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate the dynamic behavior of CTLA-4 in its real-time competition with CD28 at the central-supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC), resulting in the dislocalization of protein kinase C-θ and CARMA1 scaffolding protein. CTLA-4 translocation to the T cell receptor microclusters and the cSMAC is tightly regulated by its ectodomain size, and its accumulation at the cSMAC is required for its inhibitory function. The CTLA-4-mediated suppression was demonstrated by the in vitro anergy induction in regulatory T cells constitutively expressing CTLA-4. These results show the dynamic mechanism of CTLA-4-mediated T cell suppression at the cSMAC.Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. PMID: 20870175
Thickness-utilizing deployable hard stops for origami-based design applications (2020)

Abstract. This work develops and presents design concepts and models of thickness-utilizing deployable hard stops (ThUDS) which can be incorporated into origami-based design applications to provide stability in specific fold states. A ThUDS, like a lamina-emergent mechanism, emerges from a flat state and can reside within a sheet. A variety of planar and spherical ThUDS configurations are developed and presented, using diagrams, equations, and prototypes. Examples of ThUDS applications are given and attributes are discussed. Considerations for the design of a ThUDS are discussed. This work outlines how a ThUDS can maintain foldability while improving stability and utilizing thickness. Parameter values for prototypes are also given for reader reproduction.
Frequency-Selective Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer between Photonic Crystal Slabs: A Computational Approach for Arbitrary Geometries and Materials (2011)

We demonstrate the possibility of achieving enhanced frequency-selective near-field radiative heat transfer between patterned (photonic-crystal) slabs at designable frequencies and separations, exploiting a general numerical approach for computing heat transfer in arbitrary geometries and materials based on the finite-difference time-domain method. Our simulations reveal a tradeoff between selectivity and near-field enhancement as the slab-slab separation decreases, with the patterned heat transfer eventually reducing to the unpatterned result multiplied by a fill factor (described by a standard proximity approximation). We also find that heat transfer can be further enhanced at selective frequencies when the slabs are brought into a glide-symmetric configuration, a consequence of the degeneracies associated with the nonsymmorphic symmetry group.
The use of reactive gas shielding for production of hard coatings by laser surface alloying (2004)

A computational thermodynamic model was used to guide the generation of composite hard coatings made of hard particles distributed uniformly in a steel matrix. The calculations suggested that precipitation of titanium carbonitrides in liquid steel could be achieved by increasing the supersaturation of carbon, nitrogen and titanium in liquid steel. This condition was achieved by nitrogen addition to shielding gas during laser surface alloying while laser melting and solidifying a mixture of 431-type stainless steel and titanium carbide powders. With 100% nitrogen shielding deposits exhibited increased hardness compared to that of 100% argon shielding.
A Low-Drift Laser-Driven FOG Suitable for Trans-Pacific Inertial Navigation (2022)

We report a laser-driven fiber-optic gyroscope (FOG) with an angle random walk of 0.9 mdeg/√h, an Allan-deviation minimum of 4.9 mdeg/h, and an Allan-deviation maximum (or true drift) of 12.6 mdeg/h. This state-of-the-art performance was achieved by implementing an optical gate and a power-control feedback loop to suppress several sources of drift in the FOG, namely optical spikes that result from the square-wave biasing modulation, the nonlinear Kerr effect, drift in the detected power arising from spurious interferometers in the fiber circuit and laser-power fluctuations, and bias offset drift in the demodulation electronics. The measured output of this FOG was used to simulate 20 10-h trans-Pacific flights of an aircraft guided solely by inertial sensors. 95% of the flights landed within ±10 nmi of their intended destination. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a laser-driven FOG that meets the Federal Aviation Administration's Required Navigation Performance 10 criteria for aircraft navigation.
Intracavity spectral shaping and chirp tailoring for high power ultrashort pulse generation from hybrid modelocked external cavity semiconductor lasers (2003)

Summary form only given. We demonstrate the potential for artificially tailoring the chirp of output optical pulses. The chirping mechanism of the modelocked semiconductor laser is primarily due to intracavity gain dynamics. Self phase modulation (SPM) in the gain medium, related to gain depletion, imposes a parabolic chirp on the optical pulse. It is well known for dye saturable absorbers that the sign of chirp depends upon whether the interaction takes place above or below the resonance frequency. A similar effect can be expected for SPM of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA). Since the linewidth enhancement factor of the SOA has different values depending on the optical frequency, the sign and the amount of chirp generated by the SOA can be tailored by controlling the position and shape of the intracavity pulse spectrum. Experimentally, this is achieved using intracavity spectral shaping techniques. The signs of the chirp were confirmed by measuring the amount of group delay dispersion of a dual grating dispersion compensator for optimum pulse compression.
Facile Borylation of Alkenes, Alkynes, Imines, Arenes and Heteroarenes with N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Boranes and a Heterogeneous Semiconductor Photocatalyst (2023)

Although the development of radical chain and photocatalytic borylation reactions using N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-borane as boron source is remarkable, the persistent problems, including the use of hazardous and high-energy radical initiators or the recyclability and photostability issues of soluble homogeneous photocatalysts, still leave great room for further development in a sustainable manner. Herein, we report a conceptually different approach toward highly functionalized organoborane synthesis by using recoverable ultrathin cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanosheets as a heterogeneous photocatalyst, and a general and mild borylation platform that enables regioselective borylation of a wide variety of alkenes (arylethenes, trifluoromethylalkenes, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and nitriles), alkynes, imines and electron-poor aromatic rings with NHC-borane as boryl radical precursor. Mechanistic studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that both photogenerated electrons and holes on the CdS fully perform their own roles, thereby resulting in enhancement of photocatalytic activity and stability of CdS.
Partially Premixed Combustion of Gasoline Type Fuels Using Larger Size Nozzle and Higher Compression Ratio in a Diesel Engine (2013)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;If fuels that are more resistant to auto-ignition are injected near TDC in compression ignition engines, they ignite much later than diesel fuel and combustion occurs when the fuel and air have had more chance to mix. This helps to reduce NO&lt;sub&gt;X&lt;/sub&gt; and smoke emissions at much lower injection pressures compared to a diesel fuel. However, PPCI (Partially Premixed Compression Ignition) operation also leads to higher CO and HC at low loads and higher heat release rates at high loads. These problems can be significantly alleviated by managing the mixing through injector design (e.g. nozzle size and centreline spray angle) and changing CR (Compression Ratio). This work describes results of running a single-cylinder diesel engine on fuel blends by using three different nozzle design (nozzle size: 0.13 mm and 0.17 mm, centreline spray angle: 153° and 120°) and two different CRs (15.9:1 and 18:1). The engine could be run on such blends with extremely low smoke and low NO&lt;sub&gt;X&lt;/sub&gt; at speeds and loads of up to 4000 rpm and 10 bar IMEP. The smoke at comparable NO&lt;sub&gt;X&lt;/sub&gt; levels was extremely high with diesel fuel at these conditions. The engine could also be run at near-idle conditions on these blends with levels of HC and CO emissions comparable with the diesel fuel. The wider volatility range with high compression ratio shows a benefit in avoiding over-mixing and over-leaning which could lead to poor combustion stability. The efficiency of PCCI combustion vehicle is expected to be about the same as for a diesel engine. PPCI combustion can be achieved more easily by using fuels with higher resistance to auto-ignition than conventional diesel fuel. Additionally, a successful commercial development of PCCI combustion vehicles could open the way for more efficient vehicles in markets where diesel fuel is not widely available for passenger car applications.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Grating-less, fiber-based oscillator that generates 25 nJ pulses at 80 MHz, compressible to 150 fs (2007)

We report a passively mode-locked fiber-based oscillator that has no internal dispersion-compensating gratings. This design, which we believe to be the first of its kind, produces 25 nJ pulses at 80 MHz with the pulses compressible to 150 fs. The pulses appear to be self-similar and initial data imply that their energy is further scalable.
Abstract 19362: Bridging the Gap Between Functional and Biological Phenotypes in Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension (2014)

Introduction: Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) is a degenerative disease that ultimately leads to Right Ventricular (RV) dysfunction. RV functional and biological (e.g. N-Terminal proB-type Natriuretic Peptide, NT-proBNP) phenotypes can provide insight into performance and ventricular distress, respectively. Nevertheless, they are normally considered independently, and should be associated to paint a more comprehensive picture of the cardio-pulmonary system. The most utilized prognostic metric of RV performance is Cardiac Output (CO), as it gives a direct measure of the ventricle’s “pumping” ability. CO is only indicative of the immediate functional state and lacks any predictive or stratification value. RV-Pulmonary Artery (PA) axis decoupling (VVC = RV end-systolic elastance/arterial elastance) represents a decrease in the RV functional reserve, and therefore an inability to accommodate an increase in afterload. Therefore, it is more comprehensive of the entire cardio-pulmonary system than CO. Hypothesis: RV-PA coupling is better associated with NT-proBNP than Cardiac Index (CI = CO/Body Surface Area). Methods: 26 pediatric PH patients underwent Right Heart Catheterization (RHC), an echocardiograph, and blood composition diagnostics. A 0-D model (Fig. 1a) of the comprehensive cardio-pulmonary system, incorporating extensive patient specificity, was developed to estimate RV pressure-volume curves under baseline and challenged conditions, and approximate the VVC ratio. Results: CI was not found to be statistically associated with NT-proBNP (Fig. 1b). Nevertheless, VVC was found to be non-linearly related to NT-proBNP expression (Fig. 1c), thus rejecting the null hypothesis . Conclusion: NT-proBNP is a biomarker of RV-PA functional decoupling. Considering the inter-compartmental interaction of the entire cardio-pulmonary system offers a better picture of PH disease progression then assessing RV “pump” performance.
[Interceptive therapy of Class III]. (1991)

The early morphofunctional reequilibration of skeletal III Class pattern is one of the keys of resolution of this complex and dramatic pathology. Long-term controls suggest the use of Quad-Helix and III Class elastic traction as soon as possible, in order to correct premaxillary and maxillary hypoplasia eventually complicated by a posterior cross-bite. The simplicity of interceptive therapy is inversally proportional to the benefits that could be obtained and which are reliable and stable.
Zika Virus Infection in Syrian Golden Hamsters and Strain 13 Guinea Pigs (2018)

To evaluate potential immunocompetent small animal models of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection, we inoculated Syrian golden hamsters (subcutaneously or intraperitoneally) and strain 13 guinea pigs (intraperitoneally) with Senegalese ZIKV strain ArD 41525 or Philippines ZIKV strain CPC-0740. We did not detect viremia in hamsters inoculated subcutaneously with either virus strain, although some hamsters developed virus neutralizing antibodies. However, we detected statistically significant higher viremias (<i>P</i> = 0.0285) and a higher median neutralization titer (<i>P</i> = 0.0163) in hamsters inoculated intraperitoneally with strain ArD 41525 compared with strain CPC-0740. Furthermore, some hamsters inoculated with strain ArD 41525 displayed mild signs of disease. By contrast, strain 13 guinea pigs inoculated intraperitoneally with either strain did not have detectable viremias and less than half developed virus neutralizing antibodies. Our results support the use of the Syrian golden hamster intraperitoneal model to explore phenotypic variation between ZIKV strains.
Size dependence of effective Young’s modulus of nanoporous gold (2007)

Nanoporous gold (NPG) is a brittle, three-dimensional, random structure of Au with nanometer scale open porosity that is made by dealloying Au∕Ag alloys in acid. In this work, Young’s modulus of NPG with controlled porosity variation between 3 and 40nm is determined by mechanical testing of ∼100nm thick, free standing, large-grained, stress-free films of NPG using a buckling-based method [C. Stafford et al., Nat. Mater. 3, 545 (2005)]. Results showing a dramatic rise in the effective Young’s modulus of NPG with decreasing ligament size, especially below 10nm are presented, and possible reasons for this behavior are discussed.
Supplemental Material, BASC_Chinese_version - Exploring the Score Equivalence of the English and Chinese Versions of the Brief Assessment Scale for Caregivers (2020)

Supplemental Material, BASC_Chinese_version for Exploring the Score Equivalence of the English and Chinese Versions of the Brief Assessment Scale for Caregivers by Grace Meijuan Yang, Shirlyn Hui-Shan Neo, Irene Teo, Geok Ling Lee, Julian Thumboo, John Chia, Annie Lau, Audrey Koh, Debra Qu, William Wai Lam Che, Hwee Lin Wee, Myra Glajchen, and Yin Bun Cheung in Journal of Patient Experience
Ghost-free imaging combining synchronized multi-level source and variable-depth streamer (2013)

Variable-depth streamer acquisition is a key solution to provide broadband marine seismic data from 2,5 Hz to source ghost notch, thanks to an optimized receiver depth distribution. This receiver-side technique can be efficiently combined to a synchronized multi-level source, which allows canceling the source ghost notch and extending the recorded bandwidth to 200Hz. Moreover, thanks to accurate gun synchronization, the recorded data can be processed directly with the flow already developed for Variable-depth streamer, with some necessary changes to handle better the extra high frequencies. Such combined techniques have been successfully tested and applied in various 2D and 3D cases, in both shallow and deep water environments.
The ecology and epidemiology of malaria parasitism in wild chimpanzee reservoirs (2022)

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) harbor rich assemblages of malaria parasites, including three species closely related to P. falciparum (sub-genus Laverania), the most malignant human malaria parasite. Here, we characterize the ecology and epidemiology of malaria infection in wild chimpanzee reservoirs. We used molecular assays to screen chimpanzee fecal samples, collected longitudinally and cross-sectionally from wild populations, for malaria parasite mitochondrial DNA. We found that chimpanzee malaria parasitism has an early age of onset and varies seasonally in prevalence. A subset of samples revealed Hepatocystis mitochondrial DNA, with phylogenetic analyses suggesting that Hepatocystis appears to cross species barriers more easily than Laverania. Longitudinal and cross-sectional sampling independently support the hypothesis that mean ambient temperature drives spatiotemporal variation in chimpanzee Laverania infection. Infection probability peaked at ~24.5 °C, consistent with the empirical transmission optimum of P. falciparum in humans. Forest cover was also positively correlated with spatial variation in Laverania prevalence, consistent with the observation that forest-dwelling Anophelines are the primary vectors. Extrapolating these relationships across equatorial Africa, we map spatiotemporal variation in the suitability of chimpanzee habitat for Laverania transmission, offering a hypothetical baseline indicator of human exposure risk.
Role of Bias Terms in Dot-Product Attention (2023)

Dot-product attention is a core module in the present generation of neural network models, particularly transformers, and is being leveraged across numerous areas such as natural language processing and computer vision. This attention module is comprised of three linear transformations, namely query, key, and value linear transformations, each of which has a bias term. In this work, we study the role of these bias terms, and mathematically show that the bias term of the key linear transformation is redundant and could be omitted without any impact on the attention module. Moreover, we argue that the bias term of the value linear transformation has a more prominent role than that of the bias term of the query linear transformation. We empirically verify these findings through multiple experiments on language modeling, natural language understanding, and natural language generation tasks.
Application of a Cryo-FIB-SEM-μRaman Instrument to Probe the Depth of Vitreous Ice in a Frozen Sample (2022)

The development of instruments combining multiple characterization and imaging tools drove huge advances in material science, engineering, biology, and other related fields. Notably, the coupling of SEM with micro-Raman spectrometry (μRaman) provides the means for the correlation between structural and physicochemical properties at the surface, while dual focused ion beam (FIB)-scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) operating under cryogenic conditions (cryo-FIB-SEM) allow for the analysis of the ultrastructure of materials in situ and in their native environment. In cryo-FIB-SEM, rapid and efficient methods for assessing vitrification conditions in situ are required for the accurate investigation of the original structure of hydrated samples. This work reports for the first time the use of a cryo-FIB-SEM-μRaman instrument to efficiently assess the accuracy of cryo-fixation methods. Analyses were performed on plunge-freezed highly hydrated calcium phosphate cement (CPC) and a gelatin composite. By making a trench of a defined thickness with FIB, μRaman analyses were carried out at a specific depth within the frozen material. Results show that the μRaman signal is sensitive to the changes in the molecular structures of the aqueous phase and can be used to examine the depth of vitreous ice in frozen samples. The method presented in this work provides a reliable way to avoid imaging artifacts in cryo-FIB-SEM that are related to cryo-fixation and therefore constitutes great interest in the study of vitreous materials exhibiting high water content, regardless of the sample preparation method (i.e., by HPF, plunge freezing, and so on).