gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improvement of transparency and durability to deep ultraviolet light in fluorine-doped silica glass fiber by optimizing the preform fabrication process (2008)

Fluorine-doped silica glass fiber was fabricated as fiber-core for transmittance of deep ultraviolet wavelength region. By examining the effect of oxyhydrogen flame onto the core-glass (conventional cleaning process called fire-polishing process), it was found to create oxygen-deficiency centers. Additionally, fire-polishing process changes the distribution of fluorine concentration near core-cladding interface and leads to the deterioration of the optical characteristics of the fiber. By conducting preform fabrication without fire-polishing, the obtained fluorine-doped silica glass fiber showed high transmittance of more than 92% m-1 at 266 nm and excellent durability after 4 G pulses of 7 mJcm-2 laser irradiation.
Circular Dichroism and UV−Visible Absorption Spectra of the Langmuir−Blodgett Films of an Aggregating Helicene (1998)

Nonracemic helicene 1 forms high-quality Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) films, in which the molecules are organized in parallel columns with their edges exposed to the surface. Evidence for the edge-on exposure is the molecular area of a monolayer on water and, as determined by X-ray diffraction, the similarity of the interlayer spacings of multilayers to the diameters of the molecular columns that constitute nonracemic 1 in bulk. Evidence of the organization into parallel columns includes the linear dichroism of the films and the 180° periodicity with which rotating the films varies the amounts by which plane polarized light is rotated, the intensities of the second harmonics generated, and the films' degree of anisotropy. The circular dichroisms of a 10-layer LB film could be resolved from the effects of linear dichroism and linear birefringence. The CD and UV−vis absorption spectra of the films are similar to those of solutions in which the molecules are aggregated, not isolated. The measurement of a CD spectrum for a monolayer, carried out easily for nonracemic 1, is unprecedented.
<title>Teramac configurable custom computer</title> (1995)

Prototypes are invaluable for studying special purpose parallel architectures and custom computing. We have built a configurable custom computing engine, based on field programmable gate arrays, to enable experiments on an interesting scale. The Teramac configurable hardware system can execute synchronous logic designs of up to one million gates at rates up to one megahertz. Search and retrieval of nontext data from very large databases can be greatly accelerated using special purpose parallel hardware. We are using Teramac to conduct experiments with special purpose processors involving search of nontext databases.
Supplementary Table 1 Bignell et al from Secondary metabolite arsenal of an opportunistic pathogenic fungus (2016)

Analysis A. fumigatus 293 genome
A study of conductive material for e-beam lithography (2011)

Unlike optical systems, electron-charging effect is a concern for e-beam lithography. Accumulated charge on the resist will perturb the route of incident electrons, resulting in pattern distortion or failure. Therefore, reducing charge accumulation becomes an important topic for high-pattern-density e-beam applications. In this paper, we used a conductive material as the resist substrate for charging effect evaluation. The e-beam source from CD-SEM (Critical Dimension SEM) was initially used to conductive performance qualification. When comparing with non-conductive BARC, we found that the experimental conductive material has an additional 11% to 14% resist-shrinkage than a non-conducting BARC. However, we cannot repeat this phenomenon in the multiple-e-beam (MEB) imaging tool. From Monte Carlo simulation, the electrons deeply penetrate through the substrate instead of being trapped in the resist substrate. It further indicates that although conductive bottom layer can dissipate electron effectively for surface charging, the film scheme as well as tool grounding are also important for minimizing the charging effect.
Chemoselective Caging of Carboxyl Groups for On‐Demand Protein Activation with Small Molecules (2023)

Tools for on-demand protein activation enable impactful gain-of-function studies in biological settings. Thus far, however, proteins have been chemically caged at primarily Lys, Tyr, and Sec, typically through the genetic encoding of unnatural amino acids. Herein, we report that the preferential reactivity of diazo compounds with protonated acids can be used to expand this toolbox to solvent-accessible carboxyl groups with an elevated pK<sub>a</sub> value. As a model protein, we employed lysozyme (Lyz), which has an active-site Glu35 residue with a pK<sub>a</sub> value of 6.2. A diazo compound with a bioorthogonal self-immolative handle esterified Glu35 selectively, inactivating Lyz. The hydrolytic activity of the caged Lyz on bacterial cell walls was restored with two small-molecule triggers. The decaging was more efficient by small molecules than by esterases. This simple chemical strategy was also applied to a hemeprotein and an aspartyl protease, setting the stage for broad applicability.
Safety profile of EGFR-targeted hybrid vector system composed of PAMAM dendrimer and oncolytic adenovirus (2017)

We would like to thank Huang et al . for comments on our recent report, which assessed the “antitumor effect and safety profile of systemically delivered oncolytic adenovirus complexed with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM)-based dendrimer (1)”. We read the comments with great interest and acknowledging that this is an area urgently requiring more research to improve safety of nanomaterials in gene therapy for clinical application.
Direction of Arrival Estimation of Noisy Speech using Convolutional Recurrent Neural Networks with Higher-Order Ambisonics Signals (2021)

Training convolutional recurrent neural networks on first-order Ambisonics signals is a well-known approach when estimating the direction of arrival for speech/sound signals. In this work, we investigate whether increasing the order of Ambisonics up to the fourth order further improves the estimation performance of convolutional recurrent neural networks. While our results on data based on simulated spatial room impulse responses show that the use of higher Ambisonics orders does have the potential to provide better localization results, no further improvement was shown on data based on real spatial room impulse responses from order two onwards. Rather, it seems to be crucial to extract meaningful features from the raw data. First order features derived from the acoustic intensity vector were superior to pure higher-order magnitude and phase features in almost all scenarios.
Molecular Mechanisms of Chemosensory Receptors, Signal Transducers, and the Activation of Gene Expression Controlling Establishment of a Marine Symbiosis (1989)

OBIECTIVE: To characterize the molecular mechanisms by which marine invertebrate larval chemosensory receptors and their associated signal transducers regulate surface attachment and metamorphosis of the larvae in response to chemical signals from the environment; and To characterize the molecular mechanisms regulating the activation of specific gene expression in the developmentally arrested marine invertebrate larva, in response to chemical inducers of metamorphosis. We have found that metamorphosis in larvae of the marine mollusc, Haliotis rufescens (red abalone), is controlled by exogenous chemical signals recognized and transduced by two convergent chemosensory pathways: a morphogenetic pathway activated by a GABA mimetic peptide morphogen encountered by the larvae on surfaces of recruiting (host) algae, and a regulatory pathway stimulated by lysine in seawater. The system displays both habituation, acting at the level of the morphogenetic pathway receptors and facilitation, mediated by the regulatory pathway. Output and sensitivity of the morphogenetic pathway are amplified as much as 100-fold by stimulation of the regulatory pathway.
Mechanical and thermomechanical properties of NC base propellants (1990)

Abstract Compressive mechanical properties have been investigated as a function of temperature and strain rate for a modified'' double-base propellant (JA2) and comparison made with similar studies for a triple-base propellant. Measurements were made at strain rates of 10 sec.−1 and 10−3 sec.−1 and temperatures of 80°C to -60°C. At the higher strain rate the double-base propellant shows ductile behavior at 20°C and brittle failure at the low temperature. However, comparison with triple-base propellants indicates that this double-base propellant is much less brittle at the lower temperature and considerably less fragmentation is observed for the double-base propellant. While the ductile-to-brittle transition can be related to a glass type transition temperature, the difference in fragmentation is apparently related to composition and structure. The relationship of ductile and brittle failure to abnormal burning and the related unsafe gun firing conditions is discussed.
Deconstructing theIbogaAlkaloid Skeleton: Potentiation of FGF2-induced Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Release by a Novel Compound (2015)

Modulation of growth factor signaling pathways in the brain represents a new experimental approach to treating neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and addiction. Neurotrophins and growth factors exert synaptic, neuronal, and circuit level effects on a wide temporal range, which suggests a possibility of rapid and lasting therapeutic effects. Consequently, identification of small molecules that can either enhance the release of growth factors or potentiate their respective pathways will provide a drug-like alternative to direct neurotrophin administration or viral gene delivery and thus represents an important frontier in chemical biology and drug design. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), in particular, has been implicated in marked reduction of alcohol consumption in rodent addiction models, and the natural product ibogaine, a substance used traditionally in ritualistic ceremonies, has been suggested to increase the synthesis and release of GDNF in the dopaminergic system in rats. In this report, we describe a novel iboga analog, XL-008, created by unraveling the medium size ring of the ibogamine skeleton, and its ability to induce release of GDNF in C6 glioma cells. Additionally, XL-008 potentiates the release of GDNF induced by fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), another neurotrophin implicated in major depressive disorder, increasing potency more than 2-fold (from 7.85 ± 2.59 ng/mL to 3.31 ± 0.98 ng/mL) and efficacy more than 3-fold. The GDNF release by both XL-008 and the FGF2/XL-008 mixture was found to be mediated through the MEK and PI3K signaling pathways but not through PLCγ in C6 glioma cells.
Microwave enhanced ion-cut silicon layer transfer (2007)

Microwave heating has been used to decrease the time required for exfoliation of thin single-crystalline silicon layers onto insulator substrates using ion-cut processing. Samples exfoliated in a 2.45GHz, 1300W cavity applicator microwave system saw a decrease in incubation times as compared to conventional anneal processes. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, cross sectional scanning electron microscopy, cross sectional transmission electron microscopy, and selective aperture electron diffraction were used to determine the transferred layer thickness and crystalline quality. The surface quality was determined by atomic force microscopy. Hall measurements were used to determine electrical properties as a function of radiation repair anneal times. Results of physical and electrical characterizations demonstrate that the end products of microwave enhanced ion-cut processing do not appreciably differ from those using more traditional means of exfoliation.
Generating Clarifying Questions for Information Retrieval (2020)

Search queries are often short, and the underlying user intent may be ambiguous. This makes it challenging for search engines to predict possible intents, only one of which may pertain to the current user. To address this issue, search engines often diversify the result list and present documents relevant to multiple intents of the query. An alternative approach is to ask the user a question to clarify her information need. Asking clarifying questions is particularly important for scenarios with “limited bandwidth” interfaces, such as speech-only and small-screen devices. In addition, our user studies and large-scale online experiments show that asking clarifying questions is also useful in web search. Although some recent studies have pointed out the importance of asking clarifying questions, generating them for open-domain search tasks remains unstudied and is the focus of this paper. Lack of training data even within major search engines for this task makes it challenging. To mitigate this issue, we first identify a taxonomy of clarification for open-domain search queries by analyzing large-scale query reformulation data sampled from Bing search logs. This taxonomy leads us to a set of question templates and a simple yet effective slot filling algorithm. We further use this model as a source of weak supervision to automatically generate clarifying questions for training. Furthermore, we propose supervised and reinforcement learning models for generating clarifying questions learned from weak supervision data. We also investigate methods for generating candidate answers for each clarifying question, so users can select from a set of pre-defined answers. Human evaluation of the clarifying questions and candidate answers for hundreds of search queries demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed solutions.
Video Surveillance from High Altitude Platforms (2002)

Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) are a rare cause of pulmonary symptoms, including dyspnoea on exertion, hypoxemia and haemoptysis. PAVMs are an aetiology that is often overlooked by physicians when developing a differential diagnosis for pulmonary symptoms and unidentified lung masses. However, it is an important differential diagnosis to have as PAVMs can have serious sequelae including strokes, brain abscess and life-threatening bleeding. We present a case of an impressive PAVM presenting with chest pain, chronic cough, feelings of anxiety, mild resting hypoxemia and exertional hypoxemia. Of note, on previous chest X-ray, 8 years prior to presentation, an incidental mass was found during a shoulder repair presurgical workup but not further evaluated.
Interaction between High Density and Low Density Lipoproteins during Uptake and Degradation by Cultured Human Fibroblasts (1977)

High density lipoprotein (HDL) inhibited the binding (trypsin-releasable radioactivity), internalization (cell-associated radioactivity after trypsinization), and degradation (TCA-soluble non-iodide radioactivity) of (125)I-low density lipoprotein ((125)I-LDL) by cultured normal human fibroblasts. At HDL:LDL molar ratios of 25:1 (protein ratios about 5:1), these parameters were reduced by about 25%. Unlabeled LDL was about 25 times more effective in reducing (125)I-LDL binding, implying that if HDL and LDL bind at common sites the affinity of HDL for these sites is very low or that the interaction is on some other basis. The fractional reduction in (125)I-LDL binding at a given HDL: (125)I-LDL ratio was independent of (125)I-LDL concentration and occurred equally with fibroblasts from a subject with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Reciprocally, the binding, internalization, and degradation of (125)I-HDL were reduced by LDL. Preincubation of fibroblasts with HDL (or LDL) reduced the subsequent binding of (125)I-LDL (or (125)I-HDL) during a second incubation. In other studies HDL reduced the net increase in cell cholesterol content induced by incubation with LDL. HDL alone had no net effect on cell cholesterol content. These findings suggest that HDL reduces both the high affinity and the low affinity binding of LDL to human fibroblasts and that this in turn reduces the internalization and degradation of LDL. The effect of HDL on the LDL-induced changes in cell cholesterol content could be in part on this basis and in part on the basis of an HDL-stimulated release of cholesterol from the cells. These effects of HDL in vitro may be relevant to the negative correlations reported from in vivo studies between plasma HDL concentration and both body cholesterol pool size and the prevalence of clinically manifest atherosclerosis but further studies will be needed to establish this.
How Do Microbial Pathogens Make CENs? (2012)

In a variety of pathogens, drug resistance and aneuploidy areintimately associated. Anueploidy is believed to alter the dosage ofcertain genes that can impart drug resistance. Generation of a newchromosome by duplication of chromosome segments followed bytelomere addition in a pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata [1] andisochromosome formation by breakage of chromosome 5 at thecentromere followed by joining two identical arms of chromosome5 in an opportunistic yeast Candida albicans [2] have been shown tooccur frequently in drug-resistant isolates. Fluconazole-resistantstrains of another pathogenic fungus, Cryptococcus neoformans, havebeen shown to be disomic for certain chromosomes [3].Experimental evidence suggests that acquisition of chromosomesby the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium can convert a non-pathogenic strain to a pathogenic one [4]. Anueploidy has beenshown to be the cause of drug resistance in the protozoan parasiteLeishmania as well [5].Improper chromosome segregation is one route to aneuploidy.The centromere–kinetochore complex facilitates interaction be-tween a chromosome and the spindle microtubules to ensure equalsegregation of chromosomes from a mother to daughter cells. Inaddition to serving as sites of protein assembly to formkinetochores, centromeres also hold two sister chromatids togetheruntil the onset of anaphase by balancing opposing forces acting onthem—a pole-ward (outward) force generated by spindle micro-tubules depolymerizing toward opposite poles, and a cohesive(inward) force between two sister chromatids. Paradoxically, inspite of performing the conserved function of chromosomesegregation, centromere (CEN) DNA sequence and organizationof CEN DNA elements vary widely among eukaryotes. In contrast,several kinetochore proteins are evolutionarily conserved, al-though sometimes this conservation is restricted to a group oforganisms. For example, the Dam1 complex, an outer kinetochoreprotein complex, is fungus specific and is essential for viability in C.albicans [6,7]. Thus, this complex may be a suitable target fordevelopment of anti-fungal drugs. However, a CEN-specifichistone H3 variant of the CENP-A/Cse4 family is found to beuniversally associated with the formation of specialized and uniquechromatin at all functional CENs despite seemingly diverse CENDNA sequences.
Alterations in Insulin Binding Induced by Changes in Vivo in the Levels of Glucocorticoids and Growth Hormone* (1978)

Previous studies have shown that the sensitivity of tissues to insulin is diminished in states of glucocorticoid and GH excess and is increased when these hormones are deficient. To evaluate the role of the insulin receptor in these states, we have studied [125I]insulin binding to purified liver plasma membranes obtained from rats with a variety of perturbations of both glucocorticoids and GH. Glucocorticoid excess was produced in rats by administration of ACTH (40 U/day for 4 days) or dexamethasone (1 mg/day for 4 days). This resulted in an insulin-resistant state. Associated with this insulin resistance, there was a 50-60% decrease in insulin binding to its specific receptors in liver. Conversely, adrenalectomy, which produces an increase in insulin sensitivity, was associated with an increase in insulin binding to liver. Computer-assisted Scatchard analysis using a negative cooperative model for the inulin-receptor interaction indicated that, in contrast to our findings with obesity, the changes in insulin binding in these states were most likely due entirely to changes in receptor affinity, with no change in receptor concentration. GH administration also produced mild insulin resistance and a decrease in receptor concentration. This was associated with a reciprocal increase in receptor affinity and thus, no major alteration in insulin binding occurred at low physiological insulin concentrations. Hypophysectomized rats, on the other hand, showed an increase in receptor concentration and a decrease in affinity, and GH treatment only partially corrected these changes. Rats implanted with the MtT tumor (which secretes ACTH, GH, and PRL) have the combined effects of excess glucocorticoids and GH and are very insulin resistant. Liver membranes prepared from these rats showed a decrease in insulin binding and receptor affinity similar to that observed in other states of glucocorticoid excess. Further, adrenalectomy of the tumor-bearing rats resulted in an increase in insulin binding despite the persistence of the elevated levels of GH, ACTH, and PRL. These findings suggest that alterations in insulin receptor affinity and number may play a major role in the states of altered insulin sensitivity which accompany glucocorticoid excess and deficiency, and follow hypophysectomy. In contrast, the insulin resistance associated with GH excess is mediated at either a site on the receptor distal to the insulin-binding site (i.e. transduction) or at one or more of the intracellular reactions important in insulin action.
Self assembly patterning using block copolymer for advanced CMOS technology (2012)

National audience
Acute and Chronic Evaluations of Implanted Polymeric Materials (2019)

The prevention of the long-term complications of diabetes is one of the major goals of diabetes research. The assumption that underlies much of this research is that the chronic hyperglycemia and associated metabolic abnormalities that are consequences even of treated diabetes are the primary causes of diabetic angiopathy. Views of the medical community began to change as retrospective studies published in the early 1950s suggested that the degree of development of diabetic complications was related to the precision with which glucose control was maintained. The chapter describes Type I diabetes as a disease of absolute insulin deficiency. Patients with Type II diabetes are described as neither insulin-dependent nor ketosis-prone, although they may require insulin to prevent hyperglycemia, and may develop ketosis under certain circumstances. Type I diabetes is characterized by early onset, insulin-dependence, ß-cell destruction, often normal peripheral insulin sensitivity and irreversibility.
Effect of Interaction with Quantum Well States on Response Times for Deep Level Defects in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. (2013)

Abstract not provided.
Air-to-Ground Directional Channel Sounder With 64-antenna Dual-polarized\n Cylindrical Array (2021)

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), popularly called drones, are an important\npart of future wireless communications, either as user equipment that needs\ncommunication with a ground station, or as base station in a 3D network. For\nboth the analysis of the "useful" links, and for investigation of possible\ninterference to other ground-based nodes, an understanding of the air-to-ground\nchannel is required. Since ground-based nodes often are equipped with antenna\narrays, the channel investigations need to account for it. This study presents\na massive MIMO-based air-to-ground channel sounder we have recently developed\nin our lab, which can perform measurements for the aforementioned requirements.\nAfter outlining the principle and functionality of the sounder, we present\nsample measurements that demonstrate the capabilities, and give first insights\ninto air-to-ground massive MIMO channels in an urban environment. Our results\nprovide a platform for future investigations and possible enhancements of\nmassive MIMO systems.\n