gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lift-off patterning processes employing energetically-stimulated local removal of solid-condensed-gas layers (2023)

The invention provides a method for forming a patterned material layer on a structure, by condensing a vapor to a solid condensate layer on a surface of the structure and then localized removal of selected regions of the condensate layer by directing an ion beam at the selected regions, exposing the structure at the selected regions. A material layer is then deposited on top of the solid condensate layer and the exposed structure at the selected regions. Then the solid condensate layer and regions of the material layer that were deposited on the solid condensate layer are removed, leaving a patterned material layer on the structure.
1.5-GHz Spread-Spectrum PHY Using Reference Clock with 400-ppm Frequency Tolerance for SATA Application (2015)

A serial ATA PHY fabricated in a 0.15-µm CMOS process performs the serial ATA operation in an asynchronous transition by using large variation in the reference clock. This technique calibrates a transmission signal frequency by utilizing the received signal. This is achieved by calibrating the divide ratio of a spread-spectrum clock generator (SSCG). This technique enables a serial ATA PHY to use reference oscillators with a production-frequency tolerance of less than 400ppm, i.e., higher than the permissible TX frequency variations (i.e., 350ppm). The calibrated transmission signal achieved a total jitter of 3.9ps.
Identification and Characterization of a Series of Novel Jak2 Small Molecule Inhibitor Compounds. (2007)

Abstract Recent work from our lab has been aimed at identifying novel Jak2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor molecules. Here, we refined our previous Jak2 molecular model using information obtained from the crystal structures of the Jak2 and Jak3 kinase domains. A total of 223,481 compounds within the NIH small molecule database were then screened in silico using FlexX 1.13.2 in order to identify compounds that specifically bind and inhibit Jak2. In what is now our third generation of Jak2 inhibitors, analysis of the highest scoring compounds identified a set of structurally diverse molecules that potently inhibited Jak2 autophosphorylation not only at Tyr 1007, but at all 49 tyrosine residues. These compounds significantly inhibited proliferation of the human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells, which express the Jak2-V617F mutation on both alleles (Fig. 1). One compound in particular, herein designated as G6, was further examined in greater detail. The mechanism by which G6 inhibits Jak2-V617F dependent cell growth is via a marked increase in cellular apoptosis (Fig. 2). We found that G6 does not inhibit c-Src and Tyk2 autophosphorylation at doses that completely inhibit Jak2, therefore suggesting a high degree of specificity. We found that both the G6 and the G13 compounds significantly reduced ex vivo megakaryocyte colony formation of cells taken from a patient diagnosed with essential thrombocythemia and harboring the Jak2-V617F mutation. Finally, we examined the ability of G6 to inhibit red blood cell formation in C57BL/6 mice following acute hemolytic anemia. We found that treatment of animals with G6 (10 mg/kg/day for five days, IP) resulted in a marked inability of these animals to increase their hematocrits following acute anemia when compared to vehicle control animals. Additionally, histological analysis of the bone marrow of G6 injected animals exhibited erythroid hypoplasia resulting in a skewed M:E ratio when compared to vehicle control animals. Collectively, our data demonstrate that these small molecule compounds inhibit Jak2 function in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. As such, they may have therapeutic value in treating diseases that are caused by aberrant Jak2 kinase function. Figure 1 Figure 1. Figure 2 Figure 2.
Ionization and fragmentation of neutral and acidic glycosphingolipids with a Q-TOF mass spectrometer fitted with a MALDI ion source (2001)

This paper reports the use of a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer fitted with a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) ion source for the analysis of neutral and acidic glycosphingolipids. All compounds gave strong [M + Na]+ ions with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid as the matrix, with no loss of sensitivity with increasing mass as was observed from the corresponding ions produced by electrospray. Neutral glycosphingolipids showed negligible in-source fragmentation but sialylated compounds fragmented by loss of sialic acid. However, these losses were not accompanied by unfocused post-source-decay ions as observed with MALDI-reflectron-TOF instruments. The MS/MS spectra were almost identical to those obtained by electrospray. Fragmentation of all compounds was mainly by glycosidic cleavage to give ions, both with and without the ceramide moiety, which defined the carbohydrate chain sequence. Weak ions which defined the sphingosine chain length and abundant ions, produced by loss of the acyl chain, were present when this chain contained a 2-hydroxy group. The technique was applied to the identification of ceramide-trihexosides present in tissues from mice genetically modified to model one of the glycolipid storage diseases (Fabry disease).
A new rigid benzene‐bridged macrotricyclic ligand (2000)

Abstract A macrotricyclic ligand composed of two benzene rings connected by four 2,2′‐oxydiphenoxide bridges ( 2 ) has been prepared by treating 1,2,4,5‐tetrakis[2‐(2‐hydroxyphenoxy)phenoxymethyl]benzene with 1,2,4,5‐tetrakis(bromomethyl)benzene in acetonitrile in the presence of potassium carbonate. Ligand 2 is of interest because of its similarity to macrocycle 1 which interacts strongly with cesium ions. The proposed more direct route of treating an excess of 2,2′‐oxydiphenol with 1,2,4,5‐tetrakis(bromomethyl)benzene to prepare 2 did not give the desired macrocycle but gave bis(tribenzo‐11‐crown‐3) ( 8 ). An X‐ray crystal structure study of 2 showed that the benzene rings which are linked by the four 2,2′‐oxydiphenoxide bridges are connected in a nonsymmetric pattern. The structure of 8 was also determined using X‐ray diffraction methods, and is reported.
UCST and LCST phase behavior of poly(trimethylene ether) glycol in water (2012)

Abstract We describe the initial studies of the complex aqueous phase behavior of poly(trimethylene ether) glycol (PO3G), a renewably sourced polyether glycol. Cloud point measurement revealed that a low molecular weight PO3G exhibits both lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and upper critical solution temperature (UCST) in water in the temperature range between 30°C and 80°C. At low concentrations of PO3G, the polymer solutions exhibit LCST‐type phase behavior. In the intermediate concentration ranges, PO3G and water are immiscible. However, at higher concentrations of PO3G, the solutions show UCST‐type phase behavior. In addition, both the LCSTs and UCSTs can be easily tuned over a wide range by varying the amount of alcohol co‐solvents. These findings have potential applications in the design of personal care applications and in the development of thermosensitive “smart” materials. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Probabilistic Models for Query Approximation with Large Sparse Binary\n Datasets (2013)

Large sparse sets of binary transaction data with millions of records and\nthousands of attributes occur in various domains: customers purchasing\nproducts, users visiting web pages, and documents containing words are just\nthree typical examples. Real-time query selectivity estimation (the problem of\nestimating the number of rows in the data satisfying a given predicate) is an\nimportant practical problem for such databases.\n We investigate the application of probabilistic models to this problem. In\nparticular, we study a Markov random field (MRF) approach based on frequent\nsets and maximum entropy, and compare it to the independence model and the\nChow-Liu tree model. We find that the MRF model provides substantially more\naccurate probability estimates than the other methods but is more expensive\nfrom a computational and memory viewpoint. To alleviate the computational\nrequirements we show how one can apply bucket elimination and clique tree\napproaches to take advantage of structure in the models and in the queries. We\nprovide experimental results on two large real-world transaction datasets.\n
The semantics of determiners . Edited by Johan van der Auwera. London: Croom Helm; Baltimore: University Park Press, 1980. Pp. 309. £15.95. (1983)

1. Any as Universal or Existential? Alice Davison 2. On Surface Definite Articles in English John A. Hawkins 3. Coreference and Interreference in Anaphoric Relations: Grammatical Semantics or Pragmatics? Theo Janssen 4. The Meaning of the English Definite Article Christopher G. Lyons 5. Demonstrations and the I-sayer Herman Parret 6. Definite and Indefinite Generics Frank Platteau 7. Determination with and without Articles Victor Raskin 8. Determiners and the Syntax of Pronominals, Relativisation and Modifier-shift Bob Rigter 9. Opacity and Transparency: A Pragmatic View Sjef Schoorl 10. Linguistic Considerations on Reference Pierre Swiggers 11. Existential Presuppositions and the Choice of Head NP Determiner in English Restrictive Relative Clauses Elzbieta Tabakowska 12. Indefinites, Exemplars and Kinds Willy Van Langendonck
Trimerization and tetramerization of ethylene in continuous gas-phase reaction using a Cr-based supported liquid phase catalyst (2018)

Selective tri- and tetramerization of ethylene in continuous operation was achieved by immobilization of the homogeneous chromium catalyst plus MAO co-catalyst in a thin film of high boiling hydrocarbons.
ChemInform Abstract: Large Scale Synthesis and Properties of the Novel Sucrose Aspartate Surfactants. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Packing density and interconnection length of a highly parallel optical interconnect using polymer-based, single-mode bus arrays (1994)

Interconnection length and packing density are important parameters in channel-waveguide-based photonic integrated circuits. A multiple-channel crosstalk model is developed and then applied, together with experimental results, to study the minimum bus separation and maximum bus length in a highly parallel single-mode bus array (SMBA) to be used for inter-MCM (multi-chip-module) optoelectronic interconnects. Further investigation of the trade-off between packing density and interconnection length resulting from channel cross coupling provides a rule of thumb for an optimized bus array design. For a given waveguide and cladding index, it is found that waveguide dimensions should be close to the cutoff dimensions of the second-mode to obtain an optimal wave confinement factor. The maximum packing density of an SMBA using coherent light sources is shown to be different from that using incoherent light sources. An example using as criteria an extinction ratio of 20, 1-dB power penalty, and a bit error rate (BER) of 10<sup>-15</sup> is presented. It is shown that the packing density of a polymer-based SMBA ranges from 300 to 750 channels/cm for coherent light sources and from 400 to 950 channels/cm for incoherent light sources with a bus length of 2.0 cm, a core index <i>n</i><sub>1</sub> = 1.5, and index difference from 0.015 to 0.0015. Further experimental work is conducted to confirm the accuracy of the presented theory.
Ischemic Colitis During Type I Interferon Therapy for Hepatitis C and Multiple Sclerosis (2012)

Purpose: Type I interferons (IFNs), including IFN-α and IFN-β, are approved for the treatment of hepatitis C (HCV) and multiple sclerosis (MS). The relationship between type I IFNs and ischemic colitis has not been clarified in the medical literature. We reviewed the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) and published reports of ischemic colitis associated with type I interferons. Methods: 2,562,390 files between January 2003 and June 2011 from the FDA AERS were downloaded and analyzed using SPSS 20 (IBM Co. Armonk, NY, USA). A search was conducted for ‘primary suspect' reactions of ischemic colitis with type I IFNs, used for HCV and MS. Full length reports were obtained and analyzed to establish authenticity, and cases with alternate likely causes for ischemic colitis such as sepsis were eliminated. A PubMed search was performed using MESH terms: “interferon” or “interferon-alpha” or “interferonbeta” and “ischemic colitis” separated by the Boolean operator “AND” between the first three and last terms. Results: Seventeen cases with IFN-α were identified with an indication of HCV. The majority were in males (11/17) and those over 50 years (9/17). Evidence of a colonoscopy, biopsy, or other documented confirmation for ischemic colitis was present in 14 cases. Three patients had hypertension and none had vasculitis. Twelve patients were on ribavirin, a concomitant medication with potential risk for ischemic colitis. Three patients did not have any listed risk factors or concomitant medications that could increase the risk of ischemic colitis. Eleven published cases of IFN-α induced ischemic colitis were reported in HCV. The majority of cases were in males (7/11) and those over 50 years (7/11). One patient had hypertension and 5 patients were on ribavirin. Thirty-nine cases with IFN-β were identified with an indication of MS. All were in females; the majority over 50 years old (24/39). Evidence of a colonoscopy, biopsy, or other documented confirmation for ischemic colitis was present in 17 cases. Six patients had hypertension, one had dehydration, and none had vasculitis. In 13 cases, concomitant medications presented as potential risks for ischemic colitis: 6 patients were on NSAIDs, 6 on estrogen, 3 each on an ACE inhibitor and a beta-blocker, 2 on olmesartan, and 1 each on natalizumab, sumatriptan and amlodipine. Twenty-four patients did not have any listed risk factors or concomitant medications that could increase the risk of ischemic colitis. In the literature, no reports of ischemic colitis associated with IFN-β were identified. Conclusion: Our study suggests a possible association between IFN-α and IFN-β and ischemic colitis. Further research to determine the mechanism of this association is warranted.
Architecture and FPGA-Implementation of Scalable Picture Segmentation by 2D Scanning with Flexible Pixel-Block Size (2010)

We report a two-dimensional (2D) pixel block scanning architecture for image segmentation by segment growing. This architecture can optimize processing speed, power consumption, and circuit area by modifying size and shape of the pixel block. Real-time processing can be maintained by using additional the two important techniques of (i) boundary-scan of the grown segment only, (ii) continued block-internal segment growing. We analyze and optimize the size and shape trade-offs for the pixel block, and evaluate the proposed architecture by an FPGA. Altogether, the investigated architecture concepts reduce the area-time product by 52.3 % in comparison to a previously reported one-dimensional (1D) scanning architecture.
Monitoring the healing process of laser-induced microvascular lesions using optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (2009)

Optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) possesses optical resolution and reveals endogenous optical absorption contrast, promising to be a valuable tool for in vivo microvascular imaging. In laser dermatology, OR-PAM can provide fruitful structural and functional information about the targeted microvascular lesions, such as their threedimensional (3D) morphology, precise location inside the tissue, and blood oxygenation within single vessels, which will facilitate accurate diagnosis and proper treatment. More importantly, the advantages of noninvasiveness and measurement consistency also permit OR-PAM to monitor the healing process of the laser-surgical wound noninvasively. In this work, we employed OR-PAM to monitor the healing process of microvascular lesions induced by nanosecond-pulsed laser. Our results indicate that OR-PAM could be a very useful tool in laser dermatology and laser microsurgery.
Terminal osteoblast differentiation, mediated by runx2 and p27KIP1, is disrupted in osteosarcoma (2004)

The molecular basis for the inverse relationship between differentiation and tumorigenesis is unknown. The function of runx2, a master regulator of osteoblast differentiation belonging to the runt family of tumor suppressor genes, is consistently disrupted in osteosarcoma cell lines. Ectopic expression of runx2 induces p27KIP1, thereby inhibiting the activity of S-phase cyclin complexes and leading to the dephosphorylation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRb) and a G1 cell cycle arrest. Runx2 physically interacts with the hypophosphorylated form of pRb, a known coactivator of runx2, thereby completing a feed-forward loop in which progressive cell cycle exit promotes increased expression of the osteoblast phenotype. Loss of p27KIP1 perturbs transient and terminal cell cycle exit in osteoblasts. Consistent with the incompatibility of malignant transformation and permanent cell cycle exit, loss of p27KIP1 expression correlates with dedifferentiation in high-grade human osteosarcomas. Physiologic coupling of osteoblast differentiation to cell cycle withdrawal is mediated through runx2 and p27KIP1, and these processes are disrupted in osteosarcoma.
Adsorption of Polymers on Inorganic Solid Acids Investigated by Means of Coadsorbed Solvatochromic Probes (2004)

The adsorption of five different synthetic polymers, namely, polystyrene (PS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PVPy), and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) in a 1,2-dichloroethane or dichloromethane slurry has been studied by measuring the UV/vis spectra of coadsorbed solvatochromic probes. Fe(phen)2(CN)2 [cis-dicyano-bis-(1,10)-phenanthroline-iron(II), (1)] and Michler's ketone [4,4‘-bis(N,N-dimethylamino)-benzophenone, (2)] were used as solvatochromic surface polarity indicators. The UV/vis transmission spectra of the two surface polarity indicators 1 and 2 adsorbed on silica and alumina, respectively, were measured as a function of the adsorption time of the coadsorbed polymer in slurries in dichloromethane or 1,2-dichloroethane. Kamlet−Taft's α (hydrogen-bond acidity) parameter of the polymer/solid acid interfaces has been calculated using the linear function of υmax(1) with α of solid acids after Spange, S.; Vilsmeier, E.; Zimmermann, Y. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 6417. The α value of alumina significantly decreases on increasing the HBA (hydrogen-bond accepting) capacity of the adsorbed polymer PS < PMMA < PEO < PVPy ≈ PVP. The basic polymer adsorbs preferentially on the Lewis acidic sites of alumina. Adsorption of polymers on silica causes similar effects on υmax(1) as observed for alumina, but the effects cannot be classified in terms of an acid−base interaction model for all polymers, because PVPy and PS show anomalous behavior on adsorption. Determination of π* (dipolarity/polarizability) parameters of polymer/solid acid interfaces is not possible because of the large π* value of the solvents used.
Rate-adaptive model selection over a collection of black-box contextual\n bandit algorithms (2020)

We consider the model selection task in the stochastic contextual bandit\nsetting. Suppose we are given a collection of base contextual bandit\nalgorithms. We provide a master algorithm that combines them and achieves the\nsame performance, up to constants, as the best base algorithm would, if it had\nbeen run on its own. Our approach only requires that each algorithm satisfy a\nhigh probability regret bound.\n Our procedure is very simple and essentially does the following: for a well\nchosen sequence of probabilities $(p_{t})_{t\\geq 1}$, at each round $t$, it\neither chooses at random which candidate to follow (with probability $p_{t}$)\nor compares, at the same internal sample size for each candidate, the\ncumulative reward of each, and selects the one that wins the comparison (with\nprobability $1-p_{t}$).\n To the best of our knowledge, our proposal is the first one to be\nrate-adaptive for a collection of general black-box contextual bandit\nalgorithms: it achieves the same regret rate as the best candidate.\n We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method with simulation studies.\n
Enhanced attrition bioreactor for enzyme hydrolysis of cellulosic materials (2023)

A process for converting cellulosic materials, such as waste paper, into fuels and chemicals, such as sugars and ethanol, utilizing enzymatic hydrolysis of the major carbohydrate of paper: cellulose. A waste paper slurry is contacted by cellulase in an agitated hydrolyzer. An attritor and a cellobiase reactor are coupled to the agitated hydrolyzer to improve reaction efficiency. Additionally, microfiltration, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis steps are included to further increase reaction efficiency. The resulting sugars are converted to a dilute product in a fluidized-bed bioreactor utilizing a biocatalyst, such as microorganisms. The dilute product is then concentrated and purified.
Are Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Transrectal Ultrasound Guided Targeted Biopsies Noninferior to Transrectal Ultrasound Guided Systematic Biopsies for the Detection of Prostate Cancer? (2016)

Targeted biopsy seemed to be inferior to systematic biopsy for overall cancer detection. Detection of clinically significant prostate cancer did not differ between targeted and systematic biopsies.
Stereochemical Determination of Archazolid A and B, Highly Potent Vacuolar-Type ATPase Inhibitors from the Myxobacterium Archangium gephyra (2006)

[structure: see text] The relative and absolute stereochemistry of the structurally unique 24-membered myxobacterial macrolides archazolid A and B, highly potent vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase) inhibitors in vitro and in vivo, was determined on the basis of a combination of extensive high-field NMR studies, including J-based configuration analysis, molecular modeling, and chemical methods.
ICER/CREM‐mediated transcriptional attenuation of IL‐2 and its role in suppression by regulatory T cells (2007)

Here, we report that inducible cAMP early repressor/cAMP response element modulator (ICER/CREM) is induced early in CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cell (T(R)) assays mainly in activated Foxp3(-) effector T cells and this induction correlates with sharp decrease in number of IL-2-expressing T cells. Importantly, RNAi targeting of ICER/CREM in responder CD25(-)CD4(+) T cells antagonizes T(R)-mediated suppression. Moreover, forced expression of Foxp3 in naive CD25(-) T cells induces constitutive expression of ICER/CREM in T cells with a regulatory phenotype. Foxp3 facilitates expression of ICER/CREM both in Foxp3 transductants as well as CD25(-) responder T cells suggesting that induction of T(R) function in suppression assays may utilize contact-dependent interaction. Indeed, CTLA-4 blockade or use of B7-deficient CD25(-) responder T cells prevents ICER/CREM accumulation and leads to the rescue of IL-2 expression. Therefore, we propose that CTLA-4 binding to B7 ligands expressed on activated ligand-bearing Foxp3(-) effector T cells results in ICER/CREM-mediated transcriptional attenuation of IL-2. Collectively, these data suggest that Foxp3 expression in T(R) cells imposes suppression in contact-dependent fashion by induction of constitutive ICER/CREM expression in activated CD25(+) Foxp3(-) T cell effectors thus preventing them from producing IL-2.