gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neuronal Replacement After Traumatic or Age-Dependent Brain Damage (1985)

During the last few years evidence has accumulated that fetal neurons, implanted into the depth of the brain in adult rats, can reestablish damaged connections in the host brain and substitute functionally for elements lost or damaged as a result of a preceding lesion. This research work has led to the realization that, contrary to traditional views, the adult mammalian CNS has a potential to incorporate new neuronal elements into already established neuronal circuitry and that such implanted neurons can modify the function and behavior of the recipient. For a long time it was thought that the remarkable regenerative and functional potential of CNS tissue grafts that had been demonstrated in cold-blooded vertebrates reflected a fundamental difference in the regenerative properties of central nervous tissue between cold-blooded vertebrates and mammals. During the last few years it has become evident however, that at least certain types of intracerebral neural grafts can perfoum just as well in developing and mammals as in developing or adult submammalian vertebrates.
Cloning of the Authentic Bovine Gene Encoding Pepsinogen A and Its Expression in Microbial Cells (2004)

Bovine pepsin is the second major proteolytic activity of rennet obtained from young calves and is the main protease when it is extracted from adult animals, and it is well recognized that the proteolytic specificity of this enzyme improves the sensory properties of cheese during maturation. Pepsin is synthesized as an inactive precursor, pepsinogen, which is autocatalytically activated at the pH of calf abomasum. A cDNA coding for bovine pepsin was assembled by fusing the cDNA fragments from two different bovine expressed sequence tag libraries to synthetic DNA sequences based on the previously described N-terminal sequence of pepsinogen. The sequence of this cDNA clearly differs from the previously described partial bovine pepsinogen sequences, which actually are rabbit pepsinogen sequences. By cloning this cDNA in different vectors we produced functional bovine pepsinogen in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The recombinant pepsinogen is activated by low pH, and the resulting mature pepsin has milk-clotting activity. Moreover, the mature enzyme generates digestion profiles with alpha-, beta-, or kappa-casein indistinguishable from those obtained with a natural pepsin preparation. The potential applications of this recombinant enzyme include cheese making and bioactive peptide production. One remarkable advantage of the recombinant enzyme for food applications is that there is no risk of transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
Scalable Preparation of Ternary Hierarchical Silicon Oxide–Nickel–Graphite Composites for Lithium‐Ion Batteries (2015)

Silicon monoxide is a promising anode candidate because of its high theoretical capacity and good cycle performance. To solve the problems associated with this material, including large volume changes during charge-discharge processes, we report a ternary hierarchical silicon oxide-nickel-graphite composite prepared by a facile two-step ball-milling method. The composite consists of nano-Si dispersed silicon oxides embedded in nano-Ni/graphite matrices (Si@SiOx /Ni/graphite). In the composite, crystalline nano-Si particles are generated by the mechanochemical reduction of SiO by ball milling with Ni. These nano-Si dispersed oxides have abundant electrochemical activity and can provide high Li-ion storage capacity. Furthermore, the milled nano-Ni/graphite matrices stick well to active materials and interconnect to form a crosslinked framework, which functions as an electrical highway and a mechanical backbone so that all silicon oxide particles become electrochemically active. Owing to these advanced structural and electrochemical characteristics, the composite enhances the utilization efficiency of SiO, accommodates its large volume expansion upon cycling, and has good ionic and electronic conductivity. The composite electrodes thus exhibit substantial improvements in electrochemical performance. This ternary hierarchical Si@SiOx /Ni/graphite composite is a promising candidate anode material for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. Additionally, the mechanochemical ball-milling method is low cost and easy to reproduce, indicating potential for the commercial production of the composite materials.
Ultrafast Photo-induced Insulator to Metal Phase Transitionin Titanium Penta-Oxyde NanocrystalsA Real-time Xray Powder Diffraction Study (2019)

International audience
Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Hormone Potentiates the Hypoglycemic Effect of Glibenclamide in Healthy Volunteers: Evidence for an Effect on Insulin Extraction1 (2001)

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic hormone (GIP) is an intestinal hormone considered to be an important mediator of the incretin effect, i.e. the augmented insulin release observed in response to orally, compared with iv, administered glucose, despite isoglycemic glucose profiles. Stimulation of beta-cell secretion of insulin by GIP is seen both in vitro and in vivo at permissive extracellular glucose concentrations (> 6 mmol/L). It has also been claimed that part of the incretin effect is due to decreased insulin extraction. We now show that an infusion of GIP in healthy volunteers in whom blood glucose levels were maintained at 5 mmol/L, increased glibenclamide-stimulated levels of plasma insulin without significantly changing the C peptide profile. The increased plasma insulin levels necessitated extra glucose infusion to maintain euglycemia, demonstrating the biological significance of the elevated insulin levels. Infusion of GIP alone caused neither glucose changes nor elevation of C peptide or insulin levels. Hence, our results show that at a blood glucose concentration of 5 mmol/L, GIP augments the increase in plasma insulin levels stimulated by glibenclamide, possibly acting through a mechanism involving decreased insulin extraction in the liver or peripheral tissues, thus increasing insulin availability.
Power Contracts (2022)

The protection of cryptographic software implementations against power-analysis attacks is critical for applications in embedded systems. A commonly used algorithmic countermeasure against these attacks is masking, a secret-sharing scheme that splits a sensitive computation into computations on multiple random shares. In practice, the security of masking schemes relies on several assumptions that are often violated by microarchitectural side-effects of CPUs. Many past works address this problem by studying these leakage effects and building corresponding leakage models that can then be integrated into a software verification workflow. However, these models have only been derived empirically, putting in question the otherwise rigorous security statements made with verification. We solve this problem in two steps. First, we introduce a contract layer between the (CPU) hardware and the software that allows the specification of microarchitectural side-effects on masked software in an intuitive language. Second, we present a method for proving the correspondence between contracts and CPU netlists to ensure the completeness of the specified leakage models. Then, any further security proofs only need to happen between software and contract, which brings benefits such as reduced verification runtime, improved user experience, and the possibility of working with vendor-supplied contracts of CPUs whose design is not available on netlist-level due to IP restrictions. We apply our approach to the popular RISC-V IBEX core, provide a corresponding formally verified contract, and describe how this contract could be used to verify masked software implementations.
A Low-Power Bidirectional Link With a Direct Data-Sequencing Blind Oversampling CDR (2019)

A bidirectional link geared toward mobile I/O applications is presented that leverages the technological advantages of CMOS scaling to improve energy efficiency. Active power consumption is minimized by operating the link at low power-supply voltage (VDD), using a digital intensive design that avoids the use of bias voltage or current DACs, a low swing transmitter with a source-series terminated (SST) driver, and circuit and system co-design. To enable fast transitions between different active and standby power modes, a feedforward clock-and-data recovery (CDR) topology based on blind-oversampling is employed. A direct data-sequencing technique for blind oversampling is proposed that significantly reduces the area and power consumption of conventional techniques, while improving the low-frequency jitter tolerance as well. A prototype serial link comprising of the transmitter, receiver, and an all-digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL) achieves a data-rate of 1.2-5 Gb/s with total energy/bit of 1-1.31 pJ/b. The transceiver (TX and RX) itself has an energy/bit of 0.6 pJ/b. The link occupies an area of 0.041 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in 22-nm CMOS technology and operates at VDD of 0.55-0.7 V.
Lane Game: Lane Guidance Systems Are Now Emerging onto the Vehicle Market (2005)

This article describes the difficulties in developing an automotive lane guidance system, as well as Volvo's possible solution. Lane guidance aims to keep drivers from drifting into another lane by monitoring lane markings with a vision system that alerts the driver with an audio warning, a vibration, or a small amount of steering wheel torque to keep the vehicle in the lane. The difficulties in making such systems work, however, are many: false alarms when changing lanes intentionally, curve cutting by drivers, or driver reliance on a system while they changed CDs or checked text messages. The article describes in detail how Volvo is evaluating a system that shows promise.
Modeling and optimization techniques for digital video communication (2004)

This dissertation investigates the modeling and optimization of several problems that arise during compression or adaptation of both frame-based and object-based (structured) multimedia content. In particular, we address: 
(a) The optimal dynamic rate shaping (DRS) of Markov-1 sources. We present the first extensive experimental study on the various DRS algorithms (causally optimal, memoryless, and rate-based) both in their constrained and generalized forms. The study proves the computational viability of the DRS approach to transcoding and identifies a range of rate shaping ratios for which it is better than requantization, both complexity-wise as well as in performance. We substantiate the almost-optimal experimental performance of the memoryless algorithm by analyzing the behavior of the DRS problem assuming a first order Markovian source. 
(b) The modeling of object based audio-visual communication systems, such as MPEG-4, both at the server ( proxy) side for transcoding purposes and at the client end for adaptive play-out control. For the server-side problem, we suggest a way of modeling object-based scalability and some functionalities that it brings with it. Our goal in this study is to find algorithms that aid in semi-automating the selective addition/dropping of objects from a scene to provide content scalability. The ‘multiple choice knapsack problem (MCKP)’ is used to model objects encoded at different target bit rates. We discuss several efficient ways to choose objects optimally at the transcoded rate, and build on the above integer problem to impose logical inter-dependencies among objects. Experimental results are presented validating the efficiency and performance of these linear programming based algorithms. 
(c) The best possible intra and inter frame quantization. We use the MCKP formulation to study the intra-frame bit allocation problem as well, and suggest how to use the linear relaxation instead of the Lagrangian relaxation, dynamic programming or the marginal analysis approach. This method leads to a provable reduction in algorithmic complexity, is slightly more generic than the other ones and provides an alternate linear-programming duality based approach for a vast array of problems formulated in an Operational Rate-Distortion context. For the inter-frame quantization problem, we study the incremental improvement obtained by relaxing a so-called causality assumption and incorporate for dependencies explicitly in the model. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Laparoscopic pneumodissection: results in initial 20 patients. (1997)

Laparoscopic pneumodissection is a safe and efficacious technique for rapid blunt tissue dissection.
Pilot study of a rapid and minimally instrumented sputum sample preparation method for molecular diagnosis of tuberculosis (2016)

Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) enables rapid and sensitive diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB), which facilitates treatment and mitigates transmission. Nucleic acid extraction from sputum constitutes the greatest technical challenge in TB NAAT for near-patient settings. This report presents preliminary data for a semi-automated sample processing method, wherein sputum is disinfected and liquefied, followed by PureLyse(®) mechanical lysis and solid-phase nucleic acid extraction in a miniaturized, battery-operated bead blender. Sputum liquefaction and disinfection enabled a >10(4) fold reduction in viable load of cultured Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) spiked into human sputum, which mitigates biohazard concerns. Sample preparation via the PureLyse(®) method and a clinically validated manual method enabled positive PCR-based detection for sputum spiked with 10(4) and 10(5) colony forming units (cfu)/mL M.tb. At 10(3) cfu/mL sputum, four of six and two of six samples amplified using the comparator and PureLyse(®) method, respectively. For clinical specimens from TB cases and controls, the two methods provided 100% concordant results for samples with 1 mL input volume (N = 41). The semi-automated PureLyse(®) method therefore performed similarly to a validated manual comparator method, but is faster, minimally instrumented, and can be integrated into TB molecular diagnostic platforms designed for near-patient low-resource settings.
Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Atomic‐Scale Observation of Electrochemically Reversible Phase Transformations in SnSe2 Single Crystals (Adv. Mater. 51/2018) (2018)

In situ transmission electron microscopy is a powerful tool to capture spatiotemporal evolution of dynamic phenomena. In article number 1804925, Vinayak P. Dravid, Kai He, and co-workers implement this method to uncover atomic structural evolution of electrochemically reversible phase transformations during lithiation and delithiation of SnSe2, which is promising for lithium-ion batteries.
The Effect of Tracheal Gas Insufflation on Gas Exchange Efficiency (2006)

Transtracheal gas insufflation (TGI) improves gas exchange efficiency, but is associated with hyperinflation, and usually requires ventilator adjustment to compensate for the increased gas flow. Although bidirectional TGI (Bi-TGI) minimizes hyperinflation, it does not preclude the need to reduce tidal volumes to prevent hyperinflation. A flow-compensation system was developed by Respironics (Murrysville, PA) to match TGI flows; however, neither that nor the efficacy of Bi-TGI have been tested in vivo. We tested the hypotheses that flow compensation allows for a constant minute ventilation; Bi-TGI produces less hyperinflation than does unidirectional TGI (Uni-TGI), and endotracheal tube size influences the degree of hyperinflation during TGI. Seven anesthetized intact dogs were studied during positive-pressure ventilation using the Respironics flow compensation system. Measurements were made during steady-state conditions at constant and measured levels of CO(2) production. Gas exchange efficiency (assessed by expired gas analysis for dead space) and hyperinflation (measured as an increase in pleural pressure) were compared during Bi- and Uni-TGI and for endotracheal tube sizes varying from 7 to 10F. Bi- and Uni-TGI could be delivered at constant minute ventilation without adjusting ventilatory setting when the flow compensation circuit was present. Uni-TGI produced more hyperinflation than did Bi-TGI with all sizes of endotracheal tube, and hyperinflation was universally present as tube size decreased to 7.5F. We conclude that this new flow compensation system allows for the delivery of TGI without the need for adjustments to the ventilator settings, and that Bi-TGI produces less hyperinflation than does Uni-TGI, even with small diameter endotracheal tubes.
[Antigenic structure of influenza A virus subtype H5 hemagglutinin: mechanism of acquiring stability to monoclonal antibodies in escape-mutants]. (2003)

The analysis of escape mutants of the avian influenza virus of H5 subtype (strain A/Mallard/Pennsylvania/10218/84) revealed the location and structure of two antigenic sites in the hemagglutinin (HA) molecule. Several escape mutants exhibited unusual features in the reactions with monoclonal antibodies (Mabs), being completely resistant in the infectivity neutralization test to the Mabs used for their selection, and retaining the ability to bind the Mabs as revealed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An enhancement of the binding by an amino acid change in a different antigenic site was demonstrated, as well as a complete abolishment of the binding by a mutation selected by passage in the presence of an excess of the non-neutralizing Mab of high binding ability. The observed effects did not result from the changes in the affinity of the mutant HA toward sialic receptors. The data suggest that one amino acid change in HA may prevent the virus neutralization by different mechanisms for different Mabs: either the binding of the Mab to HA is prevented, or the bound Mab is unable to block the receptor-binding pocket of HA. Different mechanisms of the acquisition of resistance to Mabs in the course of the selection of escape mutants are discussed.
Quasi-coherent thermal radiation with multiple resonant plasmonic cavities (2016)

This paper proposes a 1D plasmonic multilayer structure as a high-contrast mid-infrared thermal emitter with three distinct resonant wavelengths. The three resonance modes, based on the localized surface plasmon, provide an omnidirectional thermal emission. The emissivity spectrum reveals high polarization and strongly angle-independent properties. The resonance-assisted emissivity can be as high as 19.5 dB relative to off-resonant sideband emissivity. Such extremely low sideband emissivity makes the proposed plasmonic thermal emitter an efficient, high-contrast emitter, which will be useful for thermophotovoltaic and thermal sensing applications.
Ionogels-silice : propriétés liquides ioniques pour électrolytes solides (2012)

Une nouvelle famille d'electrolytes solides, presentant des proprietes de liquides ioniques, a vu le jour. Leur mise en forme est aisee et peu couteuse. Le transport ionique est avantageusement ameliore dans ces electrolytes solides par au moins une interface bicontinue entre l'electrolyte liquide (par exemple le liquide ionique avec un sel de lithium) et une paroi de silice. L'ensemble constitue un electrolyte solide dont une part tres majoritaire est un liquide, non volatil dans les conditions d'usage, confine dans un reseau solide ouvert.
High data rate communication with millimeter wave fiber-fed wireless access systems (2011)

The 60 GHz band is an excellent choice for wireless applications requiring gigabit-plus data rates especially considering the large bandwidth and high allowable transmit power. Out of all the currently available wireless technologies, millimeter wave brings the world closer to the promise of gigabit and multi-gigabit wireless speeds at longer range required Also as 4G capabilities are added to today's urban 2G/3G networks or are rolled out as greenfield deployments, cell site backhaul and aggregation network requirements will rise from the tens and hundreds of megabits/second into the gigabits/second of capacity range. This paper describes new approach to construct 60-GHz-band fiber-fed wireless access systems, it will act as a simple antenna base-station architecture and provide full compatibility with dense wavelength-division multiplexing fiber-optic networks. The frequency related instability and poor phase-noise characteristics of these optically heterodyned signals do not affect transmission quality at all by using self-heterodyne wireless transmission techniques.
Non‐Cartesian k‐space trajectory calculation based on concurrent reading of the gradient amplifiers’ output currents (2021)

Trajectory calculation based on measured amplifier output currents offers a robust, purely measurement-based alternative to conventional model-based approaches. The implementation can mitigate gradient amplifier imperfections with no or little additional hardware effort.
Preliminary evidence from a multicenter prospective observational study of the safety and efficacy of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19 (2020)

Effective therapies are urgently needed for the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Chloroquine has been proved to have antiviral effect against coronavirus <i>in vitro</i>. In this study, we aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of chloroquine with different doses in COVID-19. In this multicenter prospective observational study, we enrolled patients older than 18 years old with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection excluding critical cases from 12 hospitals in Guangdong and Hubei Provinces. Eligible patients received chloroquine phosphate 500 mg, orally, once (half dose) or twice (full dose) daily. Patients treated with non-chloroquine therapy were included as historical controls. The primary endpoint is the time to undetectable viral RNA. Secondary outcomes include the proportion of patients with undetectable viral RNA by day 10 and 14, hospitalization time, duration of fever, and adverse events. A total of 197 patients completed chloroquine treatment, and 176 patients were included as historical controls. The median time to achieve an undetectable viral RNA was shorter in chloroquine than in non-chloroquine (absolute difference in medians -6.0 days; 95% CI -6.0 to -4.0). The duration of fever is shorter in chloroquine (geometric mean ratio 0.6; 95% CI 0.5 to 0.8). No serious adverse events were observed in the chloroquine group. Patients treated with half dose experienced lower rate of adverse events than with full dose. Although randomized trials are needed for further evaluation, this study provides evidence for safety and efficacy of chloroquine in COVID-19 and suggests that chloroquine can be a cost-effective therapy for combating the COVID-19 pandemic.
High-pressure Raman scattering in dimethyl phenyl silanol (1989)

Raman scattering of dimethyl phenyl silanol has been studied in a diamond anvil cell at room temperature and pressure up to 24 GPa. The liquid-solid transition is found near 5 GPa. Above 15 GPa, an irreversible transformation occurs to a translucent polymerlike solid which can be recovered at zero pressure with permanent internal stresses.
Effect of Surfactant Mixtures on Skin Structure and Barrier Properties (2010)

We investigated the effect of two commonly studied surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide (C(12)TAB), on skin barrier properties. Using skin conductivity, FT-IR of stratum corneum samples, and penetration of radiolabelled SDS, we determined that addition of C(12)TAB lowers the ability of SDS to perturb skin's barrier properties. Ultrafiltration experiments revealed that addition of C(12)TAB serves to decrease the concentration of monomers and sub-micellar aggregates. None of the measured skin properties including enhancement of skin conductivity, perturbation of lipid structure and skin concentration of SDS correlated with the total SDS concentration in the donor compartment (i.e., the total SDS concentration). However, all these parameters correlated well against the concentration of monomers and sub-micellar aggregates. These findings provide the evidence of the importance of monomer and sub-micellar components in altering skin barrier properties.