gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synchronous micromechanically resonant programmable photonic circuits (2023)

Programmable photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are emerging as powerful tools for the precise manipulation of light, with applications in quantum information processing, optical range finding, and artificial intelligence. The leading architecture for programmable PICs is the mesh of Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) embedded with reconfigurable optical phase shifters. Low-power implementations of these PICs involve micromechanical structures driven capacitively or piezoelectrically but are limited in modulation bandwidth by mechanical resonances and high operating voltages. However, circuits designed to operate exclusively at these mechanical resonances would reduce the necessary driving voltage from resonantly enhanced modulation as well as maintaining high actuation speeds. Here we introduce a synchronous, micromechanically resonant design architecture for programmable PICs, which exploits micromechanical eigenmodes for modulation enhancement. This approach combines high-frequency mechanical resonances and optically broadband phase shifters to increase the modulation response on the order of the mechanical quality factor $Q_m$, thereby reducing the PIC's power consumption, voltage-loss product, and footprint. The architecture is useful for broadly applicable circuits such as optical phased arrays, $1$ x $N$, and $N$ x $N$ photonic switches. We report a proof-of-principle programmable 1 x 8 switch with piezoelectric phase shifters at specifically targeted mechanical eigenfrequencies, showing a full switching cycle of all eight channels spaced by approximately 11 ns and operating at &gt;3x average modulation enhancement across all on-chip modulators. By further leveraging micromechanical devices with high $Q_m$, which can exceed 1 million, our design architecture should enable a new class of low-voltage and high-speed programmable PICs.
NO{sub x}-reduction in aero engine combustors by application of the rich lean combustion concept (1995)

The results of extended investigation of the Rich Lean combustion concept presented in this paper are based on MTU experience with a rich-lean burning tubular combustor. The outcome of the tubular combustor research was used for the design of a rich-lean burning rectangular combustor sector, which was tested at three different entry temperatures and pressures up to 6 bar. The test results indicate that: the lowest NO{sub x} emission could be measured for a nozzle equivalence ratio of {Phi} = 2.1; NO{sub x} emissions correlate with pressure according to NO{sub x} {approximately} p{sup 0.4}; the dependence of NO{sub x} emissions on temperature is expressed by NO{sub x} {approximately} exp (T/250); and compared to current ICAO regulations the rich-lean burning combustor investigated offers a NO{sub x} reduction potential of 60%.
Signal transduction by fibroblast growth factor receptor-4 (FGFR-4). Comparison with FGFR-1 (1994)

We have studied the signal transduction pathways of fibroblast growth factor receptor-4 (FGFR-4) and FGFR-1, which showed virtually identical acidic fibroblast growth factor binding profiles as well as tyrosine autophosphorylation upon activation in transfected L6 rat myoblasts and NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts. A prominently tyrosyl-phosphorylated doublet of polypeptides of 85 kDa coprecipitated with activated FGFR-4 from both cell lines studied, but these polypeptides were not detected upon immunoprecipitation of activated FGFR-1. Furthermore, FGFR-4 induced only a weak tyrosyl phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma and no detectable tyrosyl phosphorylation of the SHC adaptor proteins in contrast to FGFR-1. No phosphorylation of Ras GTPase-activating protein, p64 Syp/PTP1D tyrosine phosphatase, or association of the GRB2 adaptor protein SH2 domain with these receptors was detected. Unlike FGFR-1, FGFR-4 induced only a barely detectable phosphorylation of the cellular serine/threonine kinase Raf-1 and a weaker tyrosyl phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases than FGFR-1. Despite these differences, stimulation of both receptors resulted in increased DNA synthesis.
Total Synthesis of Streptogramin Antibiotics. (−)-Madumycin II (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTTotal Synthesis of Streptogramin Antibiotics. (−)-Madumycin IIFrancis Tavares, Jon P. Lawson, and A. I. MeyersView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 13, 3303–3304Publication Date (Web):April 3, 1996Publication History Received28 December 1995Published online3 April 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja954312rhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja954312rrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1957Altmetric-Citations54LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (4)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Aldehydes,Amides,Hydrolysis,Organic compounds,Stereochemistry Get e-Alerts
Impact of genomics on drug discovery and clinical medicine (2000)

Genomics, particularly high-throughput sequencing and characterization of expressed human genes, has created new opportunities for drug discovery. Knowledge of all the human genes and their functions may allow effective preventive measures, and change drug research strategy and drug discovery development processes. Pharmacogenomics is the application of genomic technologies such as gene sequencing, statistical genetics, and gene expression analysis to drugs in clinical development and on the market. It applies the large-scale systematic approaches of genomics to speed the discovery of drug response markers, whether they act at the level of the drug target, drug metabolism, or disease pathways. The potential implication of genomics and pharmacogenomics in clinical research and clinical medicine is that disease could be treated according to genetic and specific individual markers, selecting medications and dosages that are optimized for individual patients. The possibility of defining patient populations genetically may improve outcomes by predicting individual responses to drugs, and could improve safety and efficacy in therapeutic areas such as neuropsychiatry, cardiovascular medicine, endocrinology (diabetes and obesity) and oncology. Ethical questions need to be addressed and guidelines established for the use of genomics in clinical research and clinical medicine. Significant achievements are possible with an interdisciplinary approach that includes genetic, technological and therapeutic measures.
Energy Efficient Graphics : Making the Rendring Process Power Aware (2010)

Today, it is possible to produce computer generated graphics with amazing realism, even in embedded systems. Embedded systems, such as mobile phones are characterized by limited battery power, and as graphics become more complex, it becomes necessary to find a solution that provides the means to control the energy consumption of graphics at run-time. When energy resources are scarce it would bedesirable to be able to limit how much energy is spent generating graphics so that other, more important, system components may continue to operate for a longer time. This thesis examines how the rendering process can be made power aware and energy efficient. The proposed solution to achieve power awareness without modification to existing hardware and software is a library interposer on top of the OpenGL API. The design and implementation of the interposer library shows that it is possible to limit energy consumption with high precision through a relatively simple algorithm. The interposer limits the amount of time the processing units are actively rendering graphics and since CPU and GPU utilization displays a linear correlation with utilization, energy is preserved at the expense of frame rate or image quality. To preserve an acceptable frame rate certain visual effects are turned off to reduce the frame rendering time. Lowering image quality makes it possible to increase frame rate while keeping utilization constant. Measurements show that energy consumption remains stable at lowered image quality and higher frame rate. In the conclusion of this thesis are thoughts on how to incorporate such a system in existing frameworks for power management, and how power management frameworks could be improved to better exploit the possibilities presented by a power aware rendering process. During the research for this master thesis it has become apparent that a scalable rendering process is desirable not only for power management but can be used for other purposes as well.
Attosecond Pump-Probe Measurement of an Auger Decay (2014)

We characterize the Auger decay of core-shell excitations in Krypton atoms in an all-photonic fashion, using a novel attosecond EUV pump - attosecond optical probe scheme. An intuitive model, where the optical field acts as a temporal amplitude and phase gate on the EUV excited dipole, is used to retrieve the Auger core-hole decay time.
Does a nitrogen matter? Synthesis and photoinduced electron transfer of perylenediimide donors covalently linked to C59N and C60 acceptors (2015)

The first perylenediimide (PDI) covalently linked to an azafullerene (C59N) is described. PDI-C59N and PDI-C60 dyads where PDI acts as an electron-donor moiety have been synthesized by connection of the balls to the PDI 1-bay position. Photoexcitation of the PDI unit in both systems results in formation of the charge-separated state by photoinduced electron transfer from the singlet excited state of the PDI moiety to the C59N or to the C60 moiety. The charge-separated state has a lifetime of 400 ps in the case of PDI-C59N and 120 ps for the PDI-C60 dyad in benzonitrile at 298 K. This result has significant implications for the design of organic solar cells based on covalent donor-acceptor systems using C59N as an electron acceptor, indicating that longer-lived charge-separated states can be attained using C59N systems instead of C60 systems.
Pressure and Rate Analysis of Fractured Low Permeability Gas Reservoirs: Numerical and Analytical Dual-Porosity Models (2013)

Abstract Most oil and gas production comes from heterogeneous, fractured reservoirs. These fractures can be naturally induced or generated / re-activated through completion and stimulation techniques. In fractured reservoirs, the fluid flow is governed by both fracture and matrix rock-fluid characteristics. Hence, modeling of fractured reservoirs need special considerations to account for these rock-fluid interactions in the matrix and fractures. Currently used formulations of dual-porosity models give a good understanding of heterogeneous fractured reservoir systems. However, determining reservoir properties like effective permeability and estimating the pore-volume or reserves of fractured reservoirs (especially for tight formations) are some of the technical challenges related to reservoir characterization. In industry, similar reservoir properties can be estimated using prolonged rate or bottomhole pressure controlled drawdown analysis. In this study, numerical dual-porosity models have been implemented and studied for a range of parameters. Grid geometry (radial / linear), type of well (vertical / horizontal), formation tightness (matrix permeability), mode of control (constant flowing pressure / constant flowing rate), and connectivity of fractures (connected and disconnected fracture-continuum) are among the cases investigated to capture the transient behavior of fractured tight gas formations using a numerical dual-porosity model. In addition, for the linear, flow rate controlled case, numerical and analytical model results are compared with good matches. Fracture and matrix permeability, effective permeability, fracture conductivity, fracture and matrix storativity, and radius of investigation are among the reservoir parameters inferred / calculated from simulation results using the numerical model. Inferred results match the input values to an acceptable degree of accuracy. Hence, it can be concluded that numerical dual-porosity model is a very good tool to analyze transient response of tight formations.
Effect of the extraction method on the lignan yield from different plant materials (2008)

Lignans are natural bioactive polyphenols widely distributed in the plant kingdom. To determine the amount and composition of lignans in plant materials, you first separate them from the plant matrix using solvent extraction. The outcome of the analysis is highly dependent on the sampling procedure and pretreatment [1]. Another crucial step is the extraction. Accelerated solvent extraction is usually sufficient for extracting lignans from different tree species. Lignans in some plant materials may require different techniques. Here we have investigated the role of the extraction method and of enzymatic hydrolysis on the lignan yield from different cereal, nut, and oilseed species. Four different extraction methods were compared: Alkaline extraction, mild acid extraction, a combination of these two, or accelerated solvent extraction [2]. Twenty-four different plant lignans were analyzed as their free aglycones and quantified by HPLC-MS/MS analysis. The lignan yield depended very much on the chosen extraction method. 7-Hydroxymatairesinol was the dominant lignan in the bran of some species. This was a good example of how the wrong, destructive extraction method can cause artefacts and unwanted chemical transformation. The degree of esterification can be high for furofuran and furano type lignans and thus an alkaline hydrolysis step is advisable. For some plants or lignans, mere accelerated solvent extraction or a combination of alkaline and acid extraction is enough. Nevertheless, when determining several different types of lignans (total lignan yield), at least two different extraction methods should be applied.
On capturing malware dynamics in mobile power-law networks (2008)

The increasing convergence of power-law networks such as social networking and peer-to-peer sites, web applications and mobile platforms makes today's users highly vulnerable to entirely new generations of malware that exploit vulnerabilities in web applications and mobile platforms for new infections, while using the power-law connectivity for finding new victims. The traditional epidemic models based on assumptions of homogeneity, averagedegree distributions, and perfect-mixing are inadequate to model this type of malware propagation. In this paper, we study three aspects crucial to modeling malware propagation in such environments: application-level interactions among users of such networks, local network structure, and user mobility.Since closed-form solutions of malware propagation in such environments are difficult to obtain, we describe an open-source, flexible agent-based emulation framework that can be used by malware researchers for studying today's complex malware. The framework, called Agent-Based Malware Modeling (AMM), allows different applications, network structure and user mobility in either a geographic or a logical domain to study various infection and propagation scenarios. The majority of the parameters used in the framework can be derived from real-life network traces collected from these networks, and therefore, represent realistic malware propagation and infection scenarios. As representative examples, we examine two well-known malware spreading mechanisms: (i) a malicious virus such as Cabir spreading among the subscribers of a cellular network using Bluetooth, and (ii) a hybrid worm that exploit email and file-sharing to infect users of a social network. In both cases, we identify the parameters most important to the spread of the epidemic based upon our extensive simulation results.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Hafnium Oxide on Ge and GaAs Substrates: Precursors and Surface Preparation (2008)

To increase complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) device performance, new materials are introduced in the gate stack (high- dielectrics and metal gates) and the transistor channel (Ge, III-V materials). In this work we study the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of hafnium oxide on Ge and GaAs substrates. Passivation layers are required to achieve a sufficiently low interface state density, but these might also influence the growth behavior and dielectric quality. Therefore, we investigate the effect of surface preparation, for example, native oxide, wet clean, thermal oxidation, and S-passivation, for the and tetrakis diethylamino processes. The growth of from initial submonolayer coverage to continuous film is studied by means of Rutherford backscattering, static time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. ALD depends on the surface preparation. The growth is enhanced on oxide surfaces (thermally grown , HF-cleaned Ge, and ) and inhibited on oxide-free substrates (HBr-cleaned Ge). The initial island growth regime is least pronounced on germanium oxide. In contrast, ALD is independent of the surface preparation. The growth is inhibited in the first on native oxide and S-passivated GaAs [ treatment], but the initial island growth regime is quickly followed by the two-dimensional growth regime.
Development of a New Radioligand, N-(5-Fluoro-2-phenoxyphenyl)-N-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl-5-methoxybenzyl)acetamide, for PET Imaging of Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor in Primate Brain (2004)

To develop a positron emission tomography (PET) ligand for imaging the 'peripheral benzodiazepine receptor' (PBR) in brain and elucidating the relationship between PBR and brain diseases, four analogues (4-7) of N-(2,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-N-(5-fluoro-2-phenoxyphenyl)acetamide (2) were synthesized and evaluated as ligands for PBR. Of these compounds, fluoromethyl (4) and fluoroethyl (5) analogues had similar or higher affinities for PBR than the parent compound 2 (K(i) = 0.16 nM for PBR in rat brain sections). Iodomethyl analogue 6 displayed a moderate affinity, whereas tosyloxyethyl analogue 7 had weak affinity. Radiolabeling was performed for the fluoroalkyl analogues 4 and 5 using fluorine-18 ((18)F, beta(+); 96.7%, T(1/2) = 109.8 min). Ligands [(18)F]4 and [(18)F]5 were respectively synthesized by the alkylation of desmethyl precursor 3 with [(18)F]fluoromethyl iodide ([(18)F]8) and 2-[(18)F]fluoroethyl bromide ([(18)F]9). The distribution patterns of [(18)F]4 and [(18)F]5 in mice were consistent with the known distribution of PBR. However, compared with [(18)F]5, [(18)F]4 displayed a high uptake in the bone of mice. The PET image of [(18)F]4 for monkey brain also showed significant radioactivity in the bone, suggesting that this ligand was unstable for in vivo defluorination and was not a useful PET ligand. Ligand [(18)F]5 displayed a high uptake in monkey brain especially in the occipital cortex, a region with richer PBR than the other regions in the brain. The radioactivity level of [(18)F]5 in monkey brain was 1.5 times higher than that of [(11)C]2, and 6 times higher than that of (R)-(1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-[(11)C]methyl,N-(1-methylpropyl)isoquinoline ([(11)C]1). Moreover, the in vivo binding of [(18)F]5 was significantly inhibited by PBR-selective 2 or 1, indicating that the binding of [(18)F]5 in the monkey brain was mainly due to PBR. Metabolite analysis revealed that [(18)F]4 was rapidly metabolized by defluorination to [(18)F]F(-) in the plasma and brain of mice, whereas [(18)F]5 was metabolized by debenzylation to a polar product [(18)F]13 only in the plasma. No radioactive metabolite of [(18)F]5 was detected in the mouse brain. The biological data indicate that [(18)F]5 is a useful PET ligand for PBR and is currently used for imaging PBR in human brain.
Usability Issues in Listening to Natural Sounds with an Augmented Reality Audio Headset (2009)

An augmented reality audio (ARA) headset is described with regard to the equalization of its response and, in particular, the results of a usability study. The usability was tested by subjects wearing the headset for relatively long periods in different environments of their everyday-life conditions. The goal was to find out what works well as well as any problems with extended use. Furthermore it was tested how, during the test period, users would adapt to certain practical activities and to the electrically transmitted and reproduced sound environment. It was found that acoustically the headset worked well for most occasions. The main problems with usage were related to boosted user sounds due to occlusion effects, handling inconveniences, and mechanical noise from the wires. To some degree the test subjects adapted to the slightly altered sound environment, whereas adaptation to physical activities was very small or insignificant.
Microring-based multi-chip WDM photonic module (2015)

We report on a packaged prototype of a WDM photonic transceiver. It is an all-solid state hybrid assembly based on 130nm SOI photonic circuitry integrated with a 40nm CMOS VLSI driver. Our prototype supports eight tunable WDM channels operating at 10Gb/s, each capable of both transmitting and receiving data on the same chip. We discuss two options to close the link using the optical fiber or a waveguide bridge chip. We provide integration details and supporting link measurement data to describe packaged photonic module and its power efficient functionality with its on-chip power per channel averaging 1.3pJ/bit, excluding off-chip laser electrical power.
Consumer Phase Shift Simulation Based on Social Psychology and Complex Networks (2008)

We have developed the methods for estimating how a new product or a new service will be accepted in contemporary society, considering the effects of word-of-mouth recommendations. These methods are based on a consumer phase shift modeling framework that consists of a consumer agent model and a social network model. Consumer agents, which are classified into four types and six phases, exchange information with each other on a social network. Model parameters were acquired by surveys regarding several new services. These surveys were designed using the snowball sampling technique. We also developed a network generation procedure, applying the idea of complex networks. The multi-agent simulation results proved the feasibility of this framework.