gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Double patterning overlay and CD budget for 32 nm technology node (2008)

Double patterning is the best technique which allows 193nm immersion lithography to anticipate the 32 nm node, before EUV lithography. The final device pattern is formed by two independent patterning steps where the dense pitch is doubled. This allows printing each patterning step with higher k1 imaging factor. In this paper we present the overlay and CD budget applied to a double patterning (DP) technique for the definition of a 32nm technology node device, using an immersion scanner tool. A balance among different factors which affects the final CD of the device is necessary to optimize the imaging and the alignment performances of the exposure tool. A preliminary activity is also necessary to choose the most suitable mask splitting strategy. Adopting a single mask, which is exposed twice with the appropriate shift - the final pitch - , makes the overlay between the two exposures less critical than splitting the complementary layouts on two different masks. Finally, the CD uniformity of the pooled distributions from the two exposures is evaluated in order to define the requested tool performances in terms of overlay, CD control and metrology.
Site-Specific Integration into the Human Genome: Ready for Clinical Application? (2006)

Inserting genetic information at precise locations into the human genome has been the goal of the gene therapy community for almost two decades. Despite their spectacular progress in many fields of mammalian genetics, genome editing and homologous recombination are still too inefficient to be applied to human primary cells and tissues, the targets of any medical application. Site-specific integration, or the insertion of genes at known locations by enzymes that target recognition capacity, has progressed slowly but steadily in recent years, and could very well be the basis of the next generation of gene transfer technology.
Aging biomarkers: Potential mediators of association between long‐term ozone exposure and risk of atherosclerosis (2022)

Long-term exposure to ambient ozone was associated with increased 10-year ASCVD risk, and the association was partially mediated by aging biomarkers (shortened TL and decreased mtDNA-CN). This study indicated that ambient ozone pollution-related ASCVD risk might be partially explained by the telomere-mitochondrial axis of aging.
Abstract B33: Intratumoral conversion of 5-fluorocytosine to 5-fluorouracil using a novel prodrug activator gene transfer technology in an immune-competent model of glioblastoma (2010)

Abstract Background: Patients with the most common and aggressive form of brain cancer, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), have poor prognosis and current treatments remain only palliative. Previous gene therapy approaches using replication-deficient viral vectors have demonstrated limited efficacy likely due to poor gene delivery to the tumor. Methods: We used a novel replication-competent retroviral vector (Toca 511) designed and engineered to efficiently deliver a modified cytosine deaminase (CD) prodrug activating gene to glioma cells. Previous studies showed that such a replicating vector can preferentially infect intracranial human xenografts in nude mice (Tai et al. Mol Ther. 2005;12:842) and lead to increased survival in treatment groups compared to controls. In preparation for clinical trials we have improved the CD gene activity and further stabilized the vector structure to create Toca 511. We investigated the functionality of Toca 511 using stereotactic, intratumoral delivery in a syngeneic, orthotopic glioma model in immune-competent B6C3F1 mice. Freshly excised tumors were analyzed by quantitative PCR, Western, and HPLC. Results: Brain tumors isolated from mice treated with Toca 511 and fluorocytosine (5FC) had observable expression of CD protein and vector copy numbers per genome that demonstrate efficient tumor infection. Extensive tumor specific viral spread with almost no spread of vector from the site of injection was observed in the first 24 days. Highly efficient intratumoral conversion of the 5FC prodrug into the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5FU) was demonstrated after intraperitoneal or oral dosing with 5FC. Studies with Toca 511 at high and mid dose levels in combination with 5FC resulted in prolonged survival compared to controls (&amp;gt; 5 months, p&amp;lt;0.0036 and &amp;lt;0.0354 respectively) in this syngeneic glioma model. The highest Toca 511 dose level tested in combination with 5-FC yielded no safety related findings in the mice. Conclusions: Toca 511 efficiently delivers a functional CD gene for expression in glioma cells in a syngeneic, orthotopic model in immune-competent mice. Toca 511 increases survival through the delivery of CD gene and subsequent efficient conversion of 5FC into 5FU within the brain tumor with no safety related findings. A phase 1 ascending dose trial investigating the safety and tolerability of Toca 511 in combination with 5FC in patients with recurrent GBM is about to initiate. Citation Information: Clin Cancer Res 2010;16(14 Suppl):B33.
REVERSION IN EXPRESSION OF HYPOXANTHINE-GUANINE PHOSPHORIBOSYL TRANSFERASE FOLLOWING CELL (1975)

SUMMARY Hybridization of mutant cell lines deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT; E.C.: 2.4.2.8) from a variety of established rodent sources with HGPRT+ human cells yielded progeny cells which grew in selective medium containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine (HAT). The same result was obtained when the human cell used was an transformed line derived from a patient with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Electrophoretic analysis indicated that all HAT-resistant progeny clones contained an active HGPRT enzyme which was indistinguishable from the wild type enzyme of the corresponding normal rodent cells. In contrast, no HAT-resistant cells have been obtained when the same rodent cells were subjected to fusion processes in the absence of human cells or when they were fused with similarly derived mutant cells of other rodents. Reversion in expression of the rodent gene for HGPRT was detected in clones which retained one or more human chromosomes and in clones which contained no detectable human chromosomal material. The observed re-expression of rodent HGPRT in HAT-resistant clones suggests that HGPRT+as well as human cells contributed a factor which determined the expression of respective rodent structural genes for HGPRT. In contrast, rodent cells were unable to induce the synthesis of normal HGPRT in the cells derived from the patient with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
Detection of Aujeszky's disease using blood samples collected on Whatman paper disks (1987)

A commercialized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect antibodies to Aujeszky's disease in 525 blood samples collected on Whatman paper disks. A sensitivity of 98 % and a specificity of 100 % were obtained compared to an ELISA applied to individual serum samples. Parallel to that, 200 groups of 5 disks including at most one disk impregnated with blood from a seropositive pig were analysed. This led to modify the level of positiveness recommended by the producer to adapt it to the study of disk groups. In these conditions, a sensitivity of 97 % and a specificity of 100 % were obtained compared to the analysis of individual sera.
Can tumor location on pre-treatment MRI predict likelihood of pseudo-progression versus tumor recurrence in Glioblastoma? A feasibility study (2020)

A significant challenge in Glioblastoma (GBM) management is identifying pseudo-progression (PsP), a benign radiation-induced effect, from tumor recurrence, on routine imaging following conventional treatment. Previous studies have linked tumor lobar presence and laterality to GBM outcomes, suggesting that disease etiology and progression in GBM may be impacted by tumor location. Hence, in this feasibility study, we seek to investigate the following question: Can tumor location on treatment-naïve MRI provide early cues regarding likelihood of a patient developing pseudo-progression versus tumor recurrence? In this study, 74 pre-treatment Glioblastoma MRI scans with PsP (33) and tumor recurrence (41) were analyzed. First, enhancing lesion on Gd-T1w MRI and peri-lesional hyperintensities on T2w/FLAIR were segmented by experts and then registered to a brain atlas. Using patients from the two phenotypes, we construct two atlases by quantifying frequency of occurrence of enhancing lesion and peri-lesion hyperintensities, by averaging voxel intensities across the population. Analysis of differential involvement was then performed to compute voxel-wise significant differences (p-value&lt;0.05) across the atlases. Statistically significant clusters were finally mapped to a structural atlas to provide anatomic localization of their location. Our results demonstrate that patients with tumor recurrence showed prominence of their initial tumor in the parietal lobe, while patients with PsP showed a multi-focal distribution of the initial tumor in the frontal and temporal lobes, insula, and putamen. These preliminary results suggest that lateralization of pre-treatment lesions towards certain anatomical areas of the brain may allow to provide early cues regarding assessing likelihood of occurrence of pseudo-progression from tumor recurrence on MRI scans.
The memory-integrated network interface (1995)

Our zero-copy ATM Memory-Integrated Network interface targets 1-Gbps bandwidth with 1.2-μs latency for applications that need to send or receive data at very frequent intervals. Applications can send or receive packets without operating system support, initiate packet transmission with one memory write, and determine packet arrival. At the same time the operating system can use MINI for communications and for supporting standard networking software. Simulations show MINI "bounces" a single ATM cell in a round-trip time of 3.9 μs at 10 Mbytes/s.
Beyond KernelBoost (2014)

In this Technical Report we propose a set of improvements with respect to the KernelBoost classifier presented in [Becker et al., MICCAI 2013]. We start with a scheme inspired by Auto-Context, but that is suitable in situations where the lack of large training sets poses a potential problem of overfitting. The aim is to capture the interactions between neighboring image pixels to better regularize the boundaries of segmented regions. As in Auto-Context [Tu et al., PAMI 2009] the segmentation process is iterative and, at each iteration, the segmentation results for the previous iterations are taken into account in conjunction with the image itself. However, unlike in [Tu et al., PAMI 2009], we organize our recursion so that the classifiers can progressively focus on difficult-to-classify locations. This lets us exploit the power of the decision-tree paradigm while avoiding over-fitting. In the context of this architecture, KernelBoost represents a powerful building block due to its ability to learn on the score maps coming from previous iterations. We first introduce two important mechanisms to empower the KernelBoost classifier, namely pooling and the clustering of positive samples based on the appearance of the corresponding ground-truth. These operations significantly contribute to increase the effectiveness of the system on biomedical images, where texture plays a major role in the recognition of the different image components. We then present some other techniques that can be easily integrated in the KernelBoost framework to further improve the accuracy of the final segmentation. We show extensive results on different medical image datasets, including some multi-label tasks, on which our method is shown to outperform state-of-the-art approaches. The resulting segmentations display high accuracy, neat contours, and reduced noise.
[Old phenotype and new genotypes. Pituitary adenomas]. (2015)

Gigantism and acromegaly, usually caused by a pituitary adenoma linked inappropriate secretion of growth hormone (GH), are generally considered as very rare diseases, even if, according to some authors, their cumulative prevalence is about 1/5000. Starting from the historical case of a giant from Liège we shall describe the different types of GH pituitary adenomas and their pathophysiology. We shall particularly discuss rare forms of inherited GH secreting pituitary adenomas like the FIPA (familial inherited isolated pituitary adenomas) and the X-LAG (X linked acrogigantism), both described for the first time in Liège, in 2000 and 2014, respectively.
MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF THE AREOLAR SPACE BETWEEN THE GREAT VESSELS AND THE LUMBAR SPINE (2015)

Objective : This work aims to study the areolar space anterior to the lumbar spine, and also the positioning of the large vessels focusing a lateral approach. Methods :This is a morphometric study of 108 cases based on T2 weighted-MRI images in the supine position. The following measurements were performed: lumbar and segmental lordosis; anteroposterior disc diameter; space between the disc/vertebral body and the vessels; bifurcation between the abdominal aorta and the common iliac veins confluence in relation to the lumbar level. Results :The areolar space with respect to the iliac veins, and with the vena cava increased cranially (p&lt;0.001), starting from average 0.6mm at L4-L5 and reaching 8.4mm at L2, while the abdominal aorta showed no increase or decrease pattern across the different levels (p=0.135) ranging from 1.8 to 4.6mm. The diameter of the discs increased distally (p&lt;0.01) as well as the lordosis (p&lt;0.001). The disc diameter was 11% larger when compared to the adjacent vertebral bodies (p&lt;0.001) and that resulted in a smaller distance of the vessels in the disc level than in the level of the adjacent vertebral bodies (p&lt;0.001). The aortic bifurcation was generally ahead of L4 (52%) and less frequently at L3-L4 (28%) and L4-L5 (18%). The confluence of the veins was usually at the L4-L5 level (38%) and at L5 (37%), and less frequently at L4 (26%). Conclusions : There is an identifiable plane between the great vessels and the lumbar spine which is particularly narrow in its distal portion. It is theoretically feasible to reach this plan, handle the anterior complex disc/ALL and protect the great vessels by lateral approach, however, it is challenging.
Imaging Cell Surface Glycans with Bioorthogonal Chemical Reporters (2007)

The visualization of biomolecules as they function in living systems is important for understanding complex biological processes. Here, we applied the bioorthogonal chemical reporter technique to image cell surface glycans using multiple metabolic labels. We introduced two different chemical reporters into sialic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residues and then simultaneously imaged their associated cell surface glycans with fluorescent probes.
Characterization of the effects of base additives on a fullerene chemically amplified resist (2010)

Molecular resists are of increasing interest as a route to improving the resolution - line width roughness - sensitivity trade-off of resists for next generation lithography. We have previously presented a three component fullerene derivative based negative tone chemically amplified resist capable of ~12 nm sparse feature size, ~20 nm half pitch, sub 5 nm line width roughness, sub 10 &mu;C/cm<sup>2</sup> sensitivity, and high etch durability with electron beam lithography. In order to further improve the performance of the resist we have studied the use of acid quenchers on the performance of the resist. We evaluated six quenching additives including five base additives and a triphenylsulfonium photoacid generator that also shows a quenching effect. The sensitivity and resolution of the resist were evaluated as the proportion of the quencher was varied with respect to the other resist components. Certain quenchers were seen to strongly suppress the sensitivity of the resist, even at low concentrations, whilst an amide base actually enhanced the sensitivity at the cost of resolution. Improvements over the previous best feature width and half pitch were not achieved, but it was possible to reduce the effects of beam defocusing on sidewall angle indicating an improvement in contrast for certain additives.
Derivation of Hard Deadlines for Real-Time Control Systems (1992)

The computation-time delay in the feedback controller of a real-time control system may cause failure to update the control input during one or more sampling periods. A dynamic failure is said to occur if this delay exceeds a certain limit called a hard deadline. We present a method for calculating the hard deadlines in linear time-invariant control systems. To derive necessary conditions for (asymptotic) system stability, the state difference equation is modified based on an assumed maximum delay and the probability distribution of delays whose magnitudes are less than, or equal to, the assumed maximum delay. Moreover, the allowed state-space - which is derived from given input and state constraints - is used to calculate the hard deadline as a function of time and the system state. We also consider a one-shot delay model in which a single event causes a dynamic failure.
Characterizing throughput and convergence time in dynamic multi-connectivity 5G deployments (2022)

Fifth-generation (5G) mobile communications are expected to integrate multiple radio access technologies (RATs) within a unified access network by allowing the user equipment (UE) to utilize them concurrently. As a consequence, mobile users face even more heterogeneous connectivity options, which creates challenges for efficient decision-making when selecting a network dynamically. In this work, with the tools of queuing theory, integral geometry, and optimization theory, we develop a novel mobility-centric analytical methodology for multi-RAT deployments. Particularly, we first contribute a framework for optimal data rate allocation in the network-assisted regime. Then, we characterize the convergence time of the distributed optimization algorithms based on reinforcement learning to reduce the signaling overheads. Our findings suggest that network-assisted strategies may improve the UE throughput by up to 60% depending on the considered deployment, where the gains increase with a higher density of millimeter-wave New Radio (NR) base stations. A user-centric solution based on reinforcement learning mechanisms is capable of approaching the performance of the network-assisted scheme. However, the associated convergence time may be prohibitive, on the order of several minutes. To improve the latter, we further propose and evaluate a transfer learning-based algorithm that allows to decrease the convergence time by up to 10 times, thus becoming a simple solution for rate-optimized operation in future 5G NR deployments.
Using Silence MR Image to Synthesise Dynamic MRI Vocal Tract Data of CV (2020)

In this work we present an algorithm for synthesising pseudo rtMRI data of the vocal tract. rtMRI data on the midsagittal plane were used to synthesise target consonant-vowel (CV) using only a silence frame of the target speaker. For this purpose, several single speaker models were created. The input of the algorithm is a silence frame of both train and target speaker and the rtMRI data of the target CV. An image transformation is computed from each CV frame to the next one, creating a set of transformations that describe the dynamics of the CV production. Another image transformation is computed from the silence frame of train speaker to the silence frame of the target speaker and is used to adapt the set of transformations computed previously to the target speaker. The adapted set of transformations is applied to the silence of the target speaker to
synthesise his/her CV pseudo rtMRI data. Synthesised images from multiple single speaker models are frame aligned and then averaged to create the final version of synthesised images. Synthesised images are compared with the original ones using image cross-correlation. Results show good agreement between the synthesised and the original images.
Scintillation Non-Proportionality of Lutetium- and Yttrium-Based Silicates and Aluminates (2009)

This study compares the light yield as a function of gamma-ray energy for several Lu- and Y-based silicate and aluminate scintillators. These comparisons illustrate the effects of crystal matrix, growth atmosphere, activator concentration, and co-doping on proportionality. The radioisotopic sources used in this study produce gamma-rays and X-rays from 22 keV to 1.3 MeV. The samples investigated are 10 times 10 times 10 mm in size and have the following single-phase compositions: LSO:Ce; LSO:Ce, Ca; LPS:Ce; LuAG:Pr; YSO:Ce; and YSO:Ce, Ca. The light yield vs. gamma-ray energy response is similar for scintillators with similar crystal structures, despite significant variations in growth atmosphere and activator concentration. Additionally, sample-to-sample variation is significantly reduced in the Ce-doped oxyorthosilicates when calcium is added as a co-dopant. Overall, the silicates measured in this study exhibit similar non-proportional responses, and in general are less proportional in the lower energy range compared to LuAG and other aluminates.
Ex Vivo Expansion of HER2-Specific T Cells for the Treatment of HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer (2003)

Abstract : The identification and characterization of tumor antigens has facilitated the development of immune-based cancer prophylaxis and therapy. Cancer vaccines, like viral vaccines, may be effective in cancer prevention. Adoptive T cell therapy, in contrast, may be more efficacious for the eradication of existing malignancies. I am examining the feasibility of antigen-specific adoptive T cell therapy for the treatment of established cancer in the HER- 2/neu model. Transgenic mice overexpressing rat neu in mammary tissue develop malignancy, histologically similar to human HER-2/neu breast cancer. These nice can be effectively immunized against a challenge with neu' tumor cells. Adoptive transfer of neu-specific T cells into tumor-bearing mice eradicates malignancy. Effective T cell therapy relies on optimization of the ex vivo expansion of antigen-specific T cells. Two important elements of ex vivo antigen-specific T cell growth that have been identified are (1) the pre-existing levels of antigen- specific T cells, and, (2) the cytokine milieu used during ex vivo expansion of the T cells. Phase I clinical trials of HER-2/neu-based peptide vaccination in human cancer patients have demonstrated that increased levels of HER-2/neu-specific T cells can be elicited after active immunization. Initiating cultures with greater numbers of antigen-specific T cell lines and clones facilitates expansion. In addition, cytokines, such as IL-l2, when added during ex vivo culturing along with IL-2 can selectively expand antigen-specific T cells IL-l2 also enhances antigen-specific functional measurements such as IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha release. Refinements in ex vivo expansion techniques may greatly improve the feasibility of tumor-antigen T cell-based therapy for the treatment of advanced stage HER-2/neu-overexpressing breast malignancy.