gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photonic water dynamically responsive to external stimuli (2016)

Fluids that contain ordered nanostructures with periodic distances in the visible-wavelength range, anomalously exhibit structural colours that can be rapidly modulated by external stimuli. Indeed, some fish can dynamically change colour by modulating the periodic distance of crystalline guanine sheets cofacially oriented in their fluid cytoplasm. Here we report that a dilute aqueous colloidal dispersion of negatively charged titanate nanosheets exhibits structural colours. In this 'photonic water', the nanosheets spontaneously adopt a cofacial geometry with an ultralong periodic distance of up to 675 nm due to a strong electrostatic repulsion. Consequently, the photonic water can even reflect near-infrared light up to 1,750 nm. The structural colour becomes more vivid in a magnetic flux that induces monodomain structural ordering of the colloidal dispersion. The reflective colour of the photonic water can be modulated over the entire visible region in response to appropriate physical or chemical stimuli.
Scaling Laws for Polymer Chains Grafted onto Nanoparticles (2018)

Abstract An experimental approach is presented for identifying the scaling laws for polymer chains grafted onto gold nanoparticles. Poly(ethylene oxide) of various molecular weights are grafted onto gold nanoparticles via thiol end‐functional groups. The polymer‐grafted nanoparticles are self‐assembled into monolayers from solvents of different quality. Over a significant range of graft densities, nanoparticle monolayers deposited from good (athermal) solvent exhibit particle spacing that scales according to theoretical predictions for chains in dilute solution. This unexpected result for ordered nanoparticle monolayers is discussed in the context of the deposition process. In monolayers deposited from theta solvent, molecular weight scaling of particle spacing breaks down, possibly due to chain length dependence of solvent quality. In poor solvent, the structure of nanoparticle assemblies is not sufficiently ordered to obtain reliable measurements, possibly due to loss of nanoparticle dispersion. This approach opens up the possibility for accurate measurement of the effect of solvent on grafted chain scaling in nanoparticle assemblies.
On cross-talk between gyroscopes integrated on a folded MEMS IMU Cube (2017)

This paper reports a miniature Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) implemented using a folded MEMS approach which allows for integration of high performance sensors, while providing a low cross-talk between the components. Foldable Si structures are manufactured on a wafer-level using MEMS techniques, co-fabricated or integrated with single-axis inertial sensors and then folded into a 3D configuration, forming the complete IMU. Electrical signals from the sensors on sidewalls of the IMU Cube are transferred through the dense network of metal traces on parylene, thus enabling the integration with signal processing electronics. For the first time, we characterized cross-talk between sensors on a folded 3D IMU. The experimental results provided an evidence that the folded IMU process is advantageous to a single-die approach, showing a lower Angle Random Walk (ARW) of the gyroscopes when operated simultaneously on different sidewalls of the IMU Cube.
Recording capacitance dilatometer (1975)

A capacitance dilatometer is described which automatically records the height of a mercury column as a function of time. Changes as small as 10−4 ml have been detected, with an instrumental stability allowing experiments of several days’ duration. The technique is based on the measurement of the capacitance of an aluminum foil-covered, precision bore, glass column containing Hg. The dilatometer has been used to measure coefficients of expansion and rates of polymerization and hydrolysis.
Amorphous SiN films grown by hot-filament chemical vapor deposition using monomethylamine (1990)

Hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (hot-filament CVD) of silicon nitride films has been studied using silane and monomethylamine as source gases for the deposition temperature 600–800 °C. The deposition rate was about one order larger than that of thermochemical vapor deposition (thermo-CVD) using the same gases. The activation energy of the growth rate was 0.2 eV smaller than that of thermo-CVD. The hydrogen content was below the detection limit of infrared absorption measurements even in the film deposited at 600 °C. The film surface deposited at 700 °C had a smooth specular surface and the flatness of the hot-filament CVD films was the same as that of thermo-CVD films deposited at 100–200 °C higher temperatures.
Row Hammering Mitigation Using Metal Nanowire in Saddle Fin DRAM (2019)

In this article, we investigate a novel technique to minimize row hammer (RH) fail in the saddle fin recessed channel access transistor (S-RCAT) at 1X dynamic random access memory node. We propose a selective introduction of a low work function (WF) metal nanowire (MNW) at the gate metal/gate oxide (GOX) interface to mitigate the RH fail. Using 3-D TCAD simulations, we analyze the mechanism of the RH fail and its mitigation through the use of MNW. The improvement in RH fail is shown due to the MNW and gate-metal workfunction-difference induced energy valleys (EVs) between the neighboring S-RCATs. These valleys prevent the diffusion of electrons from aggressor (accessed) to victim (not accessed) cell, which improves RH fail even in the presence of a high concentration of interface states and gateinduced-drain leakage. The introduction of MNW is found not to have any substantial effect on S-RCAT characteristics (VT, ION, or SS). Furthermore, we model the induced EV by considering the WF difference between MNW and gate metal as an effective charge. This model is shown to be in good agreement with the TCAD results. The results obtained in this study demonstrate the potential of using MNW in the gate-stack of S-RCAT for the elimination of RH fail in 1X technology nodes. This technique can also be extended for the use in other device technologies, such as NAND (cellto-cell interference) and logic transistors.
The R and R of Purpose in College Students: Refining and Redefining Purpose Over Time (2022)

This qualitative descriptive study examined the process of purpose development of nine (seven females, two males; M age = 20.2, age range 18–21 years) college students who completed interviews in fall 2017 and spring 2019 at a private university. Across the two time points, participants engaged in an iterative process that led them to refine (i.e., narrow or specify) or redefine (i.e., change or adapt) their purpose or ultimate aims. Participants used the time between interviews to restructure their purpose in a way that integrated their experiences until they believed their purpose was best aligned with their skills, values, and interests. More specifically, consensual qualitative research analysis revealed seven themes that suggested ways in which participants acted to refine and/or redefine their purposes: (1) clarifying definition of purpose; (2) engaging known strengths or skills; (3) exploring new activities or experiences; (4) identifying a beyond-the-self intention that aligned with their purpose; (5) discerning the fit between their passions and interests with their circumstance or plans; (6) determining whether their strengths and skills aligned well with their purpose; and (7) integrating their passions into their beyond-the-self intention. A supplemental theme was added that outlines researchers’ observations about the features of participants’ purpose.
A Clinically Applicable Gene-Expression Classifier Reveals Intrinsic and Extrinsic Contributions to Consensus Molecular Subtypes in Primary and Metastatic Colon Cancer (2019)

We describe the utility of a NanoString panel for CMS classification of FFPE clinical samples. Our work reveals the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on colorectal cancer heterogeneity during disease progression.
Assay and heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris of plant cell wall type-II membrane anchored glycosyltransferases (2009)

Two Arabidopsis xylosyltransferases, designated RGXT1 and RGXT2, were recently expressed in Baculovirus transfected insect cells and by use of the free sugar assay shown to catalyse transfer of D-xylose from UDP-alpha-D-xylose to L-fucose and derivatives hereof. We have now examined expression of RGXT1 and RGXT2 in Pichia pastoris and compared the two expression systems. Pichia transformants, expressing soluble, secreted forms of RGXT1 and RGXT2 with an N- or C-terminal Flag-tag, accumulated recombinant, hyper-glycosylated proteins at levels between 6 and 16 mg protein * L(-1) in the media fractions. When incubated with 0.5 M L-fucose and UDP-D-xylose all four RGXT1 and RGXT2 variants catalyzed transfer of D-xylose onto L-fucose with estimated turnover numbers between 0.15 and 0.3 sec(-1), thus demonstrating that a free C-terminus is not required for activity. N- and O-glycanase treatment resulted in deglycosylation of all four proteins, and this caused a loss of xylosyltransferase activity for the C-terminally but not the N-terminally Flag-tagged proteins. The RGXT1 and RGXT2 proteins displayed an absolute requirement for Mn(2+) and were active over a broad pH range. Simple dialysis of media fractions or purification on phenyl Sepharose columns increased enzyme activities 2-8 fold enabling direct verification of the product formed in crude assay mixtures using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Pichia expressed and dialysed RGXT variants yielded activities within the range 0.011 to 0.013 U (1 U = 1 nmol conversion of substrate * min(-1) * microl medium(-1)) similar to those of RGXT1 and RGXT2 expressed in Baculovirus transfected insect Sf9 cells. In summary, the data presented suggest that Pichia is an attractive host candidate for expression of plant glycosyltransferases.
Flip Chip Joining with Quaternary Low Melting Temperature Solder Bump Fabricated with Injection Molded Solder (2019)

Abstract IBM has developed and has been enhancing the injection molded solder (IMS) technology as an advanced solder bumping technology with flexible solder alloy composition applicable even to fine pitch and small diameter systems. IMS is a simple bumping technology that can form solder bumps by injection of molten solder into via holes patterned in a photoresist layer. IMS is applicable to formation of solder caps for Cu pillar bumping which is a technology widely used for fine pitch applications. One of the advantages of IMS is the capability of using ternary, quaternary, or more compositions solder alloys for bumping, which is not achievable by current plating technology. In this study, the feasibility of IMS bumping and flip chip joining with quaternary solder alloys is demonstrated through assembling of 2.5D package test vehicles using low melting temperature (135°C) SnBi based quaternary alloy solder and associated reliability test. The test vehicles passed the 2250 cycles criteria of thermal cycling test and the observation of microstructures showed that there is no significant crack at the solder joints after flip chip joining or after the 2250 cycles of thermal cycling test. In addition, the tensile test on SnBi based quaternary alloy solder, Sn-58wt%Bi-2.0wt%In with small amount of Pd (less than 1wt%) was conducted using fine diameter specimens. From the SS curve obtained from the test, Young's modulus of the solder was determined as 7.3 GPa and 0.2% proof stress was obtained as 73 MPa both at 25°C. The creep property of the solder was evaluated and the constants for Norton's creep law for the solder were determined at 25, 80 and 110°C. The microstructure observation and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis of the flip chip joints revealed the formation of a thick bismuth (Bi) layer between CuSn intermetallic compound (IMC) layers within a joint. The mechanical simulation of the 2.5D test vehicles showed that the thermomechanical stress of a flip chip joint with Bi/CuSn IMCs at thermal cycling condition is comparable to those of CuSn IMC or Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) solder joints consistent with the thermal cycling test result. The advantage of using low temperature quaternary solder materials in flip chip packages is confirmed by mechanical simulation of 2D packages at reflow condition which showed lower stress on low-k dielectric layers for the packages with quaternary solder joints than for the packages with SAC305 solder joints.
Prevention of export of anoxia/reoxygenation injury from ischemic to nonischemic cardiomyocytes via inhibition of endocytosis (2014)

Myocardial infarct size is determined by the death of nonischemic border zone cardiomyocytes caused by export of injury signals from the infarct zone. The countermeasures to limit infarct size, therefore, should be aimed at nonselective blockade of most, if not all, injury signals from entering nonischemic cells. To test whether inhibition of endocytosis might limit infarct size, HL-1 cardiomyocytes were subjected to anoxia (6 h) and reoxygenation (1 h). Anoxic and reoxygenated cells showed a multifold increase in mitochondrial ROS production accompanied with upregulation of scavenger receptors lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 and CD36 and stimulation of stress signals, including NADPH oxidase subunit p22(phox), SOD2, and beclin-1. Incubation of healthy cardiomyocytes in media from anoxic and reoxygenated cells (conditioned media) resulted in qualitatively similar responses, including increase in the generation of mitochondrial ROS, p22(phox), SOD2, and beclin-1. Anoxia and reoxygenation caused collapse of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and stimulation of macropinocytosis, whereas in cultures exposed to conditioned media, the activity of endocytosis was uniformly higher. Conditioned media also significantly aggravated cytotoxic effects of TNF-α and angiotensin II, and suppression of endocytosis reversed these trends, resulting in an overall increase of metabolic activity. Moreover, inhibition of endocytosis prevented binding of oxidized cellular fragments with greater efficiency than targeted neutralization of the scavenger receptor lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1. Many of the observations in HL-1 cardiomyocytes were confirmed in primary cardiomyocyte cultures. Our data suggest that endocytosis is upregulated in border zone cardiomyocytes, and inhibition of endocytosis may be an effective approach to prevent export of injury signals from the infarct zone.
Aggregation in a High-Mobility n-Type Low-Bandgap Copolymer with Implications on Semicrystalline Morphology (2012)

We explore the photophysics of P(NDI2OD-T2), a high-mobility and air-stable n-type donor/acceptor polymer. Detailed steady-state UV-vis and photoluminescence (PL) measurements on solutions of P(NDI2OD-T2) reveal distinct signatures of aggregation. By performing quantum chemical calculations, we can assign these spectral features to unaggregated and stacked polymer chains. NMR measurements independently confirm the aggregation phenomena of P(NDI2OD-T2) in solution. The detailed analysis of the optical spectra shows that aggregation is a two-step process with different types of aggregates, which we confirm by time-dependent PL measurements. Analytical ultracentrifugation measurements suggest that aggregation takes place within the single polymer chain upon coiling. By transferring these results to thin P(NDI2OD-T2) films, we can conclude that film formation is mainly governed by the chain collapse, leading in general to a high aggregate content of ~45%. This process also inhibits the formation of amorphous and disordered P(NDI2OD-T2) films.
Absolute Quantitation of Oxidizable Peptides by Coulometric Mass Spectrometry (2019)

Quantitation methods for peptides using mass spectrometry have advanced rapidly. These methods rely on using standard and/or isotope-labeled peptides, which might be difficult or expensive to synthesize. To tackle this challenge, we present a new approach for absolute quantitation without the use of standards or calibration curves based on coulometry combined with mass spectrometry (MS). In this approach, which we call coulometric mass spectrometry (CMS), the mass spectrum of a target peptide containing one or more tyrosine residues is recorded before and after undergoing electrochemical oxidation. We record the total integrated oxidation current from the electrochemical measurement, which according to the Faraday's Law of coulometry, provides the number of moles of oxidized peptide. The ion intensity ratio of the target peptide before and after oxidation provides an excellent estimate of the fraction of the peptide that has been oxidized, from which the total amount of peptide is calculated. The striking strength of CMS is that it needs no standard peptide, but CMS does require the peptide to contain a known number of oxidizable groups. To illustrate the power of this method, we analyzed various tyrosine-containing peptides such as GGYR, DRVY, oxytocin, [Arg<sup>8</sup>]-vasotocin and angiotensinogen 1-14 with a quantification error ranging from - 7.5 to + 2.4%. This approach is also applicable to quantifying phosphopeptides and could be useful in proteomics research.
Two-Dimensional Laser Scanning Utilizing Inclined Rolling of an Ellipsoidal Reflector (2019)

Compact light detection and ranging (LIDAR) with wide scanning angle is required for the environment monitoring of automobile. We have developed a two-dimensional (2D) laser scanner for the LIDAR system with the horizontal scanning angle of 360 degrees. The scanner is composed of an inclined rolling ellipsoidal reflector equipped with a permanent magnet at the center, a ferromagnetic steel pillar, and six electromagnets. The reflector is attached on top of the pillar by magnetic force; the reflector is translationally-fixed but free in rotational motion. The electromagnets are arranged in a circular pattern under the reflector. Applying current pulses to the electromagnets subsequently, the reflector is rotated by the electromagnetic force. The maximum rotational speed of 85 rps (revolutions per second) was achieved with an elliptical reflector (major axis: 22 mm, minor axis: 18.2 mm, thickness: 0.2 mm) and a permanent magnet (diameter: 4 mm, thickness: 2 mm) at an applied current 28 mA to the electromagnets. We successfully demonstrated 2D laser scan with the horizontal scanning angles of 360 degrees, the vertical scanning angle of 18 degrees, and the rotational speed of 70 rps.
Salvianolic acids from antithrombotic Traditional Chinese Medicine Danshen are antagonists of human P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors (2018)

Many hemorheologic Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) that are widely-used clinically lack molecular mechanisms of action. We hypothesized that some of the active components of hemorheologic TCMs may function through targeting prothrombotic P2Y<sub>1</sub> and/or P2Y<sub>12</sub> receptors. The interactions between 253 antithrombotic compounds from TCM and these two G protein-coupled P2Y receptors were evaluated using virtual screening. Eleven highly ranked hits were further tested in radioligand binding and functional assays. Among these compounds, salvianolic acid A and C antagonized the activity of both P2Y<sub>1</sub> and P2Y<sub>12</sub> receptors in the low µM range, while salvianolic acid B antagonized the P2Y<sub>12</sub> receptor. These three salvianolic acids are the major active components of the broadly-used hemorheologic TCM Danshen (Salvia militorrhiza), the antithrombotic molecular mechanisms of which were largely unknown. Thus, the combination of virtual screening and experimental validation identified potential mechanisms of action of multicomponent drugs that are already employed clinically.
5-Iodo-2-Pyrimidinone-2′-Deoxyribose (IPdR, NSC-726188) pharmacokinetic study in F344 rats (2006)

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006

579 

The purpose of this study was to generate non-clinical PK information for IPdR, a pro-drug for the radiosensitizer 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IUdR). Male and female (M/F) F344 rats (10/sex/group), 9 to 11 weeks of age, were administered IPdR (NSC-726188) p.o. for 28 days at dosages of 1200 mg/m2/day (0.2 g/kg/day) or 6000 mg/m2/day (1.0 g/kg/day). The dosing volume was 10 mL/kg. Serial blood samples were collected at specified time points after dosing on Days 1 and 28 (two samples/time point/sex/dosage group) and the plasma analyzed for IPdR and IUdR using a validated liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS) method over a concentration range of 0.05 to 2 μg/mL (0.148 to 5.92 μM for IPdR, and 0.141 to 5.65 μM for IUdR). A one-compartment model with no lag phase and first order absorption and elimination were used to obtain a best fit curve for IPdR and noncompartmental analysis (NCA) was used to obtain a best fit curve for IUdR. For IPdR, absorption rate constant and half-life, Tmax, and apparent clearance (CL_F) parameters were similar for all dosage groups and sexes, following single and repeated administrations with overall mean (± sd) values of 0.0306 ± 0.018 min-1, 29.5 ± 16.0 min, 86.3 ± 27.8 min, and 0.705 L/min/m2, respectively. Predicted Cmax, apparent volume of distribution (V_F), and elimination half-lives were also similar for M/F following single and repeated administrations with overall mean (± sd) values of 21.9 ± 3.7 μM, 100 L/m2, and 124.0 ± 14.0 min for the 1200 mg/m2 group and 50.5 ± 4.9 μM, 300 L/m2, and 294.2 ± 137.9 min for the 6000 mg/m2 group, respectively. While AUC values were generally proportional to dosage, Day 1 AUCs were greater than Day 28 AUCs for a given dosage group. For IUdR, observed Cmax values were similar across all groups with overall mean (± sd) values of 3.12 ± 0.79 μM on Day 1 and 1.37 ± 0.52 μM on Day 28. Tmax generally occurred within 15 min of dosing. IUdR elimination half-lives on Day 1 were 3.4, 5.7, 5.0, and 8.3 hours and on Day 28 were 9.4, 6.7, 4.4, and 27.1 hours for the male and female 1200 and 6000 mg/m2 dosage groups, respectively. The IUdR Day 1 AUC values were similar for both males and females in a given dosage group. Variability precluded reliable interpretation of Day 28 IUdR AUC values. In summary, there were no sex-dependent effects observed, the absorption and elimination kinetics were first-order over the dose range studied, and repeated administration appeared to enhance elimination of IPdR, based on the decrease in AUC from Day 1 to Day 28. [Supported by NCI contract N01-CM-42200.] Page # of 1
Towards the formal representation of temporal aspects of Enemy/Threat Courses Of Action (2009)

overwhelming amount of information involved in these processes and the limited time available to intelligence analysts, significant efforts are underway to develop computer based tools to assist in these processes. For these to be successful there needs to be a way for formally representing Enemy/Threat Courses of Action. This paper investigates the requirements for and potential solutions to this problem using OWL, elements of JC3IEDM and the OWL Time ontology.
Link Prediction using Graph Neural Networks for Master Data Management (2020)

Learning graph representations of n-ary relational data has a number of real world applications like anti-money laundering, fraud detection, and customer due diligence. Contact tracing of COVID19 positive persons could also be posed as a Link Prediction problem. Predicting links between people using Graph Neural Networks requires careful ethical and privacy considerations than in domains where GNNs have typically been applied so far. We introduce novel methods for anonymizing data, model training, explainability and verification for Link Prediction in Master Data Management, and discuss our results.
ChemInform Abstract: New Synthetic Amino Acids for the Design and Synthesis of Peptide‐ Based Metal Ion Sensors. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.