gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Radiolabeled methotrexate as a diagnostic agent of inflammatory target sites: A proof-of-concept study (2017)

Methotrexate (MTX), as a pharmaceutical, is frequently used in tumor chemotherapy and is also a part of the established treatment of a number of autoimmune inflammatory disorders. Radiolabeled MTX has been studied as a tumor‑diagnostic agent in a number of published studies. In the present study, the potential use of technetium‑99m‑labelled MTX (99mTc‑MTX) as a radiotracer was investigated for the identification of inflammatory target sites. The labelling of MTX was carried out via a 99mTc‑gluconate precursor. Evaluation studies included in vitro stability, plasma protein binding assessment, partition‑coefficient estimation, in vivo scintigraphic imaging and ex vivo animal experiments in an animal inflammation model. MTX was successfully labelled with 99mTc, with a radiochemical purity of >95%. Stability was assessed in plasma, where it remained intact up to 85% at 4 h post‑incubation, while protein binding of the radiotracer was observed to be ~50% at 4 h. These preclinical ex vivo and in vivo studies indicated that 99mTc‑MTX accumulates in inflamed tissue, as well as in the spinal cord, joints and bones; all areas with relatively high remodeling activity. The results are promising, and set the stage for further work on the development and application of 99mTc‑MTX as a radiotracer for inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
Low Breakdown Voltage Varistors by Grain Boundary Diffusion of Molten Bi 2 O 3 in ZnO (1996)

Diffusion of molten Bi 2 O 3 into the grain boundaries of sintered, alumina‐doped (0.23 and 0.7 mol%) ZnO pellets resulted in varistors with breakdown voltages in the 3–5 V range and nonlinearity coefficients of 10–24. The varistors were fabricated by spreading a thin layer of Bi 2 O 3 powder on the surface of ZnO pellets and heating the combination to various temperatures (860–1155°C) and different times. The highest nonlinearity coefficients (20–24) and lowest breakdown voltages (3–5 V) were recorded in samples annealed at 860°C for 35 min. Longer annealing times and/or higher temperatures resulted in progressively higher breakdown voltages. Eventually the devices became insulating, which was attributed to the formation of an insulating Bi 2 O 3 layer between the grains. Separate wetting experiments have shown that the penetration of Bi 2 O 3 into ZnO grain boundaries was a strong function of alumina doping —the penetration rate was decreased by a factor of 5–7 as the ZnO was doped with as little as 0.2 mol% alumina. It is this slowing down of the penetration of the ZnO grain boundaries that is believed to be critical in the development of the low breakdown voltages observed.
Interface Fe magnetic moment enhancement in MgO/Fe/MgO trilayers (2015)

We model room temperature soft x-ray resonant magnetic reflectivity to determine a 24% increase of the Fe magnetic moment of the 2–3 monolayers next to both MgO interfaces in a MgO(3 nm)/Fe(12 nm)/MgO(001) heterostructure. This direct measurement of such enhanced interface magnetic moments for buried interfaces confirms theoretical predictions and highlights the importance of considering inhomogeneous in-depth magnetic profile in Fe/MgO based magnetic tunnel junctions.
Low band-gap benzothiadiazole conjugated microporous polymers (2013)

Low band-gap conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) based on benzothiadiazole (BTZ) and thiophene-benzothiadiazole-thiophene (TBT) functional groups are prepared. The polymers show moderate surface areas and broad light absorption covering the whole visible light region. Fluorescence of one of the polymers can be readily quenched by the in situ blending of fullerene.
Optimal Feedforward Control for High Speed and High Precision Digital Motion Systems (1996)

Abstract A feedforward controller which respects the underlying hybrid nature of digital control systems, i.e. continuous-time plant and discrete-time feedback loop, is proposed for high speed/high precision motion systems. The feedforward controller combines the shift(q) and the delta (δ) operators such that uncancellable discrete-time zeros caused by sampling the continuous-time plant at high rates, which make the mathematical inverse unstable, are handled in a natural way. The controller is optimized by tuning two parameters in a pre-filter of the feedforward controller. The optimization problem is generalized to an H∞ problem. Convex minimization techniques are used to find the solution to the optimization problem. Experiments are carried out on a Matsuura Vertical Machining Center. The performance of the proposed optimal hybrid feedforward controller is compared with that of the zero phase error tracking controller. Some improvements have been observed from the experimental results.
Optimisation de systèmes de production d’énergie pour sites isolés (2019)

National audience
ChemInform Abstract: Hypoxia‐Selective Antitumor Agents. Part 7. Metal Complexes of Aliphatic Mustards as a New Class of Hypoxia‐Selective Cytotoxins. Synthesis and Evaluation of Cobalt(III) Complexes of Bidentate Mustards. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A signal-on, colorimetric determination of deoxyribonuclease I activity utilizing the photoinduced synthesis of gold nanoparticles (2018)

A simple, colorimetric method is developed for the determination of deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) activity based on the novel finding that DNase I can promote the photoinduced synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In the absence of DNase I, a phosphorothioate (PS) DNA probe remains intact and captures Au(iii) through a strong Au-thiol interaction, which prevents the photoinduced synthesis of AuNPs, leaving the sample in a colorless state. On the other hand, in the presence of DNase I, the PS DNA probe is cleaved into small fragments that are removed via a simple purification process. The resulting solution, after the incubation with HAuCl<sub>4</sub> and threonine (Thr), forms AuNPs by UV light irradiation with the aid of Thr which acts as a catalyst for the Au(iii) reduction process. As a result, a red-colored suspension is produced. By monitoring the color changes of the samples with the naked eye, the DNase I activity was conveniently determined. In addition, the clinical utility of this simple, yet highly efficient colorimetric strategy was verified by reliably quantifying the DNase I activities in a bovine urine sample. Importantly, the working principle designed for the determination of DNase I activity was successfully expanded for the detection of target nucleic acids, ensuring the universal applicability of the developed assay system.
Processivity of T7 RNA polymerase requires the C-terminal Phe882-Ala883-COO- or "foot" (1991)

The role of the C-terminal Phe882-Ala883 residues of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase in specific transcription has been investigated by means of site-directed mutagenesis. A mutant enzyme that lacks the C-terminal Phe882-Ala883 residues, denoted the "foot" mutant, has been cloned and overproduced, and the effects of the deletion on promoter recognition, initiation, and elongation have been determined. Gel retardation assays and DNase I footprinting show that the foot mutant specifically recognizes and binds to T7 promoters, although this binding appears to be approximately 30-fold weaker than that of the wild-type enzyme. Transcription assays using oligonucleotide templates that contain the consensus T7 promoter show a dramatic decrease in transcriptional activity for the foot mutant. With templates whose coding region begins CCC..., the mutant synthesizes poly(G) products even in the presence of all four nucleotides. The synthesis of poly(G) products from such templates has previously been observed for the wild-type enzyme when GTP is the sole nucleotide present in the reaction and is thought to occur by a novel mechanism involving slippage of the RNA chain 3' to 5' relative to the template [Martin, C.T., Muller, D.K., & Coleman, J.E. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 3966-3974]. These data suggest that the loss in transcriptional activity by the foot mutant results from a severe decrease in processivity as well as catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. Removal of the C-terminal Phe and Ala residues from the wild-type enzyme with carboxypeptidase A generates the phenotype of the mutant precisely, proving that all of the properties of the foot mutant derive from the loss of the Phe-Ala-COOH moiety.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Experimental validation of state equations and dynamic route maps for phase change memristive devices (2022)

Phase Change Memory (PCM) is an emerging technology exploiting the rapid and reversible phase transition of certain chalcogenides to realize nanoscale memory elements. PCM devices are being explored as non-volatile storage-class memory and as computing elements for in-memory and neuromorphic computing. It is well-known that PCM exhibits several characteristics of a memristive device. In this work, based on the essential physical attributes of PCM devices, we exploit the concept of Dynamic Route Map (DRM) to capture the complex physics underlying these devices to describe them as memristive devices defined by a state-dependent Ohm's law. The efficacy of the DRM has been proven by comparing numerical results with experimental data obtained on PCM devices.
Regulatory Approval Pathways for Molecular Diagnostic Technology (2011)

This chapter describes the basic categories for regulatory approval to sell/market a molecular profiling technology. The US Food and Drug Administration regulates and provides guidance, for marketing in vitro diagnostic devices (IVD). Three different paths currently exist for obtaining Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of an IVD: (a) If the new test can be shown to be substantially equivalent to an existing predicate test on the market, then the 510(k) is the regulatory path for new device approval. (b) If your new diagnostic technology cannot be considered substantially equivalent to an existing technology, and will be used to make a critical medical decision concerning the diagnosis, treatment, or medical management, then the premarket approval (PMA) is the regulatory path of choice. (c) If no predicate device exists and the test is of low or moderate risk, it may be eligible for a de novo reclassification. If the test is done "in house," in the designated laboratory only, for a patient sample that is sent to the laboratory from an outside physician's office or medical facility, then the test can be potentially marketed under "home brew" guidelines (also known as laboratory developed tests) regulated under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA). The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) assumes primary responsibility for financial management operations of the CLIA program, but the categorization of commercially marketed in vitro diagnostic tests under CLIA is the responsibility of the FDA. Definitions, guidelines, information sources, and instructions for data requirements are outlined for each regulatory pathway.
EV-do revision C: Evolution of the cdma2000* data optimized system to higher spectral efficiencies and enhanced services (2007)

Wireless packet data services are poised to be a major growth area, as wireless voice services have reached a fair level of maturity. An effort by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) standards body to continue to develop the successful data-optimized 1x EV-DO high rate packet data (HRPD) 3G system is under way. Alcatel-Lucent along with partners is proposing several novel techniques beyond the state of the art. Some of the key technologies are orthogonal frequency code division multiple access (OFCDMA), multi-carrier as well as wideband transmission, both frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD) modes, multiple antenna techniques such as space division multiple access (SDMA) and multiple input multiple output (MIMO), interference mitigation techniques, and frequency domain interference cancellation. These are described in detail along with the resulting benefits. The design goals are to provide flexibility, backward compatibility (both loose and strict), a boost in the spectral efficiency and peak rates, a reduction in latency for real-time services, and a reduction in complexity in the base stations (BS) and mobile stations (MS). In this paper, we describe the underlying design philosophy and the associated technologies of 1x EV-DO Revision C with a focus on Alcatel-Lucent's contribution and provide associated performance results. The standard is expected to be completed in 2Q 2007. © 2007 Alcatel-Lucent.
The Roles of Tryptophans in Primer Synthesis by the DNA Primase of Bacteriophage T7 (2012)

DNA primases catalyze the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides required for the initiation of lagging strand DNA synthesis. Prokaryotic primases consist of a zinc-binding domain (ZBD) necessary for recognition of a specific template sequence and a catalytic RNA polymerase domain. Interactions of both domains with the DNA template and ribonucleotides are required for primer synthesis. Five tryptophan residues are dispersed in the primase of bacteriophage T7: Trp-42 in the ZBD and Trp-69, -97, -147, and -255 in the RNA polymerase domain. Previous studies showed that replacement of Trp-42 with alanine in the ZBD decreases primer synthesis, whereas substitution of non-aromatic residues for Trp-69 impairs both primer synthesis and delivery. However, the roles of tryptophan at position 97, 147, or 255 remain elusive. To investigate the essential roles of these residues, we replaced each tryptophan with the structurally similar tyrosine and examined the effect of this subtle alteration on primer synthesis. The substitution at position 42, 97, or 147 reduced primer synthesis, whereas substitution at position 69 or 255 did not. The functions of the tryptophans were further examined at each step of primer synthesis. Alteration of residue 42 disturbed the conformation of the ZBD and resulted in partial loss of the zinc ion, impairing binding to the ssDNA template. Replacement of Trp-97 with tyrosine reduced the binding affinity to NTP and the catalysis step. The replacement of Trp-147 with tyrosine also impaired the catalytic step. Therefore, Trp-42 is important in maintaining the conformation of the ZBD for template binding; Trp-97 contributes to NTP binding and the catalysis step; and Trp-147 maintains the catalysis step.
Automated Analysis of Low-Field Brain MRI in Cerebral Malaria (2020)

Abstract A central challenge of medical imaging studies is to extract biomarkers that characterize disease pathology or outcomes. Modern automated approaches have found tremendous success in high-resolution, high-quality magnetic resonance images (MRI). These methods, however, may not translate to low resolution images acquired on MRI scanners with lower magnetic field strength. In low-resource settings where low-field scanners are more common and there is a shortage of radiologists to manually interpret MRI scans, it is critical to develop automated methods that can augment or replace manual interpretation, while accommodating reduced image quality. We present a fully automated framework for translating radiological diagnostic criteria into image-based biomarkers, inspired by a project in which children with cerebral malaria were imaged using low-field 0.35 Tesla MRI. We integrate multi-atlas label fusion, which leverages high-resolution images from another sample as prior spatial information, with parametric Gaussian hidden Markov models based on image intensities, to create a robust method for determining ventricular cerebrospinal fluid volume. We also propose normalized image intensity and texture measurements to determine the loss of gray-to-white matter tissue differentiation and sulcal effacement. These integrated biomarkers have excellent classification performance for determining severe brain swelling due to cerebral malaria.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOSYNTHETIC ROUTES TO PROSTAGLANDINS: CONVERSION OF 2,3‐ENDO‐EPOXYBICYCLO(3.2.0)HEPTAN‐6‐ONE INTO 6,7‐ENDO‐EPOXY‐3‐ALKOXY‐2‐OXABICYCLO(3.3.0)OCTANES (1978)

Abstract Aus dem Bromhydrin (I) erhält man das Epoxid (II), dessen Belichtung in Gegenwart von Methanol zur Prostaglandin‐Vorstufe (IV) und zum isomeren Acetal (V) führt.
Isolation of a Self-Activating Ethylene Trimerization Catalyst of a Cr-SNS System (2011)

Two pyridine-SNS ligands (2,6-CH2SR)2C5H5N (R = t-Bu (a), n-decyl (b)) were prepared and tested for the possibility of forming active and selective chromium trimerization catalyst precursors. The two trivalent derivatives [(2,6-CH2SR)2C5H5N]CrCl3 (1a,b), and the divalent [(2,6-CH2S(t-Bu)2C5H5N]CrCl2·THF (2a) were isolated and characterized. Upon treatment of 1a with Me3Al, the self-activating, single-component, highly selective chromium trimerization catalyst [2,6-CH2S(t-Bu)2C5H5N]CrMe[(μ-Cl)AlMe3)]2 (3a) was obtained and fully characterized.
Supplementary Figure Legends from EGF816 Exerts Anticancer Effects in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer by Irreversibly and Selectively Targeting Primary and Acquired Activating Mutations in the EGF Receptor (2023)

&lt;p&gt;This file contains the supplementary figure legends. Figure S1 shows the chemical structure of EGF816 and its binding to EGFR T790M mutant. Figure S2 shows the tolerability of EGF816 in the in vivo xenograft models. Figure S3 shows the in vivo PK and PD after a single dose of EGF816. Figure S4 shows the selectivity profile of EGF816 in the kinome tree. Figure S5 shows the morphology of EGF816 resistance clones.&lt;/p&gt;
Plasma Treatment and Surface Analysis of Polyimide Films for Electroless Copper Buildup Process (2005)

We report here a detailed characterization of the surface chemical states and morphology of polyimide (PI) films following modifications by plasma treatment and electroless copper deposition. and Ar plasma treatments have been successfully used to achieve morphological and chemical modification of the PI surface so that electroless copper plating can occur. The adhesion strength of the electroless copper to the PI surface was measured and correlated with the plasma-induced chemical and physical modifications of the PI surface. The plasma causes primarily chemical changes to the PI surface through creation of nitrogen moieties (i.e., ) on the surface. The Ar plasma treatment brings about mainly physical changes to the surface (i.e., surface roughening). The combined-plasma treatment (Ar plasma followed by plasma) combines the desirable chemical and physical effects of each treatment, yielding a PI surface with higher roughness for physical anchoring of the copper and surface bonding sites (nitrogen and oxygen sites). During the electroless copper surface activation step with tin chloride and palladium chloride, tin bonds mainly with the oxygen on the surface, whereas palladium reacts with tin chloride as well as with the surface nitrogen. A direct relationship has been observed between surface palladium concentration and the abundance of the sites on the surface. This suggests that the nitrogen radicals created during the plasma are incorporated into the surface and serve as bonding sites for the palladium. In the subsequent electroless Cu deposition, there was a direct correlation between the palladium surface concentration and Cu coverage. The adhesion strength of the electroless copper to the PI correlated well to the surface modifications and plasma treatment conditions. For the first time, a specific bonding configuration on the PI surface is shown to promote adsorption of palladium, which in turn promotes covalent bonding with Cu. The relative importance of surface roughness and chemical bonding on the adhesion strength is discussed.
Networking devices over TV white spaces (2010)

On November 4th, 2008 the FCC made a historic decision to allow unlicensed devices (similar to Wi-Fi devices) to operate in the white spaces. These are portions of the spectrum which are unoccupied by their licensed incumbents, such as TV transmitter. Compared to the ISM bands where Wi-Fi operates, this portion of the spectrum has several desirable properties for robust data communications. However, to make efficient use of this spectrum in a way that is non-disruptive to incumbents, there are a number of challenges that must be handled. For example, an unused portion of the spectrum must be found, and it is likely that its availability will vary over time and location. To address such challenges, we have developed a hardware-software platform that includes a spectrum-aware Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol and algorithms to deal with spectrum fragmentation. In this talk, I will describe these solutions and present some open challenges in enabling high speed wireless connectivity in the TV bands.
Stabilization of Nrf2 by tBHQ Confers Protection against Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Death in Human Neural Stem Cells (2004)

Recent studies indicate that NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a substrate for the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The present study is aimed to determine whether increased protein stability is a mechanism by which quinone compounds, like tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ), may enhance Nrf2-mediated transcriptional activation and subsequent antioxidant protection. H2O2-induced necrotic cell death, evidenced by transmission electronic microscope (TEM) imaging with no caspase 3 activation and PARP cleavage, was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with tBHQ or overexpression of Nrf2 through advenovirus-mediated infection in human neural stem cells (hNSCs). Microarray analysis showed that those identified antioxidant genes, responsible for antiapoptotic action in IMR-32 cells (J. Li et al., 2002, J. Biol. Chem. 277, 388-394), were also coordinately upregulated through Nrf2-dependent antioxidant responsive element (ARE) activation in hNSC. The stabilization of Nrf2 by tBHQ in IMR-32 cells was evidenced by a pulse-chase assay showing no significant increase in Nrf2 protein synthesis after tBHQ treatment, and by ubiquitin immunoprecipitation showing that tBHQ stabilized ubiquitinated Nrf2. An in vitro proteasomal activity assay showed that tBHQ did not act as a 20S/26S proteasome inhibitor. Nrf2 stabilization by tBHQ also was observed in hNSCs. Taken together, this study suggests that identified antioxidant genes, which were upregulated through tBHQ induced Nrf2 stabilization, confer protection on target cells against H2O2-induced apoptotic cell death in neuroblastoma cells as well as the necrotic cell death in the hNSC. Nrf2 stabilization by pharmacological modulation or adenovirus-mediated Nrf2 overexpression, therefore, might be viable strategies to prevent a wide-spectrum of oxidative stress-related neuronal cell injuries.