gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unimolecular chain transfer (UMCT) reactions: concepts, preliminary results with silicon hydrides, and future potential (1995)

Most radical reactions are conducted by chain methods that have bimolecular chain transfer steps. It is proposed that unimolecular chain transfer (UMCT) reactions should have advantages for conducting difficult radical transformations. The concepts of the UMCT method are illustrated with allyltributylstannane, and the first examples of UMCT reactions of silicon hydrides are introduced. Examples of bimolecular reactions conducted with silicon hydride UMCT reagents are provided, and the potential of the UMCT method is discussed.
Terminal region recognition factor 1, a DNA-binding protein recognizing the inverted terminal repeats of the pGKl linear DNA plasmids. (1991)

The yeast linear DNA plasmids pGKl1 and pGKl2 contain inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) and terminal proteins covalently bound to the 5' termini of each plasmid. The presence of these features suggests a protein-primed mechanism of DNA replication, similar to that exemplified by mammalian adenovirus and phi 29 phage of Bacillus subtilis. In this paper, we report the identification of an activity in cytoplasmic extracts of yeast harboring the pGKl plasmids that recognizes the termini of both pGKl1 and pGKl2. We call this activity TRF1, for terminal region recognition factor 1. Deletion analyses and DNase I protection experiments demonstrate that the activity recognizes base pairs 107-183 within the ITR of pGKl1, and base pairs 126-179 within the ITR of pGKl2. The presence of T-tracts within these two regions, but otherwise dissimilar nucleotide sequences, suggests that TRF1 recognizes a common structural feature within the ITRs of the two plasmids. TRF1 has been partially purified from yeast cytoplasmic extracts and Southwestern analysis indicates that the apparent molecular mass of the protein is 16 kDa. By expressing three open reading frames from pGKl2 in Escherichia coli, we found that open reading frame 10 (ORF10) of pGKl2 encodes TRF1. The sequence of the ORF10 gene product indicates that TRF1 is a highly basic protein of small molecular mass. Comparison of TRF1 with other DNA-binding proteins known to recognize the terminal regions of linear DNAs, such as NFI and NFIII involved in adenovirus DNA replication, and phi 29 p6, involved in phi 29 DNA replication, indicates that TRF1 has a different mode of binding.
Structural and optical properties of Ag-doped copper oxide thin films on polyethylene napthalate substrate prepared by low temperature microwave annealing (2013)

Silver doped cupric oxide thin films are prepared on polyethylene naphthalate (flexible polymer) substrates. Thin films Ag-doped CuO are deposited on the substrate by co-sputtering followed by microwave assisted oxidation of the metal films. The low temperature tolerance of the polymer substrates led to the search for innovative low temperature processing techniques. Cupric oxide is a p-type semiconductor with an indirect band gap and is used as selective absorption layer solar cells. X-ray diffraction identifies the CuO phases. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry measurements confirm the stoichiometry of each copper oxide formed. The surface morphology is determined by atomic force microscopy. The microstructural properties such as crystallite size and the microstrain for (−111) and (111) planes are calculated and discussed. Incorporation of Ag led to the lowering of band gap in CuO. Consequently, it is determined that Ag addition has a strong effect on the structural, morphological, surface, and optical properties of CuO grown on flexible substrates by microwave annealing. Tauc's plot is used to determine the optical band gap of CuO and Ag doped CuO films. The values of the indirect and direct band gap for CuO are found to be 2.02 eV and 3.19 eV, respectively.
Abstract B036: Synthetic DNA-encoded monoclonal antibody delivery (DMAbTM) of anti-CTLA4 antibodies induces tumor shrinkage in vivo (2018)

Abstract Antibody-based immune therapies targeting the T-cell checkpoint inhibitors CTLA4 and PD1 have made incredible advances in cancer therapy. In particular, the combination of CTLA4 and PD1 blockade (using ipilimumab and nivolumab, respectively) was recently shown to be the most effective immune therapy for improving progression-free survival in advanced melanoma patients. However, this immune therapy combination strategy is extraordinarily expensive due to high manufacturing costs of monoclonal antibodies, with an estimated annual cost of almost one million dollars per patient. In this study, we focused on the development of a DNA-encoded monoclonal antibody (DMAbTM) approach for delivery of anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibodies in vivo. With this technology, formulated DMAbTM plasmids are injected into the muscle with electroporation, allowing for muscle cells to produce and secrete the DMAbTM for a prolonged period of time without the need for repeated administration. In proof-of-concept studies in mice, we show that delivery of a DMAbTM plasmid for a monoclonal antibody targeting mouse CTLA4 (clone 9D9) elicits high serum expression (peak expression of 7.9µg/mL in immune-competent C57Bl/6 mice with one injection of DNA). This anti-mouse CTLA4 DMAbTM is capable of inducing tumor regression in A/J mice that were implanted with the immunogenic Sa1N tumor cell line without repeated administration. Furthermore, this anti-mouse CTLA4 DMAbTM is capable of synergizing with a DNA vaccine targeting the tumor antigen TERT in slowing tumor growth for the nonimmunogenic TC-1 tumor cell line. We also examined DNA delivery of the anti-human CTLA4 antibodies ipilimumab and tremelimumab. For these anti-human CTLA4 DMAbsTM, we achieved steady-state levels of approximately 75µg/mL and 50ug/mL for ipilimumab and tremelimumab, respectively, in mice, which is greater than the mean trough levels of ipilimumab achieved in patients (21.8µg/mL serum concentration for 3mg/kg dose). These anti-human CTLA4 DMAbsTM produced in vivo bind to human CTLA4 protein and induce T-cell activation in a functional assay ex vivo. These results demonstrate the feasibility of delivering immune checkpoint blockade monoclonal antibodies using DNA for cancer immune therapy. Future studies will explore combination therapies with CTLA4 DMAbsTM and chemotherapy. Citation Format: Elizabeth Duperret, Aspen Trautz, Ami Patel, Joseph Kim, Kar Muthumani, David B. Weiner. Synthetic DNA-encoded monoclonal antibody delivery (DMAbTM) of anti-CTLA4 antibodies induces tumor shrinkage in vivo [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2017 Oct 26-30; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2018;17(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B036.
High-efficiency ultrafast optical-to-electrical converters based on InAs nanowire-plasmonic arrays (2019)

There has been a growing interest in developing high-efficiency ultrafast optical-to-electrical converters for advanced imaging and sensing applications. Here, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) plasmonic platform based on InAs nanowire arrays with self-assembled gold gratings, which converts a telecom-wavelength (1550 nm) optical beam to sub-picosecond current pulses with quantum efficiency up to 18.3%, while operating in photovoltaic mode, i.e., at zero bias. Using a comprehensive 3D photoresponse model, we reveal that the incident photons form tightly confined fields near the gratings at nanowire tips, and thus a majority of the photogenerated carriers are efficiently routed to the metal within a few tens of nanometers distance, resulting in ultrafast current pulses. In addition, we show that the amplitude of current pulses is robust to the nanowire surface quality and can be effectively tuned by varying the doping levels in nanowires. This work paves a way to realizing a low-power, highly compact, and low-cost device scheme for ultrafast pulse generation.
Recognition of CD8+T-cell epitopes to identify adults with pulmonary tuberculosis (2019)

<b>Current immune assays have limited capacity to identify individuals with TB. Two novel immune-based assays show promise as a new approach to diagnose TB once incorporated into existing technologies.</b>http://ow.ly/4cg330okh4g
Small Molecule-Induced Pancreatic β-Like Cell Development: Mechanistic Approaches and Available Strategies (2020)

Diabetes is a metabolic disease which affects not only glucose metabolism but also lipid and protein metabolism. It encompasses two major types: type 1 and 2 diabetes. Despite the different etiologies of type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM, respectively), the defining features of the two forms are insulin deficiency and resistance, respectively. Stem cell therapy is an efficient method for the treatment of diabetes, which can be achieved by differentiating pancreatic β-like cells. The consistent generation of glucose-responsive insulin releasing cells remains challenging. In this review article, we present basic concepts of pancreatic organogenesis, which intermittently provides a basis for engineering differentiation procedures, mainly based on the use of small molecules. Small molecules are more auspicious than any other growth factors, as they have unique, valuable properties like cell-permeability, as well as a nonimmunogenic nature; furthermore, they offer immense benefits in terms of generating efficient functional beta-like cells. We also summarize advances in the generation of stem cell-derived pancreatic cell lineages, especially endocrine β-like cells or islet organoids. The successful induction of stem cells depends on the quantity and quality of available stem cells and the efficient use of small molecules.
Optimization of Light-Diffracting Photonic-Crystals for High Extraction Efficiency LEDs (2007)

Photonic-crystal (PhC)-assisted light extraction is a promising method for ultrahigh efficiency, planar light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, modeling of such structures is challenging due to the variety of their parameters and the heavy computational burden they represent. We present a thorough theoretical discussion of the optimization of PhC LEDs, which relies both on approximate treatments and on rigorous 3-D calculations. Two material systems (GaAs and GaN) are investigated, leading to quite different optimal regimes. Notably, it appears that besides the properties of the 2-D PhC itself, design of the vertical structure plays a major role in optimization
A sub-nanosecond resonant-type monolithic T/R switch for millimeter-wave systems applications (1998)

This paper is concerned with the design consideration, fabrication process, and performance of a V-band monolithic transmit/receive (T/R) switch for millimeter-wave wireless networks applications. The developed switch integrated circuit (IC) has a novel structure in which to pass a signal, it presents a parallel resonant circuit to the signal by forward biasing a pair of switching heterojunction FET's (HJFETs), but to block the signal, it presents a series resonant circuit to the signal by reverse biasing the switching HJFETs. With a control voltage of 0/3.2 V, the developed T/R switch exhibits a minimum insertion loss of 3.9 dB, a maximum isolation of 41 dB, and a high switching speed of 250 ps, over 57-61 GHz. The monolithic T/R switch chip size is 3.3 mm/spl times/1.7 mm.
Simplified subjective workload assessment technique (2001)

Although the subjective workload assessment technique (SWAT) has been widely used, it has two main problems: it is not very sensitive for low mental workloads and it requires a time-consuming card sorting pretask procedure. In this study are presented five variations of SWAT in an effort to overcome the limitations. Four of the variants used the continuous SWAT subscales while one used the discrete SWAT subscale. Fifteen subjects participated in the experiment. The scales were compared with the original SWAT scale in terms of sensitivity and pretask procedure completion time when performing arithmetic tasks. The results show that all four variants are more sensitive than the conventional SWAT scale and that the pairwise comparison procedure takes significantly less pretask completion time compared with the original SWAT scale. Thus, the conventional pretask procedure can be replaced by a simple unweighted averaging to yield a scale of high sensitivity.
New methods for structural and functional analysis of complex processes (2009)

The selection of the structure of a controller in large scale industry processes requires extensive process knowledge. The aim of this paper is to present methods which help designers to comprehend a process by representing structural and functional relationships from actuators and process disturbances to measured or estimated variables. This paper describes similarities between brain connectivity theory and interaction analysis in multivariable processes. Results from both theories are combined to create new methods for the analysis of industry processes. The developed methods are applied to an illustrative example.
Emergency surgery for acute infective aortic valve endocarditis: performance of cryopreserved homografts and mode of failure1 (1997)

Emergency aortic valve replacement with cryopreserved homografts for acute native or prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis has a low operative mortality. The late incidence of recurrent endocarditis or homograft failure up to 7 years is acceptable. Cryopreserved homografts are non-viable. The presence of T-cell lymphocytes in explanted homografts indicates that rejection may be possible.
Optimizing power efficiency of OFDM using quantized channel state information (2006)

Emerging applications involving low-cost wireless sensor networks motivate well optimization of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) in the power-limited regime. To this end, the present paper develops loading algorithms to minimize transmit-power under rate and error probability constraints, using three types of channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT): deterministic (per channel realization) for slow fading links, statistical (channel mean) for fast fading links, and quantized (Q), whereby a limited number of bits are fed back from the transmitter to the receiver. Along with optimal bit and power loading schemes, quantizer designs and reduced complexity alternatives with low feedback overhead are developed to obtain a suite of Q-CSIT-based OFDM transceivers with desirable complexity versus power-consumption tradeoffs. Numerical examples corroborate the analytical claims and reveal that significant power savings result even with a few bits of Q-CSIT
Genetic analyses of chr11p15.5 region identify MUC5AC-MUC5B associated with asthma-related phenotypes (2023)

SNPs associated with asthma in chr11p15.5 region are not associated with asthma severity neither with IIPs. Higher expression of <i>MUC5AC</i> and lower expression of <i>MUC5B</i> are risk for asthma but protective for IIPs.
Design of a Quadratic, Antagonistic, Cable-Driven, Variable Stiffness Actuator (2020)

Abstract Antagonistically actuated Variable Stiffness Actuators (VSAs) take inspiration from biological muscle structures to control both the stiffness and positioning of a joint. The design presented utilizes a cable running through a set of three pulleys, to displace a linear spring, yielding quadratic spring behavior. A quasi-static model of the mechanism is used to assess and optimize the force-displacement behavior. The mechanism prototype yielded a good match to the desired elastic behavior.
Electrical switching behavior from all-polymer-based system of semiconductor/ferroelectrics/semiconductor (2011)

Ferroelectricity is attractive in data storage application as the polarizations can be used as binary levels. However, conductivity and ferroelectricity cannot be tuned independently in inorganic materials, thus two-terminal resistive memories with ferroelectrics are yet to be achieved. Here, we present an all-polymer-based system of semiconductor/ferroelectrics/semiconductor. Electrical switching behavior, which is critical to resistive memories, is observed. The mechanism of the conduction transition is attributed to the transmission probability of charge carriers tuned by electrical polarization. The importance of polarization in controlling the charge transport deserves further investigation for the realization and optimization of the two-terminal resistive memories with ferroelectrics.
5‐Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase (1981)

The thiophilic reagent 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) Nbs2) reacts with four sulphydryl groups in native 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase from bovine liver (groups I, II, III and IV). All four of these groups exhibit various degrees of half-site reactivity. Groups I and II are highly reactive and their rates of reaction with Nbs2 have been investigated using stopped-flow analysis. The reaction of these groups with Nbs2 results in the formation of an intramolecular disulphide bond which may be reduced with dithioerythritol to regenerate the free sulphydryl groups. Groups I and II appear to be at, or near, the catalytic site whereas group III is involved in the maintenance of conformation in the native enzyme.
Field-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy of Human Blood to Tackle Lung, Prostate and Breast Cancer Detection (2019)

Summary form only given. Broadband mid-infrared spectroscopy of biofluids carries great potential for biological and biomedical applications, as it provides fast, reliable and label-free access to the molecular composition of the sample [1]. When applied to human blood serum, a range of molecular contents can be quantified [2] and specific changes in the absorption spectra, driven by diseases (e.g. cancer) can be identified and used for diagnostic purposes [3]. One remaining challenge is the complexity of human serum: physiological phenotypes are driven by minor changes in concentration of thousands of different molecules. At the same time, although many low-abundance molecules are very informative for disease detection, these are often not detectable with conventional Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and quantum-cascade laser (QCL) based approaches due to a lack of sensitivity and specificity. Here we show how field-resolved spectroscopy (FRS) [4] of few-cycle-excited molecular vibrations can be utilised to address these shortcomings and demonstrate its applicability for the measurement of human blood serum in a clinical setting. In a preparatory experiment, we quantitatively investigate the ability of FRS to detect small changes in the sample response by spiking blood serum with a defmed concentration of dimethyl sulfone (DMS02). We demonstrate that FRS is able to detect changes in molecular concentration down to the sub-μg/m1 level in human blood serum, outperforming the sensitivity of FTIR- and QCL-based approaches. Hence, the smallest changes currently detectable by FRS are fi ve orders of magnitude below the concentration of the most highly abundant molecules in blood, implying a detectable concentration dynamic range of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> .
Hollow cathode theory and experiment. II. A two-dimensional theoretical model of the emitter region (2005)

Despite their long history and wide range of applicability that includes electric propulsion, detailed understanding of the driving physics inside orificed hollow cathodes remains elusive. The theoretical complexity associated with the multicomponent fluid inside the cathode, and the difficulty of accessing empirically this region, have limited our ability to design cathodes that perform better and last longer. A two-dimensional axisymmetric theoretical model of the multispecies fluid inside an orificed hollow cathode is presented. The level of detail attained by the model is allowed by its extended system of governing equations not solved for in the past within the hollow cathode. Such detail is motivated in part by the need to quantify the effect(s) of the plasma on the emitter life, and by the need to build the foundation for future modeling that will assess erosion of the keeper plate. Results from numerical simulations of a 1.2-cm-diam cathode operating at a discharge current of 25A and a gas flow rate of 5SCCM show that approximately 10A of electron current, and 3.45A of ion current return back to the emitter surface. The total emitted electron current is 33.8A and the peak emitter temperature is found to be 1440K. Comparisons with the measurements suggest that anomalous heating of the plasma is possible near the orifice region. The model predicts heavy species temperatures as high as 2034K and peak voltage drops near the emitting surface not exceeding 8V.
Broadband KuTEM Omni-Cell Testing of Small DC Motors for a Low Cost Filter Solution (2000)

Four small DC motors with filters or filter network configurations are tested for radiated emissions using a broadband KuTEM Cell. The broadband KuTEM Cell provides good correlation to Open Area Test Sites (OATS) working between 150 kHz to 1000 MHz for most small, inproduction or proposed DC motor filter solutions. Testing will compare three typical, multiple component filter configurations and a new single unit, multi-layered circuit architecture that can be packaged in standard passive component, industry specified sizes (0805, 1206, etc.) [1] [2]. The test configuration and methodology allow for analytical comparisons of DUT configurations in order to create a cost vs. suppression performance decision matrix.
Bioinformatic Atlas of Radical SAM Enzyme-Modified RiPP Natural Products Reveals an Isoleucine–Tryptophan Crosslink (2022)

Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a growing family of natural products with diverse activities and structures. RiPP classes are defined by the tailoring enzyme, which can introduce a narrow range of modifications or a diverse set of alterations. In the latter category, RiPPs synthesized by radical <i>S</i>-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzymes, known as RaS-RiPPs, have emerged as especially divergent. A map of all RaS-RiPP gene clusters does not yet exist. Moreover, precursor peptides remain difficult to predict using computational methods. Herein, we have addressed these challenges and report a bioinformatic atlas of RaS-RiPP gene clusters in available microbial genome sequences. Using co-occurrence of RaS enzymes and transporters from varied families as a bioinformatic hook in conjunction with an in-house code to identify precursor peptides, we generated a map of ∼15,500 RaS-RiPP gene clusters, which reveal a remarkable diversity of syntenies pointing to a tremendous range of enzymatic and natural product chemistries that remain to be explored. To assess its utility, we examined one family of gene clusters encoding a YcaO enzyme and a RaS enzyme. We find the former is noncanonical, contains an iron-sulfur cluster, and installs a novel modification, a backbone amidine into the precursor peptide. The RaS enzyme was also found to install a new modification, a C-C crosslink between the unactivated terminal δ-methyl group of Ile and a Trp side chain. The co-occurrence search can be applied to other families of RiPPs, as we demonstrate with the emerging DUF692 di-iron enzyme superfamily.