gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prototype Pictet−Spengler Reactions Catalyzed by Superacids. Involvement of Dicationic Superelectrophiles (1998)

The Pictet−Spengler reaction, an acid-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of intermediate imines of 2-arylethylamine to give 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines, has long been limited to active substrates which bear strongly electron-donating groups such as a methoxy or a hydroxy group on the cyclizing benzene ring. In this paper, we present superacid-catalyzed Pictet−Spengler reactions of imines of 2-phenethylamine, including the prototype Pictet−Spengler reaction of N-methylene-2-phenethylamine, to give the parent and 1-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines in moderate to high yields. The yields are dependent on the acidity of the media. A linear relationship was found between the rate of the cyclization and the acidity of the reaction media in kinetic studies of N-methylene-2-phenethylamine and related imines, strongly supporting the intervention of an additional protonative activation of the N-protonated imines, that is, the involvement of dicationic superelectrophiles, N,N-diprotonated imines (ammonium−carbenium dications). We further found that the prototype cyclization of the parent N-methylene-2-phenethylamine is also catalyzed by TFA to give 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline in good yield, although the cyclization is significantly slower than that catalyzed by superacids. The prototype Pictet−Spengler cyclization of N-methylene-2-phenethylamine can thus take place both through the monocation (the N-monoprotonated imine) and the dication (the N,N-diprotonated imine), the latter reaction being predominant in superacids.
Development of a 16-band multispectral image archiving system (2005)

To preserve museum collections of works of art, these collections are often photographed for display in digital museums. However, conventional photography cannot capture spectral characteristics of objects. In this paper, we describe a 16-band camera system designed to produce spectral images of ancient paintings. Results of color reproduction of captured images and results of spectral analysis of images of ancient paintings are also presented. The camera consists of a 2000×2000-pixel CCD, a rotational filter turret with 16 interference filters, and a PC-based image capturing and displaying unit. The camera's lens is interchangeable, and it enables two or more different view sizes. Each band image of the camera can be focused independently, and it reduces longitudinal chromatic aberration. A stroboscope is used for lighting, and the rotational filter turret and electrical shutter of the CCD have been synchronized with it. An electric motor-driven photographic platform is used to enable photographing large objects in several shots. We evaluated the results of color estimation for an image taken by this camera using the GretagMacbeth ColorChecker 24-color chart. The average &Delta;E<sub>ab</sub> was 2.09 (maximum &Delta;E<sub>ab</sub> was 4.03). Spectral reflectance were used to analyze a degraded area on an ancient painting.
The use of retained patient specimens for haematology quality control. (1990)

Patient blood specimens constitute ideal quality control material in many respects. Although stability is a problem, patient specimens are sufficiently stable to allow their use in the control of short-term systematic error. The principal challenges involve the design of a system which combines excellent performance characteristics (probability of error detection and probability of false rejection) with a minimum of extra work. In the past, guidelines have been presented for an optimized quality control program using retained patient specimens in haematology. These guidelines call for the use of three retained specimens initially analysed only once, with subsequent analyses judged 'out of control' if they deviate from the initial result by a prescribed multiple of the long-term standard deviation. In practice, this system may result in a relatively high probability of false rejection of data (Pfr) due to inadequately established control ranges. Also, the maintenance of three retained patient specimens may be an excessive burden on small laboratories. We present data on the optimization of a quality control program using one retained specimen that is appropriate for use by smaller laboratories. The control rules and the number of initial analyses are adjusted to yield the highest possible probability of error detection (Ped while maintaining a low Pfr and a low additional workload. In addition, we present data concerning the control of satellite instruments by sharing patient specimens between the satellite instrument and a 'reference' instrument.
Role of Microtubules in Basal and Stimulated Release of Growth Hormone and Prolactin in Rat Adenohypophysisin Vitro (1973)

A 20-65% inhibitory effect of 25 or 50% deuterium oxide on the basal and induced release of both growth hormone and prolactin from anterior pituitaries was already measured in the first 45 min of incubation at 37 C. Hormonal release was measured by densitometry of proteins of the incubation medium separated on polyacrylamide gels and by radioimmunoassay. Incubation up to 3 hr in 50% deuterium oxide did not cause any detectable morphological alteration of the somatotrophs (growth hormone-secreting cells) nor mammotrophs (prolactin-secreting cells), while microtubules in apparent normal number were seen scattered through the cytoplasm of both cell types. Although the inhibitory effect of 10-7 to 10-5M vincristine sulfate was usually slight in the first 45-min incubation period, this agent led, during the following 60 min of incubation, to a 50-70% inhibition of the release of growth hormone induced by 1 X 10-5M PGET, 25 HIM K+ or purified growth hormone-releasing hormone. Basal and cyclic AMP-induced release of prolactin were both markedly inhibited by vincristine. After prolonged incubation in the presence of vincristine (10-5M), both somatotrophs and mammotrophs contained numerous crystalline deposits scattered through the cytoplasm and presumably derived from the microtubules. The concentration of adenohypophyseal cyclic AMP was not altered by the presence of deuterium oxide or vincristine, indicating that microtubules act a step beyond formation of the cyclic nucleotide. These biochemical and morphological data give strong support to the hypothesis that the microtubule system is involved in both basal and induced secretion processes in growth hormone and prolactin- secreting cells in the adenohypophysis. (Endocrinology93: 903, 1973)
Composing dataflow analyses and transformations (2002)

Dataflow analyses can have mutually beneficial interactions. Previous efforts to exploit these interactions have either (1) iteratively performed each individual analysis until no further improvements are discovered or (2) developed "super-analyses" that manually combine conceptually separate analyses. We have devised a new approach that allows analyses to be defined independently while still enabling them to be combined automatically and profitably. Our approach avoids the loss of precision associated with iterating individual analyses and the implementation difficulties of manually writing a super-analysis. The key to our approach is a novel method of implicit communication between the individual components of a super-analysis based on graph transformations. In this paper, we precisely define our approach; we demonstrate that it is sound and it terminates; finally we give experimental results showing that in practice (1) our framework produces results at least as precise as iterating the individual analyses while compiling at least 5 times faster, and (2) our framework achieves the same precision as a manually written super-analysis while incurring a compile-time overhead of less than 20%.
Safety and Accuracy Considerations in Developing a Small Sterilizable Robot for Orthopaedic Surgery (2006)

The objective of this work was to design a compact, accurate, safe, and ease-to-use surgical robot for total knee arthroplasty. The goal of the bone-mounted robot, named Praxiteles, is to precisely position a surgical bone-cutting guide in the appropriate planes surrounding the knee, so that the surgeon can perform the cuts manually using the guide. The robot architecture is comprised of 2 motorized degrees of freedom (DOF) whose axes of rotation are arranged in parallel, and are precisely aligned to the implant cutting planes with a 2 DOF serial adjustment mechanism. An initial prototype was first developed and tested on saw bones and cadavers, and construction of a new, refined version is now well underway. A backdrivable system, with high-stiffness, high-precision static positioning capabilities and safe low-force dynamic movement is achieved using a quick-release, spring-loaded mechanical braking system integrated in a gear transmission unit at the level of the motor outputs. This paper discusses the technical challenges encountered during the development, design, and construction of the system.
Session 7 overview: Neuromorphic, clocking and security circuits: Digital circuits subcommittee (2018)

The eight papers in this session highlight developments in neuromorphic acceleration, clocking circuits and security building blocks. A highlighted paper demonstrates a neuromorphic accelerator with stochastic synapses and embedded online reinforcement learning in autonomous micro-robots. The clocking papers presented demonstrate an all-digital multiplying DLL, a synthesizable fractional-N PLL and a synthesizable period-jitter sensor. Improvements to random-number generators and physically unclonable functions provide lower error rates and lossless stabilization by a novel remapping scheme.
Calculation of nonzero-temperature Casimir forces in the time domain (2010)

We show how to compute Casimir forces at nonzero temperatures with time-domain electromagnetic simulations, for example using a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Compared to our previous zero-temperature time-domain method, only a small modification is required, but we explain that some care is required to properly capture the zero-frequency contribution. We validate the method against analytical and numerical frequency-domain calculations, and show a surprising high-temperature disappearance of a non-monotonic behavior previously demonstrated in a piston-like geometry.
Membrane Development for Hybrid Sulfur Electrolysis and Oxygen Separation. (2020)

Abstract not provided.
Row-column transforms: Low-complexity approximation of optimal non-separable transforms (2016)

This paper introduces row-column transforms (RCTs) which are 2D non-separable transforms defined with the aid of a set of 1-D linear transforms and a basis ordering permutation. We propose a novel method for the design of row-column transforms that approximate desired complex transforms (such as KLTs, SOTs, etc.) so that most of the performance of the approximated transforms is retained at significantly reduced complexity. Given a non-separable block transform of interest, our method designs an RCT by (i) optimizing a set of 1-D transforms applied to rows and columns of the signal block and (ii) finding the best transform coefficient ordering permutation. Our experimental results show that optimized RCTs closely approach the compression performance of the desired non-separable transforms while retaining the computational complexity of separable transforms.
Holographic simultaneous readout polarization multiplexing based on photoinduced anisotropy in bacteriorhodopsin (2004)

Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is a reversible photochromic protein that can be used as a holographic medium. The dichroic absorption of the bR molecule is polarization dependent, thereby allowing for the recording of polarization holograms. The properties of polarization holograms can be used to multiplex two independent images in a single bR film. A new technique and associated polarization-multiplexing scheme are demonstrated that allow for simultaneous readout of two orthogonally polarized images while achieving a high normalized diffraction efficiency for each of the individual images.
Prominin‐1 controls stem cell activation by orchestrating ciliary dynamics (2018)

Proper temporal and spatial activation of stem cells relies on highly coordinated cell signaling. The primary cilium is the sensory organelle that is responsible for transmitting extracellular signals into a cell. Primary cilium size, architecture, and assembly-disassembly dynamics are under rigid cell cycle-dependent control. Using mouse incisor tooth epithelia as a model, we show that ciliary dynamics in stem cells require the proper functions of a cholesterol-binding membrane glycoprotein, Prominin-1 (Prom1/CD133), which controls sequential recruitment of ciliary membrane components, histone deacetylase, and transcription factors. Nuclear translocation of Prom1 and these molecules is particularly evident in transit amplifying cells, the immediate derivatives of stem cells. The absence of Prom1 impairs ciliary dynamics and abolishes the growth stimulation effects of sonic hedgehog (SHH) treatment, resulting in the disruption of stem cell quiescence maintenance and activation. We propose that Prom1 is a key regulator ensuring appropriate response of stem cells to extracellular signals, with important implications for development, regeneration, and diseases.
Sustainable Innovation in the Chemical Industry and Its Commercial Impacts (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Overview Historical Perspective Innovations in the Age of Sustainability Sustainability Driven by Innovation and Performance References
A yeast surface display platform for plant hormone receptors: Toward directed evolution of new biosensors (2019)

Abstract Small‐molecule biosensors have major applications in biotechnology and medicine but remain difficult to engineer. Plant hormone receptors represent an attractive platform for engineering such biosensors because their chemically induced dimerization architectures naturally decouple small‐molecule sensing and sensor actuation. Rapid biosensor engineering will require quantitative high‐throughput screening methods. Here we develop a yeast surface display (YSD) platform for the PYR1/HAB1 abscisic acid sensor of Arabidopsis thaliana . We extensively optimized PYR1 surface display, HAB1 purification, and binding reaction conditions. Our system reproduces previous results with wild‐type and engineered receptors, and a mathematical analysis of the PYR1/HAB1 system allows us to infer all binding constants. Critically, we find that a previously engineered PYR1 receptor with altered ligand specificity binds HAB1 with identical affinity, suggesting that substantial reengineering of the PYR1 binding pocket does not compromise sensor actuation. This YSD platform for A. thaliana PYR1/HAB1 will facilitate future biosensor engineering efforts.
Critical design criteria for silicon nanocrystals downshifting layers enhancement in CIGS solar cells (2018)

Conventional Cu ( In , Ga ) Se2 (CIGS) solar cells suffer poor response in the short-wavelength region (280 to 520 nm) due to the parasitic absorption in the ZnO transparent conductive oxide and inefficient collection of generated electron–hole pairs in the CdS layer. The short-wavelength response can be enhanced using a downshifting (DS) layer mounted on the top surface of the solar cell. The performance effects of coupling silicon nanocrystals DS layer to a CIGS solar cell are analyzed using numerical simulations. Measured photoluminescence of fabricated Si-nC using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition is used to calibrate the model. A 13.9% relative enhancement of the conversion efficiency is observed when a DS layer with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 20% is added. The relative enhancement increases to 17.8% when the DS layer has a PLQY of 100%. The results are further analyzed to decouple and quantify the surface reflectance effect and the DS effect using a passive cell. The surface reflectance effect is dominant for DS layers with PLQY of 20% and accounts for 13.6% relative enhancement. Whereas the DS effect dominates when the PLQY is >70 % and reaches 17.1% relative enhancement for a DS layer with PLQY of 100%. Overall, cells with poor UV spectral responses are found to benefit the most from the coupling of a DS layer, albeit only for a very high PLQY.
GSABA (2006)

Bootstrapping refers to the process of creating state (typically security associations, configuration and authorization information) between two or more entities based on a trust relationship between a trusted third party and two or more entities. The term bootstrapping has been recently introduced to denote solutions to configuration problems, such as those present in Mobile IP. This paper describes a novel service authorization and bootstrapping architecture in order to distribute keying material, to perform authorization and to make configuration information available.
Synthetic Analogs of the Lewisb-Tetrasaccharideand their Binding to Griffonia Simplicifolia Lectin-PartII (2003)

The lewis b tetrasaccharide is known to bind to lectin IV of Griffonia simplicifolia. In an effort to prepare superior ligands, we have synthesized analogs of this tetrasaccharide and evaluated their binding to the lectin. This paper (part II in a series of two) describes the synthesis of and binding studies with analogs where the GlcNAc unit (a) has been replaced by simpler mimicking residues that are both flexible and rigid. A simple 1,2-trans cyclohexanediol residue provided a reasonable simplified inhibitor whereas a flexible 1,2-ethanediol replacement led to a completely inactive ligand.
Measurement of theB+Production Cross Section inppCollisions ats=7  TeV (2011)

Measurements of the total and differential cross sections dσ/dp(T)(B) and dσ/dy(B) for B(+) mesons produced in pp collisions at sqrt[s]=7 TeV are presented. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 5.8 pb(-1) collected by the CMS experiment operating at the LHC. The exclusive decay B(+)→J/ψK(+), with J/ψ→μ(+)μ(-), is used to detect B(+) mesons and to measure the production cross section as a function of p(T)(B) and y(B). The total cross section for p(T)(B)>5 GeV and |y(B)|<2.4 is measured to be 28.1±2.4±2.0±3.1 μb, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is systematic, and the last is from the luminosity measurement.
Oxidation under Air of Tavorite LiVPO4F: Influence of Vanadyl-Type Defects on Its Electrochemical Properties (2016)

Tavorite-type compositions offer a very rich crystal chemistry, among which LiVIIIPO4F has the highest theoretical energy density (i.e., 655 Wh/kg). In this article, an in-depth study of vanadyl-type defects generated by temperature-controlled oxidation of LiVIIIPO4F under air is proposed, and the influence of the defects on the electrochemical properties is demonstrated. A combination of high resolution synchrotron diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance was used to fully characterize the materials thus generated, from their average long-range structure to their local structure with the presence of defects. The increase of the annealing temperature tends to substitute oxygen for fluorine with the formation of a series of LiVPO4F1–xOx compositions. The miscibility domains appear to be narrow at the two ends of the solid solution (i.e., in the composition ranges LiVPO4F[1-0.9]O[0-0.1] and LiVPO4F[0-0.1]O[1-0.9]). The presence of vanadyl-type defects obtained as localized or more extended ones, depending on the annealing conditions, affects drastically the electrochemical properties of these Tavorite LiVPO4F-type materials.
Cavitation from diagnostic ultrasound (1990)

The possibility of cavitation as a consequence of short-pulse diagnostic ultrasound was predicted theoretically in 1982 by Apfel [R. E. Apfel, Br. J. Cancer 45 (Suppl. V), 140–146 (1982)] and Flynn [H. G. Flynn, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 72, 1926–1932 (1982)]. Experiments were performed in ultraclean water to test this hypothesis under conditions comparable to those found in clinical ultrasound examinations. The development of an ultrasensitive acoustic backscattering technique that utilizes 30-MHz pulsed ultrasound has made it possible to detect the presence of transient cavitation due to microsecond-length pulses [R. A. Roy et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87, 2451–2458 (1990)]. This “active cavitation detector” has been employed in an in vitro study to probe the potential of cavitation production by a clinical ultrasound imaging system, specifically, an HP 77020A. Two calibrated, phased-array HP imaging transducers with and 5.0-MHz operating frequencies were driven in M-mode (single cycle) and Doppler mode (4 cycles) by the HP imaging system. Hydrophobic polystyrene spheres with an average diameter of 0.245 μm served as potential cavitation nuclei. Cavitation was detected in the water at 2.5 MHz in both M-mode and Doppler mode at a peak negative acoustic pressure of 1.1 MPa or greater. Insonfication at 5.0 MHz in either mode did not produce a detectable amount of cavitation, even with peak negative pressures as high as 1.2 MPa. [Work supported by the National Institutes of Health, Grant No. 5-RO1-CA-39374-05.]
A practical guide to automating fluorine-18 PET radiochemistry using commercially available cassette-based platforms (2022)

This Tutorial Account aims to be a useful educational resource which describes how to automate fluorine-18 positron emission tomography (PET) radiochemistry using cassette-based automated radiosynthesis platforms.
Analysis of an Arbitrarily-Shaped Planar Circuit a Time-Domain Approach (1985)

A study of an arbitrarily-shaped planar circuit is reported. The theoretical background is presented and then a numerical method of analysis is introduced. Experiments show good agreement between the theoretical calculations and the measurements. The examples of applications concern stripline circuits but the method may be also applied to waveguides.
Human homeo box-containing genes located at chromosome regions 2q31----2q37 and 12q12----12q13. (1987)

Four human homeo box-containing cDNAs isolated from mRNA of an SV40-transformed human fibroblast cell line have been regionally localized on the human gene map. One cDNA clone, c10, was found to be nearly identical to the previously mapped Hox-2.1 gene at 17q21. A second cDNA clone, c1, which is 87% homologous to Hox-2.2 at the nucleotide level but is distinct from Hox-2.1 and Hox-2.2, also maps to this region of human chromosome 17 and is probably another member of the Hox-2 cluster of homeo box-containing genes. The third cDNA clone, c8, in which the homeo box is approximately 84% homologous to the mouse Hox-1.1 homeo box region on mouse chromosome 6, maps to chromosome region 12q12----12q13, a region that is involved in chromosome abnormalities in human seminomas and teratomas. The fourth cDNA clone, c13, whose homeo box is approximately 73% homologous to the Hox-2.2 homeo box sequence, is located at chromosome region 2q31----q37. The human homeo box-containing cluster of genes at chromosome region 17q21 is the human cognate of the mouse homeo box-containing gene cluster on mouse chromosome 11. Other mouse homeo box-containing genes of the Antennapedia class (class I) map to mouse chromosomes 6 (Hox-1, proximal to the IgK locus) and 15 (Hox-3). A mouse gene, En-1, with an engrailed-like homeo box (class II) and flanking region maps to mouse chromosome 1 (near the dominant hemimelia gene). Neither of the class I homeo box-containing genes--c8 and c13--maps to a region of obvious homology to chromosomal positions of the presently known mouse homeo box-containing genes.