gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Energy Transfer from Sn2+ to RE3+ Cations in ZnO–P2O5 Glass (2014)

Abstract The photoluminescence (PL) properties of rare earth (RE)-doped SnO–ZnO–P2O5 (RE-SZP) glass were examined in the visible region. RE-SZP glass, except for those doped with Ce3+, exhibited similar optical band edges because of the s–p transition in Sn2+. The RE3+ PL excitation bands in RE-SZP glass were red-shifted compared to the bands in Sn-free glass because of the energy transfer from the Sn2+ center. In addition, the emission intensity in a few RE-SZP glass systems was remarkably enhanced by Sn2+ addition. Emission decays of Sn2+ in the glass were typically independent of the RE3+, and suggest the exchange interaction between Sn2+ and RE3+. This indicated that the RE3+ cation is generally located close to the Sn2+ center in order to allow energy transfer.
Distortion effects on data pulses in a slow light tunable delay line due to stimulated Brillouin scattering in a highly nonlinear fiber (2005)

We experimentally demonstrate an all-optical tunable delay line based on slow light induced by stimulated Brillouin scattering in a highly-nonlinear fiber, and study its distortion effects on data pulses with different pulse widths. (2 pages)
A wavelet-based multiresolution regularized least squares reconstruction approach for optical tomography (1997)

In this paper, we present a wavelet-based multigrid approach to solve the perturbation equation encountered in optical tomography. With this scheme, the unknown image, the data, as well as the weight matrix are all represented by wavelet expansions, thus yielding a multiresolution representation of the original perturbation equation in the wavelet domain. This transformed equation is then solved using a multigrid scheme, by which an increasing portion of wavelet coefficients of the unknown image are solved in successive approximations. One can also quickly identify regions of interest (ROI's) from a coarse level reconstruction and restrict the reconstruction in the following fine resolutions to those regions. At each resolution level a regularized least squares solution is obtained using the conjugate gradient descent method. This approach has been applied to continuous wave data calculated based on the diffusion approximation of several two-dimensional (2-D) test media. Compared to a previously reported one grid algorithm, the multigrid method requires substantially shorter computation time under the same reconstruction quality criterion.
Demonstration of oxygen-enriched air staging at Owens-Brockway glass containers. Quarterly technical progress report for the period August 1, 1996--October 31, 1996 (1997)

The objective of the program is to demonstrate the use of a previously developed combustion modification technology to reduce NO, emissions from sideport regenerative container glass melters. This technology, known as oxygen-enriched air staging (OEAS), has been demonstrated, and is now being commercialized for endport container glass furnaces. This report focuses on full furnace parametric and long-term testing.
Traffic Characterization of the MAC-PHY Split in 5G Networks (2019)

In the 5G radio access network (RAN), the functions of the next-generation eNodeB (gNodeB) are split into a centralized and a distributed unit. Depending on how the split is performed, the amount of traffic generated between the units can be too high to be supported by the current infrastructure. Therefore, a careful characterization of this traffic is needed for every split option. Among the wide array of options, the MAC-PHY split proves to be both promising, as a balanced trade-off between centralization and decentralization, and difficult to characterize, due to the high amount of low level interactions between MAC and PHY layers. Indeed, the MAC-PHY split is frequently considered in the literature as a possible implementation option for the 5G RAN, yet there is no detailed study about the capacity it requires. This paper remedies that by offering a comprehensive analysis of the downlink traffic of a MAC-PHY split for 5G networks. This analysis is backed with both simulative data and measurements from a physical implementation.
Immunogenicity of Viral Epitopes Expressed on Genetically and Enzymatically Engineered Immunoglobulins (2015)

The last decade has witnessed remarkable developments in antibody research and its therapeutic applications. With the methods of molecular biology it is now possible to manipulate the specificities and activities of antibody molecules to generate an almost limitless array of structures for both basic investigations and the clinical setting. The contributions to this volume cover all three domains of the antibody: the variable regions, the relatively neglected but crucial hinge, and the constant region. These studies provide critical structural and functional information about antibodies, while also pointing the way to the construction of molecules with enhanced or even novel properties. Bringing together major experts on antibody engineering, this book is highly recommended to faculty, postdoctoral fellows and graduate students in molecular biology, microbiology, immunology, cancer research and genetics.
Proteomic identification of interleukin-2 therapy response in metastatic renal cell cancer (2005)

Introduction—To detect a predictive protein profile that distinguishes between IL-2 therapy responders and non-responders among metastatic RCC patients we used surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI TOF-MS). Materials and Methods—Protein extracts of 56 metastatic clear cell RCC patients obtained from radical nephrectomy specimens and prior to IL-2 therapy were applied to protein chip arrays of different chromatographic properties and analyzed using SELDI TOF-MS. A class prediction algorithm was applied to identify a subset of protein peaks whose expression values were associated with IL-2 response status. Multivariate analysis was performed to assess the association between the proteomic profile and the IL-2 response status controlling for the effect of lymphadenopathy. Results—From a total of 513 protein peaks we discovered a predictor set of 11 peaks that performed optimally for predicting IL-2 response status (86 % accuracy, Fisher’s p<0.004, permutation p<0.01). The results were validated on an independent data set with an overall accuracy of 72% (p < 0.05, permutation p<0.01). On multivariate analysis the proteomic profile was significantly associated with IL-2 response when corrected for lymph node status (p< 0.04). Conclusions—We have identified and validated a proteomic pattern that is an independent predictor of IL-2 response. The ability to predict the probability of IL-2 response could permit targeted selection of patients most likely to respond to IL-2, while avoiding unwanted toxicities in patients less likely to respond. This proteomic predictor has the potential to significantly aid clinicians in the decision making of appropriate therapy for metastatic RCC patients.
Seed layer effects on the magnetoresistive properties of NiFe films (2000)

The effect of different seed layers on the magnetoresistive (MR) properties of NiFe films has been investigated. Significant improvements can be observed and explained. By choosing seed layers that vary from conducting to insulating and from amorphous to crystalline the role of the NiFe crystalline texture and current shunting via the seed layer on the MR ratio is observed.
Challenges in underwater navigation: Exploring magnetic sensors anomaly sensing and navigation (2015)

This work combines magnetic field sensing and underwater navigation without the need of a priori maps. The initial work utilizes distributed cooperative localization and control used estimate the states of nodes (autonomous underwater vehicles - AUVs) that carry magnetic sensors. Because of their size, weight, power consumption, and cost fluxgate magnetometers are considered. The distributed estimation method and formation control algorithms allow for the creation of various shapes (vertical, horizontal, and longitudinal) of gradiometer sensor using multiple gliders/AUVs that each carry magnetometers as opposed to traditionally considered arrays on a single AUV. This procedure can be applied in Mine Countermeasures (MCM) - military or unexploded ordnances (UXO) both to detect / localize the anomalies (mines) or cable and pipeline survey - civilian, thus serving as a “payload” sensor. At the same time, the same anomailes can be used as features for navigation corrections.
Optical density filters modeling media opacities cause decreased SD‐OCT retinal layer thickness measurements with inter‐ and intra‐individual variation (2014)

Optical coherence tomography thickness measurements of both pRNFL and mIRL are influenced by image degradation caused by optical density filters as a model for media opacities. An underestimation of the thickness of these layers was observed, caused by a shift of retinal layer boundary placement due to image quality loss. This underestimation is not the same for each individual and also differed between the pRNFL and mIRL thickness measurements. These individual and interindividual differences demonstrate that an individual approach will be necessary to correct for this underestimation per layer.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodide‐Catalyzed Reductions: Development of a Synthesis of Phenylacetic Acids. (2012)

Abstract Treatment of mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids with NaI/H 3 PO 4 /MesOH allows a new and efficient access to phenylacetic acids.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (−)‐Minovincine in Nine Chemical Steps: An Approach to Ketone Activation in Cascade Catalysis (2013)

Einstellig bleiben: Die erste enantioselektive Totalsynthese von (−)-Minovincin wurde in neun chemischen Schritten mit 13 % Gesamtausbeute abgeschlossen. Eine neuartige organokatalytische Kaskade aus Diels-Alder-Reaktion, β-Eliminierung und konjugierter Addition ermöglichte einen schnellen asymmetrischen Zugang zur tetracyclischen Kernstruktur. Boc=tert-Butoxycarbonyl, LG=Abgangsgruppe, PMB=para-Methoxybenzyl. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
The mitotic serine threonine kinase, Aurora-2, is a potential target for drug development in human pancreatic cancer (2004)

Aurora-2 is a serine threonine kinase that associates with the centrosome. Overexpression or ectopic expression of Aurora-2 appears to alter centrosome number and function and has been implicated in a variety of human cancers. In this work, we demonstrate that Aurora-2 is both amplified and overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer cell lines, with a 2-5-fold increase in gene copy number and a 3-4-fold increase in protein levels compared with controls. Aurora-2 is also amplified and overexpressed in pancreatic cancers taken directly from patients. An immunohistochemistry of tissues taken directly from patients demonstrated an overexpression of Aurora-2 in 26 of 28 pancreatic cancers compared with 18 normal pancreas samples. Antisense nucleotides specifically targeted at Aurora-2 arrest the cell cycle in pancreatic cancer cells, indicating the potential of Aurora-2 as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
Floating-point error analysis based on affine arithmetic (2003)

During the development of floating-point signal processing systems, an efficient error analysis method is needed to guarantee the output quality. We present a novel approach to floating-point error bound analysis based on affine arithmetic. The proposed method not only provides a tighter bound than the conventional approach, but also is applicable to any arithmetic operation. The error estimation accuracy is evaluated across several different applications which cover linear operations, nonlinear operations, and feedback systems. The accuracy decreases with the depth of computation path and also is affected by the linearity of the floating-point operations.
Characterization of Lymphocytes Infiltrating Human Breast Cancer, Specific Immune Reactivity Detected by Measuring Cytokine Secretion (1992)

Primary breast cancers from 19 patients and draining lymph nodes from nine of them (seven containing metastatic tumor) were used in growing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in culture. TIL were studied for proliferation, phenotype, cytotoxicity, and the ability to secrete cytokines in response to autologous tumor. Lymphocytes from primary breast tumors proliferated in 15 of 19 cultures, a median of 6.7 x 10(3)-fold in 65 days. For eight of nine patients, lymphocytes derived from draining lymph nodes proliferated in culture, a median of 110-fold in 49 days. Breast TIL became predominantly CD4+ cells over time in culture and were 73% CD4+ and 21% CD8+ (means) at 63 days (median). Lymph node lymphocytes were 63% CD4+ at 51 days. TIL were poorly lytic in 4-hour 51Cr release assays. Lysis of autologous tumor occurred in only one of 12 breast TIL and one of nine lymph node cultures. This lysis was low (15% at effector:target = 40:1) and was nonspecific (non-major-histocompatibility-complex restricted). Cytokine secretion was tested by co-culturing TIL with autologous or allogeneic tumors for 24 hours. Cytokines were measured in culture supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or radioimmunoassay. TIL from three of 11 patients specifically secreted granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma when stimulated by autologous tumor and not by a panel of four to five allogeneic breast cancers. Cytokine secretion has made possible the identification of lymphocytes infiltrating breast cancers with specific immune reactivity. This finding will guide the development of new immunotherapies for patients with breast cancer.
A Membrane-Type Humidifier for Fuel Cell Applications: Controller Design, Analysis and Implementation (2008)

A membrane-based gas humidification apparatus was employed to actively manage the water vapor entrained in the reactant gas supplied to a fuel cell stack. The humidification system utilizes a gas bypass and a series of heaters to achieve accurate and fast humidity and temperature control. A change in fuel cell load induces a reactant mass flow rate disturbance to this humidification system. If not well regulated, this disturbance creates undesirable condensation and evaporation dynamics, both to the humidification system and the fuel cell stack. Therefore, controllers were devised, tuned and employed for temperature reference tracking and disturbance rejection. The coordination of the heaters and the bypass valve is challenging during fast transients due to the different time scales, the actuator constraints, and the sensor responsiveness. Two heater controller types were explored: on-off (thermostatic) and variable (proportional integral), to examine the ability of the feedback system to achieve the control objectives with minimal hardware and software complexity. This controller tuning methodology is useful for optimizing response time versus heater parasitic losses.
Algorithms (2016)

The previous chapter discusses the containers provided by the Standard Library to store data. Orthogonally to these, the library offers numerous algorithms to process this or other data. Algorithms are independent of containers: they do their work solely based on iterators and can therefore be executed on any range of elements as long as suitable iterators are provided.
Mechanisms to limit higher mode effects in a controlled rocking steel frame. 2: Large‐amplitude shake table testing (2012)

SUMMARY This paper presents the results of 56 large‐amplitude shake table tests of a 30% scale eight‐storey controlled rocking steel frame. No significant damage or residual deformations were observed after any of the tests. The frame had four possible configurations on the basis of combinations of two higher mode mitigation mechanisms. The first mitigation mechanism was formed by allowing the upper section of the frame to rock, so as to better control the mid‐height overturning moment. The second mitigation mechanism was formed by replacing the conventional first‐storey brace with a self‐centering energy dissipative (SCED) brace, so as to better control the base shear. The mechanisms had little effect during records where higher mode effects were not apparent, but they substantially reduced the shear and overturning moment envelopes, as well as the peak floor accelerations, during more demanding records. The reduction in storey shears led to similarly reduced brace force demands. Although the peak force demands in the columns were not reduced by as much as the frame overturning moments, using an upper rocking joint allowed the column demands to be estimated without the need to assume a lateral force distribution. The tests demonstrated that multiple force‐limiting mechanisms can be used to provide better control of peak seismic forces without excessive increases in drift demands, thus enabling more reliable capacity design. These results are expected to be widely applicable to structures where the peak seismic forces are significantly influenced by higher mode effects. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Low magnetic damping in an ultrathin CoFeB layer deposited on a 300 mm diameter wafer at cryogenic temperature (2023)

Abstract We deposited an ultrathin CoFeB(1.1 nm) layer, which functions as a storage layer of MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions for spin-transfer-torque (STT) magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM), on ϕ 300 mm wafers at 100 K and investigated its effect on the magnetization dynamics of CoFeB. We observed clear reductions in both the inhomogeneous linewidth and total magnetic damping parameter for the CoFeB layer deposited at 100 K compared to those deposited at 300 K through the improvement in the interfacial quality. The results show that deposition at cryogenic temperatures is an effective manufacturing process for high-quality magnetic thin films with low magnetic damping.
Signal intensity on MRI of basal ganglia in multiple sclerosis. (1995)

It has been reported that a relative reduction in signal intensity on T2 weighted MRI may be seen in the basal ganglia of patients with multiple sclerosis and furthermore that this is due to excessive iron deposition. The basal ganglia are, however, rarely involved clinically or pathologically in multiple sclerosis, casting some doubt on this finding. Therefore MRI was carried out in 46 patients with definite multiple sclerosis and 42 age matched controls. Contiguous, 5 mm thick axial dual echo spin-echo images of the brain were obtained on a 1.5T imager. Visual rating scales were used to measure the lesion load as well as the signal intensity of the globus pallidus, putamen, caudate nucleus, substantia nigra, red nucleus, and thalamus. There was a mild degree of low signal intensity in the patient group in the thalamus only. The signal intensity of the thalamus and putamen was never lower than that of the globus pallidus. Low signal in the basal ganglia is rarely, if ever, found in multiple sclerosis and is not a useful radiological sign.
Long-Lived Intermediates in a Cooperative Two-State Folding Transition (2016)

Biomolecular folding often occurs through a cooperative two-state reactant ↔ product transition; the term cooperative does not convey that intermediate structures are nonexistent but rather that these states are not observable by existing experimental techniques. Because of this, few intermediates have been studied and characterized. Recently, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) measurements revealed that the oligomer polyproline-13 (Pro13, which in propanol (PrOH) favors the right-handed helical PPI structure having adjacent pyrrolidine rings in a cis configuration) folds through six sequential long-lived intermediates as it converts to the all-trans-configured PPII structure that is favored in aqueous solutions. Here, we examine the PPI<sub>PrOH</sub> → PPII<sub>aq</sub> folding transition for a HisPro13 sequence, i.e., Pro13 having a single histidine residue added to the N-terminus. Remarkably, the IMS measurements show that, upon addition of histidine, all of the IMS peaks associated with intermediate structures disappear. Instead, HisPro13 folds via a cooperative two-state transition, delayed by a significant induction period. The induction period is temperature dependent-shifting the transition to longer times at lower temperatures. Equilibrium studies show that the HisPro13 PPI<sub>PrOH</sub> → PPII<sub>aq</sub> transition is endothermic but favored entropically. From these clues, we propose a sequential folding mechanism and develop a model that suggests that ∼13-17 long-lived intermediates are likely responsible for the induction period. In this model, intermediates are separated by average individual activation barriers of ∼90 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>, and are entropically favorable.
The Use of Flowfield Motion Compensation for 3-D Stereoscopic Moving Image Compression (2009)

Using flowfield motion compensation, it is possible to efficiently code 3-D stereo pair moving images. The displacement fields between left and right eye images have a different character than frame-to-frame flowfield motion compensation, since motion blur, edge coverage, and other properties are inherently and fundamentally different. However, the general construction can be applied effectively using the flowfield coding method based upon a floating point codec (using windowed-sinc and wavelet hybrids, as described in the Jan/Feb 2009 SMPTE Journal). Both the inter-ocular displacement as well as the frame-to-frame motion can be built into a related flowfield set. For example, a motion compensation spine can be coded, with an inter-ocular displacement coded as a displacement to the left and right eye motion compensation fields. — Another useful approach is to code flowfields both forward and backward, as well as in relation to inter-ocular displacement fields. Such an approach requires resolving holes and confounds which appear during reverse flowfield traversal. However, this technique allows multi-reference motion compensation while needing to convey less flowfields. Additionally, flowfields can be delta coded, since they tend to have coherence between frames. Also, inter-ocular displacement fields are similarly coherent, and can similarly be delta coded. Further the flowfield and displacement flowfields and deltas are highly correlated. — The result is an efficient method of coding 3-D stereoscopic moving images.
The quintessential universe (2001)

Recent evidence suggests that most of the energy in the universe consists of some form of dark energy that is gravitationally self-repulsive and that is causing the expansion rate of the universe to accelerate. We review the evidence, including recent measurements of the cosmic microwave background by the DASI, BOOMerang and MAXIMA groups. The dark energy may consist of vacuum energy density (or, equivalently, a cosmological constant), or quintessence, a time-evolving, spatially inhomogeneous component with negative pressure. A key problem is to explain the initial conditions required to have the energy density nearly coincident with the matter density today. A possible solution is “k-essence,” a form of quintessence with an attractor-like solution which leads to cosmic acceleration today for a very wide range of initial conditions without fine-tuning and without invoking an anthropic argument.