gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum chemical studies of chemically amplified resist materials for electron-beam and ArF excimer laser (1994)

Quantum chemical calculation is applied to investigate the reaction mechanism of sulfonyl acid generator and the transparency of the resist material. We have found that electron absorbed dimethylsulfone can be easily decomposed by relatively low energy (2.95 Kcal/mol), reaching to the decomposed status of methyl radical and methyl sulfonyl anion. This was thought to be an initial step in the electron acid generation reaction of the sulfonyl compounds. The total molecular energy of dimethyl sulfone anion was found to be higher than that of the neutral dimethylsulfone. On the other hand, sulfone derivatives with electron-withdrawing groups, such as methyl sulfonyl acetonitrile, usually have higher energy (about 41 kcal/mol) than those for their anion. This suggests that the electron withdrawing groups enhance the electron affinity of the sulfone compounds, which are also considered to increase the efficiency of acid generation. Additionally, another quantum chemical study was carried out in order to improve transparency of the aromatic species in resist for ArF excimer laser. Using configuration interaction (CI) methods of molecular orbital theory, the substituent effects of UV absorption in the aromatic compounds were investigated. As a result, significant red sifts in Amax were observed in the conjugated aromatic rings, which increases the transparency at 193 nm wavelength region.
Manipulator Design and Operation of a Six-Degree-of-Freedom Handheld Tremor-Canceling Microsurgical Instrument (2014)

This paper presents the design and actuation of a six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) manipulator for a handheld instrument, known as "Micron," which performs active tremor compensation during microsurgery. The design incorporates a Gough-Stewart platform based on piezoelectric linear motor, with a specified minimum workspace of a cylinder 4 mm long and 4 mm in diameter at the end-effector. Given the stall force of the motors and the loading typically encountered in vitreoretinal microsurgery, the dimensions of the manipulator are optimized to tolerate a transverse load of 0.2 N on a remote center of motion near the midpoint of the tool shaft. The optimization yields a base diameter of 23 mm and a height of 37 mm. The fully handheld instrument includes a custom-built optical tracking system for control feedback, and an ergonomic housing to serve as a handle. The manipulation performance was investigated in both clamped and handheld conditions. In positioning experiments with varying side loads, the manipulator tolerates side load up to 0.25 N while tracking a sinusoidal target trajectory with less than 20 μm error. Physiological hand tremor is reduced by about 90% in a pointing task, and error less than 25 μm is achieved in handheld circle-tracing.
The Occurrence of Yersinia Enterocolitica in Foods (2018)

Y. enterocolitica can cause diseases in humans and animals, but the source of infections is often not known. Several recent large outbreaks of Y. enterocolitica infections in Canada, Japan, and the United States have led to a worldwide investigation of foods as a vehicle of Y. enterocolitica infections. Y. enterocolitica is commonly recovered from foods. Many of the Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from foods are environmental biotypes which do not usually cause the typical gastrointestinal symptoms attributed to typical Y. enterocolitica infections. In many areas of the world, healthy dogs and pigs have shown to be carriers of Y. enterocolitica with the same biotype and serotype as the predominant clinical strains isolated from humans. Cattle and sheep are generally not considered to be carriers of the clinical biotypes of Y. enterocolitica. Poultry has not been proven to be a carrier of clinical biotypes of Y. enterocolitica.
Distributed fiber optic intrusion sensor system (2005)

The first field tests of a system for detecting and locating intruders walking above or near a buried cable containing a single mode telecommunications fiber as the sensing element are reported.
Data from NEDD9 Promotes Oncogenic Signaling in Mammary Tumor Development (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;In the past 3 years, altered expression of the HEF1/CAS-L/NEDD9 scaffolding protein has emerged as contributing to cancer metastasis in multiple cancer types. However, whereas some studies have identified elevated NEDD9 expression as prometastatic, other work has suggested a negative role in tumor progression. We here show that the &lt;i&gt;Nedd9&lt;/i&gt;-null genetic background significantly limits mammary tumor initiation in the MMTV-polyoma virus middle T genetic model. Action of NEDD9 is tumor cell intrinsic, with immune cell infiltration, stroma, and angiogenesis unaffected. The majority of the late-appearing mammary tumors of MMTV-polyoma virus middle T;&lt;i&gt;Nedd9&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−/−&lt;/sup&gt; mice are characterized by depressed activation of proteins including AKT, Src, FAK, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, emphasizing an important role of NEDD9 as a scaffolding protein for these prooncogenic proteins. Analysis of cells derived from primary &lt;i&gt;Nedd9&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+/+&lt;/sup&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Nedd9&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−/−&lt;/sup&gt; tumors showed persistently reduced FAK activation, attachment, and migration, consistent with a role for NEDD9 activation of FAK in promoting tumor aggressiveness. This study provides the first &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; evidence of a role for NEDD9 in breast cancer progression and suggests that NEDD9 expression may provide a biomarker for tumor aggressiveness. [Cancer Res 2009;69(18):7198–206]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Efficacy of CTLA4-Ig in Preventing Acute Rejection of Fully Allogeneic Heart Allografts in Sensitized Recipients. (2014)

Belatacept, a high-affinity variant of CTLA4-Ig, is a recently approved immunosuppressive agent for the prevention of acute rejection. It functions as a potent antagonist of the CD28-B7 interactions, thereby inhibiting T cell co-stimulation and activation. Experimental data involving the transient use of CTLA4-Ig to induce allograft tolerance have shaped the current paradigm that CTLA-4Ig is ineffective at inhibiting memory T cell responses, and by extension T-dependent alloantibody responses. This resistance is explained by the acquisition of additional activation-induced costimulatory molecules by memory T cells. We noted that the efficacy of CTLA4-Ig as a continuously administered drug for controlling rejection in sensitized recipients has not been investigated. Here we report on the efficacy of CTLA4-Ig in preventing acute rejection in sensitized C57BL/6 recipients that had received BALB/c spleen cell transfusion 3-6 months previously. We set up four experimental groups. Group 1 (N=5): sensitized mice with HTX and CTLA4-Ig treated (Day -2, Day 0, Day2, then weekly (1 mg/dose) Group 2 (N=3): sensitized mice with HTX and no CTLA4-Ig, Group 3: (N=10) naive mice with HTX and CTLA4-Ig treated, Group 4 (N=10): naive mice with HTX and no CTLA4-Ig. In the untreated Groups 2 & 4, allografts were rejected within 7 days post-transplantation, whereas in Group 3 of naive mice receiving CTLA4-Ig, all the grafts survived long-term (>90 days). In Group 1 of sensitized recipients receiving CTLA4-Ig, the allografts survived for 42, 42, 49, >90, >90 days. The pre-transplant donor-specific antibody (DSA) titers in the recipients that went on to reject their graft was significantly higher compared to those that accepted their grafts. Furthermore, DSA titers increased post-transplantation in the recipients that went on to reject their allografts, whereas DSA titers decreased in those that accepted their grafts. In conclusion, these observations illustrate the efficacy of CTLA-4Ig treatment at controlling rejection in sensitized recipients, and underscore the barrier pre-transplantation DSA poses to long-term graft acceptance. This experimental model also provides a unique opportunity for testing if DSA promotes antibody-mediated rejection or alloreactive memory T cell priming and T cell-mediated rejection in CTLA4-Ig treated recipients, and for identifying therapies that promote long-term graft survival in sensitized recipients.
Biomechanical analysis in a human cadaveric model of spinous process fixation with an interlaminar allograft spacer for lumbar spinal stenosis (2012)

Stability of the ILIF construct was not statistically different from bilateral pedicle screw fixation following laminectomy in the flexion and extension and axial rotation directions, while adjacent segment motions were decreased. The ILIF construct may allow surgeons to perform a minimally invasive, single-approach posterior decompression and instrumented fusion without the added morbidity of traditional pedicle screw fixation and posterolateral fusion.
Software design methodologies : a survey (1987)

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/4077/5/ang8668.0001.001.pdf
Age‐related differences in susceptibility to toxic effects of valproic acid in rats (2007)

A multi-age rat model was evaluated as a means to identify a potential age-related difference in liver injury following exposure to valproic acid (VPA), a known pediatric hepatotoxic agent. Different age groups of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (10-, 25-, 40-, 80-day-old) were administered VPA at doses of 160, 320, 500 or 650 mg kg(-1) (i.p.) for 4 days. Animals from all age groups developed toxicity after treatment with VPA; however, the patterns of toxicity were dissimilar within each age group. The high dose of VPA caused significant lethality in 10- and 25-day-old rats. All doses of VPA caused decrease in the platelet counts (10-, 25-day-old rats) and the rate of growth (40-day-old rats) and increases in the urine creatine concentration (high dose, 80-day-old rats). VPA induced hepatic and splenic alterations in all age groups. The most severe lesions were found mostly in 10- and 80-day-old rats. Significant changes in blood urea nitrogen, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were observed in 10-day-old pups after treatment with low doses of VPA. The highest VPA dose caused significant decreases in the levels of serum total protein (40- and 80-day-old rats). Principal component analysis of spectra derived from terminal urine samples of all age groups showed that each age group clusters separately. In conclusion, this study showed that the vulnerability profile of each age group was different indicating that a multi-age pediatric animal model is appropriate to assess more completely age-dependent changes in drug toxicity.
ChemInform Abstract: ESR‐SPEKTROSKOPISCHER BEWEIS FUER DIE C‐C‐DISSOZIATION VON HEXAKIS(ORGANYLTHIO)AETHANEN UND DIE S‐C‐DISSOZIATION VON TETRAKIS(ORGANYLTHIO)METHANEN, TRIS(ORGANYLTHIO)METHYL‐RADIKALE (1973)

Abstract Anhand der ESR‐Spektren der Radikale (II), die durch Pyrolyse aus den Äthanen (I) bzw. Methanen (III) entstehen, wird gezeigt, daß für die leichte Homolyse der Bindungen in den Äthanen (I) bzw. Methanen (III) die sterische Hinderung im nicht dissoziierten Molekül und nicht die Mesomerie‐Stabilisierung der Radikale verantwortlich zu machen ist.
Enhancing capacitive deionization technology as an effective method for water treatment using commercially available graphene (2016)

In recent years, capacitive deionization (CDI) has been reported as one of the emerging technologies developed with the purpose of water desalination. This work is aimed at the integration of supercapacitor electrodes for efficient removal of ions from water, and thus to achieve an energy efficient, and cost-effective water treatment process. Our objective is to transfer the vast knowledge of supercapacitors and advanced materials in area of water treatment to enhance the knowledge of the CDI process. Towards the main purpose, graphene-based supercapacitor electrodes were developed from commercially available, cost-effective graphene and the use of these new materials for deionization was explored in detail. The porosity, morphology and electrochemical characteristics of the active materials were confirmed by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and chronoamperometry. Furthermore, the deionization performances of the graphene electrodes were evaluated by a laboratory scale CDI unit. The ion sorption behavior of the electrode was analyzed at different electrical potentials and flow rates. Impact of operating parameters on the sorption capacity was determined. At 20 mL/min flow rate and 2.0 V potential, the electrosorptive capacity of commercially available graphene electrodes could reach 12.5 μmol/g. Our results indicated the ability to use commercially available graphene for deionization purpose.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitration of Aromatic Compounds (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
HxlR, a member of the DUF24 protein family, is a DNA‐binding protein that acts as a positive regulator of the formaldehyde‐inducible hxlAB operon in Bacillus subtilis (2005)

The HxlR protein from Bacillus subtilis belongs to the DUF24 protein family (InterPro No. IPR002577) of unknown function. The hxlR gene that encodes this protein is located upstream of the hxlAB operon. This operon encodes two key enzymes in the ribulose monophosphate pathway that are involved in formaldehyde fixation, 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase and 6-phospho-3-hexuloisomerase. Expression of the hxlAB operon is induced by the presence of formaldehyde. Recombinant HxlR prepared from Escherichia coli showed specific binding to a region of DNA upstream of the hxlAB operon. Using gel-retardation and DNase I footprinting assays, we identified two 25 bp binding regions for HxlR within the upstream DNA. Surface plasmon resonance analyses suggested that two HxlR dimers sequentially bound to the DNA. Finally, we demonstrated that each of the two binding regions for HxlR was necessary for formaldehyde-induced expression of the hxlAB operon in B. subtilis. Thus, we have shown that HxlR is a DNA-binding protein that is necessary for formaldehyde-induced expression of hxlAB in B. subtilis.
Successful Detection of Delta and Omicron Variants of SARS-CoV-2 by Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Participants in an Interlaboratory Comparison Exercise (2022)

Abstract Background Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic veterinary diagnostic laboratories have tested diagnostic samples for SARS-CoV-2 not only in animals, but in over five million human samples. An evaluation of the performance of those laboratories is needed using blinded test samples to ensure that laboratories report reliable data to the public. This interlaboratory comparison exercise (ILC3) builds on two prior exercises to assess whether veterinary diagnostic laboratories can detect Delta and Omicron variants spiked in canine nasal matrix or viral transport medium. Methods Inactivated Delta variant at levels of 25 to 1,000 copies per 50 μL of nasal matrix were prepared for participants by the ILC organizer, an independent laboratory, for blinded analysis. Omicron variant at 1,000 copies per 50 μL of transport medium was also included. Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) RNA was used as a confounder for specificity assessment. A total of 14 test samples were prepared for each participant. Participants used their routine diagnostic procedures for RNA extraction and real-time RT-PCR. Results were analyzed according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 16140 - 2:2016. Results The overall results showed 93% detection for Delta and 97% for Omicron at 1,000 copies per 50 μL (22-200 copies per reaction). The overall specificity was 97% for blank samples and 100% for blank samples with FIPV. No differences in Ct values were significant for samples with the same virus levels between N1 and N2 markers, nor between the two variants. Conclusions The results indicated that all ILC3 participants were able to detect both Delta and Omicron variants. The canine nasal matrix did not significantly affect SARS-CoV-2 detection. Impact Statement Ensuring accurate detection methods for SARS-CoV-2 is critical as veterinary diagnostic labs are testing both human and animal samples. This exercise used blinded test samples and provided high confidence in the sensitivity of methods in twenty-nine laboratories for detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants while addressing the impact of sample matrix. Importantly, the results indicated that variants and matrix do not impact detection results. Additionally, this article examined decision-making criteria for Ct cut-off values from different laboratories and encouraged them to review and potentially reassess their criteria to improve future performance. This knowledge will lead to higher confidence in laboratory detection of current and new SARS-CoV-2 variants and aid in establishing reasonable cut-off parameters for these diagnostics tests.
Lactulose and Melibiose Inhibit α-Synuclein Aggregation and Up-Regulate Autophagy to Reduce Neuronal Vulnerability (2020)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective dopaminergic (DAergic) neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra (SN) and proteinaceous α-synuclein-positive Lewy bodies and Lewy neuritis. As a chemical chaperone to promote protein stability and an autophagy inducer to clear aggregate-prone proteins, a disaccharide trehalose has been reported to alleviate neurodegeneration in PD cells and mouse models. Its trehalase-indigestible analogs, lactulose and melibiose, also demonstrated potentials to reduce abnormal protein aggregation in spinocerebellar ataxia cell models. In this study, we showed the potential of lactulose and melibiose to inhibit α-synuclein aggregation using biochemical thioflavin T fluorescence, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and prokaryotic split Venus complementation assays. Lactulose and melibiose further reduced α-synuclein aggregation and associated oxidative stress, as well as protected cells against α-synuclein-induced neurotoxicity by up-regulating autophagy and nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (NRF2) pathway in DAergic neurons derived from SH-SY5Y cells over-expressing α-synuclein. Our findings strongly indicate the potential of lactulose and melibiose for mitigating PD neurodegeneration, offering new drug candidates for PD treatment.
Holistic Intelligence: Transversal Skills a Current Methodologies (2009)

Certain necessary features of general intelligence are more system-wide than others; features such as attention, learning and temporal grounding are transversal in that they seem to affect a significant subset of all mental operation. We argue that such transversal features unavoidably impose fundamental constraints on the kinds of architectures and methodologies required for building artificially intelligent systems. Current component-based software practices fall short for building systems with transversal features: Artificial general intelligence efforts call for new system architectures and new methodologies, where transversal features must be taken into account from the very outset.
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Regulates Prolactin Secretion in Prolactinoma and Lactotroph Cells (2003)

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and transgenic mice overexpressing pituitary LIF develop Cushing-like syndrome accompanied by reduced prolactin (PRL) expression. Effects of LIF were, therefore, tested on PRL expression in human prolactinomas and normal and tumorous rat lactotrophs. Normal human pituitary tissue expressed LIF, as well as the LIF receptor (LIFR) signaling subunits, gp130 and LIFR. Although all of 19 prolactinomas tested expressed gp130 and LIFR subunit mRNA and immunoreactive protein, only 3 of 19 prolactinomas expressed LIF mRNA. All of four prolactinomas had no detectable LIF immunoreactivity, in contrast to all other pituitary tumor types that expressed LIF. LIF (5 nM) treatment reduced PRL secretion in primary human prolactinoma cultures by up to 42% (P < 0.0005), an effect that was surprisingly blocked by sulpiride, a D2-like dopamine receptor antagonist. LIF (5 nM) also suppressed PRL levels in primary rat pituitary cultures by 70% (P < 0.005), and in rat MMQ pituitary tumor cells, and this effect was also reversed by sulpiride (200 micro M). D2R agonist suppression of PRL was not additive with LIF. GH levels in these cells were unchanged by LIF, consistent with a selective effect on PRL. Transfection of human long-form D2R into an LIF-resistant MMQ cell clone restored LIF responsiveness. These results show that even though human prolactinomas express gp130 and LIFR, and respond to exogenous LIF, albeit less than normal lactotrophs, they are largely devoid of LIF. These observations indicate a role for LIF in loss of autocrine PRL suppression contributing to unrestrained prolactinomas PRL secretion. Moreover, PRL suppression by LIF may be mediated by gp130 and D2R interaction.
Structure-Activity Relationship between Thiol Group-Trapping Ability of Morphinan Compounds with a Michael Acceptor and Anti-Plasmodium falciparum Activities (2020)

7-Benzylidenenaltrexone (BNTX) and most of its derivatives showed in vitro antimalarial activities against chloroquine-resistant and -sensitive <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> strains (K1 and FCR3, respectively). In addition, the time-dependent changes of the addition reactions of the BNTX derivatives with 1-propanethiol were examined by <sup>1</sup>H-NMR experiments to estimate their thiol group-trapping ability. The relative chemical reactivity of the BNTX derivatives to trap the thiol group of 1-propanethiol was correlated highly with the antimalarial activity. Therefore, the measurements of the thiol group-trapping ability of the BNTX derivatives with a Michael acceptor is expected to become an alternative method for in vitro malarial activity and related assays.
Crystal structure of 7-t-Butyl-3-(5'-t-butyl-3'-methylfuran-2'-yl)-5-methylbenzofuran-2(3H)-one (1978)

The crystal structure of 7-t-butyl-3-(5'-t-butyl-3'-methylfuran-2'-yl)- 5-methylbenzofuran-2(3H)-one, C22H28O3, has been determined at 295 K from diffractometer data and refined by least squares to a residual of 0.062 for 1830 'observed' reflections. Crystals are triclinic, Pi, a 11.210(3), b 9.742(3), c 9.389(4) ?, a 88.02(3), ß 85.32(3), ? 77.13(2)°, Z 2.
Max-Margin Deep Generative Models for (Semi-)Supervised Learning (2017)

Deep generative models (DGMs) can effectively capture the underlying distributions of complex data by learning multilayered representations and performing inference. However, it is relatively insufficient to boost the discriminative ability of DGMs. This paper presents max-margin deep generative models (mmDGMs) and a class-conditional variant (mmDCGMs), which explore the strongly discriminative principle of max-margin learning to improve the predictive performance of DGMs in both supervised and semi-supervised learning, while retaining the generative capability. In semi-supervised learning, we use the predictions of a max-margin classifier as the missing labels instead of performing full posterior inference for efficiency; we also introduce additional max-margin and label-balance regularization terms of unlabeled data for effectiveness. We develop an efficient doubly stochastic subgradient algorithm for the piecewise linear objectives in different settings. Empirical results on various datasets demonstrate that: (1) max-margin learning can significantly improve the prediction performance of DGMs and meanwhile retain the generative ability; (2) in supervised learning, mmDGMs are competitive to the best fully discriminative networks when employing convolutional neural networks as the generative and recognition models; and (3) in semi-supervised learning, mmDCGMs can perform efficient inference and achieve state-of-the-art classification results on several benchmarks.