gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Substituted Mandelic Acid Derivatives via Enantioselective Hydrogenation: Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Catalysis (2004)

Abstract An extensive screening of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts was carried out for the enantioselective hydrogenation of p ‐chlorophenylglyoxylic acid derivatives. For p ‐chlorophenylglyoxylic amides only homogeneous Rh‐diphosphine complexes gave satisfactory results, ees up to 87% were observed for the cy‐oxo‐pronop ligand. For methyl p ‐chlorophenylglyoxylate both a homogeneous as well as a heterogeneous catalyst performed with ees &gt;90%. A Pt catalyst modified with cinchona derivatives achieved 93% ee for the (R) ‐ and 87% ee for the (S)‐ methyl p ‐chloromandelate. A Ru‐MeObiphep catalyst also reached 93% ee with TONs up to 4000 and TOFs up to 210 h −1 . For all catalytic systems the effects of the metal, the nature of the chiral auxiliary and the solvent as well as of the reaction conditions were investigated. The homogeneous process was scaled up to the kg scale and the enantiomeric purity of the product was enhanced to &gt;99% ee by two recrystallizations of the free p ‐chlorophenylmandelic acid.
Tunable single-mode chip-scale mid-infrared laser (2021)

Abstract Portable mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectroscopy and sensing applications require widely tunable, chip-scale, single-mode sources without sacrificing significant output power. However, no such lasers have been demonstrated beyond 3 μm due to the challenge of building tunable, high quality-factor ( Q ) on-chip cavities. Here we demonstrate a tunable, single-mode mid-IR laser at 3.4 μm using a tunable high- Q silicon microring cavity and a multi-mode Interband Cascade Laser. We achieve single-frequency lasing with 0.4 mW output power via self-injection locking and a wide tuning range of 54 nm with 3 dB output power variation. We further estimate an upper-bound effective linewidth of 9.1 MHz and a side mode suppression ratio of 25 dB from the locked laser using a scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer. Our laser platform based on a tunable high- Q microresonator can be expanded to higher wavelength quantum-cascade lasers and lead to the development of compact, high-performance mid-IR sensors for spectroscopic applications.
SPADnet: deep RGB-SPAD sensor fusion assisted by monocular depth estimation (2020)

Single-photon light detection and ranging (LiDAR) techniques use emerging single-photon detectors (SPADs) to push 3D imaging capabilities to unprecedented ranges. However, it remains challenging to robustly estimate scene depth from the noisy and otherwise corrupted measurements recorded by a SPAD. Here, we propose a deep sensor fusion strategy that combines corrupted SPAD data and a conventional 2D image to estimate the depth of a scene. Our primary contribution is a neural network architecture-SPADnet-that uses a monocular depth estimation algorithm together with a SPAD denoising and sensor fusion strategy. This architecture, together with several techniques in network training, achieves state-of-the-art results for RGB-SPAD fusion with simulated and captured data. Moreover, SPADnet is more computationally efficient than previous RGB-SPAD fusion networks.
Nitride‐based surface acoustic wave devices and applications (2005)

A review of the fabrication techniques of surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices in nitrides, and their most relevant device properties, is presented. Several acoustic modes are observed in the transfer functions of the filters: besides the Rayleigh wave, guided modes (Sezawa) arise when the sound velocity in the nitride layer is lower than in the substrate, and pseudobulk modes may also appear. The effect of the substrate characteristics will be addressed, including the anisotropy found in nitride devices grown on sapphire due to the crystal structure mismatch. Regarding applications, some results in the sensor and photonics fields are summarized. Finally, two novel devices will be discussed: a SAW-assisted photodetector, based on the integration of a SAW generator and a UV photodetector, and a DC controlled SAW filter, obtained by the fabrication of a SAW device on a 2DEG AlGaN/GaN heterostructure. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Design and Discovery of Functionally Selective Serotonin 2C (5-HT2C) Receptor Agonists (2016)

On the basis of the structural similarity of our previous 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> agonists with the melatonin receptor agonist tasimelteon and the putative biological cross-talk between serotonergic and melatonergic systems, a series of new (2,3-dihydro)benzofuran-based compounds were designed and synthesized. The compounds were evaluated for their selectivity toward 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>, 5-HT<sub>2B</sub>, and 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptors in the calcium flux assay with the ultimate goal to generate selective 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> agonists. Selected compounds were studied for their functional selectivity by comparing their transduction efficiency at the G protein signaling pathway versus β-arrestin recruitment. The most functionally selective compound (+)-7e produced weak β-arrestin recruitment and also demonstrated less receptor desensitization compared to serotonin in both calcium flux and phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis assays. We report for the first time that selective 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> agonists possessing weak β-arrestin recruitment can produce distinct receptor desensitization properties.
A Sub-100MHz Reference-Driven 25-to-28GHz Fractional-N PLL with −250dB FoM (2022)

A mm-wave frequency synthesizer with output >25GHz inevitably faces the problems of a large closed-loop gain <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$f_{\mathsf{VCO}}/f\mathsf{ref}=N$</tex> . Phase noise and spurs on the reference input and from other sources in the loop referred to its input are amplified by <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$N$</tex> A narrow loop bandwidth must be used to limit the resulting jitter. However, now the loop is unable to adequately suppress the oscillator phase noise, leading to a difficult trade-off. At these operating frequencies, the oscillator is inherently noisier since a capacitor bank for digital tuning greatly compromises the overall LC tank quality factor <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(Q)$</tex> . Therefore, for low output jitter, the synthesizer either needs to allocate disproportionately more current to the VCO than at sub-10GHz, use a sub-10GHz VCO with a frequency multiplier [1], or the reference frequency must be raised to > 100MHz [2], [3], which is beyond the range of reliable, widely available crystal oscillators. In this work, we present a synthesizer that uses a harmonic-mixing (HM) PLL [4], [5] to suppress noise amplification and, therefore, allows the use of a loop with a bandwidth >5MHz. Also, we introduce a coupled mm-wave VCO with only one resonant mode that achieves an FoM (VCO) of 188dB at a 1MHz offset. Combining the two, this synthesizer, driven by a standard 74MHz reference clock, consumes <13mW to deliver 25-to-28GHz output with 88fs rms jitter. It reaches an FoM (PLL) of −250dB.
Research highlights: enhancing whole genome amplification using compartmentalization (2015)

The ability to break up a larger liquid volume into an array of smaller confined volumes that do not chemically communicate is a key enabling technology driving microfluidic innovations. We highlight recent work using drop-based confinement to improve on whole genome amplification, reducing amplification bias and contaminant amplification by bringing reactions to saturation within each confined drop. We also highlight a complementary technique to target whole genome amplification to a subset of nucleic acids within a sample by combining drop-based PCR with sorting and downstream sequencing. These new approaches have the potential to enhance our ability to categorize the diversity of microorganisms (especially difficult to culture species) that contribute to complex microbial communities, and in particular assemble the individual genomes of the species involved in biologically and environmentally important microbiomes.
Ups and downs of adenosine (2006)

Comment on Eltzschig et al, page [1602][1] 

Injurious stimuli such as hypoxia and proinflammatory cytokines protect tissues from excessive inflammation by stimulating the induction of adenosine receptors and several of the enzymes that are involved in adenosine production, transport, or degradation
Genetic safeguard against mycotoxin production and cyclopiazonic acid biosynthesis in Aspergillus oryzae (2014)

麹菌Aspergillus oryzaeは我が国の伝統的な発酵食品の生産には欠かせない微生物であり，長い年月をかけた育種により，その安全性が確立されている．本菌はアフラトキシン生産菌A. flavusから派生した家畜種と考えられており，その進化的な近縁関係は両種のゲノム解読によっても裏付けられている．我々人類にとって対極とも言える両種の決定的な相違点として，二次代謝産物生産能を挙げることが出来る．両種のゲノム中には共通して多数の二次代謝系遺伝子が存在しているにも関わらず，A. oryzaeは一切，アフラトキシンを生産せず，報告のある二次代謝産物もごく少数である．生合成に関わる遺伝子の変異や欠損，転写抑制といった遺伝的要因の蓄積によるマイコトキシン生産能の喪失は，A. oryzaeがA. flavusから家畜化して生じた種であるという概念によく合致している．そういったA. oryzaeにおけるマイコトキシン生産を回避するための遺伝的要因「セーフガード」に焦点を当て，我々が最近明らかにしたシクロピアゾン酸（CPA）生産に対するセーフガードを中心に解説する．小胞体Ca2+-ATPaseに対する強力な阻害物質であるCPAはA. oryzaeの一部の菌株における生産が報告されている．その生合成遺伝子クラスターには，A. flavusでは欠失している遺伝子が含まれている．一見すると従来の家畜化の概念とは相反する現象ではあるが，種々の解析の結果，その遺伝子はCPAを2-オキソCPAに変換することで毒性を和らげる役割を担っていることが明らかとなった．麹菌ゲノム中には，その安全性を担保するための様々な遺伝要因が蓄積していることが改めて示唆された．
Antifungal activity of sugar beet chitinase against Cercospora beticola : an autoradiographic study on cell wall degradation (1994)

Two independent bioassays demonstrated an antifungal effect of a basic sugar beet chitinase on Cercospora beticola , the causal agent of leaf spot disease in sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris ). In one assay, the growth of submerged spore cultures of C. beticola in microtitre wells was followed by measuring the increase in absorbance at 620 nm. Addition of chitinase to the culture resulted in a delay in germination and a slower initial growth rate. A more detailed picture of the action of the chitinase on the fungal cell wall was provided by an autoradiographic study. An intense labelling was observed at the apex of fungal hyphae grown in medium containing [ 3 H] N ‐acetylglucosamine, through incorporation of the radioactive chitin monomer into newly synthesized chitin in the cell wall. After fixation of the fungal specimen, the radioactive labelling could be removed by treatment with purified chitinase, i.e. nascent chitin chains were hydrolysed by the enzyme. When the fungal culture was subjected to a chase phase prior to fixation, the radioactive depositions were less accessible to hydrolysis by the chitinase. HPLC analysis of the radioactive hydrolysis products released from the apex of the fungal hyphae showed that the main products were small chito‐oligosaccharides, mainly dimers, trimers and tetramers of chitin.
Hormonal regulation of protein phosphorylation in isolated rat heart cells (1984)

We used a recently developed preparation of calcium-tolerant isolated rat cardiac ventricular cells to investigate certain aspects of hormone-mediated protein phosphorylation in heart tissue. Isoproterenol or dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) promoted the phosphorylation of at least 13 proteins and promoted the dephosphorylation of a single protein of relative molecular weight (Mr) 21,000, whose phosphorylation appeared to be stimulated by insulin. The isoproterenol-induced protein phosphorylations reached maximum levels for most proteins within 5 min at slightly different rates. However, when excess propranolol was added to the cells after exposure to isoproterenol, there appeared to be two major patterns of dephosphorylation: proteins that remained fully phosphorylated after propranolol addition, exemplified by proteins tentatively identified as troponin I and C-protein, and proteins that were rapidly dephosphorylated after propranolol, exemplified by phospholamban, the modulator of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-dependent ATPase. The Mr 21,000 protein was rapidly dephosphorylated in response to isoproterenol and was rephosphorylated after addition of propranolol. This protein remains unidentified; it is not the Mr 19,000 myosin light chain whose phosphorylation state was unaffected by isoproterenol. This preparation of isolated heart cells provides a convenient way to investigate the biochemical effects resulting from exposure of the heart to hormones and can separate direct hormonal effects from those resulting from changes in contractility or heart rate.
A set of Saccharomyces cerevisiae integration vectors for fluorescent dye labeling of proteins (2022)

Protein fusions are frequently used for fluorescence imaging of individual molecules, both in vivo and in vitro. The SNAP, CLIP, HALO (aka HaloTag7), and DHFR protein tags can be linked to small molecule dyes that provide brightness and photo-stability superior to fluorescent proteins. To facilitate fluorescent dye tagging of proteins in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we constructed a modular set of vectors with various combinations of labeling protein tags and selectable markers. These vectors can be used in combination to create strains where multiple proteins labeled with different colored dyes can be simultaneously observed.
The case for pathogen-specific therapy (2009)

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the treatment of microbial diseases is increasingly complicated by drug resistance, the emergence of new pathogenic microbes, the relatively inefficacy of antimicrobial therapy in immunocompromised hosts, and the reemergence of older diseases, often with drug-resistant microbes. Some of these problems can be traced to the switch between pathogen-specific antibacterial therapy and the nonspecific antibacterial therapy that followed the transition from serum therapy to modern antimicrobial chemotherapy. The widespread availability of cheap, effective, nontoxic wide-spectrum antibacterial therapy for almost 75 years fostered a culture of therapeutic empiricism that neglected diagnostic technologies. Despite unquestioned lifesaving efficacy for individuals with microbial diseases, the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials was associated with fungal superinfections and antibiotic-associated colitis, helped to catalyze the emergence of resistance, and is now tentatively associated in the pathogenesis of certain chronic diseases, including atopy, asthma and - perhaps - certain forms of cancer. This article briefly reviews these trends and suggests that the current strategy of nonspecific therapy is fundamentally unsound because it damages the microflora and - consequently - the human symbiont. The essay argues for the development of immunotherapy and pathogen-specific therapies, especially with regard to bacterial and fungal diseases, and suggests possible routes to that future.
Toxicity and Local Tolerance of COVID- eVax, a Plasmid DNA Vaccine for SARS-CoV-2, Delivered by Electroporation (2021)

COVID-19 is a rapidly spreading disease, posing a huge hazard to global health. The plasmid vaccine pTK1A-TPA-SpikeA (named COVID-<i>e</i>Vax) encodes the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 S protein receptor-binding domain, developed for intramuscular injection followed by electroporation (EP). The aim of this study was to assess the systemic toxicity and local tolerance of COVID-<i>e</i>Vax delivered intramuscularly followed by EP in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The animals were killed 2 days and 4 weeks after the last injection (30-day and 57-day, respectively). No mortality was observed, and no signs of toxicity were evident, including injection site reactions. A lasting and specific immune response was observed in all treated animals, confirming the relevance of the rat as a toxicological model for this vaccine. Histopathological evaluation revealed muscle fiber necrosis associated with subchronic inflammation at the injection sites (at the 30-day time point), with a clear trend for recovery at the 57-day time point, which is expected following EP, and considered a desirable effect to mount the immune response against the target antigen. In conclusion, the intramuscular EP-assisted DNA vaccine, COVID-<i>e</i>Vax showed an excellent safety profile in SD rats under these experimental conditions and supports its further development for use in humans.
Supplementary Excel file-1 from Targeting of Hematologic Malignancies with PTC299, A Novel Potent Inhibitor of Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase with Favorable Pharmaceutical Properties (2023)

&lt;p&gt;contains the raw data from the Microarrays study in the PTC299-resistant HT1080 cells&lt;/p&gt;
Short-time homomorphic analysis (2005)

Homomorphic deconvolution has been successfully applied in a variety of areas. In many cases of interest, including speech and seismic processing, the signals to be analyzed are non-stationary and approximately follow a convolutional model only on a short-time basis. Thus, a window is applied to the data. In this paper a first attempt is made to understand the interaction between short-time windowing and homomorphic deconvolution. A model for short-time homomorphic analysis is proposed, which provides a framework for the interpretation of window effects encountered in speech and seismic data processing.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation with a hydraulic-pneumatic band (2000)

Improved blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been shown to enhance survival from cardiac arrest. Chest compression with a circumferential pneumatic vest enhances blood flow, but the size, weight, and energy consumption of the inflation system limit its portability and, thereby, have made clinical studies difficult. The purpose of this investigation was to study an improved circumferential chest compression device that uses a constricting band that is pneumatically actuated. The constricting band applies its force to a hydraulic cushion that contacts the anterior and lateral aspects of the chest. The hydraulic cushion transfers the circumferential constriction to inward force. CPR was performed on subjects 5 mins after induction of ventricular fibrillation, with the hydraulic-pneumatic band system (HB-CPR), with a pneumatic vest system (PV-CPR), and with standard manual CPR (S-CPR), each done for 2 mins in randomized order. Aortic and right atrial pressures were measured with micromanometers. Coronary perfusion pressure was calculated as the mean difference between the aortic and right atrial pressures during the release phase of chest compression. Aortic pressure and coronary perfusion pressure with HB-CPR and PV-CPR were improved over S-CPR, and HB-CPR produced comparable pressures to those of PV-CPR. The system for performing HB-CPR, however, was substantially lighter (10 vs. 50 kg) and consumed less energy (300 vs. 1000 watts) than that for PV-CPR. Thus, HB-CPR appears to produce a similar improvement in hemodynamics over S-CPR as PV-CPR but may be more portable than PV-CPR. Therefore, HB-CPR may allow larger scale testing of circumferential chest compression approaches.
New device for visual neodymium:YAG laser prostate ablation: Acute and chronic canine evaluation (1994)

This canine study (n = 6) evaluated the acute and chronic effects of Nd:YAG laser prostatectomy using a Prolase II fiber. The Prolase II device consists of a 1,000 microns quartz fiber which directs a cone of Nd:YAG laser energy, at 45 degrees to the axis of the fiber, into the prostatic urethra under direct visual guidance [visual laser ablation of prostate, (VLAP)]. Under visual guidance and saline irrigation, 60 seconds of 60 watts of laser power was delivered at 3, 6, 9, and 12 o'clock positions (14,400 J). One canine was instrumented but received no laser energy (control). One prostate was harvested acutely. The remaining four laser-treated dogs were evaluated at 6 to 16 weeks. The histopathology of acute laser effects shows areas of necrosis with loss of glandular structures and stromal edema. Surrounding this area was a zone of degenerative glandular structures extending up to 12.6 mm into the prostate. Two of the four dogs developed urinary retention at 6.5 and 9 weeks. On examination, both were found to have fibrotic strictures at the distal prostatic urethra with markedly dilated proximal prostatic urethral lumens (1.98 and 2.8 cm). Two other dogs showed no signs of urinary retention at sacrifice. Histopathology, both the 6 and 16 week laser-treated animals without urinary retention demonstrated dilated prostatic urethras with maximum cross-sectional diameters of 1.52 and 1.50 cm, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Non-nucleoside Inhibitors of the Measles Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase: Synthesis, Structure–Activity Relationships, and Pharmacokinetics (2012)

The measles virus (MeV), a member of the paramyxovirus family, is an important cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality worldwide. In an effort to provide therapeutic treatments for improved measles management, we previously identified a small, non-nucleoside organic inhibitor of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase by means of high-throughput screening. Subsequent structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies around the corresponding pyrazole carboxamide scaffold led to the discovery of 2 (AS-136a), a first generation lead with low nanomolar potency against life MeV and attractive physical properties suitable for development. However, its poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability (F) in rat suggested that the lead could benefit from further SAR studies to improve the biophysical characteristics of the compound. Optimization of in vitro potency and aqueous solubility led to the discovery of 2o (ERDRP-00519), a potent inhibitor of MeV (EC(50) = 60 nM) with an aqueous solubility of approximately 60 μg/mL. The agent shows a 10-fold exposure (AUC/C(max)) increase in the rat model relative to 2, displays near dose proportionality in the range of 10-50 mg/kg, and exhibits good oral bioavailability (F = 39%). The significant solubility increase appears linked to the improved oral bioavailability.
A Reliable Synthesis of 3-Amino-5-Alkyl and 5-Amino-3-Alkyl Isoxazoles (2012)

A reliable procedure that can be used to access a wide range of 3-amino-5-alkyl and 5-amino-3-alkyl isoxazoles was developed. Reaction temperature and pH were key factors that determined the regioselectivity of the two reactions.
Predicting non-linear torsional dynamics using second-order solutions (2012)

This study develops the principle of superimposed modal interactions (PSMI) for the second-order solutions of transient torques. The PSMI can explain the mechanism for transient torque amplification, and it can also be used to propose a method to identify transient torque amplification according to the initial condition for a transient. The studies are implemented on two systems respectively: the adapted IEEE First Benchmark Model and the practical series compensation system from a Chinese Power Grid. The numerical results show that the proposed method can predict transient torque amplification, and the superimposed modal interactions of several dominant modes result in transient torque amplification.
MECHANICAL RELIABILITY OF THE AMS 700CXM INFLATABLE PENILE PROSTHESIS FOR THE TREATMENT OF MALE ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION (2001)

The AMS 700CXM is suitable for Asian men and its mechanical reliability is excellent. However, more device modifications are needed to guarantee good reliability during long-term followup.
Cloze (2010)

The Multiple Mice project demonstrated the financial [1] and learning [2] benefits of enabling students in resource-constrained schools to share one computer. In India, the lack of Multiple Mice authoring tools coupled with teachers' low computer proficiency means little or no customized content is created. This is problematic as the capability to create digital content enables teachers to prepare digital lessons that address the particular learning needs of their students [3], [4], [5].