gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electron-beam CARL resist development for 70 nm direct write (2001)

Because of the need of 70 nm structures in the near future, electron-beam (e-beam) lithography as a means for high resolution lithography is discussed mostly for mask or ASIC fabrication but also for the application in standard lithography. Besides the improvement of new e-beam writing concepts including software and hardware enhancement, the development of new resists and processes is a main objective for a high throughput production. To understand the principal reactions that occur during the patterning process we decided to carry out basic examinations based on chemical amplification of resist lines (CARL) [W.-D. Domke et al., Microlithogr. World 42, 2 (1999)] resist materials. The first step was to look at the interaction between the polymer and e-beam. Polymers consisting of chemically identical monomers were synthesized in different molecular ratios and processed as resists without other additives. Detailed investigations of the resists included e-beam patterning with a JEOL JSM-840A/nanobeam pattern generator. The next step was to examine the CAR reaction, i.e., the interaction of the polymer/photoacid generator matrix with the e-beam electrons. Perfluorinated alkysulfonates as PAGs were focused. These compounds generate very strong acids through irradiation. They can be compared, e.g., by their different acid strength, different vapor pressure of the resulting acid, and by their different molecular size. These parameters strongly affect the acid diffusion and consequently the resist resolution as far as the line edge roughness. Within this current article the first complete resist mixtures have been evaluated under process conditions.
Engineering the ribosomal DNA in a megabase synthetic chromosome (2017)

We designed and synthesized a 976,067-base pair linear chromosome, synXII, based on native chromosome XII in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> SynXII was assembled using a two-step method, specified by successive megachunk integration and meiotic recombination-mediated assembly, producing a functional chromosome in <i>S. cerevisiae.</i> Minor growth defect "bugs" detected in synXII, caused by deletion of tRNA genes, were rescued by introducing an ectopic copy of a single tRNA gene. The ribosomal gene cluster (rDNA) on synXII was left intact during the assembly process and subsequently replaced by a modified rDNA unit used to regenerate rDNA at three distinct chromosomal locations. The signature sequences within rDNA, which can be used to determine species identity, were swapped to generate a <i>Saccharomyces</i> synXII strain that would be identified as <i>Saccharomyces bayanus</i> by standard DNA barcoding procedures.
Improvements in virtual sensors: using spatial information to estimate remote sensing spectra (2005)

Various instruments are used to create images of the Earth and other objects in the universe in a diverse set of wavelength bands with the aim of understanding natural phenomena. Sometimes these instruments are built in a phased approach, with additional measurement capabilities added in later phases. In other cases, technology may mature to the point that the instrument offers new measurement capabilities that were not planned in the original design of the instrument. In still other cases, high resolution spectral measurements may be too costly to perform on a large sample and therefore lower resolution spectral instruments are used to take the majority of measurements. Many applied science questions that are relevant to the earth science remote sensing community require analysis of enormous amounts of data that were generated by instruments with disparate measurement capabilities. In past work [1], we addressed this problem using Virtual Sensors: a method that uses models trained on spectrally rich (high spectral resolution) data to "fill in" unmeasured spectral channels in spectrally poor (low spectral resolution) data. We demonstrated this method by using models trained on the high spectral resolution Terra MODIS instrument to estimate what the equivalent of the MODIS 1.6 micron channel would be for the NOAA AVHRR2 instrument. The scientific motivation for the simulation of the 1.6 micron channel is to improve the ability of the AVHRR2 sensor to detect clouds over snow and ice. This work contains preliminary experiments demonstrating that the use of spatial information can improve our ability to estimate these spectra.
Pilot study demonstrating potential association between breast cancer image‐based risk phenotypes and genomic biomarkers (2014)

The authors' results indicate that UGT2B gene variation may contribute to interindividual variation in mammographic parenchymal patterns and breast density. Understanding the relationship between image-based phenotypes and genomic biomarkers may help understand the biologic mechanism for image-based biomarkers and yield a future role in personalized medicine.
Measurement of the production of a W boson in association with a charm quark in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{s} $ = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector (2014)

The production of a W boson in association with a single charm quark is studied using 4.6 fb -1 of pp collision data at s = 7 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. In events in which a W boson decays to an electron or muon, the charm quark is tagged either by its semileptonic decay to a muon or by the presence of a charmed meson. The integrated and differential cross sections as a function of the pseudorapidity of the lepton from the W -boson decay are measured. Results are compared to the predictions of next-to-leading-order QCD calculations obtained from various parton distribution function parameterisations. The ratio of the strange-to-down sea-quark distributions is determined to be 0.96 +0.26 -0.30 at Q 2 = 1.9 GeV 2 , which supports the hypothesis of an SU(3)-symmetric composition of the light-quark sea. Additionally, the cross-section ratio (W + +c)/(W -+c) is compared to the predictions obtained using parton distribution function parameterisations with different assumptions about the s-s quark asymmetry.
Chitinase-like1 Plays a Role in Stalk Tensile Strength in Maize (2019)

Stalk lodging in maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) causes significant yield losses due to breaking of stalk tissue below the ear node before harvest. Here, we identified the maize <i>brittle stalk4</i> (<i>bk4</i>) mutant in a <i>Mutator</i> F2 population. This mutant was characterized by highly brittle aerial parts that broke easily from mechanical disturbance or in high-wind conditions. The <i>bk4</i> plants displayed a reduction in average stalk diameter and mechanical strength, dwarf stature, senescence at leaf tips, and semisterility of pollen. Histological studies demonstrated a reduction in lignin staining of cells in the <i>bk4</i> mutant leaves and stalk, and deformation of vascular bundles in the stalk resulting in the loss of xylem and phloem tissues. Biochemical characterization showed a significant reduction in <i>p</i>-coumaric acid, Glc, Man, and cellulose contents. The candidate gene responsible for <i>bk4</i> phenotype is <i>Chitinase-like1</i> protein (<i>Ctl1</i>), which is expressed at its highest levels in elongated internodes. Expression levels of secondary cell wall cellulose synthase genes (<i>CesA</i>) in the <i>bk4</i> single mutant, and phenotypic observations in double mutants combining <i>bk4</i> with <i>bk2</i> or null alleles for two <i>CesA</i> genes, confirmed interaction of <i>ZmCtl1</i> with <i>CesA</i> genes. Overexpression of <i>ZmCtl1</i> enhanced mechanical stalk strength without affecting plant stature, senescence, or fertility. Biochemical characterization of <i>ZmCtl1</i> overexpressing lines supported a role for ZmCtl1 in tensile strength enhancement. Conserved identity of CTL1 peptides across plant species and analysis of Arabidopsis (<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>) <i>ctl1-1 ctl2-1</i> double mutants indicated that <i>Ctl1</i> might have a conserved role in plants.
Properties and Applications of Stimuli-Responsive Diacetylenes (2021)

The topochemical reactivity of diacetylene monomers has long been established and involves the 1,4-addition polymerization reaction. This reaction is governed by well-defined parameters that allow the synthesis of diacetylene polymers. Polydiacetylenes are conjugated polymers that display unique colorimetric and fluorescent transitions when they are exposed to a range of stimuli, allowing them to be easily exploited in biosensors, chemosensors, and radiochromic dosimeters. In this review, we summarize recent work on polydiacetylene systems, focusing on examples involving 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (PCDA) that can be structured as polymerized vesicles, films, gels, and powders. Synthetic derivatives of PCDA are also reviewed, along with the effect of incorporating guest molecules to a diacetylene system and establishing the important relationship between reversible thermochromism and noncovalent interactions.
Viral Vectors, Animal Models, and Cellular Targets for Gene Therapy of Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease (2020)

After more than two decades since clinical trials tested the first use of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) to treat cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease, gene therapy for this disorder has undergone a tremendous resurgence. Fueling this enthusiasm has been an enhanced understanding of rAAV transduction biology and cellular processes that limit transduction of airway epithelia, the development of new rAAV serotypes and other vector systems with high-level tropism for airway epithelial cells, an improved understanding of CF lung pathogenesis and the cellular targets for gene therapy, and the development of new animal models that reproduce the human CF disease phenotype. These advances have created a preclinical path for both assessing the efficacy of gene therapies in the CF lung and interrogating the target cell types in the lung required for complementation of the CF disease state. Lessons learned from early gene therapy attempts with rAAV in the CF lung have guided thinking for the testing of next-generation vector systems. Although unknown questions still remain regarding the cellular targets in the lung that are required or sufficient to complement CF lung disease, the field is now well positioned to tackle these challenges. This review will highlight the role that next-generation CF animal models are playing in the preclinical development of gene therapies for CF lung disease and the knowledge gaps in disease pathophysiology that these models are attempting to fill.
Novel microfluidic interconnectors for high temperature and pressure applications (2003)

Reliable microfluidic interconnectors are one of the basic building blocks of integrated fluidic and chemical reaction systems-on-chip. Though many ideas have been proposed and implemented in the literature for creating different kinds of macro-to-micro fluidic connections, development of integrated on-chip connectors for high temperature and pressure microfluidic applications has not been properly studied. Such connectors will be indispensable in true on-chip chemical processing applications for reactions which require more severe operating conditions than those possible using currently available interconnection techniques. In this paper we present novel microfluidic interconnects that can be used in applications involving operating temperatures of up to 275 °C and pressures in excess of 315 Psi (21.43 atm). The only wetted surfaces in this design are teflon, silicon and pyrex glass, making the design inert to most chemicals. High-pressure leakage, pull-out and high-temperature durability tests conducted on the interconnect show that the connections obtained are superior to those reported in the literature using other techniques. Structural analysis of the interconnect is carried out to illustrate the effect of interconnect geometry on strength and high-pressure performance.
A novel phenol-benzene carbon-carbon coupling reaction. An acid-catalyzed reaction of N-acyl-O-arylhydroxylamines with benzenes (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA novel phenol-benzene carbon-carbon coupling reaction. An acid-catalyzed reaction of N-acyl-O-arylhydroxylamines with benzenesYasuyuki Endo, Koichi Shudo, and Toshihiko OkamotoCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99, 23, 7721–7723Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00465a060https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00465a060research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views290Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Growth and characterization of nanoscale 3C–SiC islands on Si substrates (1999)

Three-dimensional nanoscale SiC islands were grown directly on to (111) crystalline Si substrates by reaction with hydrogen-plasma-containing Si and C radicals at temperatures between 650 and 900 °C. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy observations show that the islands are composed of (111)-oriented cubic SiC (3C–SiC) grains. Nucleation of the islands took place at conical projections on the Si substrate surface produced by hydrogen plasma etching. At the highest substrate temperatures the diameter and density of the islands were smallest, while their height was greatest and their structure most disordered.
Signal Apparition A seismic shift for imaging the Earth's interior (2017)

ISSN:1029-7006
All topological bands of all nonmagnetic stoichiometric materials (2022)

Topological quantum chemistry and symmetry-based indicators have facilitated large-scale searches for materials with topological properties at the Fermi energy (<i>E</i><sub>F</sub>). We report the implementation of a publicly accessible catalog of stable and fragile topology in all of the bands both at and away from <i>E</i><sub>F</sub> in the 96,196 processable entries in the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database. Our calculations, which represent the completion of the symmetry-indicated band topology of known nonmagnetic materials, have enabled the discovery of repeat-topological and supertopological materials, including rhombohedral bismuth and Bi<sub>2</sub>Mg<sub>3</sub>. We find that 52.65% of all materials are topological at <i>E</i><sub>F</sub>, roughly two-thirds of bands across all materials exhibit symmetry-indicated stable topology, and 87.99% of all materials contain at least one stable or fragile topological band.
Thickness dependence of interfacial magneto-optic effects (1998)

Spectroscopic ellipsometry and magneto-optic Kerr effects are measured on Pt/Co multilayers with a series of Co layer thicknesses from 0.08 to 1 nm. An electromagnetic theory of multilayered structures allows regression analysis fits between acquired data and parameter dependent model analysis. Recently, we determined the single layer Co magneto-optic Voigt parameter and found that it depends on Co layer thickness. In the present work, we report an in-depth study of interfacial magneto-optic effects for a large number of Pt/Co multilayer samples. Kerr rotation and ellipticity were measured over the spectral range from 200 to 1700 nm. Voigt parameters of the magnetic layers for these Pt/Co multilayer samples with different thicknesses were compared, and the Pt–Co interface thicknesses were determined in terms of the material dielectric tensor.
Costs of medical care after open or minimally invasive prostate cancer surgery: A population-based analysis. (2011)

6016 Background: The rapid uptake of minimally-invasive radical prostatectomy (MRP) has occurred despite little evidence of better short-term functional and oncologic outcomes compared with open radical prostatectomy (ORP). MRP is generally more expensive than ORP, but it is not clear whether subsequent health care costs vary. Methods: In the SEER-Medicare dataset we identified men age 66 or older who had MRP or ORP in 2003-2006 for early-stage prostate cancer. MRP included laparoscopic and robot-assisted procedures. Total cost was estimated as the sum of Medicare payments in all claims for inpatient and outpatient care, physician services, home health and hospice care and durable medical equipment in the first year from the date of admission for surgery. Payments were adjusted for inflation and geographic variability and reported in 2006 $US. The impact of surgical approach on cost was estimated in a multivariable linear regression of log-transformed total payments. Results: Of 5,795 men who had prostate cancer surgery, 4,693 (81%) had ORP and 1,102 (19%) had MRP. The groups were similar in age, preoperative PSA, Gleason score, clinical tumor stage and comorbidity. Mean total first-year costs were $1,200 greater for men who had MRP ($16,900 vs. $15,700, p=0.08). In both groups, costs associated with the initial surgical procedure and hospitalization accounted for 65% of total first-year costs. Controlling for patient and tumor characteristics, total costs were 2% greater with MRP compared with ORP, but this difference was not statistically significant. Costs were greater for men who were older, black, lived in the Northeast, had lymph node involvement, more advanced tumor stage or greater comorbidity. Mean first-year costs decreased over time, by almost 2% per year (p<0.05). Conclusions: Mounting evidence suggests that MRP and ORP are similar with respect to complications, functional impairment and oncologic outcomes. Our analysis of prostate cancer patients in Medicare suggests that the procedures are also associated with similar costs. From a payer’s perspective, any benefits associated with MRP − including robotic procedures − do not yield net savings compared with ORP in the first year after surgery.
[Treatment of refractory ventricular tachycardia using cumulative high-energy fulguration]. (1988)

Intracardiac electrode catheter ablation of arrhythmogenic foci, using cumulative high energy, was attempted in 29 patients (mean age 57 +/- 15 years) presenting with ventricular tachycardia (VT) refractory to antiarrhythmic drugs. A heart disease, present in 25 patients, was responsible for severe heart failure in 10 of them; 13 patients had myocardial infarction, 7 had arrhythmogenic dysplasia of the right ventricle, 5 had cardiomyopathy (dilated in 4, hypertrophic in 1). The myocardium was apparently normal in 4 patients, 2 of whom had mitral valve prolapse. Morphologically, VT was single in 20 cases, double in 4 cases and more than triple in 5 cases; arrhythmia was continual or occurred several times a day in 17 cases. In one (20 patients) or several (9 patients) catheter ablation sessions, 1 to 16 cathodic shocks of 160 to 240 Joules (1.180 +/- 1.062 J) were delivered after mapping and focal stimulation without irreversible adverse reaction. The cumulative energy delivered was 840 +/- 558 J in the right ventricle (11 patients) and 1.390 +/- 1.244 J in the left ventricle (18 patients). During a 23.4 +/- 12 months follow-up period, 4 patients died (2 of heart failure, 1 of a hitherto undocumented VT, 1 suddenly of bradycardia-asystole). VT was regarded as being controlled in 23/27 patients, 15 of whom were not taking antiarrhythmic agents. The presystolic potential during VT was -5 + 5 ms in the 4 failure cases versus -41 + 29 ms in the successful cases (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that electrode catheter ablation is an effective curative treatment of VT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Completion of the Long Duration Wear Test of the NASA HERMeS Hall Thruster (2019)

The NASA Hall Effect Rocket with Magnetic Shielding (HERMeS) 12.5-kW Hall thruster has been the subject of extensive technology maturation by NASA GRC and JPL in preparation for development into a flight propulsion system. As part of this effort, a series of wear tests have been conducted to identify erosion phenomena and the accompanying failure modes as well as to validate service-life models for magnetically-shielded thrusters. This work presents a summary of the results obtained during the Long Duration Wear Test (LDWT), which was the third in this wear test series. The LDWT accumulated approximately 3,570 hours of operation and had the overall goal to identify and correct design or facility issues prior to the flight qualification campaign. Thruster performance, stability, and plume properties were invariant throughout the duration of the LDWT and consistent with measurements acquired during previous HERMeS performance and wear characterizations. Average erosion rates of a carbon-carbon composite pole cover were found to match those measured with graphite to within the empirical uncertainty while the previously observed time-dependence of pole cover erosion rates was linked to changes in pole cover roughness. Azimuthal variations in keeper wear rate were observed including deposition on one of the azimuthal-facing sides of the keeper mask. This strongly suggests the presence of an azimuthal component in the process driving keeper erosion. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
The alternating least squares technique for nonuniform intensity color correction (2014)

Abstract Color correction involves mapping device RGBs to display counterparts or to corresponding XYZs. A popular methodology is to take an image of a color chart and then solve for the best 3 × 3 matrix that maps the RGBs to the corresponding known XYZs. However, this approach fails at times when the intensity of the light varies across the chart. This variation needs to be removed before estimating the correction matrix. This is typically achieved by acquiring an image of a uniform gray chart in the same location, and then dividing the color checker image by the gray‐chart image. Of course, taking images of two charts doubles the complexity of color correction. In this article, we present an alternative color correction algorithm that simultaneously estimates the intensity variation and the 3 × 3 transformation matrix from a single image of a color chart. We show that the color correction problem, that is, finding the 3 × 3 correction matrix, can be solved using a simple alternating least‐squares procedure. Experiments validate our approach. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 232–242, 2015
Theoretical Comparisons ofSearch Dynamics ofGenetic Algorithms and Evolution Strategies (2005)

Genetic algorithms (GAs)andevolution strategies (ESs) aretwowidely usedevolutionary algo- rithms. Themaindifferences between GAsandESslie intheir representations andvariation operators, which result inverydifferent search dynamics. Inthis paper, wecomparethesearch dynamics ofGAsandESsthe- oretically using atheoretical framework foranalyzing thesearch dynamics ofevolution strategies proposed in this paperandaframework forgenetic algorithms we suggested in(OkaO5). Based onthetheoretical analysis, interesting aspects ofthesearch dynamics ofGAsand ESsforsingle objective optimization arerevealed. Asan extension, preliminary results onthesearch dynamics of GAsformulti-objective optimization arealso presented.