gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of spatial pseudodepolarizers in imaging systems (1990)

The objective of a number of optical instruments is to measure the intensity accurately without bias as to the incident polarization state. One method to overcome polarization bias in optical systems is the insertion of a spatial pseudodepolarizer. Both the degree of depolarization and image degradation (from the polarization aberrations of the pseudodepolarizer) are analyzed for two depolarizer designs: (1) the Cornu pseudodepolarizer, effective for linearly polarized light, and (2) the dual Babinet compensator pseudodepolarizer, effective for all incident polarization states. The image analysis uses a matrix formalism to describe the polarization dependence of the diffraction patterns and optical transfer function.
Capacitance and admittance spectroscopy analysis of hydrogen-degraded Pt/(Ba, Sr)TiO3/Pt thin-film capacitors (2000)

One of the problems occurring in conjunction with the integration of Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 (BST) thin film capacitors into the Si technology is the large increase of leakage current after a forming gas heat treatment. In order to reveal the underlying mechanism, we studied the electric properties of Pt/BST/Pt (metal–insulator–metal) (MIM) structures after annealing in atmospheres containing hydrogen (H2) or carbon monoxide by means of admittance spectroscopy. Frequency-dependent capacitance measurements on these MIM structures revealed a thermally activated relaxation step at low frequencies with an activation energy of 0.62 eV. Admittance spectroscopy, in which the conductance is monitored as a function of temperature and frequency, verifies the Schottky barrier heights at the Pt/BST interface revealed by dc measurements. We found that the Schottky barrier height decreased by 0.4 eV after annealing in a reducing atmosphere, independent of the presence of protons.
C-band 41-wavelength-switchable single-longitudinal-mode fiber laser with sub-kHz linewidth and high stability using a wide-band chirped Moiré fiber Bragg grating (2019)

Abstract A high-performance wavelength-switchable single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) fiber laser with ultra-narrow linewidth and high stability in C-band was proposed and demonstrated, mainly benefiting from the use of a wide-band chirped Moiré fiber Bragg grating (WB-CM-FBG) with 41 ultra-narrow channels. By combining the WB-CM-FBG with a manual tunable bandpass filter and using a subring cavity with a length of only 34 cm to efficiently stabilize the SLM lasing, we achieved switchable lasing operation among 41 wavelengths, with a switching-step of ~0.96 nm from 1526.592 nm to 1565.126 nm, covering the whole C-band, and obtained sub-kHz linewidth at every lasing wavelength. The high stability was validated by the measured slight fluctuations of lasing wavelength and optical power of &lt;0.004 nm and &lt;0.113 dB, respectively, in 1.5 h. To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the state-of-the-art CM-FBG-based fiber laser reported with the greatest number of switchable-wavelengths covering C-band, and, what’s more, each switchable lasing wavelength was with sub-kHz linewidth. The performance of the proposed fiber laser can be improved further with good temperature compensation and vibration isolation packaging for practical applications.
Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Is Essential for Pulmonary Ionocyte Specification in Human and Ferret Airway Epithelia (2023)

Pulmonary ionocytes express high levels of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), an anion channel that is critical for hydration of the airways and mucociliary clearance. However, the cellular mechanisms that govern ionocyte specification and function remain unclear. We observed that increased abundance of ionocytes in cystic fibrosis (CF) airway epithelium was associated with enhanced expression of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) effectors. In this study, we evaluated whether the SHH pathway directly impacts ionocyte differentiation and CFTR function in airway epithelia. Pharmacological HPI1-mediated inhibition of SHH signaling component GLI1 significantly impaired human basal cell specification of ionocytes and ciliated cells but significantly enhanced specification of secretory cells. By contrast, activation of the SHH pathway effector smoothened (SMO) with the chemical agonist SAG significantly enhanced ionocyte specification. The abundance of CFTR<b><sup>+</sup></b> BSND<b><sup>+</sup></b> ionocytes under these conditions had a direct relationship with CFTR-mediated currents in differentiated air-liquid interface (ALI) airway cultures. These findings were corroborated in ferret ALI airway cultures generated from basal cells in which the genes encoding the SHH receptor <i>PTCH1</i> or its intracellular effector <i>SMO</i> were genetically ablated using CRISPR-Cas9, causing aberrant activation or suppression of SHH signaling, respectively. These findings demonstrate that SHH signaling is directly involved in airway basal cell specification of CFTR-expressing pulmonary ionocytes and is likely responsible for enhanced ionocyte abundance in the CF proximal airways. Pharmacologic approaches to enhance ionocyte and reduce secretory cell specification after <i>CFTR</i> gene editing of basal cells may have utility in the treatment of CF.
Remarkable Enhancement of Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Efficiency Utilizing An Internal Cavity of Supramolecular Porphyrin Hexagonal Nanocylinders Under Visible-Light Irradiation (2013)

An efficient visible light-induced hydrogen evolution system has been developed by using supramolecular porphyrin hexagonal nanocylinders that encapsulate Pt-colloids-deposited TiO2 nanoparticles (Pt/TiO2) in the internal cavity. First, porphyrin nanocylinders structurally controlled by encapsulated Pt/TiO2 are prepared via a solvent mixture technique. The bar-shaped structure composed of Pt/TiO2 and zinc meso-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin [ZnP(Py)4] is formed with the aid of a surfactant: cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in a DMF/H2O mixture solution [denoted as Pt/TiO2–ZnP(Py)4 nanorods]. In scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements, ZnP(Py)4 pristine hexagonal nanocylinder with a large hollow structure [denoted as ZnP(Py)4 nanocylinder] was observed, whereas the hollow hole was completely closed in case of Pt/TiO2–ZnP(Py)4 nanorods. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses also revealed that ZnP(Py)4 alignment in the nanorod was based on the stacked-assemblies of ZnP(Py)4 coordinated hexagonal formations. These results clearly indicate that Pt colloids-deposited TiO2 nanoparticles (Pt/TiO2) were successfully encapsulated within a ZnP(Py)4 hexagonal nanocylinder. Pt/TiO2–ZnP(Py)4 also shows a broadened absorption in the visible region because of aggregation of ZnP(Py)4. Then, Pt/TiO2–ZnP(Py)4 exhibited efficient hydrogen evolution under visible light irradiation, whereas no hydrogen was evolved in the case of Pt/TiO2 without ZnP(Py)4. In addition, the hydrogen evolution efficiency of Pt/TiO2–ZnP(Py)4 nanorods per unit weight of Pt was two orders magnitude greater than that of the nonencapsulated system: Pt/TiO2 and ZnP(Py)4 nanocylinder composites [Pt/TiO2 + ZnP(Py)4 composites]. Finally, the photodynamics of the excited state of Pt/TiO2–ZnP(Py)4 nanorods was examined by femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy to clarify the photocatalytic mechanism.
Order structure and crystals of fully aromatic polyimides grown from solutions (1993)

Ordered structure and crystals can be developed in segmented rigid-rod polyimides. For a series of polymers synthesized from 3,3`,4,4`-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 2,2`-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4`-diaminobiphenyl (PFMB), solution crystallization provides lamellar crystals. Electron diffraction experiments indicate that the chain`s direction is perpendicular to the substrate surface. Based on different concentrations and crystallization conditions, the crystal morphology can change from single crystals to dendritic and spherulitic textures. Electron diffraction`s fiber pattern of the polymers provide the same crystal unit cell structure compared to wide-angle x-ray fiber patterns.
Physical Security in the Post-quantum Era: A Survey on Side-channel Analysis, Random Number Generators, and Physically Unclonable Functions (2020)

Over the past decades, quantum technology has seen consistent progress, with notable recent developments in the field of quantum computers. Traditionally, this trend has been primarily seen as a serious risk for cryptography; however, a positive aspect of quantum technology should also be stressed. In this regard, viewing this technology as a resource for honest parties rather than adversaries, it may enhance not only the security, but also the performance of specific cryptographic schemes. While considerable effort has been devoted to the design of quantum-resistant and quantum-enhanced schemes, little effort has been made to understanding their physical security. Physical security deals with the design and implementation of security measures fulfilling the practical requirements of cryptographic primitives, which are equally essential for classic and quantum ones. This survey aims to draw greater attention to the importance of physical security, with a focus on secure key generation and storage as well as secure execution. More specifically, the possibility of performing side-channel analysis in the quantum world is discussed and compared to attacks launched in the classic world. Besides, proposals for quantum random number generation and quantum physically unclonable functions are compared to their classic counterparts and further analyzed to give a better understanding of their features, advantages, and shortcomings. Finally, seen from these three perspectives, this survey provides an outlook for future research in this direction.
Free energy calculation of modified base-pair formation in explicit solvent: A predictive model (2009)

The maturation of RNAs includes site-specific post-transcriptional modifications that contribute significantly to hydrogen bond formation within RNA and between different RNAs, especially in formation of mismatch base pairs. Thus, an understanding of the geometry and strength of the base-pairing of modified ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates, previously not defined, is applicable to investigations of RNA structure and function and of the design of novel RNAs. The geometry and free energies of base-pairings were calculated in aqueous solution under neutral conditions with AMBER force fields and molecular dynamics simulations (MDSs). For example, unmodified uridines were observed to bind to uridine and cytidine with significant stability, but the ribose C1'-C1' distances were far short ( approximately 8.9 A) of distances observed for canonical A-form RNA helices. In contrast, 5-oxyacetic acid uridine, known to bind adenosine, wobble to guanosine, and form mismatch base pairs with uridine and cytidine, bound adenosine and guanosine with geometries and energies comparable to an unmodified uridine. However, the 5-oxyacetic acid uridine base paired to uridine and cytidine with a C1'-C1' distance comparable to that of an A-form helix, approximately 11 A, when a H(2)O molecule migrated between and stably hydrogen bonded to both bases. Even in formation of canonical base pairs, intermediate structures with a second energy minimum consisted of transient H(2)O molecules forming hydrogen bonded bridges between the two bases. Thus, MDS is predictive of the effects of modifications, H(2)O molecule intervention in the formation of base-pair geometry, and energies that are important for native RNA structure and function.
Design of Phage Cocktails for Therapy from a Host Range Point of View (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Rational Design of Phage Cocktails Phage Cocktails and Diagnostics Dual Specificity Phages Genetic Manipulation of Host Range Conclusion References
Hierarchical Assembly Involving Hydroxyethyl-substituted Imidazolium Cations and p-Sulfonatocalix[4]arenes (2010)

A multiple-component bilayer involving four different ions has preferential binding of functionalized 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methylimidazolium in the cavity of bowl-shaped p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene, with the supermolecule being capped by a water molecule involving an O–H···p(imidazolium) interaction, an O···HO H-bond involving the hydroxyethyl group, and an SO···HO H-bond. The nature of the interplay of the components has been mapped out using Hirshfeld surface analysis. The [imidazolium n calixarene] supermolecule persists in solution.
Special Issue: International Symposium on Mathematical Programming 2022 (2023)

This volume of MPB (Mathematical Programming, Series B) is dedicated to articles from the invited speakers of the 24th International Symposium on Mathematical Programming (ISMP).ISMP is the flagship conference of the Mathematical Optimization Society and has been held every three years since 1964.The Symposia have provided a comprehensive forum for presentation of research results in the mathematics of mathematical programming, in algorithms and computation, and in modeling.The latest conference was originally planned to be held in 2021 in Beijing but due to the pandemic it was first postponed for a year and then it was held online in 2022 with a small number of invited talks.The talks were scheduled and streamed one at a time at different times of the day in an effort to reach the worldwide MOS community.Each
Supplementary Fig. S.2 from NK-Cell Recruitment Is Necessary for Eradication of Peritoneal Carcinomatosis with an IL12-Expressing Maraba Virus Cellular Vaccine (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary figure S.2: Viral fitness, kinetics and tumour cytotoxicity.&lt;/p&gt;
Dynamic Characterization of Shape Memory Titanium Alloys (2004)

Evaluation of high strain rate behavior of materials at pre‐fracture strains is very important where the materials are considered for ballistic applications. High compression strain rate response of shape memory titanium alloy including a typical titanium alloy are determined using the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). The conventional SHPB technique has been routinely used for measuring high strain rate properties of high strength materials. A split Hopkinson bar consisting of 10‐mm diameter Maraging 350 alloy incident, transmitter, and striker bars was used to determine the compressive response of these alloys. Attempts are underway to use this technique to extract useful information required to design a material for improving its impact resistance. Initial test results performed on these different titanium alloys show an interesting trend with change of composition. Attempts were made to compare the stress‐strain data of these alloys with the published data for titanium alloys. Stress‐strain data and changes resulting in the microstructure from strain rates in the regime 1800–4000/s are presented.
Anatomical and Histological Factors Affecting Intranasal Drug and Vaccine Delivery (2012)

The aim of this review is to provide an understanding of the anatomical and histological structure of the nasal cavity, which is important for nasal drug and vaccine delivery as well as the development of new devices. The surface area of the nasal cavity is about 160 cm2, or 96 m2 if the microvilli are included. The olfactory region, however, is only about 5 cm2 (0.3 m2 including the microvilli). There are 6 arterial branches that serve the nasal cavity, making this region a very attractive route for drug administration. The blood flow into the nasal region is slightly more than reabsorbed back into the nasal veins, but the excess will drain into the lymph vessels, making this region a very attractive route for vaccine delivery. Many of the side effects seen following intranasal administration are caused by some of the 6 nerves that serve the nasal cavity. The 5th cranial nerve (trigeminus nerve) is responsible for sensing pain and irritation following nasal administration but the 7th cranial nerve (facial nerve) will respond to such irritation by stimulating glands and cause facial expressions in the subject. The first cranial nerve (olfactory nerve), however, is the target when direct absorption into the brain is the goal, since this is the only site in our body where the central nervous system is directly expressed on the mucosal surface. The nasal mucosa contains 7 cell types and 4 types of glands. Four types of cells and 2 types of glands are located in the respiratory region but 6 cell types and 2 types of glands are found in the olfactory region.
Probing the retinol-binding site of bovine beta-lactoglobulin (1994)

The retinol-binding site of beta-lactoglobulin has been located by selective modification of amino acid residues which reside in the two putative binding sites. Based upon two separate crystallographic analyses of bovine beta-lactoglobulin, different binding sites for retinol have been proposed: one proposal favors an interior cavity, the other a surface cleft. To discriminate between these two models, we have made four separate site-directed mutations introducing a W19A or a K70M in the interior pocket and a F136A or K141M in the surface pocket. The K70M beta-lactoglobulin exhibited a marked decrease in its binding of retinoic acid compared to the F136A, K141M, and wild-type proteins. Retinyldenepropylamine, a retinyl Schiff base analog of retinol, was synthesized and its absorption spectrum when bound to the wild-type, K70M, and K141M proteins was examined to probe its interaction with the respective lysine residues. The retinylidenepropylamine bound in the K70M beta-lactoglobulin exhibited a kinetic red shift as distinct from the blue shift observed when it is bound to either the K141M or wild-type beta-lactoglobulins. The blue shift indicates protonation of the Schiff base. The resulting tagged peptide was isolated after cyanogen bromide cleavage and found to be the Ala25-Met107 peptide, consistent with the Lys70 being the residue which interacts with the bound retinol. These results support the proposal that retinol binds to an evolutionarily conserved interior cavity rather than the surface pocket.
Gamma Interferon Signaling in Oligodendrocytes Is Critical for Protection from Neurotropic Coronavirus Infection (2009)

Neurotropic coronavirus induces acute encephalomyelitis and demyelination in mice. Infection of BALB/c (H-2(d)) mice expressing a dominant negative gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) receptor specifically in oligodendrocytes was examined to determine the influence of IFN-gamma signaling on pathogenesis. Inhibition of IFN-gamma signaling in oligodendrocytes increased viral load, infection of oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte loss, demyelination, and axonal damage resulting in increased mortality. IFN-gamma levels and the inflammatory response were not altered, although the level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) mRNA was increased. These data indicate that IFN-gamma signaling by oligodendroglia reduces viral replication but affects both demyelination and tissue destruction in a host-specific manner.
How to decrease morbidity and mortality of skin cancer: primary prevention of skin cancer/screening of skin cancer (1996)

Bernhardt, J; Boldeman, C; Breitbart, E W; Breitbart, M; Christophers, E; Elvers, H; Gefeller, O; Henseler, T; Hutzler, D; Johnson, S; Karsa, L; Kölmel, K; Latif, M; Matthes, R; McKinlay, A F; Murphy, G; Newton, J A; Petres, J; Plentz, K; Repacholi, M; Sebastian, G; Shafir, R; Stein, A; Tilgen, W; Ullen, H; Weichenthal, M Author Information
Selective elimination in vitro of alloresponsive T cells to human transplantation antigens by toxin or radionuclide conjugated anti-IL-2 receptor (Tac) monoclonal antibody. (1990)

The human allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction is the in vitro correlate of graft rejection. Cytotoxic effector cells generated during an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction were previously shown to express the human p55 IL-2 receptor subunit, whereas resting cells do not express this receptor peptide. In this study, we asked whether Pseudomonas exotoxin or bismuth-212 (an alpha-particle emitting radionuclide) coupled to the anti-IL-2 receptor mAb, anti-Tac, were able to selectively eliminate alloresponsive cells generated during an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. After assembly, anti-Tac immunoconjugates retained their binding integrity, specificity, and selectivity. Deletion of alloresponsive cells was shown by the removal of alloproliferating cells as assessed by quantitating cell recovery and by measurement of thymidine incorporation into newly synthesized DNA. Both toxin and radionuclide immunoconjugates eliminated established cytotoxic effector cells generated in an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction, while leaving intact the PHA-inducible mitogenic response of the nonactivated cells. The addition of excess anti-Tac blocked all of the effects of these cytotoxic reagents. The therapeutic reagents in vitro were most effective when added just prior to the peak of the alloproliferative response, when receptor expression would be close to maximum. Thus, anti-Tac conjugated either with toxin or radionuclide is effective in vitro in specifically eliminating cytotoxic effector cells.
Sampling of diffusion processes for real-time estimation (2004)

This paper addresses the causal sampling of observations of a diffusion process that results in a good quality continuous estimator based upon these samples. The optimal sampling scheme with a fixed number of samples is found by solving an optimal (multiple) stopping problem. This is solved explicitly in a special case. A class of threshold approximations is also described.
Approaching Clinical Trials in Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease and Pediatric Pulmonary Fibrosis (2019)

Abstract Childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD) comprises a spectrum of rare diffuse lung disorders. chILD is heterogeneous in origin, with different disease manifestations occurring in the context of ongoing lung development. The large number of disorders in chILD, in combination with the rarity of each diagnosis, has hampered scientific and clinical progress within the field. Epidemiologic and natural history data are limited. The prognosis varies depending on the etiology, with some forms progressing to lung transplant or death. There are limited treatment options for patients with chILD. Although U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved treatments are now available for adult patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, no clinical trials have been conducted in a pediatric population using agents designed to treat lung fibrosis. This review will focus on progressive chILD disorders and on the urgent need for meaningful objective outcome measures to define, detect, and monitor fibrosis in children.
Uplink Contention Based SCMA for 5G Radio Access (2014)

Fifth generation (5G) wireless networks are expected to support very diverse applications and terminals. Massive connectivity with a large number of devices is an important requirement for 5G networks. Current LTE system is not able to efficiently support massive connectivity, especially on the uplink (UL). Among the issues arise due to massive connectivity is the cost of signaling overhead and latency. In this paper, an uplink contention-based sparse code multiple access (SCMA) design is proposed as a solution. First, the system design aspects of the proposed multiple-access scheme are described. The SCMA parameters can be adjusted to provide different levels of overloading, thus suitable to meet the diverse traffic connectivity requirements. In addition, the system-level evaluations of a small packet application scenario are provided for contention-based UL SCMA. SCMA is compared to OFDMA in terms of connectivity and drop rate under a tight latency requirement. The simulation results demonstrate that contention-based SCMA can provide around 2.8 times gain over contention-based OFDMA in terms of supported active users. The uplink contention-based SCMA scheme can be a promising technology for 5G wireless networks for data transmission with low signaling overhead, low delay, and support of massive connectivity.