gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A unified method for evaluating real-time computer controllers and its application (1985)

A computer-controlled system is a synergistic coupling of the controlled process and the controller computer. We have defined new performance measures for real-time controller computers based on this coupling. We present a systematic study of a typical critical controlled process in the context of new performance measures that express the performance of both controlled processes and controller computers (taken as a unit) on the basis of a single variable: controller response time. Controller response time is a function of current system state, system failure rate, electrical and/or magnetic interference, etc., and is therefore a random variable. Control overhead is expressed as monotonically nondecreasing function of the response time and the system suffers catastrophic failure, or dynamic failure, if the response time for a control task exceeds the corresponding system hard deadline, if any. The controlled-process chosen for study is an aircraft in the final stages of descent, just prior to landing. Control constraints are particularly severe during this period, and great care must be taken in the design of controllers that handle this process. First, the performance measures for the controller are presented. Second, control algorithms for solving the landing problem are discussed, and finally the impact of our performance measures on the problem is analyzed, showing that the performance measures and the associated estimation method have potential use for designing and/or evaluating real-time controllers and controlled process. In common with all other control techniques, the computational complexity involved in obtaining these measures is susceptible to the curse of dimensionality.
Truncated Biphasic Pulses for Transthoracic Defibrillation (1995)

The results of this study suggest that biphasic truncated transthoracic shocks of low energy (115 and 130 J) are as effective as 200-J damped sine wave shocks used in standard transthoracic defibrillators. This finding may contribute significantly to the miniaturization and cost reduction of transthoracic defibrillators, which could enable the development of a new generation of AEDs appropriate for an expanded group of out-of-hospital first responders and, eventually, layperson use.
Primary production modeling identifies restoration targets for shifting shallow, eutrophic lakes to clear-water regimes (2023)

Benthic primary production (BPP) plays an important functional role in lakes, improving water quality by stabilizing clear-water regimes. Shallow, eutrophic lakes lacking BPP communities can be difficult to restore because self-stabilizing feedbacks of phytoplankton dominance can impede the establishment of BPP. BPP in lakes is light limited, and ecosystem models can provide guidance for determining the water clarity necessary to re-establish BPP dominance. We developed a multi-tiered framework for the restoration of shallow, eutrophic lakes that incorporates multiple turbidity sources, lake morphometry, and water-level fluctuations to determine water-clarity thresholds above which BPP dominance may be established. We present a case study applying this restoration target framework to a large, shallow lake (Utah Lake, Utah, USA), where water clarity was greatly impeded by sediment resuspension and high algal biomass. Our analysis, which used commonly available lake-monitoring data, indicated that a return to BPP dominance is possible in Utah Lake, particularly if external nutrient loading to its shallow, wind-protected bays is reduced. Our novel framework incorporates regime shift theory to improve shallow, eutrophic lake restoration efforts. By incorporating ecological feedbacks when identifying the restoration targets necessary for returning a lake to a self-stabilizing, clear-water regime, this restoration target framework offers economical and logistical advantages over strategies that focus solely on phytoplankton management or fish biomanipulation.
<title>Simulation for outdoor navigation</title> (1993)

Simulation is used in robot navigation for testing control algorithms such as obstacle avoidance and path planning. Simulation is also being used for generating expectations to guide sensory processing for robots operating in the real world. In this paper, we present the tradeoffs in designing an environment model for outdoor environments. The models for outdoor environments are significantly different from indoor environment models. Outdoor environments are inherently unstructured due to changing lighting conditions, variation in the form of objects, and the dynamic nature of the environment. We present the design tradeoffs involved in building models of such environments, from the perspective of simulating passive sensors like vision. We point out that a powerful approach to outdoor navigation is to have a detailed model of the environment that can provide expectations both in terms of the spatial location of scene entities and the operators suitable for detecting these entities in an image.
The multicast packing problem (2000)

This paper presents algorithms, heuristics and lower bounds for an optimal sharing of network resources among several multicast groups that coexist in the network. Group (i.e., many-to-many) multicasting is a demanding service since any member can become a sender independently from the others. We consider a shared tree as the backbone of a group multicasting session. Considering each multicast session in isolation and independently may cause congestion on some links and reduce network utilization. Thus, we define the multicast packing problem in which the network tries to accommodate simultaneously all the multicast groups while trying to avoid bottlenecks on the links for higher throughput (i.e., minimize the maximum link sharing among multicast groups). Minimization of maximum congestion is achieved at the expense of increasing the size of some multicast trees which in turn impacts the delay. This trade-off is addressed by adding a penalty term to the objective function of the optimal packing formulation. The penalty term is a function of the amount of dilation from the size of the optimal tree obtained for each group multicast independently from the others (i.e., in isolation). Since the mathematical programming formulation for the optimization problem is computationally intractable, we resort to suboptimal solutions with heuristics. Our heuristic method aims to reduce the sharing of a link while ensuring that the size of multicast trees will never exceed /spl alpha/OPT/sup k/ where OPT/sup k/ is the size of the optimum tree for multicast group k in isolation. Optimum multicast tree for each group (in isolation) is computed by using cutting-plane inequalities and the branch-and-cut algorithm. In order to evaluate the performance of our approximation, we derive lower bounds on the problem. Our first lower bound on the maximum congestion is a theoretical one and puts a cap on the following two constructive lower bounds. The lower bounds and the heuristic method are implemented and it is shown that the maximum congestion obtained by the heuristic method is quite close to the constructive lower bounds.
The effect of increasing the plasma magnesium concentration on renin release from the dog's kidney: interactions with calcium and sodium. (1978)

1. A denervated 'auto-transplanted' dog's kidney preparation was developed to study renin release into renal plasma and lymph. The function of the 'transplant' was compared with that of its partner. In the 'basal' state it had a similar rate of plasma and urine flow, Na, Ca, Mg and Cl excretion but a lower rate of glomerular filtration and K excretion and a lower urinary osmolality. In the 'basal' state the 'transplant' did not release renin into plasma, but invariably released it into lymph. 2. Infusions of MgCl2 solutions into the renal artery which raised the renal plasma Mg concentration (PMg) by 0.1-2 m-mole.1.-1 provoked a concentration-related increase in renin release into plasma. This was due to a rise in the veno-arterial renin difference and in the renal plasma flow rate. Blood pressure and Na excretion were unaltered. 3. In other experiments, an increase in PMg of 1.5-2.5 m-mole.1.-1 was also found to increase renin release into lymph. 4. When the plasma Ca concentration was doubled by infusion of CaCl2 into one renal artery, an increase in PMg of 1.5-2.5 m-mole.1.-1 no longer increased renin release into plasma or lymph. 5. When the plasma NaCl concentration was raised by 8-15 m-mole.1.-1 by infusion of hypertonic saline into the renal artery, MgCl2 infusion failed to increase renin release until PMg was raised by more than 3 m-mole.1-1. 6. The results demonstrate that hypermagnesaemia stimulates renal renin release by a mechanism that is independent of the renal nerves, or of any changes in blood pressure or sodium excretion, but which is antagonized by concurrent hypercalcaemia or hypersalaemia. The possibility is discussed that Mg is reabsorbed from the tubular into the interstitial fluid where it antagonizes the action(s) of Ca on renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells.
Base-Station Assisted Device-to-Device Communications for High-Throughput Wireless Video Networks (2014)

We propose a new scheme for increasing the throughput of video files in cellular communications systems. This scheme exploits (1) the redundancy of user requests as well as (2) the considerable storage capacity of smartphones and tablets. Users cache popular video files and-after receiving requests from other users-serve these requests via device-to-device localized transmissions. The file placement is optimal when a central control knows a priori the locations of wireless devices when file requests occur. However, even a purely random caching scheme shows only a minor performance loss compared to such a “genie-aided” scheme. We then analyze the optimal collaboration distance, trading off frequency reuse with the probability of finding a requested file within the collaboration distance. We show that an improvement of spectral efficiency of one to two orders of magnitude is possible, even if there is not very high redundancy in video requests.
Application of New Polymer Composite Materials in Rock Slope Ecological (2021)

Geological disasters frequently occur in red bed areas. Ecological protection can improve the stability of the rock slope and beautify the environment and reduce soil erosion. The natural red bed weathered soil often has a loose structure and poor water retention, resulting in poor vegetation growth. It is necessary to develop a new material to improve the slope soil and promote plant growth. Therefore, this study employed the self-developed ADNB soil stabilizer to improve the silty clay in the red bed areas. The effects of ADNB on soil physical properties (density, moisture content, and temperature) and ecological properties (germination rate, plant height, and coverage) were analyzed to examine the effects of ADNB on soil improvement. The results show that, compared with natural soil, the density of ADNB treated soil decreased by 9.1%−14.3%, water content increased by 9.3%−19.7%, water holding capacity increased by 20.0%−33.3%, temperature increased by 0.7%−1.8%, germination rates of herbs and shrubs increased by 3.0%−36.0%, and 1.0%−17.0%, respectively, plant height increased by 8.7%−98.6%, and coverage increased by 25%−45%. This study provides theoretical and data support for slope ecological protection and soil erosion control in red bed areas.
Systematic Backbone Conformational Constraints on a Cyclic Melanotropin Ligand Leads to Highly Selective Ligands for Multiple Melanocortin Receptors (2015)

Human melanocortin receptors (hMCRs) have been challenging targets to develop ligands that are explicitly selective for each of their subtypes. To modulate the conformational preferences of the melanocortin ligands and improve the biofunctional agonist/antagonist activities and selectivities, we have applied a backbone N-methylation approach on Ac-Nle-c[Asp-His-D-Nal(2')-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2 (Ac-Nle(4)-c[Asp(5),D-Nal(2')(7),Lys(10)]-NH2), a nonselective cyclic peptide antagonist at hMC3R and hMC4R and an agonist at hMC1R and hMC5R. Systematic N-methylated derivatives of Ac-Nle(4)-c[Asp(5),D-Nal(2')(7),Lys(10)]-NH2, with all possible backbone N-methylation combinations, have been synthesized and examined for their binding and functional activities toward melanocortin receptor subtypes 1, 3, 4, and 5 (hMCRs). Several N-methylated analogues are selective and potent agonists or antagonists for hMC1R or hMC5R or have selective antagonist activity for hMC3R. The selective hMC1R ligands show strong binding for human melanoma cells. We have also discovered the first universal antagonist (compound 19) for all subtypes of hMCRs.
Phosphoramidate Prodrugs of (−)-β-D-(2R,4R)-dioxolane-thymine (DOT) as Potent Anti-HIV Agents (2012)

A series of new phosphoramidate prodrugs of DOT were prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of HIV replication in vitro. Metabolic stability studies indicated that these DOT phosphoramidate derivatives have the potential to show acceptable stability in the gastrointestinal tract, but they metabolize rapidly in the liver.
Preclinical Models for Translating Regenerative Medicine Therapies for Rotator Cuff Repair (2009)

Despite improvements in the understanding of rotator cuff pathology and advances in surgical treatment options, repairs of chronic rotator cuff tears often re-tear or fail to heal after surgery. Hence, there is a critical need for new regenerative repair strategies that provide effective mechanical reinforcement of rotator cuff repair as well as stimulate and enhance the patient's intrinsic healing potential. This article will discuss and identify appropriate models for translating regenerative medicine therapies for rotator cuff repair. Animal models are an essential part of the research and development pathway; however, no one animal model reproduces all of the features of the human injury condition. The rat shoulder is considered the most appropriate model to investigate the initial safety, mechanism, and efficacy of biologic treatments aimed to enhance tendon-to-bone repair. Whereas large animal models are considered more appropriate to investigate the surgical methods, safety and efficacy of the mechanical-or combination biologic/mechanical-strategies are ultimately needed for treating human patients. The human cadaver shoulder model, performed using standard-of-care repair techniques, is considered the best for establishing the surgical techniques and mechanical efficacy of various repair strategies at time zero. While preclinical models provide a critical aspect of the translational pathway for engineered tissues, controlled clinical trials and postmarketing surveillance are also needed to define the efficacy, proper indications, and the method of application for each new regenerative medicine strategy.
Nonlinear Chiral Meta-Mirrors: Enabling Technology for Ultrafast Switching of Light Polarization (2020)

Photonic nanostructures that realize ultrafast switching of light polarization are essential to advancements in the area of optical information processing. The unprecedented flexibility of metasurfaces in light manipulation makes them a promising candidate for active polarization control. However, due to the lack of optical materials exhibiting a fast as well as large refractive index change, photonic metadevices capable of ultrafast polarization switching remain elusive. Here, an ultrathin nonlinear chiral meta-mirror consisting of an array of amorphous silicon (α-Si) split-ring resonators on top of a silver backplane is demonstrated as a feasible platform for picosecond all-optical polarization switching of near-infrared light at picojoule-per-resonator pump energies. This success was made possible by the high-quality-factor resonances of the proposed meta-atoms that enable the mirror to exhibit strong chiro- and enantioselectivity. Experimental results confirm that our meta-mirrors can be used to facilitate high-speed and power-efficient polarization-state modulators.
A VI-based measurement system for sharing the customer and supply responsibility for harmonic distortion (1998)

Owing to the proliferation of loads which draw nonsinusoidal currents, the current and the voltage distortion in public distribution systems is ever increasing. The usual online investigation methods cannot provide information about the responsibility for harmonic distortion in a given metering section. New methodologies are therefore searched for. Some recently proposed investigation techniques are recalled in this paper and the relevant measurement problems are discussed. A digital measurement system which is based on the virtual instrumentation (VI) technique and implements these methods, is described. The results of some experimental work are also presented.
Variational EM Algorithms for Non-Gaussian Latent Variable Models (2005)

We consider criteria for variational representations of non-Gaussian la-tent variables, and derive variational EM algorithms in general form. We establish a general equivalence among convex bounding methods, evi-dence based methods, and ensemble learning/Variational Bayes methods, which has previously been demonstrated only for particular cases. 1
Decreasing HPK1 expression in CD19 CAR-T cells: A novel strategy to overcome challenges of cell therapy for adult (r/r) B-ALL. (2022)

7041 Background: Since the FDA approved the first CD19 CAR T cell therapy (Kymriah) for pediatric and young adult patients with relapsed or refractory (r/r) B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), cytokine release syndrome (CRS) has still been a life-threatening toxicity that limits the full therapeutic potential in adults [1,2]. So far, Tecartus was the first and only approved CAR-T cell therapy for adult r/r B ALL, which was based on results from ZUMA-3 study. CRS occurred in 92% patients, and neurologic toxicities occurred in 87% patients in ZUMA-3 study[3], suggesting that therapeutic developments are needed to ensure more safe options for adult B-ALL. Our preclinical data demonstrated that CAR-T cells with decreased HPK1 expression had enhanced antitumor effects and did not induce higher grade CRS [4]. Thus, the first-in-human clinical study is ongoing to test CD19 CAR-T cells with decreased HPK1 expression (XYF19 CAR-T cells) for adult (r/r) B-ALL (NCT04037566). Methods: Dose-escalation study was initiated to explore the safety and efficacy of XYF19 CAR-T cells in adult r/r B-ALL. 11 eligible adult r/r B-ALL patients were enrolled. The cell dosage of XYF19 was significantly lower than Tecartus and Kymriah, participants were infused with XYF19 CAR-T cells: 3 at low dose (2.0×10 5 /kg), 5 at medium dose (5.0×10 5 /kg), and 3 at high dose (1.0×10 6 /kg). All patients received a conditioning regimen of IV fludarabine (30mg/m 2 /d) for 4 days and cyclophosphamide (500mg/m 2 /d) for 2 days. Results: 30 days after infusion with XYF19 CAR-T cells, 8 of the 11 (72.7%) patients had achieved complete remission (CR) or CR with incomplete count recovery (CRi). Considering the low dosage of XYF19 and that the CR/CRi rate is 71% with Tecartus [2] and 69% with Kymriah [3], the clinical response of XYF19 is similar or even the highest in these three studies. Strikingly, in this clinical trial, no patient has yet experienced dose-limiting toxicity. No grade 3 or higher CRS occurred in XYF19 treated patients, while Grade 3 or higher CRS was observed in 26% of patients with Tecartus [2], and 72% of patients with Kymriah[3]. No neurologic events occurred in the current study, while the incidence of neurological events was 51% with Tecartus [2] and 43% with Kymriah[3]. Thus, XYF19 is a strong potential novel treatment for CD19 CAR-T cell therapy in adult B-ALL. Conclusions: Treatment with XYF19 CAR-T cells promises a novel treatment that can alleviate some of the stern challenges of CD19 CAR-T cell therapy for adult patients with r/r B-ALL. In the current study, this treatment showed robust activity against adult (r/r) B-ALL without &gt; Grade 2 toxicity. This efficacy and safety will be demonstrated in further trials with larger sample sizes. References: [1] Blood. 2021; 19;138 (7): 531–543. [2] Lancet.398(10299):491-502. [3] J. Biol. Chem. 287,34091–34100. [4] Cancer Cell. 2020; 38; 1-16. Clinical trial information: NCT04037566.
Delta-net: Real-time Network Verification Using Atoms (2017)

Real-time network verification promises to automatically detect violations of network-wide reachability invariants on the data plane. To be useful in practice, these violations need to be detected in the order of milliseconds, without raising false alarms. To date, most real-time data plane checkers address this problem by exploiting at least one of the following two observations: (i) only small parts of the network tend to be affected by typical changes to the data plane, and (ii) many different packets tend to share the same forwarding behaviour in the entire network. This paper shows how to effectively exploit a third characteristic of the problem, namely: similarity among forwarding behaviour of packets through parts of the network, rather than its entirety. We propose the first provably amortized quasi-linear algorithm to do so. We implement our algorithm in a new real-time data plane checker, Delta-net. Our experiments with SDN-IP, a globally deployed ONOS software-defined networking application, and several hundred million IP prefix rules generated using topologies and BGP updates from real-world deployed networks, show that Delta-net checks a rule insertion or removal in approximately 40 microseconds on average, a more than 10X improvement over the state-of-the-art. We also show that Delta-net eliminates an inherent bottleneck in the state-of-the-art that restricts its use in answering Datalog-style "what if" queries.