gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic Options and Emerging Alternatives for Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcal Infections (2015)

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains the single biggest challenge in infectious disease in the civilized world. Moreover, vancomycin resistance is also spreading, leading to fears of untreatable infections as were common in ancient times. Molecular microbiology and bioinformatics have revealed many of the mechanisms involved in resistance development. Mobile genetic elements, up-regulated virulence factors and multi-drug efflux pumps have been implicated. A range of approved antibiotics from the glycopeptide, lipopeptide, pleuromutilin, macrolide, oxazolidinone, lincosamide, aminoglycoside, tetracycline, steptogramin, and cephalosporin classes has been employed to treat MRSA infections. The upcoming pipeline of drugs for MRSA includes some new compounds from the above classes, together with fluoroquinolones, antibacterial peptide mimetics, aminomethylciclines, porphyrins, peptide deformylase inhibitors, oxadiazoles, and diaminopyrimidines. A range of non-drug alternative approaches has emerged for MRSA treatment. Bacteriophage-therapy including purified lysins has made a comeback after being discovered in the 1930s. Quorum-sensing inhibitors are under investigation. Small molecule inhibitors of multi-drug efflux pumps may potentiate existing antibiotics. The relative failure of staphylococcal vaccines is being revisited by efforts with multi-valent vaccines and improved adjuvants. Photodynamic therapy uses non-toxic photosensitizers and harmless visible light to produce reactive oxygen species that can nonspecifically destroy bacteria while preserving host cells. Preparation of nanoparticles can kill bacteria themselves, as well as improve the delivery of anti-bacterial drugs. Anti-MRSA drug discovery remains an exciting field with great promise for the future.
ConvERSe'20: The WSDM 2020 Workshop on Conversational Systems for E-Commerce Recommendations and Search (2020)

Conversational systems have improved dramatically recently, and are receiving increasing attention in academic literature. These systems are also becoming adapted in E-Commerce due to increased integration of E-Commerce search and recommendation source with virtual assistants such as Alexa, Siri, and Google assistant. However, significant research challenges remain spanning areas of dialogue systems, spoken natural language processing, human-computer interaction, and search and recommender systems, which all are exacerbated with demanding requirements of E-Commerce.
Changes in Joint Power and Energetics during a Sport-Specific Jumping Fatigue Protocol (2023)

Kinematic and kinetic changes in the lower extremities occur as an athlete becomes fatigued during vertical jumping; however, the specifics of these changes are not well-understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify the influence of a sport-specific, vertical jumping fatigue protocol on the biomechanics of the ankle, knee, and hip joint. Twenty male varsity athletes performed repetitive standing countermovement squat jumps every 20 s until fatigued (vertical jump and reach height decreased to 88% of their maximum height for three consecutive jumps). The kinematics and kinetics of their lower extremities (ankle, knee, and hip) were quantified, and the ankle, knee, and hip joint’s moments, angular velocity, and joint power were compared. The participants performed an average of 175 jumps before they were classified as being fatigued. When they became fatigued, the peak power of the ankle and hip joints were substantially reduced due to a decrease in the angular velocity at both joints. Ankle and hip joint moments were unchanged. Peak power at the knee joint was also unchanged over the course of the jumping protocol. To maintain vertical jumping performance over the course of a game or to delay the influence of fatigue, training should be targeted at maintaining the angular velocity of the ankle and hip joints.
A new probing technique for high-speed/high-density printed circuit boards (2006)

Bullock, in 1987 [Bull87] provided design-for-test (DFT) rules for probing printed circuit boards for in-circuit testing. Many of these rules stand in good stead even today. However, recent technical advances in operational board speed are leading some to believe that in-circuit testing cannot be performed on the high-speed sectors of boards soon to be designed. Due to the increasing usage of high-speed circuitry, there is worry in our industry that in-circuit testing will be marginalized with no good substitute available. It is the purpose of this paper to show how access can be maintained, even on highly dense gigabit logic boards
Quantum Computation (2001)

In a conventional computer, information is represented by quantities that obey the laws of classical physics, such as the voltage levels in a logic circuit. But as the size of microelectronics shrinks, quantum physics becomes increasingly important.
The Effects of Different Anesthetic Regimens on Fibrinolysis and the Development of Postoperative Arterial Thrombosis (1993)

Impaired fibrinolysis may be related causally to postoperative arterial thrombosis. Because RA combined with epidural fentanyl analgesia appears to prevent postoperative inhibition of fibrinolysis, this form of perioperative management may decrease the risk of arterial thrombotic complications in patients undergoing lower extremity revascularization.
Resonance scanning interferometer for group delay dispersion measurements (2013)

Accurate measurements of group delay (GD) and group delay dispersion (GDD) characteristics play a crucial role in achieving top performance of ultra-fast optical systems based on dispersive mirrors (DM). Currently GD and GDD measurements are typically performed with white-light interferometers (WLI). However, the resolution and accuracy of WLI is not sufficient for many present-day challenging applications, especially in cases when ultra-broadband spectrum spanning over more than an optical octave is considered, or very high levels of dispersion need to be controlled. An alternative approach for GD and GDD measurements based on inter-mirror cavity resonances was developed. The idea to use setups similar to Fabry-Pérot and Gires-Tournois interferometers for this purpose was initially proposed in. In that work a single measurement with a fixed spacer thickness was performed. In order to increase the spectral resolution, it was necessary to increase the spacer thickness. However, that caused a rapid decrease of the measured signal level and soon the resonance peaks became masked by unavoidable noise. A “golden middle” spacer thickness often was unable to provide a good balance between resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. In contrast, this paper carried out measurements at a set of different spacer thicknesses, then the acquired data was combined together and processed using a regularization theory of the solution of inverse problems.
Autoregressive ultrasound imaging method to enhance kidney stone twinkling and suppress blood flow. (2011)

“Twinkling” is a widely reported ultrasound artifact whereby kidney stones and other similar calcified, strongly reflective objects appear as turbulent, flowing blood in color and power Doppler. The twinkling artifact has been shown to improve kidney stone detection over B-mode imaging alone, but its use has several limitations. Principally, twinkling can be confused with blood flow, potentially leading to an incorrect diagnosis. Here a new method is reported for explicitly suppressing the display of color from blood flow to enhance and/or isolate the twinkle signal. The method applies an autoregressive model to standard Doppler pulses in order to differentiate tissue, blood flow, and twinkling. The algorithm was implemented on a software-based, open architecture ultrasound system and tested by a sonographer on phantoms and on stones implanted in a live porcine kidney. Stones of 3–10 mm were detected reproducibly while suppressing blood flow in the image. In conclusion, a new algorithm designed to specifically detect stones has been tested and has potential clinical utility especially as efforts are made to reduce radiation exposure on diagnosis and monitoring. [This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH Grant No. DK43881) and the National Space Biomedical Research Institute through Grant No. NASA NCC 9-58.]
MicroRNA expression distinguishes SCLC from NSCLC lung tumor cells and suggests a possible pathological relationship between SCLCs and NSCLCs (2019)

Abstract Background Recent studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) play roles in tumorigenesis and are reliable classifiers of certain cancer types and subtypes. However, the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of small cell carcinoma (SCLC), the majority of which represent the most aggressive lung tumors, has not been investigated. Methods In order to explore miRNA involvement in the pathogenesis of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and the potential role of miRNAs in SCLC diagnosis, we compared the miRNA expression profile of a set of SCLC cell lines to that of a set of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and normal immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) using microarray analysis. Results Our results show that miRNA profiles reliably distinguish SCLC cell lines from NSCLC and HBEC cell lines. Further analysis of the miRNA expression profile of the two subtypes of lung cancer cell lines indicates that the expression levels of the majority of the miRNAs that are differentially expressed in SCLC cells relative to NSCLC cells and HBECs show a progressive trend from HBECs to NSCLC cells to SCLC cells. Conclusions The distinctive miRNA expression signature of SCLCs relative to NSCLCs and HBECs suggests that miRNA profiles have the potential to serve as a diagnostic marker of SCLC lung tumors. The progressive trend of miRNA profile changes from HBECs to NSCLCs to SCLCs suggests a possible pathological relationship between SCLCs and NSCLCs, and suggests that the increasing dysregulation of miRNA expression may play a role in lung tumor progression. The specific role of these miRNAs in lung tumor pathogenesis and differentiation need to be investigated further in future studies.
Splitting of a doubly quantized vortex through intertwining in Bose-Einstein condensates (2003)

The stability of doubly quantized vortices in dilute Bose-Einstein condensates of ${}^{23}\mathrm{Na}$ is examined at zero temperature. The eigenmode spectrum of the Bogoliubov equations for a harmonically trapped cigar-shaped condensate is computed and it is found that the doubly quantized vortex is spectrally unstable towards division into two singly quantized vortices. By numerically solving the full three-dimensional time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation, it is found that the two singly quantized vortices intertwine before decaying. This work provides an interpretation of recent experiments [A. E. Leanhardt et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 190403 (2002)].
YAG:Ce3+ Phosphor: From Micron-Sized Workhorse for General Lighting to a Bright Future on the Nanoscale (2020)

The renowned yellow phosphor yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) doped with trivalent cerium has found its way into applications in many forms: as powder of micron sized crystals, as a ceramic, and even as a single crystal. However, additional technological advancement requires providing this material in new form factors, especially in terms of particle size. Where many materials have been developed on the nanoscale with excellent optical properties (e.g., semiconductor quantum dots, perovskite nanocrystals, and rare earth doped phosphors), it is surprising that the development of nanocrystalline YAG:Ce is not as mature as for these other materials. Control over size and shape is still in its infancy, and optical properties are not yet at the same level as other materials on the nanoscale, even though YAG:Ce microcrystalline materials exceed the performance of most other materials. This review highlights developments in synthesis methods and mechanisms and gives an overview of the state of the art morphologies, particle sizes, and optical properties of YAG:Ce on the nanoscale.
Human iPSC-derived osteoblasts and osteoclasts together promote bone regeneration in 3D biomaterials (2016)

Bone substitutes can be designed to replicate physiological structure and function by creating a microenvironment that supports crosstalk between bone and immune cells found in the native tissue, specifically osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) represent a powerful tool for bone regeneration because they are a source of patient-specific cells that can differentiate into all specialized cell types residing in bone. We show that osteoblasts and osteoclasts can be differentiated from hiPSC-mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages when co-cultured on hydroxyapatite-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/poly(L-lactic acid) (HA-PLGA/PLLA) scaffolds. Both cell types seeded on the PLGA/PLLA especially with 5% w/v HA recapitulated the tissue remodeling process of human bone via coupling signals coordinating osteoblast and osteoclast activity and finely tuned expression of inflammatory molecules, resulting in accelerated in vitro bone formation. Following subcutaneous implantation in rodents, co-cultured hiPSC-MSC/-macrophage on such scaffolds showed mature bone-like tissue formation. These findings suggest the importance of coupling matrix remodeling through osteoblastic matrix deposition and osteoclastic tissue resorption and immunomodulation for tissue development.
Retromodulator for optical tagging for LEO consumables (2002)

We report the results of a recent demonstration in which a MQW retromodulator array was used as a low power, lightweight means to provide optical tagging of a remotely located object. A laser diode integrated on a tracker/pointing system scanned without cueing for a modulated retroreflected beam. The retroreflected energy was received and the embedded code demodulated for tagging identification. Ranges were on the order of 40 meters using an array of 1/2 cm MQW devices. Data were transferred at a rate of one mega chip per second over the link. Device power requirements were of the order of several milliwatts.
Vacuum underfill technology for advanced packaging (2011)

We developed vacuum assisted underfill technology for large die (>;18 × 18 mm) with fine pitch area array bumps (<; 150 μm pitch) to solve a critical underfill void issue. Material development and process optimization are the keys to realize a stable process for such an advanced package. It was also confirmed that the newly developed underfill materials have good reliability on the large die package.
A rocket-borne observation of diffuse far-infrared emission from interstellar dust (1992)

We report observations of diffuse far‐infrared emission from interstellar dust at high Galactic latitudes using a rocket‐borne, liquid‐helium cooled telescope and photometer. The photometer has 5 spectral bands ranging from 90 μm to 190 μm with 0.5°∼0.65°FWHM fields‐of‐view. The detectors, stressed and unstressed Ge:Ga photoconductors, were cooled to 1 K and coupled to charge integrating amplifiers to achieve high sensitivity. We observed regions near Ursa Major including infrared cirrus, high latitude molecular clouds, and the HI hole, a region of uniquely low neutral hydrogen column density. Preliminary analysis shows a strong correlation of the emission at 134, 154, and 186 μm with 100 μm IRAS data.
Ways to achieve efficient non‐local vortex beam generation (2021)

Abstract Based on the insights into the phenomenon of bound states in the continuum, a novel approach utilizing the momentum‐space polarization morphologies of periodic structures to generate vortex beams (VBs) has been proposed. Such periodic structures modulate beams in a nonlocal way and require no precise alignment. However, the efficiency of such an approach has not been analyzed in detail, and the efficiency in previous realizations is far from optimized. Here, we analyze the factors affecting the efficiency of nonlocal VB generation. We show that the maximal efficiency cannot exceed 25% if the periodic structure carries only singlet resonances. To go beyond this limit, we propose two approaches to improve efficiency. We theoretically analyze the mechanisms and verify the approaches by full‐wave simulations. Both of the approaches serve to improve the generation efficiency by several folds.
Practical extremum-seeking control for gas-lifted oil production (2017)

We present a distributed extremum seeking algorithm for the problem of production optimization of multiple gas lifted wells. The algorithm is based on “synchronization” of production performance gradients for all individual wells. It mimics the manual optimization method employed by production engineers in industry. Thus due to better understanding by industrial specialists, this method may have higher chances of being accepted in the oil and gas industry compared to other data-driven optimization methods. Performance of the proposed algorithm is illustrated by simulations.
Electrical determination of relative chirality direction in a Co/Cu/Co ferromagnetic ring (2012)

We have studied a Co/Cu/Co trilayer circular ring by using a current-in-plane giant magnetoresistance (GMR) method. When the applied field angle is shifted from the current probes, four distinctive magnetization reversal patterns are obtained depending on the vortex chirality configurations in the top and bottom rings. During the repeated GMR measurements, two GMR patterns are preferentially appeared and it turns out that the same chirality is favorable between the top and the bottom rings. Micromagnetic simulation reproduces the experimental data by taking into account the domain wall shift at the onion states.
Correction for Spatial Averaging Artifacts in Hydrophone Measurements of High-Intensity Therapeutic Ultrasound: An Inverse Filter Approach (2019)

High-intensity therapeutic ultrasound (HITU) pressure is often measured using a hydrophone. HITU pressure waves typically contain multiple harmonics due to nonlinear propagation. As harmonic frequency increases, harmonic beamwidth decreases. For sufficiently high harmonic frequency, beamwidth may become comparable to the hydrophone effective sensitive element diameter, resulting in signal reduction due to spatial averaging. An analytic formula for a hydrophone spatial averaging filter for beams with Gaussian harmonic radial profiles was tested on HITU pressure signals generated by three transducers (1.45 MHz, F/1; 1.53 MHz, F/1.5; 3.91 MHz, F/1) with focal pressures up to 48 MPa. The HITU signals were measured using fiber-optic and needle hydrophones (nominal geometrical sensitive element diameters: 100 and [Formula: see text]). Harmonic radial profiles were measured with transverse scans in the focal plane using the fiber-optic hydrophone. Harmonic radial profiles were accurately approximated by Gaussian functions with root-mean-square (rms) differences between transverse scans and Gaussian fits less than 9% for frequencies up to approximately 50 MHz. The Gaussian harmonic beamwidth parameter σ<sub>n</sub> varied with harmonic number n according to a power law, σ<sub>n</sub> = σ<sub>1</sub>/n<sup>q</sup> where . RMS differences between experimental and theoretical spatial averaging filters were 11% ± 1% (1.45 MHz), 8% ± 1% (1.53 MHz), and 4% ± 1% (3.91 MHz). For the two more highly focused (F/1) transducers, the effect of spatial averaging was to underestimate peak compressional pressure (pcp), peak rarefactional pressure (prp), and pulse intensity integral (pii) by (mean ± standard deviation) (pcp: 4.9% ± 0.5%, prp: 0.4% ± 0.2%, pii: 2.9% ± 1%) and (pcp: 28.3% ± 9.6%, prp: 6% ± 2.4%, pii: 24.3% ± 6.7%) for the 100- and 400- [Formula: see text]-diameter hydrophones, respectively. These errors can be suppressed by the application of the inverse spatial averaging filter.
Reduction of 1+1 REMPI spectra to population distributions: Saturation and intermediate state alignment effects (1987)

A two‐step methodology is presented for extracting ground state population distributions from 1+1 resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectra. In the first step the ion signal is corrected for variation with laser intensity as it is collected, generating an iso‐power spectrum. In the second step populations and alignments are derived from the iso‐power spectrum by correcting for the interdependent effects of saturation and intermediate state alignment. This procedure is applied to a room temperature thermal distribution of nitric oxide using the 1+1 REMPI process in which lines of the NO A 2Σ+–X 2Π (0, 0) band constitute the resonant transition. The present treatment is able to recover the known rovibrational population distribution, independent of branch choice, over a wide range of practical operating conditions.
An overheating‐tolerant space vector modulation algorithm for multilevel inverters (2016)

As promising and suitable candidates for high‐power applications, multilevel inverters have become one of the most promising solutions in various applications. However, power switching devices are highly subjected to thermal overheating, which leads to shortened lifetime and reduced reliability. Thermal overheating may result from the degradation of power switching devices due to continuous overloading and power cycling. In addition, degradation and faults in the cooling system of power switching devices may cause thermal stresses as well. A new overheating‐tolerant space vector modulation algorithm is proposed in this paper to alleviate thermal stresses from overheated power switching device. The proposed algorithm relies on using the redundancy property between switching states in multilevel inverters to continuously evaluate a cost function of the junction temperature of the overheated device for all possible switching sequence sets and then selects the optimal switching sequence. In addition, the proposed algorithm preserves the DC‐link capacitor voltage without reduction in the output current of the inverter. The proposed algorithm is general, which can be applied to n ‐level inverters. Both simulation and experimental results reveal the efficient performance of the proposed algorithm using a three‐level T‐type inverter as a case study. Accordingly, the lifetime and reliability of the inverter are enhanced considerably using the proposed algorithm. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Immunological and Microbiological Profiling of Cumulative Risk Score for Periodontitis (2020)

The cumulative risk score (CRS) is a mathematical salivary diagnostic model to define an individual's risk of having periodontitis. In order to further validate this salivary biomarker, we investigated how periodontal bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and systemic and local host immune responses relate to CRS. Subgingival plaque, saliva, and serum samples collected from 445 individuals were used in the analyses. Plaque levels of 28 microbial species, especially those of <i>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans</i>, <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i>, <i>Porphyromonas endodontalis</i>, <i>Prevotella intermedia</i>, and <i>Tannerella forsythia</i>, and serum and salivary levels of IgA and IgG against these five species were determined. Additionally, LPS activity was measured. High CRS associated strongly with all IgA/IgG antibody and LPS levels in saliva, whereas in serum the associations were not that obvious. In the final logistic regression model, the best predictors of high CRS were saliva IgA burden against the five species (OR 7.04, 95% CI 2.25-22.0), IgG burden (3.79, 1.78-8.08), LPS (2.19, 1.38-3.47), and the sum of 17 subgingival Gram-negative species (6.19, 2.10-18.3). CRS is strongly associated with microbial biomarker species of periodontitis and salivary humoral immune responses against them.