gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three prototype designs for an exterior-mounted, interior-operated, movable insulation system. Phase I. Final report (1981)

Design, construction, and preliminary testing of three exterior-mounted, interior-operated, movable window insulation systems are described. Two of the systems are hinged insulated shutter systems and the third is a sliding shutter system. The advantages of such systems are discussed. Development, schematics, and operation of the prototype systems are described in Section 2. Section 3 provides an analysis of the thermal performance of the prototype shutters. A preliminary market assessment study was made and is reported in 8 sections: state tax incentives; the effects of the Residential Conservation Service Program; cost effectiveness of movable window insulation; analysis of the census of retail trade data; analysis of related reports and surveys; the low-income and movable window insulation; community development corporations and movable window insulation; and results from manufacturers survey. The prototype fabrication and test plan are presented in Section 5.0 and Section 6.0 includes estimated costs of the proposed designs. (MCW)
Analytic 3D image reconstruction using all detected events (1989)

The authors present the results of testing an algorithm for three-dimensional image reconstruction that uses all gamma-ray coincidence events detected by a PET (positron emission tomography) volume imaging scanner. By using two iterations of an analytic filter-backprojection method, the algorithm is not constrained by the requirement of a spatially invariant detector point spread function, which limits normal analytic techniques. Removing this constraint allows the incorporation of all detected events, regardless of orientation, which improves the statistical quality of the final reconstructed image.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Nonlinear harmonics of a seeded free-electron laser as a coherent and ultrafast probe to investigate matter at the water window and beyond (2022)

The advent of free-electron lasers (FELs) in the soft- and hard-x-ray spectral regions has introduced the possibility to probe electronic, magnetic, and structural dynamics, in both diluted and condensed matter samples, with femtosecond time resolution. In particular, FELs have strongly enhanced the capabilities of several analytical techniques, which have taken advantage of the high degree of transverse coherence provided. Free-electron lasers based on the harmonic up-conversion of an external coherent source (seed) are characterized also by a high degree of longitudinal coherence, since electrons inherit the coherence properties of the seed. For the state of the art, the shortest wavelength delivered to user experiments by an externally seeded FEL light source is about 4 nm. In this paper we demonstrate that pulses with a high longitudinal degree of coherence (first and second order) covering the water window and with photon energy extending up to 790 eV can be generated by exploiting the so-called nonlinear harmonic regime, which allows generation of radiation at harmonics of the resonant FEL wavelength. In order to show the suitability of the nonlinear harmonics generated by a seeded FEL for research in the water window and beyond, we report the results of two proof-of-principle experiments: one measuring the oxygen $K$-edge absorption in water ($\ensuremath{\sim}530$ eV) and the other analyzing the spin dynamics of Fe and Co through magnetic small-angle x-ray scattering at their $L$ edges (707 and 780 eV, respectively).
Nanosystems monolithically integrated with CMOS: emerging applications and technologies (2014)

This paper reviews the last major realizations in the field of monolithic integration of NEMS with CMOS. This integration scheme not only drastically improves the efficiency of the electrical detection of the NEMS motion. Our analysis is that it also represents a compulsory milestone to practically implement breakthrough applications of NEMS, such as mass spectrometry, that require large capture cross section (VLSI-arrayed NEMS) and individual addressing (co-integration of NEMS arrays with CMOS for closed-loop operation).
MTF in Optical Systems (2021)

Linear-systems theory provides a powerful set of tools with which we can analyze optical and electro-optical systems. The spatial impulse response of the system is Fourier transformed to yield the spatial-frequency optical transfer function. These two viewpoints are equivalent ways to describe an object—as a collection of points or as a summation of spatial frequencies. Simply expressing the notion of image quality in the frequency domain does not by itself generate any new information. However, the conceptual change in viewpoint—instead of a spot size, we now consider a frequency response— provides additional insight into the behavior of an imaging system, particularly in the common situation where several subsystems are combined. We can multiply the individual transfer function of each subsystem to give the overall transfer function. This procedure is easier than the repeated convolutions that would be required for a spatial-domain analysis, and allows immediate visualization of the performance limitations of the aggregate system in terms of the performance of each of the subsystems. We can see where the limitations of performance arise and which crucial components must be improved to yield better overall image quality. We directly see the effects of diffraction and aberrations at various spatial frequencies. In Chapter 1 we develop the transfer-function concept and apply it to classical optical systems—imaging systems alone without detectors or electronics. We will first define terms and then discuss image-quality issues.
Towards recognizing "cool" (2012)

Recent computer vision approaches are aimed at richer image interpretations that extend the standard recognition of objects in images (e.g., cars) to also recognize object attributes (e.g., cylindrical, has-stripes, wet). However, the more idiosyncratic and abstract the notion of an object attribute (e.g., cool car), the more challenging the task of attribute recognition. This paper considers whether end users can help vision algorithms recognize highly idiosyncratic attributes, referred to here as subjective attributes. We empirically investigated how end users recognized three subjective attributes of carscool, cute, and classic. Our results suggest the feasibility of vision algorithms recognizing subjective attributes of objects, but an interactive approach beyond standard supervised learning from labeled training examples is needed.
Resource Paper: Sonoluminescence (2015)

Sonoluminescence is the production of electromagnetic radiation, much of it in the form of visible light, that is emitted from a gas-filled cavity that has grown and collapsed under the influence of a varying pressure field. This resource paper provides a guide to the literature of sonoluminescence, from its early history to the present.
Performance of MQW InP Mach-Zehnder modulators for advanced modulation formats (2005)

The performance of InP modulators is investigated for duobinary and differential phase-shift key transmission. We demonstrate that despite nonlinear phase-voltage characteristics and residual absorption, InP devices give excellent performance comparable to ideal Mach-Zehnder modulators.
Successive Interference Cancellation for Bandlimited Channels with Direct Detection (2022)

The maximum information rates for bandlimited channels with direct detection are achieved with joint detection and decoding (JDD), but JDD is often too complex to implement. Two receiver structures are studied to reduce complexity: separate detection and decoding (SDD) and successive interference cancellation (SIC). For bipolar modulation, frequency-domain raised-cosine pulse shaping, and fiber-optic channels with chromatic dispersion, SIC achieves rates close to those of JDD, thereby attaining significant energy gains over SDD and intensity modulation. Gibbs sampling further reduces the detector complexity and achieves rates close to those of the forward-backward algorithm at low to intermediate signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) but stalls at high SNR. Simulations with polar codes, higher-order modulation, and multi-level coding confirm the predicted gains.
Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in achondroplasia: Evaluation of sleep, breathing, and somatosensory‐evoked potentials (1995)

The occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is achondroplasia has been linked to brain stem compression. Overnight sleep studies (11 subjects) and somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEP's, 10 subjects) were recorded before and after conventional treatment of OSA in achondroplasia. The two groups were derived from 30 subjects who underwent diagnostic sleep studies and SEPs, including 15 females and 15 males with a median age 6.6 years (range 1.0-47.6) at the time of the first study. In 30 initial studies there was no correlation between severity of OSA and abnormalities on SEP evaluation. Treatment of 17 subjects included adenotonsillectomy (n = 3), weight loss (n = 1), and nasal-mask continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (n = 13). Sleep studies in 11 subjects after a delay of 8.8 +/- 2.8 months showed a reduction in respiratory disturbance index (RDI) from 38.4 +/- 6.9 to 6.5 +/- 1.8 events hr(-1) (p < 0.001) and movements/arousals fell from 10.4 +/- 2.2 to 4.8 +/- 0.2 hr(-1) (p < 0.04). Obstructive events were reduced from 33.7 +/- 6.9 to 2.4 +/- 1.0 hr(-1) (p < 0.001). Improvement of respiratory indices was associated with an increased proportion of slow-wave sleep from 25.2 +/- 4.0% to 32.3 +/- 2.4% (p = 0.01), and decrease in stage 1-2 sleep from 59.3 +/- 5.8% to 46.6 +/- 1.9% (p = 0.03). There was no increase in the percentage of REM sleep (15.2 to 21.2%). Repeat SEP studies in 10 subjects, after clinically effective treatment of OSA, showed improvement of SEP score of at least 1 grade, in 5 of 7 (71%) with initially abnormal values. We conclude that treatment of relieve upper airway obstruction improves OSA in achondroplasia, accompanied by changes in sleep structure and, in some cases, improved studies of neurological function.
Interaction between dietary lipids and gut microbiota regulates hepatic cholesterol metabolism (2016)

The gut microbiota influences many aspects of host metabolism. We have previously shown that the presence of a gut microbiota remodels lipid composition. Here we investigated how interaction between gut microbiota and dietary lipids regulates lipid composition in the liver and plasma, and gene expression in the liver. Germ-free and conventionally raised mice were fed a lard or fish oil diet for 11 weeks. We performed lipidomics analysis of the liver and serum and microarray analysis of the liver. As expected, most of the variation in the lipidomics dataset was induced by the diet, and abundance of most lipid classes differed between mice fed lard and fish oil. However, the gut microbiota also affected lipid composition. The gut microbiota increased hepatic levels of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters in mice fed lard, but not in mice fed fish oil. Serum levels of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters were not affected by the gut microbiota. Genes encoding enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis were downregulated by the gut microbiota in mice fed lard and were expressed at a low level in mice fed fish oil independent of microbial status. In summary, we show that gut microbiota-induced regulation of hepatic cholesterol metabolism is dependent on dietary lipid composition.
Evaluation of signal distortion methods for stereophonic acoustic echo cancellation (2012)

In this paper, we evaluate two distortion methods used to preprocess the signals in stereophonic acoustic echo cancellation, i.e., the classical “half-wave rectifiers” and the recently proposed “phase half-wave rectifiers.” The comparison is based on the perceptual degradation of sound quality, which is evaluated using the ITU-T P.862 Recommendation. The experimental results indicate the superiority of the recently proposed distortion method.
Testing the Relative Performance of Data Adaptive Prediction Algorithms: A Generalized Test of Conditional Risk Differences (2015)

Comparing the relative fit of competing models can be used to address many different scientific questions. In classical statistics one can, if appropriate, use likelihood ratio tests and information based criterion, whereas clinical medicine has tended to rely on comparisons of fit metrics like C-statistics. However, for many data adaptive modelling procedures such approaches are not suitable. In these cases, statisticians have used cross-validation, which can make inference challenging. In this paper we propose a general approach that focuses on the "conditional" risk difference (conditional on the model fits being fixed) for the improvement in prediction risk. Specifically, we derive a Wald-type test statistic and associated confidence intervals for cross-validated test sets utilizing the independent validation within cross-validation in conjunction with a test for multiple comparisons. We show that this test maintains proper Type I Error under the null fit, and can be used as a general test of relative fit for any semi-parametric model alternative. We apply the test to a candidate gene study to test for the association of a set of genes in a genetic pathway.
Fast exclusion of angular intra prediction modes in HEVC using reference sample variance (2016)

Intra picture coding using HEVC is very efficient and is applied to video as well as single image compression. However, the cost for this high compression efficiency is the complexity caused by the high number of 35 available coding modes. Existing methods for fast mode decision estimate the mode costs based on the prediction error samples. This paper proposes a smart method to exclude the 33 angular prediction modes of HEVC even before prediction, if they are unlikely to deliver a small prediction error. The sensitivity of excluding these modes can be adjusted by a threshold. Completely disregarding the angular modes leads to a very high bitrate increase compared to the unmodified encoder of almost 18% with a time saving of 51%. However, excluding the modes using an exemplary threshold value, the encoding time can be reduced by more than 20%, accompanied by a bitrate increase of only 0.7%.
Resonant Pull-In Condition in Parallel-Plate Electrostatic Actuators (2007)

Electrostatic parallel-plate actuators are a common way of actuating microelectromechanical systems, both statically and dynamically. In the static case, the stable actuation voltages are limited by the static pull-in condition, which indicates that the travel range is approximately limited to 1/3 of the initial actuation gap. Under dynamic actuation conditions, however, the stable voltages are reduced, whereas the travel range can be much extended. This is the case with the dynamic pull-in and the resonant pull-in conditions (RPCs). Using energy analysis, this paper extends the study of pull-in instability to the resonant case and derives the analytical RPC. This condition predicts snapping or pull-in of the structure for a given domain of dc and ac actuation voltages versus quality factor, taking into account the nonlinearities due to large amplitudes of oscillation. Experimental results are presented to validate the analytically derived RPC.
Bandwidth enhancements for the army network through laser (2005)

Current on-the-move network applications rely heavily on RF solutions to maintain mobility while providing adequate voice, video and data solutions. These applications demand the ability to quickly establish a network infrastructure and to be able to break down and move on when required. While existing RF technologies allow the user to remain mobile in the field, the future of on-the-move communications will demand a higher bandwidth than the current RF solutions can handle. This work explores the current efforts being made by the army in the exploration of laser communications as a solution for these high bandwidth applications.
Investigation of Island Formation during Through‐Mask Electrochemical Micromachining (1996)

Shape evolution during through‐mask electrochemical micromachining was investigated to study the problem of island formation caused by loss of electrical contact. A mathematical model was developed to predict shape evolution. Laplace's equation for potential was solved using the boundary element method to determine current distribution at the anode. The current distribution was combined with a moving boundary algorithm to predict the shape of the evolving cavity. The influence of the photoresist artwork dimensions on current distribution at the surface of an evolving feature was investigated. The island formation problem was identified as most likely to occur with a combination of low aspect ratio and low film thickness ratio. Elimination of the island formation problem is discussed.
Tuning Alkaline Anion Exchange Membranes through Crosslinking: A Review of Synthetic Strategies and Property Relationships (2023)

Alkaline anion exchange membranes (AAEMs) are an enabling component for next-generation electrochemical devices, including alkaline fuel cells, water and CO<sub>2</sub> electrolyzers, and flow batteries. While commercial systems, notably fuel cells, have traditionally relied on proton-exchange membranes, hydroxide-ion conducting AAEMs hold promise as a method to reduce cost-per-device by enabling the use of non-platinum group electrodes and cell components. AAEMs have undergone significant material development over the past two decades; however, challenges remain in the areas of durability, water management, high temperature performance, and selectivity. In this review, we survey crosslinking as a tool capable of tuning AAEM properties. While crosslinking implementations vary, they generally result in reduced water uptake and increased transport selectivity and alkaline stability. We survey synthetic methodologies for incorporating crosslinks during AAEM fabrication and highlight necessary precautions for each approach.
Influence of capillary condensation on heat and mass transfer in the grain of a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst (2010)

A mathematical model of heat and mass transfer processes in the grain of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst is presented that takes into account the effect of the capillary condensation of the products of the synthesis in the pores of the catalyst. The influence of capillary condensation on the processes of the diffusion transfer of heat and mass in the catalyst grain is analyzed using the proposed model. Dependences of the efficiency factor of the grain on the pressure and temperature of the process and the partial pressure of various components of a mixture are presented. The possibility of determining the optimum pressure and temperature of carrying out the process for the catalyst of a certain structure is shown.
Tunable bandwidth optical filter based on MEMS Gires-Tournois interferometer (2004)

This paper demonstrates an optical filter, in which the center wavelength and 3-dB bandwidth can be tuned using MEMS technology. The proposed device has a periodic characteristic in the spectral domain with a free spectral range (FSR) matching the channel spacing of DWDM system. This spectral periodicity makes this type of device suitable for colorless narrow bandpass filters. When combined with wavelength multiplexers/demultiplexers with the channel spacing equal to the FSR of the device, for example, this optical filter can be used in any ports to tune the center wavelength and the bandwidth of individual WDM channel. Continuous tuning of the center wavelength and the FSR for these devices have been demonstrated in earlier studies. In this paper, the focus is mainly on variable optical bandwidth. Compared to filters implemented in planar lightwave circuit, the reported device offer improved insertion loss, FSR, and speed of tuning.
Recent results from the CMB (2001)

We review recent strides in understanding the universe through measurements of anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background radiation. Particular emphasis is given to the BOOMERanG experiment and results.
Simultaneously Structured Models with Application to Sparse and Low-rank Matrices (2012)

The topic of recovery of a structured model given a small number of linear observations has been well-studied in recent years. Examples include recovering sparse or group-sparse vectors, low-rank matrices, and the sum of sparse and low-rank matrices, among others. In various applications in signal processing and machine learning, the model of interest is known to be structured in several ways at the same time, for example, a matrix that is simultaneously sparse and low-rank. Often norms that promote each individual structure are known, and allow for recovery using an order-wise optimal number of measurements (e.g., $\ell_1$ norm for sparsity, nuclear norm for matrix rank). Hence, it is reasonable to minimize a combination of such norms. We show that, surprisingly, if we use multi-objective optimization with these norms, then we can do no better, order-wise, than an algorithm that exploits only one of the present structures. This result suggests that to fully exploit the multiple structures, we need an entirely new convex relaxation, i.e. not one that is a function of the convex relaxations used for each structure. We then specialize our results to the case of sparse and low-rank matrices. We show that a nonconvex formulation of the problem can recover the model from very few measurements, which is on the order of the degrees of freedom of the matrix, whereas the convex problem obtained from a combination of the $\ell_1$ and nuclear norms requires many more measurements. This proves an order-wise gap between the performance of the convex and nonconvex recovery problems in this case. Our framework applies to arbitrary structure-inducing norms as well as to a wide range of measurement ensembles. This allows us to give performance bounds for problems such as sparse phase retrieval and low-rank tensor completion.
Shear waves induced by moving needle in MR elastography (2005)

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a phase contrast-based method for observing shear wave propagation in a material to determine its stiffness. The objective of this study was to determine whether shear waves suitable for MRE could be induced using a moving acupuncture needle. Tissue-simulating bovine gel phantom and a 0.4 mm diameter acupuncture needle were used in the experiment. The results showed that observable shear waves could be induced in the gel phantom by cyclic needle motion. The observed wavelength varied with excitation frequency, as expected. Generating shear waves using moving needles may be a useful tool to study the basic mechanism of acupuncture with MRE. Further study will be conducted to observe the wave motion in inhomogeneous media and acupuncture-induced effects in in-vivo studies.