gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of the first antimony layer on AuZn ohmic contacts to p-type InP (2000)

The electrical properties of the Sb/Zn/Au/Nb ohmic contacts to p-type InP were investigated, where a slash (/) indicates the deposition sequence. The first Sb layer improved the contact resistivity and reduced the optimum annealing temperature, compared with the Au/Zn/Au/Nb contacts whose first layer was Au. The minimum contact resistivity of 4×10−5 Ω cm2 was obtained from the Sb(3 nm)/Zn(5 nm)/Au(10 nm)/Nb(50 nm) contacts annealed at 325 °C for 2 min. The interfacial microstructure was studied using the cross-sectional transmission electron microscope. It was considered that the deposited Sb deoxidized and removed the native oxides of the InP surface and that facilitated the upper Au and Zn diffusion into InP.
Recent Progress and Fundamental Limitations of Optical MLSE Receivers (2007)

Recent experiments have proved MLSE receivers to be capable of supporting uncompensated transmission over standard fiber exceeding 1,000 km at 10 Gb/s, using only one sample per bit. In addition, both theoretical and experimental results show that MLSE can quite effectively mitigate dispersion and intra-channel non-linearity (such as SPM) together. Finally, reduced-state techniques are being proposed potentially allowing a quite substantial reduction of the MLSE processor complexity. In this talk, these aspects are going to be reviewed and MLSE limitations discussed. In addition, system scenarios where MLSE appears to be advantageous will be outlined.
How to Securely Collaborate on Data: Decentralized Threshold HE and Secure Key Update (2020)

Threshold homomorphic encryption (Threshold HE) schemes are modified homomorphic encryption schemes to be suitable for privacy-preserving data integration and analysis. In actual usage of it, one should take it care into consideration who manages secret keys. In Eurocrypt 2012, Asharov et al. proposed decentralized (n, n)-threshold HE schemes in bottom-up approach for which all n parties must allow by doing a partial decryption to decrypt successfully a ciphertext. To support more general threshold structure for HE, Boneh et al. presented (t, n)-threshold HE schemes using secret sharing schemes in top-down approach with a central key dealer. In this article, decentralized (t, n)-threshold HE schemes in bottom-up approach will be constructed. The decentralized (n, n)-threshold HE scheme is fisrt modified to reduce the error contained in the common evaluation key which affects to the entire parameter size. Then by applying (t, n)-threshold secret sharing scheme, (n, n)-threshold HE scheme is converted to (t, n)-threshold HE scheme. Moreover, proactive secret sharing scheme is applied to update secret key share of the constructed (t, n)-threshold HE scheme whenever needed.
Extracting normative relationships from business contracts (2014)

The normative concepts offer a principled basis for engineering flexible multiagent systems for business and other cross-organizational settings. However, producing suitable specifications is nontrivial: the difficulty is an obstacle to the adoption of multiagent systems in industry. This paper considers normative relationships of six main types, namely, commitments (both practical and dialectical), authorizations, powers, prohibitions, and sanctions. It applies natural language processing and machine learning to extract these relationships from business contracts, establishing that they are realistic and their encoding can assist modelers, thereby lowering a barrier to adoption. A ten-fold cross-validation over more than 800 sentences randomly drawn from a corpus of real-life contracts (and manually labeled) yields promising results for the viability of this approach.
Present Status and Future Development of the Cochlear Prosthesis (1975)

Presently devised single channel devices generate relatively primitive sensation of hearing. They provide some enhancement of communication skills for the totally deaf. Definite psychological advantages for the totally deaf have been observed. Pitch discrimination is by the mechanism of "periodicity pitch." No "place" pitch encoding is possible. The recognition of complex sounds is not possible. Multiple segments of auditory nerve must be stimulated in a manner which will stimulate the complex patterns of neural activity necessary for speech discrimination. Electrodes can be optimized and the pathophysiological consequences of electrical stimulation can be determined in experimental animals. The perceptual consequences of electrical stimulation, however, can best be determined in man himself. How much we will have to rely on known and future methods of aural rehabilitation will depend upon how well perceptual speech patterns can be generated by electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve.
Quick Force Balance Control Based on Equilibrium Point Movement of Tie-bar Temperature Controllers for Injection Molding Machine (2020)

This paper focuses on the response deterioration of the force balance control system including the temperature control system due to the difference between heating and cooling speed. Our conventional method uses the limit error feedback method to suppress the windup of the temperature controller. The proposed method realizes the quick force balance control system using the equilibrium point movement controller. The experimental results show that the convergence time of the proposed method is faster than that of our conventional method, and the same response is obtained at different operating points.
Relief of bowel-related symptoms with telotristat etiprate in octreotide refractory carcinoid syndrome: Preliminary results of a placebo-controlled, multicenter study. (2012)

312 Background: Diarrhea associated with carcinoid syndrome (CS) has been attributed to tumor production of serotonin. Telotristat etiprate, (LX1032, LX1606), is an oral inhibitor of peripheral serotonin synthesis. This study explored the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of telotristat etiprate in carcinoid patients with octreotide-refractory diarrhea. Methods: Carcinoid patients with &gt;4 bowel movements (BM)/day on octreotide were randomized 3:1 to receive telotristat etiprate or placebo. Patients enrolled in sequential, escalating dose cohorts of 150, 250, 350, or 500 mg tid, followed by a 500 mg tid expansion cohort. Patients were followed for toxicity, 24-hr urinary 5-HIAA (u5-HIAA) secretion, BM frequency, and self-reported relief of bowel-related symptoms. Subjects were asked “In the past 7 days, have you had adequate relief of your carcinoid syndrome bowel complaints such as diarrhea, urgent need to have a bowel movement, abdominal pain or discomfort?” Responses (yes or no) were analyzed as categorical variables. Results: 16 patients enrolled in the 4 escalating dose cohorts and 7 in the expansion cohort; 18 on telotristat etiprate and 5 on placebo. Median age was 62 yrs with a mean 6.2 BMs/day (range 4-10). AEs included primarily mild-moderate diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal discomfort. In treated subjects, adequate relief was reported as follows: Week 1 – 6/18 (33.3%), Week 2 – 5/16 (31.3%), Week 3 - 5/15 (33.3%), and Week 4 – 6/12 (50.0%). No placebo subjects reported improvement at any timepoint. Biochemical response (&gt;50%reduction in u5-HIAA) and BM response (&gt;30% reduction in daily BM for 2 weeks) were associated with reporting of adequate relief. For evaluable telotristat etiprate-treated patients, 9/16 (56%) experienced a biochemical response and 5/18 (28%) experienced a clinical (BM) response; no placebo subjects achieved either biochemical or clinical response. Conclusions: Treatment with telotristat etiprate was associated with decreases in u5-HIAA and BM frequency, and with self-reported relief of bowel related symptoms. Treatment in an extension phase with open-label telotristat etiprate is ongoing.
Abstract 4402: The anti-tumor effects of two novel multivalent/multifunctional agents derived from hR1, a humanized anti-insulin-like growth factor receptor-I monoclonal antibody, are enhanced in renal cell carcinoma and synergistic with an mTOR inhibitor (2012)

Abstract Among kidney cancer types, approximately 90% are renal cell carcinomas (RCC). Advanced or metastatic RCC, which presents in about one third of the patients, has a poor prognosis as it is resistant to conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Treatments with human interferon-α2b (IFN-γ2b) alone or in combination with mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors have led to only modest improvements in clinical outcomes. One observation made with mTOR inhibitors is that cancer cells can overcome the effects of the inhibitor by activating the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) signaling pathways. Clinically, there is an association of IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) expression in RCC and poor long-term patient survival, particularly among patients with high-grade tumors. We have developed a humanized anti-IGF-IR monoclonal antibody, hR1, which binds to multiple tumor types, including RCC, resulting in effective down-regulation of IGF-IR and moderate inhibition of cell proliferation in vitro. To enhance the anti-tumor activity of hR1, we applied the Dock-and-Lock (DNL) platform technology to generate 1R-2b, comprising a conjugate of hR1 IgG with two dimers of interferon-α2b, and Hex-hR1, comprising 6 Fab fragments of hR1 tethered onto a common Fc. There was no loss in cell binding for both 1R-2b and Hex-hR1 when compared to parental hR1 as determined by flow cytometry. Units of activity for 1R-2b as measured by a luciferase reporter gene fused to a promoter containing the interferon-stimulated response element (iLite kit), yielded a specific activity of 3750 U/pmole versus 180 U/pmole and 3255 U/pmole for two different forms of peginterferon alpha-2a (60 and 31 kDa), respectively. An in vitro cytotoxicity assay with1R-2b demonstrated growth inhibition of two different RCC cell lines, 786-0 and ACHN with EC50-values of 0.049 and 0.062 pmole/mL, respectively. In terms of receptor down-regulation, Hex-hR1 could effectively down-regulate IGF-IR at concentrations 10-fold lower than parental hR1 IgG. In soft-agar growth assays, all three agents (hR1, Hex-hR1 and 1R-2b) could significantly inhibit colony formation of 786-0 and ACHN (P&amp;lt;0.038 and P&amp;lt;0.0022, respectively). When combined with temsirolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, in vitro cytotoxicity assays demonstrated a synergistic interaction with hR1, Hex-hR1, and 1R-2b. This synergy occurred at concentrations as low as 10 nM for hR1, 1 nM for Hex-hR1, and 2.6 nM for 1R-2b. Experimental therapeutic efficacy studies are currently underway to determine if these in vitro observations will translate to the in vivo setting. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4402. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4402
Biodegradable Strain-Promoted Click Hydrogels for Encapsulation of Drug-Loaded Nanoparticles and Sustained Release of Therapeutics (2017)

Biodegradable polycarbonate-based ABA triblock copolymers were synthesized via organocatalyzed ring-opening polymerization and successfully formulated into chemically cross-linked hydrogels by strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC). The synthesis and cross-linking of these polymers are copper-free, thereby eliminating the concern over metallic contaminants for biomedical applications. Gelation occurs rapidly within a span of 60 s by simple mixing of the azide- and cyclooctyne-functionalized polymer solutions. The resultant hydrogels exhibited pronounced shear-thinning behavior and could be easily dispensed through a 22G hypodermic needle. To demonstrate the usefulness of these gels as a drug delivery matrix, doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded micelles prepared using catechol-functionalized polycarbonate copolymers were incorporated into the polymer solutions to eventually form micelle/hydrogel composites. Notably, the drug release rate from the hydrogels was significantly more gradual compared to the solution formulation. DOX release from the micelle/hydrogel composites could be sustained for 1 week, while the release from the micelle solution was completed rapidly within 6 h of incubation. Cellular uptake of the released DOX from the micelle/hydrogel composites was observed at 3 h of incubation of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. A blank hydrogel containing PEG-(Cat)<sub>12</sub> micelles showed almost negligible toxicity on MDA-MB-231cells where cell viability remained high at >80% after treatment. When the cells were treated with the DOX-loaded micelle/hydrogel composites, there was a drastic reduction in cell viability with only 25% of cells surviving the treatment. In all, this study introduces a simple method of formulating hydrogel materials with incorporated micelles for drug delivery applications.
Uncertainty in contact angle estimates from a Wilhelmy tensiometer (2015)

The uncertainty in contact angles from the Wilhelmy tensiometer was analyzed using standard error propagation techniques involving partial derivatives across the full range of wettability, from completely wetting to non-wetting surfaces. Uncertainties in force, sample perimeter, and liquid surface tension of 1% were shown to yield uncertainty in contact angles of a few degrees over the middle range of wettability, but exceeded 10° at the extremes.
Contributions by kidney and liver to glucose production in the postabsorptive state and after 60 h of fasting. (1999)

Contributions of renal glucose production to whole-body glucose turnover were determined in healthy individuals by using the arteriovenous balance technique across the kidneys and the splanchnic area combined with intravenous infusion of [U-13C6]glucose, [3-(3)H]glucose, or [6-(3)H]glucose. In the postabsorptive state, the rate of glucose appearance was 11.5 +/- 0.6 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1). Hepatic glucose production, calculated as the sum of net glucose output (9.8 +/- 0.8 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)) and splanchnic glucose uptake (2.2 +/- 0.3 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)) accounted for the entire rate of glucose appearance. There was no net exchange of glucose across the kidney and no significant renal extraction of labeled glucose. The renal contribution to total glucose production calculated from the arterial, hepatic, and renal venous 13C-enrichments (glucose M+6) was 5 +/- 2%. In the 60-h fasted state, the rate of glucose appearance was 8.2 +/- 0.3 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1). Hepatic glucose production, estimated as net splanchnic output (5.8 +/- 0.7 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)) plus splanchnic uptake (0.6 +/- 0.3 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)) accounted for 79% of the rate of glucose appearance. There was a significant net renal output of glucose (0.9 +/- 0.3 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)), but no significant extraction of labeled glucose across the kidney. The renal contribution to whole-body glucose turnover calculated from the 13C-enrichments was 24 +/- 3%. We concluded that 1) glucose production by the human kidney in the postabsorptive state, in contrast to recent reports, makes at most only a minor contribution (approximately 5%) to blood glucose homeostasis, but that 2) after 60-h of fasting, renal glucose production may account for 20-25% of whole-body glucose turnover.
Organophosphate and Pyrethroid Hydrolase Activities of Mutant Esterases from the Cotton Bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (2013)

Two mutations have been found in five closely related insect esterases (from four higher Diptera and a hymenopteran) which each confer organophosphate (OP) hydrolase activity on the enzyme and OP resistance on the insect. One mutation converts a Glycine to an Aspartate, and the other converts a Tryptophan to a Leucine in the enzymes' active site. One of the dipteran enzymes with the Leucine mutation also shows enhanced activity against pyrethroids. Introduction of the two mutations in vitro into eight esterases from six other widely separated insect groups has also been reported to increase substantially the OP hydrolase activity of most of them. These data suggest that the two mutations could contribute to OP, and possibly pyrethroid, resistance in a variety of insects. We therefore introduced them in vitro into eight Helicoverpa armigera esterases from a clade that has already been implicated in OP and pyrethroid resistance. We found that they do not generally enhance either OP or pyrethroid hydrolysis in these esterases but the Aspartate mutation did increase OP hydrolysis in one enzyme by about 14 fold and the Leucine mutation caused a 4-6 fold increase in activity (more in one case) of another three against some of the most insecticidal isomers of fenvalerate and cypermethrin. The Aspartate enzyme and one of the Leucine enzymes occur in regions of the H. armigera esterase isozyme profile that have been previously implicated in OP and pyrethroid resistance, respectively.
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL ADMINISTRATION AFTER MODERATE SPINAL CORD INJURY DECREASES LESION SIZE AND IMPROVES LOCOMOTOR RECOVER (2006)

Purpose/Hypothesis: After spinal cord injury (SCI), the blood brain barrier (BBB) is compromised causing the infltration of infammatory cells and extensive secondary damage at the lesion site. Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) is a non-toxic, hydrophilic polymer known to repair cell membrane damage. We investigated if intravenous delivery of PEG immediately following SCI would limit disruption of the BBB, resulting in a smaller lesion and improved functional recovery. Number of Subjects: Thirty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Materials/Methods: Rats received moderate SCI at T8 using the OSU electromagnetic SCI device (1.1 mm displacement). Immediately after injury, rats were assigned to: SCI control (SCI; n=13) or 3 groups which received intravenous injections of ringers solution (VEH; n=7), 20% solution of 4 arm, 10kDa PEG in ringers solution (PEG; n=10), or 20% PEG with a rhodamine tag in ringers solution allowing visualization of PEG distribution in the spinal cord (RhPEG; n=4). We assessed open feld locomotion with the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan Locomotor Rating Scale preoperatively and for 5 weeks after SCI. Metric analysis of gait included stride length, hindlimb base of support, stance and swing time at 35 dpo. White matter sparing and lesion volume were analyzed via myelin staining. Vasculature and astrocytes were quantified from endothelial barrier antigen (EBA) and GFAP staining. Results: Acute administration of PEG after SCI caused a significantly higher rate of locomotor recovery than any other group (p<;.05). Functionally, 100% of the PEG group stepped most or all the time whereas 71.5% of SCI and VEH groups rarely stepped. The PEG group had significantly greater tissue sparing (p<;.05) and smaller lesion volume (p<;.05) than control groups. Differences in sparing and lesion volume occurred 1.44–2.88mm rostral and caudal to the epicenter, but not in the epicenter itself. Greater EBA labeling occurred in segments caudal but not rostral to the lesion for the RhPEG group compared to SCI (p<;.05). A similar trend was seen in the PEG group. There was no difference in GFAP labeling (p>;.05); however, hypertrophic astrocytes were seen in SCI and VEH but not in PEG or RhPEG groups. Conclusions: Acute administration of PEG promoted greater functional recovery perhaps by fusing and sealing the affected BBB, altering the wound environment and minimizing the immune response after SCI. Clinical Relevance: Polyethylene glycol is a non-toxic FDA-approved polymer that appears to be acting as a patch of the BBB. Protecting the damaged CNS with PEG treatment after SCI, may prove to be an effective way to limit lesion size and ultimately increase functional locomotion. Work Supported By: NS43798-01 (DMB); A kind gift from Richard D. and Gail Siegal (EL).
Effect of experimental parameters on high b‐value q‐space MR images of excised rat spinal cord (2005)

Abstract The influence of diffusion time (Δ), gradient duration (δ), and TE on the appearance of high b ‐value q ‐space diffusion MR images of excised rat spinal cord (SC) was evaluated. The water signal decays in the white (WM) and gray matter (GM) were analyzed when the diffusion was measured perpendicular (⟂) and parallel (‖) to the fibers of the SC, using three different approaches: single‐component q ‐space analysis, the biexponential model, and the bi‐Gaussian fit of the displacement distribution profile. Probability and displacement contrast and anisotropy indices were calculated for the WM and GM. It was found that WM/GM contrast increases as the diffusion time is increased when diffusion is measured perpendicular to the long axis of the SC. At a diffusion time of 50 ms, when diffusion was measured parallel to the fibers of the SC, the displacement was found to be higher for GM as compared to WM. For this direction the WM/GM contrast increased when diffusion time was increased, although here the changes were much less pronounced than for the perpendicular direction. The WM/GM displacement contrast nearly disappears for a diffusion time of 150 ms, when diffusion is measured parallel to the fibers of the SC. As expected, the anisotropy indices were found to be higher in WM than in GM, and increased with the increase in diffusion time. Both δ and TE affected the extracted parameters. It was found that long δ and long TE overemphasizes the apparent slow‐diffusing water component of the SC, which is also the more restricted one. It is demonstrated that the single‐component q ‐space analysis best describes diffusion in WM when diffusion is measured perpendicular to the fibers of the SC. In other cases, a more complete description is obtained by using two‐component models. Magn Reson Med 54:96–104, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of FTIR Microscopy in Combinatorial Experimentation on Polymer Blends (2008)

Abstract Summary: A novel combinatorial, high‐throughput experimentation (HTE) setup has been developed, which allows for rapid mapping of the phase behavior of blends of homopolymers and block copolymers. The principle is based on the preparation of composition ( ϕ )‐temperature (T) gradient films. Linear ϕ gradients were obtained over a large composition range, as shown by FTIR microscopy. The applicability of this combinatorial approach was demonstrated by studying the phase behavior of a poly(styrene‐ co ‐acrylonitrile) (SAN)/poly(methyl methacrylate‐ co ‐ethyl acrylate) (PMMA‐EA) blend with varying EA content and a poly(styrene‐ b ‐butadiene‐ b ‐methyl methacrylate) (SBM) triblock copolymer.
Unbound bilirubin measurements by a novel probe in preterm infants (2018)

Unbound (free) bilirubin values are extremely variable during the first week of life in preterm infants. A significant proportion of these values exceeded reported neurotoxic thresholds.
Predicting Emotions in User-Generated Videos (2014)

User-generated video collections are expanding rapidly in recent years, and systems for automatic analysis of these collections are in high demands. While extensive research efforts have been devoted to recognizing semantics like "birthday party" and "skiing", little attempts have been made to understand the emotions carried by the videos, e.g., "joy" and "sadness". In this paper, we propose a comprehensive computational framework for predicting emotions in user-generated videos. We first introduce a rigorously designed dataset collected from popular video-sharing websites with manual annotations, which can serve as a valuable benchmark for future research. A large set of features are extracted from this dataset, ranging from popular low-level visual descriptors, audio features, to high-level semantic attributes. Results of a comprehensive set of experiments indicate that combining multiple types of features---such as the joint use of the audio and visual clues---is important, and attribute features such as those containing sentiment-level semantics are very effective.