gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The julia content distribution network (2005)

Abstract — Peer-to-peer content distribution networks are currently being used widely, drawing upon a large fraction of the Internet bandwidth. Unfortunately, these applications are not designed to be network-friendly. They optimize download time by using all available bandwidth. As a result, long haul bottleneck links are becoming congested and the load on the network is not well balanced. In this paper, we introduce the Julia content distribution network. The innovation of Julia is in its reduction of the overall communication cost, which in turn improves network load balance and reduces the usage of long haul links. Compared with the state-of-the-art BitTorrent content distribution network, we find that while Julia achieves slightly slower average finishing times relative to BitTorrent, Julia nevertheless reduces the total communication cost in the network by approximately 33%. Furthermore, the Julia protocol achieves a better load balancing of the network resources, especially over trans-Atlantic links. We evaluated the Julia protocol using real WAN deployment and by extensive simulation. The WAN experimentation was carried over the PlanetLab wide area testbed using over 250 machines. Simulations were performed using the the GT-ITM topology generator with 1200 nodes. A surprisingly good match was exhibited between the two evaluation methods (itself an interesting result), an encouraging indication of the ability of our simulation to predict scaling behavior. I.
Synthesis of Isoindolo[2,1-a]indoles by the Palladium-Catalyzed Annulation of Internal Acetylenes (2000)

A wide variety of substituted isoindolo[2,1-alpha]indoles have been prepared via annulation of internal alkynes by imines derived from o-iodoanilines in the presence of a palladium catalyst. This methodology provides an extremely efficient route for the synthesis of these tetracyclic heterocycles from readily available starting materials. The mechanism of this interesting annulation process appears to involve (1) oxidative addition of the aryl iodide to Pd(0), (2) alkyne insertion, (3) addition of the resulting vinylic palladium intermediate to the C-N double bond of the imine, (4) either electrophilic palladation of the resulting sigma-palladium intermediate onto the adjacent aromatic ring derived from the internal alkyne or oxidative addition of the neighboring aryl carbon-hydrogen bond, and (5) reduction of the tetracyclic product and Pd(0). A variety of internal acetylenes have been employed in this annulation process in which the aromatic ring of the alkyne contains either a phenyl or a heterocyclic ring.
Provisioning Legacy Simulation Applications in Product Lifecycle Management via a Cloud Platform (2013)

Provisioning legacy simulation applications for Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) is very challenging. There are two key issues: (i) Hosting applications for simulation job executions. These legacy applications are developed in various platforms, usually monolithic, and may heavily consume system resources in the runtime. (ii) Input/output data storage. During the lifecycle of a project, huge amount of design data is generated by various design tools. When a design is completed, it needs to be validated by numerous simulation applications, which consequently create substantial amount of result data. Therefore, among others, the scalability in both system runtime resources and data storage is one of the biggest challenges. A generic cloud solution, which promises elastic scalability in both computation resources and data storage but lack of coordination between runtime resource allocation and data placement, is insufficient for supporting these legacy applications efficiently. In this paper, we share our experience on implementing a cloud solution that incorporates both scalable application hosting and usage-aware data placement into an integrated mechanism. With such a mechanism, our system can not only scale out according to workload, but also improve performance by increasing the possibility of local data access.
Screen Space Rendering Solution for Multiphase SPH Simulation (2017)

Fluid simulation using meshless methods has increasingly become a robust way to solve mechanics problems that require dealing with large deformations, and has become very popular in many applications such as naval engineering, mechanical engineering, movies and games. One of the main methods is the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). This work has two main goals: to propose a multiphase SPH formulation by extending the work of Silva et al. and to propose a shader based render solution for this kind of simulation. The proposed SPH method was able to simulate multiphase fluids with up to one million particles and the renderer was able to generate visually plausible results up to 60fps.
Enhanced Piezoelectric Properties of Electrospun Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/ Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composites (2012)

We prepared poly(vinylidene fluoride)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposites using electrospinning process and investigated its effect on the polymorphic behavior and electroactive properties. The remanant polarization and piezoelectric response increased with the the amount of MWCNT and piezoelectric -phase crystal. Interfacial interaction between MWCNT and PVDF caused high degree of -phase derived from external stretching.
Effective Carrier Sensing in CSMA Networks under Cumulative Interference (2009)

This paper proposes and investigates the concept of a safe carrier-sensing range that can guarantee interference safe (also termed hidden-node-free) transmissions in CSMA networks under the cumulative interference model. Compared with the safe carrier-sensing range under the commonly assumed but less realistic pairwise interference model, we show that the safe carrier-sensing range required under the cumulative interference model is larger by a constant multiplicative factor. The concept of a safe carrier-sensing range, although amenable to elegant analytical results, is inherently not compatible with the conventional power threshold carrier-sensing mechanism (e.g., that used in IEEE 802.11). Specifically, the absolute power sensed by a node in the conventional mechanism does not contain enough information for it to derive its distances from other concurrent transmitter nodes. We show that, fortunately, a carrier-sensing mechanism called Incremental-Power Carrier-Sensing (IPCS) can realize the carrier-sensing range concept in a simple way. Instead of monitoring the absolute detected power, the IPCS mechanism monitors every increment in the detected power. This means that IPCS can separate the detected power of every concurrent transmitter, and map the power profile to the required distance information.
Large-scale protein interactome mapping: strategies and opportunities (2010)

Interactions between proteins are central to any cellular process, and mapping these into a protein network is informative both for the function of individual proteins and the functional organization of the cell as a whole. Many strategies have been developed that are up to this task, and the last 10 years have seen the high-throughput application of a number of those in large-scale, sometimes proteome-wide, interactome mapping efforts. Although initially the quality of the data produced in these screening campaigns has been questioned, quality standards and empirical validation schemes are now in place to ensure high-quality data generation. Through their integration with other 'omics' data, interactomics datasets have proven highly valuable towards applications in different areas of clinical importance.
Bioimpedance in Cardiovascular Medicine (2006)

Abstract The terms bioimpedance or tissue impedance describe both the resistive and reactive components of tissue at the applied stimulus frequency. The capacitive reactive components of the measured tissue impedance change at higher frequencies due to the relative conductive properties of tissue fluids and cellular membranes. It is the resistive and reactive applications of bioimpedance that will be discussed in this article.
Two-layer frequency domain property measurements - experiment and hybrid model (2001)

Summary form only given. Measurement of the optical properties of human tissue is useful for noninvasive monitoring of hemoglobin, therapeutic drugs, and other chromophores. A two-layered model such as skin over muscle or skin over fat, while not anatomically complete, may prove adequate for these applications. We apply a hybrid Monte Carlo-diffusion model to recovery of the optical properties and upper layer thickness of tissue phantoms from spatially-resolved frequency domain measurements.
Chemistry and Biology of Mineralized Tissues (2008)

This special topic issue of 'Cells Tissues Organs' contains contributions discussing the subject in-depth. 'Cells Tissues Organs' is a well-respected, international peer-reviewed journal in Anatomy. Special topic issues are included in the subscription.
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of BAY x 7195 aerosol, a new and selective receptor antagonist of cysteinyl‐leukotrienes, in normal volunteers (1996)

1. The safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of BAY x 7195 aerosol, a new selective receptor antagonist of cysteinyl-leukotrienes, were investigated in healthy male volunteers in two observational studies (1 and 2 mg; n = 5 each) and two double blind, placebo-controlled two way crossover studies (4 and 8 mg; n = 6 each) using the commercially available Inhaler Ingelheim M. 2. The pharmacodynamic effect was assessed by testing the ability of BAY x 7195 aerosol to inhibit leukotriene-D4 (LTD4) induced bronchoconstriction in healthy volunteers. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled three way crossover design, volunteers received 2 and 4 mg of BAY x 7195 by means of a newly developed metered dose dry powder inhaler. Bronchoprovocation with nebulized LTD4 was performed 20 min and 8 h (n = 6 each) after drug administration. Specific airways of conductance (SGaw) served to assess the airway's response. 3. BAY x 7195 aerosol was safe and well tolerated. Inhalation of the aerosol had no effect on baseline lung function. Only one volunteer reported cough following the inhalation of the 8 mg dose. 4. The pharmacokinetics of unchanged drug following the administration of BAY x 7195 aerosol were linear in the investigated range of doses and in general very similar to a previously investigated tablet formulation. Plasma-concentration vs time courses followed a two-compartment body model. Compared with oral administration of the tablet formulation absorption tended to be more rapid with the aerosol formulation. 5. Compared with placebo, 2 and 4 mg BAY x 7195 increased the concentration of LTD4 needed to produce a 35% decrease in SGaw 20 min after drug administration by a mean (geometric) of 14.2 and 29.7 fold, respectively. For both doses only three volunteers showed a protective effect against LTD4 induced bronchoconstriction 8 h after drug administration. Individual shifts in the concentration-response curve ranged between 0.4 and 7.2 fold. 6. In conclusion, the present results suggest that BAY x 7195 aerosol is a safe and potent but short acting receptor antagonist of cysteinyl leukotrienes in man.
An Immunocompetent, Orthotopic Mouse Model of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Utilizing Tissue Engineered Tumor Cell Sheets (2014)

Despite the development of a myriad of anticancer drugs that appeared promising in preclinical ovarian cancer animal models, they failed to predict efficacy in clinical testing. To improve the accuracy of preclinical testing of efficacy and toxicity, including pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations, a novel animal model was developed and characterized. In this study, murine ID8 (epithelial ovarian cancer [EOC]) cells as injected cell suspensions (ICS) and as intact cultured monolayer cell sheets (CS) were injected or surgically grafted, respectively, into the left ovarian bursa of 6-8 week-old, female C57BL/6 black mice and evaluated at 8 and 12 weeks after engraftment. Tumor volumes at 8 weeks were as follows: 30.712 ± 18.800 mm(3) versus 55.837 ± 10.711 mm(3) for ICS and CS, respectively, p = 0.0990 (n = 5). At 12 weeks, tumor volumes were 128.129 ± 44.018 mm(3) versus 283.953 ± 71.676 mm(3) for ICS and CS, respectively, p = 0.0112 (n = 5). The ovarian weights at 8 and 12 weeks were 0.02138 ± 0.01038 g versus 0.04954 ± 0.00667 g for ICS and CS, respectively (8 weeks), p = 0.00602 (n = 5); and 0.10594 ± 0.03043 g versus 0.39264 ± 0.09271 g for ICS and CS, respectively (12 weeks), p = 0.0008 (n = 5). These results confirm a significant accelerated tumorigenesis in CS-derived tumors compared with ICS-derived tumors when measured by tumor volume/time and ovarian weight/time. Furthermore, the CS-derived tumors closely replicated the metastatic spread found in human EOC and histopathological identity with the primary tumor of origin.
Chloride-hydrogen antiporters ClC-3 and ClC-5 drive osteoblast mineralization and regulate fine-structure bone patterning in vitro (2015)

Osteoblasts form an epithelium-like layer with tight junctions separating bone matrix from extracellular fluid. During mineral deposition, calcium and phosphate precipitation in hydroxyapatite liberates 0.8 mole of H(+) per mole Ca(+2). Thus, acid export is needed for mineral formation. We examined ion transport supporting osteoblast vectorial mineral deposition. Previously we established that Na/H exchangers 1 and 6 are highly expressed at secretory osteoblast basolateral surfaces and neutralize massive acid loads. The Na/H exchanger regulatory factor-1 (NHERF1), a pdz-organizing protein, occurs at mineralizing osteoblast basolateral surfaces. We hypothesized that high-capacity proton transport from matrix into osteoblast cytosol must exist to support acid transcytosis for mineral deposition. Gene screening in mineralizing osteoblasts showed dramatic expression of chloride-proton antiporters ClC-3 and ClC-5. Antibody localization showed that ClC-3 and ClC-5 occur at the apical secretory surface facing the bone matrix and in membranes of buried osteocytes. Surprisingly, the Clcn3(-/-) mouse has only mildly disordered mineralization. However, Clcn3(-/-) osteoblasts have large compensatory increases in ClC-5 expression. Clcn3(-/-) osteoblasts mineralize in vitro in a striking and novel trabecular pattern; wild-type osteoblasts form bone nodules. In mesenchymal stem cells from Clcn3(-/-) mice, lentiviral ClC-5 shRNA created Clcn3(-/-), ClC-5 knockdown cells, validated by western blot and PCR. Osteoblasts from these cells produced no mineral under conditions where wild-type or Clcn3(-/-) cells mineralize well. We conclude that regulated acid export, mediated by chloride-proton exchange, is essential to drive normal bone mineralization, and that CLC transporters also regulate fine patterning of bone.
Directional Couplers Using Long-Range Surface Plasmon Polariton Waveguides (2006)

We present an experimental study of guiding and routing of electromagnetic radiation along the nanometer-thin and micrometer-wide gold stripes embedded in a polymer via excitation of long-range surface plasmon polaritons (LR-SPPs) in a very broad wavelength range from 1000 to 1650 nm. For straight 14-nm-thick stripes and a wavelength of 1550 nm, LR-SPP propagation loss is determined for the stripe widths varying from 2 to 12 mum and is found to be ~7 and 5 dB/cm for 10- and 4-mum-wide stripes, respectively. For the directional couplers based on 14-nm-thick and 8-mum-wide gold stripes and a wavelength of 1570 nm, the coupling lengths of 4.1, 1.9, and 0.8 mm are found for the respective waveguide separations of 8, 4, and 0 mum. We model the LR-SPP-based directional couplers using the effective-refractive-index method and obtain a good agreement with the experimental results. The transmission spectra of LR-SPP-based directional couplers are presented demonstrating an efficient (~30 dB) separation of different telecom wavelength bands. Various possibilities for dynamic control of wavelength division/multiplexing with LR-SPP-based directional couplers that utilize the thermo-optic effect in the polymer cladding are also discussed
Clinical and Biological Implications of Cancer Stem Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2021)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with poor prognosis, and is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Recently, the development of therapeutic drugs via novel mechanisms of action, involving molecular-targeted drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors, has progressed in the field of HCC. However, the recurrence rate remains high, and further improvement of the prognosis of patients with HCC is urgently needed. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a promising target for further development of novel anti-cancer drugs because they are reportedly involved in tumor initiation, maintenance, recurrence, and resistance to conventional therapies. Although several studies have already been conducted, the functions and roles of CSCs in the development and progression of tumors remain to be elucidated. In this review article, we will clarify the fundamental knowledge of CSCs necessary for the understanding of CSCs and will outline so-far identified markers specific to liver CSCs and the pathological and therapeutic implications of CSCs in HCC.
A Nutritious bread (1951)

The data reported in this paper were taken from theses presented by Elizabeth R. Harding and Elizabeth Hamilton Bay to the Faculty of the Graduate school of the University of Missouri in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts and from a special problem by Dorothy Tyrrell, a graduate student--P. [3].
E-Transformation of Austrain SMEs (2004)

This chapter highlights the differences that exist between the e-commerce (EC) perspective of SMEs and the EC perspective from the researchers’ point of view. First the main aspects of SME EC found in a literature review are pointed out and then the results of a SME survey are presented. The findings of this survey, conducted with Austrian SMEs in the automotive industry sector, show for example that EC adoption is slower than expected. Consequently, we introduce a concept that was developed to minimize the identified gap between the two EC perspectives, by connecting university research and regional SME networks more efficiently. This action research-based approach enables SMEs to evaluate the impact of EC on their business model.
In vitrosuppression of an amber mutation by a chemically aminoacylated transfer RNA prepared by runoff transcription (1990)

An amber suppressor tRNA was prepared in vitro by runoff transcription with T7 RNA polymerase. Both full-length tRNA and truncated tRNA lacking the 3' terminal pCpA from the acceptor stem could be synthesized from the same DNA template. Truncated runoff suppressor tRNA could be enzymatically ligated to phenylalanyl-pCpA to generate aminoacylated full-length suppressor tRNA (Phe-tRNA(CUA)). Phe-tRNA(CUA) is capable of suppressing an amber (UAG) mutation in vitro with equivalent efficiency as suppressor prepared by anticodon-loop replacement of a naturally-isolated tRNA. The ease of suppressor tRNA preparation using this method, compared to anticodon-loop replacement, greatly facilitates the use of chemically acylated suppressor tRNA's for site-specifically incorporating unnatural amino acids into proteins.
Intranasal norovirus vaccination shows efficacy in preventing acute gastroenteritis following a live GI.1 NoV challenge (106.5) (2011)

Abstract NoVs are a common cause of both epidemic and endemic AGE. Currently, no vaccine is available to prevent illness. Vaccination with an IN GI.1 NoV virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine (adjuvanted with chitosan and monophosphoryl lipid A) was followed by a homologous viral challenge. The trial employed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design for assessing safety, immunogenicity and efficacy against AGE and infection. Two-doses of vaccine or placebo IN 3 weeks apart were administered to healthy adults 18-49 years of age. At least 3 weeks later ~10 HID50 of a GI.1 challenge virus was administered to subjects who were then monitored for illness and infection. Two doses of the NoV VLP vaccine were administered to 90 subjects with the vaccine being well tolerated. The per protocol (PP) population was 77 of the 84 persons who completed the challenge. Of the 84, 64% of vaccinees had a &amp;gt;4-fold serum IgA response, none receiving placebo. In the PP analysis the incidence of AGE decreased from 69% to 37% by vaccination and infection was reduced from 82% to 61%. Efficacy against illness was 47% (95% CI, 15-67%) and against infection was 26% (95% CI, 1-36%) relative to placebo and severity of illness was also reduced. Of note, protection from NoV illness and infection correlated with the level of 50% HBGA blocking activity prior to challenge. We report that a NoV vaccine candidate can prevent AGE and that an IN-delivered vaccine can prevent illness due to an enteric pathogen.
Upending Stock Market Structure Using Secure Multi-Party Computation. (2015)

The stock markets have two primary functions, that of providing liquidity and price discov-ery. While the market micro-structure was mostly ignored or assumed to function ideally for the purpose of asset pricing, M. O’Hara (Journal of Finance, 2003) has established that both liquidity and price discovery affect asset pricing, and in particular asset returns. While the cost of liquidity provision is borne by investors, and is clearly detrimental to asset returns, periodic price discovery has both positive and negative consequences for asset pricing. In this work we propose using cryptography, and in particular multi-party secure computation, to setup a novel stock market structure that, to a large extent, removes the negative consequences of liquidity costs and periodic price discovery. Interestingly, the proposed market structure takes us back to the early days of stock markets, i.e. periodic call markets, but with the not so “trusted ” auc-tioneer replaced by secure distributed computing where no individual party (or small coalition) gets to know the order book. 1
Novel scanning probe concepts for nanoscale electrical characterization (2009)

There is a significant need for nanoscale electrical characterization of materials. However, unreliable tip apexes have severely hampered the usage of scanning probe techniques for nanoscale electrical characterization. Encapsulated conductive probes with conductive cores comprising of Platinum Silicide and an insulating encapsulation are powerful tools for electrical characterization of materials at the nanoscale. These probes are significantly wear resistant owing to their large tip-sample contact area. They can also sustain high currents. Phase transformation experiments on thin-film stacks comprising of Ge2Sb2Te5 phase change material are presented to demonstrate the applicability of these probes. The large tip-sample contact area and the subsequently increased adhesive force also motivate the usage of these probes in the retraction mode where the tip-sample contact is maintained only by virtue of the adhesive forces. This further enhances the durability of these probes making them valuable tools for nanoscale electrical characterization. © 2009 IEEE NANO Organizers.