gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electric double-layer transistor using layered iron selenide Mott insulator TlFe 1.6 Se 2 (2014)

A(1-x)Fe(2-y)Se2 (A = K, Cs, Rb, Tl) are recently discovered iron-based superconductors with critical temperatures (Tc) ranging up to 32 K. Their parent phases have unique properties compared with other iron-based superconductors; e.g., their crystal structures include ordered Fe vacancies, their normal states are antiferromagnetic (AFM) insulating phases, and they have extremely high Néel transition temperatures. However, control of carrier doping into the parent AFM insulators has been difficult due to their intrinsic phase separation. Here, we fabricated an Fe-vacancy-ordered TlFe1.6Se2 insulating epitaxial film with an atomically flat surface and examined its electrostatic carrier doping using an electric double-layer transistor (EDLT) structure with an ionic liquid gate. The positive gate voltage gave a conductance modulation of three orders of magnitude at 25 K, and further induced and manipulated a phase transition; i.e., delocalized carrier generation by electrostatic doping is the origin of the phase transition. This is the first demonstration, to the authors' knowledge, of an EDLT using a Mott insulator iron selenide channel and opens a way to explore high Tc superconductivity in iron-based layered materials, where carrier doping by conventional chemical means is difficult.
Asymmetric Dipole Head Array for Ultra-High-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging Turns “Dielectric Resonance” from an Enemy to a Friend (2020)

We developed a novel 9.4T (400MHz) human head transceiver array consisted of 8 optimized bent folded dipole antennas. Due to an asymmetrical shape of dipoles (bending) and the RF shield, the array simultaneously excites two modes including a circular polarized mode of the array itself, and the TE mode of the human head. Mode mixing can be easily controlled by changing the folded length. As a result, the new array provides superior whole-brain coverage compared to various 8-element loop and dipole arrays or even to a more complicated 16-element loop array. In addition, the maximum local SAR is substantially reduced.
A semi-custom voltage-island technique and its application to high-speed serial links [CMOS active power reduction] (2003)

Supply-voltage reduction is a known technique for reducing CMOS active power. We propose a semi-custom voltage-island approach based on internal regulation and selective custom design. This approach enables transparent embedding, since no additional external power supply is needed. We apply the approach to high-speed serial links, and we show that high performance is retained through targeted application of custom circuit and logic design. A chip is presented that evaluates the presented approach on a 3000 gate 3.2 Gbps multi-protocol serial-link receiver logic core. When reducing the supply from 1.2 V to 0.95 V, the chip demonstrates power savings of over 25%.
HfSiOx-gate GaN MOS-HEMTs for RF power transistor (2021)

We have investigated AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with a high κ gate dielectric using hafnium silicate (HfSiO<sub>x</sub>). The (HfO<sub>2</sub>)/(SiO<sub>2</sub>) laminate structure was deposited on the AlGaN surface by a plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition, followed by a post-deposition annealing at 800 &deg;C. The HfSiO<sub>x</sub>-gate HEMT showed good transfer characteristics with a high transconductance expected from its κ value and a subthreshold swing of 71 mV/ decade. In addition, we observed excellent capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics with negligible frequency dispersion in the metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) HEMT diode. The detailed C-V analysis showed low state densities in the order of 10<sup>11</sup> cm<sup>-2</sup> eV<sup>-1</sup> at the HfSiO<sub>x</sub>/AlGaN interface.
Japanese guideline for the oncology FDG-PET/CT data acquisition protocol: synopsis of Version 2.0 (2014)

This synopsis outlines the Japanese guideline Version 2.0 for the data acquisition protocol of oncology FDG-PET/CT scans that was created by a joint task force of the Japanese Society of Nuclear Medicine Technology, the Japanese Society of Nuclear Medicine and the Japanese Council of PET Imaging, and was published in Kakuigaku-Gijutsu 2013; 33:377-420 in Japanese. The guideline aims at standardizing the PET image quality among PET centers and different PET camera models by providing criteria for the IEC body phantom image quality as well as for the patient PET image quality based on the noise equivalent count (NEC), NEC density and liver signal-to-noise ratio, so that the appropriate scanning parameters can be determined for each PET camera. This Version 2.0 covers issues that were not focused on in Version 1.0, including the accuracy of the standardized uptake value (SUV), effect of body size together with adjustment of scanning duration, and time-of-flight (TOF) reconstruction technique. Version 2.0 also presents data acquired with new PET camera models that were not tested in Version 1.0. Reference values for physical indicators of phantom image quality have been updated as well.
N-Octanoyl Dopamine Inhibits the Expression of a Subset of κB Regulated Genes: Potential Role of p65 Ser276 Phosphorylation (2013)

The present study highlighted important mechanisms and molecular entities by which dihydroxy benzene compounds exert their potential anti-inflammatory action. Since NOD does not have hemodynamic properties, NOD seems to be a promising candidate drug for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Synthesis of mesostructured metal sulfide films using [M(H2O)n](NO3)2:P85 (M = Cd(ii) and Zn(ii)) liquid crystalline mesophases (2008)

Transition metal salt–pluronic liquid crystalline (TMS–PLC) mesophases of A–P85, B–P85 and ((1 − x)A + xB)–P85 (where A is [Cd(H2O)4](NO3)2, B is [Zn(H2O)6](NO3)2 and P85 is a triblock copolymer, HO(CH2CH2O)26(CH2(CH3)CHO)40(CH2CH2O)26H) have been used to produce mesostructured metal sulfide films. The TMS–PLC mesophases of A–P85, B–P85 and (A + B)–P85 are well ordered with a salt/P85 mole ratio between 3.0 and 11.0 with a 3D hexagonal structure. The reaction between the mesophases of A–P85, B–P85 and ((1 − x)A + xB)-P85 and H2S gas at room temperature produces mesostructured CdS, ZnS and Cd1−xZnxS films, respectively. The initial salt concentrations in the TMS–PLC phase determine the final Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions in the Cd1−xZnxS crystal structure, where x can be controlled between 0.0 and 1.0. Fresh samples of the mesophase reacted under an H2S atmosphere are continues films that slowly leach out excess P85 producing P85 rich dendrite domains and aggregates of 50 to 100 nm particles of mesostructured CdS, ZnS or Cd1−xZnxS. However, well homogenized TMS–PLC mesophases produce stable film samples upon H2S reaction.
Fabricating Shaped Microfibers with Inertial Microfluidics (2014)

A process for the fabrication of shaped microfibers is developed that combines software-enabled inertial microfluidics and photopolymerization. Flow deformations caused by flow around pillars sculpt the shape of a stream of reactive solution, which is photopolymerized into a fiber. The cross-sectional shapes and selective surface functionalization of the fibers compare well with the predicted shapes of the sculpted streams.
Supplementary Figure 1E-J from Transformation-Dependent Silencing of Tumor-Selective Apoptosis-Inducing TRAIL by DNA Hypermethylation Is Antagonized by Decitabine (2023)

Supplementary Figure 1E-J from Transformation-Dependent Silencing of Tumor-Selective Apoptosis-Inducing TRAIL by DNA Hypermethylation Is Antagonized by Decitabine
Optical pulse compression by means of a single mode fiber and phase conjugation (1993)

Optical phase conjugation has been widely studied for applications in distortion correction at spatial or temporal domains. 1 For temporal domain applications, it has been shown that the broadened optical pulses due to group-velocity dispersion (GVD) and self-phase modulation (SPM) can be exactly restored to their original shapes with a perfect phase conjugate mirror. 2,3 Here we propose and analyze a novel approach to compress various kinds of optical pulses with a single mode fiber and a low reflectivity phase conjugate mirror. When a short optical pulse with enough intensity propagates in a single mode fiber, new spectral components as well as a nearly linear chirping in frequency are generated due to the effects of SPM and GVD. By placing a low reflectivity phase conjugator at the end of the fiber, the broadened pulse is reflected back to the fiber with a reversed chirp and a lowered intensity. After propagating in a fiber of slightly longer length, the pulse can be compressed up to 10 times from its original width. The compression ratio, optimal length as well as various kinds of wave forms are investigated and the results will be presented.
Read Disturb Errors in MLC NAND Flash Memory (2018)

This paper summarizes our work on experimentally characterizing, mitigating, and recovering read disturb errors in multi-level cell (MLC) NAND flash memory, which was published in DSN 2015, and examines the work's significance and future potential. NAND flash memory reliability continues to degrade as the memory is scaled down and more bits are programmed per cell. A key contributor to this reduced reliability is read disturb, where a read to one row of cells impacts the threshold voltages of unread flash cells in different rows of the same block. For the first time in open literature, this work experimentally characterizes read disturb errors on state-of-the-art 2Y-nm (i.e., 20-24 nm) MLC NAND flash memory chips. Our findings (1) correlate the magnitude of threshold voltage shifts with read operation counts, (2) demonstrate how program/erase cycle count and retention age affect the read-disturb-induced error rate, and (3) identify that lowering pass-through voltage levels reduces the impact of read disturb and extend flash lifetime. Particularly, we find that the probability of read disturb errors increases with both higher wear-out and higher pass-through voltage levels. We leverage these findings to develop two new techniques. The first technique mitigates read disturb errors by dynamically tuning the pass-through voltage on a per-block basis. Using real workload traces, our evaluations show that this technique increases flash memory endurance by an average of 21%. The second technique recovers from previously-uncorrectable flash errors by identifying and probabilistically correcting cells susceptible to read disturb errors. Our evaluations show that this recovery technique reduces the raw bit error rate by 36%.
Self-assembly of Si-containing block copolymers with high-segregation strength: toward sub-10nm features in directed self-assembly (2014)

Ordered microstructures with nanometrically defined periodicity offer promising opportunities in microelectronic applications for the production of advanced CMOS digital logic circuits. To produce the features and arrays inherent to such technologies, the combination of the “bottom-up” block copolymer self-assembly with “top-down” guiding templates has been successfully introduced leading to new technological breakthroughs. Among the materials used in the direct self-assembly methodology, poly(styrene-b-methylmethacrylate) systems have reached an unprecedented level of maturity which will lead to their introduction into the next technological nodes. However, this system suffers from deficiencies such as a low Flory Huggins parameter (X = 0.04 at 25&deg;C) and a low chemical contrast as regards to the etching processes which could be problematic for targeting sub-22 nm features. Consequently we have developed new systems based on Si-containing block copolymers which are characterized by high segregation strength as well as strong chemical etching contrast. In this contribution, we focus on a poly(lactic acid) / poly(dimethylsiloxane) system exhibiting a cylindrical mesostructure. By controlling the surface energy at the interface between the substrate and the block copolymer domains, we show the possibility to control the orientation of the mesostructure with a methodology comparable to the one used for poly(styrene) / poly(methyl methacrylate) system but with random copolymers having distinct monomers than the block copolymers.
Automated segmentation of computed tomography images (2009)

An image analysis, visualization, and segmentation system has been developed to assist researchers participating in a world-wide imaging study led by the National Institute on Aging to determine risk factors contributing to chronic osteoarthritis. The system provides a sophisticated but simple to use interface that directs the segmentation of muscle, fat, and other tissues of interest in thigh and abdomen computed tomography images.
A novel diamond micro-/nano-machining process for the generation of hierarchical micro-/nano-structures (2016)

A new mechanical micro-/nano-machining process that combines rotary spatial vibrations (RSV) of a diamond tool and the servo motions of the workpiece is proposed and applied for the generation of multi-tier hierarchical micro-/nano-structures. In the proposed micro-/nano-machining system, the servo motion, as the primary cutting motion generated by a slow-tool-servo, is adopted for the fine generation of the primary surfaces with complex shapes. The RSV, as the tertiary cutting operation, is superimposed on the secondary fundamental rotary cutting motion to construct secondary nano-structures on the primary surface. Since the RSV system generally works at much higher frequencies and motion resolution than the primary and secondary motions, it leads to an inherent hierarchical cutting architecture. To investigate the machining performance, complex micro-/nano-structures were generated and explored by both numerical simulations and actual cutting tests. Rotary vibrations of the diamond tool at a constant rotational distance offer an inherent constant cutting velocity, leading to the ability for the generation of homogeneous micro-/nano-structures with fixed amplitudes and frequencies of the vibrations, even over large-scale surfaces. Furthermore, by deliberately combining the non-resonant three-axial vibrations and the servo motion, the generation of a variety of micro-/nano-structures with complex shapes and with flexibly tunable feature sizes can be achieved.
WE‐AB‐BRA‐09: Registration of Preoperative MRI to Intraoperative Radiographs for Automatic Vertebral Target Localization (2016)

Purpose: Accurate localization of target vertebrae is essential to safe, effective spine surgery, but wrong‐level surgery occurs with surprisingly high frequency. Recent research yielded the “LevelCheck” method for 3D‐2D registration of preoperative CT to intraoperative radiographs, providing decision support for level localization. We report a new method (MR‐LevelCheck) to perform 3D‐2D registration based on preoperative MRI, presenting a solution for the increasingly common scenario in which MRI (not CT) is used for preoperative planning. Methods: Direct extension of LevelCheck is confounded by large mismatch in image intensity between MRI and radiographs. The proposed method overcomes such challenges with a simple vertebrae segmentation. Using seed points at centroids, vertebrae are segmented using continuous max‐flow method and dilated by 1.8 mm to include surrounding cortical bone (inconspicuous in T2w‐MRI). MRI projections are computed (analogous to DRR) using segmentation and registered to intraoperative radiographs. The method was tested in a retrospective IRB‐approved study involving 11 patients undergoing cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spine surgery following preoperative MRI. Registration accuracy was evaluated in terms of projection‐distance‐error (PDE) between the true and estimated location of vertebrae in each radiograph. Results: The method successfully registered each preoperative MRI to intraoperative radiographs and maintained desirable properties of robustness against image content mismatch, and large capture range. Segmentation achieved Dice coefficient = 89.2 ± 2.3 and mean‐absolute‐distance (MAD) = 1.5 ± 0.3 mm. Registration demonstrated robust performance under realistic patient variations, with PDE = 4.0 ± 1.9 mm (median ± iqr) and converged with run‐time = 23.3 ± 1.7 s. Conclusion: The MR‐LevelCheck algorithm provides an important extension to a previously validated decision support tool in spine surgery by extending its utility to preoperative MRI. With initial studies demonstrating PDE &lt;5 mm and 0% failure rate, the method is now in translation to larger scale prospective clinical studies. S. Vogt and G. Kleinszig are employees of Siemens Healthcare
Minimum Energy and Capacitance Requirements for Single-Phase Inverters and Rectifiers Using a Ripple Port (2012)

Converters with a dc port and a single-phase ac port must store energy to buffer the inherent double-frequency power flow at the ac port. The minimum energy storage required to isolate the power ripple from the dc port is presented, and leads to the minimum capacitance required for converters that use capacitive energy storage. This paper presents a ripple power port to manage energy storage and decouple capacitor ripple from power ripple. A ripple power port allows the designer to make a choice of capacitor voltage independent of other system voltages. A combination of an ac link converter and a ripple power port leads to a dramatic increase in reliability: it is shown that converters with nominal ratings up to 200 W can be designed with expected mean-time-between-failure ratings on the order of 1.4 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> h-sufficient for hundred-year operation in long-life applications such as photovoltaic converters and LED lamps. This large increase in life is achieved with minimal extra cost.
Ionic Liquid: A Green Solvent for Organic Transformations I (2007)

Ionic liquids are a class of unconventional solvent having unique chemical and physical properties. The entire molecular framework of ionic liquids is made up of ions. Molten sodium chloride, for example, is an ionic liquid but a solution of sodium chloride in water is an ionic solution. The term molten salts, which were previously used to describe such materials, conjure an image of hot, viscous and highly corrosive medium. The term ionic liquid, in contrast, refers to a material that is fluid at temperature as low as -96 °C, colourless, low viscosity and is easily handled. In patent and academic literature, the term "ionic liquids" now refers to liquids composed entirely of ions that are fluid around or below 100 °C. Ionic liquids are not new. Some of them have been known for many years. For instance, ethylammonium nitrite, [EtNH3][NO3], which has a melting point of 12 °C, was first
A Three-Phase Delta Switch Rectifier for More Electric Aircraft Applications Employing a Novel PWM Current Control Concept (2009)

In the course of the more electric aircraft program active three-phase rectifiers in the power range of 5 kW are required. A comparison with other rectifier topologies shows that the three-phase Delta-switch rectifier (comprising three Delta-connected bidirectional switches) is well suited for this application. The system is analyzed using space vector calculus and a novel PWM current controller concept is presented, where all three phases are controlled simultaneously; the analysis shows that the proposed concept yields optimized switching sequences. To facilitate the rectifier design, analytical relationships for calculating the power components average and rms current ratings are derived. Furthermore, a laboratory prototype with an output power of 5 kW is realized. Measurements taken from this prototype confirm the operation of the proposed current controller. Finally, initial EMI-measurements of the system are also presented.
On the ontogeny of combination-sensitive neurons in speech perception (1998)

The arguments for the orderly output constraint concern phylogenetic matters and do not address the ontogeny of combination-specific neurons and the corresponding processing mechanisms. Locus equations are too variable to be strongly predetermined and too inconsistent to be easily learned. Findings on the development of speech perception and underlying auditory processing must be taken into account in the formulation of neural encoding theories.
A Novel Calcium-independent Phospholipase A2, cPLA2-γ, That Is Prenylated and Contains Homology to cPLA2 (1998)

We report the cloning and characterization of a novel membrane-bound, calcium-independent PLA2, named cPLA2-gamma. The sequence encodes a 541-amino acid protein containing a domain with significant homology to the catalytic domain of the 85-kDa cPLA2 (cPLA2-alpha). cPLA2-gamma does not contain the regulatory calcium-dependent lipid binding (CaLB) domain found in cPLA2-alpha. However, cPLA2-gamma does contain two consensus motifs for lipid modification, a prenylation motif (-CCLA) at the C terminus and a myristoylation site at the N terminus. We present evidence that the isoprenoid precursor [3H]mevalonolactone is incorporated into the prenylation motif of cPLA2-gamma. Interestingly, cPLA2-gamma demonstrates a preference for arachidonic acid at the sn-2 position of phosphatidylcholine as compared with palmitic acid. cPLA2-gamma encodes a 3-kilobase message, which is highly expressed in heart and skeletal muscle, suggesting a specific role in these tissues. Identification of cPLA2-gamma reveals a newly defined family of phospholipases A2 with homology to cPLA2-alpha.
Enhanced Normalized Conjugate Beamforming for Cell-Free Massive MIMO (2021)

In cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) the fluctuations of the channel gain from the access points to a user are large due to the distributed topology of the system. Because of these fluctuations, data decoding schemes that treat the channel as deterministic perform inefficiently. A way to reduce the channel fluctuations is to design a precoding scheme that equalizes the effective channel gain seen by the users. Conjugate beamforming (CB) poorly contributes to harden the effective channel at the users. In this work, we propose a variant of CB dubbed enhanced normalized CB (ECB), in that the precoding vector consists of the conjugate of the channel estimate normalized by its squared norm. For this scheme, we derive an exact closed-form expression for an achievable downlink spectral efficiency (SE), accounting for channel estimation errors, pilot reuse and user's lack of channel state information (CSI), assuming independent Rayleigh fading channels. We also devise an optimal max-min fairness power allocation based only on large-scale fading quantities. ECB greatly boosts the channel hardening enabling the users to reliably decode data relying only on statistical CSI. As the provided effective channel is nearly deterministic, acquiring CSI at the users does not yield a significant gain.