gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and Full-Scale Testing of a Cast Steel Yielding Brace System in a Braced Frame (2016)

The yielding brace system (YBS) is a seismic-resistant concentrically braced frame system that provides a fully symmetric hysteretic response via flexural yielding of cast steel triangular yielding fingers of a specially designed yielding connector. The behavior of the system is first reviewed, and a detailed discussion of the limit states design of a YBS braced frame is presented. Results of two full-scale yielding connector prototype tests, conducted in a braced frame configuration, are then presented. The test specimens were subjected to several quasi-static and dynamic load cycles, up to axial brace deformations of 120 mm (3.8% interstory drift). The proposed design limit states were validated through full-scale testing and the performance of a YBS yielding connector brace assembly in a typical braced frame with a bolted brace-to-gusset connection was demonstrated to be very similar to the performance of YBS yielding connectors tested in a purely axial configuration.
Optimal Hydrophilization and Chondrocyte Adhesion of PLLA Films and Scaffolds by Plasma Treatment and Acrylic Acid Grafting (2006)

To utilize as highly functional scaffolds for tissue engineering by improving hydrophobicity and cell com- patibility of the exist polymer scaffolds, the biodegradable poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) films and scaffolds having the optimal hydrophilicity were prepared by in situ plasma treatment and grafting of a carboxyl acid-containing monomer, acrylic acid (AA) in the chamber. From the results of surface analyses, surface-modified nonporous PLLA film and dual pore scaffold surfaces showed high hydrophilicity due to the decrease in contact angle and the increase in carboxylic groups as compared with untreated PLLA control. In particular, among various surface modification methods, Ar(argon)+AA+AA sample prepared by Ar plasma and then acrylic acid treatments displayed lower contact angle and more carboxylic groups than Ar/AA and Ar+TP(thermal polymerization) samples, indicating that Ar+AA+AA sample was optimally treated for improving its hydrophilicity. In the cases of surface-modified nonporous PLLA films and dual pore scaffolds, the adhesion and proliferation of chondrocytes increased with increasing their hydrophilicity.
Cruciate-retaining TKA Using a Third-generation System with a Four-pegged Tibial Component: A Minimum 10-year Followup Note (2010)

Level IV, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Echo time optimization for linear combination myelin imaging (2005)

A 3-echo linear combination myelin imaging method is presented. The echo times and weights are chosen such that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of myelin-water is maximized, and signals from other white matter components are sufficiently suppressed. Interfering tissue water and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) signals are much stronger than myelin due to their longer T2 and abundance. By carefully optimizing the echo times a 50-fold tissue water suppression is achieved along with a 10-fold CSF suppression. For comparison 4, 5, and 32 echo filters are also designed using the same method. The SNR efficiency of these filters is very similar. The 3-echo filter design was validated by phantom scans. In addition, multislice in vivo myelin images were acquired from both a healthy volunteer and a multiple sclerosis patient. Total scan time was 5 min. A uniform T2 filter is also designed to pass all white matter species with uniform gain. The myelin-water fraction of the in vivo 3-echo data set is then measured by dividing the myelin image by the uniformly filtered image. Obtained myelin-water fractions compare well with previous work.
Spectrum Sharing Criteria based on interference load (2014)

As demand for spectrum increases, spectrum sharing criteria become more important, for technical reasons as well as for regulatory purposes. Ideally spectrum sharing criteria should be technology neutral; they should accommodate new technologies while promoting equal access and good spectrum sharing behaviour. Application of spectrum sharing criteria to the general class of Short Range Devices (SRD) is a major challenge due to the wide variety of technologies used and the many applications they are used for. This paper investigates the possibility of a new metric for spectrum utilization that is technology neutral in that it avoids parameters related to specific technologies. This metric – called interference load – can be used to set limitations on the interference which SRD equipment is allowed to generate. Also considered are requirements for adaptive sharing behaviour of SRDs.
Dynamic relaxation behavior of solvent‐crystallized poly(ether ether ketone) (1994)

Abstract The dynamic relaxation behavior of solvent‐crystallized poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) has been investigated in the region of the glass‐rubber (α) relaxation using dynamic mechanical and dielectric methods. Amorphous PEEK films were exposed to saturated methylene chloride and acetone vapor, with solvent‐induced crystallization observed for both penetrants. Sample desorption at elevated temperatures (under vacuum) resulted in virtually complete removal of residual penetrant, thus providing for the measurement of relaxation characteristics independent of plasticization. Both dynamic mechanical and dielectric studies indicated a marked positive offset in the isochronal relaxation temperatures of the solvent‐crystallized samples relative to thermally crystallized specimens of comparable bulk crystallinity, and a higher apparent activation energy in the solvent‐crystallized case. These results are consistent with the evolution of a tighter crystalline morphology (i.e., smaller crystal long spacing) in the solvent‐crystallized samples, the crystallites imposing a greater degree of constraint on the long‐range motions of the amorphous chains inherent to the glass‐rubber relaxation. © 1994 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Purification of the unactivated glucocorticoid receptor and its subsequent in vitro activation. (1984)

The unactivated, molybdate-stabilized rat hepatic glucocorticoid receptor has been purified approximately 4000-fold, as calculated by specific radioactivity, by affinity chromatography using a deoxycorticosterone-derivatized agarose, gel filtration on Bio-Gel A-1.5m agarose, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The final receptor sediments at 9-10 S in low salt (40 mM KCl) glycerol gradients containing molybdate. Elevated salt concentrations up to 1 M KCl reduce the sedimentation coefficient to 8-9 S. The final DEAE-cellulose eluted complexes exhibit a Stokes radius of 7.3 nm, a value similar to that reported for receptors in crude cytosol. From the hydrodynamic parameters an apparent Mr = 303,000 can be calculated for the steroid-receptor complex. Analysis of the receptor-containing fractions from DEAE-cellulose chromatography by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrates the occurrence of a major Mr = 90,000 protein band which closely followed the distribution of bound radioactivity. Two other proteins corresponding to Mr = 41,000 and 40,000 also exhibit the same distribution pattern. Saturation of cytosolic specific binding sites with unlabeled triamcinolone acetonide prior to receptor purification results in the disappearance of these three proteins from the DEAE-cellulose chromatogram. Furthermore, a Mr = 24,000 component, which is eluted from DEAE-cellulose at a salt concentration higher than that of the bound radioactivity peak itself, also disappears. These observations argue that the Mr = 90,000, 41,000, 40,000, and 24,000 components are related as components or degradation products of the unactivated, molybdate-stabilized rat hepatic glucocorticoid-receptor complex. Studies on the in vitro activation of purified steroid-receptor complexes have revealed that Sephadex G-25 gel filtration and warming (25 degrees C for 30 min) enables purified receptors to become activated judged by ability to bind to DNA-cellulose but to a lower extent than observed for receptors in crude tissue homogenates. A DNA-cellulose binding capacity, similar to that shown by crude liver cytosolic receptor under the same conditions, can be conferred on the purified complexes only in a reconstituted system in which crude cytosol has been added. Molybdate is shown to completely inhibit activation induced by gel-filtration and offers significant protection against heat-induced activation both in highly purified and reconstituted systems. The activation inhibitory effect of molybdate has also been confirmed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANIC REACTIONS AT HIGH PRESSURE, CYCLOADDITIONS OF ENAMINES AND DIENAMINES (1974)

Abstract Anhand einer Reihe von Cycloadditionen von Enaminen an Diene und von Dienaminen an Olefine bei 8‐20 kbar wird gezeigt, daß höhere Ausbeuten bei kürzeren Reaktionszeiten erzielt werden.
Glycolysis (2012)

Glycolysis is a central metabolic pathway. In this chapter, we formulate a MASS model of the glycolytic pathway. In doing so, we detail the process that goes into formulating, characterizing, and validating a simulation model of a single pathway. First, we define the pathway, or, more accurately stated, the system that is to be studied and characterized through dynamic simulation. Such a definition includes the internal reactions, the systems boundary, and the exchange fluxes. The stoichiometric matrix is then constructed and quality controlled, and its properties studied. The contents of the null spaces give us information about the pathway and pool structure of the defined system. The steady state is deduced through the specification of a minimum number of fluxes. The steady-state concentrations are then specified and the mass action kinetic constants are evaluated. Finally, the functional pooling structure and corresponding property ratios are formulated using biochemical rationale. The dynamic responses of glycolysis as a system can then be simulated and interpreted through the pooling structure. As in Chapter 8, we focus on the response to an increase in the rate of ATP utilization. With the formulated glycolytic MASS model, the reader can simulate and study responses to other perturbations.
Optical filter responses of InGaAsP microdisk resonators fabricated by polymer wafer bonding (2002)

Optical filters based on InGaAsP microdisk resonators with 10 /spl mu/m and 5 /spl mu/m diameters have been fabricated using a polymer wafer bonding process. A narrow linewidth of 0.22 nm and large free spectral range of 38 nm near 1.55 /spl mu/m are obtained. These devices are potentially useful as wavelength add-drop filters in DWDM networks.
Synthesis of conformationally restricted acidic lipids. I. Cyclopentanoid analogs of phosphatidylserine. (1983)

A series of six analogs of phosphatidylserine (PS) was synthesized in which the conformational mobility of the backbone was limited. Each analog was a derivative of one of the three diastereoisomeric cyclopentane-1,2,3-triols, so that the glycerol moiety of the PS was, in effect, replaced by each cyclopentane-1,2,3-triol. Four of the members of the series were vicinal dipalmitates [1,2/3-(1P); 1,2/3-(3P); 1,2,3/0-(1P); 1,3/2-(1P)] while the other two members were ''unnatural'' in that they contained a 2-phosphate group. The two 2-phosphate derivatives were meso-forms and each of the other four derivatives was a DL-pair. Each PS analog was obtained as a stable microcrystalline precipitate analyzing for the monohydrate of a mixture of mono- and di-sodium salts. The infrared spectra, melting behavior, and chromatographic mobility of each sodium salt mixture resembled those obtained for bovine (glycero-)-phosphatidyl-L-serine; the stereochemical differences in the ring caused only marginal variation in these properties. The optical rotation values of the compounds varied with the stereochemistry of the ring. The all-trans-2-phosphate isomer 8d exhibited a negative rotation value, in contrast to each of the other isomers. The all-trans isomer [1,3/2-(1P)] was shown to undergo diazometholysis with diazomethane to give the dimethyl ester of cyclopentano-phosphatidic acid.
Recent progress in AlGaN UV-C LEDs grown on SiC (2019)

Growth of high quality AlGaN is essential to develop efficient UV-C LEDs. However, growth of AlGaN is challenging due to the lack of native substrates, low surface mobility of Aluminum adatoms and low doping efficiency for p-AlGaN. In this work, we illustrate our approach to develop UV-C LED on SiC starting with MOCVD growth of high-quality AlN buffer layer with TDD <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\sim 8\times 10^{8}/\text{cm}^{2}$</tex> as measured by TEM, followed by growth of AlGaN UV-C LED structure and then fabricated into Thin-Film Flip-Chip (TFFC) devices via novel epi-transfer process and nondestructive removal of SiC by ICP-RIE. We investigated the effects of Indium, growth rate and Ammonia to improve the conductivity of n-AlGaN. As a result, the free electron concentration as measured by RT Hall effect increases to 3.2×1019/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> , which facilitates a formation of a direct ohmic contact to 66% AlGaN using Vanadium-based metal stack V/Al/V/Au. Finally, we report on the development of AlGaN UV-C LED on SiC with high <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\text{EQE}&gt;2\%$</tex> and output power of 2 mW at DC current of 20mA with an emission wavelength of 262 nm. Therefore, we conclude that SiC is well-suited to be utilized as a substrate for high-power AlGaN UV-C LEDs.
How do tenascins influence the birth and life of a malignant cell? (2011)

Tenascins are large glycoproteins found in embryonic and adult extracellular matrices. Of the four family members, two have been shown to be overexpressed in the microenvironment of solid tumours: tenascin-C and tenascin-W. The regular presence of these proteins in tumours suggests a role in tumourigenesis, which has been investigated intensively for tenascin-C and recently for tenascin-W as well. In this review, we follow a malignant cell starting from its birth through its potential metastatic journey and describe how tenascin-C and tenascin-W contribute to these successive steps of tumourigenesis. We consider the importance of the mechanical aspect in tenascin signalling. Furthermore, we discuss studies describing tenascin-C as an important component of stem cell niches and present examples reporting its role in cancer therapy resistance.
Magnetisation density distribution in Mn1/4TaS2: observation of conduction electron spin polarisation (1983)

The authors have determined the magnetisation density distribution in the ferromagnetic layered compound Mn 1/4 TaS 2 , using the classical polarised neutron technique. These studies show that although the magnetisation is principally localised on the manganese sites, there is a significant spin polarisation of the conduction electrons, extending throughout the unit cell. These measurements thus provide direct evidence of an important interaction between the Ta conduction electrons and the localised moments on the Mn ions, confirming previous speculations based on transport and optical data. Moreover such an interaction suggests an obvious mechanism, the RKKY interaction, for the exchange interaction between the Mn moments. The moment on the Mn sites is depressed, as a result of this interaction, by about 15% compared with that expected for a Mn 2+ d 5 ion. The Mn ions are surrounded by an antiferromagnetically polarised cloud of electrons and the maximum spin density within the TaS 2 layer is about 3% of the maximum spin density on the Mn site. There is no evidence from these experiments that the S atoms play a role in the magnetic Mn-Mn exchange interactions.
Trafficking of neuronal calcium channels (2017)

Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) serve complex yet essential physiological functions via their pivotal role in translating electrical signals into intracellular calcium elevations and associated downstream signalling pathways. There are a number of regulatory mechanisms to ensure a dynamic control of the number of channels embedded in the plasma membrane, whereas alteration of the surface expression of VGCCs has been linked to various disease conditions. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms that control the trafficking of VGCCs to and from the plasma membrane, and discuss their implication in pathophysiological conditions and their potential as therapeutic targets.
Active immunization (vaccination) against peptides of IL-1β induces self anti-IL-1β antibodies and protects against collagen-induced arthritis (2005)

Chaperonins have classically been thought of as intracellular molecules involved in the correct folding of proteins. Their expression is upregulated during times of stress such as heat (hence their common nomenclature as heat shock proteins [HSP]), anoxia, hypoglycaemia and reactive oxygen species [1]. These are conditions found in infected tissues or in tissues with chronic inflammation such as the rheumatoid synovium. In their intracellular location they protect the cell from apoptotic death due to stress. Increasingly chaperonins have been recognised to subserve extracellular functions for which they have received the name 'chaperokines' since they bind to specific receptors on the cell surface and activate cells of the innate immune system to secrete inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and small molecular weight mediators such as prostaglandins [2]. Indeed, an early event in inflammation is cell stress/necrosis leading to the release of HSP60 and HSP70 that binds via a CD14-mediated mechanism to Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 [2] as part of the 'danger' signal [3]. The secretion of tumour necrosis factor alpha, IL-1, IL-12 and other chemokines prepares the environment for a TH1 adaptive immune response. It is now recognised that some chaperonins, such as BiP and HSP27, may activate the innate immune system to secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 [4,5] that may skew the adaptive immune response to TH2. Recent work by our group has shown that BiP can not only prevent but also treat ongoing collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice [6], suggesting that chaperonins may down modulate ongoing TH1 responses. Thus, it may be possible to suppress rheumatoid inflammation by administration of appropriate chaperonins such as BiP. Finally, chaperonins may be important system regulators determining the outcome between TH1 and Th2 immune responses. References 1.
Dark state photophysics of nitrogen–vacancy centres in diamond (2012)

Nitrogen–vacancy (NV) colour centres in diamond are attractive fluorescence emitters owing to their unprecedented photostability and superior applicability to spin manipulation and sub-diffraction far-field optical microscopy. However, some applications are limited by the co-occurrence of dark state population and optical excitation. In this paper, we use fluorescence microscopy and correlation spectroscopy on single negatively charged NV centres in type IIa bulk diamond to unravel the population kinetics of a >100 s long-lived dark state. The bright–dark state interconversion rates show a quadratic dependence on the applied laser intensity, which implies that higher excited states are involved. Depopulation of the dark state becomes less effective at wavelengths above 532 nm, resulting in a complete fluorescence switch-off at wavelengths >600 nm. This switch is reversible by the addition of shorter wavelengths. This behaviour can be explained by a model consisting of three dark and three bright states of different excitation levels, with the most efficient interconversion via the respective higher excited states. This model accounts for the nonlinear dark state and photoswitching kinetics, as well as for the decrease of the NV's fluorescence lifetime with excitation intensity and the strong dependence of fluorescence emission on excitation intensity. Unfortunately, our data do not give enough insight to allow us to assign the different states to specific electronic states known from the literature. Nevertheless, our observations allowed us to improve the recording of fluorescence images of single NV centres with sub-diffraction spatial resolution but they also have important implications for studying their spin states.
Prospects for the integration of lignin materials into the circular economy (2023)

Lignin is a remarkable natural polyphenol that provides trees with physical and (bio-)chemical resistance, as well as the ability to reach considerable heights. Lignin is also intrinsically circular with slow biodegradability, thereby serving as a carbon source for soils. There is a growing interest in using industrial lignin as an environmentally and economically beneficial material. However, most of the industrially produced lignin is still used as a cost-efficient energy source by the forestry sector. To efficiently redirect the use towards material applications and to avoid the end-of-life problems connected to traditional plastics, there is an imminent need and opportunity to include circularity as an important design parameter. In this review, we critically assess opportunities and obstacles for lignin as a component in circular materials, as guided by life cycle assessment and benchmarking to best practices in materials science and engineering, e.g., circularity “by design”. We cover and reflect on recent and emerging advances in nanotechnology and materials science that showcase how lignin can contribute to carbon fixation as a viable alternative to its combustion in the pulping processes. We argue that, with adequate considerations, lignin has the potential to enable the development of new circular biobased materials that do not cause accumulation of environmentally persistent waste, and are equipped with attractive functionalities and performance for the benefit of a sustainable society.
314-Tbit/s (576 × 380.16-MHz 5G NR OFDM Signals) SDM/WDM/SCM-Based IF-over-Fiber Transmission for Analog Mobile Fronthaul (2022)

576 × 64-QAM 5G NR OFDM signals with a net bit rate of 1.314-Tbit/s are successfully transmitted over a 12.8-km uncoupled 4-core fiber, using subcarrier multiplexing for the 18 OFDM signals and eight wavelength-division multiplexing.
Implementation of an 8-Core, 64-Thread, Power-Efficient SPARC Server on a Chip (2008)

The second in the Niagara series of processors (Niagara2) from Sun Microsystems is based on the power-efficient chip multi-threading (CMT) architecture optimized for Space, Watts (Power), and Performance (SWaP) [SWap Rating = Performance/(Space <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">*</sub> Power) ]. It doubles the throughput performance and performance/watt, and provides >10times improvement in floating point throughput performance as compared to UltraSPARC T1 (Niagara1). There are two 10 Gb Ethernet ports on chip. Niagara2 has eight SPARC cores, each supporting concurrent execution of eight threads for 64 threads total. Each SPARC core has a floating point and graphics unit and an advanced cryptographic unit which provides high enough bandwidth to run the two 10 Gb Ethernet ports encrypted at wire speeds. There is a 4 MB Level2 cache on chip. Each of the four on-chip memory controllers controls two FBDIMM channels. Niagara2 has 503 million transistors on a 342 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> die packaged in a flip-chip glass ceramic package with 1831 pins. The chip is built in Texas Instruments' 65 nm 11LM triple-Vt CMOS process. It operates at 1.4 GHz at 1.1 V and consumes 84 W.
Novel Ultrasound Joint Selection Methods Using a Reduced Joint Number Demonstrate Inflammatory Improvement when Compared to Existing Methods and Disease Activity Score at 28 Joints (2015)

Novel methods effectively demonstrate inflammatory improvement when compared with existing methods and DAS28.