gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Associative Polymer Flow in Porous Medium (2019)

Summary Previous core flood investigation of acrylamide-based polymers with associative thickening properties indicated in-situ flow resistance factors (RF) significantly higher than experienced with non-associative polymers having similar bulk rheological properties. Here we propose a novel model for associative polymers which handles the formation of an in-situ polymer network and captures its properties in different flow regimes and at various polymer concentrations. The model is implemented in an in-house black-oil simulator and will allow more robust core-to-field scaling of laboratory results. The modeling is validated by simulating a set of core experiments conducted with the same polymer but with different concentrations. In the experimental study the polymer was injected at variable flow rates into dual serial mounted cores with 100 % water saturation. The results are compared with results obtained with a non-associative polymer with similar bulk rheological properties. The increased flow resistance due to injected polymer was observed to propagate as two fronts. The first front had flow resistance consistent with measured bulk viscosity and a velocity typical for non-associative polymer, while the second front had up to two order of magnitude higher RF and the velocity was lower and dependent on the injected polymer concentration. Another characteristic observed for these types of polymer is the moderate sensitivity of the steady-state pressure drop to changes in the flow rate. In the proposed model, the associative polymer is treated as a mixed polymer system consisting of a smaller fraction rich in hydrophobic groups and a larger fraction with properties like a regular synthetic polymer. For both fractions, we include typical rheological behavior observed for regular synthetic polymers in flow regimes; shear thinning, shear thickening (elongational flow) and mechanical degradation when going from low to high shear rate. The formation of a pore filling network is modelled as a shear rate dependent retention of the smaller hydrophobic fraction and its additional flow resistance is obtained using a Carman-Kozeny approach. Simulations of the experiments conducted with 100 % Sw demonstrate that the model can reproduce observed effects like pressure front velocities at different polymer concentrations and responses in RF to rate variations. The model was also applied to two-phase experiments. Effect of water saturation was included in appropriate terms and the RF in presence of oil is captured. Finally, we demonstrate how temperature dependent associative behavior can be utilized at the field scale in a simple large-scale model.
Supplementary Figure Legends 1-4 from RETRACTED: Methylation Mediated Silencing of MicroRNA-1 Gene and Its Role in Hepatocellular Carcinogenesis (2023)

Supplementary Figure Legends 1-4 from RETRACTED: Methylation Mediated Silencing of MicroRNA-1 Gene and Its Role in Hepatocellular Carcinogenesis
Metal Supported Flow-Through Particulate Trap; a Non-Blocking Solution (2001)

In 2000 about one third of all newly registered vehicles in Germany were equipped with a diesel engine. By tradition, this share is even higher in countries such as France and Austria. The sharp increase in the number of diesel vehicles on the one hand is due to the low fuel consumption applicable in particular to engines with direct injection in conjunction with relatively favourable diesel fuel prices, but is on the other hand related to the “fun factor” also. Today’s diesel vehicles with their performance, impressive torque characteristics and comfort can hardly be told apart from comparable spark ignition engine vehicles.It is above all the lower specific fuel consumption (Fig. 1) and consequently the emission of the supposed greenhouse gas CO2 – currently a hotly debated political issue, which evoke the interest of the automobile industry for the diesel engine. In view of the stronger appearance of diesel vehicles on the market, there is the possibility to come a great deal closer to the average fleet consumption values agreed in the “voluntary restriction on the part of the German automobile industry” for the year 2008. This results in a fleet average of 140 g of CO2 in the new European test cycle. Fig. 1: Specific fuel consumption of several powertrain concepts
Control of the Metal–Insulator Transition at Complex Oxide Heterointerfaces through Visible Light (2015)

The coupling of the localized surface plasmon resonance of Au nanoparticles is utilized to deliver a visible-light stimulus to control conduction at the LaAlO3 /SrTiO3 interface. A giant photoresponse and the controllable metal-insulator transition are characterized at this heterointerface. This study paves a new route to optical control of the functionality at the heterointerfaces.
Tumor immune escape by the loss of homeostatic chemokine expression (2007)

The novel keratinocyte-specific chemokine CCL27 plays a critical role in the organization of skin-associated immune responses by regulating T cell homing under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Here we demonstrate that human keratinocyte-derived skin tumors may evade T cell-mediated antitumor immune responses by down-regulating the expression of CCL27 through the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-Ras-MAPK-signaling pathways. Compared with healthy skin, CCL27 mRNA and protein expression was progressively lost in transformed keratinocytes of actinic keratoses and basal and squamous cell carcinomas. In vivo, precancerous skin lesions as well as cutaneous carcinomas showed significantly elevated levels of phosphorylated ERK compared with normal skin, suggesting the activation of EGFR-Ras signaling pathways in keratinocyte-derived malignancies. In vitro, exogenous stimulation of the EGFR-Ras signaling pathway through EGF or transfection of the dominant-active form of the Ras oncogene (H-RasV12) suppressed whereas an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor increased CCL27 mRNA and protein production in keratinocytes. In mice, neutralization of CCL27 led to decreased leukocyte recruitment to cutaneous tumor sites and significantly enhanced primary tumor growth. Collectively, our data identify a mechanism of skin tumors to evade host antitumor immune responses.
Abstract 18059: Utility of Infarct Edge Homogenization in Controlling Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients With Underlying Ischemic Heart Disease (2013)

Introduction: Point source ablation may be effective in eliminating stable ventricular tachycardia (VT), where actual mapping and ablation are possible. Ablating patients with unstable VT is more complicated and may require aggressive intervention. While small linear lesions have been utilized, the actual utility of longer linear homogenization for eliminating ventricular arrhythmias has not been examined. Methods: Therefore, the results of 86 patients undergoing VT ablation at Mayo Clinic were examined. 42 had underlying ischemic heart disease with an EF of 33.5 ± 16.8 had VT with a cycle length of 326 ± 165 ms, and had 2.5± 1.6 episodes of VT in the preceding three months. 32 required shocks for that tachycardia. Results: Of these, 21 patients (16 male, 5 female Age 67±18) underwent detailed linear ablation at the scar margin in an effort to homogenize that region. This was drawn into the infarct scar by decreasing the upper voltage boundary to 2.0. In these patients, 18 showed elimination of clinical VT. In addition, 12 showed a decrease in VT from 10 ± 8.7 episodes down to 2.5 ± 1.2 episodes of actual ventricular arrhythmias. The shock requirement decreased from 8.6 ±4.7 to 1.5 ±2.7. These patients had 7 ± 3.5 different VTs at the time of ablation. These data suggest not only a decrease the occurrence of VT, but an improved control of the arrhythmia as manifested by decreased frequency of episodes and a decrease in shock. This suggests a straightforward alternative to point source ablation or to the requirement of detailed LAVA intervention. Conclusion: Linear infarct edge homogenization is a straightforward means of ablating ventricular tachycardia’s, even when unstable. This approach may be simpler than seen with LAVA interventions.
Coverage of a Radio Beacon-Based Differential GPS Network (1987)

A radio beacon-based system is being investigated by the U.S. Coast Guard for the communication of differential GPS (DGPS) messages. This system would add a digitally modulated subcarrier to transmissions from existing marine radio beacons, which operate in the 285 kHz to 325 kHz band. The idea is attractive, because a well located and widespread radio beacon network is already in place. Additionally, the DGPS/radio beacon signal can be designed such that it should not interfere with the direction finders which normally use the radio beacons. Finally, the signal should be reliably received at appreciable distances, because error correcting codes and interleaving are used. In fact, this paper discusses the prediction of DGPS/radio beacon signal coverage. Several coverage charts are presented as examples. The paper also lists which major U.S. harbors (8 million tons of cargo per year or more) can and cannot be covered if the DGPS subcarrier is installed on existing, continuous-broadcast radio beacons. The achievable signal coverage depends on which error correcting code is used, and the paper analyzes coverage for a “rate ½” code and a “rate ⅛” code.
Algorithms for memories with stuck cells (2010)

We present a class of algorithms for encoding data in memories with stuck cells. These algorithms rely on earlier code constructions termed cyclic Partitioned Linear Block Codes. For the corresponding q-ary BCH-like codes for u stucks in a codeword of length n, our encoding algorithm has complexity O((u log <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</sub> n) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</sub> operations, which we will show compares favorably to a generic approach based on Gaussian elimination. The computational complexity improvements are realized by taking advantage of the algebraic structure of cyclic codes for stucks. The algorithms are also applicable to cyclic codes for both stucks and errors.
Size Effects in the Electrochemical Alloying and Cycling of Electrodeposited Aluminum with Lithium (2012)

The electrochemical alloying and cycling of electrodeposited aluminum films, electron-beam deposited aluminum films, and template-synthesized aluminum nanorods with lithium is presented here. Electrodeposition of aluminum is performed at room temperature using ionic liquid solutions and is shown to exhibit high faradaic efficiency. To study the dependence of lithium-aluminum cycling on size, the thickness of these films is varied between 0.25 μm and 6.2 μm by varying the electrodeposition time. Electrochemical alloying and de-alloying of these films with lithium is observed in lithium half-cells at room temperature. The films reach theoretical capacity for the formation of LiAl (1 Ah g−1). The performance of electrodeposited aluminum films is dependent on film thickness, and the thinnest films exhibit the worst cycling behavior. Cycling of aluminum films formed by electron-beam deposition is in quantitative agreement with that of films formed by electrodeposition, and the two types of films have a similar appearance in SEM images taken after cycling. Synthesis of aluminum nanorod arrays on stainless steel substrates is also demonstrated using electrodeposition into anodic aluminum oxide templates followed by template dissolution. Unlike nanostructures of other lithium-alloying materials, the electrochemical performance of these aluminum nanorod arrays is worse than that of bulk aluminum.
Hydrogenation of Polyesters to Polyether Polyols (2019)

The amount of plastic waste is continuously increasing. Besides conventional recycling, one solution to deal with this problem could be to use this waste as a resource for novel materials. In this study, polyesters are hydrogenated to give polyether polyols by using in situ-generated Ru-Triphos catalysts in combination with Lewis acids. The choice of Lewis acid and its concentration relative to the ruthenium catalyst are found to determine the selectivity of the reaction. Monitoring of the molecular weight during the reaction confirms a sequential mechanism in which the diols that are formed by hydrogenation are etherified to the polyethers. To probe the applicability of this tandem hydrogenation etherification approach, a range of polyester substrates is investigated. The oligoether products that form in these reactions have the chain lengths that are appropriate for application in the adhesives and coatings industries. This strategy makes polyether polyols accessible that are otherwise difficult to obtain from conventional fossil-based feedstocks.
Lewis Acid-Induced Change from Four- to Two-Electron Reduction of Dioxygen Catalyzed by Copper Complexes Using Scandium Triflate (2015)

Mononuclear copper complexes, [(tmpa)Cu(II)(CH3CN)](ClO4)2 (1, tmpa = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) and [(BzQ)Cu(II)(H2O)2](ClO4)2 (2, BzQ = bis(2-quinolinylmethyl)benzylamine)], act as efficient catalysts for the selective two-electron reduction of O2 by ferrocene derivatives in the presence of scandium triflate (Sc(OTf)3) in acetone, whereas 1 catalyzes the four-electron reduction of O2 by the same reductant in the presence of Brønsted acids such as triflic acid. Following formation of the peroxo-bridged dicopper(II) complex [(tmpa)Cu(II)(O2)Cu(II)(tmpa)](2+), the two-electron reduced product of O2 with Sc(3+) is observed to be scandium peroxide ([Sc(III)(O2(2-))](+)). In the presence of 3 equiv of hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA), [Sc(III)(O2(2-))](+) was oxidized by [Fe(bpy)3](3+) (bpy = 2,2-bipyridine) to the known superoxide species [(HMPA)3Sc(III)(O2(•-))](2+) as detected by EPR spectroscopy. A kinetic study revealed that the rate-determining step of the catalytic cycle for the two-electron reduction of O2 with 1 is electron transfer from Fc* to 1 to give a cuprous complex which is highly reactive toward O2, whereas the rate-determining step with 2 is changed to the reaction of the cuprous complex with O2 following electron transfer from ferrocene derivatives to 2. The explanation for the change in catalytic O2-reaction stoichiometry from four-electron with Brønsted acids to two-electron reduction in the presence of Sc(3+) and also for the change in the rate-determining step is clarified based on a kinetics interrogation of the overall catalytic cycle as well as each step of the catalytic cycle with study of the observed effects of Sc(3+) on copper-oxygen intermediates.
Vibrational Spectra, Vibrational Analysis and Stereochemistries of the Pentacoordinate Molecules SiCl3X•N(CH3)3 and SiCl3X•N(CD3)3 where X = H, F, Br, or I (1973)

The thermally unstable compounds SiCl 3 X • N(CH 3 ) 3 and SiCl 3 X • N(CD 3 ) 3 where X = H, F, Br, or I are studied at −196 °C by infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The data are compatible with molecular five coordinate compounds having a trigonal bipyramidal stereochemistry with the ligand trimethylamine always in the axial position. Using the vibrational data and normal coordinate analyses in both the C s and C 3v configurations, X is suggested to be equatorial for H and F and axial for Br and I. The factors influencing the position of X in the compounds are discussed.
Completely N[superscript 1]-Selective Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation of Unsymmetric Imidazoles: Application to the Synthesis of Nilotinib (2011)

The completely N[superscript 1]-selective Pd-catalyzed arylation of unsymmetric imidazoles with aryl halides and triflates is described. This study showed that imidazoles have a strong inhibitory effect on the in situ formation of the catalytically active Pd(0)–ligand complex. The efficacy of the N-arylation reaction was improved drastically by the use of a preactivated solution of Pd[subscript 2](dba)[subscript 3] and L1. From these findings, it is clear that while imidazoles can prevent binding of L1 to Pd, once the ligand is bound to the metal, these heterocycles do not displace it. The utility of the present catalytic system was demonstrated by the regioselective synthesis of the clinically important tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib.
AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR TRANSFERRING GRAPHENE GROWN BY CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION (2011)

In this paper, we report an improved transfer of graphene by directly picking up the graphene with target substrates and the comparison of such transferred graphene samples with other graphene samples transferred by the commonly used "PMMA-based transfer" method. Raman spectroscopy studies show that this "direct transfer method" does not degrade the graphene structure and field effect transistor measurements show that it does not introduce any extra doping in graphene; in contrast, PMMA-based transfer samples have strong n-type doping. We also find that graphene samples achieved by this direct transfer method show higher mobility than graphene obtained from the PMMA-based transfer method.
Reflection Mode Tabletop Coherent Diffraction Imaging of Buried Nanostructures (2015)

We image a nanostructured sample through a visibly-opaque 100nm layer of aluminum using lensless Fresnel Ptychography and a tabletop high harmonic source. The reconstructed amplitude-contrast image uncovered the presence of interfacial diffusion non-destructively.
Buried-heterostructure quantum-cascade laser overgrown by gas-source molecular-beam epitaxy (2012)

We describe the realization of buried-heterostructure quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) using gas-source molecular beam epitaxy both for the growth of the active region as well as for the regrowth of InP:Fe. The regrowth of the semi-insulating InP:Fe layer was carried out at 470 °C, which is more than 100 °C below the standard growth temperature during metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy, the standard method for laser overgrowth. The electrical resistivity of the InP:Fe insulation layer, measured in test samples grown on (001) InP, is as large as 2×108Ωcm. High-resistivity InP:Fe is overgrown non-selectively over the etched laser ridge, followed by the top contact alloyed through it to the active region. The processed quantum-cascade lasers show no evidence of parallel leakage current and exhibit lower threshold current density than lasers using SiO2 as an insulator. The ability to fabricate buried heterostructure lasers without exceeding 600 °C is important for strain-compensated AlAs-InGaAs quantum cascade lasers with large internal strain because these devices do not typically withstand temperatures used to grow InP:Fe using vapor-phase epitaxy.
Application of Poly(ethylene glycol)-based Aqueous Biphasic Systems as Reaction and Reactive Extraction Media (2004)

Poly(ethylene glycol)-based aqueous biphasic systems (PEG-ABSs) have been investigated as tunable reaction media, in the example presented here, to control the oxidation of cyclohexene to adipic acid with hydrogen peroxide. The production of adipic acid was found to increase from the monophasic to the biphasic regimes, was greatest at short tie-line lengths (close to the system's critical point), and demonstrates how control of the ABS media, through changes in system composition, PEG, salt, and tie-line length, can be used to readily tune and control reactivity and product isolation in these aqueous biphasic reactive extraction systems. Challenges in using this system, including possible oxidation reactions of the PEG−OH end groups, are also discussed.
Radiogenomic analysis of hypoxia pathway is predictive of overall survival in Glioblastoma (2018)

Hypoxia, a characteristic trait of Glioblastoma (GBM), is known to cause resistance to chemo-radiation treatment and is linked with poor survival. There is hence an urgent need to non-invasively characterize tumor hypoxia to improve GBM management. We hypothesized that (a) radiomic texture descriptors can capture tumor heterogeneity manifested as a result of molecular variations in tumor hypoxia, on routine treatment naïve MRI, and (b) these imaging based texture surrogate markers of hypoxia can discriminate GBM patients as short-term (STS), mid-term (MTS), and long-term survivors (LTS). 115 studies (33 STS, 41 MTS, 41 LTS) with gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MRI (Gd-T1w) and T2-weighted (T2w) and FLAIR MRI protocols and the corresponding RNA sequences were obtained. After expert segmentation of necrotic, enhancing, and edematous/nonenhancing tumor regions for every study, 30 radiomic texture descriptors were extracted from every region across every MRI protocol. Using the expression profile of 21 hypoxia-associated genes, a hypoxia enrichment score (HES) was obtained for the training cohort of 85 cases. Mutual information score was used to identify a subset of radiomic features that were most informative of HES within 3-fold cross-validation to categorize studies as STS, MTS, and LTS. When validated on an additional cohort of 30 studies (11 STS, 9 MTS, 10 LTS), our results revealed that the most discriminative features of HES were also able to distinguish STS from LTS (p = 0.003).
Synthesis, NMR spectroscopy and conformational studies of the four anomeric methyl glycosides of the trisaccharide D-Glcp-(1→3)-[D-Glcp-(1→4)]-α-D-Glcp (1998)

The four anomeric methyl glycosides of the vicinally disubstituted trisaccharide D-Glcp-(1→3)-[D-Glcp-(1→4)]-α-D-Glcp have been synthesized using silver trifluoromethanesulfonate mediated glycosylations. The 1H and 13C NMR resonances have been assigned and used for extraction of glycosylation shifts, i.e. the differences between chemical shifts for signals from the trisaccharides and those of the respective monomers, as well as those derived by addition of the glycosylation shifts for each disaccharide element. Glycosylation shifts are up to 0.5 ppm for proton and 10 ppm for carbon. Deviations from additivity are –0.2–0.1 ppm for proton and –4.5–2.3 ppm for carbon, usually confined to the atoms at the linkage positions. The conformational space spanned for the trisaccharides, and the constituent disaccharides, has been investigated by Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations using the HSEA force field. The α-linked glucosyl groups show larger conformational changes with multiple energy minima, whereas the β-linked glucosyl groups have a single energy minimum, close to that identified for the constituent disaccharide.
Real-time sequential detection for diffusion signals (1987)

We present the sequential detection problem for diffusion type signals in both the fixed probability of error and the Bayesian formulations. The optimal strategy in both cases is a threshold policy with explicitly computable thresholds. We provide numerical schemes for approximating the relevant likelihood ratio and provide an architecture for real time signal processing.
Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide and methane at an immobilized cobalt protoporphyrin (2015)

The electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide and water into useful products is a major challenge in facilitating a closed carbon cycle. Here we report a cobalt protoporphyrin immobilized on a pyrolytic graphite electrode that reduces carbon dioxide in an aqueous acidic solution at relatively low overpotential (0.5 V), with an efficiency and selectivity comparable to the best porphyrin-based electrocatalyst in the literature. While carbon monoxide is the main reduction product, we also observe methane as by-product. The results of our detailed pH-dependent studies are explained consistently by a mechanism in which carbon dioxide is activated by the cobalt protoporphyrin through the stabilization of a radical intermediate, which acts as Brønsted base. The basic character of this intermediate explains how the carbon dioxide reduction circumvents a concerted proton-electron transfer mechanism, in contrast to hydrogen evolution. Our results and their mechanistic interpretations suggest strategies for designing improved catalysts.