gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Racetrack Memory: a high capacity, high performance, non-volatile spintronic memory (2022)

Racetrack Memory is a novel, emerging spintronic memory whose fundamental principle is the movement of the encoded digital data, in the form of chiral magnetic domain walls, along nanoscopic magnetic racetracks, to reading and writing devices that are built into the racetrack itself. Thus, a single device - the racetrack - accommodates multiple bits, perhaps as many as one hundred or more, thereby allowing for massive data capacities that rival those of magnetic disk drives or today's solid-state memories. The domain walls are moved by nanosecond current pulses that are converted into spin-polarized currents via volume spin dependent scattering, or into pure spin currents via spin-orbit coupling derived phenomena, most importantly the spin Hall effect. Recent discoveries that have shown highly efficient current induced motion of chiral domain walls with speeds of ∼1 km/s or higher in synthetic antiferromagnetic racetracks make possible high performance racetrack memories. Of special interest is a one-domain wall racetrack memory that has the potential to operate at deep sub-nanosecond speeds, and, thereby, could supplant SRAM and, moreover, be much denser than today's or prospective SRAM and, in addition, is non-volatile. There is no other memory technology that has the enormous potential of Racetrack Memory.
S -nitrosylation drives cell senescence and aging in mammals by controlling mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy (2018)

<i>S</i>-nitrosylation, a prototypic redox-based posttranslational modification, is frequently dysregulated in disease. <i>S</i>-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) regulates protein <i>S</i>-nitrosylation by functioning as a protein denitrosylase. Deficiency of GSNOR results in tumorigenesis and disrupts cellular homeostasis broadly, including metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune function. Here, we demonstrate that GSNOR expression decreases in primary cells undergoing senescence, as well as in mice and humans during their life span. In stark contrast, exceptionally long-lived individuals maintain GSNOR levels. We also show that GSNOR deficiency promotes mitochondrial nitrosative stress, including excessive <i>S</i>-nitrosylation of Drp1 and Parkin, thereby impairing mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. Our findings implicate GSNOR in mammalian longevity, suggest a molecular link between protein <i>S</i>-nitrosylation and mitochondria quality control in aging, and provide a redox-based perspective on aging with direct therapeutic implications.
A single center experience with high-dose (HD) IL-2 treatment for patients with advanced melanoma and pilot investigation of a novel gene expression signature as a predictor of response (2009)

9003 Background: HD IL-2 remains one of two FDA-approved therapies for the treatment of patients (pts) with advanced melanoma. Initial studies conducted 15–20 years ago reported 16% response rate with 8% of pts achieving durable responses. The toxicity of HD IL-2 limits its application to pts treated in specialized centers. We present the clinical outcome of pts treated over a recent 2 year period with HD IL-2 at a single institution and an associated retrospective pilot study evaluating the predictive value of a novel tumor gene expression signature. Methods: Clinical and radiological data were collected and analyzed on 49 consecutive pts treated with HD IL-2 at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center from 10/05 - 10/07. Response was evaluated via RECIST. Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tumor was obtained on consenting pts and classified as either Class 1, defined by melanocyte-specific genes including MITF, or Class 2, represented by immune genes, using the DNA-mediated Annealing, Selection, and Ligation (DASL) technique. Two-sided Fisher's Exact test was used to compare the proportion of responses for pts in the two classes. Results: Clinical response occurred in 16 of the 49 pts (32.6%), with 5 pts (10.2%) having a CR. Two other pts had stable disease &gt; 12 mos; 3 pts who progressed after response had resection to NED. 10 pts remain disease/progression free at a minimum of 16 mos following treatment. 28 pts (including 13 of 16 responders) had sufficient tumor for DASL analysis. Among the 21 categorized as Class 1, 7 (33%) were responders. Of the 7 classified as Class 2, 6 (86%) were responders. This difference in response was statistically significant (p = 0.0286). Conclusions: The overall and CR rates in a contemporary series of pts with metastatic melanoma treated with HD IL-2 are twice that reported in initial studies suggesting some treatment selection on clinical grounds since the 1990s. Pts with tumors expressing an immune signature by DASL appeared more likely to respond. This finding requires prospective validation, but suggests immune-related gene expression might contribute to IL-2 responsiveness. [Table: see text]
Regularized Behavior Value Estimation (2021)

Offline reinforcement learning restricts the learning process to rely only on logged-data without access to an environment. While this enables real-world applications, it also poses unique challenges. One important challenge is dealing with errors caused by the overestimation of values for state-action pairs not well-covered by the training data. Due to bootstrapping, these errors get amplified during training and can lead to divergence, thereby crippling learning. To overcome this challenge, we introduce Regularized Behavior Value Estimation (R-BVE). Unlike most approaches, which use policy improvement during training, R-BVE estimates the value of the behavior policy during training and only performs policy improvement at deployment time. Further, R-BVE uses a ranking regularisation term that favours actions in the dataset that lead to successful outcomes. We provide ample empirical evidence of R-BVE's effectiveness, including state-of-the-art performance on the RL Unplugged ATARI dataset. We also test R-BVE on new datasets, from bsuite and a challenging DeepMind Lab task, and show that R-BVE outperforms other state-of-the-art discrete control offline RL methods.
A stochastic model to predict the routability of field-programmable gate arrays (1993)

One area of particular importance is the design of an FPGA routing architecture, which houses the user-programmable switches and wires that are used to interconnect the FPGAs logic resources. Because the routing switches consume significant chip area and introduce propagation delays, the design of the routing architecture greatly influences both the area utilization and speed performance of an FPGA. FPGA routing architectures have already been studied using experimental techniques. This paper describes a stochastic model that facilitates exploration of a wide range of FPGA routing architectures using a theoretical approach. In the stochastic model an FPGA is represented as an N*N array of logic blocks separated by both horizontal and vertical routing channels, similar to a Xilinx FPGA. A circuit to be routed is represented by additional parameters that specify the total number of connections, and each connection's length and trajectory. The stochastic model gives an analytic expression for the routability of the circuit in the FPGA. Practically speaking, routability can be viewed as the likelihood that a circuit can be successfully routed in a given FPGA. The routability predictions from the model are validated by comparing them with the results of a previously published experimental study on FPGA routability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Three-dimensional bicontinuous nanoporous materials by vapor phase dealloying (2018)

Three-dimensional bicontinuous open (3DBO) nanoporosity has been recognized as an important nanoarchitecture for catalysis, sensing, and energy storage. Dealloying, i.e., selectively removing a component from an alloy, is an efficient way to fabricate nanoporous materials. However, current electrochemical and liquid-metal dealloying methods can only be applied to a limited number of alloys and usually require an etching process with chemical waste. Here, we report a green and universal approach, vapor-phase dealloying, to fabricate nanoporous materials by utilizing the vapor pressure difference between constituent elements in an alloy to selectively remove a component with a high partial vapor pressure for 3DBO nanoporosity. We demonstrate that extensive elements, regardless of chemical activity, can be fabricated as nanoporous materials with tunable pore sizes. Importantly, the evaporated components can be fully recovered. This environmentally friendly dealloying method paves a way to fabricate 3DBO nanoporous materials for a wide range of structural and functional applications.
Determination of protein aggregation with differential mobility analysis: Application to IgG antibody (2008)

Here we describe the use of electrospray differential mobility analysis (ES-DMA), also known as gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (GEMMA), as a method for measuring low-order soluble aggregates of proteins in solution. We demonstrate proof of concept with IgG antibodies. In ES-DMA, aqueous solutions of the antibody protein are electrosprayed and the various aerosolized species are separated according to their electrophoretic mobility using a differential mobility analyzer. In this way, complete size distributions of protein species present from 3 to 250 nm can be obtained with the current set up, including distinct peaks for IgG monomers to pentamers. The sizes of the IgG and IgG aggregates measured by DMA were found to be in good agreement with those calculated from simple models, which take the structural dimensions of IgG from protein crystallographic data. The dependence of IgG aggregation on the solution concentration and ionic strength was also examined, and the portion of aggregates containing chemically crosslinked antibodies was quantified. These results indicate that ES-DMA holds potential as a measurement tool to study protein aggregation phenomena such as those associated with antibody reagent manufacturing and protein therapeutics.
Vascular endothelial tissue factor contributes to trimethylamine N-oxide-enhanced arterial thrombosis (2021)

Endothelial TF contributes to TMAO-related arterial thrombosis potential, and can be specifically blocked by targeted non-lethal inhibition of gut microbial choline TMA-lyase.
Characterization of Electrodeposited Gold and Palladium Nanowire Gratings with Optical Diffraction Measurements (2009)

Parallel arrays of either Au or Pd nanowires were fabricated on glass substrates via the electrochemical process of lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition (LPNE) and then characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a series of optical diffraction measurements at 633 nm. Nanowires with widths varying from 25 to 150 nm were electrodeposited onto nanoscale Ni surfaces created by the undercut etching of a photoresist pattern on a planar substrate. With the use of a simple transmission grating geometry, up to 60 diffraction orders were observed from the nanowire gratings, with separate oscillatory intensity patterns appearing in the even and odd diffraction orders. The presence of these intensity oscillations is attributed to the LPNE array fabrication process, which creates arrays with alternating interwire spacings of distances d +Delta and d -Delta, where d = 25 microm and the asymmetry Delta varied from 0 to 3.5 microm. The amount of asymmetry could be controlled by varying the LPNE undercut etching time during the creation of the nanoscale Ni surfaces. The Fourier transform of a mathematical model of the nanowire array was used to predict the diffraction intensity patterns and quantitatively determine Delta for any grating. Additional sensitivity and an expanded diffraction order range were obtained through the use of external reflection (ER) and total internal reflection (TIR) diffraction geometries.
Surface Analysis of Bulk Polymers Using Laser-Induced Photoelectron Ionization with Laser Desorption in a Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (1996)

Laser desorption combined with photoelectron ionization in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer has been developed for surface analysis of bulk polymers. In this technique, a CO2 laser beam is focused onto a polymer surface to induce fast thermal dissociation and/or photodissociation of the polymeric materials. The resulting neutral species are then ionized using photoelectron ionization (PEI). The PEI process involves a laser−metal interaction in which a low-power, pulsed UV laser beam is directed to an appropriate metal surface exterior to the source region of a Wiley−McLaren time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The photoelectrons generated are accelerated as a narrowly distributed beam by the fringing fields of the source region. The electron beam, traveling in a direction almost parallel to the extraction grid, is used to ionize the desorbed neutrals that are entrained into the ionization region. A number of polymers of different molecular weight and monomer structure are examined using this technique. It is found that this technique can produce readily interpretable mass spectra for structural analysis and chemical identification. The application of this technique for terminal group analysis in chemically modified polymers is illustrated. A comparison of this technique with other mass spectrometric methods is presented. In addition, it is shown that the detection sensitivity can be very high, with a detection limit of <100 amol per laser shot for poly(ethylene glycol).
Cycle Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries Containing Ionic Liquids with Improved Reduction Stability (2013)

The high-temperature cycling performance of lithium-ion batteries containing a new series of ionic liquids based on an aliphatic quaternary ammonium cation and a bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide anion were investigated, by conducting charge-discharge cycling tests of graphite / LiFePO 4 cells. The new series of ionic liquids were 1,3-dimethyl-1-propylpiperidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (3mPP13-FSA) and 7-methyl-5-azoniaspiro[4,5]decane bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (7mAS45-FSA), which were obtained by introducing methyl groups to known compounds. The relationship between a change in electronic structure and reduction stability was researched. Introducing methyl group improved reduction stability as electron-donating ability. Further, melting points were lowered owing to the asymmetric structures of the cations. The electrochemical properties of these ionic liquids were evaluated by linear sweep voltammetry. The cycle performance of graphite/LiFePO 4 cells containing these ionic liquids for the electrolytes was improved compared with that of cells containing organic electrolytes based on LiPF 6 /ECDEC, and the capacity retention ratios were more than 50% at the 500th cycle at 60°C.
Industry experience with the IBM Active Middleware Technology (AMiT) Complex Event Processing engine (2010)

Complex event processing (CEP) is the analysis of event data in real-time to generate immediate insight and enable instant response to changing conditions. In this paper we share the experience we accumulated over the last decade in designing and deploying CEP applications using the IBM Active Middleware Technology (AMiT) CEP engine, a research asset developed at IBM Research - Haifa. Over the years we applied the technology in solutions for various industries, such as banking, insurance, healthcare, chemical and petroleum and more. In each scenario, the CEP engine was used to address different functional requirements including event-based routing, observation, monitoring and correlation. It was also often required to meet nonfunctional requirements such as scalability and transactional support. We describe several solutions from different domains in which AMiT played at least one of these functional or nonfunctional roles.
Resposta imune humoral na paracoccidioidomicose experimental em camundongos ddY Humoral immune response in experimental ddY mice paracoccidioidomycosis (2007)

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis, restrict to Latin America, with higher incidence in Brazil. ddY mice have been used as experimental PCM model, although there is no data regarding immune response. The aim of the present study was evaluated specific humoral response against the main specific antigen of the fungal Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the gp43, in ddY mice infected with virulent Pb 18. Antigenemia analysis and histophatological exam in several organs were performed in different time postinfection The results showed increased levels of anti-gp43 IgG on days 14, 17, 21, 24, 28 and 56 post-infection and increased levels of soluble gp-43 on day 28 post-infection. The fungal cells were detected in all organs analyzed (brain, heart, lung, liver, spleen and kidney) in all investigated periods. The granulomatous lesions became predominant 14 days after infection. The results evidence that ddY mice produce humoral immune response to main P. brasiliensis antigen, with high levels until 56 days after infection. Further studies are needed to show that reduction of soluble gp43 in chronic phase correlates with infection control.
Supplementary Table S1 from PHA-739358, a potent inhibitor of Aurora kinases with a selective target inhibition profile relevant to cancer (2023)

Supplementary Table S1 from PHA-739358, a potent inhibitor of Aurora kinases with a selective target inhibition profile relevant to cancer
Automatic grouping of semantic keywords to improve image rendering (2010)

The ultimate goal of automatic image rendering is a system that gives at least as pleasing results as a human expert using an image manipulation program. In this article we demonstrate that the exploitation of semantic image keywords is a promising approach towards this ultimate goal. We develop a keyword classification scheme specifically for the purpose of automatic image rendering. Further on, we propose a method to automatically classify keywords into these classes. We discuss the results based on experiments with a database of 40'000 images, annotated on average by five keywords each.
Cyclic phosphates of formycin. (1978)

The syntheses of N1- and N2-isopropylformycin (10, 11), formycin 3',5'-cyclic and 2',3'-cyclic phosphate (3,7) and their N-methyl and N-isopropyl derivatives (13, 15, 19, 23) are described. It was observed that substitution at N1 or N2 with a bulky alkyl group or cyclic phosphorylation of the ribose moiety made formycin resistant to adenosine deaminase.
Optimal Modulation for Known Interference (2007)

We present a symbol-by-symbol approach to the problem of canceling known interference at the transmitter in a communication system. In the envisioned system, the modulator maps an information symbol (taken from a finite alphabet) and an interference symbol (from the complex field) onto a transmitted constellation point. The demodulator picks the information symbol (as a function of the received symbol) which minimizes the average error probability. We find the optimal modulator-demodulator pair, in the minimum-probability-of-symbol-error sense, via an iterative optimization procedure, for fixed average transmit power. We illustrate that the new scheme can perform close to the no-interference bound, and in particular that it outperforms Tomlinson-Harashima precoding, which is a classical but suboptimal solution to the problem under study.
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 induces efficient hematopoietic differentiation of rhesus monkey embryonic stem cells in vitro (2001)

A cell culture system consisting of mouse S17 stromal cells supplemented with cytokines was developed for hematopoietic differentiation of rhesus monkey embryonic stem (ES) cells. The differentiated colonies that formed contained clusters of hematopoietic-like cells, as well as structures similar in appearance to embryonic blood islands. When this culture system was supplemented with bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4), the numbers of primary hematopoietic clusters increased by an average of 15 fold. The primary hematopoietic clusters containing clonogenic precursors (expandable hematopoietic clusters) increased by 18 fold. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that a substantial percentage of the hematopoietic-like cells were CD34(+), with morphologic features of undifferentiated blast cells. Enrichment of the CD34(+) cells was associated with enhanced stromal-dependent, cytokine-driven formation of cobblestone colonies on secondary plating. The hematopoietic identity of the precursors was further indicated by their expression of genes associated with hematopoietic differentiation, as well as morphologic assessments that showed erythroid and myeloid lineages among the progeny cells. In addition, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of BMP-4-treated rhesus monkey ES cells demonstrated an up-regulation of early-expressed genes responsible for embryonic hematopoiesis and angiogenesis during the first 7 days of culture. These observations suggest that embryonic mesoderm regulatory protein may mimic physiologic signals that are required for the onset of embryonic hematopoiesis and stem cell formation in rhesus monkey ES cells.
Modeling Crosslinking Polymerization in Batch and Continuous Reactors (2013)

Abstract A new pseudo‐distribution approach is applied to the modeling of crosslinking copolymerization of vinyl and divinyl monomer and compared to Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. With the number of free pending double bonds as the main distribution variable, a rigorous solution of the three leading moments of the molecular size distribution becomes possible. Validation takes place with data of methyl methacrylate with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Well within the sol regime perfect agreement is found, but near the gelpoint larger discrepancies do appear. This is probably due to the existence of multiradicals that are not taken into account in the population balance approaches. magnified image
Novel multifunctional dental bonding agent for class-V restorations to inhibit periodontal biofilms (2017)

We recently developed a dental bonding agent to bond restorations to teeth using nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) for remineralization with rechargeable calcium and phosphate ion release. The objectives of this study were to: (1) incorporate an antibacterial monomer dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) and a protein-repellent agent 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC); and (2) investigate protein adsorption and periodontitis-related biofilms for the first time. A primer, used to prime tooth structures for bonding, was made with pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate (PMGDM) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). An adhesive was made with PMGDM, ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate and HEMA. NACP, MPC and DMAHDM were incorporated. <i>Streptococcus gordonii, Actinomyces naeslundii, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum</i> were cultured to form single and multi-species biofilms. Colony-forming units (CFU), live/dead, metabolic activity, and polysaccharide were measured. Adding DMAHDM, MPC and NACP into the bonding agent did not compromise the dentin bond strength (<i>p</i> > 0.1). Bonding agents with 5% MPC reduced protein adsorption to 1/15 that of the control (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Bonding agents with 5% DMAHDM + 5% MPC had much greater reduction in biofilms than DMAHDM or MPC alone (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Biofilm CFU was reduced by 3 to 4 log via DMAHDM + MPC. Metabolic activities and polysaccharide of biofilms were also substantially reduced (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In conclusion, a novel bonding agent was developed for dental restorations with inhibition of biofilms, reducing CFU by 3 to 4 log. Besides remineralizartion and acid-neutralization via NACP to inhibit caries as shown previously, the multifunctional adhesive is promising for root restorations with subgingival margins to suppress periodontal pathogens and protect the periodontium.