gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
FSA-Guided Optimal Segmentation and Its Application to Camera-Based Character Recognition (2007)

shi, 980–8579 Japan a) E-mail: uchida@is.kyushu-u.ac.jp segmentation [9]~[11] や曲線の多角形近似 [12] も, 広義の一次元信号セグメンテーション問題としてとら えられる. セグメンテーションは,信号をある一定の性質をも つ区間に分割する問題として定義され,信号の階段関 数による近似問題に帰着されることが多い.上述の 2 値化・多値化 [3] はその典型例である.階段関数の区 間境界と区間値がともに最適化すべき制御変数となり, 原信号と階段関数間の最小二乗誤差が目的関数となる. 最適セグメンテーション問題の解法の一つに,動的 計画法(dynamic programming,以下 DP)がある. 実際,上で示した文献の多くでは,DPが利用されて いる.この理由は,(i) 厳密解が求まる,(ii) パターン 長を I,区間数を N とするとたかだか O(IN) の計 算量で済む,(iii) 様々な目的関数を扱える,といった 性質を DPが具備するためと考えられる. ところで,対象とする信号に規則性があれば,それ を援用することが有効と予想される.例えば,上述の 文書画像からの文字行抽出問題において,信号すなわ ち周辺分布(黒画素数の水平射影ヒストグラム)は文
Laser desorption mass spectrometry of polysilanes (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLaser desorption mass spectrometry of polysilanesThomas F. Magnera, V. Balaji, Josef Michl, R. D. Miller, and R. SooriyakumaranCite this: Macromolecules 1989, 22, 4, 1624–1635Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00194a022https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00194a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views77Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Low-Cost Planar Arrow-Shaped Monopole Antenna for 5G Near-Field Measurement (2022)

With a diverse range of high-frequency products and devices especially in mm-wave regime, radiation and emission analysis of electronic devices or device-under-test (DUT) are very important to solve electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems by using either far-field or near-field scanning measurements [1]–[3]. In a FF measurement system, because FF patterns have to be measured at a point where wave propagations are in the same phase, the FF range can be extended to several meters to tens of meters and that requires a long distance between the antenna under test (AUT) and a probing antenna [4]. In addition, FF measuring approach requires a high cost for isotropic or high gain antennas, big mechanical infrastructure, as well as large-scale measurement chamber areas. In contrast, the NF measurement method employs point-by-point scanning on the surface of the DUT to build a NF scanning data of the DUT [5]. NF analysis requires a small measurement setup environment due to the short distance between AUT and standard scanning probe. Although NF-to-FF transformation and calibration algorithms are required for NF analysis [6] [7], the increase of computational powerful computers effectively helps to solve these algorithms. Therefore, NF measurements in some cases are preferred to FF ones and widely used to estimate the radiation of devices through NF to far field (FF) transformation due to several advantages [4]. NF measurement offers rapid measurement and less engineering labour compared with FF analysis. Additionally, antenna NF measurement offers a reasonable reliability, accuracy and rapid measurements, and small form factor of the measuring mechanical and electrical system.
Optical interconnect design for a manufacturable multicomputer (2002)

In spite of the clear bandwidth advantages of optical technologies, current commercial multicomputers are still designed exclusively using electronic interconnects. This is due, in part, to the manufacturing complexity of existing optical interconnects, as well as architectural designs that are optimized for electrical rather than optical technology. We present the design of an optically interconnected multicomputer that addresses both of the above concerns: the optical interconnect is easily manufacturable and the architecture is designed around the capabilities and limitations of optical technology.
High-Resolution X-ray Crystallography Reveals Precise Binding Interactions between Human Nonpancreatic Secreted Phospholipase A2 and a Highly Potent Inhibitor (FPL67047XX) (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVLetterNEXTHigh-Resolution X-ray Crystallography Reveals Precise Binding Interactions between Human Nonpancreatic Secreted Phospholipase A2 and a Highly Potent Inhibitor (FPL67047XX)Sun-Shin Cha, Dennis Lee, Jerry Adams, Jeffrey T. Kurdyla, Christopher S. Jones, Lisa A. Marshall, Brian Bolognese, Sherin S. Abdel-Meguid, and Byung-Ha OhView Author Information Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, South Korea, and Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry, Inflammation and Respiratory Pharmacology, and Macromolecular Science, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406 Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 20, 3878–3881Publication Date (Web):September 27, 1996Publication History Received9 July 1996Published online27 September 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm960502ghttps://doi.org/10.1021/jm960502grapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views419Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Biopolymers,Inhibitors,Organic polymers,Peptides and proteins,Plastics Get e-Alerts
Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy in Models of Increased Loading (2011)

Skeletal muscle is a highly adaptive tissue that modifies its size in response to a variety of external stimuli. In adult mammals, skeletal muscle hypertrophy occurs primarily as a response to increases in external loading. Here, we describe the methods that should be used for a comprehensive assessment of muscle hypertrophy in animal models. The methods include the measurement of muscle mass, fiber cross-sectional area, contractile function, and protein concentration.
Thermal ViaAllocation for3DICsConsidering Temporally andSpatially Variant Thermal Power (2006)

Allexisting methods forthermal-via allocation arebased on a steady-state thermal analysis andmayleadtoexcessive number ofthermal vias. Thispaper develops anaccurate andefficient thermal-via allocation considering temporally andspatially vari- antthermal-power. Thetransient temperature iscalculated using macromodel byastructured andparameterized modelreduction, whichgenerates temperature sensitivity withrespect tothermal- viadensity. Bydefining athermal-violation integral based on thetransient temperature, anonlinear optimization problem is formulated toallocate thermal-vias andminimize thermal viola- tionintegral. Thisoptimization problem istransformed intoa sequence ofsubproblems byLagrangian relaxation, andeachsub- problem issolved byquadratic programming using sensitives from themacromodel. Experiments showthatcompared totheexisting methodusing steady-state thermal analysis, ourmethod is126X faster toobtain thetemperature profile, andreduces thenumber ofthermal viasby2.04Xunderthesametemperature bound. Categories andSubject Descriptors: B.7.2(Hardware): In- tegrated circuits -Design aids Vi aa~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a
From Phenotype to Genotype: Exploring Middle School Students' Understanding of Genetic Inheritance in a Web-Based Environment (2011)

Research shows that students face challenges as they learn about genetic inheritance. The challenges could emanate from the fact that genetic inheritance involves unseen processes at different organizational levels. We explored students' understanding of heredity and related concepts such as cells and reproduction using a Web-based Science Inquiry Environment (WISE) curriculum unit that was developed to help middle school students learn about genetic inheritance. Our findings suggest that students made significant gains from pretest to posttest. However, despite overall gains, some students struggled to explain the importance of mitotic and meiotic divisions in transferring genetic information.
Efficient Catalyst for the Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling of Potassium Aryl Trifluoroborates with Aryl Chlorides. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Transcriptional profiling identifies an androgen receptor activity-low, stemness program associated with enzalutamide resistance (2020)

The androgen receptor (AR) antagonist enzalutamide is one of the principal treatments for men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, not all patients respond, and resistance mechanisms are largely unknown. We hypothesized that genomic and transcriptional features from metastatic CRPC biopsies prior to treatment would be predictive of de novo treatment resistance. To this end, we conducted a phase II trial of enzalutamide treatment (160 mg/d) in 36 men with metastatic CRPC. Thirty-four patients were evaluable for the primary end point of a prostate-specific antigen (PSA)50 response (PSA decline ≥50% at 12 wk vs. baseline). Nine patients were classified as nonresponders (PSA decline <50%), and 25 patients were classified as responders (PSA decline ≥50%). Failure to achieve a PSA50 was associated with shorter progression-free survival, time on treatment, and overall survival, demonstrating PSA50's utility. Targeted DNA-sequencing was performed on 26 of 36 biopsies, and RNA-sequencing was performed on 25 of 36 biopsies that contained sufficient material. Using computational methods, we measured AR transcriptional function and performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to identify pathways whose activity state correlated with de novo resistance. <i>TP53</i> gene alterations were more common in nonresponders, although this did not reach statistical significance (<i>P</i> = 0.055). <i>AR</i> gene alterations and AR expression were similar between groups. Importantly, however, transcriptional measurements demonstrated that specific gene sets-including those linked to low AR transcriptional activity and a stemness program-were activated in nonresponders. Our results suggest that patients whose tumors harbor this program should be considered for clinical trials testing rational agents to overcome de novo enzalutamide resistance.
Role of hydrogen in the chemical vapor deposition growth of MoS2atomic layers (2015)

Hydrogen plays a crucial role in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of graphene. Here, we have revealed the roles of hydrogen in the two-step CVD growth of MoS2. Our study demonstrates that hydrogen acts as the following: (i) an inhibitor of the thermal-induced etching effect in the continuous film growth process; and (ii) a promoter of the desulfurization reaction by decreasing the S/Mo atomic ratio and the oxidation reaction of the obtained MoSx (0 < x < 2) films. A high hydrogen content of more than 100% in argon forms nano-sized circle-like defects and damages the continuity and uniformity of the film. Continuous MoS2 films with a high crystallinity and a nearly perfect S/Mo atomic ratio were finally obtained after sulfurization annealing with a hydrogen content in the range of 20%-80%. This insightful understanding reveals the crucial roles of hydrogen in the CVD growth of MoS2 and paves the way for the controllable synthesis of two-dimensional materials.
Nogo-A is a negative regulator of CNS angiogenesis (2013)

Nogo-A is an important axonal growth inhibitor in the adult and developing CNS. In vitro, Nogo-A has been shown to inhibit migration and cell spreading of neuronal and nonneuronal cell types. Here, we studied in vivo and in vitro effects of Nogo-A on vascular endothelial cells during angiogenesis of the early postnatal brain and retina in which Nogo-A is expressed by many types of neurons. Genetic ablation or virus-mediated knock down of Nogo-A or neutralization of Nogo-A with an antibody caused a marked increase in the blood vessel density in vivo. In culture, Nogo-A inhibited spreading, migration, and sprouting of primary brain microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs) in a dose-dependent manner and induced the retraction of MVEC lamellipodia and filopodia. Mechanistically, we show that only the Nogo-A-specific Delta 20 domain exerts inhibitory effects on MVECs, but the Nogo-66 fragment, an inhibitory domain common to Nogo-A, -B, and -C, does not. Furthermore, the action of Nogo-A Delta 20 on MVECs required the intracellular activation of the Ras homolog gene family, member A (Rho-A)-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK)-Myosin II pathway. The inhibitory effects of early postnatal brain membranes or cultured neurons on MVECs were relieved significantly by anti-Nogo-A antibodies. These findings identify Nogo-A as an important negative regulator of developmental angiogenesis in the CNS. They may have important implications in CNS pathologies involving angiogenesis such as stroke, brain tumors, and retinopathies.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Deprotection of Alkyl t‐Butyldimethylsilyl Ethers in the Presence of Aryl t‐Butyldimethylsilyl Ethers with Bismuth Bromide. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Synthesis, Modeling, and In Vitro Activity of (3‘S)-epi-K-252a Analogues. Elucidating the Stereochemical Requirements of the 3‘-Sugar Alcohol on trkA Tyrosine Kinase Activity (2005)

Utilizing our recently published semisynthetic approach to the (3‘S)-K-252a diastereomer, we report the first synthesis of the (3‘R)-10 diastereomer and a set of related epimers, with the goal of defining the stereochemical role of the 3‘-sugar hydroxyl group on trkA tyrosine kinase activity and selectivity. (3‘R)-10 displayed potent trkA inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 4 nM. The corresponding deshydroxy epimer (3‘S)-14 was 7-fold more potent than its 3‘R counterpart (natural stereochemistry) with a trkA IC50 value of 3 nM and demonstrated >280-fold selectivity over PKC (IC50 = 850 nM). In cells, (3‘S)-14 displayed potent inhibition of trkA autophosphorylation with an IC50 < 10 nM. Molecular modeling studies revealed that the 3‘-OH, due to the inverted geometry, forms significant H-bonding interactions with Glu27 and Arg195, an interaction that is not attainable with the natural isomers.
Proton-Implanted Shallow-Ridge Quantum-Cascade Laser (2006)

We demonstrate a shallow-ridge quantum-cascade laser (QCL) with performance comparable or better than that of deep-ridge QCLs fabricated from the same wafer. The shallow-ridge QCL emits at /spl ap/4 /spl mu/m with a 4.6-4.8 kA/cm/sup 2/ threshold current density at room temperature which is similar to the deep-ridge QCL. At the same time the shallow-ridge QCL shows a better temperature stability, T/sub 0/=160 K, than the deep-ridge QCL, with T/sub 0/=120 K. The increase in the characteristic temperature of the shallow-ridge laser compared to the deep-ridge laser results from the improved heat dissipation out of the laser ridge through the lateral heat flow. Lateral spreading of the injection current-usually a drawback of shallow-ridge lasers-is suppressed by proton implantation into the strain-compensated InGaAs-AlAs active region layers on either side of the ridge. In contrast to the case of In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As layers and of In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As-In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/As heterostructures lattice matched to InP, the proton implantation of strain-compensated In/sub 0.73/Ga/sub 0.27/As-AlAs heterostructure on InP creates deep (180 meV) carrier traps, resulting in this material being electrically insulating even at room temperature.
Spontaneous current constriction in threshold switching devices (2019)

Threshold switching devices are of increasing importance for a number of applications including solid-state memories and neuromorphic circuits. Their non-linear characteristics are thought to be associated with a spontaneous (occurring without an apparent external stimulus) current flow constriction but the extent and the underlying mechanism are a subject of debate. Here we use Scanning Joule Expansion Microscopy to demonstrate that, in functional layers with thermally activated electrical conductivity, the current spontaneously and gradually constricts when a device is biased into the negative differential resistance region. We also show that the S-type negative differential resistance I-V characteristics are only a subset of possible solutions and it is possible to have multiple current density distributions corresponding to the same value of the device voltage. In materials with steep dependence of current on temperature the current constriction can occur in nanoscale devices, making this effect relevant for computing applications.
StickViz: A New Visualization Tool for Phenomenon-Based k-Neighbors Searches in Geosocial Networking Services (2010)

Geosocial networking services allow users to create,use, and share information and to communicate with other people regarding geographical locations and time. Geosocial networking services generate large amounts of spatiotemporal contents that mainly include information about personal interests, activities, or real-life experiences. This paper discusses a new geovisualization tool named StickViz that helps retrieve k-neighbors by considering the spatial, temporal, and thematic interests of users over geosocial networking services.In particular, we define phenomena of interest for combining user interests with respect to location, time, and topic and propose a phenomenon-based k-neighbor query to find people having similar interests in spatial, temporal, and thematical dimensions. Moreover, we use a three-dimensional (two spatial dimensions and one temporal dimension) space so that the queries and spatiotemporal contents can be represented in the same space. Finally, we present a prototype of StickViz to navigate spatiotemporal contents and search k-neighbors on the basis of the predefined phenomena of interest through three-dimensional visual interfaces.
Thermovenabulum ferriorganovorum gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel thermophilic, anaerobic, endospore-forming bacterium. (2002)

A thermophilic, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium (strain Z-9801T) was isolated from a terrestrial hydrothermal source in the Uzon caldera on the Kamchatka peninsula. Cells of strain Z-9801T were straight, sometimes branched rods, 0.5-0.6 microm in diameter and 1.5-7.0 microm in length, with peritrichous flagella. The temperature range for growth was 45-76 degrees C, with an optimum at 63-65 degrees C. The pH range for growth was 4.8-8.2, with an optimum at 6.7-6.9. The substrates utilized by strain Z-9801T included peptone, yeast extract, beef extract, Casamino acids, starch, pyruvate, melibiose, sucrose, fructose, maltose, xylose and ribose. The fermentation products from melibiose were ethanol, acetate, H2 and CO2. Strain Z-9801T used H2 in the presence of Fe(III) and an organic electron donor. Strain Z-9801T reduced Fe(III), Mn(IV), nitrate, fumarate, sulfite, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur and 9,10-anthraquinone 2,6-disulfonate. The G+C content of strain Z-9801T DNA was 36 mol%. 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that the isolated organism forms a separate branch within the Bacillus/Clostridium group. On the basis of physiological properties and phylogenetic analysis, it is proposed that strain Z-9801T (= DSM 14006T = UNIQEM 210T) should be assigned to a novel species of a new genus, Thermovenabulum ferriorganovorum gen. nov., sp. nov.
Optical Triggering of High Current (1300 A), High-Voltage (12 kV) 4H-SiC Thyristor (2014)

A 12 kV class 4H-SiC thyristor with a pilot thyristor (an amplification step) has been triggered to a current I max = 1310 A in a mixed resistive-inductive load circuit. In order to further increase the I max , the homogeneity of the initially turned-on region should be improved and/or additional amplification steps introduced
Erasable compact disk utilizing phase-change material and multipulse recording method (1991)

A feasibility of phase change media to an erasable compact disk (CD) was studied. We proposed a quadrilayered optical disk having a recording layer of Ge 12 Sb 39 Te 49 thin film. The ternary material film was crystallized and also amorphized reversibly by laser irradiation of 0.7 microsecond(s) . This transition time was appropriate for the CD which revolves at 1.2-1.4 m/s. A multi-pulse (MP) recording method was also proposed to record EFM signals without teardrop shaped distortions. On the revolving disk, each recording mark of amorphous state was formed by irradiation of 'multi-pulses': a set of one preceding longer pulse and succeeding shorter pulses. Newly developed simple electric circuit for producing the MP waveform was examined to overwrite the single frequency signals of 196 kHz and 720 kHz, alternatively using only one laser beam. As a result, carrier to noise ratio (CNR) of more than 50 dB, secondary harmonic distortion (SHD) of -40 dB, and erasability of 40 dB were obtained. It was observed by a transmission electron microscope that the teardrop shaped distortion of the recording mark was reduced. Eight to fourteen modulation (EFM) signals of the audio CD format were also overwritten successfully and a clear eye-pattern was confirmed. The combination of the GeSbTe phase change media and the MP recording method will be applicable to the erasable compact disk.