gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of splitting in the Smart-Cut/sup R/ process (2002)

The Smart-Cut/sup R/ process is based on proton implantation and wafer bonding (Bruel, Electron. Lett. vol. 31, no. 14, pp. 1201-2, 1995). Proton implantation enables delamination of a thin layer from a thick substrate to be achieved, whereas the wafer bonding technique enables different multilayer structures to be achieved by transferring the delaminated layer to a second substrate. One of the best known current applications of Smart Cut/sup R/ is the silicon on insulator structure. The Smart-Cut process is suitable for different kinds of applications and the principle of this process can be applied to various materials (Si, SiC, GaAs, etc.) (Bruel, 1995; Di Cioccio et al. ibid, vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 1144-5, 1996; Jalaguier et al. ibid, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 408-9, 1998). In this paper, the physical mechanisms involved in the delamination process are discussed based on the study of activation energies necessary to obtain splitting.
Characterization of size-exclusion effects in highly swollen hydrogels: Correlation and prediction (1996)

The literature provides several size-exclusion theories to predict solute exclusion by highly swollen hydrogels. Theoretical calculations are compared to the experimental data of Walther et al. (1993) for partitioning of poly(ethylene glycol)s and poly(ethylene oxide)s of various molecular weight into hydrogels made of poly-N-isopropylacrylamide or poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate. Experimental size-exclusion curves can be correlated almost equally well by theories which characterize the gel as a collection of pores or of fibers; differences between these two theories are important only for partition coefficients near zero or unity. The experimental data of Walther et al. can be predicted best by Schnitzer's uniform pore model. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Heterogeneity of ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction in rats (1992)

To determine the effects of acute myocardial infarction on the extent and distribution of systolic and diastolic wall stress on the surviving myocardium, coronary artery occlusion was produced in rats, and the animals were killed 1 wk later. After hemodynamic measurements in vivo, the characteristics of cardiac anatomy at end diastole and peak systole were mimicked in vitro by fixing hearts under diastolic conditions or barium-induced contracture. In the presence of infarcts inducing a 48% loss of myocytes, left ventricular failure was documented by increases in left ventricular minimal and end-diastolic pressures and decreases in peak systolic pressure and positive and negative rates of pressure change with time. End-diastolic and end-systolic volumes increased, whereas stroke volume and cardiac output diminished. Ventricular remodeling in diastole consisted of an increase in the longitudinal axis while both longitudinal and transverse mid-chamber diameters were augmented after systolic contraction. Left ventricular chamber volume enlarged by 44% through a 20% augmentation in the longitudinal diameter and increases in the transverse luminal diameter of 13, 21, 32, and 37% in four consecutive sites from the equatorial region to the apex. As a consequence of infarction, systolic thickening of the spared myocardium of the free wall was reduced progressively from the base to the apex. In the interventricular septum of the infarcted heart, systole thickening occurred mostly in the equatorial region and was reduced at the basal and apical portions. The interaction of hemodynamic impairment with the architectural rearrangements of the wall and chamber provoked a 1.9-fold increase in overall stress on the spared myocardium. However, diastolic stress was augmented by 6.8-fold, markedly exceeding the 1.1-fold increase in systolic stress. Thus large infarcts of the rat left ventricle due to left main coronary occlusion lead to a change in shape of the heart from ellipsoidal to cylindrical. The elevation in overall stress may condition the unfavorable long-term outcome of the infarcted heart.
XML-Signature XPath Filter 2.0 (2003)

XML Signature recommends a standard means for specifying information content to be digitally signed and for representing the resulting digital signatures in XML. Some applications require the ability to specify a subset of a given XML document as the information content to be signed. The XML Signature specification meets this requirement with the XPath transform. However, this transform can be difficult to implement efficiently with existing technologies. This specification defines a new XML Signature transform to facilitate the development of efficient document subsetting implementations that interoperate under similar performance profiles.
Local and Systemic Delivery of siRNAs for Oligonucleotides Therapy (2008)

RNA interference (RNAi) is a relatively new found phenomenon of posttranscriptional gene silencing to regulate the expression of multiple genes involved in a wide range of biological processes. The gene-silencing technology via RNAi has also been developed into a commonly anti-gene method. Furthermore, in vivo data indicate that small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) may be used to treat human diseases. However, the most challenging issue to a successful in vivo application is the development of a delivery system that can transport siRNA molecules into the tissues and/or the cells of interest. Also, the evaluation of siRNA potency in vivo is central for the selection of therapeutic siRNAs. In this chapter, the effects of atelocollagen-delivered siRNAs in live animals were monitored using bioluminescence imaging.
Radiolytic studies of the reductive cyclization of 2‐nitroarylamides: Cyclization via hydroxylamine intermediates (1995)

Abstract The reductive cyclization of several 2‐nitroarylamides was studied by radiolytic reduction, examining the effects of substituents on the nitrophenyl ring and on the leaving aniline and variations in the nature of the link between the nitrophenyl ring and the leaving aniline. The stoichiometry of the reduction and the identification of N ‐hydroxylactam and aniline products suggest that the major initial products of such a reduction of the nitroamides are the corresponding hydroxylamines. Under anaerobic conditions, cyclization via the hydroxylamines was considerably faster (up to 160‐fold) than via the corresponding amines under comparable conditions, but was similarly influenced by changes in geometry. Unlike cyclization via the amines, rates of cyclization via the hydroxylamines were sensitive to substitution on the leaving aniline, being accelerated by electron‐withdrawing groups. The rate‐determining step in the cyclization of the hydroxylamines is proposed to be breakdown of the tetrahedral intermediate.
Inverted aggregates of luminescent ruthenium metallosurfactants (2008)

Metallosurfactants and their resulting aggregates combine unique spectroscopic and reactivity properties due to space confinement. We have found the requirements to obtain the first inverted micelles with luminescent metallosurfactants. The compounds possess several long linear chains that favour the solubility of the highly water-soluble metal polar head in non-polar phases. The size and shape of the aggregates have been determined using dynamic light scattering. Atomic force microscopy allowed us to study the dry structure of the aggregates on surfaces. Additionally, the self-assembly of the metal complexes in solution have been monitored by steady state and time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy.
Mid-infrared vertical cavity laser (2019)

Disclosed is an optically pumped vertical cavity laser structure operating in the mid-infrared region, which has demonstrated room-temperature continuous wave operation. This structure uses a periodic gain active region with type I quantum wells comprised of InGaAsSb, and barrier/cladding regions which provide strong hole confinement and substantial pump absorption. A preferred embodiment includes at least one wafer bonded GaAs-based mirror. Several preferred embodiments also include means for wavelength tuning of mid-IR VCLs as disclosed, including a MEMS-tuning element. This document also includes systems for optical spectroscopy using the VCL as disclosed, including systems for detection concentrations of industrial and environmentally important gases.
Localized multicast routing (2002)

Multicast is a fundamental issue in distributed computing and networking, especially for applications such as audio and video transmission. The minimal cost route selection problem for multicasting is an NP-complete problem even for regular network topologies such as meshes and hypercubes. We therefore present a simple heuristic algorithm for multicast route selection in arbitrarily-connected point-to-point communication networks. Several other heuristics have been presented for finding the minimal multicast route, but most of them are global in the sense that the source uses global cost information to construct a multicast tree. Our algorithm does not require the use of global cost information; it uses cost information only from neighboring nodes as it proceeds which makes it more practical from an implementation paint of view. The performance of the algorithm is analyzed through empirical comparisons and is shown to perform as well against algorithms which use global information.
Abstract 16938: IW-1973 is a Potent Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Stimulator in vitro and in vivo With Extensive Tissue Distribution (2016)

Introduction: A number of diseases including hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension are associated with elevated reactive oxygen species, endothelial dysfunction, and red...
Genomic analyses identify hundreds of variants associated with age at menarche and support a role for puberty timing in cancer risk (2020)

The timing of puberty is a highly polygenic childhood trait that is epidemiologically associated with various adult diseases. Using 1000 Genomes Project-imputed genotype data in up to similar to 370,000 women, we identify 389 independent signals (P <5 x 10(-8)) for age at menarche, a milestone in female pubertal development. In Icelandic data, these signals explain similar to 7.4% of the population variance in age at menarche, corresponding to similar to 25% of the estimated heritability. We implicate similar to 250 genes via coding variation or associated expression, demonstrating significant enrichment in neural tissues. Rare variants near the imprinted genes MKRN3 and DLK1 were identified, exhibiting large effects when paternally inherited. Mendelian randomization analyses suggest causal inverse associations, independent of body mass index (BMI), between puberty timing and risks for breast and endometrial cancers in women and prostate cancer in men. In aggregate, our findings highlight the complexity of the genetic regulation of puberty timing and support causal links with cancer susceptibility.
Amelogenin-Collagen Interactions Regulate Calcium Phosphate Mineralization in Vitro (2010)

Collagen and amelogenin are two major extracellular organic matrix proteins of dentin and enamel, the mineralized tissues comprising a tooth crown. They both are present at the dentin-enamel boundary (DEB), a remarkably robust interface holding dentin and enamel together. It is believed that interactions of dentin and enamel protein assemblies regulate growth and structural organization of mineral crystals at the DEB, leading to a continuum at the molecular level between dentin and enamel organic and mineral phases. To gain insight into the mechanisms of the DEB formation and structural basis of its mechanical resiliency we have studied the interactions between collagen fibrils, amelogenin assemblies, and forming mineral in vitro, using electron microscopy. Our data indicate that collagen fibrils guide assembly of amelogenin into elongated chain or filament-like structures oriented along the long axes of the fibrils. We also show that the interactions between collagen fibrils and amelogenin-calcium phosphate mineral complexes lead to oriented deposition of elongated amorphous mineral particles along the fibril axes, triggering mineralization of the bulk of collagen fibril. The resulting structure was similar to the mineralized collagen fibrils found at the DEB, with arrays of smaller well organized crystals inside the collagen fibrils and bundles of larger crystals on the outside of the fibrils. These data suggest that interactions between collagen and amelogenin might play an important role in the formation of the DEB providing structural continuity between dentin and enamel.
Measurements and analysis of nonlinear properties of materials for all-optical devices (1998)

Summary form only given. Optical materials are screened using a experimental and theoretical approaches to deduce nonlinear properties needed for all-optical applications. Nonlinear index values, dispersion, and residual absorption are deduced from data obtained in an interferometric setup at various wavelengths. Results are presented for promising nonlinear undoped glasses. Basically, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer compares the two beams (probe and reference) in phase and amplitude. A thin sample is located in the probe arm and interacts with the stronger collinear pump beam.
18F‐Labeled FAUC 346 and BP 897 Derivatives as Subtype‐Selective Potential PET Radioligands for the Dopamine D3 Receptor (2008)

Disturbances of neutrotransmission at the dopamine D3 receptor are related to several neuropsychiatric diseases and in particular to drug addiction. Herein, we report the computer-assisted prediction of D3 selectivities of new fluoroalkoxy-substituted receptor ligands by means of 3D-QSAR analysis. As close analogues of the D3-selective lead compound FAUC 346 and BP 879, the (19)F-substituted test compounds 4 a-d were synthesized and evaluated. In vitro investigation of their binding characteristics in transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells led to excellent K(i) values between 0.12 and 0.69 nM at the dopamine D3 subtype. The benzothiophene-substituted carboxamide 4 a (K(i)=0.12 nM) displayed 133 and 283-fold selectivity over the structurally related D2(Long) and D4 subtypes, respectively. Mitogenesis assays showed the behavior of partial agonists. Based on these data, we synthesized the [(18)F]fluoroethoxy-substituted radioligands [(18)F]4 a-d. The N-[4-[4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl]-2-carboxamides 3 a-d were prepared and labeled with 2-[(18)F]fluoroethyltosylate in a two-step procedure. Optimization of the (18)F-labeling conditions led to radiochemical yields between 24 and 65 %.
Thermophotovoltaic power conversion systems: Current performance and future potential (2011)

Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems offer a unique, solid-state approach to converting heat into electricity based on thermal radiation. TPV is particularly suitable for certain classes of power generation applications that are not well served by standard engines, such as long, remote missions where repairs are difficult, and portable generation where space and weight are at a premium. While standard thermophotovoltaics are limited in their conversion efficiency, photonic crystals can improve performance by an order of magnitude for a number of systems. While there are many potential applications, two exemplary systems are discussed: TPV μreactors for portable power generation in a mm-scale form factor, and solar TPV for long-term off-grid power generation from sunlight. In both cases, photonic crystals can enable potential performance exceeding that of many other well-known technologies, such as single-junction photovoltaics.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering on Nanoshells with Tunable Surface Plasmon Resonance (2005)

Fabrication, characterization, and optical enhancement applications of bimetallic AgAu nanoparticles and nanoshells are reported. Nanoparticles with tunable surface plasmon resonances are synthesized at room temperature and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photon correlation spectroscopy. The collective electron oscillation of the nanoparticles shows a controllable tunability in the 400-990 nm spectral range, in agreement with plasmon absorption calculated using Mie theory, providing an optimum substrate for surface plasmon-assisted enhanced spectroscopy. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering experiments show that the average enhancement factor obtained with nanoshells could be higher than those obtained with silver sols.
Statistics of visual responses in primate inferotemporal cortex to object stimuli (2011)

We have characterized selectivity and sparseness in anterior inferotemporal cortex, using a large data set. Responses were collected from 674 monkey inferotemporal cells, each stimulated by 806 object photographs. This 806 × 674 matrix was examined in two ways: columnwise, looking at responses of a single neuron to all images (single-neuron selectivity), and rowwise, looking at the responses of all neurons caused by a single image (population sparseness). Selectivity and sparseness were measured as kurtosis of probability distributions. Population sparseness exceeded single-neuron selectivity, with specific values dependent on the size of the data sample. This difference was principally caused by inclusion, within the population, of neurons with a variety of dynamic ranges (standard deviations of responses over all images). Statistics of large responses were examined by quantifying how quickly the upper tail of the probability distribution decreased (tail heaviness). This analysis demonstrated that population responses had heavier tails than single-neuron responses, consistent with the difference between sparseness and selectivity measurements. Population responses with spontaneous activity subtracted had the heaviest tails, following a power law. The very light tails of single-neuron responses indicate that the critical feature for each neuron is simple enough to have a high probability of occurring within a limited stimulus set. Heavy tails of population responses indicate that there are a large number of different critical features to which different neurons are tuned. These results are inconsistent with some structural models of object recognition that posit that objects are decomposed into a small number of standard features.
Cross‐Species Genetic Toxicity Assessment Accomplished by Flow Cytometric Analysis of Blood (2008)

The formation of micronuclei in blood cells has been an established indicator of genotoxicity for decades. Standard microscopy methods are time-consuming and lack the objectivity that fully automated methods can provide. The ability of flow cytometric technology to rapidly and objectively survey thousands of cells for micronuclei can significantly improve the value of this endpoint. In addition, since many more cells can be scored, and specific populations can be targeted, species that historically have been difficult to obtain micronucleus data from, such as humans, can now be readily evaluated using this methodology. This unit describes a procedure for fixation, staining, and analysis of blood samples using materials supplied in MicroFlow kits (Litron Laboratories) and a single-laser flow cytometer. This methodology provides a reliable, robust assessment of chromosome damage that is used in basic science research as well as drug-safety screening programs at large pharmaceutical and chemical companies.
Interference cancellation using antenna diversity for EDGE-enhanced data rates in GSM and TDMA/136 (1999)

EDGE (enhanced data rates for global evolution) is one of the future wireless communication systems, offering high bit rates and packet data services. For data services an increased link quality will directly translate into improved throughput. A well-known technique that improves link performance is antenna diversity. Antenna diversity also enables interference-cancellation methods, which are evaluated in this paper. The conclusion is that introducing interference rejection in a GSM/EDGE classic scenario could increase average user bit rate by 26%. In a TDMA/EDGE compact scenario the average bit rate increase could be as high as 46% due to the time synchronized structure.
Human lung small-cell carcinoma contains bombesin. (1982)

The presence of immunoreactive bombesin in a human lung small-cell carcinoma grown in nude mice was established by several criteria: (i) Radioimmunoassay of tissue extracts for bombesin revealed approximately 6.5 pmol/g of tissue; (ii) bombesin was found in 12-14% of the tumor cells by immunohistochemical localization; (iii) gel filtration of small-cell carcinoma extract on Sephadex G-75 and Bio-Gel P-4 gave only a single peak of immunoreactivity, which occurred at the elution volume of bombesin; and (iv) reverse-phase HPLC of acid-solubilized extracts separated the immunoreactive material into three discrete peaks, one of which eluted with a retention time identical to that of synthetic bombesin. The presence of bombesin may represent the ectopic expression of this peptide in small-cell carcinoma, because immunoreactive bombesin was found in human fetal and neonatal lung but apparently not in adult lung tissue [Wharton, J., Polak, J. M., Bloom, S. R., Ghatei, M. A., Solcia, E., Brown, M. R. & Pearse, A. G. E. (1978) Nature (London) 273, 769-770]. The immunoreactive bombesin previously found in mammalian tissues is considerably larger than amphibian bombesin; these data substantiate the presence of a mammalian form of bombesin in a human tumor that may have a structure similar to that of the amphibian peptide.
Technology and circuit optimization of resistive RAM for low-power, reproducible operation (2014)

Low-power, reproducible operation of Resistive RAM (RRAM) requires control of capacitive surge currents during write. We propose a fab-friendly TiN/conductive TaO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> /HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /TiN RRAM with a built-in surge current reduction layer. It reduces worst case write current by 33% and fail bit count by 23× compared to conventional RRAM. A novel circuit to control surge current is demonstrated that improves write current by 40% and endurance by 63%. Switching, endurance and retention data for a 256kb chip with these concepts is presented.
A Method to Guarantee Local Convergence for Sequential Quadratic Programming with Poor Hessian Approximation (2017)

Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) is a powerful class of algorithms for solving nonlinear optimization problems. Local convergence of SQP algorithms is guaranteed when the Hessian approximation used in each Quadratic Programming subproblem is close to the true Hessian. However, a good Hessian approximation can be expensive to compute. Low cost Hessian approximations only guarantee local convergence under some assumptions, which are not always satisfied in practice. To address this problem, this paper proposes a simple method to guarantee local convergence for SQP with poor Hessian approximation. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated in a numerical example.
A twist grain boundary phase with a local antiferroelectric structure (2000)

(S)-1-methylheptyl 2-[4-(4-dodecyloxybenzoyloxy)phenyl]pyrimidine-5-carboxylate and its racemic modification were synthesized. Through miscibility studies, investigations of defect textures, differential scanning calorimetry and electrical field studies, we conclude that this material exhibits an antiferroelectric twist grain boundary TGBC*A analogue of the Abrikosov flux phase found in superconductors. This outcome represents the addition of a new frustrated state of matter to the family of twist grain boundary phases. This novel phase was found to exist between the isotropic liquid and the antiferroelectric smectic C* phase.