gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Epileptogenesis (I1-2.001) (2014)

Objective: Effect of Toll-like receptors in the development of epilepsy Backround: Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent neurological disorders affecting around 60 million people worldwide. Despite the development of antiepileptic drugs, 35% of patients cannot be controlled with current pharmacologic therapeutic options. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of innate immune receptors that mediate neuroinflammatory processes in the brain. Inﬂammation plays a prominent role in the etiology of symptomatic epilepsies that result from traumatic brain injuries, stroke, encephalitis, and status epilepticus (SE). Here we investigated the involvement of TLR3 in the onset, development (epileptogenesis), and severity of epilepsy using mice deficient in TLR3 in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Methods: We utilized mice deficient in TLR3 (TLR3-/-) and their respective wild-type (TLR3+/+) littermates. In both groups, status epilepticus was induced using the anti-cholinergic compound pilocarpine. Subsequently, mice were implanted for EEG monitoring with wireless bipolar EEG-electrodes. The electrographic features of SE and chronic seizures are analyzed using a telemetric EEG/video monitoring system (DSI, USA). In addition, all animals were sacrificed for stereological assessment of neuroinflammation in the hippocampus using quantification and morphology assessment of astrocytes (GFAP) and gliosis by analyzing the morphology of microglial cells (IBA-1). Furthermore, hippocampal volumetry and quantification of neuronal cell death (NeuN) is performed. Results: Analysis of Video-EEG recordings of both groups, (TLR3-/-) and wild-type (TLR3+/+) mice developed spontaneous epileptic seizures mainly classified as stage I and II seizures. Histological analysis is still pending but interictal epileptic events and prolonged seizures occurred significantly more frequent in the wild type mice compared with the TLR3 deficient group. Conclusion: These preliminary results -in a still ongoing study- indicate a central involvement of seizure induction (epileptogenesis) by TLR3 and provide evidence for future research and possibly drug development to finally change the treatment paradigm of epilepsy from symptomatic seizure control to curable prevention of seizure development.
Effect of thin V insertion layer into Ta film on the performance of Ta diffusion barrier in Cu metallization (1999)

In order to increase the failure temperature of Ta diffusion barrier for Cu, we investigated the effect of a thin V insertion layer (100 Å) into Ta film with/without ion bombardment on Ta diffusion barrier performance in Cu metallization. When the Ta/V/Ta diffusion barrier was deposited without concurrent ion bombardment, the insertion of the thin V layer into Ta film was not effective to improve the barrier performance of Ta film, because of the thermal instability of the Ta/V/Ta multilayer caused by the reaction between the Ta/V/Ta films and Si substrate. Meanwhile, when the Ta/V/Ta diffusion barrier was deposited with ion bombardment, the insertion of the thin V layer into Ta film improved barrier properties significantly. This was attributed not only to the densification of grain boundaries in Ta/V/Ta films, but also to the formation of two thermally stable sharp interfaces between Ta and V by ion bombardment, resulting in the reduction of the fast diffusion of Cu through Ta/V/Ta films.
Enhanced surveillance for Rift Valley Fever in livestock during El Niño rains and threat of RVF outbreak, Kenya, 2015-2016 (2018)

This surveillance activity served as an early warning system that could detect RVF disease in animals before spillover to humans. It was also an excellent pilot for designing and implementing syndromic surveillance in animals in the country, which is now being rolled out using a mobile phone-based data reporting technology as part of the global health security system.
Pathway Analysis Reveals Common Pro-Survival Mechanisms of Metyrapone and Carbenoxolone after Traumatic Brain Injury (2013)

Developing new pharmacotherapies for traumatic brain injury (TBI) requires elucidation of the neuroprotective mechanisms of many structurally and functionally diverse compounds. To test our hypothesis that diverse neuroprotective drugs similarly affect common gene targets after TBI, we compared the effects of two drugs, metyrapone (MT) and carbenoxolone (CB), which, though used clinically for noncognitive conditions, improved learning and memory in rats and humans. Although structurally different, both MT and CB inhibit a common molecular target, 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, which converts inactive cortisone to cortisol, thereby effectively reducing glucocorticoid levels. We examined injury-induced signaling pathways to determine how the effects of these two compounds correlate with pro-survival effects in surviving neurons of the injured rat hippocampus. We found that treatment of TBI rats with MT or CB acutely induced in hippocampal neurons transcriptional profiles that were remarkably similar (i.e., a coordinated attenuation of gene expression across multiple injury-induced cell signaling networks). We also found, to a lesser extent, a coordinated increase in cell survival signals. Analysis of injury-induced gene expression altered by MT and CB provided additional insight into the protective effects of each. Both drugs attenuated expression of genes in the apoptosis, death receptor and stress signaling pathways, as well as multiple genes in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway such as subunits of NADH dehydrogenase (Complex1), cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV) and ATP synthase (Complex V). This suggests an overall inhibition of mitochondrial function. Complex 1 is the primary source of reactive oxygen species in the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathway, thus linking the protective effects of these drugs to a reduction in oxidative stress. The net effect of the drug-induced transcriptional changes observed here indicates that suppressing expression of potentially harmful genes, and also, surprisingly, reduced expression of pro-survival genes may be a hallmark of neuroprotective therapeutic effects.
FixRoute: A Unified Logic and Numerical Tool for Provably Safe Internet Traffic Engineering (2015)

The performance of networks that use the Internet Protocol is sensitive to precise configuration of many low-level parameters on each network device. These settings govern the action of dynamic routing protocols, which direct the flow of traffic; in order to ensure that these dynamic protocols all converge to produce some 'optimal' flow, each parameter must be set correctly. Multiple conflicting optimization objectives, nondeterminism, and the need to reason about different failure scenarios make the task particularly complicated. We present a fast and flexible approach for the analysis of a number of such management tasks presented in the context of BGP routing. The idea is to combine {\em logical} satisfiability criteria with traditional {\em numerical} optimization, to reach a desired traffic flow outcome subject to given constraints on the routing process. The method can then be used to probe parameter sensitivity, trade-offs in the selection of optimization goals, resilience to failure, and so forth. The theory is underpinned by a rigorous abstraction of the convergence of distributed asynchronous message-passing protocols, and is therefore generalizable to other scenarios. Our resulting hybrid engine is faster than either purely logical or purely numeric alternatives, making it potentially feasible for interactive production use.
On triazoles XLVIII. Synthesis of isomeric amino‐thiazolo‐[1,2,4]triazole, amino‐[1,2,4]triazolo‐[1,3]thiazine and ‐[1,3]thiazepine derivatives (2003)

Abstract Isomeric type 1 and 2 amino‐1,2,4‐triazoles condensed with thiazole, thiazine and thiazepine rings were synthesised from 5‐amino‐2,3‐dihydro‐1 H ‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐thione and α,ω‐dihaloalkanes through the 5‐amino‐3‐(ω‐haloalkylthio)‐1 H ‐1,2,4‐triazole intermediates. The reaction conditions leading to derivatives 1 and 2 , respectively, were determined. A general and safe method for the unambiguous differentiation between structures 1 and 2 was offered by their cmr spectra.
Strategies to Control the Relaxation Kinetics of Ag‐Based Diffusive Memristors and Implications for Device Operation (2022)

Abstract Diffusive memristors based on volatile electrochemical metallization (v‐ECM) devices are of broad interest for applications in emerging memory technologies and neuromorphic computing areas due to their interesting features such as thresholding, self‐relaxation, and energy‐efficient switching behaviors. Recently, the nonlinear threshold kinetics and the correlation of filament formation and growth with its relaxation behavior are uncovered from a physical perspective. However, the complexity of the diffusive memristors’ behavior might still hamper a straight transfer into emerging computing applications. Facing this challenge means going beyond the single device level and understanding the impact of other circuitry elements for further optimization of device operation. In this work, the effect of a series resistor on the switching dynamics of Ag/HfO 2 /Pt diffusive memristor devices by deploying various programming schemes with different resistances is investigated. Furthermore, all results and their implications on devices’ operation are compressively discussed. These findings help to further advance the optimization of the operating condition of diffusive memristors.
Capillary Kinetics of Water in Homogeneous, Hydrophilic Polymeric Micro‐ to Nanochannels (2007)

Going with the flow: Homogenous, hydrophilic micro- to nanochannels of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were fabricated by direct molding and UV-assisted bonding. By using these channels, the capillary kinetics of water was measured for potential pumpless, high-speed analytical tools. It was found that the capillary-filling speed inside a PEG channel (see fluorescence image) was two or three orders of magnitude higher than that inside a hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane channel supported on a glass substrate.
Reflexives and Reciprocals in Synchronous Tree Adjoining Grammar (2017)

Citation: Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Formalisms (TAG+13), pages 31–42, Umeå, Sweden, September 4–6, 2017.
Hydrogel-Based Iontronics on a Polydimethylsiloxane Microchip (2021)

In response to the extensive utilization of ionic circuits, including in iontronics and wearable devices, a new method for fabricating a hydrogel-based ionic circuit on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchip is reported. Prolonged UV/ozone oxidation combined with proper surface functionalizations and a novel microchip bonding method using thiol-epoxy click reaction enable the robust attachment of the photopolymerized hydrogel to the microchannel surface for eventual operation in electrolytes as an ionic circuit. The stretchable ionic diode constructed on the PDMS microchip shows a superior rectification ratio even under tensile stress and long-term storage stability. Furthermore, the combination of the ionic circuit and unique material properties of PDMS allows us to maximize the versatility and diversify the functionalities of the iontronic device, as demonstrated in a pressure-driven ionic switch and chip-integrated ionic regulator. Its iontronic signal transmission mimicking the excitatory and inhibitory synapses also evinces the potential of the hydrogel-based iontronics on the PDMS microchip as developed toward an aqueous neuromimetic information processor while opening up new opportunities for various bioinspired applications.
Comparison of Open-Source Reverse Vaccinology Programs for Bacterial Vaccine Antigen Discovery (2019)

Reverse Vaccinology (RV) is a widely used approach to identify potential vaccine candidates (PVCs) by screening the proteome of a pathogen through computational analyses. Since its first application in Group B <i>meningococcus</i> (MenB) vaccine in early 1990's, several software programs have been developed implementing different flavors of the first RV protocol. However, there has been no comprehensive review to date on these different RV tools. We have compared six of these applications designed for bacterial vaccines (NERVE, Vaxign, VaxiJen, Jenner-predict, Bowman-Heinson, and VacSol) against a set of 11 pathogens for which a curated list of known bacterial protective antigens (BPAs) was available. We present results on: (1) the comparison of criteria and programs used for the selection of PVCs (2) computational runtime and (3) performances in terms of fraction of proteome identified as PVC, fraction and enrichment of BPA identified in the set of PVCs. This review demonstrates that none of the programs was able to recall 100% of the tested set of BPAs and that the output lists of proteins are in poor agreement suggesting in the process of prioritize vaccine candidates not to rely on a single RV tool response. Singularly the best balance in terms of fraction of a proteome predicted as good candidate and recall of BPAs has been observed by the machine-learning approach proposed by Bowman (1) and enhanced by Heinson (2). Even though more performing than the other approaches it shows the disadvantage of limited accessibility to non-experts users and strong dependence between results and <i>a-priori</i> training dataset composition. In conclusion we believe that to significantly enhance the performances of next RV methods further studies should focus on the enhancement of accuracy of the existing protein annotation tools and should leverage on the assets of machine-learning techniques applied to biological datasets expanded also through the incorporation and curation of bacterial proteins characterized by negative experimental results.
Microbial growth and biofilm formation in geologic media is detected with complex conductivity measurements (2006)

Complex conductivity measurements (0.1–1000 Hz) were obtained from biostimulated sand‐packed columns to investigate the effect of microbial growth and biofilm formation on the electrical properties of porous media. Microbial growth was verified by direct microbial counts, pH measurements, and environmental scanning electron microscope imaging. Peaks in imaginary (interfacial) conductivity in the biostimulated columns were coincident with peaks in the microbial cell concentrations extracted from sands. However, the real conductivity component showed no discernible relationship to microbial cell concentration. We suggest that the observed dynamic changes in the imaginary conductivity ( σ ″) arise from the growth and attachment of microbial cells and biofilms to sand surfaces. We conclude that complex conductivity techniques, specifically imaginary conductivity measurements are a proxy indicator for microbial growth and biofilm formation in porous media. Our results have implications for microbial enhanced oil recovery, CO 2 sequestration, bioremediation, and astrobiology studies.
Tachykininergic transmission to the circular muscle of the guinea‐pig ileum: evidence for the involvement of NK2 receptors (1992)

1. The effect of newly developed, receptor-selective tachykinin antagonists (GR 71,251 for NK1 receptors, MEN 10,376 and L 659,877 for NK2 receptors) on noncholinergic transmission to the circular muscle of the guinea-pig ileum has been investigated. 2. In circular muscle strips of the ileum, electrical field stimulation in the presence of atropine (2 microM) and apamin (0.1 microM) evoked a complex motor response. The tonic primary contraction in this response was reduced by GR 71,251 (10 microM) and MEN 10,376 (3-10 microM) but not by L 659,877 (up to 10 microM). The presence of apamin was necessary in this experimental arrangement to unmask an atropine-resistant primary contraction, sensitive to tachykinin antagonists. The motor response was abolished by tetrodotoxin. 3. In circular strips of the ileum GR 71,251 (10 microM) inhibited the tonic contraction produced by [Sar9] substance P sulphone, a selective NK1 receptor agonist but not that produced by [beta Ala8] neurokinin A (4-10), a selective NK2 receptor agonist. By contrast, MEN 10,376 antagonized the effect of the NK2 agonist while leaving the response to the NK1 agonist unaffected. 4. In whole segments of the ileum, distension of the gut wall by an intraluminal balloon placed at about 1 cm from the point of recording of mechanical activity of the circular muscle produced atropine-sensitive phasic contractions (ascending enteric reflex). In the presence of atropine (2 microM), a noncholinergic response was elicited, which required larger volumes of distension that the cholinergic one. The atropine-resistant ascending enteric reflex was enhanced by apamin (0.1 microM) and abolished by tetrodotoxin, either in the presence or absence of apamin.5. MEN 10,376 (3-lOmicroM) inhibited the atropine-resistant ascending enteric reflex in the presence of apamin while GR 71,251 or L 659,877 (10 microM each) were ineffective. MEN 10,376 inhibited the atropine-resistant ascending enteric reflex to a larger extent in the absence than in the presence of apamin and also slightly inhibited the ascending enteric reflex in the absence of atropine.6. These findings provide evidence for an involvement of NK2 tachykinin receptors in excitatory transmission to the circular muscle of the guinea-pig ileum. NK2 receptors are also involved in the physiological-like circular muscle activation produced by stimulation of intramural neuronal pathways which subserve the atropine-resistant ascending enteric reflex.
Photoresponse of n-type semiconductor NiTiO3 (1982)

The 60-Hz photocurrent of 103-Ω cm, Nb-doped n-TiO3 has been measured by lock-in amplification as a function of wavelength and applied potential. NiTiO3 is oxidized anodically in the dark producing Ni2+ ions in solution; however, this corrosion is but a fraction of the total charge passed either with visible or UV light, which indicates that photogenerated holes are able to oxidize water. The spectral response is shifted towards the visible region, as compared with TiO2, and the flatband potential is 0.4 V more negative than that of the H+/H2 redox couple, which would make possible the use of NiTiO3 for water photoelectrolysis. However, the quantum efficiency for visible light is much lower than that for UV light, primarily because of a low oscillator strength for the visible light Ni2+-Ti4+ charge-transfer excitation in this structure.
Size, Efficiency, and Reliability Analysis of a Multiport Traction Inverter with Downsized DC-DC Converter for a Catenary/Battery Tram (2023)

The use of a NPC-type multilevel converter as multiport inverter (MPI) has recently been considered a promising solution for the compact integration of multisource systems in various applications. This paper presents a broad analysis of a quasisingle stage propulsion system (QSS) that employs an NPC-type MPI and a downsized boost dc-dc converter for an urban tram vehicle with overhead line connection and onboard batteries. The control and dynamic performance are detailed and validated experimentally. Furthermore, the power losses, VA rating, weight, volume, and reliability of the QSS system are evaluated and benchmarked against a conventional architecture for a case-study catenary/battery tram model. The analysis reveals that the QSS system can achieve significant savings in volume, weight, and round-trip energy efficiency, higher reliability due to intrinsic redundancy, but with increased VA rating, part count, and complexity.
Turning Toxic Nanomaterials into a Safe and Bioactive Nanocarrier for Co-delivery of DOX/pCRISPR (2021)

Hybrid bioactive inorganic-organic carbon-based nanocomposites of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets enlarged with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were decorated to provide a suitable space for <i>in situ</i> growth of CoNi<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> and green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. The ensuing nanocarrier supplied π-π interactions between the DOX drug and a stabilizing agent derived from leaf extracts on the surface of ZnO nanoparticles and hydrogen bonds; gene delivery of (p)CRISPR was also facilitated by chitosan and alginate renewable macromolecules. Also, these polymers can inhibit the potential interactions between the inorganic parts and cellular membranes to reduce the potential cytotoxicity. Nanocomposite/nanocarrier analyses and sustained DOX delivery (cytotoxicity analyses on HEK-293, PC12, HepG2, and HeLa cell lines after 24, 48, and 72 h) were indicative of an acceptable cell viability of up to 91.4 and 78.8% after 48 at low and high concentrations of 0.1 and 10 μg/mL, respectively. The MTT results indicate that by addition of DOX to the nanostructures, the relative cell viability increased after 72 h of treatment; since the inorganic compartments, specifically CoNi<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>, are toxic, this is a promising route to increase the bioavailability of the nanocarrier before reaching the targeted cells. Nanosystems were tagged with (p)CRISPR for co-transfer of the drug/genes, where confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) pictures of the 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were indicative of appropriate localization of DOX into the nanostructure with effective cell and drug delivery at varied pH. Also, the intrinsic toxicity of CoNi<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> does not affect the morphology of the cells, which is a breakthrough. Furthermore, the CLSM images of the HEK-293 and HeLa cell displayed effective transport of (p)CRISPR into the cells with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) of up to 8.3% for the HEK-293 cell line and 21.4% for the HeLa cell line, a record. Additionally, the specific morphology of the nanosystems before and after the drug/gene transport events, <i>via</i> images by TEM and FESEM, revealed an intact morphology for these biopolymers and their complete degradation after long-time usage.
Understanding Spoken Language (2014)

The Most Comprehensive Reference on Computer Science, Information Systems, Information Technology, and Software Engineering Renamed and expanded to two volumes, the Computing Handbook, Third Edition (previously the Computer Science Handbook) provides up-to-date information on a wide range of topics in computer science, information systems (IS), information technology (IT), and software engineering. The third edition of this popular handbook addresses not only the dramatic growth of computing as a discipline but also the relatively new delineation of computing as a family of separate disciplines as described by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), the IEEE Computer Society (IEEE-CS), and the Association for Information Systems (AIS). Both volumes in the set describe what occurs in research laboratories, educational institutions, and public and private organizations to advance the effective development and use of computers and computing in today’s world. Research-level survey articles provide deep insights into the computing discipline, enabling readers to understand the principles and practices that drive computing education, research, and development in the twenty-first century. Chapters are organized with minimal interdependence so that they can be read in any order and each volume contains a table of contents and subject index, offering easy access to specific topics.
Changes in the neurochemistry of athletes with repetitive brain trauma: preliminary results using localized correlated spectroscopy (2015)

A study of a small cohort of professional athletes, with a history of RBT and symptoms of chronic traumatic encephalopathy when compared with healthy controls using 2D L-COSY, showed elevations in brain glutamate/glutamine and choline as recorded previously for early traumatic brain injury. For the first time increases in phenylalanine and fucose are recorded in the brains of athletes with RBT. Larger studies utilizing the L-COSY method may offer an in-life method of diagnosis and personalized approach for monitoring the acute effects of mild traumatic brain injury and the chronic effects of RBT.