gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single-chip multiprocessors: the rebirth of parallel processing (2003)

After a couple of decades of excitement, multiprocessors have played second fiddle to instruction-level parallelism and uniprocessors since the early 1990s. A significant reason for the recent excitement in uniprocessors was the revolution in microarchitecture made possible by the increasing transistor resources. Once technology allowed a simple uniprocessor to be implemented on a single chip (in the mid 1980s), researchers started looking at radically different ways of implementing uniprocessor microarchitectures. The net result is that the microarchitecture of a high-performance uniprocessor today barely resembles that of one from 20 years ago. Today we stand at the doorstep of a similar revolution for multiprocessors. Semiconductor technology currently allows us to build a small chip multiprocessor, but the multiarchitecture--the microarchitecture of the multiprocessor--is no different from that of a traditional multiprocessor built with multiple chips. Now is the time to start to rethink the multiarchitecture of a chip multiprocessor and to come up with novel ways of building and using chip multiprocessors. This talk is an attempt to provide some initial directions towards this overall research agenda.
Chemical-Free Lysis and Fractionation of Cells by Use of Surface Acoustic Waves for Sensitive Protein Assays (2014)

We exploit the mechanical action of surface acoustic waves (SAW) to differentially lyse human cancer cells in a chemical-free manner. The extent to which cells were disrupted is reported for a range of SAW parameters, and we show that the presence of 10 μm polystyrene beads is required to fully rupture cells and their nuclei. We show that SAW is capable of subcellular fractionation through the chemical-free isolation of nuclei from whole cells. The concentration of protein was assessed in lysates with a sensitive microfluidic antibody capture (MAC) chip. An antibody-based sandwich assay in a microfluidic microarray format was used to detect unlabeled human tumor suppressor protein p53 in crude lysates, without any purification step, with single-molecule resolution. The results are digital, enabling sensitive quantification of proteins with a dynamic range >4 orders of magnitude. For the conditions used, the efficiency of SAW-induced mechanical lysis was determined to be 12.9% ± 0.7% of that for conventional detergent-based lysis in yielding detectable protein. A range of possible loss mechanisms that could lead to the drop in protein yield are discussed. Our results show that the methods described here are amenable to an integrated point-of-care device for the assessment of tumor protein expression in fine needle aspirate biopsies.
Screening and evaluation of biomass upgrading strategies for sustainable transportation fuel production with biomass-derived volatile fatty acids (2022)

Biomass conversion to fuels and chemicals is crucial to decarbonization, but choosing an advantageous upgrading pathway out of many options is challenging. Rigorously evaluating all candidate pathways (process simulation, product property testing) requires a prohibitive amount of research effort; even simple upgrading schemes have hundreds of possible permutations. We present a method enabling high-throughput screening by approximating upgrading unit operations and drop-in compatibility of products (<i>e.g.</i>, fuel properties) and apply it to volatile fatty acid (VFA) conversion to liquid transportation fuels via a MATLAB script, VFA Upgrading to Liquid Transportation fUels Refinery Estimation (VULTURE). VULTURE selects upgrading configurations that maximize fuel blend bio-derived content. We validate VULTURE's approximations through surrogate fuel property testing and process simulation. Techno-economic and life cycle analyses suggest that VFA upgrading processes down-selected by VULTURE are profitable and have low carbon intensities, demonstrating the potential for the strategy to accelerate process development timelines at decreased costs.
Multichannel add/drop and cross-connect using fibreBragg gratings and optical switches (1998)

A dynamically selective wavelength add/drop multiplexer (WADM) and a multiwavelength cross-connect (M-XC) configuration for dense wavelength division multiplexed networks are proposed. Multiple channels add/drop and/or cross-connect can be realised according to the control of the optical switches and fibre Bragg gratings arrangement. The selective WADM and M-XC devices could provide more reconfigurable flexibility and survivability in WDM networks.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of α,α‐Disubstituted‐α‐amino Acids by Double Nucleophilic Addition to Cyanohydrins. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Transvascular Hydrolysis of Hyaluronic Acid Filler With Hyaluronidase: An Ex Vivo Study (2020)

A single administration of HYAL may not be adequate to restore blood flow in the event of embolism, and relatively high doses of this enzyme must be injected hourly into the affected tissue until resolution is complete.
Substitution of Rifapentine for Rifampin During Intensive Phase Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Study 29 of the Tuberculosis Trials Consortium (2012)

NCT00694629.
Roots and Requirements for Collaborative AIs (2023)

The vision of AI collaborators is a staple of mythology and science fiction, where artificial agents with special talents assist human partners and teams. In this dream, sophisticated AIs understand nuances of collaboration and human communication. The AI as collaborator dream is different from computer tools that augment human intelligence (IA) or intermediate human collaboration. Those tools have their roots in the 1960s and helped to drive an information technology revolution. They can be useful but they are not intelligent and do not collaborate as effectively as skilled people. With the increase of hybrid and remote work since the COVID pandemic, the benefits and requirements for better coordination, collaboration, and communication are becoming hot topics in the workplace. Employers and workers face choices and trade-offs as they negotiate the options for working from home versus working at the office. Many factors such as the high costs of homes near employers are impeding a mass return to the office. Government advisory groups and leaders in AI have advocated for years that AIs should be transparent and effective collaborators. Nonetheless, robust AIs that collaborate like talented people remain out of reach. Are AI teammates part of a solution? How artificially intelligent (AI) could and should they be? This position paper reviews the arc of technology and public calls for human-machine teaming. It draws on earlier research in psychology and the social sciences about what human-like collaboration requires. This paper sets a context for a second science-driven paper that advocates a radical shift in technology and methodology for creating resilient, intelligent, and human-compatible AIs (Stefik &amp; Price, 2023). The aspirational goal is that such AIs would learn, share what they learn, and collaborate to achieve high capabilities.
Microchip Bioprocessor for Integrated Nanovolume Sample Purification and DNA Sequencing (2002)

A microfabricated electrophoretic bioprocessor for integrated DNA sequencing sample desalting, template removal, preconcentration, and CE analysis is presented. A low-viscosity gel capture matrix, containing an acrylamide-copolymerized oligonucleotide complementary to the 20-base sequence directly 3' of the M13-40 universal forward priming site, is introduced into the 60-nL capture chamber. Unpurified DNA sequencing reaction products are electrophoretically driven through the chamber; extension products hybridize to the matrix, while contaminating buffering ions, Cl-, excess primer, and template DNA are unretained. Purification under optimized conditions is complete in only 120 s (binding temperature 50 degrees C, driving voltage 250 V). High-speed, integrated sequencing analysis is accomplished by releasing the gel-purified duplex at 67 degrees C and directly injecting onto a 15.9-cm effective length CE microchannel. Electrophoretic resolution of the sequencing products is complete in 32 min, producing a total of 560 bp with phred quality q > or = 20 (accuracy > or = 99%). This fully integrated nanoliter process decreases the purification time approximately 10-fold and the process volume approximately 100-fold while providing state-of-the-art sequencing results.
Be Clear on Cancer: Pharmacy students' views of communicating with cancer patients (2013)

Background: The role of the pharmacist is changing. One example of this is the potential for pharmacists in primary care to be involved in the administration and monitoring of cancer patients receiving oral chemotherapy. However, little is known about whether pharmacists feel they have sufficient communication skills training to conduct consultations with cancer patients.&#13;\n&#13;\nAims: To ascertain undergraduate pharmacy students’ attitudes towards developing the communication skills required to conduct consultations with cancer patients in pharmacy practice.&#13;\n&#13;\nMethods: Qualitative and quantitative methods were used for the study. A questionnaire focusing on the communication skills required to care for cancer patients was administered to all four year groups of an undergraduate pharmacy degree at a United Kingdom School of Pharmacy. Key emerging issues were then explored through a focus group, which were analysed using a thematic content analysis.&#13;\n&#13;\nResults: Several themes emerged from the qualitative data in relation to communicating with cancer patients, including concern about speaking to patients with cancer.&#13;\n&#13;\nConclusions: Pharmacy students perceived cancer patients as being a unique patient group creating anxieties over communication. Final year pharmacy students perceive context-based learning as the most effective means of acquiring communication skills required to talk to cancer patients.
Resource scheduling with directional antennas for multi-hop relay networks in Manhattan-like environment (2007)

Multi-hop relay (MR) networks have been proposed for user throughput improvement, coverage extension and/or capacity enhancement to the traditional mobile cellular networks. In particular, an MR network is being standardized by the IEEE 802.16J Task Group as an amendment to the IEEE 802.16e standard. This paper investigates the issue of resource scheduling for the IEEE 802.16J MR network in the Manhattan-like environment. New scheduling methods are proposed for the MR network with directional antennas equipped at both the base station and relay stations. Simulation results show that the system throughput can be dramatically increased by the proposed methods as compared to the system with omnidirectional antennas
NEER MODIFIED BANKART PROCEDURE: RESULTS AFTER MORE THAN TWO YEARS (2002)

Purpose: Neer modified the Bankart operation, adding a reinforcement crossing the capsule anteriorly on the humeral side. The purpose of this study was to report results after more than two years. Material and methods: Between 1991 and 1998, 77 patients underwent surgery for traumatic anteroinferior instability. Clinical and radiological outcome was reviewed in 64 of this patients by an observer different from the operator at a mean follow-up of 45 months (24–120 months). Patients with a unique anterior reinforcement were excluded from the analysis. The patients were generally young (mean 27 years) with sports activities (89%). Recurrent dislocation was observed in 39 patients, subdislocation in seven and painful and unstable shoulders in seven. Ten patients had an associated hyperlaxity, defined by elbow-to-body external rotation greater than 85%, according to the SOFCOT criteria. Three patients had had a prior procedure for a coracoid bone block. Results: According to the Duplay score: outcome was excellent in 27 cases, good in 22, fair in nine and poor in six. Mean delay to return to former occupational activity was four months; it was seven months for sports activity. The deficit in external rotation was 3.4° on the average. Ten patients had persistent apprehension. Recurrence was observed in seven patients (11%) a mean 25 months after the operation (seven days to six years) as dislocation in two and subdislocation in five and due to trauma in five cases. Young age, hyperlaxity, high-risk sports, an important humeral notch, major capsular distension, and a high number of dislocations or subdislocations were the factors associated with recurrence. According to the Samilson criteria, pre-osteoarthritic lesions of the gleno-humeral joint were present in two cases preoperatively (one grade I and one grade II) and in eight cases postoperatively (four grade I, three grade II, and one grade III). Discussion, conclusion: The Bankart operation as modified by Neer does not produce a stiff joint as is thought by many, probably due to the upper-lower capsular retention rather than lateral-medial retention. Nevertheless, the stability results are less satisfactory than generally reported for coracoid stop procedures.
Roadmap towards ultimately-efficient zeta-scale datacenters (2013)

Chip microscale liquid-cooling reduces thermal resistance and improves datacenter efficiency with higher coolant temperatures by eliminating chillers and allowing thermal energy re-use in cold climates. Liquid cooling enables an unprecedented density in future computers to a level similar to a human brain. This is mediated by a dense 3D architecture for interconnects, fluid cooling, and power delivery of energetic chemical compounds transported in the same fluid. Vertical integration improves memory proximity and electrochemical power delivery creating valuable space for communication. This strongly improves large system efficiency thereby allowing computers to grow beyond exa-scale.
Anisotropy of Chemical Bonds in Collagen Molecules Studied by X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) Spectroscopy (2011)

Collagen type I fibrils are the major building blocks of connective tissues. Collagen fibrils are anisotropic supramolecular structures, and their orientation can be revealed by polarized light microscopy and vibrational microspectroscopy. We hypothesized that the anisotropy of chemical bonds in the collagen molecules, and hence their orientation, might also be detected by X-ray photoemission electron spectromicroscopy (X-PEEM) and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, which use linearly polarized synchrotron light. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed sections of rat-tail tendon, composed of parallel arrays of collagen fibrils. The results clearly indicate that XANES-PEEM is sensitive to collagen fibril orientation and, more specifically, to the orientations of carbonyl and amide bonds in collagen molecules. These data suggest that XANES-PEEM is a promising technique for characterizing the chemical composition and structural organization at the nanoscale of collagen-based connective tissues, including tendons, cartilage, and bone.
Differential Modulation of Excitatory and Inhibitory Striatal Synaptic Transmission by Histamine (2011)

Information processing in the striatum is critical for basal ganglia function and strongly influenced by neuromodulators (e.g., dopamine). The striatum also receives modulatory afferents from the histaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus which exhibit a distinct diurnal rhythm with high activity during wakefulness, and little or no activity during sleep. In view of the fact that the striatum also expresses a high density of histamine receptors, we hypothesized that released histamine will affect striatal function. We studied the role of histamine on striatal microcircuit function by performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of neurochemically identified striatal neurons combined with electrical and optogenetic stimulation of striatal afferents in mouse brain slices. Bath applied histamine had many effects on striatal microcircuits. Histamine, acting at H(2) receptors, depolarized both the direct and indirect pathway medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs). Excitatory, glutamatergic input to both classes of MSNs from both the cortex and thalamus was negatively modulated by histamine acting at presynaptic H(3) receptors. The dynamics of thalamostriatal, but not corticostriatal, synapses were modulated by histamine leading to a facilitation of thalamic input. Furthermore, local inhibitory input to both classes of MSNs was negatively modulated by histamine. Subsequent dual whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of connected pairs of striatal neurons revealed that only lateral inhibition between MSNs is negatively modulated, whereas feedforward inhibition from fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons onto MSNs is unaffected by histamine. These findings suggest that the diurnal rhythm of histamine release entrains striatal function which, during wakefulness, is dominated by feedforward inhibition and a suppression of excitatory drive.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Broadly cross-reactive antibodies dominate the human B cell response against 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection. (2011)

Influenza is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States The pandemic H1N1 influenza virus strain is immunologically distinct from other influenza
Diagnosis as planning revisited (2010)

In discrete dynamical systems change results from actions. As such, given a set of observations, diagnoses often take the form of posited events that result in the observed behaviour. In this paper we revisit formal characterizations of diagnosis, and their relationship to planning. We do so from both a theoretical and a computational perspective. In particular, we extend the characterization of diagnosis to deal with the case of incomplete information, and rich preferences. We also explore the use of state-of-the-art planning technology for the automated generation of diagnoses. Examining several classes of diagnosis problems, we provide both proof of concept and benchmark experiments, the latter showing superior performance to a leading diagnosis engine. Our findings help support the hypothesis that planning technology holds great promise for efficient generation of diagnoses.
Abstract CN07-03: Natural history of bronchial preneoplasia (2010)

Abstract Preinvasive bronchial lesions defined as dysplasia and carcinoma in-situ (CIS) have been considered as precursors of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. The risk and rate of progression of preinvasive lesions to invasive squamous cell carcinoma as well as the mechanism of progression or regression are incompletely understood. The evidence for the multistage, stepwise progression model is weak with relatively few documented lesions that progress through normal to hyperplasia, metaplasia and various grades of dysplasia to CIS and then to invasive carcinoma. Collective data from longitudinal studies using autofluorescence bronchoscopy directed sequential bronchial biopsies from the Netherlands, Canada, France, and Japan as well as published data suggest that the time to development of CIS or invasive squamous cell carcinoma from precursor lesions does not follow an anticipated trend from a stepwise progression model. Aside from severe dysplasia that has the shortest progression time, there is no pattern between the baseline pathology and the time of development of CIS or invasive cancer. The presence of dyspalsia or CIS is a field cancerization risk marker for lung cancer both in the central airways and peripheral lung. Specific genetic alterations and host factors such as the inflammatory load and levels of anti-inflammatory proteins in the lung likely influence the progression or regression of pre-invasive lesions. Recently, using integrative genomic approach, combining high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization and gene expression microarray profiles, the focal amplification of an oncogene -BRF2 in chromosome region 8p12 was found to be specific for development of lung squamous cell carcinoma through the increase of Pol III mediated transcription. BRF2 was frequently activated in carcinoma in situ and dysplasia (PLoS Med 7(7): e1000315. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000315). Molecular analysis of rare lesions that progress from normal, hyperplasia, metaplasia or dysplasia to CIS or invasive cancer will shed further light on the key molecular determinants driving development to an invasive phenotype versus those associated with tobacco smoke damage. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(12 Suppl):CN07-03.
Optical binding (1989)

Significant forces between dielectric objects can be induced by intense optical fields. We discuss the origin of these forces which are very long range and oscillate in sign at the optical wavelength. A consequence is that light waves can serve to bind matter in new organized forms. We experimentally demonstrate the simplest case by observing a series of bound states between two 1.43-\ensuremath{\mu}m-diam plastic spheres in water, and discuss the extension to more complex cases.
Influence of Deposition Time on Layer-by-Layer Growth of Clay-Based Thin Films (2010)

The influence of deposition time on film growth of montmorillonite (MMT) or laponite (LAP) clay paired with branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) is studied here using layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. Deposition times from 5 to 300 s in each ingredient were evaluated with respect to thickness, mass deposited, film structure, and oxygen barrier. Ellipsometry and quartz crystal microbalance show the BPEI/LAP system to be more dip-time dependent than the BPEI/MMT system because LAP platelets have a much smaller aspect ratio than MMT. Similar thickness is achieved for all recipes when only the BPEI deposition time is varied. Cross-sectional TEM images confirm thicker growth of BPEI/LAP in 300 s relative to 10 s. X-ray diffraction (XRD) suggests the gallery spacing between clay layers is insensitive to dip time, which is a key structural parameter linked to both mechanical and transport properties of these types of films. Additionally, oxygen transmission rates (OTR) are below the detection limit of commercial instrumentation (<0.005 cc/m2 day) in both 10 s/300 s and 300 s/300 s BPEI/MMT assemblies, suggesting similar defect-free structures in both cases. This study indicates that LbL assemblies could be produced more quickly, which is a key hurdle currently facing their commercial use.