gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kidney stones. (2011)

In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antispasmodic drugs, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, intravenous fluids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, oral fluids, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and ureteroscopy.
Highly-reliable ultra thin gate oxide formation process (2002)

We have demonstrated that carbon contamination on a gate oxide surface induces the degradation of the gate oxide reliability. Highly-reliable ultra thin gate oxides can be obtained by a new oxide formation process: the thermal oxidation of a silicon surface in the strongly reductive ambient and/or the removal of hydro-carbon from the gate oxide surface with O/sub 3/ gas/IR lamp cleaning.
Practical Synthesis of Shi′s Diester Fructose Derivative for Catalytic Asymmetric Epoxidation of Alkenes. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Genetic Potential (2000)

Designing crops to achieve specific goals for value-added traits involves a complex interaction of plant genetics with environment, economic forces, cultural needs and desires, projected uses, and available technology. This chapter considers the genetic potential inherent within plant genomes to achieve specific quantitative or qualitative traits that may add value to the harvested crop. In the USA, protein sources are relatively cheap, whereas in other locations, such as northern Europe, imported protein meal may be more expensive. The chapter also considers progress and prospects for increasing protein quantity or improving protein quality, primarily in the grain crops. It examines saltering fatty acid content in oil seed crops for edible and industrial oils. The chapter presents a different approach, capitalizing on the wealth of knowledge that has been obtained from the genetic and biochemical examination of com mutants to elucidate pathways of starch biosynthesis.
Loss of an Androgen-Inactivating and Isoform-Specific HSD17B4 Splice Form Enables Emergence of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (2018)

Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) requires tumors to engage metabolic mechanisms that allow sustained testosterone and/or dihydrotestosterone to stimulate progression. 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 4 (17βHSD4), encoded by HSD17B4, is thought to inactivate testosterone and dihydrotestosterone by converting them to their respective inert 17-keto steroids. Counterintuitively, HSD17B4 expression increases in CRPC and predicts poor prognosis. Here, we show that, of five alternative splice forms, only isoform 2 encodes an enzyme capable of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone inactivation. In contrast with other transcripts, functional expression of isoform 2 is specifically suppressed in development of CRPC in patients. Genetically silencing isoform 2 shifts the metabolic balance toward 17β-OH androgens (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone), stimulating androgen receptor (AR) and CRPC development. Our studies specifically implicate HSD17B4 isoform 2 loss in lethal prostate cancer.
Hymenoptera-Venom-Induced Upregulation of the Basophil Activation Marker Ecto-Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 3 in Sensitized Individuals (2001)

Flow cytometric determination of hymenoptera-venom-induced upregulation of E-NPP3 is a novel in vitro test to identify sensitized individuals.
Recent Irends in Substance Abuse Glue-Sniffing (1966)

AbstractA prophetic trance resulted when a priestess of the Oracle at Delphi inhaled the divine vapors. A contemporary example of the attainment of intoxication using an inhaled substance is found in the phenomenon of glue-sniffing. Historically, man has used many substances in a similar manner: snuff, cocaine, and heroin may be "snorted" directly; tobacco, opium, and marijuana may be smoked; and vapors from the etherials such as gasoline, paint, and cleaning fluid may be inhaled. Since 1960 the use of plastic and cement glues for this purpose seems to have become widespread, particularly among youth.
The importance of reporting house dust mite endotoxin abundance: impact on the lung transcriptome (2020)

The abundance of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in house dust mite (HDM) preparations is broad and mirrors the variability seen in the homes of people with asthma. LPS in commercially available stocks ranges from 31 to 5,2000 endotoxin units. The influence of vastly different LPS loads on the mechanisms that define the immune and inflammatory phenotype of HDM-challenged mice has not been defined. This aim of the study was to understand the lung phenotype of mice challenged with HDM extract containing high or low levels of LPS. Female BALB/c mice were sensitized for 2 wk with commercial HDM extract containing either high (36,000 endotoxin units; HHDM) or low (615 endotoxin units; LHDM) levels of LPS. Lung phenotype was characterized by measuring lung function, total and differential cell counts, cytokine abundance, and the lung transcriptome by RNA-sequencing. LPS levels in HDM stocks used for preclinical asthma research in mice remain poorly reported. In 2019, only 14% of papers specified LPS concentration in HDM lots. Specific differences existed in airway responsiveness between mice challenged with HHDM or LHDM. HHDM- and LHDM-induced cytokine profiles of bronchial lavage were significantly different and the lung transcriptome was differentially enriched for genes involved in DNA damage repair or cilium movement, following HHDM or LHDM challenge, respectively. The abundance of LPS in commercially available HDM influences the phenotype of allergic airways inflammation in mice. Failure to report the level of LPS in HDM extracts used in animal models of airway disease will lead to inconsistency in reproducibility and reliability of published data.
Geothermal air conditioning: typical applications using deep-warm and shallow-cool reservoirs for cooling in Perth, Western Australia (2014)

Geothermal heat is a sustainable form of alternative energy, commonly associated with the production of electricity along tectonic plate boundaries and in volcanically active zones. Outside of these special regions however it is rare to find a geothermal gradient high enough to achieve pay back on projects for generating electricity. On the other hand regions containing sedimentary aquifers are far more common and these aquifers frequently have a sufficiently high temperature gradient to make direct use of the thermal energy attractive. Meanwhile highly permeable aquifers occurring at shallow depths are possible sources for cooling water or can be both heat sources and sinks when used in combination with heat pumps. We provide a case study for the use of thermally driven absorption chillers on the University of Western Australia campus in Perth and discuss two ongoing projects: one for the heating and cooling of the offices of the Australian Resources Research Council using a reversible heat pump and the other the climate control of the planned Australian International Gravitational Observatory.
Open-Domain Why-Question Answering with Adversarial Learning to Encode Answer Texts (2019)

In this paper, we propose a method for whyquestion answering (why-QA) that uses an adversarial learning framework. Existing why-QA methods retrieve answer passages that usually consist of several sentences. These multi-sentence passages contain not only the reason sought by a why-question and its connection to the why-question, but also redundant and/or unrelated parts. We use our proposed Adversarial networks for Generating compact-answer Representation (AGR) to generate from a passage a vector representation of the non-redundant reason sought by a why-question and exploit the representation for judging whether the passage actually answers the why-question. Through a series of experiments using Japanese why-QA datasets, we show that these representations improve the performance of our why-QA neural model as well as that of a BERT-based why-QA model. We show that they also improve a state-of-the-art distantly supervised open-domain QA (DS-QA) method on publicly available English datasets, even though the target task is not a why-QA.
Correction: Corrigendum: Engineering and optimising deaminase fusions for genome editing (2017)

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13330.
臨床的指導力育成のための初等教育教員養成カリキュラムの開発に関する研究 : 広島大学における「特色ある教育実習プログラム」提案を受けて (2006)

The purpose of present study was to make a proposition of elementary school teacher training curriculum for fostering competence in using both of theoretical and practical knowledge. First we clarified the problems of our current elementary school teacher training curriculum. Secondly, we suggested concrete plans for improving the current curriculum. Finally, we indicated the forward-looking issues on the curriculum implementation.
A Quantum Definition of Threshold Voltage in MuGFETs (2007)

The dependence of threshold voltage on device dimensions and number of gates is analyzed. A new definition of threshold voltage, based on quantum-mechanical considerations, is proposed.
Mutations in the gene 5 DNA polymerase of bacteriophage T7 suppress the dominant lethal phenotype of gene 2.5 ssDNA binding protein lacking the C‐terminal phenylalanine (2009)

Gene 2.5 of bacteriophage T7 encodes a ssDNA binding protein (gp2.5) essential for DNA replication. The C-terminal phenylalanine of gp2.5 is critical for function and mutations in that position are dominant lethal. In order to identify gp2.5 interactions we designed a screen for suppressors of gp2.5 lacking the C-terminal phenylalanine. Screening for suppressors of dominant lethal mutations of essential genes is challenging as the phenotype prevents propagation. We select for phage encoding a dominant lethal version of gene 2.5, whose viability is recovered via second-site suppressor mutation(s). Functional gp2.5 is expressed in trans for propagation of the unviable phage and allows suppression to occur via natural selection. The isolated intragenic suppressors support the critical role of the C-terminal phenylalanine. Extragenic suppressor mutations occur in several genes encoding enzymes of DNA metabolism. We have focused on the suppressor mutations in gene 5 encoding the T7 DNA polymerase (gp5) as the gp5/gp2.5 interaction is well documented. The suppressor mutations in gene 5 are necessary and sufficient to suppress the lethal phenotype of gp2.5 lacking the C-terminal phenylalanine. The affected residues map in proximity to aromatic residues and to residues in contact with DNA in the crystal structure of T7 DNA polymerase-thioredoxin.
Fabrication and characterization of annular magnetic nanostructures (2018)

Large arrays of permalloy (Ni81Fe19) annular structures were fabricated using a self-aligned patterning process based on ion-beam proximity lithography (IBPL), where a broad beam of energetic He ions is shaped into billions of ion beamlet by a stencil mask to pattern electron beam sensitive resist. IBPL was used to form an array of circular openings in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) resist, followed by a tone reversal process to form circular pillars in an underlying polymethylglutarimide (PMGI) layer. The PMGI pillars were conformally coated with silicon oxide, which was followed by anisotropic reactive ion etch (RIE) to form silicon oxide rings, which were transferred into the underlying sputter deposited permalloy thin film by ion milling. This fabrication approach was used to make 6 x 6 mm2 arrays of rings on a constant pitch of 670 nm with the outer diameters varied between 350 nm and 450 nm with a fixed inner diameter of 150 nm. Three unique samples that were fabricated and characterized using a vibrating sample magnetometer. The measured M-H loops showed the switching from an onion to a vortex and back to an onion state and are in good agreement with micromagnetic simulations and previously published data.
A Novel Control Concept for Reliable Operation of a Three-Phase Three-Switch Buck-Type Unity-Power-Factor Rectifier With Integrated Boost Output Stage Under Heavily Unbalanced Mains Condition (2005)

In this paper the reliable operation of a three-phase three-switch buck-type pulsewidth-modulation unity-power-factor rectifier with integrated boost output stage under heavily unbalanced mains, i.e., mains voltage unbalance, loss of one phase, short circuit of two phases, or earth fault of one phase is investigated theoretically and experimentally. A brief description of the principle of operation and the most advantageous modulation method are given. The analytical calculation of the relative on-times of the active switching states and of the dc-link current reference value is treated in detail for active and deactivated boost output stage. Based on the theoretical considerations a control scheme which allows for controlling the system for any mains condition without changeover of the control structure is described. Furthermore, digital simulations as well as experimental results are shown which confirm the proposed control concept for different mains failure conditions and for the transition from balanced mains to a failure condition and vice versa. The experimental results are derived from a 5-kW prototype (input voltage range (280...480) V/sub rms/ line-to-line, output voltage 400 V/sub DC/) of the rectifier system, where the control is realized by a 32-bit digital signal processor.
Quantification of tumor fluorescence during intraoperative optical cancer imaging (2015)

Intraoperative optical cancer imaging is an emerging technology in which surgeons employ fluorophores to visualize tumors, identify tumor-positive margins and lymph nodes containing metastases. This study compares instrumentation to measure tumor fluorescence. Three imaging systems (Spectropen, Glomax, Flocam) measured and quantified fluorescent signal-to-background ratios (SBR) in vitro, murine xenografts, tissue phantoms and clinically. Evaluation criteria included the detection of small changes in fluorescence, sensitivity of signal detection at increasing depths and practicality of use. In vitro, spectroscopy was superior in detecting incremental differences in fluorescence than luminescence and digital imaging (Ln[SBR] = 6.8 ± 0.6, 2.4 ± 0.3, 2.6 ± 0.1, p = 0.0001). In fluorescent tumor cells, digital imaging measured higher SBRs than luminescence (6.1 ± 0.2 vs. 4.3 ± 0.4, p = 0.001). Spectroscopy was more sensitive than luminometry and digital imaging in identifying murine tumor fluorescence (SBR = 41.7 ± 11.5, 5.1 ± 1.8, 4.1 ± 0.9, p = 0.0001), and more sensitive than digital imaging at detecting fluorescence at increasing depths (SBR = 7.0 ± 3.4 vs. 2.4 ± 0.5, p = 0.03). Lastly, digital imaging was the most practical and least time-consuming. All methods detected incremental differences in fluorescence. Spectroscopy was the most sensitive for small changes in fluorescence. Digital imaging was the most practical considering its wide field of view, background noise filtering capability, and sensitivity to increasing depth.
High-Speed Manipulation of Cells and Particles for Single-Cell Analysis and Mechanophenotyping - eScholarship (2012)

Due to the heterogeneity of cellular populations it is important to assay individual cells to garner an accurate representation of the system of interest, and oftentimes the cells which are most critical to detect are in a minority. High-throughput single-cell analysis methods, especially flow cytometry, possess this ability and have had a significant impact on the way many diseases are diagnosed and monitored and the way research in biology is performed. The frontiers of single-cell analysis lie in extending the accessibility of these methods to the point-of-care, where the cell manipulation strategies of traditional flow cytometry are ill-suited, and expanding upon the number and type of biomarkers which can be measured. This dissertation reports the development of new strategies for manipulating cells and particles in high-speed flows, a critical step toward meeting the needs of next-generation cytometric technologies. These strategies employ inertial phenomena present in finite Reynolds number confined flows to transfer cells and particles across laminar streamlines and perform operations on cells. Specifically, this dissertation reports the development of (1) a theoretical background and design criteria for inertial focusing at high Reynolds number, (2) a method for performing continuous rapid solution exchange around cells, and (3) a tool for assaying the mechanical properties of cells at a throughput comparable to flow cytometry (`deformability cytometry'). Generalized design rules, developed in the earlier work, were employed to develop tools for automated cellular sample preparation (`rapid inertial solution exchange') and to focus cells to ensure uniform hydrodynamic stretching in the deformability cytometry method and will be applicable to many future applications of inertial focusing for cytometry, imaging, and bead-based tools. Rapid inertial solution exchange will increase the accessibility of complicated assays to the point-of-care by increasing repeatability of cell-based protocols and minimizing labor-associated time and cost requirements while the label-free metrics provided by deformability cytometry stand in contrast to the variability and cost associated with label-based methods, and potentially extend the use of cytometric methods to new arenas and for more frequent and accurate monitoring of disease.
Impact of rare and common genetic variation in the interleukin-1 pathway on human cytokine responses (2021)

In conclusion, this study shows that functionally grouping common and rare genetic variants enables the elucidation IL-1-mediated biological mechanisms, specifically, for IL-1β and IL-6 cytokine responses induced by various stimuli. The framework used in this study may allow for the analysis of rare and common genetic variants in a wider variety of (non-immune) complex phenotypes and therefore has the potential to contribute to better understanding of unresolved, complex traits and diseases.
3D-FFT for Signature Detection in LWIR Images (2007)

Improvements in analysis detection exploitation are possible by applying whitened matched filtering within the Fourier domain to hyperspectral data cubes. We describe an implementation of a Three Dimensional Fast Fourier Transform Whitened Matched Filter (3DFFTMF) approach and, using several example sets of Long Wave Infra Red (LWIR) data cubes, compare the results with those from standard Whitened Matched Filter (WMF) techniques. Since the variability in shape of gaseous plumes precludes the use of spatial conformation in the matched filtering, the 3DFFTMF results were similar to those of two other WMF methods. Including a spatial low-pass filter within the Fourier space can improve signal to noise ratios and therefore improve detection limit by facilitating the mitigation of high frequency clutter. The improvement only occurs if the low-pass filter diameter is smaller than the plume diameter.
Development of a Beat Frequency Tunable Stabilized Axial Zeeman Laser (1997)

A new axial Zeeman laser whose beat frequency varies from 0.7 MHz to 3.4 MHz was developed. The practical apparatus for realizing the beat-frequency tuning and the stabilization of the absolute frequency of the Zeeman laser is described. The capability of the Zeeman laser we have developed is verified by measurement of the transient response, long-term stability of the beat frequency, and relationship between the applied current for generating the magnetic field and the resultant beat frequency. The applications of this new Zeeman laser are discussed.
Photoluminescent carbon nanotags from harmful cyanobacteria for drug delivery and imaging in cancer cells (2014)

Using a simple method of mass production of green carbon nanotags (G-tags) from harmful cyanobacteria, we developed an advanced and efficient imaging platform for the purpose of anticancer therapy. Approximately 100 grams of G-tags per 100 kilograms of harmful cyanobacteria were prepared using our eco-friendly approach. The G-tags possess high solubility, excellent photostability, and low cytotoxicity (<1.5 mg/mL for 24 h). Moreover, doxorubicin-conjugated G-tags (T-tags; >0.1 mg/mL) induced death in cancer cells (HepG2 and MCF-7) in-vitro at a higher rate than that of only G-tags while in-vivo mice experiment showed enhanced anticancer efficacy by T-tags at 0.01 mg/mL, indicating that the loaded doxorubicin retains its pharmaceutical activity. The cancer cell uptake and intracellular location of the G- and T-tags were observed. The results indicate that these multifunctional T-tags can deliver doxorubicin to the targeted cancer cells and sense the delivery of doxorubicin by activating the fluorescence of G-tags.
Towards rational drug design: crystal structures of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (1996)

Enzymes involved in pmine or pyiimidine biosynthesis are potential targets for the treatment of degenerative diseases of the replication cycle. Glycinamicle ribonucleotide transformylase (GAR Tfase) catalyses the first of two steps in de novo pmine biosynthesis that require reduced folate cofactors. The enzyme catalyses the transfer of a formyl group from 10formyltetrahydrofolate (l O-CHOH4F) to the amino group of glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) to form formyl glycinamicle Iibonucleoticle (FGAR) and tetrahydrofolate (H4F). The discovery that inhibitors of GAR-Tfase, derivatives of 5, l 0dideazatetrahydrofolate, are able to stop proliferation of tumor cells in culture suggested this enzyme as a target for antineoplastic agents. Structure-based rational drug design has proven useful in the development of inhibitors for enzymes such as thymidylate synthase (TS), clehyclrofolate reductase (DHFR) and ribonucleotide reductase. Therefore. the focus of our studies have been to investigate the crystal stmctures of both wild type (1.2) and mutant forms of GARTfase in complex with several substrate cofactors and inhibitors to delineate. design and test new drug lead compounds of this enzyme.
Towards Unsupervised Classification with Deep Generative Models (2018)

Deep generative models have advanced the state-of-the-art in semi-supervised classification, however their capacity for deriving useful discriminative features in a completely unsupervised fashion for classification in difficult real-world data sets, where adequate manifold separation is required has not been adequately explored. Most methods rely on defining a pipeline of deriving features via generative modeling and then applying clustering algorithms, separating the modeling and discriminative processes. We propose a deep hierarchical generative model which uses a mixture of discrete and continuous distributions to learn to effectively separate the different data manifolds and is trainable end-to-end. We show that by specifying the form of the discrete variable distribution we are imposing a specific structure on the model's latent representations. We test our model's discriminative performance on the task of CLL diagnosis against baselines from the field of computational FC, as well as the Variational Autoencoder literature.
Flexing and Stretching (2013)

So you work in displays? You may soon be working in flexible electronics too. Author Jason Heikenfeld, associate professor with the School of Electronic and Computing Systems at the University of Cincinnati, looks at several of the most interesting developments in flexible electronics.