gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dispersive mixing in immiscible polymer blends (1996)

Abstract Dispersive mixing of immiscible polymer blends as well as polymer systems containing solids is achieved in compounding equipment at two stages of the system's processing experience: first, while one or more of the polymer components are melting, and second, after all polymer components have melted. That is, the first mode of dispersive mixing occurs during the melting mechanism of “dissipative mix melting” (Ref. 1), while the second is melt‐melt mixing. During the compounding of a given blend system, there are a number of processing parameters that can be changed in order to improve mixing. These range from machine operating variables to the addition of processing aids. If such processing changes fail to produce the desired morphology, the most common change to consider is the screw geometry. This, in practice involves a trial and error procedure, or the use of an existing database built from prior experience. The role which the thermomechanical and rheological properties of the blend component play in dissipative mix melting and melt‐melt mixing has not yet been well understood. The reason for this is that although most blend systems have components which are strongly non‐Newtonian and strongly viscoelastic, the thinking and rules of thumb for mixing such materials has been heavily influenced by the analysis of G. I. Taylor (Ref. 2), who in 1932 addressed the phenomenon of the dispersion of a single Newtonian droplet by a Newtonian matrix flowing in laminar shear flow. This paper addresses the strong role that the rheology of blend components, under processing conditions, play in laminar dispersive mixing of polymer blends. From a practical point of view, if the dispersion mechanisms and rates of dispersion depend on the component rheology, then such knowledge can lead us to the selection of advantageous mixing element designs and processing conditions. The experimental results were obtained in dispersive mixing carried out in devices developed in the Polymer Mixing Study (Ref. 3). Such model devices include the Couette Flow Intensive Mixer (CIM) (Ref. 4), where a constant shear stress is applied on the blend components and the Twin Screw Mixing Element Evaluator (TSMEE) (Ref. 5), where the mixing flows are those encountered in actual mixing/compounding operations. The TSMEE will be described in the body of this paper together with its on‐ and off‐line morphology determination capabilities and its in‐line rheology sensor. The low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and polystyrene (PS) polymers studied were selected because they cover a wide spectrum of rheological properties.
Clinical Magnetic Susceptibility Mapping of the Brain (1987)

A field mapping technique was used to detect changes in the local magnetic field in 14 tumors, five hematomas, one lacunar infarct, and two cases of multiple sclerosis. These changes were attributed to variations in the tissue susceptibility. A partial or complete rim of changed susceptibility was detected at the margin of five of the tumors and localized changes were seen within two of the tumors. All five hematomas displayed susceptibility effects. These were seen at the rim of the hematoma in all cases but central effects were also seen in four cases. One area of probable lacunar infarction also displayed susceptibility effects. The effects described may be due to the paramagnetic contribution of species such as deoxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, free ferric iron, hemosiderin, and other breakdown products of blood. Local field inhomogeneities due to changes in tissue susceptibility have implications for magnetic resonance (MR) image interpretation and the performance of MR spectroscopy.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL, ALGORITHM AND SOFTWARE FOR SELECTION OF THE SPACECRAFT PROTECTION AGAINST IMPACT OF THE METEORITES AND SPAСE DEBRIS (2016)

The paper deals with the sources of high speed bodies and particles of the natural and artificial origin which are dangerous for the spacecraft operation. The paper presents the parameters of certain groups of the meteoric particles and the sources space debris. The following ways allow the spacecrafts to avoid collision with space debris: change of spacecraft orbit, and optimal protection of the spacecraft surface. An actual problem of creation of the spacecraft protection for spacecraft operating on the near Earth orbit for a long time includes development of the algorithms and software for the optimization of spacecraft screen protection and reduce mass. Development of the algorithms and software for the spacecraft multiunit protection solves the problem of optimization of spacecraft surface screen multi-unit protection for basic models as cube and cylinder (in the algorithmic languages of Fortran and BUILDER-4) by the method of dynamic programming with Pareto sets. Moreover, we developed the visualization programs of the optimization results and the utilities that provide interface of the calculating programs and databases in Windows environment. The programs include plotting, providing the calculation clearness.
Ingenol mebutate: induced cell death patterns in normal and cancer epithelial cells. (2012)

We investigated the proposed necrotic mechanism of ingenol mebutate, a natural compound with anti-cancer properties in human keratinocytes, the human squamous cell carcinoma cell line HSC-5, and HeLa cervix carcinoma cells. Topical application of a clinical dose of ingenol mebutate 0.05% (1.15 mM) gel to human reconstituted full-thickness skin equivalents strongly reduced epidermal, but not dermal viability. Ingenol mebutate showed cytotoxic potency between 200-300 M on normal and cancer cells. When keratinocytes were induced to differentiate, they became significantly less sensitive to ingenol mebutate and half-maximal induction of cell death required more than 300 M ingenol mebutate. Cytotoxic concentrations of ingenol mebutate caused rupture of the mitochondrial network within minutes paralleled by cytosolic calcium release in all cells. Subsequently, plasma membrane integrity was lost as seen by propidium uptake into the cells. This was in sharp contrast to lysis of cells with low concentrations of the detergent Triton X-100 that permeabilized the plasma membrane within minutes without affecting organelle morphology. Buffering of intracellular calcium and inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore reduced the cytotoxic effect of ingenol mebutate in cancer cells, but not in normal keratinocytes. However, these inhibitors could not prevent cell death subsequent to prolonged incubation. Our findings reveal that ingenol mebutate does not mediate cytotoxicity by a simple lytic, necrotic mechanism, but activates distinct processes involving multiple cell organelles in a cell-type and differentiation-dependent manner. These data improve our understanding of ingenol mebutate-target cell interactions and offer new insights relevant to the removal of aberrant cells in human skin.
Time-delay spectrometry measurement of magnitude and phase of hydrophone response (2011)

A method based on time-delay spectrometry (TDS) was developed for measuring both magnitude and phase response of a hydrophone. The method was tested on several types of hydrophones used in medical ultrasound exposimetry over the range from 5 to 18 MHz. These included polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) spot-poled membrane, needle, and capsule designs. One needle hydrophone was designed for high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) applications. The average reproducibility (after repositioning the hydrophone) of the phase measurement was 2.4°. The minimum-phase model, which implies that the phase response is equal to the inverse Hilbert transform of the natural logarithm of the magnitude response, was tested with TDS hydrophone data. Direct TDS-based measurements of hydrophone phase responses agreed well with calculations based on the minimum-phase model, with rms differences of 1.76° (PVDF spot-poled membrane hydrophone), 3.10° (PVDF capsule hydrophone), 3.43° (PVDF needle hydrophone), and 3.36° (ceramic needle hydrophone) over the range from 5 to 18 MHz. Therefore, phase responses for several types of hydrophones may be inferred from measurements of their magnitude responses. Calculation of phase response based on magnitude response using the minimumphase model is a relatively simple and practical alternative to direct measurement of phase.
Impact of sodium bicarbonate administration and N-acetylcysteine on the prevention of contrast media-induced nephropathy in endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (2012)

Brulotte, V.; Leblond, F. A.; Elkouri, S.; Thérasse, É.; Pichette, V.; Beaulieu, P. Author Information
Emergence of Elastic Properties in a Minimalist Resilin‐Derived Heptapeptide upon Bromination (Small 32/2022) (2022)

Supramolecular Chemistry In article number 2200807, Pierangelo Metrangolo and co-workers report the emergence of elasticity in a short peptide sequence—SDSYGAP—derived from resilin, upon bromination of the tyrosine residue. Bromine-mediated halogen bonds act as non-covalent crosslinks between nearby peptide strands, favoring the formation of elastic hydrogels in which such crosslinking points limit deformations and contribute to structural recovery of the peptide-network. Cover design by Prof. Umberto Tolino and Mr. Davide Formenti from the Department of Design of Politecnico di Milano, Italy.
The Effect of Intracellular Degradation on Cytotoxicity and Cell Labeling Efficacy of Inorganic Ligand-Stabilized Colloidal CdSe/CdS Quantum Dots (2014)

Quantum dots (QDots) are explored in biomedicine as highly fluorescent, photostable nanomaterials, but their use is impeded by their hydrophobic nature. In the present work, we evaluate the potential biomedical use of QDots that have been transferred into the aqueous phase by means of inorganic ligands. CdSe/CdS QDots were prepared and transferred to water upon ligand exchange to S(2-) ions. However, a multiparametric evaluation of the effect of these QDots on multiple cell types revealed significant QDot cytotoxicity. Using optimized methods, the QDots were found to rapidly degrade under endosomal pH, resulting in leached Cd(2+). Together with the induction of oxidative stress, this significantly affected cell viability. Using proliferation-restricted cells, QDot degradation was found to augment cytotoxicity with time resulting in mitochondrial and DNA damage, effects on cell morphology and cell functionality. The final non-cytotoxic concentration was defined at 2 nM, enabling cells to be tracked up to 2 cell divisions. A direct comparison with other QDots and fluorescent particles studied resulted in similar concentrations; however, the functionality of previously analyzed particles was much higher. These data reveal that comparing NP toxicity based on particle concentrations is extremely difficult. A comparison of NPs is better obtained by evaluating NP functionality using a straightforward approach, such as follow-up of QDot fluorescence in dividing cells. These data highlight the importance of (1) considering QDot stability in the intracellular microenvironment, (2) the protective nature of the QDot-stabilizing coating, (3) the need for comparison of particle functionality to understand any observed effects.
Diuretikaeinsatz bei Frühgeborenen mit einem Gestationsalter < 29 Schwangerschaftswochen – Daten aus dem German Neonatal Network (GNN) (2023)

Einleitung und Fragestellung Frühgeborene sind im Rahmen ihres Klinikaufenthaltes gegenüber den verschiedensten Medikamenten exponiert. Für einige dieser Medikamente gibt es einheitliche Indikationsstellungen. Häufig, wie beispielsweise beim Einsatz von Diuretika, sind die Einsatzkriterien jedoch zentrumsspezifisch, auch wenn diese Medikamente gängige Therapeutika für beispielsweise Kinder mit bronchopulmonaler Dysplasie (BPD) darstellen. Da aber gerade im Früh- und Neugeborenenzeitraum für die meisten Arzneimittel keine pharmakologischen Studien existieren, wollten wir den Medikamenteneinsatz bei diesen vulnerablen Patienten genauer beleuchten (Mandell et al., 2019).
Ranking in heterogeneous social media (2014)

The problem of image search has been studied extensively in recent years because of the large and increasing repositories of images on the web, social media, and other linked networks. Most of the available techniques for keyword-based image search on the web use the text in the surrounding or linked text in order to retrieve related images. Many image repositories on the web are built upon social media platforms such as Flickr. Such platforms provide a rich level of information in terms of the user linkage information to images, tags or other comments which are contributed by the users. It is reasonable to assume that the content of the images, users and other social cues such as tags and comments are often related to one another. Therefore, such cues can be useful for improving the effectiveness of search and ranking algorithms. In this paper, we propose SocialRank, which is a technique for using social hints in order to improve the image search and ranking process. Furthermore, we propose a holistic framework to combine social tags, social network text, linkage between actors and images, as well as the actual image features in order to create a ranking technique for image search. We design a PageRank-like method which can combine these different methods in order to provide an effective method for image search and ranking in social networks.
The anti‐glioblastoma drug ONC201 and related analogs act as non‐competitive antagonists at the D 2 dopamine receptor through unique binding site interactions (2019)

ONC201 is a first‐in‐class imipridone molecule that is in clinical trials for the treatment of glioblastoma. It was initially identified as a p53‐independent inducer of the immune cytokine TRAIL leading to tumor cell death. Notably, overexpression of the D2 dopamine receptor (D2R) occurs in a variety of cancers, including glioblastoma, and its antagonism imparts pro‐apoptotic and anti‐proliferative effects in tumor cells. Characterization of ONC201 and several novel analogs (ONC206 and ONC213) using functional assays (β‐arrestin recruitment and cAMP accumulation) and radioligand binding analyses revealed that all ONC compounds were full antagonists of the D2R with low micromolar affinities, similar to their potencies for anti‐proliferative effects. To investigate the mechanism of D2R antagonism by the ONC compounds, Schild‐like curve‐shift experiments were performed using the functional assays where dopamine dose‐response curves were constructed in the presence of increasing concentrations of ONC compound. The addition of ONC compounds caused both a rightward shift in the dopamine concentration‐response curve and a depression of the maximum response. Such results are consistent with a mixed/non‐competitive mechanism of antagonism. These curve shift data were fit to the operational model of allostery, which revealed that the predominant modulatory effect of the ONC compounds is on dopamine efficacy with a smaller effect on dopamine potency. To investigate how ONC201 binds to the D2R, we employed scanning mutagenesis where amino acids are systematically mutated to alanine coupled with a D2R‐mediated calcium efflux assay. In this fashion, eight residues, located in two divergent pockets were identified as being important for ONC201's functional antagonism of the D2R and postulated to represent potential ligand‐receptor interaction sites. D2Rs harboring these mutations were expressed in HEK293 cells and assayed for both binding affinity and functional efficacy of the ONC compounds. The ability of ONC201 and analogs to block dopamine‐mediated G protein responses (cAMP and Go‐activation) and to bind to the receptor were hindered by the introduction of each mutant supporting the importance of these interaction sites. Of particular note is the loss of ONC binding affinity and functional efficacy with the distant I397A and V91A mutations possibly suggesting allosteric coupling between these sites. Elucidation of the pharmacological profile and unique interaction sites of ONC201 and analogs may lead to a better understanding of its mechanism for anticancer targeting. Support or Funding Information NINDS Intramural Research Program This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal .
Analysis of extracellular matrix synthesis during wound healing of retinal pigment epithelial cells (1998)

To investigate changes in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells during wound healing, we evaluated the deposition of newly synthesized extracellular matrix (ECM) over time during wound healing in rat RPE cultures. We also estimated the effect of growth factors on the healing rate and ECM synthesis. After preparing rat RPE cell sheet cultures, we made round 1-mm defects in the cultures. Fibronectin, laminin, and collagen IV synthesis were evaluated with immunocytochemistry every 12 hours after wounding. S-phase cell distribution was analyzed every 12 hours by 5-bromodeoxyuridine uptake. We added either platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), or transforming growth factor- beta2 (TGF-beta2) to cultures at concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 ng/mL and immunocytochemically analyzed the effects on ECM and estimated the rate of wound closure. Although approximately 50% closure was achieved 24 hours after wounding, fibronectin deposits first appeared at that time. Laminin and collagen IV were first detected at 36 hours and fibronectin staining had extended toward the wound center. S-phase cells were distributed in concentric rings that moved centripetally over time and corresponded to the leading edge of the area stained with anti-ECM antibodies. TGF-beta2 enhanced ECM deposition, but EGF and PDGF did not. TGF-beta2 decreased the healing rate in a dose-dependent manner, whereas PDGF promoted wound closure. EGF enhanced closure at the highest concentration only. In summary, wound healing in RPE may be initiated when cells at the wound edge slide or migrate toward the wound center, which is followed by cell proliferation and then ECM synthesis. ECM components may be produced in a specific sequence during healing. TGF-beta2 may promote RPE cell differentiation, and PDGF may enhance proliferation during wound healing of the RPE.
Dark-Field Chest Radiography Outperforms Conventional Chest Radiography for the Diagnosis and Staging of Pulmonary Emphysema (2023)

Dark-field chest radiography is superior to conventional chest radiography for emphysema diagnosis and staging, indicating the technique's potential as a low-dose diagnostic tool for emphysema assessment.
Rapid 18F‐ and 19F‐Difluoromethylation through Desulfurative Fluorination of Transient N‐, O‐, and C‐Linked Dithioles (2022)

The difluoromethyl group plays an important role in modern medicinal and agrochemistry. While several difluoromethylation reagents have been reported, these typically rely on difluoromethyl carbenes or anions, or target specific processes. Here, we describe a conceptually unique and general process for O-H, N-H and C-H difluoromethylation that involves the formation of a transient dithiole followed by facile desulfurative fluorination using silver(I) fluoride. We also introduce the 5,6-dimethoxy-1,3-benzodithiole (DMBDT) function, which undergoes sufficiently rapid desulfurative fluorination to additionally support <sup>18</sup> F-difluoromethylation. This new process is compatible with the wide range of functional groups typically encountered in medicinal chemistry campaigns, and the use of Ag<sup>18</sup> F is demonstrated in the production of <sup>18</sup> F-labeled derivatives of testosterone, perphenazine, and melatonin, 58.0±2.2, 20.4±0.3 and 32.2±3.6 MBq μmol<sup>-1</sup> , respectively. We expect that the DMBDT group and this <sup>18</sup> F/<sup>19</sup> F-difluoromethylation process will inspire and support new efforts in medicinal chemistry, agrochemistry and radiotracer production.
Free space quantum cryptography and satellite secure key distribution (2000)

Discusses the first tentative steps to an optically based system for uploading keys to remote platforms using polarisation encoding of weak pulses of light. This method relies on the rules of physics, those of quantum mechanics, to guarantee the absolute security of key generation and exchange and is known as quantum cryptography. (1 page)
Thermoelectrics enhanced air cooling limits and improvement techniques: Experimental and computational studies (2010)

The use of thermoelectric cooler (TEC) as enhanced air cooling technique for electronic generating devices has been of increasing interest. In this paper, experimental and computational studies of TEC enhanced air cooling limits are conducted. The experimental work was first conducted as a baseline study. The setup consisted of a fan-cooled heat sink, a thermal test board mounted with a test die, and a TEC of 50 mm × 50 mm. Experiments were run at different power inputs and operation currents. The cross-over power with TEC enhancement cases was identified to be about 62W under nonuniform die heating. The computational model was constructed according to the experimental study. The TEC module was modeled as heat conduction blocks with respective volumetric heat generations. Good agreement was achieved between computational predictions and measurements. The size of TEC module, which was seldom addressed in literature, was then varied to examine its effect on the junction temperature. Improving techniques such as the use of better TIM1 or indium TIM1 and liquid cooling technique are also discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 1,2,3,4‐TETRAHYDRO‐β‐CARBOLINES (1978)

Abstract Tryptophanmethylesterhydrochlorid (I) liefert mit dem Formylpropionsäureester (IIa) und Glyoxaldiethylacetal (IIb) bei Erhitzen in wäßrigem Methanol nur geringe Mengen der Tetrahydro‐β‐carboline (IIIa) bzw. (IIIb).
Nonlinear dynamics with space-charge in a small electron recirculator (2016)

We report on recent experimental and computational investigations at the University of Maryland Electron Ring (UMER). The work includes betatron resonances with emittance as well as space-charge dominated beams; envelope-mode excitation, halos and diagnostics, nonlinear optics, space-charge waves and instabilities.
Digestive leaks: An approach tailored to both indication and anatomy (2016)

Therapeutic endoscopy plays a major role in the management of digestive leaks, particularly those that occur after surgery. It also offers an effective treatment alternative to repeated surgery in fragile and/or septic patients.
Diversity-oriented synthesis encoded by deoxyoligonucleotides (2022)

Abstract Diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS)is a powerful strategy to prepare molecules with underrepresented features in commercial screening collections, resulting in the elucidation of novel biological mechanisms. In parallel to the development of DOS, DNA-encoded libraries (DELs) have emerged as an effective, efficient screening strategy to identify protein binders. Despite recent advancements in this field, most DEL syntheses are limited by the presence of sensitive DNA-based constructs. Here, we describe the design, synthesis, and validation experiments performed for a 3.7 million-member DEL, generated using diverse skeleton architectures with varying exit vectors, derived from DOS, to achieve structural diversity beyond what is possible by varying appendages alone. We will make this DEL available to the academic scientific community to increase access to novel structural features and accelerate early-phase drug discovery.