gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vulnerabilities in MLC NAND Flash Memory Programming: Experimental Analysis, Exploits, and Mitigation Techniques (2017)

Modern NAND flash memory chips provide high density by storing two bits of data in each flash cell, called a multi-level cell (MLC). An MLC partitions the threshold voltage range of a flash cell into four voltage states. When a flash cell is programmed, a high voltage is applied to the cell. Due to parasitic capacitance coupling between flash cells that are physically close to each other, flash cell programming can lead to cell-to-cell program interference, which introduces errors into neighboring flash cells. In order to reduce the impact of cell-to-cell interference on the reliability of MLC NAND flash memory, flash manufacturers adopt a two-step programming method, which programs the MLC in two separate steps. First, the flash memory partially programs the least significant bit of the MLC to some intermediate threshold voltage. Second, it programs the most significant bit to bring the MLC up to its full voltage state. In this paper, we demonstrate that two-step programming exposes new reliability and security vulnerabilities. We experimentally characterize the effects of two-step programming using contemporary 1X-nm (i.e., 15–19nm) flash memory chips. We find that a partially-programmed flash cell (i.e., a cell where the second programming step has not yet been performed) is much more vulnerable to cell-to-cell interference and read disturb than a fully-programmed cell. We show that it is possible to exploit these vulnerabilities on solid-state drives (SSDs) to alter the partially-programmed data, causing (potentially malicious) data corruption. Building on our experimental observations, we propose several new mechanisms for MLC NAND flash memory that eliminate or mitigate data corruption in partially-programmed cells, thereby removing or reducing the extent of the vulnerabilities, and at the same time increasing flash memory lifetime by 16%.
ChemInform Abstract: Five New Steroidal Alkaloids from Buxus papilosa. Some Relationships Between Structures and Specific Rotations. (1987)

Abstract The bases (+)‐buxabenzamidienine (I), its 16α‐acetoxy derivative (II), (+)‐buxotrienine (III), (‐)‐buxanoldine (IV) and (+)‐buxanaldinine (V) are isolated from the title species and identified by physical methods.
Our Health, Our Action, Our Planet—a Call to Action for Microbiologists To Engage in Climate Research (2021)

Imagine a world where both the geographical distribution and incidence of plant, animal, and human pathogens have increased by several magnitudes compared to the COVID-19 pandemic because we failed to limit global temperature rise below 1.5°C of the preindustrial levels. In that world, we, humans, would suffer tremendously, and the altered environment could pose an existential threat to our species. Today, we are on the edge of that precipice and facing the last chance to prevent irreversible climate damages from occurring. Even though the world is still fighting the COVID-19 pandemic, the threats due to climate change require urgent and definitive actions from us now before it is too late.
Adaptive Sampling for Linear State Estimation (2012)

When a sensor has continuous measurements but sends occasional messages over a data network to a supervisor which estimates the state, the available packet rate fixes the achievable quality of state estimation. When such rate limits turn stringent, the sensor's messaging policy should be designed anew. What are good causal messaging policies? What should message packets contain? What is the lowest possible distortion in a causal estimate at the supervisor? Is Delta sampling better than periodic sampling? We answer these questions for a Markov state process under an idealized model of the network and the assumption of perfect state measurements at the sensor. If the state is a scalar, or a vector of low dimension, then we can ignore sample quantization. If in addition we can ignore jitter in the transmission delays over the network, then our search for efficient messaging policies simplifies. First, each message packet should contain the value of the state at that time. Thus a bound on the number of data packets becomes a bound on the number of state samples. Second, the remaining choice in messaging is entirely about the times when samples are taken. For a scalar, linear diffusion process, we study the problem of choosing the causal sampling times that will give the lowest aggregate squared error distortion. We stick to finite horizons and impose a hard upper bound N on the number of allowed samples. We cast the design as a problem of choosing an optimal sequence of stopping times. We reduce this to a nested sequence of problems, each asking for a single optimal stopping time. Under an unproven but natural assumption about the least-square estimate at the supervisor, each of these single stopping problems are of standard form. The optimal stopping times are random times when the estimation error exceeds designed envelopes. For the case where the state is a Brownian motion, we give analytically: the shape of the optimal sampling envelopes, the shape of the envelopes under optimal Delta sampling, and their performances. Surprisingly, we find that Delta sampling performs badly. Hence, when the rate constraint is a hard limit on the number of samples over a finite horizon, we should not use Delta sampling.
Enlargement of Measurement Range by Double Frequency Modulations in One-Laser Brillouin Correlation-Domain Distributed Discrimination System (2011)

A new scheme based on double frequency modulations is proposed to enlarge the measurement range in Brillouin correlation-domain distributed discrimination system with one laser source. The measurement range is increased from ~5 m to ~34 m with the spatial resolution maintained to be 10 cm.
Impedance Model of Oxygen Reduction in Water-Flooded Pores of Ionomer-Free PEFC Catalyst Layers (2011)

We present an impedance model of oxygen reduction in water-flooded pores of ionomer-free, ultrathin catalyst layers in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. This work expands on the continuum, single pore approach of a previously developed steady state model (JES 158, B18, 2011), which postulated that protons are transported into water-flooded pores through their electrostatic interaction with the metal surface charge density. We derive approximate analytical expressions for the impedance response in various limiting cases. In contrast to the response of electrolyte-filled pores, the resistive and capacitive elements of the water-flooded pores are highly dependent on the surface charge density of the metal, which is determined by the applied bias potential and the potential of zero charge of the metal. We discuss the capabilities of the model to determine the kinetic, electrostatic, and transport contributions to the overall Faradaic current density, and to extract metal|solution interfacial parameters of electrocatalytic materials in ionomer-free catalyst layers from impedance data.
Chemical and toxicological evaluation of synfuel waters (1983)

Aqueous and organic phases of product streams frequently come into contact in synfuels processes. Contacts occur most commonly in gas quench operations and result in the production of a large volume of very complex water/organic mixtures. As a result of contact, chemical transformations may occur that can influence the toxicity of a given material. The chemical thermodynamics and kinetics of such reactions are strongly influenced by the complex matrix in which they occur. To determine the potential health effects of synfuel wastewaters, chemical characterization as well as toxicological evaluation of representative process materials is required. Samples examined included coal-gasification quench waters from the HYGAS pilot plant (Institute of Gas Technology) and from the University of North Dakota Energy Technology Center (UNDETC) pilot plant, and certain oil-shale process waters, and tar-sand process waters. Detailed characterization of the extractable and chromatographable organics was performed using capillary column gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The acidic, basic, and neutral components were analyzed in samples obtained before and after the various treatment strains. These studies showed that most of the chromatographable organics are removed if a solvent extraction is followed by an activated-sludge/powdered-activated-carbon treatment. However, neutral and basic organic materials that weremore » present in small amounts and polar material that was not identified at the time were not removed.« less
Active Sites at Finite Coverages – an STM Investigation of the Dissociation of NO on Ru(0001) (2005)

Abstract We have investigated the role of active sites on a partially adsorbate covered surface. The decomposition of NO molecules on a Ru surface served as model reaction. Experiments were performed in an ultra-high vacuum chamber, by dosing NO on a Ru(0001) single crystal surface at 300 K. The distributions of N and O atoms resulting from the NO decomposition were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. We find massive changes compared to the zero-coverage limit that has been studied before. Whereas atomic steps are active sites for the decomposition of the NO molecules at low coverages, the flat terraces also become active at higher coverages. Mobile O atoms on the terraces, formed by the initial dissociation of the NO molecules, are responsible for this effect. Furthermore, narrow terraces fill with N and O atoms at a higher rate than wide terraces, also contrasting the low coverage result. The effect can be understood by the blocked surface diffusion of NO precursors to the steps by N atoms accumulating at the steps. On the approximately half covered surface striking mesoscopic concentration patterns are observed, connected with a demixing of the N and O atoms. Here two effects contribute, the different surface diffusion rates of N and O atoms away from the steps, and the different interactions between the two types of atoms. At saturation NO forms a molecular state, with one NO molecule per unit cell of the (2×2) mixed structure of N and O atoms.
Hospitalisation for degenerative cervical myelopathy in England: insights from the National Health Service Hospital Episode Statistics 2012 to 2019 (2022)

The incidence of hospitalisation for DCM in England is rising. Health care policymakers and providers must recognise the increasing burden of DCM and act to address both early diagnoses and access to treatment in future service provision plans.
Pictorial Review of the 18F-FDG PET/CT Manifestations of Erdheim-Chester Disease (2019)

1141 Objectives: The purpose of this educational exhibit is to familiarize clinicians with FDG PET imaging manifestations of Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD).
 Methods: Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare systemic non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis with a wide range of findings from asymptomatic osteosclerotic bone lesions to life threatening involvement of vascular and retroperitoneal structures.
ECD diagnosis is based on characteristic clinical, radiological and histopathological features.18F-FDG PET/CT plays an important role in assessment and quantification of inflammatory processes by depicting the metabolic activity associated with anatomical structures. FDG PET has a pivotal role in diagnosis of ECD by revealing the extent of multi-system involvement and by identifying potential biopsy sites, because this imaging modality might be a biomarker for tissues expressing the BRAF mutation. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests efficacy of PET scan in disease follow-up, therapeutic response evaluation and restaging.
This review will illustrate FDG PET imaging features of ECD in our cohort of 62 biopsy-proven ECD patients. A systematic review of the literature on ECD will support the images.
A. Skeletal
a) Appendicular
b) Axial
B. Vascular
a) Peri-aortic infiltration
b) Renal artery sheathing
c) Sheathing of aortic branches
d) Others, including coronary artery involvement
C. Renal
a) Peri-nephric infiltrates
b) Proximal ureter
D. Adrenal
E. Pulmonary
F. Pleura, Pericardium, and Peritoneum
G. Others, including lymph nodes, muscles (cardiac and skeletal), pancreas, and brain
 Conclusions: The systematic pictorial review of the 18F-FDG PET/CT manifestations of ECD will provide clinicians with a resource to facilitate diagnosis and treatment response assessment of this disease.
Evaluation of green light exposure on headache frequency and quality of life in migraine patients: A preliminary one-way cross-over clinical trial (2020)

Green light emitting diodes significantly reduced the number of headache days in people with episodic migraine or chronic migraine. Additionally, green light emitting diodes significantly improved multiple secondary outcome measures including quality of life and intensity and duration of the headache attacks. As no adverse events were reported, green light emitting diodes may provide a treatment option for those patients who prefer non-pharmacological therapies or may be considered in complementing other treatment strategies. Limitations of this study are the small number of patients evaluated. The positive data obtained support implementation of larger clinical trials to determine possible effects of green light emitting diode therapy.This study is registered with clinicaltrials.gov under NCT03677206.
Supplementary Data from Putative Biomarkers of Clinical Benefit With Pembrolizumab in Advanced Urothelial Cancer: Results from the KEYNOTE-045 and KEYNOTE-052 Landmark Trials (2023)

Supplementary Data from Putative Biomarkers of Clinical Benefit With Pembrolizumab in Advanced Urothelial Cancer: Results from the KEYNOTE-045 and KEYNOTE-052 Landmark Trials
Combination of the Mahalanobis distance and residual variance pattern recognition techniques for classification of near-infrared reflectance spectra (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCombination of the Mahalanobis distance and residual variance pattern recognition techniques for classification of near-infrared reflectance spectraNilesh K. Shah and Paul J. GemperlineCite this: Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, 5, 465–470Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00204a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00204a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views411Altmetric-Citations68LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Silicon Heterojunction Microcells (2021)

We report the design, fabrication, and characterization of silicon heterojunction microcells, a new type of photovoltaic cell that leverages high-efficiency bulk wafers in a microscale form factor, while also addressing the challenge of passivating microcell sidewalls to mitigate carrier recombination. We present synthesis methods exploiting either dry etching or laser cutting to realize microcells with native oxide-based edge passivation. Measured microcell performance for both fabrication processes is compared to that in simulations. We characterize the dependence of microcell open-circuit voltage (<i>V</i><sub>oc</sub>) on the cell area-perimeter ratio and examine synthesis processes that affect edge passivation quality, such as sidewall damage removal, the passivation material, and the deposition technique. We report the highest Si microcell <i>V</i><sub>oc</sub> to date (588 mV, for a 400 μm × 400 μm × 80 μm device), demonstrate <i>V</i><sub>oc</sub> improvements with deposited edge passivation of up to 55 mV, and outline a pathway to achieve microcell efficiencies surpassing 15% for such device sizes.
Granulocyte and monocyte CD11b expression during plasma separation is dependent on complement factor 5 (C5) – an ex vivo study with blood from a C5‐deficient individual (2018)

The aim of the study was to investigate the role of complement factor 5 (C5) in reactions elicited by plasma separation using blood from a C5-deficient (C5D) individual, comparing it to C5-deficient blood reconstituted with C5 (C5DR) and blood from healthy donors. Blood was circulated through an ex vivo plasma separation model. Leukocyte CD11b expression and leukocyte-platelet conjugates were measured by flow cytometry during a 30-min period. Other markers were assessed during a 240-min period. Granulocyte and monocyte CD11b expression did not increase in C5D blood during plasma separation. In C5DR samples granulocytes CD11b expression, measured by mean fluorescence intensity (MFI), increased from 10481 ± 6022 (SD) to 62703 ± 4936, and monocytes CD11b expression changed from 13837 ± 7047 to 40063 ± 713. Granulocyte-platelet conjugates showed a 2.5-fold increase in the C5DR sample compared to the C5D sample. Monocyte-platelet conjugates increased independently of C5. In the C5D samples, platelet count decreased from 210 × 10<sup>9</sup> /L (201-219) (median and range) to 51 × 10<sup>9</sup> /L (50-51), and C3bc increased from 14 CAU/mL (21-7) to 198 CAU/mL (127-269), whereas TCC formation was blocked during plasma separation. In conclusion, up-regulation of granulocyte and monocyte CD11b during plasma separation was C5-dependent. The results also indicate C5 dependency in granulocyte-platelet conjugates formation.
Delivery of Copper-chelating Trientine (TETA) to the central nervous system (2019)

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) complicates the treatment of many CNS disorders, including the copper storage disease, Wilson's disease. Its symptoms represent a serious problem, since therapeutics for Wilson's disease do not cross the BBB. One strategy to overcome this obstacle is the transfer of drugs across the BBB with colloidal carrier systems like liposomes. The aim of the present study was to encapsulate triethylenetetramine (TETA), a copper chelating agent, into surface modified liposomes and to investigate their permeation across the BBB. Liposomes were modified with cationized bovine serum albumin or penetratin, a cell penetrating peptide. Liposomes were characterized regarding size, PDI, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency.
Aluminum nitride grown on lens shaped patterned sapphire by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (2011)

Abstract Thick c‐plane aluminum nitride (AlN) films were grown directly onto lens shaped patterned c‐plane sapphire substrates by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). The sapphire patterning consisted of convex hemispherical lenses in a hexagonal pattern. These films were fully coalesced, planar, colorless, specular and up to 20 μm thick. Full widths at half maximum of X‐ray rocking curves for the on‐axis (0002) and off‐axis (20 $ \bar 2 $ 1) AlN reflections for fully coalesced films reached 914 and 1502 arcsec respectively. Plan view transmission electron microscopy was used to determine the threading dislocation density which was ∼8 x 10 8 cm ‐2 . An interrupted growth series was also performed to evaluate the growth evolution of the AlN. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the initial growth and coalescence of the films. The AlN was determined to grow in hexagonal pillars initiated on the lenses, eventually coalescing together. These AlN films offer a promising substrate for AlGaN based UV optoelectronics thanks to both its transparency in the UV region and patterning effects. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Holey metallic lens for light focusing (2013)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text S. Ishii, V. M. Shalaev, and A. V. Kildishev, "Holey metallic lens for light focusing," in CLEO: 2013, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optica Publishing Group, 2013), paper QW3N.6. Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Get Video Citation alert Save article
Signaling in transitional type 2 B cells is critical for peripheral B‐cell development (2004)

Splenic peripheral B-cell development and the events regulating this functionally significant but relatively poorly defined developmental process have become a major focus in recent studies in B-cell immunology. Following the exit from the bone marrow, peripheral B cells develop through transitional type 1 (T1) and transitional type 2 (T2) B-cell stages. Emerging data suggest that the T2 subset is the immediate precursor of the mature B-cell populations present in the spleen. In this review, we first elaborate on the evidence describing the unique properties of CD21hiCD24hiCD23hiIgMhiIgDhi T2 B cells. T2 cells uniquely activate a proliferative, pro-survival, and differentiation program in response to B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) engagement. The potential mechanisms leading to the differential BCR responsiveness of T1 versus T2 B cells are discussed. We also review evidence that distinguishes key BCR-dependent signaling pathways operative in T2 and mature B cells. These signaling cascades include a protein kinase Cbeta (PKCbeta)-dependent cell-survival pathway and a second PKCbeta-independent pathway essential for BCR-driven differentiation. Finally, we discuss recent intriguing results suggesting that the type of signal(s) encountered by T2 cells leads to their differential maturation toward the follicular mature versus marginal zone mature B-cell populations. These combined observations suggest important implications with regard to B-cell selection and tolerance, potential novel therapeutic targets for B-cell lymphomas, and how the intricate balance of commensal organisms and other microenvironmental signals interact to promote the generation of 'innate-like' versus adaptive effector B-cell populations.
Exploring the Molecular Vision: Report from a SOCED Invitational Conference (2004)

In 2002, the President of the American Chemical Society (ACS) challenged the ACS Society Committee on Education (SOCED) to begin the task of "reinventing" the content of chemistry education at the undergraduate and graduate levels to better prepare students for success as future chemists. SOCED organized an invitational conference, Exploring the Molecular Vision, in response to this challenge. The conference was designed to begin a discussion about the key concepts, factual knowledge, and skills that students need for today's chemistry careers. This report summarizes the key findings and conclusions of the conference. The full report is available on the ACS Web site.