gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
P5.11. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to reveal the basis for Thomsena€TMs disease (2011)

A DM registry is essential to identify potential participants in clinical trials, to follow the natural history of the disease and to serve as an indicator of the effectiveness of the health care provided to the DM population. A Quebec DM population-based registry has been developed over the last 10 years. In December 2010, the Quebec DM population-based registry contained: 1183 individuals including 892 patients with DM1, 2 patients with DM2 and 145 non-affected subjects. Among these patients, 667 patients were clinically evaluated in a standardized manner. 44% of patients were male and 55% female. Patient’s distribution revealed that 3% were aged less than 18 years, 9% between 19 and 30 years, 44% between 31 and 50 years and 44% above 50 years. The congenital form represents 5% of the patients, the infantile form; 15%, the adult form 57% and late onset form 23%. The form was not determined in 6,5% of patients. The muscular impairment determined by the Muscular Impairment Rate Scale (MIRS) score shows that 28% of patients have a MIRS at 1 and 2, 27% with a MIRS = 3 and 42% with MIRS at 4 and 5. The MIRS was not available for 6,7% of the patients. The most frequent manifestatons are Myotonia (80%), cataracts (56%), digestive (52%) and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) (50%), whereas cardiac conduction defect (27%), diabetes (13%) and thyroid (10,7%) were less frequent. Interestingly, several manifestations (thyroid, cardiac conduction defect, cholecystectomy and EDS) often occur in patients with less than the threehold of 200 CTG repeats whereas diabetes was only observed in patients with more than 800 CTG repeats in blood. Finally some manifestations (diabetes, thyroid, EDS, and patients with pacemakers) were predominantly observed in females. DM registry represents a unique source of information on the natural history of the disease, and is therefore essential for the understanding of the mechanisms of the disease.
Magnetic inflation produced by the Mini-Magnetospheric Plasma Propulsion (M2P2) prototype (2002)

Mini-Magnetospheric Plasma Propulsion (M2P2) seeks the creation of a magnetic wall or bubble (i.e. a magnetosphere) attached to a spacecraft that will intercept the solar wind and thereby provide high-speed propulsion with little expenditure of propellant. The prototype uses a helicon source embedded asymmetrically in a dipole-like magnetic field. Breakdown of the plasma can be produced at high densities 1012−1013 cm−3 with a temperature of several eV. The plasma pressure is sufficient to cause the outward expansion or inflation of the mini-magnetosphere. This expansion has now been measured directly by magnetic field probes. Computer simulations of the laboratory geometry show the presence of magnetic field perturbations that have similar magnitude and temporal variations as seen in the experiments. The field line mapping from the model has similar features to the optical images taken during laboratory prototype. The agreement between the laboratory experiments and the computer simulations provide quantitative evidence that inflation of a dipole field can be achieved in the laboratory, essentially all the way out to the chamber walls which in the large chamber experiments corresponds to several tens of magnet radii. The operation characteristics of the prototype are consistent with the initial simulations that indicated that if such a device were operated in space then it could produce a mini-magnetosphere of the order of about 15–20 km. Such a mini-magnetosphere would experience 1–3 N of thrust from the solar wind, while requiring on 1–2 kWe of power to sustain the mini-magnetosphere.
Frequency-Doubled Wafer-Fused 638 nm VECSEL with an Output Power of 5.6 W (2018)

We report on a frequency doubled vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser emitting 5.6 W at 635 nm. The cavity employed a wafer-fused AlInGaAs/InP-AlAs/GaAs gain mirror in a V-shaped configuration. The heatsink temperature was 20 °C.
Implementation of near Shannon limit error-correcting codes using reconfigurable hardware (2002)

Error correcting codes (ECCs) are widely used in digital communications. New types of ECCs have been proposed which permit error-free data transmission over noisy channels at rates which approach the Shannon capacity. For wireless communication, these new codes allow more data to be carried in the same spectrum, lower transmission power, and higher data security and compression. One new type of ECC, referred to as Turbo Codes, has received a lot of attention, but is computationally expensive to decode and difficult to realize in hardware. Low density parity check codes (LDPCs), another ECC, also provide near Shannon limit error correction ability. However, LDPCs use a decoding scheme which is much more amenable to hardware implementation. This paper first presents an overview of these coding schemes, then discusses the issues involved in building an LDPC decoder using reconfigurable hardware. It presents a hypothetical LDPC implementation using a commercial FPGA, which will give an idea of future research issues and performance gains.
Identification of an immune gene expression signature associated with favorable clinical features in Treg-enriched patient tumor samples (2018)

Immune heterogeneity within the tumor microenvironment undoubtedly adds several layers of complexity to our understanding of drug sensitivity and patient prognosis across various cancer types. Within the tumor microenvironment, immunogenicity is a favorable clinical feature in part driven by the antitumor activity of CD8+ T cells. However, tumors often inhibit this antitumor activity by exploiting the suppressive function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), thus suppressing the adaptive immune response. Despite the seemingly intuitive immunosuppressive biology of Tregs, prognostic studies have produced contradictory results regarding the relationship between Treg enrichment and survival. We therefore analyzed RNA-seq data of Treg-enriched tumor samples to derive a pan-cancer gene signature able to help reconcile the inconsistent results of Treg studies, by better understanding the variable clinical association of Tregs across alternative tumor contexts. We show that increased expression of a 32-gene signature in Treg-enriched tumor samples (<i>n</i> = 135) is able to distinguish a cohort of patients associated with chemosensitivity and overall survival. This cohort is also enriched for CD8+ T cell abundance, as well as the antitumor M1 macrophage subtype. With a subsequent validation in a larger TCGA pool of Treg-enriched patients (<i>n</i> = 626), our results reveal a gene signature able to produce unsupervised clusters of Treg-enriched patients, with one cluster of patients uniquely representative of an immunogenic tumor microenvironment. Ultimately, these results support the proposed gene signature as a putative biomarker to identify certain Treg-enriched patients with immunogenic tumors that are more likely to be associated with features of favorable clinical outcome.
Opinion formation in Ising networks (2013)

We study a network of connected nodes where each node holds an opinion - a binary state that may update over time under the influence of a node's neighbors. Nodes have biased affinities, which logically partition the network into distinct parties. Nodes in the same party tend to have a positive influence on each other, but the extent to which this holds varies across nodes and depends on the chosen affinity model. This paper considers two variations on an Ising spin-glass network model that investigate opinion formation in such biased affinity systems. These models differ in how they determine the pairwise influence between nodes. The first of these in what we dub the random interactions model randomly selects the influence two nodes exert on each other based on their respective party affiliation. The second, a profile-based model, relies on a profile, a κ-bit vector of ±1 entries based on the node's known positions regarding each of κ independent topics. In this model the similarity of the profiles of two nodes determines whether they have a positive or negative influence on each other's opinions. We investigate the formation of opinions under both models and characterize their equilibria. We show that while these systems always converge to an equilibrium, they differ in their number and types of equilibria. These differences manifest themselves in the level of influence of initial opinions, and in the likelihood of polarized outcomes across party lines.
Demonstration of multiple-channel wavelength conversion in a photonic crystal nanocavity (2014)

We demonstrate multiple-channel wavelength conversions in a photonic-crystal nanocavity by employing nonlinearity optical effects of SiC and multiple resonances of the cavity. Also, we investigate the polarization of the wavelength-converted light.
Crystal Structures of HIV-1 gp120 Envelope Glycoprotein in Complex with NBD Analogues That Target the CD4-Binding Site (2014)

Efforts to develop therapeutic agents that inhibit HIV-1 entry have led to the identification of several small molecule leads. One of the most promising is the NBD series, which binds within a conserved gp120 cavity and possesses para-halogen substituted aromatic rings, a central oxalamide linker, and a tetramethylpiperidine moiety. In this study, we characterized structurally the interactions of four NBD analogues containing meta-fluoro substitution on the aromatic ring and various heterocyclic ring replacements of the tetramethylpiperidine group. The addition of a meta-fluorine to the aromatic ring improved surface complementarity and did not alter the position of the analogue relative to gp120. By contrast, heterocyclic ring replacements of the tetramethylpiperidine moiety exhibited diverse positioning and interactions with the vestibule of the gp120 cavity. Overall, the biological profile of NBD-congeners was modulated by ligand interactions with the gp120-cavity vestibule. Herein, six co-crystal structures of NBD-analogues with gp120 provide a structural framework for continued small molecule-entry inhibitor optimization.
On Divergence-Angle Efficiency of a Laser Beam in Free-Space Optical Communications for High-Speed Trains (2017)

We compare narrow and wide laser beams in a free-space optical (FSO) communications system for high-speed train communications and analyze the tradeoffs among the received power, coverage area, and the complexity of the acquisition-tracking-pointing (ATP) mechanism. We propose to employ a divergence angle of a wide beam in the range [0.07°, 2.002°] to relax the steering speed of the fast steering mirror, which is a major component of the ATP mechanism in an FSO transceiver. In addition, we overcome the negative effects of train vibrations by using a proposed divergence-angle range for a wide beam. The proposed range of divergence angles provides a large link range and effective coverage length, and contact time as compared to a narrow beam.
ViewpointGlobal warming toward open educational resources (2008)

Seeking to realize the potential for significantly improving and advancing the world's standard of education.
Multiparameter flow cytometric analysis of lymphocyte subpopulation activation in lectin-stimulated cultures. (1982)

Abstract Lymphocyte activation is initially associated with changes in membrane permeability followed by DNA synthesis and ceil division. The use of 1 µM Hoechst 33342 (HO342) to detect membrane permeability changes or 10 µM HO342 to estimate DNA content in combination with immunofluorescent staining (W3/25 monoclonal for the rat inducer subset; OX8 monoclonal for the rat suppressor/cytotoxic subset) allowed flow cytometric analysis of lymphocyte subset activation and proliferation kinetics after lectin stimulation. Con A (10 µg/ml) was found to increase membrane permeability to 1 µM HO342 in both inducer and cytotoxic/suppressor subsets at 24 hr, with a greater net increase in membrane permeability in the inducer population. Con A stimulation resulted in proliferation that was most evident in the inducer population at 24 hr, followed by a burst of proliferation by the suppressor/cytotoxic subset such that equal percentages of the inducer and cytotoxic/suppressor subsets were found in the S/G2/M phases of the cell cycle at 48, 72, and 96 hr. In general, Con A stimulation resulted in an increase in suppressor/cytotoxic cell numbers, which led to a decrease in the inducer cellxytotoxic/suppressor cell ratio. The majority of PHA-induced proliferation was found to occur in the inducer population at 48 and 72 hr, and was accompanied by an increase in the inducer:cytotoxic/suppressor cell ratio. This technology provides a rapid and effective means for dissecting the temporal sequence of the activation of individual cells within lymphocyte subsets in response to lectins, and should prove equally valuable in elucidating the sequence of lymphocyte subset activation by alloantigen.
Macroscopic condensation of photon noise in nonlinear dissipative systems (2022)

We present a new type of dissipation unique to nonlinear optical systems. We show how this phenomenon enables a new type of laser that deterministically creates macroscopic Fock states of light at optical frequencies.
Grundfragen der Erfolgsmessung von Informationssystemen (IS) (2004)

Nach Erhebungen der Forrester Research Inc. in Cambridge, MA werden jährlich Billionen von Euro alleine von amerikanischen und europäischen Firmen in IKT investiert. 2002 beliefen sich die IT-Ausgaben in den USA auf 866 Billionen Euro und in Europa auf 648 Billionen Euro (vgl. Homs/Parker/Torris/Nordan, 2003, S. 1). Aber wie kann der Erfolg bzw. die Effektivität dieser enormen Technologie-Ausgaben gemessen werden?
An assessment of helium gas behavior in SP-100 class reactors (2003)

A theoretical investigation into the behavior of helium gas in the primary heat transport system of the SP-100 space nuclear power system is performed. Results indicate that helium gas dissolved in the primary coolant will most likely diffuse out of solution directly into existing bubbles in the system accumulators/gas separators before reaching a concentration sufficient to drive a nucleation process elsewhere in the loop. Differences in individual loop flow rates of only a few percent are demonstrated to have a significant impact on the relative gas diffusion rates in the loop accumulators.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Reduction techniques of the back gate effect in the SOI Pixel Detector (2009)

We have fabricated monolithic pixel sensors in 0.2 μm Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) CMOS technology, consisting of a thick sensor layer and a thin circuit layer with an insulating buried-oxide, which has many advantages. However, it has been found that the applied electric field in the sensor layer also affects the transistor operation in the adjacent circuit layer. This limits the applicable sensor bias well below the full depletion voltage. To overcome this, we performed a TCAD simulation and added an additional p-well (buried pwell) in the SOI process. Designs and preliminary results are presented.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of (1,3‐Dioxan‐4‐yl)pyrimidine and Purin Nucleoside Analogues (2015)

Abstract (1,3‐Dioxan‐4‐yl)‐substituted nucleoside analogues, higher homologues of antiviral and anticancer 1,3‐dioxolanes, were prepared from the key intermediate (4‐acetoxy‐1,3‐dioxan‐2‐yl)methyl benzoate and silylated bases. Glycosylation, carried out under Vorbrüggen conditions in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) as a catalyst, afforded the desired compounds with high stereoselectivity and regioselectivity, with only the desired β‐anomeric N‐1 pyrimidine and N‐9 purin nucleosides being obtained. 1 H NMR experiments established that the β‐anomers were diequatorial, and this assignment was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Despite their structural similarities with natural nucleosides, none of the synthesized nucleosides showed antiviral activity.
Pulmonary Aptamer Signatures in Children’s Interstitial and Diffuse Lung Disease (2019)

<b>Rationale:</b> Biomarker signatures are needed in children with children's interstitial and diffuse lung disease (chILD) to improve diagnostic approaches, increase our understanding of disease pathogenesis, monitor disease progression, and develop new treatment strategies. Proteomic technology using SOMAmer (Slow Off-rate Modified Aptamer) nucleic acid-based protein-binding reagents allows for biomarker discovery.<b>Objectives:</b> We hypothesized that proteins and protein pathways in BAL fluid (BALF) would distinguish children with neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy (NEHI), surfactant dysfunction mutations, and other chILD diagnoses and control subjects.<b>Methods:</b> BALF was collected for clinical indications and banked in patients with chILD and disease control subjects using standardized protocols over 10 years. BALF supernatant was analyzed using an aptamer assay to measure 1,129 protein levels. Protein levels were compared between groups using an ANOVA and adjusted for multiple comparisons using false discovery rate. Proteins were classified into pathways. Hierarchical clustering was used to define endotypes in the group of children with NEHI.<b>Measurements and Main Results:</b> After correcting for multiple testing, children with NEHI (<i>n</i> = 22) had 202 aptamers that were significantly different (<i>P</i> < 0.05) in BALF compared with control subjects (<i>n</i> = 9). Children with surfactant mutation (<i>n</i> = 8) had 51 aptamers significantly different (<i>P</i> < 0.05) in BALF compared with control subjects (<i>n</i> = 9). Proteins associated with pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation were associated with the surfactant dysfunction group but not the NEHI group. Using hierarchical clustering analysis, two distinct NEHI endotypes were identified.<b>Conclusions:</b> Distinct proteins and protein pathways can be determined from BALF of children with chILD, and these hold promise to further our understanding of chILD.
Mediated Electron Transfer between FeII Adsorbed onto Hydrous Ferric Oxide and a Working Electrode (2014)

The redox properties of Fe(II) adsorbed onto mineral surfaces have been highly studied over recent years due to the wide range of environmental contaminants that react with this species via abiotic processes. In this work the reactivity of Fe(II) adsorbed onto hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) has been studied using ferrocene (bis-cyclopentadienyl iron(II); Fc) derivatives as electron shuttles in cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments. The observed amplification of the ferrocene oxidation peak in CV is attributed to reaction between the electrochemically generated ferrocenium (Fc(+)) ion and adsorbed Fe(II) species in a catalytic process (EC' mechanism). pH dependence studies show that the reaction rate increases with Fe(II) adsorption and is maintained in the absence of aqueous Fe(2+), providing strong evidence that the electron transfer process involves the adsorbed species. The rate of reaction between Fc(+) and adsorbed Fe(II) increases with the redox potential of the ferrocene derivative, as expected, with bimolecular rate constants in the range 10(3)-10(5) M(-1) s(-1). The ferrocene-mediated electrochemical method described has considerable promise in the development of a technique for measuring electron-transfer rates in geochemical and environmental systems.
Comparative analysis of registration based and registration free methods for cancelable fingerprint biometrics (2008)

Cancelable biometric systems are gaining in popularity for use in person authentication for applications where the privacy and security of biometric templates are important considerations. A variety of approaches have been proposed in the literature. In this work, we have chosen two (a registration based and a registration free) techniques and performed a comparative study focusing on template representation size, useful dataset coverage, system accuracy and transform strength. Results show that both systems have their own advantages that are suited for use in specific applications.
Reply to ‘‘Comment on ‘Atomic model for theEL2 defect in GaAs’’ (1989)

After correcting misimpressions regarding our atomic model for EL2 and that of Zou et al., we show that our model is in good agreement with thermochemical and positron annihilation analysis and with the compensation mechanisms which render GaAs semi-insulating, while the alternative model of von Bardeleben et al. is not. We give a plausible account of other electronic, optical, and electron-nuclear double resonance data regarding EL2.
Insights Into the Design and Optimization of Tunnel-FET Devices and Circuits (2011)

Improving the on-current has been the focus of enhancing the performance of tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs). In this paper, we show that the increase in I_ON is not sufficient to improve the circuit performance with TFETs. As TFETs show a drain-barrier voltage in their output characteristics below which the drain current drastically reduces, the rise/fall time significantly increases. This reduces the dynamic noise margin and limits the performance achievable from TFETs. We show that, in TFETs, the delay of the circuit is determined by the rise/fall time rather than by the propagation delay. The saturation voltage is much higher compared with that of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices, leading to a lower gain and a lower static noise margin in digital circuits, as well as impeding the performance of latch/regenerative circuits. We present a design space comprising of I_ON, a drain saturation voltage, and a drain threshold voltage for minimizing the propagation delay of circuits using TFETs. Finally, for the same off-current and speed of operation, TFET devices tend to suffer from a higher gate capacitance compared with CMOS devices. If this behavior is not taken into account during the circuit design, these devices (although designed for low-power applications) can dissipate more power at the same speed of operation than CMOS counterparts.
Electrical and chemical characteristics of Al2O3/InP metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors (2013)

The interface trap density (Dit) and bonding at the Al2O3/InP interface was investigated using capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Dit extracted using C-V measurements show a peak near midgap and a tail, which extends into the InP conduction band. After post high-k deposition annealing, only midgap Dit increases while minimal change in conduction band Dit is observed. The magnitude of extracted Dit is higher for the Al2O3/InP interface compared to the HfO2/InP interface. XPS analysis shows that the native oxides at the Al2O3/InP interface are more phosphorous rich than for HfO2/InP interface.
Review on spintronics: Principles and device applications (2020)

Spintronics is one of the emerging fields for the next-generation nanoelectronic devices to reduce their power consumption and to increase their memory and processing capabilities. Such devices utilise the spin degree of freedom of electrons and/or holes, which can also interact with their orbital moments. In these devices, the spin polarisation is controlled either by magnetic layers used as spin-polarisers or analysers or via spin–orbit coupling. Spin waves can also be used to carry spin current. In this review, the fundamental physics of these phenomena is described first with respect to the spin generation methods as detailed in Sections 2 ~ 9. The recent development in their device applications then follows in Sections 10 and 11. Future perspectives are provided at the end.