gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Light extraction from LEDs: a long battle (Conference Presentation) (2020)

Light extraction of internally generated light in LEDs into air has always been a major issue from the early days. The reabsorption of emitted light, long a stumbling block, is now almost always solved by the use of heterostructures. The majority of the internal light undergoes total internal reflection at the materials/air interface due to the large index mismatch. This is mitigated by redirecting light rays by light diffusing/scattering structures situated at interfaces. Powerful simulation techniques exist taking into account the various physical mechanisms into play. The frontier is reaching 95%+ extraction efficiencies which would allow 100%+ LED wall-plug efficiencies
Non-Invasive Real-Time Monitoring of Glucose Level Using Novel Microwave Biosensor Based on Triple-Pole CSRR (2020)

Planar microwave sensors are considered an attractive choice to noninvasively probe the dielectric attributes of biological tissues due to their low cost, simple fabrication, miniature scale, and minimum risk to human health. This paper develops and measures a novel microwave biosensor for non-invasive real-time monitoring of glucose level. The design comprises a rectangular plexiglass channel integrated on a triple-pole complementary split ring resonator (TP-CSRR). The proposed sensor operates in the centimeter-wave range 1-6 GHz and is manufactured using PCB on top of an FR4 dielectric substrate. The sensor elements are excited via a coupled microstrip transmission-line etched on the bottom side of the substrate. The integrated CSRR-based sensor is used as a near-field probe to non-invasively monitor the glucose level changes in the blood mimicking solutions of clinically relevant concentrations to Type-2 normal diabetes (70-120 mg/dL), by recording the frequency response of the harmonic reflection and transmission resonances. This indicates the sensor's capability of detecting small variations in the dielectric properties of the blood samples that are responsive to the electromagnetic fields. The proposed sensor is verified through practical measurements of the fabricated design. Experimental results obtained using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) demonstrate a sensitivity performance of about 6.2 dB/(mg/ml) for the developed triple-pole sensor that significantly outperforms the conventional single-pole and other proposed sensors in the literature in terms of the resonance amplitude resolution.
Propulsion System Controls Capabilities and Future Requirements (1968)

Future propulsion systems will require more complex control systems. More control functions will be necessary to maintain adequate flow stability margin in a propulsion system during all phases of flight and achieve the optimum fuel economy for any desired thrust setting. The representative control requirements of a current and advanced propulsion system are presented to illustrate the need for increasing the sensing and computational capabilities of propulsion controls. If future controls are expected to develop the maximum performance potential from a propulsion system during all flight conditions, then more direct methods for sensing critical engine parameters must be employed which establish the level of component performance and stability rather than prescheduling their operation. In addition, the control functions of the inlet, engine, and exhaust nozzle must be totally integrated by a “propulsion system control” and coupled with the aircraft guidance and control system to insure that optimum aircraft performance is maintained during all modes of flight operation.
Protection against pertussis with a monocomponent pertussis toxoid vaccine (1997)

Abstract This study was undertaken to assess the safety and protective efficacy against pertussis of a monocomponent pertussis toxoid vaccine in a society with hyperendemic pertussis. A total of 3450 healthy infants from child health centers in the Goteborg area of Sweden were enrolled in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. A combined diphtheria-tetanus vaccine was given with or without pertussis toxoid (DTP-toxoids vs DT toxoids) at 3, 5, and 12 months of age. One week after each vaccination a telephone interview about reactions was performed. From the day of the first vaccination a nasopharyngeal culture and acute and convalescent sera were obtained from study children and family members with cough lasting 7 or more days. Coughing episodes were classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of pertussis. There were no serious reactions. There were slightly more local reactions with DTP-toxoids than with DT-toxoids. During the period of blinded follow-up, which began from 30 days after the third vaccination and lasted on average for 17.5 months, the general vaccine efficacy was 71% (95% confidence interval (Cl), 63–78%), and during an extended period of open followup performed during 6 months, vaccine efficacy was 77% (95% Cl, 65–85%). The efficacy against household exposure during the same periods was 73% (95% CI, 61–83%) and 76% (95% Cl, 51–91%), respectively. A hydrogen-peroxide inactivated pertussis toxoid vaccine that is easily standardized is safe and confers substantial protection against pertussis.
Isoform-resolved mRNA profiling of ribosome load defines interplay of HIF and mTOR dysregulation in kidney cancer (2022)

Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways orchestrate responses to oxygen and nutrient availability. These pathways are frequently dysregulated in cancer, but their interplay is poorly understood, in part because of difficulties in simultaneous measurement of global and mRNA-specific translation. Here, we describe a workflow for measurement of ribosome load of mRNAs resolved by their transcription start sites (TSSs). Its application to kidney cancer cells reveals extensive translational reprogramming by mTOR, strongly affecting many metabolic enzymes and pathways. By contrast, global effects of HIF on translation are limited, and we do not observe reported translational activation by HIF2A. In contrast, HIF-dependent alterations in TSS usage are associated with robust changes in translational efficiency in a subset of genes. Analyses of the interplay of HIF and mTOR reveal that specific classes of HIF1A and HIF2A transcriptional target gene manifest different sensitivity to mTOR, in a manner that supports combined use of HIF2A and mTOR inhibitors in treatment of kidney cancer.
Misonidazole Combined with Split-Course Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Invasive Carcinoma of the Larynx and the Pharynx - A Preliminary Report of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Study (DAHANCA) Protocol 2 (1982)

(1982). Misonidazole Combined with Split-Course Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Invasive Carcinoma of the Larynx and the Pharynx - A Preliminary Report of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Study (DAHANCA) Protocol 2. Acta Oto-Laryngologica: Vol. 93, No. sup386, pp. 215-220.
Hypoxia: Targeting the Tumour (2006)

Solid tumours contain regions of very low oxygen concentrations that are said to be hypoxic. Hypoxia is a natural phenotype of solid tumours resulting from an imperfect vascular network. There are a number of consequences associated with tumour hypoxia including: resistance to ionising radiation, resistance to chemotherapy and the magnification of mutated p53. In addition tissue hypoxia has been regarded as a key factor for tumour aggressiveness and metastasis by activation of signal transduction pathways and gene regulatory mechanisms. It is clear that hypoxia in solid tumours promotes a strong oncogenic phenotype and is a phenomenon that occurs in all solid tumours. As such this provides a significant target for drug discovery particularly for tumour-targeting agents. A range of chemical classes (N-oxides, quinones, nitro-aromatics) have been explored as bioreductive agents that target tumour hypoxia. The most advanced agent, tirapazamine, is in phase III clinical trials in combination with cis-platin. The aim of this review is to give a brief overview of the current molecules and strategies being explored for targeting tumour hypoxia.
SemEval-2020 Task 9: Overview of Sentiment Analysis of Code-Mixed Tweets (2020)

In this paper, we present the results of the SemEval-2020 Task 9 on Sentiment Analysis of Code-Mixed Tweets (SentiMix 2020). We also release and describe our Hinglish (Hindi-English) and Spanglish (Spanish-English) corpora annotated with word-level language identification and sentence-level sentiment labels. These corpora are comprised of 20K and 19K examples, respectively. The sentiment labels are - Positive, Negative, and Neutral. SentiMix attracted 89 submissions in total including 61 teams that participated in the Hinglish contest and 28 submitted systems to the Spanglish competition. The best performance achieved was 75.0% F1 score for Hinglish and 80.6% F1 for Spanglish. We observe that BERT-like models and ensemble methods are the most common and successful approaches among the participants.
The Deterministic Circuit Model for Noise Influenceon the Averaged Transient Responses of Large‐scaleNonlinear ICs Analyzed with Itô′s StochasticDifferential Equations (2001)

The second‐order nonrandom ordinary differential equation (ODE) system derived as the noise‐source‐aware model for expectations of solutions of Itô′s stochastic differential equation (ISDE) system is discussed in connection with large‐scale integrated circuits (ICs). The work explains the reason why the new model consistently allows for the noise‐induced phenomena in the expectations, namely, stochastic resonance, stochastic linearization, stochastic self‐oscillations and stochastic chaos. The case of stochastic resonance is considered as an example. In spite of the fact that the above second‐order model is more complex than the nonrandom first‐order IC ODE system for the expectations commonly used in engineering, an efficient practical technique for its implementation is proposed. The corresponding predicted computing time is only in 2.5 times greater than in the case of the first‐order model which does not include any noise‐source influence upon the expectations of the modelled IC responses.
TINKER: A framework for Open source Cyberthreat Intelligence (2022)

Threat intelligence on malware attacks and campaigns is increasingly being shared with other security experts for a cost or for free. Other security analysts use this intelligence to inform them of indicators of compromise, attack techniques, and preventative actions. Security analysts prepare threat analysis reports after investigating an attack, an emerging cyber threat, or a recently discovered vulnerability. Collectively known as cyber threat intelligence (CTI), the reports are typically in an unstructured format and, therefore, challenging to integrate seamlessly into existing intrusion detection systems. This paper proposes a framework that uses the aggregated CTI for analysis and defense at scale. The information is extracted and stored in a structured format using knowledge graphs such that the semantics of the threat intelligence can be preserved and shared at scale with other security analysts. Specifically, we propose the first semi-supervised open-source knowledge graph-based framework, TINKER, to capture cyber threat information and its context. Following TINKER, we generate a Cyberthreat Intelligence Knowledge Graph (CTI-KG) and demonstrate the usage using different use cases.
Relationship Between Crystal Symmetry and Magnetic Properties of Ionic Compounds ContainingMn3+ (1961)

An investigation has been made of the relationship between crystallographic symmetry and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ - ${\mathrm{O}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ - ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} superexchange interactions in several perovskite systems. In particular, crystallographic and magnetic measurements have been made on a number of samples in the systems $\mathrm{La}({\mathrm{Mn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{M}_{x}){\mathrm{O}}_{3+\ensuremath{\delta}}$, where $M=\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{i}$. In all three systems, the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ - ${\mathrm{O}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ - ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ interactions are found to be ferromagnetic for $O$-orthorhombic samples having $a&lt;\frac{c}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;b$. For $x&lt;0.5$ in the system $M=\mathrm{Ga}$, there is ${O}^{\ensuremath{'}}$-orthorhombic symmetry ($\frac{c}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;a&lt;b$) and ferrimagnetism that is suggestive of anisotropic ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ - ${\mathrm{O}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ - ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ interactions, similar to those found in LaMn${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and preferential ordering of the ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{3+}$ into one magnetic sublattice. Measurements of Curie temperature vs composition in this system support ordering of the gallium in the compositional range $x\ensuremath{\le}0.4$, partial ordering in the range $0.4&lt;x\ensuremath{\le}0.6$. These observations are consistent with the magnetic measurements of various other workers on the systems $(\mathrm{La}, {M}^{\ensuremath{'}2+})\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3+\ensuremath{\delta}}$, La(Mn,Cr)${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (La,Ba) (Mn,Ti)${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$.The ferromagnetic ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ - anion - ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ interactions that occur in the perovskites with $O$-orthorhombic or rhombohedral symmetry and in the NiAs-type compounds cannot be accounted for by present superexchange theory if the electron configuration about a ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ ion is assumed fixed with one electron arithmetically averaged over the two ${e}_{g}$ orbitals, or if static, local distortions are randomly distributed through the structure. It is pointed out that Jahn-Teller electronic ordering is fast relative to the atomic vibrations so that there is strong coupling of the vibrational modes and the ${e}_{g}$-electron configuration. This means that the electron configuration that is used in the superexchange calculation must be correlated with the vibrational modes. If this is done, a ferromagnetic ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ - anion - ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{3+}$ interaction follows from the superexchange theory.
Preparation and properties of Nb/Al-AlO/sub x//Nb multilayers (1993)

The authors have deposited Nb/Al-AlO/sub x//Nb multilayers on Si substrates by DC and RF magnetron sputtering. To assist the fabrication of stacked tunnel junctions they investigated the layers by transmission electron microscopy and anodization spectroscopy. The accumulated internal mechanical stress in the niobium films depends on the argon sputtering pressure and was analyzed by the X-ray stress evaluation method. Up to ten junctions in one stack were prepared. Performance of the junctions is discussed on basis of I-V characteristics and Fraunhofer patterns.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Constraint approaches for some inverse lithography problems with pixel-based mask (2018)

An approach of solving the inverse lithography problem as a nonlinear, constrained minimization problem over a domain of mask pixels was suggested in the paper by Yu. Granik "Fast pixel-based mask optimization for inverse lithography'' in 2006. This idea was advanced to account for pinching and bridging print contour constraints in the paper "Controlling Bridging and Pinching with Pixel-based Mask for Inverse Lithograph'' by S. Kobelkov and others in 2015. The present paper extends this approach further for solving the enclosure print image constraints, getting maximum common depth of focus, and obtaining uniform PV-bands. Namely, we suggest several objective functions that express penalty for constraint violations. Their minimization with gradient descent methods is considered. A number of applications have been tested with ILTbased pxOPC tool for DUV metal, contacts, and EUV metal layouts; results are discussed showing benefits of each approach.
Chemical Conversion of Biomass Resources to Useful Chemicals and Fuels by Supercritical Water Treatment (2001)

This chapter contains section titled: Intoroduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Concluding Remarks Acknowlegement References
T2Relaxation time quantitation differs between pulse sequences in articular cartilage (2014)

2D-FSE, qDESS, and 3D-MAPSS demonstrated the best fits with SE measurements as well as the greatest dynamic ranges. The 3D-MAPSS, 3D vfl-FSE, and qDESS demonstrated the closest average measurements to SE. Discrepancies in T2 relaxation time quantitation between sequences suggest that care should be taken when comparing results between studies.
Phosphatase inhibitors activate normal and defective CFTR chloride channels. (1994)

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel is regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation at multiple sites. Although activation by protein kinases has been studied in some detail, the dephosphorylation step has received little attention. This report examines the mechanisms responsible for the dephosphorylation and spontaneous deactivation ("rundown") of CFTR chloride channels excised from transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and human airway epithelial cells. We report that the alkaline phosphatase inhibitors bromotetramisole, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, theophylline, and vanadate slow the rundown of CFTR channel activity in excised membrane patches and reduce dephosphorylation of CFTR protein in isolated membranes. It was also found that in unstimulated cells, CFTR channels can be activated by exposure to phosphatase inhibitors alone. Most importantly, exposure of mammalian cells to phosphatase inhibitors alone activates CFTR channels that have disease-causing mutations, provided the mutant channels are present in the plasma membrane (R117H, G551D, and delta F508 after cooling). These results suggest that CFTR dephosphorylation is dynamic and that membrane-associated phosphatase activity may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.
Regulation of chloroplast membrane function: protein phosphorylation changes the spatial organization of membrane components. (1983)

A chlorophyll-protein complex of chloroplast membranes, which simultaneously serves as light-harvesting antenna and membrane adhesion factor, undergoes reversible, lateral diffusion between appressed and nonappressed membrane regions under the control of a protein kinase. The phosphorylation-dependent migration process regulates the amount of light energy that is delivered to the reaction centers of photosystems I and II (PS I and PS II), and thereby regulates their rate of turnover. This regulatory mechanism provides a rationale for the finding that the two photosystems are physically separated in chloroplast membranes (PS II in appressed, grana membranes, and PS I in nonappressed, stroma membranes). The feedback system involves the following steps: a membrane-bound kinase senses the rate of PS II vs. PS I turnover via the oxidation-reduction state of the plastoquinone pool, which shuttles electrons from PS II via cytochrome f to PS I. If activated, the kinase adds negative charge (phosphate) to a grana-localized pigment-protein complex. The change in its surface charge at a site critical for promoting membrane adhesion results in increased electrostatic repulsion between the membranes, unstacking, the lateral movement of the complex to adjacent stroma membranes, which differ in their functional composition. The general significance of this type of membrane regulatory mechanism is discussed.
Table S3 from Computational Staining of Pathology Images to Study the Tumor Microenvironment in Lung Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplemental Table S3 Variable coefficients in the image-feature based risk prediction model.&lt;/p&gt;
COMPARISON OF TECHNICAL AND CLINICAL OUTCOME WITH USE OF A MALFUNCTIONING VERSUS PROPERLY FUNCTIONING DUODENOSCOPE (2003)

s Submitted for the 68th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American College of Gastroenterology October 10-15, 2003, Baltimore, Maryland: ENDOSCOPY: PDF Only
Experimental Investigation into Liquid and Solid Separation by an Industrial Mesh-Vane-Type Separator on Natural Gas at 4–5 MPa, Different Liquid Loadings and Gas Flows (2022)

Abstract Inline vertical separators are commonly employed in natural gas transmission facilities (e.g., receipt stations) to filter liquid contaminants such as compressor oil, glycol, and free water from the gas stream. Manufacturers of these separators have claimed liquid removal efficiencies of 98–99% for droplet sizes ≥ 8 μm. However, these contaminants have been found invariably in piping systems downstream of these separators, suggesting inadequate separator performance. Currently, there is a lack of ability to verify manufacturer claims due to difficulties in quantifying liquid contaminants and droplet characteristics. The potential consequences of having such contaminants include lower gas quality, impaired gas metering accuracy, corrosion and damage to equipment/instrumentation, and adverse impacts on industrial and residential end users. This paper presents performance testing of a mesh-vane-type vertical separator conducted on high pressure, pipeline quality, natural gas in the range of 4–5 MPa and flow velocity in the range of 1.3–13 m/s in the DN150 separator inlet (hence turndown ratio of 10:1). Four different spray nozzles were used to inject and atomize industrial compressor oil with a liquid-to-gas mass loading ratio of 0.06–1.8%. Test results revealed that the average bulk efficiency separation performance for this separator is approximately 90.34%. This was found to be independent of the liquid-to-gas mass loading ratio. The effective Souders–Brown K-factor was found to be 0.15 m/s. This is below literature published data in the range of 0.27–0.3 m/s for horizontal flow, vane-pack-type separators. Liquid separation tests were also conducted following the injection of solid glass beads. Liquid separation efficiency decreased by approximately 9%, following the injection of 7 kg of industrial glass beads over a period of approximately 4 h. This was attributed to accumulation of solids in the vane pack.
Highly Nd^3+-doped Y_3Al_5O_12 crystal fiber tip for laser thermotherapy (2002)

Based on phonon relaxation, a 12-at. % neodymium-doped YAG (Y3AlrO12) crystal fiber tip has been developed for photothermal conversion. The near-cylindrical tip, with an average diameter of 0.68 mm and a length of 1.8 mm, is fabricated on a 0.65-mm-thick 220-mm-long pure YAG single-crystal fiber by laser-heated growth. Pumped by an 810-nm wavelength diode laser with a pump power of less than 2 W, the temperatures of the tip reach 725 degrees C in air, 78 degrees C in egg white, and 79 degrees C in porcine liver, with acceptable reproducibilities and thermal response times. The photothermal conversion efficiency of the doped tip is approximately 89%, and the high stability of the tip is also proved. Experimental results show that the doped fiber tip is promising for laser thermotherapy applications.