gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum-classical boundary for precision optical phase estimation (2017)

Understanding the fundamental limits on the precision to which an optical phase can be estimated is of key interest for many investigative techniques utilized across science and technology. We study the estimation of a fixed optical phase shift due to a sample which has an associated optical loss, and compare phase estimation strategies using classical and nonclassical probe states. These comparisons are based on the attainable (quantum) Fisher information calculated per number of photons absorbed or scattered by the sample throughout the sensing process. We find that for a given number of incident photons upon the unknown phase, nonclassical techniques in principle provide less than a $20%$ reduction in root-mean-square error (RMSE) in comparison with ideal classical techniques in multipass optical setups. Using classical techniques in a different optical setup that we analyze, which incorporates additional stages of interference during the sensing process, the achievable reduction in RMSE afforded by nonclassical techniques falls to only $\ensuremath{\simeq}4%$. We explain how these conclusions change when nonclassical techniques are compared to classical probe states in nonideal multipass optical setups, with additional photon losses due to the measurement apparatus.
Toward sol-gel electrochromatographic separations on a chip (2002)

A porous photopolymerized sol-gel (PSG) monolith was synthesized in the separation channel of a borosilicate glass chip via UV irradiation (5 min) of a mixture of 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, an acid catalyst, a porogen, and a photoinitiator. The PSG monolith adhered strongly to the chemically untreated channel walls. The chip was fabricated using standard lithography procedures to give channels that are 35-μm deep and 90-μm wide. Masking the other channels defined the 4.7-cm PSG section in the separation channel. Two dyes Coumarin 314 and 510 were successfully separated within baseline resolution in 225 s when fluorescent detection occurred immediately after the PSG section. The separation time was reduced to 80 s with little loss in resolution by detecting the dyes 1.2 cm from the front of the PSG monolith.
EnPiT: filtered back-projection algorithm for helical CT using an n-Pi acquisition (2005)

In this paper, we formulate a reconstruction algorithm for an n-Pi acquisition, where n can be any positive odd integer. The algorithm is a generalization of the method presented in (Bontus et al. 2003). It is based on the results obtained by Katsevich (2004). For the algorithm, different sets of filter-lines have to be defined. We describe the variation of these lines along the detector in some detail, before we discuss, how the method gives all Radon-plane contributions the correct weighting. The different sets of filter-lines are all contained within the n-Pi window, such that a practical realization is possible. Reconstruction results, which we present in the final section, show convincing image quality.
Rapid Separation of Photofissioned Uranium Products via a Single-Pass Multiplexed Chromatographic Fission Product Separation System (2021)

Current state-of-the-art fission product separations frequently involve multiple independent separation columns and sample manipulation processes; to couple these processes together, multiple evaporation and transposition steps are often required. The addition of these steps results in lengthy separation times, increased analysis costs, the potential for sample loss, and release of radioactive contamination. We report a new semiautomated method for the rapid separation of U, Zr, Mo, Ba, Sr, Te, and lanthanide fission products from irradiated uranium samples. Chemical yields for U, Zr, Ba, Sr, Te and the lanthanides from less than 3-day old uranium fission product samples are consistently greater than 90%, while those of Mo are greater than 70%. This method minimizes the use and addition of oxidation and reduction reagents that often cause issues with retention and separation. Uranium dissolution and fission product separations using this single-pass method are achievable in under 2 h, representing a significant improvement over traditional gravimetric uranium fission product separation procedures.
Potassium Hydrogen Sulfate (2001)

[7646-93-7] HKO4S (MW 136.18)





InChI = 1S/K.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+1;/p-1



InChIKey = CHKVPAROMQMJNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M



(used in the preparation of acetals;1 dehydrating agent2)



Alternate Name: potassium bisulfate.



Physical Data: mp 214 °C; d 2.322 g cm−3.



Solubility: sol water, isopropyl alcohol, acetone.



Form Supplied in: white powder or granules; fused solid.



Purification: crystallized from ethanol.



Handling, Storage, and Precautions: store in a cool dry place; hygroscopic, corrosive; wash thoroughly after repeated handling; causes burns.
Nitrogen‐Induced Changes in the Electronic and Structural Properties of 4H‐SiC (0001)/SiO2 Interfaces (2021)

Atom‐level understanding of the emerging properties of interfaces introduced by chemical treatments is key to the development of electronic devices. Herein, changes in the 4H‐SiC (0001)/ interfaces upon interfacial nitridation are analyzed in an array of realistic models that differ in composition and atomic arrangement using first‐principles calculations within the density functional theory. In the absence of nitrogen, the electron density near the interface shows an unexpected reduction below the bulk oxide value. The introduction of nitrogen removes this feature by compensating the silicon density mismatch between SiC and and stabilizes the interface through the relief of local strain. Both the density anomaly and its removal with nitridation are in agreement with recent X‐ray reflectivity measurements. Moreover, analysis of the band structures shows alignments consistent with experimental reports that nitrogen, which favors bonding to Si rather than O atoms, creates interfacial states residing mainly near the valence band edge.
Expected innovations of optical lithography in the next 10 years (2016)

In the past 10 years, immersion lithography has been the most effective high volume manufacturing method for the critical layers of semiconductor devices. Thinking of the next 10 years, we can expect continuous improvement on existing 300 mm wafer scanners with better accuracy and throughput to enhance the total output value per input cost. This value productivity, however, can be upgraded also by larger innovations which might happen in optical lithography. In this paper, we will discuss the possibilities and the impossibilities of potential innovation ideas of optical lithography, which are 450 mm wafer, optical maskless, multicolor lithography, and metamaterial.
Electrical and structural characterizations of crystallized Al2O3/GaN interfaces formed by in situ metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (2016)

Al2O3 films were grown in situ by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition at 900 °C on GaN of both Ga- and N-face polarities. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that the Al2O3 films were crystalline and primarily γ-phase. The Al2O3/Ga-GaN and Al2O3/N-GaN interfaces were both atomically sharp, and the latter further exhibited a biatomic step feature. The corresponding current-voltage (J-V) characteristics were measured on a metal-Al2O3-semiconductor capacitor (MOSCAP) structure. The leakage current was very high when the Al2O3 thickness was comparable with the size of the crystalline defects, but was suppressed to the order of 1 × 10−8 A/cm2 with larger Al2O3 thicknesses. The interface states densities (Dit) were measured on the same MOSCAPs by using combined ultraviolet (UV)-assisted capacitance-voltage (C-V), constant capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy (CC-DLTS), and constant capacitance deep level optical spectroscopy (CC-DLOS) techniques. The average Dit measured by CC-DLTS and CC-DLOS were 6.6 × 1012 and 8.8 × 1012 cm−2 eV−1 for Al2O3/Ga-GaN and 8.6 × 1012 and 8.6 × 1012 cm−2 eV−1 for Al2O3/N-GaN, respectively. The possible origins of the positive (negative) polarization compensation charges in Al2O3/Ga-GaN (Al2O3/N-GaN), including the filling of interface states and the existence of structure defects and impurities in the Al2O3 layer, were discussed in accordance with the experimental results and relevant studies in the literature.
SYNTHESIS OF THIENO[3,2-b]PYRIDINES (1982)

Abstract Several thieno[3,2-b]pyridines could be easily synthesized by methallation using LDA directly from 3-(disubstituted amino)-2-cyano-3-methylthioacrylonitriles.
Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Intraocular Pressure-Lowering Profile of Omidenepag Isopropyl, a Selective, Nonprostaglandin, Prostanoid EP2 Receptor Agonist, in Healthy Japanese and Caucasian Volunteers (Phase I Study) (2019)

<b><i>Purpose:</i></b> Omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI) is a prodrug of OMD, a selective, nonprostaglandin, prostanoid EP2 receptor agonist. This phase I study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties, safety, and intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering efficacy of OMDI. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Fourteen healthy male volunteers (7 Japanese and 7 Caucasian) 20-35 years of age received 1 drop of OMDI 0.0025% at 9:00 h in both eyes for 7 days. Blood samples were taken predose and up to 8 h postdose on days 1, 3, and 7. The plasma concentration of OMD was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters measured included the maximum plasma concentration (<i>C</i><sub>max</sub>) and the half-life (<i>t</i><sub>½</sub>) of OMD. IOP, adverse events (AEs), ophthalmic examinations, vital signs, and laboratory values were assessed. <b><i>Results:</i></b><i>C</i><sub>max</sub> for all subjects was reached after 10-15 min and decreased with a <i>t</i><sub>½</sub> of ∼30 min. <i>Ad hoc</i> statistical analyses found significant differences in some pharmacokinetic parameters between Japanese and Caucasian subjects, likely due to differences in body weight. These differences reduced over 7 days of dosing and were not thought to be clinically meaningful. There was no OMD accumulation after 7 days of repeated dosing. Mean IOP was reduced by ∼4-5 mmHg between baseline and 2 h postdose, remaining stable from day 3 onward. All AEs were mild and considered treatment related. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Pharmacokinetic parameters of OMD were similar between Japanese and Caucasian subjects. There was no accumulation of OMD after 7 days of dosing. OMDI was well tolerated and demonstrated clinically significant IOP reductions.
PEG-rIL-10 treatment decreases FoxP3+Tregs despite upregulation of intratumoral IDO (2016)

IL-10 has been classically defined as a broad-spectrum immunosuppressant and is thought to facilitate the development of regulatory CD4(+) T cells. IL-10 is believed to represent one of the major suppressive factors secreted by IDO(+)FoxP3(+)CD4(+) Tregs. Contrary to this view, we have previously reported that PEGylated recombinant IL-10 (PEG-rIL-10) treatment of mice induces potent IFNγ and CD8(+) T-cell-dependent antitumor immunity. This hypothesis is currently being tested in clinical trials and we have reported that treatment of cancer patients with PEG-rHuIL-10 results in inhibition and regression of tumor growth as well as increased serum IFNγ. We have continued to assess PEG-rIL-10's pleiotropic effects and report that treatment of tumor-bearing mice and humans with PEG-rIL-10 increases intratumoral indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) in an IFNγ-dependent manner. This should result in an increase in Tregs, but paradoxically our data illustrate that PEG-rIL-10 treatment of mice reduces intratumoral FoxP3(+)CD4(+) T cells in an IDO-independent manner. Additional investigation indicates that PEG-rIL-10 inhibits TGFβ/IL-2-dependent in vitro polarization of FoxP3(+)CD4(+) Tregs and potentiates IFNγ(+)T-bet(+)CD4(+) T cells. These data suggest that rather than acting as an immunosuppressant, PEG-rIL-10 may counteract the FoxP3(+)CD4(+) Treg suppressive milieu in tumor-bearing mice and humans, thereby further facilitating PEG-rIL-10's potent antitumor immunity.
Table S2 from Immunotherapy of Ipilimumab and Nivolumab in Patients with Advanced Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Subgroup Analysis of the CA209-538 Clinical Trial for Rare Cancers (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Best response according to histological grade&lt;/p&gt;
2A1-J09 A Robot Hand Using Electro-conjugate Fluid(Flexible Robot/Mechanism and its Control) (2011)

An electro-conjugate fluid (ECF) is a kind of functional fluid, which produces a jet flow (ECF jet) when subjected to high DC voltage. It is known that a strong ECF jet is generated under nonuniform electric field, for example, the field with a pair of needle and ring electrodes. This study introduces the ECF jet to develop a novel flexible robot hand. First, we characterize the ECF jet generator which could be a micro fluid pressure source of the robot hand. Next, we investigate the characteristics of the robot finger which mainly consists of the ECF jet generators, a bending actuator and an ECF tank. Finally we developed a five-fingered flexible robot hand and demonstrate that the robot hand can grasp some objects without any complex controller. The height, the width and the mass of the robot hand are approximately 70mm, 40mm, and 50g, respectively.
Nanoparticulate delivery of diphtheria toxin DNA effectively kills mesothelin expressing pancreatic cancer cells (2008)

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in this country, and there is currently no effective targeted treatment for this deadly disease. A dire need exists to rapidly translate our molecular understanding of this devastating disease into effective, novel therapeutic options. Mesothelin is a candidate target protein shown by a number of laboratories to be specifically overexpressed in pancreatic cancers and not in the adjacent normal tissue. Translational investigations have shown promising results using this molecule as a therapeutic target (e.g., vaccine strategies). In addition, the mesothelin promoter has been cloned and dissected and can therefore be used as a vehicle for regulating expression of DNA sequences. Using a novel, proven, biodegradable nanoparticulate system, we sought to target mesothelin-expressing pancreatic cancer cells with a potent suicide gene, diphtheria toxin-A (DT-A). We first confirmed reports that a majority of pancreatic cancer cell lines and resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma specimens overexpressed mesothelin at the mRNA and protein levels. High mesothelin-expressing pancreatic cancer cell lines produced more luciferase than cell lines with undetectable mesothelin expression when transfected with a luciferase sequence under the regulation of the mesothelin promoter. We achieved dramatic inhibition of protein translation (>95%) in mesothelin-expressing pancreatic cancer cell lines when DT-A DNA, driven by the mesothelin promoter, was delivered to pancreatic cancer cells. We show that this inhibition effectively targets the death of pancreatic cancer cells that overexpress mesothelin. The work presented here provides evidence that this strategy will work in pre-clinical mouse pancreatic cancer models, and suggests that such a strategy will work in the clinical setting against the majority of pancreatic tumors, most of which overexpress mesothelin.
A genetic test which can be used to diagnose adult-type hypolactasia in children (2004)

Genetic test of C/T(-13910) polymorphism can be used as a first stage screening test for adult-type hypolactasia.
Regression of Early and Intermediate Stages of Colon Cancer by Targeting Multiple Members of the EGFR Family with EGFR-Related Protein (2007)

A role of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family has been suggested in colon cancer etiology, progression, and/or severity. Our recently identified pan-erbB inhibitor EGFR-related protein (ERRP) targets EGFRs by attenuating their activation and subsequent signaling leading to cellular growth inhibition. In the present study, we evaluated the therapeutic effectiveness of ERRP on early and intermediate stages of colon cancer by examining regression of chemically induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the colon of CF1 mice and intestinal adenomas in APC(Min+/-) (Min) mice. After formation of ACF or adenomas, the mice were injected (i.p.) with ERRP (50 microg/mouse) for 10 consecutive days. This treatment significantly reduced the number of ACF from 25.0 +/- 3.0 (controls) to 14.9 +/- 1.6 (ERRP-treated; P = 0.011) and also reduced their size (P < 0.01). In Min mice, ERRP caused the regression of adenomas throughout the small intestine (P < 0.05) and reduced their size (P < 0.001). This could partly be attributed to inhibition of proliferation and stimulation of apoptosis in the intestinal mucosa and was associated with decreased activation of several EGFR family members, suppression of downstream effector nuclear factor kappaB and down-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2. ERRP-induced attenuation of EGFR activation could be due to increased sequestration of the ligand(s) by ERRP, rendering them unavailable for binding to and activation of the receptor. In conclusion, our data show that ERRP is effective in regressing both early and intermediate intestinal lesions and could be an effective therapeutic agent for colon cancer.
Nanoscale Infrared Spectroscopy of Biopolymeric Materials (2012)

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy have been combined in a single instrument capable of producing 100 nm spatial resolution IR spectra and images. This new capability enables the spectroscopic characterization of biomaterial domains at levels not previously possible. A tunable IR laser source generating pulses on the order of 10 ns was used for excitation of cast sample films or thin cross sections deposited on IR transparent ZnSe prisms. Short duration thermal waves, due to infrared absorption, were studied by monitoring the resulting excitation of the contact resonance modes of the AFM cantilever. Differences in the IR spectra as a function of spatial position provide insight into microdomain formation and lead to increased understanding of how nanomaterial additives affect the molecular structure and properties of biomaterials. Cellulosic materials and additives, as well as poly(hydroxyalkanoate) copolymers, are discussed. 1.
Mechanistic aspects of the cationic polymerization of vinylformamide (1999)

The electron density distributions of the four possible configurational isomers of the monomer vinylformamide (VFA) and of the cationically propagating species were examined by means of quantum chemical calculations. They show that the electrophilic attack of the propagating chain at the carbonyl oxygen of the VFA monomer is kinetically controlled whereas the attack at the C=C bond of the VFA is thermodynamically controlled. For experimental proving of this theoretical argument, VFA is cationically polymerized in toluene at different reaction temperatures by means of iodine, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (HOTf), and trimethylsiliyl triflate (TMST) as initiators. Head group functionality and molecular weight distribution (MWD) of the oligo(vinylformamide) (OVFA) were investigated by means of 1H NMR spectroscopy, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and combustion analysis. In all cases, OVFAs with narrow MWD were obtained in moderate yield (5–50%) in the temperature range from 253 to 313 K. A reaction temperature below 253 K is not suitable for the cationic polymerization of VFA because no oligomeric products are obtained. The properties and chemical constitution of the OVFAs, such as the average molecular weight, yield, and the chain structure are strongly determined by the reaction temperature used. With increasing reaction temperature the head group functionality decreases and the yield of OVFA increases. The correspondence between the results of quantum chemical calculations with those of the experiments is discussed.
Experimental-numerical study of laser-shock-peening-induced retardation of fatigue crack propagation in Ti-17 titanium alloy (2020)

Residual stresses induced by laser shock peening in Ti-17 titanium specimens were experimentally and numerically investigated to identify the mechanisms and generation conditions of the retardation of fatigue crack propagation (FCP). The retardation was experimentally observed with fatigue life prolonged by 150%. A multi-step simulation strategy for fatigue life prediction is applied, which successfully predicts the experimentally observed FCP behavior. The fractographic observations and numerical simulation indicate that crack closure, as opposed to other microstructural influences, is the dominant effect on retardation. The studies of multi-FCP aspects show that significant retardation occurs in specimens at high values of residual stresses, small peening gap distances, and lower externally applied loads.
A Non-destructive Bulk Currency Detection System (BCDS) for Screening Smuggled Currency (2014)

Bulk cash smuggling is a serious issue in recent years. It is estimated that $6–36B flow illegally between the United States and Mexico each year during otherwise legitimate border crossings. A nondestructive bulk currency detection system (BCDS) for screening pedestrians, vehicles and shipping containers will significantly improve boarder security, protect domestic economics and deter criminal and terrorist activity. However, such a practical device is not yet available because neither the target detection technique nor the instrumentation has been defined. In this paper, we evaluated the currency characteristics that provide a basis for detection, relevant physical/chemical instrumental approaches, and a rationale for selection of an approach to build a practical BCDS. US currency releases volatile compounds. These emissions can be used as a chemical signature in currency detection. The literature regarding characterization of volatile compounds associated with US currency is limited. To identify the unique vapor signature of US currency, we analyzed VOC emission from currency bills using thermal desorption GC/MS. This enabled calculation of emission rates of volatile compounds. The results were consistent with prior studies of currency emissions. From our data and the literature, a tentative fingerprint that represents currency can be selected from among the complex background present in real currency. The analysis shows that a most-likely US currency vapor signature contains a specific set of volatiles at low concentrations. A successful practical BCDS based on volatiles must be able to accurately identify and quantify a speciated set of trace chemicals from a complex and highly variable matrix. Variations of GC/MS with SPME preconcentration can result in near-term methods. Future developments are needed to address optimization of methodology and meet the need for rapid sampling, detection with speciation. Sensor arrays can also provide a platform for currency detection and would improve logistics over larger instruments.