gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Odour control on pig farms by biofiltration (2010)

The growth of pig industry has caused a greater problem of undesirable odours, particularly in and around production buildings, storage areas and when the pig manure is spread. Even though there are over 150 volatile combinations in pig manure, the main components are methane, carbon dioxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide. According to their detection limit and their olfactory character, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide have been identified as being good indicators to monitor odours emanating from the treatment of pig manure. Increasingly stringent environmental standards, constantly growing public awareness of environmental problems and the conflicts associated with living with unpleasant odours, have led to enhanced research into various alternatives for treating pig manure in different countries. One alternative, the organic bed biofiltration, is a very promising technology for the deodorization of gaseous and liquid effluents in reducing the overall odour problem at the farm (building, storage, spreading). Given the potential of this technology, large scale research and development work has been conducted on a 150-sow farrow-to-finish operation on Ile d’Orleans (Quebec, Canada) using an industrial biofiltration system of 560 cubic meters total volume (primary biofilter: 400 cubic meters, polishing biofilter: 160 cubic meters). This work aimed to demonstrate the overall efficiency of biofilters to reduce odours in terms of foul air coming from the livestock buildings and manure produced. The results obtained during the long-term monitoring of the technology’s purifying performance (6 years), show that the system installed on the farm offers a purifying efficiency of over 95% for NH3. The measured elimination performances exceed 99% for H2S. System efficiency is maintained at around 80% 85% for odour intensity reduction. Moreover, foul air and raw manure from the livestock buildings, considered to be annoying, indeed unacceptable, are deodorized to reach an acceptable level after they pass through the biofilter.
One step synthesis of highly active and selective epoxidation catalysts formed by organic–inorganic Ti containing mesoporous composites (1998)

Ti-MCM-41 materials with methylated silicons have been prepared in one step synthesis; the resultant organic–inorganic composites are highly stable and present the highest activity and selectivity ever reported on Ti containing mesoporous catalysts for the epoxidation of olefins using organic peroxides.
Receiver noise modeling in presence of optical amplification (2001)

The Gaussian approximation with exact moments is shown to yield the most reliable bit error probability estimates for practically relevant receivers, outshining more sophisticated approximations (e.g. non-central chi-square), often thought of as being more precise.
Orthogonal STBC for MDL Mitigation in Mode Division Multiplexing System With MMSE Channel Estimation (2017)

Mode division multiplexing (MDM) has the potential of increasing the capacity of optical fiber transmission system. However, primary impaired factor mode-dependent loss (MDL) poses fundamental performance limitations. Recently MIMO space time coding technique has provided a potential solution to mitigate the MDL and hence started receiving considerable interests. In this paper, orthogonal space time block coding (OSTBC)-based MDM transmission system was investigated to test its efficiency in mitigating MDL. Considering the importance and necessity of channel estimation for coherent receivers and the paucity of literature on this subject, MMSE channel estimation process was introduced in the MDM system to test the robustness and efficiency of the OSTBC-MDM system in mitigating the MDL. Furthermore, an alternative linear decoding (LD) method was achieved by transferring the orthogonal characteristics of codes in OSTBC to the channel elements in MDM system. The LD method has the same performance as the optimal ML method, excepting that it only exhibits linear computational complexity, in terms of the number of modes and the size of constellations. Simulation results were provided to validate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed OSTBC-MDM system in mitigating the MDL in the presence of MMSE channel estimation.
Nanoparticle–Protein Interactions: A Thermodynamic and Kinetic Study of the Adsorption of Bovine Serum Albumin to Gold Nanoparticle Surfaces (2013)

Investigating the adsorption process of proteins on nanoparticle surfaces is essential to understand how to control the biological interactions of functionalized nanoparticles. In this work, a library of spherical and rod-shaped gold nanoparticles (GNPs) was used to evaluate the process of protein adsorption to their surfaces. The binding of a model protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA) to GNPs as a function of particle shape, size, and surface charge was investigated. Two independent comparative analytical methods were used to evaluate the adsorption process: steady-state fluorescence quenching titration and affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE). Although under favorable electrostatic conditions kinetic analysis showed a faster adsorption of BSA to the surface of cationic GNPs, equilibrium binding constant determinations indicated that BSA has a comparable binding affinity to all of the GNPs tested, regardless of surface charge. BSA was even found to adsorb strongly to GNPs with a pegylated/neutral surface. However, these fluorescence titrations suffer from significant interference from the strong light absorption of the GNPs. The BSA-GNP equilibrium binding constants, as determined by the ACE method, were 10(5) times lower than values determined using spectroscopic titrations. While both analytical methods could be suitable to determine the binding constants for protein adsorption to NP surfaces, both methods have limitations that complicate the determination of protein-GNP binding constants. The optical properties of GNPs interfere with Ka determinations by static fluorescence quenching analysis. ACE, in contrast, suffers from material compatibility issues, as positively charged GNPs adhere to the walls of the capillary during analysis. Researchers seeking to determine equilibrium binding constants for protein-GNP interactions should therefore utilize as many orthogonal techniques as possible to study a protein-GNP system.
Semantic segmentation for 3D localization in urban environments (2017)

We show how to use simple 2.5D maps of buildings and recent advances in image segmentation and machine learning to geo-localize an input image of an urban scene: We first extract the façades of the buildings and their edges from the image, and then look for the orientation and location that align a 3D rendering of the map with these segments. We discuss how to use a 3D tracking system to acquire the data required for training the segmentation method, the segmentation itself, and how we use the segmentations to evaluate the quality of the alignment.
Excimer laser liftoff of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on thick AlN heat spreaders (2021)

We report on 193 nm excimer laser-based liftoff (LLO) of Al0.26Ga0.74N/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with thick (t &amp;gt; 10 μm) AlN heat spreading buffer layers grown over sapphire substrates. The use of the thick AlN heat spreading layer resulted in thermal resistance (Rth) of 16 K mm/W for as-fabricated devices on sapphire, which is lower than the value of ∼25–50 K mm/W for standard HEMT structures on sapphire without the heat-spreaders. Soldering the LLO devices onto a copper heat sink led to a further reduction of Rth to 8 K mm/W, a value comparable to published measurements on bulk SiC substrates. The reduction in Rth by LLO and bonding to copper led to significantly reduced self-heating and drain current droop. A drain current density as high as 0.9 A/mm was observed despite a marginal reduction of the carrier mobility (∼1800 to ∼1500 cm2/V s). This is the highest drain current density and mobility reported to-date for LLO AlGaN/GaN HEMTs.
Simulating human gastrointestinal and colonic biotranformation pathways through an in vitro assay reveals insight on hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein metabolism (2019)

Hydroxytyrosol (HT) and oleuropein (OL) are significant components of olive oil and olive fruits (Olea europaea L.), inextricably linked to the Mediterranean diet. Both of them are considered as some of the chemical constituents relevant to the biological activity of olive oil, leading to a global upsurge in the investigation of their diverse health promoting and disease preventing abilities, including several chronic diseases, mainly cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Moreover, a large body of evidence suggests that the potential biological effects of edible phenolic compounds in the human body are partly consequence of their biotransformation by the colon microbiota.
Stratification of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients: a crowdsourcing approach (2019)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease where substantial heterogeneity in clinical presentation urgently requires a better stratification of patients for the development of drug trials and clinical care. In this study we explored stratification through a crowdsourcing approach, the DREAM Prize4Life ALS Stratification Challenge. Using data from >10,000 patients from ALS clinical trials and 1479 patients from community-based patient registers, more than 30 teams developed new approaches for machine learning and clustering, outperforming the best current predictions of disease outcome. We propose a new method to integrate and analyze patient clusters across methods, showing a clear pattern of consistent and clinically relevant sub-groups of patients that also enabled the reliable classification of new patients. Our analyses reveal novel insights in ALS and describe for the first time the potential of a crowdsourcing to uncover hidden patient sub-populations, and to accelerate disease understanding and therapeutic development.
A Telerobot to Extend the Skill of Microsurgeons (1998)

The engineering details of the Robot Assisted MicroSurgery (RAMS) telerobotic system designed to assist microsurgeons improve the precision and dexterity with which they can position surgical instruments is described in this paper.
The Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Newcastle Disease Virus (1983)

Monoclonal antibodies to the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), fusion (F), polymerase and nucleocapsid polypeptides of Newcastle disease virus were prepared. Two epitopes were recognized on the HN polypeptide: one was associated with inhibition of haemagglutination and poor neutralization and the other with good neutralization and no inhibition of haemagglutination. The most effective neutralizing antibody was that produced against the F polypeptide. The poorer neutralization associated with the antibody against the HN epitope was augmented by antiglobulin or complement. The monoclonal antibodies that inhibited haemagglutination also inhibited neuraminidase activity when fetuin but not neuraminyl lactose was the substrate.
Thermomechanical behavior of a polynorbornadiene (1973)

Abstract A high‐temperature linear amorphous hydrocarbon polymer synthesized cationically from 2,5‐norbornadiene (bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta‐2,5‐diene), was studied thermomechanically with respect to physical transitions and stability in nitrogen. The glass transition temperature was determined to be 320°C (at less than 1 cps), which is probably the highest known for a linear hydrocarbon addition polymer. The thermomechanical technique of torsional braid analysis, together with thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, infrared analysis, and solubility studies, was used to investigate the sequential events of the glass transition and degradation. The polymer is of particular interest since it is a high‐temperature plastic which in the bulk form would probably need to be processed at high speeds in the vicinity of T g in an inert atmosphere. The presence of tertiary hydrogen atoms should render it amenable to degradation by the earth's environment.
Assessment of HIFU lesions by shear-wave elastography: Initial in-vivo results (2012)

The aim of this work was to evaluate Shear Wave Elastography (SWE) as a tool to visualize HIFU lesions in an acute in-vivo setting. Extracorporeal HIFU sonications of liver were performed on 14 rabbits in 19 consecutive, adjacent pulses, with in situ energies between 75 J and 228 J. A set of images of the sonicated area was acquired prior and post HIFU ablation: 2 orthogonal SWE images (transverse and sagittal) and contrast enhanced CT scan. SWE images were acquired with theAixplorer device (SuperSonic Imagine, Aix, France). Prior to the treatment, the liver elasticity appeared homogeneous, with a elasticity comprised between 5 and 11 kPa. The lesion extents were manually segmented on post-treatment SWE images and their areas A(SWE) T (transverse) and A(SWE) S (sagittal) were computed. On 3D CT the lesions were segmented as a hypo intense (devascularized) region on 3D CT images, and considered as "ground truth". The transverse and sagittal planes passing by their centers of mass were extracted. The lesion areas were computed for each plane, respectively A(CT) T and A(CT) S . The ratios A(CT) T /A(SWE) T and A(CT) S /A(SWE) S were computed for all the 14 cases. SWE appear to underestimate the lesion extent in the sagittal orientation with respect to CT images, while a good matching is obtained in the transverse orientation.
Conformational distribution of a ferroelectric liquid crystal revealed using fingerprint vibrational spectroscopy and the density functional theory (2007)

The authors have investigated the conformational structure of the ferroelectric liquid crystal compound 4-3-methyl-2-chloropentanoyloxy-4"-hexyloxy-biphenyl also known under the abbreviations 3M2CPHOB and C6 using vibrational (IR and Raman) spectroscopy. The measured spectra exhibit two bands corresponding to the C=O stretching vibration that are separated by 20 cm(-1). In contrast, the molecular structure comprises only one such group. They assigned the two bands to different conformers that coexist in a temperature range between 25 and 65 degrees C covering the entire mesophase of this material. This assignment is strongly confirmed by calculated vibrational spectra based on the density functional theory.
Experimental Field Trials on MU-MIMO Transmissions for High SHF Wide-Band Massive MIMO in 5G (2020)

The field trial results for massive multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) transmission at 28 GHz with 500 MHz bandwidth are reported in this paper. In this experiment, hybrid beamforming with block diagonal precoding is employed, in which channel state information is acquired by uplink sounding assuming channel reciprocity in a time division duplex system. 8-user MU-MIMO scenarios with various user distributions are considered, and the downlink transmission performance and propagation channel characteristics are evaluated. The trial results show that digital precoding improves the system performance and that over 20 Gbps total throughput can be achieved for a variety of user distributions. The performance of the precoding is evaluated in terms of eliminating inter-user interference.
25.1: Invited Paper : Achieving Efficient Solid State Lighting Using Organic Light Emitting Devices (2007)

Abstract A significant challenge facing human kind in the 21st Century is how to address the ever decreasing supply of depletable and renewable energy. One approach to this problem is to decrease our usage. for this reason, considerable attention has been focused on more efficient means for room lighting which currently consumes approximately 20% of the total energy used. Organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) provide a unique opportunity to provide this high efficiency solid state lighting at very low cost. In this talk, I will discuss several strategies for achieving very high efficiency white light emission at high brightnesses for the next generation of efficient solid state lighting sources based on small molecular weight, vapor deposited OLED structures. Key to our approach is the use of electrophosphorescence as a means for converting all electrical into optical energy. We show that the highest luminance efficiencies can be obtained by a combination of fluorescence and phosphorescence in a unique OLED structure. Furthermore, the highest brightnesses are achieved (without a significant loss in power efficiency) by stacking several fluorescent/phosphorescent elements in a single OLED structure (called a SOLED), with each emitting element in the stack separated by a transparent charge generation layer. Prospects for OLEDs as the next practical generation of interior illumination sources will be reviewed.
ChemInform Abstract: Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. Part 5. Synthesis and Structure‐Activity Relationships for 4‐((Phenylmethyl)amino)‐ and 4‐(Phenylamino) quinazolines as Potent Adenosine 5′‐Triphosphate Binding Site Inhibitors of the Tyrosine Kinase Domain of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Analysis of Existing Work-Zone Sign Supports Using Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware Safety Performance Criteria (2011)

Over the years, numerous work-zone, portable sign support systems have been successfully crash tested according to the Test Level 3 safety performance guidelines provided in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 350 and accepted for use along our nation's highways. For this study, several crashworthy sign support systems were analyzed to predict their safety performance according to the new evaluation criteria provided in the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH). More specifically, this analysis was conducted to determine which hardware parameters negatively affect a system's safety performance. To verify the accuracy of the analysis, eight systems, four with the 2270P pickup truck and four with the 1100C small car, were evaluated according to the MASH criteria. Five out of the eight tested systems failed the MASH criteria, and the other three systems performed in an acceptable manner. As a result of the analysis and verification, several hardware parameters were deemed critical for contributing to system failure under MASH and included sign panel material, top mast height, presence of flags, sign-locking mechanism type, base layout, and system orientation. Flowcharts were developed to assist manufacturers with the design of new sign support systems.
A Novel Selectable Islet 1 Positive Progenitor Cell Reprogrammed to Expandable and Functional Smooth Muscle Cells (2016)

Disorders affecting smooth muscle structure/function may require technologies that can generate large scale, differentiated and contractile smooth muscle cells (SMC) suitable for cell therapy. To date no clonal precursor population that provides large numbers of differentiated SMC in culture has been identified in a rodent. Identification of such cells may also enhance insight into progenitor cell fate decisions and the relationship between smooth muscle precursors and disease states that implicate differentiated SMC. In this study, we used classic clonal expansion techniques to identify novel self-renewing Islet 1 (Isl-1) positive primitive progenitor cells (PPC) within rat bone marrow that exhibited canonical stem cell markers and preferential differentiation towards a smooth muscle-like fate. We subsequently used molecular tagging to select Isl-1 positive clonal populations from expanded and de novo marrow cell populations. We refer to these previously undescribed cells as the PPC given its stem cell marker profile, and robust self-renewal capacity. PPC could be directly converted into induced smooth muscle cells (iSMC) using single transcription factor (Kruppel-like factor 4) knockdown or transactivator (myocardin) overexpression in contrast to three control cells (HEK 293, endothelial cells and mesenchymal stem cells) where such induction was not possible. iSMC exhibited immuno- and cytoskeletal-phenotype, calcium signaling profile and contractile responses similar to bona fide SMC. Passaged iSMC could be expanded to a scale sufficient for large scale tissue replacement. PPC and reprogramed iSMC so derived may offer future opportunities to investigate molecular, structure/function and cell-based replacement therapy approaches to diverse cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary diseases that have as their basis smooth muscle cell functional aberrancy or numerical loss. Stem Cells 2016;34:1354-1368.
The role of entropy and polarity in intermolecular contacts in protein crystals (2009)

The integrity and X-ray diffraction quality of protein crystals depend on the three-dimensional order of relatively weak but reproducible intermolecular contacts. Despite their importance, relatively little attention has been paid to the chemical and physical nature of these contacts, which are often regarded as stochastic and thus not different from randomly selected protein surface patches. Here, logistic regression was used to analyze crystal contacts in a database of 821 unambiguously monomeric proteins with structures determined to 2.5 A resolution or better. It is shown that the propensity of a surface residue for incorporation into a crystal contact is not a linear function of its solvent-accessible surface area and that amino acids with low exposed surfaces, which are typically small and hydrophobic, have been underestimated with respect to their contact-forming potential by earlier area-based calculations. For any given solvent-exposed surface, small and hydrophobic residues are more likely to be involved in crystal contacts than large and charged amino acids. Side-chain entropy is the single physicochemical property that is most negatively correlated with the involvement of amino acids in crystal contacts. It is also shown that crystal contacts with larger buried surfaces containing eight or more amino acids have cores that are depleted of polar amino acids.
Orthorhombic-II Phase in Ba2YCu3O7-X Crystals (1988)

The structure in a wide oxygen-deficiency range of Ba 2 YCu 3 O 7- X crystal (0.15&lt; X &lt;0.78) prepared by a quenching method was examined by electron optical methods. The crystal structure modification for the ortho-II phase ( T c ∼60 K, X ∼0.5), whose shorter a -axis is doubled, is considered to be an ordered oxygen-vacancy arrangement caused by removing oxygen atoms from alternating oxygen atoms and their vacancy arrays along the [010] direction on Cu(1)-plane. The mechanism for the ortho-I →the ortho-II →the “incipient” tetragonal phase transformation is discussed in terms of oxygen-deficiency.