gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PWE-079 Raman Spectroscopycancer Diagnostic for Pathology of Barrett’s Oesophagus (2016)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Raman spectroscopy has been shown to accurately classify tissue pathology in a variety of conditions and organ systems. Much of this work has been performed using Raman microspectrometers on tissue sections. Despite the demonstrated potential as an accurate cancer diagnostic tool, Raman spectroscopy (RS) is yet to be adopted by the clinic for histopathology reviews. The Stratified Medicine through Advanced Raman Technologies (SMART) consortium has begun to address some of the hurdles (e.g. tissue sample preparation, data collection, pre-processing and transferability) in its adoption for cancer diagnosis. SMART is a multicentre industry-academic collaboration with the aim of developing a pathology platform for advanced diagnosis, using developments in hardware and software. Renishaw’s Streamline™ Raman technology enables collection of Raman spectral much faster without compromising signal to noise. This study aims to assess the ability of this technique to accurately classify tissue pathology, using an oesophageal model. <h3>Methods</h3> Specimens were collected from patients with Barrett’s oesophagus (BO), dysplasia and adenocarcinoma, and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. 8μm tissue sections were prepared onto calcium fluoride slides, with contiguous sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) for histological comparison. Raman spectra were collected across homogeneous regions of tissue pathology, using Streamline™ acquisitions of 60 seconds/line, at 1.1μm spatial resolution. <h3>Results</h3> Advanced multivariate statistical analysis tools were used to develop pathology classification models, which were then tested using leave-one-out cross-validation. Each sample was then classified using a ‘voting classification’ for all pixels from one sample. The sensitivity and specificity of this pathology classification model using Raman Spectroscopy to discriminate dysplasia/adenocarcinoma from Barrett’s oesophagus produced sensitivity and specificities &gt;80%. <h3>Conclusion</h3> By combining multivariate statistical analysis with Streamline™ Raman acquisition of spectral data, we have demonstrated good sensitivities and specificities. This study illustrates the potential of non-invasive rapid Raman spectral mapping measurements and development of a robust and validated oesophageal classification model that are able to classify tissue pathology. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared
Innovative physically-assisted soda fractionation of rapeseed hulls for better recovery of biopolymers (2016)

A better knowledge of the effect of non-conventional pretreatment technologies, which can avoid the use of high temperatures and detrimental solvents, is necessary.
Toward a Molecular Understanding of Energetics in Li–S Batteries Using Nonaqueous Electrolytes: A High-Level Quantum Chemical Study (2014)

The Li–S battery (secondary cell or redox flow) technology is a promising future alternative to the present lithium intercalation-based energy storage, and, therefore, a molecular level understanding of the chemical processes and properties such as stability of intermediates, reactivity of polysulfides, and reactivity toward the nonaqueous electrolytes in the Li–S batteries is of great interest. In this paper, quantum chemical methods (G4MP2, MP2, and B3LYP) were utilized to compute reduction potentials of lithium polysulfides and polysulfide molecular clusters, energetics of disproportionation and association reactions of likely intermediates, and their reactions with ether-based electrolytes. Based on the computed reaction energetics in solution, a probable mechanism during the discharge process for polysulfide anions and lithium polysulfides in solution is proposed and likely intermediates such as S42–, S32–, S22–, and S31– radical were identified. Additionally, the stability and reactivity of propylene carbonate and tetraglyme solvent molecules were assessed against the above-mentioned intermediates and other reactive species by computing the reaction energetics required to initiate the solvent decomposition reactions in solution. Calculations suggest that the propylene carbonate molecule is unstable against the polysulfide anions such as S22–, S32–, and S42– (ΔH† < 0.8 eV) and highly reactive toward Li2S2 and Li2S3. Even though the tetraglyme solvent molecule exhibits increased stability toward polysulfide anions compared to propylene carbonate, this molecule too is vulnerable to nucleophilic attack from Li2S2 and Li2S3 species in solutions. Hence, long-term stability of the ether molecules is unlikely if a high concentration of these reactive intermediates is present in the Li–S energy storage systems.
A field prediction model for urban environment based on pattern recognition and statistical ray tracing (2002)

A novel statistical method for field prediction in an urban environment is presented. The method is based on a sort of "statistical ray tracing", that is, the main parameters of the generic ray (orientation, number of reflections, path length etc.) are evaluated through their statistical distribution on the basis of the characteristics of the environment. These characteristics can be extracted from a sample map by means of an automatic graphical algorithm.
<title>Using uncertain sensing data to create reliable maps: an algorithm for exploring/mapping unknown graphlike worlds</title> (1993)

We describe an approach to the exploration and mapping of unknown environments using a mobile robot. This technique presupposes that the world can be described in terms of a fixed set of discrete locations or regions with an ordered set of paths between them. This is abstracted as a graph with a cyclic edge ordering. In previous work, it was shown that such worlds can be fully explored and described in limited complexity using a single movable marker (like a pebble) even if there are no spatial metrics and almost no sensory ability on the part of the robot [Dudek et al. 1991]. Here we present an approach to the exploration of unknown worlds without such a moveable marker. Locations in the world are identified by a non-unique 'signature' that serves as an abstraction for a percept that might be obtained from a robotic sensor. While the signature of any single location may not be unique, under appropriate conditions the distinctiveness of a particular set of signatures in a neighborhood increases with neighborhood size. By using a collection of non-unique local signatures we can thereby construct an 'extended' signature that uniquely determines the robot's position (although in certain degenerate worlds, additional information is also required). The algorithm makes use of no metric information such as the distances of the paths traversed, but the availability of such measurements would simplify the mapping problem.
Investigating High Opacity and Increased Activation Energy in the Multi-Trigger Resist (2021)

The development of novel EUV resists is widely agreed to be one of the highest priority challenges for the deployment of high-NA EUV lithography. One potential approach is the multi-trigger concept wherein a reaction will only occur when multiple elements of the resist are initiated concurrently and in close spatial proximity. The multi-trigger material presented consists of a novel MTR molecule and a crosslinker, which represent the resist matrix, together with a photoacid generator (PAG). Research is continuing to upgrade this resist, in particular focusing on improving resist opacity and crosslinking density. Here we present results from further work focused on the enhancement of the high-opacity MTR resist. A new high-Z crosslinker molecule, mark III, has been synthesized and formulated in the MTR resist to make the high opacity MTR compatible with the ethyl lactate and PGMEA casting solvents. We report results obtained using the new MTR system containing this high-Z cross-linker mark III, with a variation of process conditions and formulation variations. The lithographic performance of a formulation containing this crosslinker, at pitch 32nm patterned on an NXE3350 is presented. Furthermore, we have also investigated increasing the activation energy of the self-quenching aspect of the MTR system. In the case presented, MTR8 has a higher activation energy than MTR4. Having a higher activation energy is predicted to allow the introduction of PEB to increase crosslinking and reduce pattern collapse, whilst simultaneously preserving the self-quenching behaviour. We present results which show a decrease in dose and Z-factor using MTR8 at this formulation ratio compared to MTR4.
Les approches françaises des politiques publiques au temps de Pierre Muller (2015)

Ce chapitre complète des travaux plus anciens sur « l’approche française des politiques publiques ». Il rappelle les apports de différents courants sociologiques à l’analyse des politiques publiques, les travaux du Centre de sociologie des organisations, du Groupe d’analyse des politiques publiques et d’auteurs à l’influence internationale (Michel Crozier, Jean-Gustave Padioleau, Yves Mény, Jean-Claude Thoenig). Il se penche également sur les apports de la sociologie marxiste et des travaux empiriques quantitatifs sur les politiques urbaines ou sur le rôle des groupes d’intérêt. Il souligne enfin le rôle de la sociologie influencée par Michel Foucault. Ce détour permet de mieux saisir l’originalité et l’apport profondément politique des travaux de Pierre Muller.
Time-Critical Reasoning: Representations and Application (2013)

We review the problem of time-critical action and discuss a reformulation that shifts knowledge acquisition from the assessment of complex temporal probabilistic dependencies to the direct assessment of time-dependent utilities over key outcomes of interest. We dwell on a class of decision problems characterized by the centrality of diagnosing and reacting in a timely manner to pathological processes. We motivate key ideas in the context of trauma-care triage and transportation decisions.
1.57μn InGaAsP/InP surface emitting lasers by angled focus ion beam etching (1992)

The characteristics of 1.57μm InGaAsP/InP surface emitting lasers based on an in-plan ridged structure and 45° beam deflectors defined by angled focused ion beam (FIB) etching are reported. With an externally integrated beam deflector, threshold currents and emission spectra identical to conventional edge emitting lasers are achieved. These results show that FIB etching is a very promising technique for the definition of high quality mirrors and beam deflectors on semiconductor hetcrostructures for a variety of integrated optoelectronic devices.
ChemInform Abstract: Biosynthesis of the Antibiotic Echinosporin by a Novel Branch of the Shikimate Pathway. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Polysubstituted 6‐[(1H‐1,2,3‐Triazol‐1‐yl)methyl]uracils Through the “Click” Protocol. (2011)

Abstract A variety of acyclic triazolo nucleoside analogues is synthesized utilizing Cu(I)‐catalyzed azide—alkyne Huisgen “click” cycloaddition reactions.
Isoparaffin/Olefin Alkylation over Resin/Boron Trifluoride Catalysts (1977)

Liquid phase isobutane/butene-2 alkylation was conducted at 0°-60°C using a stirred-tank reactor in the presence of a catalyst comprising of a macroreticular acid cation exchange resin and boron trifluoride. Neither BF3 nor resin alone was effective for alkylation. For the sulfonic acid resin/BF3 system, an equivalent ratio of total BF3 to -SO3H of exceeding 2 is essential for effective isoparaffin alkylation. The H+ of the sulfonic acid group of the resin does participate in alkylation. Among the resins tested, the Amberlyst XN-IO1O/BF3 catalyst appeared to be the most selective one, producing the best alkylate quality. This catalyst showed much less difference among various butene feedstocks, than conventional HF and H2SO4 alkylation catalysts. In addition, the alkylate quality was improved as the temperature was decreased, reaching a plateau at about 0°C at which an alkylate with a RON clear of 101.9 in high yield (1.96 g alkylate/g olefin converted) was produced at an olefin WHSV of 2.6 (g C4=/g resin/hr.) and an isobutane/butene external ratio of 5 to 1.
The Separation Technique: A Method for Simulating Transistors to Aid Integrated Circuit Design (1968)

Abstract—A new technique that uses the transistor itself as a computing element has been developed for simulating transistors on the analog computer. The method is called the separation technique since it separates the high-and low-frequency behavior of the simulated transistor. The high-frequency behavior of the transistor is time scaled by a factor (typically one million) suitable for computer simulation.
Narrow-Band Emitting Phosphor Na2Cs2Sr(B9O15)2:Eu2+ Discovered from Local Structure Similarity with Sulfate Phosphor (2022)

Narrow-band emitting phosphors are required to improve the performance of phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes. Here, we found a new narrow-band emitting phosphor Na<sub>2</sub>Cs<sub>2</sub>Sr(B<sub>9</sub>O<sub>15</sub>)<sub>2</sub>:Eu<sup>2+</sup> using the local structure similarity with a known narrow-band emitting phosphor. In a 2D scatter plot of the structural similarity between the local structures, the Sr site in Na<sub>2</sub>Cs<sub>2</sub>Sr(B<sub>9</sub>O<sub>15</sub>)<sub>2</sub> was located near the Ba site of the known narrow-band emitting sulfate phosphor BaSO<sub>4</sub>:Eu<sup>2+</sup> with a distorted local structure. We synthesized Na<sub>2</sub>Cs<sub>2</sub>Sr(B<sub>9</sub>O<sub>15</sub>)<sub>2</sub>:Eu<sup>2+</sup> and characterized the luminescence properties by microspectroscopy. Na<sub>2</sub>Cs<sub>2</sub>Sr(B<sub>9</sub>O<sub>15</sub>)<sub>2</sub>:Eu<sup>2+</sup> showed a violet luminescence peaked at 417 nm, and the full-width at half-maximum was as narrow as 26 nm (1497 cm<sup>-1</sup>).
The ErbB signalling pathway: protein expression and prognostic value in epithelial ovarian cancer (2008)

Ovarian cancer is the most frequent cause of death from gynaecological cancer in the Western world. Current prognostic factors do not allow reliable prediction of response to chemotherapy and survival for individual ovarian cancer patients. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER-2/neu are frequently expressed in ovarian cancer but their prognostic value remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the expression and prognostic value of EGFR, EGFR variant III (EGFRvIII), HER-2/neu and important downstream signalling components in a large series of epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Immunohistochemical staining of EGFR, pEGFR, EGFRvIII, Her-2/neu, PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10), total and phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) and phosphorylated ERK (pERK) was performed in 232 primary tumours using the tissue microarray platform and related to clinicopathological characteristics and survival. In addition, EGFRvIII expression was determined in 45 tumours by RT-PCR. Our results show that negative PTEN immunostaining was associated with stage I/II disease (P=0.006), non-serous tumour type (P=0.042) and in multivariate analysis with a longer progression-free survival (P=0.015). Negative PTEN staining also predicted improved progression-free survival in patients with grade III or undifferentiated serous carcinomas (P=0.011). Positive pAKT staining was associated with advanced-stage disease (P=0.006). Other proteins were expressed only at low levels, and were not associated with any clinicopathological parameter or survival. None of the tumours were positive for EGFRvIII. In conclusion, our results indicate that tumours showing negative PTEN staining could represent a subgroup of ovarian carcinomas with a relatively favourable prognosis.
Function-based gene identification using enzymatically generated normalized shRNA library and massive parallel sequencing (2010)

As a general strategy for function-based gene identification, an shRNA library containing approximately 150 shRNAs per gene was enzymatically generated from normalized (reduced-redundance) human cDNA. The library was constructed in an inducible lentiviral vector, enabling propagation of growth-inhibiting shRNAs and controlled activity measurements. RNAi activities were measured for 101 shRNA clones representing 100 human genes and for 201 shRNAs derived from a firefly luciferase gene. Structure-activity analysis of these two datasets yielded a set of structural criteria for shRNA efficacy, increasing the frequencies of active shRNAs up to 5-fold relative to random sampling. The same library was used to select shRNAs that inhibit breast carcinoma cell growth by targeting potential oncogenes. Genes targeted by the selected shRNAs were enriched for 10 pathways, 9 of which have been previously associated with various cancers, cell cycle progression, or apoptosis. One hundred nineteen genes, enriched through this selection and represented by two to six shRNAs each, were identified as potential cancer drug targets. Short interfering RNAs against 19 of 22 tested genes in this group inhibited cell growth, validating the efficiency of this strategy for high-throughput target gene identification.
[Characteristics of organic phosphorus fractions in different trophic sediments of lakes, China]. (2011)

In this study, the characteristics of organic phosphorus fractions in sediments of seven lakes with different drainage basin feature, ecological structure, and polluted levels from different regions were investigated, and the relationships between organic phosphorus (Po), inorganic phosphorus (Pi) and bioavailable characters were also discussed. The difference of the related content of Po in different sediments indicated the discrepancy of phosphorus sources and biogeochemical cycles in different lakes. Organic matter (OM) was significantly correlated with Po (R2 = 0.80, p < 0.01), and except for Lake Qilu, OM was significantly correlated with labile Po, moderately labile Po and nonlabile Po in all studied sediments (R2 were 0.85, 0.52, 0.80 respectively, p < 0.01). The moderately labile Po and nonlabile Po were the main fraction of Po in all studied lakes, and the relative contributions to total Po were 15.12%-66.73% and 27.99%-77.72%, respectively. The mean proportion of labile Po was 6.1% in studied sediments. The rank order of Po fractions was residual Po > HCl-Po > fulvic acid-Po > humic acid-Po > NaHCO3-Po with mean relative proportion 8.3:3.1:2.2:1.8:1.0. Labile Po was significantly correlated with total phosphorus (TP), Pi , Po, NaHCO3-Pi and NaOH-Pi . Furthermore, Labile Po was also significantly correlated with T), Po and NaOH-Pi in all studied sediments, which suggested that labile Po was transformed into bioavailable phosphorus and the nonlabile Po may become a potential source of available phosphorus, although it was considered as highly resistant fraction.
Highly alignment tolerant multi-channel OSA module using a ribbon plastic optical fiber (2011)

A passively assembled four-channel OSA module has been accomplished exploiting an injection molded plastic optics structure in conjunction with a ribbon POF. It readily afforded to deliver a full HD (1080p) HDMI video data.
Fluorocyanoesters as Additives for Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolytes (2020)

A range of methyl 2-fluorocyanoester derivatives were synthesized from dimethyl 2-fluoromalonate ester, and their efficacy as additives in lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrolytes was determined. The role played by the 2-fluorocyanoester additives on battery performance was explored by linear sweep cyclic voltammetry, NMR, GCMS, and XPS techniques. For all fluorocyanoester additives studied, initial reduction of the carbonyl group occurs which is then followed by formation of the corresponding radical anion. Possible degradation routes arising from loss of fluoride ion, loss of methyl radicals, and cleavage of the αβ carbon-carbon bond were observed, and all affect battery performance. Electrode protection upon addition of fluorocyanoesters to the electrolyte is the main contribution to the improvement of battery stability, but improvements on the electrode protection are somewhat offset by free radical processes initiated at the anode. Longer alkyl-chain fluorocyanoesters showed the best LIB improvement with effective cathode protection.
Phase II Study of ABT‐122, a Tumor Necrosis Factor– and Interleukin‐17A–Targeted Dual Variable Domain Immunoglobulin, in Patients With Psoriatic Arthritis With an Inadequate Response to Methotrexate (2018)

Dual neutralization of TNF and IL-17A with ABT-122 had efficacy and safety that was similar to, and not broadly differentiated from, that of adalimumab over a 12-week treatment course in patients with PsA.
Scanning capacitance microscopy imaging of threading dislocations in GaN films grown on (0001) sapphire by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (1998)

A combination of atomic force microscopy and scanning capacitance microscopy was used to investigate the relationship between the surface morphology and the near-surface electrical properties of GaN films grown on c-axis sapphire substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Local regions surrounding the surface termination of threading dislocations displayed a reduced change in capacitance with applied voltage relative to regions that contained no dislocations. Capacitance–voltage characteristics obtained from these regions indicated the presence of negative charge in the vicinity of dislocations.
A single-mode erbium-doped fiber ring laser with 40-nm tuning range using a stretchable FBG (2000)

We demonstrate a stable 3-kHz-linewidth single-mode erbium-doped fiber ring laser with a 40-nm tuning range of 1522 to 1562 nm. The wide tunability is achieved using a highly-stretchable fiber Bragg grating with a tuning range of over 50 nm. This represents a 3.5-fold increase in wavelength tuning range over prior art using FBGs.
Analytical Circuit Model Approach to Charging Damage in Plasma/implantation Processing (2005)

Through the use of an analytical circuit model approach, the simulation can identify the phase- space of plasma, device, and bias conditions that can minimize or eliminate charging damage and still maintain high throughput. The simulation determines the interactions between the charging currents, device structure and substrate bias to determine the physical interactions between the charging currents and device structure. This approach has been applied to Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation (PIII). Using the simulator, short pulse widths around 1/spl mu/s allow the highest throughput with negligible damage, and repetition rates on the order of several kHz is optimal for microsecond pulses. Experimental and simulation results show that high dose rates of - 1014/sec can be achieved with negligible damage.
<title>Improved polarization stability of the output mean wavelength in an Er-doped superfluorescent fiber source incorporating a Faraday rotator mirror</title> (1999)

Erbium-doped superfluorescent fiber sources (SFS) in the standard forward, backward, and double-pass configurations exhibit significant dependencies of the output mean wavelength on the pump state of polarization. This is due largely to polarization-dependent gain (PDG) and gives rise to long-term drifts of the source output mean wavelength through changes in the fiber birefringence. By replacing the mirror in a double- pass source with a Faraday rotator mirror (FRM), the magnitude of the SFS mean wavelength variations due to pump polarization changes is reduced by a factor of 5 - 40, depending on source design parameters. Simulation results as well as experimental demonstration of the Faraday double-pass SFS are discussed in this paper. We measured 10 parts per million for the polarization-related mean-wavelength variations in this source, approaching the requirement for high-accuracy fiber gyros.