gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective Epoxidation of Olefins by Perfluoro-cis-2,3-dialkyloxaziridines1 (1996)

Alkyl-substituted olefins are epoxidized by perfluoro-cis-2,3-dialkyloxaziridines under particularly mild conditions. Electron deficient substrates (e.g. alpha,beta-enones) can also be epoxidized, and the more electron poor the double bond is, the more severe the reactions conditions become. The epoxidation is chemoselective (secondary alcohols and their ethers do not interfere), site selective (the monoepoxide of a diene can be obtained), and stereoselective (cis-alkenes afford cis-epoxides). Various complex and polyfunctional substrates of natural origin (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, steroids) have been transformed effectively.
Management of Cervical Spinal Deformity (2022)

Dr. Hirsch is a Spine Surgeon, CORE Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, and Dr. Phillips is Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1611 W. Harrison St, Ste 300, Chicago, IL 60612; E-mail: [email protected] All authors, faculty, and staff have no relevant financial relationship with any ineligible organizations regarding this educational activity. Category: Spine This article was published originally in Contemporary Spine Surgery 2020;21(6):1-6. Lippincott Continuing Medical Education Institute, Inc., is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians. Lippincott Continuing Medical Education Institute, Inc., designates this enduring material for a maximum of 2.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. To earn CME credit, you must read the CME article and complete the quiz and evaluation on the enclosed form, answering at least 70% of the quiz questions correctly. This activity expires on January 29, 2025.
On band-limited additive Gaussian noise channels in the presence of sampling jitter (2002)

One of the topics in information theory is the study of communication through bandlimited waveform channels corrupted by Gaussian noise. In practical receiver implementations, sampling is used to obtain a digital representation of the received signal which is amenable to advanced processing. We consider information theoretic consequences of nonideal uniform sampling combined with additive Gaussian noise. In particular, we find that for Gaussian distributed waveforms, sampling jitter, just like additive noise, leads to a fundamental limit on reliable communication speed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A Novel Series of Highly Potent 2,6,9-Trisubstituted Purine Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors (2013)

The inhibition of overactive CDKs during cancer remains an important strategy in cancer drug development. We synthesized and screened a novel series of 2-substituted-6-biarylmethylamino-9-cyclopentylpurine derivatives for improved CDK inhibitory activity and antiproliferative effects. One of the most potent compounds, 6b, exhibited strong cytotoxicity in the human melanoma cell line G361 that correlated with robust CDK1 and CDK2 inhibition and caspase activation. In silico modeling of 6b in the active site of CDK2 revealed a high interaction energy, which we believe is due to the 6-heterobiarylmethylamino substitution of the purine moiety.
The optical constants of thin films calculated from reflectance and transmittance measurements (2009)

The refraction index n and extinguished coefficient k of materials can be calculated from their reflection and transmittance measurements with varied wavelengths. The organic and inorganic materials used for optical recording medium materials are examined. The organic dyes show that significant optical constants vary with the laser wavelength, in comparison to the inorganic phase-change materials.
Decompression Wave Speed in Rich Gas Mixtures at High Pressures (37 MPa) and Implications on Fracture Control Toughness Requirements in Pipeline Design (2010)

Measurements of decompression wave speed in conventional and rich natural gas mixtures following rupture of a high-pressure pipe have been conducted. A high pressure stainless steel rupture tube (internal diameter = 38.1 mm, and 42 m long), has been constructed and instrumented with 16 high frequency-response pressure transducers mounted very close to the rupture end and along the length of the tube to capture the pressure-time traces of the decompression wave. Tests were conducted for initial pressures of 33–37 MPa-a and a temperature range of 21 to 68 °C. The experimentally determined decompression wave speeds were compared to both GASDECOM and PIPEDECOM predictions with and without non-equilibrium condensation delays at phase crossing. The interception points of the isentropes representing the decompression process with the corresponding phase envelope of each mixture were correlated to the respective plateaus observed in the decompression wave speed profiles. Additionally, speeds of sound in the undisturbed gas mixtures at the initial pressures and temperatures were compared to predictions by five equations of state, namely BWRS, AGA-8, Peng-Robinson, Soave-Redlich-Kwong, and GERG. The measured gas decompression curves were used to predict the fracture arrest toughness needed to assure fracture control in natural gas pipelines. The rupture tube test results have shown that the Charpy fracture arrest values predicted using GASEDCOM are within +7 (conservative) and −11% (non-conservative) of the rupture tube predicted values. Similarly, PIPEDECOM with no temperature delay provides fracture arrest values that are within +13 and −20% of the rupture tube predicted values, while PIPEDECOM with a 1 °C temperature delay provides fracture arrest values that are within 0 and −20% of the rupture tube predicted values. Ideally, it would be better if the predicted values by the equations of state were above the rupture tube predicted values to make the predictions conservative but that was not always the case.
Characterization and parameterized random generation of digital circuits (2005)

The development of new Field-Programmed, Mask-Programmed and Laser-Programmed Gate Array architectures is hampered by the lack of realistic test circuits that exercise both the architectures and their automatic placement and routing algorithms. In this paper, we present a method and a tool for generating parameterized and realistic random circuits. To obtain the realism, we propose a set of graph-theoretic characteristics that describe a physical netlist, and have built a tool that can measure these characteristics on existing circuits. The generation tool uses the characteristics as constraints in the random circuit generation. To validate the quality of the generated netlists, parameters that are not specified in the generation are compared with those of real circuits, and with those of "random" graphs.
Reversible Multistep Synthesis with Equilibrium Properties Based on a Selection-Oriented Process with a Repetitive Sequence of Steps (2014)

Reversible processes and reactions exhibit equilibrium and error correction properties that allow them to surpass the limits of irreversible systems. However, such processes are currently limited to completely reversible one-pot transformations. In this work, we analyze and demonstrate a new system of reversible multistep syntheses that enable the introduction of reversibility and equilibrium properties, previously reserved for single-step processes, into step-by-step synthesis transformations. The system uses a repetitive sequence of steps such that the same sequence of reactions is performed on the material again and again in a loop. The final step in each loop transforms unequal fractions of all products back to the starting material. We show that such a system is reversible, even if some steps in the synthesis are irreversible. We mathematically analyze and experimentally demonstrate the properties of such systems and show that they include many features unique to reversible and equilibrium systems. This approach can enable new methods for controlling the distribution of the products of chemical transformations.
<title>Forward and inverse calculations for 3D frequency-domain diffuse optical tomography</title> (1995)

A fast iterative imaging algorithm has been developed to examine the potential of diffuse optical tomography (DOT) for clinical imaging. Forward calculations using diffusion theory were used to generate light fluence distributions within highly scattering media such as tissue. A 3D multigrid finite difference algorithm has been employed to solve the complex diffusion equation in the frequency-domain for irregular objects with spatially varying absorption and scattering coefficients. An iteractive inversion scheme has been used to solve for the distribution of interaction coefficients from tomographic measurements of the phase and amplitude of the AC photon density at the surface of the object. The time required to calculate images can be minimized using the multigrid finite difference forward solution along with a Newton-Raphson steepest descent inversion algorithm. The potential of DOT was evaluated using theoretical 3D test objects with various absorption and scattering inhomogeneities from which the phase and amplitude data were calculated from both finite difference and Monte Carlo simulations. Estimates of the resolution and contrast were calculated in order to assess the detectability of biological targets, such as tumors, blood volume changes, or blood oxygenation changes. The 3D nature of these calculations should be beneficial for optimized iterative reconstruction.
From mechanobiology to developmentally inspired engineering (2018)

The field of mechanobiology emerged based on the recognition of the central role that physical forces play in development and physiology. In this article, which is based on a lecture I presented at the 2018 Royal Society meeting on Mechanics of Development, I review work from my laboratory carried out over the 40 years which helped to birth this field. I will also describe how we are leveraging the fundamental design principles that govern mechanoregulation to develop new experimental tools and organ-engineering approaches as well as novel mechanotherapeutics.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Mechanics of development'.
A CCD image sensor of 1 Mframes/s for continuous image capturing 103 frames (2003)

A single-chip CCD image sensor captures >100 successive images at >1 Mframes/s. The pixel count of the test chip is 312/spl times/260 (=81,120) pixels. Charge handling capacity is 40 k electrons. Grey levels are 10 b. Fill factor is 13%. An on-chip overwriting mechanism makes possible continuous recording of the latest image signals, draining the old ones to the substrate.
Atrial Fibrillation Therapies – Rate or Rhythm Control? (2004)

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1005 PD-L1 knockout Natural Killer cells as a cellular product for therapeutic use in combination with humanized ADCC-competent anti-PD-L1 (2022)

<h3>Background</h3> Immunotherapeutic strategies, such as checkpoint blockade of PD-1/PD-L1, have become a focal point of immunotherapy in oncology. Recent studies highlight the importance of Natural Killer (NK) cells in the success of these immunotherapies and adoptive NK cellular therapy is being explored to enhance response to these treatments. Antibodies targeting PD-L1 are mostly Fc silent but some, such as Avelumab, can engage FcγR (CD16) receptor on NK cells resulting in killing cancer cells via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). PM21-particle expanded NK (PM21-NK) cells are an optimal NK cell product to consider for a combination strategy as these NK cells lack PD-L1 but can induce PD-L1 on tumors cells. Previous reports, however, have shown that PD-L1 can be induced on NK cells. This could potentially lead to fratricide of NK cells in the presence of Fc-competent, PD-L1 targeting antibodies and mitigate their cytotoxic response. This study determined if PD-L1 can be induced on PM21-NK cells and what effect PD-L1 engagement had on their activity and potential for fratricide in both WT and PD-L1 knockout PM21-NK cells. <h3>Methods</h3> CRISPR-based Knockout (KO) of PD-L1 in PM21-NK cells was performed and efficiency was determined after overnight incubation of WT or PD-L1 KO PM21-NK cells with cytokines to induce PD-L1 expression. Cancer cells were incubated with NK cells in the presence of non-competent or Fc-competent α-PD-L1 and cytotoxicity was measured using a kinetic live-cell imaging assay. NK cell fratricide was measured in cultures of WT or PD-L1 KO PM21-NK cells induced for PD-L1 expression with non-competent or Fc-competent α-PD-L1. <h3>Results</h3> PM21-NK cells were found to express low levels of PD-L1 (&lt; 20%) after exposure to various cancer cell line monolayers or K562 co-culture. Exposure to SKOV-3 spheroids or to a cytokine combination of IL12, IL15, and IL18 led to a significant induction in PD-L1 in WT PM21-NK cells (&gt; 80%). PD-L1 knockout prevented the induction of PD-L1 on NK cells after cytokine exposure and enhanced cytotoxicity. Fratricide was decreased and cytotoxicity increased in PD-L1 KO PM21-NK cells in combination with Fc-competent α-PD-L1. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Knockout of PD-L1 in <i>ex vivo</i> expanded PM21-NK cells prevented the induction of PD-L1 on NK cells without negative effects on cytotoxicity. PD-L1 KO PM21-NK cell cytotoxicity was further enhanced in combination with Fc-competent α-PD-L1 compared to WT NK cells. PD-L1 knockout PM21-NK cells are a potential cell product for therapeutic use in combination with PD-L1 targeting antibodies. <h3>Acknowledgements</h3> We would like to thank the FL DOH (Grant #9JK04); Kiadis Pharma, a Sanofi company; and the UCF Preeminent Postdoctoral Program for funding and MaxCyte for providing instrument for initial testing.
Oblique incidence on electromagnetic gradient surface (2010)

In recent years, a new type of electromagnetic surface, called an electromagnetic gradient surface (EGS), has been developed that is characterised by having electromagnetic gradient. Although it is geometrically flat, it reflects electromagnetic waves towards a steered angle. Unlike existing surfaces with homogeneity in reflection phase, this surface allows a reflection phase to be linear along the surface. Based on a fundamental theory of the EGS, reflection properties for oblique incidence are investigated in this work. To accurately predict the reflection properties of the surface, the wave vector approach, Huygens&apos; approximation and a plane wave model are used with exploring phenomena of the reflected wave. For electromagnetic waves obliquely impinging on the surface, the relation between incident and reflection angles are presented and then experimentally verified.
Silicon-based anti-reflective spin-on hardmask materials with improved storage stability for 193-nm lithography (2007)

As the feature sizes of integrated circuits shrink, thinner photoresist coating should be used in order to avoid high aspect ratio which can cause pattern collapse. Especially for 193 nm lithography, photoresist coating is too thin to subsequent etching step. One of the solutions to this problem is using hardmasks which have good etch selectivity to adjacent layers. In this paper, silicon-based anti-reflective spin-on hardmasks (Si-SOH) are described. One of the major problems of silicon based polymers in the hardmask compositions is poor storage stability because silanol group is reactive enough to condense each other, which can instigate molecular weight increase to yield gel-type particles. The storage stability of our hardmask materials have been improved by thermodynamically controlled synthesis and reactive mask strategy. Especially the reactive masked silanol groups can take part in crosslinking reaction under the process conditions without additional deprotection step. Although this strategy could encounter intermixing problems with other layers, we can produce silicon-based hardmasks without any deleterious effects. These hardmasks show antireflective properties and great etch selectivity to both photoresists and organic hardmasks (C-SOH).
Membrane orientation of laminin binding protein (2003)

Earlier we presented several lines of evidence that a 67-kDa laminin binding protein (LBP) in Leishmania donovani, that is different from the putative mammalian 67-kDa laminin receptor, may play an important role in the onset of leishmaniasis, as these parasites invade macrophages in various organs after migrating through the extracellular matrix. Here we describe the membrane orientation of this Leishmania laminin receptor. Flow cytometric analysis using anti-LBP Ig revealed its surface localization, which was further confirmed by enzymatic radiolabeling of Leishmania surface proteins, autoradiography and Western blotting. Efficient incorporation of LBP into artificial lipid bilayer, as well as its presence in the detergent phase after Triton X-114 membrane extraction, suggests that it may be an integral membrane protein. Limited trypsinization of intact parasite and subsequent immunoblotting of trypsin released material using laminin as primary probe revealed that a major part of this protein harbouring the laminin binding site is oriented extracellularly. Carboxypeptidase Y treatment of the whole cell, as well as the membrane preparation, revealed that a small part of the C-terminal is located in the cytosol. A 34-kDa transmembrane part of LBP could be identified using the photoactive probe, 3-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-iodophenyl)diazirine (TID). Partial sequence comparison of the intact protein to that with the trypsin-released fragment indicated that N-terminal may be located extracellularly. Together, these results suggest that LBP may be an integral membrane protein, having significant portion of N-terminal end as well as the laminin binding site oriented extracellularly, a membrane spanning domain and a C-terminal cytosolic end.
Infrared photosensitivity in silica glasses exposed to femtosecond laser pulses (1999)

We investigate the use of infrared femtosecond laser pulses to induce highly localized refractive-index changes in fused-silica glasses. We characterize the magnitude of the change as a function of exposure and measure index changes as large as 3x10(-3) and 5x10(-3) in pure fused silica and boron-doped silica, respectively. The potential of this technique for writing three-dimensional photonic structures in bulk glasses is demonstrated by the fabrication of a Y coupler within a sample of pure fused silica.
Efficient Channel State Information Acquisition for Device-to-Device Networks (2015)

We consider the problem of acquiring channel state information (CSI) in base-station (BS) controlled device-to-device (D2D) networks. Obtaining high-quality CSI requires a tradeoff between interference, outdatedness of CSI, and noise. Thus, the goal is to find an efficient pilot scheduling scheme that minimizes errors in the estimates. In this paper, we present the location aware training scheme (LATS) as simple yet efficient training technique. Assuming that the devices are aware of their location, LATS groups the devices into geographical segments and assigns a frequency reuse pattern to them. To identify the parameters of the scheme (segmentation and guard parameters, S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sub> and G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sub> , respectively), we use the average normalized mean square error (NMSE) as a metric, which combines the effects of outdatedness, noise, and interference. We derive an approximation of the average NMSE based on statistics of the devices and LATS structure. We present simulation results that illustrate LATS behavior and show that it outperforms TDMA- and CSMA-based schemes. Furthermore, we consider some practical challenges in using location information and evaluate their effects on the scheme.
Vatreptacog Alfa from Conception to Clinical Proof of Concept (2012)

Vatreptacog alfa is a genetically engineered variant of recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) containing three amino acid changes. Aspartic acid, valine, and glutamine residues replace valine, glutamic acid, and methionine at positions 158, 296, and 298, respectively. These substitutions result in considerable enhancement of the intrinsic (tissue factor-independent) capability to activate factor X and the downstream hemostatic events are consequently augmented. The beneficial effects of vatreptacog alfa have been demonstrated in numerous in vitro systems attempting to mimic hemophilia and corroborated in in vivo models. Vatreptacog alfa has successfully passed through phase 1 and 2 clinical trials and the molecule is currently being explored in phase 3 clinical trial for the treatment of bleedings in hemophilia patients with inhibitors. This article describes the proposed mechanism behind the increased activity and action of vatreptacog alfa and reviews available data, which suggest that vatreptacog alfa could be a valuable addition to the existing portfolio of treatment options for hemophilia patients with inhibitors.
Efficient Delivery of Multimedia Traffic Using Muti-rate Transmission of 802.11e HCCA MAC Protocol (2008)

In ultra-wideband (UWB) systems, conventionally, the synchronization is to align time phases of a locally generated template and any of multipath components to within an allowable range. However, the synchronization with a low-power multipath component could incur significant performance degradation in receiver operation (e.g., detection) after the synchronization. On the other hand, the synchronization with a high-power multipath component can improve the performance in receiver operation after the synchronization. Generally, the first one among multipath components has the largest power. Thus, the synchronization with the first path component can make better performance than that with low-power component in receiver operation after the synchronization, Based on which, we first propose an optimal decision rule based on a maximum likelihood (ML) approach, and then, develope a simpler suboptimal decision rule for selecting the first path component. Simulation results show that the system has good demodulation performance, which uses new synchronization definition and the proposed decision rules have better performance than that of the conventional decision rule in UWB multipath channels. Between macroblocks in the previous and the current frame. On video samples with high motion and scene change cases, experimental results show that (1) the proposed algorithm adapts the encoded bitstream to limited channel capacity, while existing algorithms abruptly excess the limit bit rate; (2) the proposed algorithm improves picture quality with dB in average.