gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cellulosic Ternary Nanocomposite for Affordable and Sustainable Fluoride Removal (2021)

Adsorption is shown to be an extremely affordable and sustainable way of producing clean water, particularly in resource-limited settings. In this paper, we sought to synthesize an effective cellulose-based composite adsorbent from eco-friendly, earth-abundant, and consequently affordable ingredients at room temperature for fluoride removal from drinking water. We utilized the synergistic effect of various renewable materials and active sites of metal oxyhydroxides in developing an effective adsorbent, which is physically stable under the conditions of use. Nanoscale oxyhydroxides of aluminum and iron were scaffolded into a matrix of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to form a nanocomposite adsorbent, which was prepared in water, eventually making a water-stable porous solid. This was used in batch and cartridge adsorption experiments for fluoride removal. The adsorbent surface before (in situ) and after fluoride uptake was characterized using various analytical techniques. The in situ composite exhibited a surface area of 134.3 m2/g with an amorphous solid structure with Al and Fe uniformly distributed in the cellulose matrix. From the batch adsorption experiments, we observed 80% fluoride removal within the first 3 min of contact, with a maximum uptake capacity of 75.2 mg/g as modeled by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, better than most reported materials. The adsorbent effectively reduced F– levels in field water from 10 to 0.3 mg/L, less than 1.5 mg/L the World Health Organization upper limit for drinking water. Optimum F– removal was achieved between the pH of 4–9; however, the effectiveness of the adsorbent was reduced in the presence of competing ions in the order PO43– > SiO32– > CO32– > HCO3– > SO42–. A cartridge experiment demonstrated the applicability of the adsorbent in a domestic point-of-use water purifier for defluoridation. Sustainability metrics of the material were evaluated. Defluoridation using the material is estimated to cost $3.3 per 1000 L of treated water at the scale of community implementation projects.
The synthesis of complex arithmetic computation on stochastic bit streams using sequential logic (2012)

The paradigm of logical computation on stochastic bit streams has several key advantages compared to deterministic computation based on binary radix, including error-tolerance and low hardware area cost. Prior research has shown that sequential logic operating on stochastic bit streams can compute non-polynomial functions, such as the tanh function, with less energy than conventional implementations. However, the functions that can be computed in this way are quite limited. For example, high order polynomials and non-polynomial functions cannot be computed using prior approaches. This paper proposes a new finite-state machine (FSM) topology for complex arithmetic computation on stochastic bit streams. It describes a general methodology for synthesizing such FSMs. Experimental results show that these FSM-based implementations are more tolerant of soft errors and less costly in terms of the area-time product that conventional implementations.
Colloidal CdSe Quantum Rings (2016)

Semiconductor quantum rings are of great fundamental interest because their non-trivial topology creates novel physical properties. At the same time, toroidal topology is difficult to achieve for colloidal nanocrystals and epitaxially grown semiconductor nanostructures. In this work, we introduce the synthesis of luminescent colloidal CdSe nanorings and nanostructures with double and triple toroidal topology. The nanorings form during controlled etching and rearrangement of two-dimensional nanoplatelets. We discuss a possible mechanism of the transformation of nanoplatelets into nanorings and potential utility of colloidal nanorings for magneto-optical (e.g., Aharonov-Bohm effect) and other applications.
HERC6 Is the Main E3 Ligase for Global ISG15 Conjugation in Mouse Cells (2012)

Type I interferon (IFN) stimulates expression and conjugation of the ubiquitin-like modifier IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), thereby restricting replication of a wide variety of viruses. Conjugation of ISG15 is critical for its antiviral activity in mice. HECT domain and RCC1-like domain containing protein 5 (HerC5) mediates global ISGylation in human cells, whereas its closest relative, HerC6, does not. So far, the requirement of HerC5 for ISG15-mediated antiviral activity has remained unclear. One of the main obstacles to address this issue has been that no HerC5 homologue exists in mice, hampering the generation of a good knock-out model. However, mice do express a homologue of HerC6 that, in contrast to human HerC6, can mediate ISGylation.Here we report that the mouse HerC6 N-terminal RCC1-like domain (RLD) allows ISG15 conjugation when replacing the corresponding domain in the human HerC6 homologue. In addition, sequences in the C-terminal HECT domain of mouse HerC6 also appear to facilitate efficient ISGylation. Mouse HerC6 paralleled human HerC5 in localization and IFN-inducibility. Moreover, HerC6 knock-down in mouse cells abolished global ISGylation, whereas its over expression enhanced the IFNβ promoter and conferred antiviral activity against vesicular stomatitis virus and Newcastle disease virus. Together these data indicate that HerC6 is likely the functional counterpart of human HerC5 in mouse cells, suggesting that HerC6(-/-) mice may provide a feasible model to study the role of human HerC5 in antiviral responses.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Modular P—O—P Ligands for Asymmetric Hydrogenation. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Energy poverty and beyond: The state, contexts, and trajectories of energy poverty studies in Asia (2023)

There is a dichotomy in the understanding of energy poverty between Asia and the rest of the world, especially in the Global North. While there has been considerable discourse regarding energy poverty in the Global North, particularly the emergence of affordable cooling, the development of energy poverty studies in the Global South has received less attention. This review article explores energy poverty within Asia reviewing energy poverty studies in 23 countries and territories in South, East, and Southeast Asia, using bibliometric analysis to identify emerging discussions and researchers. We highlight the concepts of ‘hidden energy poverty’, ‘urban energy poverty’, and ‘cooling poverty’ to outline potential areas for future research that contextualises energy poverty into using a more encompassing term, ‘energy insecurity,’ which consolidates the wide gamut of energy-related sufferings. To investigate other drivers and impacts of energy insecurity, qualitative research can extend previously identified elements of accessibility and affordability. New research directions may also include contextualising energy insecurity in the context of a just energy transition.
THE STUDY OF POLYESTER TYPE CONCRETE RETARDER (2001)

不飽和ポリエステル (硬化物) を主成そとしたコンクリート凝結遅延剤は, 凝結遅延効果が長時間持続し, これをポリエチレンテレフタレート (PET) フィルムに塗付した凝結遅延シートは, 雨水や型枠散水では凝結遅延成そが流出せず均一な遅延効果を発現する. 本報では不飽和ポリエステルの化学構造と遅延効果, 特に遅延速度の関係について検証を行い, その親水性との間に相関があることを見出した. 同時に不飽和ポリエステル系凝結遅延シートの遅延効果が, コンクリートの養生温度, 養生時間にほとんど依存しないことを明らかにした. また, このシートを用いた鉛直打継面の処理が, コンクリート強度, 打継面強度に及ぼす影響について試験し, 従来のチッピング工法と遜色ないことを示した.
Nutrient complexity triggers transitions between solitary and colonial growth in bacterial populations (2021)

Microbial populations often experience fluctuations in nutrient complexity in their natural environment such as between high molecular weight polysaccharides and simple monosaccharides. However, it is unclear if cells can adopt growth behaviors that allow individuals to optimally respond to differences in nutrient complexity. Here, we directly control nutrient complexity and use quantitative single-cell analysis to study the growth dynamics of individuals within populations of the aquatic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. We show that cells form clonal microcolonies when growing on the polysaccharide xylan, which is abundant in nature and degraded using extracellular cell-linked enzymes; and disperse to solitary growth modes when the corresponding monosaccharide xylose becomes available or nutrients are exhausted. We find that the cellular density required to achieve maximal growth rates is four-fold higher on xylan than on xylose, indicating that aggregating is advantageous on polysaccharides. When collectives on xylan are transitioned to xylose, cells start dispersing, indicating that colony formation is no longer beneficial and solitary behaviors might serve to reduce intercellular competition. Our study demonstrates that cells can dynamically tune their behaviors when nutrient complexity fluctuates, elucidates the quantitative advantages of distinct growth behaviors for individual cells and indicates why collective growth modes are prevalent in microbial populations.
Measurement of Gain, Group Index, Group Velocity Dispersion, and Linewidth Enhancement Factor of an InGaN Multiple Quantum-Well Laser Diode (2004)

Gain, group index, group velocity dispersion (GVD), temperature variation of refractive index, and linewidth enhancement factor of an In/sub 0.15/Ga/sub 0.85/N/In/sub 0.02/Ga/sub 0.98/N multiple quantum-well blue laser diode was measured using the Fourier transform method as a function of wavelength from 400 to 410 nm. At the lasing wavelength (403.5 nm), the group index is 3.4, the GVD (dn/sub g//d/spl lambda/) is -37 μm/sup -1/, the temperature variation of refractive index dn/dT is 1.3×10/sup -4/ K/sup -1/, and the linewidth enhancement factor is 5.6.
Ultra-High Throughput Synthesis of Nanoparticles with Homogeneous Size Distribution Using a Coaxial Turbulent Jet Mixer (2014)

High-throughput production of nanoparticles (NPs) with controlled quality is critical for their clinical translation into effective nanomedicines for diagnostics and therapeutics. Here we report a simple and versatile coaxial turbulent jet mixer that can synthesize a variety of NPs at high throughput up to 3 kg/d, while maintaining the advantages of homogeneity, reproducibility, and tunability that are normally accessible only in specialized microscale mixing devices. The device fabrication does not require specialized machining and is easy to operate. As one example, we show reproducible, high-throughput formulation of siRNA-polyelectrolyte polyplex NPs that exhibit effective gene knockdown but exhibit significant dependence on batch size when formulated using conventional methods. The coaxial turbulent jet mixer can accelerate the development of nanomedicines by providing a robust and versatile platform for preparation of NPs at throughputs suitable for &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; studies, clinical trials, and industrial-scale production.
Magnetic dead layers in sputtered Co40Fe40B20 films (2008)

The magnetic moment of Co40Fe40B20 electrodes has been investigated as a function of thickness for films prepared by magnetron sputtering on Si∕SiO2∕MgO and Si∕SiO2 substrates. On MgO, the metal film becomes discontinuous and superparamagnetic with no stable ferromagnetic moment below 1.0nm, whereas on Si∕SiO2, there appears to be a 0.7nm dead region for all film thicknesses. The dead layer is attributed to an interdiffusion region at the interface with the substrate where there are weakly coupled noncollinear spins and a 0.2nm dead layer associated with the Ta cap. The discontinuous ferromagnetic films maybe useful for the wide-range linear field sensors.
APPLICATIONS OF BARRIER VII IN DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE BARRIERS (1989)

Evaluation of the performance of roadside safety appurtenances has always been limited by the high costs associated with full-scale crash testing. Computer simulation programs have provided a relatively inexpensive alternative for analyzing vehicle/barrier interactions. Barrier VII is one such program that has been used successfully as a design tool in the development of numerous barrier systems. This paper summarizes the Barrier VII simulation model, discusses input requirements, and describes the appropriate applications and limitations of the program for analyzing longitudinal barrier impacts. The applications discussed include determination of design loads, evaluation of barrier performance limits, prediction of vehicle snagging, and determination of the critical impact location for a barrier system. Examples of these applications are given to emphasize these capabilities and limitations and to aid the user in the design of flexible barrier systems.
Crystal Structures of Aged Phosphonylated Acetylcholinesterase:  Nerve Agent Reaction Products at the Atomic Level, (1999)

Organophosphorus acid anhydride (OP) nerve agents are potent inhibitors which rapidly phosphonylate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and then may undergo an internal dealkylation reaction (called "aging") to produce an OP-enzyme conjugate that cannot be reactivated. To understand the basis for irreversible inhibition, we solved the structures of aged conjugates obtained by reaction of Torpedo californica AChE (TcAChE) with diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP), O-isopropylmethylphosponofluoridate (sarin), or O-pinacolylmethylphosphonofluoridate (soman) by X-ray crystallography to 2.3, 2.6, or 2.2 A resolution, respectively. The highest positive difference density peak corresponded to the OP phosphorus and was located within covalent bonding distance of the active-site serine (S200) in each structure. The OP-oxygen atoms were within hydrogen-bonding distance of four potential donors from catalytic subsites of the enzyme, suggesting that electrostatic forces significantly stabilize the aged enzyme. The active sites of aged sarin- and soman-TcAChE were essentially identical and provided structural models for the negatively charged, tetrahedral intermediate that occurs during deacylation with the natural substrate, acetylcholine. Phosphorylation with DFP caused an unexpected movement in the main chain of a loop that includes residues F288 and F290 of the TcAChE acyl pocket. This is the first major conformational change reported in the active site of any AChE-ligand complex, and it offers a structural explanation for the substrate selectivity of AChE.
Animal board invited review: Risks of zoonotic disease emergence at the interface of wildlife and livestock systems (2021)

The ongoing coronavirus disease 19s pandemic has yet again demonstrated the importance of the human-animal interface in the emergence of zoonotic diseases, and in particular the role of wildlife and livestock species as potential hosts and virus reservoirs. As most diseases emerge out of the human-animal interface, a better understanding of the specific drivers and mechanisms involved is crucial to prepare for future disease outbreaks. Interactions between wildlife and livestock systems contribute to the emergence of zoonotic diseases, especially in the face of globalization, habitat fragmentation and destruction and climate change. As several groups of viruses and bacteria are more likely to emerge, we focus on pathogenic viruses of the Bunyavirales, Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, and Paramyxoviridae, as well as bacterial species including Mycobacterium sp., Brucella sp., Bacillus anthracis and Coxiella burnetii. Noteworthy, it was difficult to predict the drivers of disease emergence in the past, even for well-known pathogens. Thus, an improved surveillance in hotspot areas and the availability of fast, effective, and adaptable control measures would definitely contribute to preparedness. We here propose strategies to mitigate the risk of emergence and/or re-emergence of prioritized pathogens to prevent future epidemics.
Fully Analytical Design of Dual-Wire PCB Metagratings for Beam Steering and Splitting (2023)

The printed circuit board (PCB)-type metagrating (MG), a periodic microstrip planar structure with discrete distribution of polarization currents, can realize high-angle wavefront shaping with near-unity efficiency for potential application in high beam-steering antennas or reflectors. For large-angle deflection, only a small number of meta-atoms are required in the MG’s period. As such, here, we focus on a reflective PCB MG in the presence of only two meta-atoms, whose complex load impedance densities are explicitly derived from fully analytical expressions. The passive and lossless conditional equations as well as the equations for the power ratio control of the diffraction modes are given, which allows avoiding numerical optimization procedure. Three practical prototypes, including anomalous reflector and beam splitters, are designed, simulated, and measured. The measurement results agree well with the simulation results and are consistent with the theoretical predictions.
Complexity and performance tradeoff for next generation video coding standard development (Conference Presentation) (2017)

Joint Exploration Model (JEM) studies the next generation video coding standard potential. It demonstrates over 30% performance gain beyond HEVC. This paper provides tool-on and tool-off performance test results for 24 methods included into JEM. Overlap in the functionalities of those tools is discussed. Potential problems for mobile platform implementation are listed. Suggestion on standard development principals and tools selection for next generation video coding standard are made. Paper is intended to assist high quality Call for Proposal responses preparation.
A Statistical Modeling Approach for Tumor-Type Identification in Surgical Neuropathology Using Tissue Mass Spectrometry Imaging (2013)

Current clinical practice involves classification of biopsied or resected tumor tissue based on a histopathological evaluation by a neuropathologist. In this paper, we propose a method for computer-aided histopathological evaluation using mass spectrometry imaging. Specifically, mass spectrometry imaging can be used to acquire the chemical composition of a tissue section and, hence, provides a framework to study the molecular composition of the sample while preserving the morphological features in the tissue. The proposed classification framework uses statistical modeling to identify the tumor type associated with a given sample. In addition, if the tumor type for a given tissue sample is unknown or there is a great degree of uncertainty associated with assigning the tumor type to one of the known tumor models, then the algorithm rejects the given sample without classification. Due to the modular nature of the proposed framework, new tumor models can be added without the need to retrain the algorithm on all existing tumor models.
Modulation Design for Wireless Information and Power Transfer with Nonlinear Energy Harvester Modeling (2018)

Far-field wireless power transfer (WPT) and simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) have become increasingly important in radio frequency (RF) and communication communities recently. The problem of modulation design for SWIPT has however been scarcely addressed. In this paper, a modulation scheme based on asymmetric phase-shift keying (PSK) is considered, which improves the SWIPT rate-energy tradeoff region significantly. The nonlinear rectifier model, which accurately models the energy harvester, is adopted for evaluating the output direct current (DC) power at the receiver. The harvested DC power is maximized under an average power constraint at the transmitter and a constraint on the rate of information transmitted via a multi-carrier signal over a flat fading channel. As a consequence of the rectifier nonlinearity, this work highlights that asymmetric PSK modulation provides benefits over conventional symmetric PSK modulation in SWIPT and opens the door to systematic modulation design tailored for SWIPT.
Inhibitor-Sensitive FGFR2 and FGFR3 Mutations in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2020)

A comprehensive description of genomic alterations in lung squamous cell carcinoma (lung SqCC) has recently been reported, enabling the identification of genomic events that contribute to the oncogenesis of this disease. In lung SqCC, one of the most frequently altered receptor tyrosine kinase families is the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family, with amplification or mutation observed in all four family members. Here, we describe the oncogenic nature of mutations observed in FGFR2 and FGFR3, which are each observed in 3% of samples, for a mutation rate of 6% across both genes. Using cell culture and xenograft models, we show that several of these mutations drive cellular transformation. Transformation can be reversed by small molecule FGFR inhibitors currently being developed for clinical use. We also show that mutations in the extracellular domains of FGFR2 lead to constitutive FGFR dimerization. Additionally, we report a patient with an FGFR2-mutated oral squamous cell carcinoma who responded to the multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor pazopanib. These findings provide new insights into driving oncogenic events in a subset of lung squamous cancers, and recommend future clinical studies with FGFR inhibitors in patients with lung and head and neck SqCC.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Anthraquinone Derivatives by Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling of Triflates with Stannanes. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Tuberculosis: Challenges to Improve the Treatment (2014)

Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current treatment has several challenges, such as multi-drug resistance, extensively drug-resistance and HIV co-infection. Problems related to patients, treatment and health care system also contribute negatively to this panel. This review summarizes the main obstacles causing in the treatment of tuberculosis and discusses several strategies to improve the treatment.